{"prompts":"How Do Fear and Greed Affect the Decisions of Investors?","response":"Many investors are emotional and reactionary, with fear and greed being the two predominant emotions affecting investors.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Financial Planner and a Financial Advisor?","response":"Every financial planner is a financial advisor, but not every financial advisor is a financial planner. A financial planner helps individuals, families, and businesses create programs to reach their long-term financial goals. They may offer broad financial advice or specialize in an area such as investments, taxes, retirement, or estate planning.\u201cFinancial advisor\u201d is a broad term that refers to nearly any professional who advises people on their finances, including certified financial planners. They may help manage their clients\u2019 money, manage investments, buy and sell stocks and funds on the client\u2019s behalf, and help with estate and tax planning."}
{"prompts":"What Tools Do Investors Use to Compare the Performance of Hedge Funds?","response":"Investors look at the annualized rate of return to compare funds and to reveal funds with high expected returns. To establish guidelines for a specific strategy, an investor can use an analytical software package such as Morningstar to identify a universe of funds using similar strategies.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Are Treasury Bonds a Good Investment?","response":"Whether Treasury bonds are a good investment will depend on the specific investor. Treasury bonds are considered risk-free assets, so investors with a low risk tolerance would find these assets suitable; however, because of their safety, they pay a low interest rate, limiting returns. These can be good options in a declining equities market for some investors. Additionally, though they are risk-free, Treasury bonds are susceptible to inflation risk and interest-rate risk, which could reduce the returns for an investor."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have a Centrally Planned Economy?","response":"While central planning once dominated Eastern Europe and a large part of Asia, most planned economies have since given way to free market systems. China, Cuba, Vietnam, and Laos still maintain a strong degree of economic planning, but they have also opened their economies to private enterprise. Today, only North Korea can be accurately described as a command economy, although it also has a small degree of underground market activity."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Certificate of Capital Improvement?","response":"A certificate of capital improvement is a document that certifies that a certain project is considered a capital improvement. A certificate of capital improvement is given by the owner to the construction manager or contractor to indicate that no sales tax is due."}
{"prompts":"Are There Instances Where Governments Legally Fix Prices?","response":"Governments may legally fix prices in specific industries, such as utilities. These instances are carefully regulated and monitored to prevent abuse and protect consumer interests. In general, these are situations where the government may want to specifically control an industry and not encourage private companies to enter the market space."}
{"prompts":"What Can Welfare Help Me With?","response":"The goal of welfare is to support families and individuals in need as they work towards a more secure financial life. Welfare programs are designed to help individuals and families secure safe and clean housing, get access to neonatal, health, and medical care, purchase food, provide financial assistance for daily living, and take advantage of tax breaks."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Golden Cross Indicate?","response":"A golden cross suggests a long-term bull market going forward. It is the opposite of a death cross, which is a bearing indicator when a long-term moving average crosses under a short-term one."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Statutory Lien?","response":"A statutory lien is one that is a result of the law, not your consent or a judgement. It can be used by creditors to collect unsatisfied debts. Statutory liens can remain on your credit report for up to seven years."}
{"prompts":"What does cost and freight (CFR) entail?","response":"Cost and freight (CFR) is an expense associated with cargo transported by sea or inland waterways. If CFR is included in a transaction, the seller must arrange and pay for transporting the cargo to a specified port. The seller is also responsible for delivering the goods, clearing them for export, and loading them onto the transport ship. However, once the shipment is loaded into the vessel, the risk of loss or damage falls to the buyer. This means that the seller is not responsible for insuring the cargo during transportation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Labor Market and the Financial Market?","response":"The labor market is where employees and jobs interact whereas the financial market involves saving, borrowing, and investing."}
{"prompts":"What Is Conversion Rate Optimization?","response":"In sales, conversion is the process of turning potential leads into customers. Conversion rate optimization is a process of increasing the number of new customers in order to increase sales. This can be done by improved marketing, sales training, or otherwise making their product more appealing."}
{"prompts":"How Are the Dogs of the Dow Chosen?","response":"The strategy in choosing the Dogs of the Dow is simple. The 10 companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average that pay the highest dividend yield as of the last trading day of the year are chosen to be in the Dogs of the Dow."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Weighted Average Differ From a Simple Average?","response":"A weighted average accounts for the relative contribution, or weight, of the things being averaged, while a simple average does not. Therefore, it gives more value to those items in the average that occur relatively more."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Just Say No Strategy?","response":"A just say no strategy is a defense strategy used by the board of directors of a firm to prevent a hostile takeover. The strategy involves refusing to negotiate and rejecting all outright offers that a potential acquirer makes."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Zero-Based Budgeting?","response":"Zero-based budgeting has a number of disadvantages. First, it is timely and resource-intensive. Because a new budget is developed each period, the time cost involved may not be worthwhile. Instead, using a modified budget template may prove more beneficial. Second, it may reward short-term perspectives in the company by allocating more resources to operations with the highest revenues. In turn, areas such as research and development, or those that have a long-term horizon, may get overlooked.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative D\/E Ratio Signal?","response":"If a company has a negative D\/E ratio, this means that it has negative shareholder equity. In other words, the company\u2019s liabilities exceed its assets. In most cases, this would be considered a sign of high risk and an incentive to seek bankruptcy protection."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Report 1099-B on Your Tax Return?","response":"You must report the information found on Form 1099-B on Schedule D and\/or Form 8949 as capital gains or losses."}
{"prompts":"What Did Hubbert Predict Would Happen to the Oil Industry?","response":"Hubbert predicted that crude oil production would peak in the 1970s and decline from that point onwards. At the time of his writing, Hubbert was generally correct, as U.S. oil production did peak at the time; however, Hubbert was not aware of the discovery and production of additional reserves, such as from Alaska, as well as the implementation of new technologies, such as fracking, which has allowed U.S. oil production to increase."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Do a Rights Offering?","response":"The main reason to do a rights offering is to raise capital. The capital can be used to expand the business or pay down existing debt, or any other need. Companies may issue rights offerings to existing shareholders as a benefit to shareholders as well as a way to avoid the time-consuming and costly process of underwriting and releasing more shares to the public."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of a PERT Chart?","response":"A PERT chart displays all of the key deliverables necessary to complete a project. It indicates the amount of time and resources needed to perform each task and the person or department responsible for each. The key deliverables or tasks are displayed with arrows that indicate the order in which each must be completed, and the dependencies among them."}
{"prompts":"Is an Investment Manager the Same As an Advisor?","response":"The term financial advisor (with the letter \"o\") is a generic term that refers to a broker or a registered representative. However, the term investment adviser (with the letter \"e\") is a legal term that refers to an individual or company that is registered with either the Securities and Exchange Commission or a state securities regulator.\u00a0An investment manager is a type of legal financial adviser."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dark Pool?","response":"Dark pools are private asset exchanges designed to supply additional liquidity and anonymity for trading large blocks of securities away from the public eye. They\u00a0offer price and cost advantages to buy-side institutions such as mutual funds and pension funds, which claim that these benefits ultimately accrue to the retail investors who invest in these funds. However, dark pools\u2019 lack of transparency makes them susceptible to conflicts of interest by their owners and predatory trading practices by HFT firms."}
{"prompts":"Is Volatility Good for Trading?","response":"Yes, volatility is considered good for trading. When markets are volatile, it means there are larger price swings, which is a good opportunity to make profits that are above average. However, on the flip side, increased volatility also means that the chances for losses are higher as well. And those losses would also be amplified due to larger than normal price movements. In essence, volatility allows for trading opportunities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Minimum Tier 1 Capital a Bank Can Have?","response":"The Basel Accords spelled out the minimum capital requirements for banks. They must maintain a minimum capital ratio of 8%, of which 6% must be Tier 1 capital."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of a Product Life Cycle?","response":"The product life cycle is the time it takes to go from development to decline. Put simply, the life cycle for a product takes place from conception to the time it is removed from the market."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Jobseeker's Allowance Work in the U.K.?","response":"The Jobseeker's Allowance in the U.K. seeks to assist unemployed individuals with the cost of living. If unemployed individuals have paid into the National Insurance, then they will receive a non-means-tested contribution, while those who have not paid into the system will receive means-based-tested contributions."}
{"prompts":"What Qualities Make a Good Investor?","response":"To be a successful investor, a certain set of skills are required. These include diligence, patience, acquisition of knowledge, risk management, discipline, optimism, and the setting of goals."}
{"prompts":"How can the annualized rate of return help you understand your investments?","response":"Investors hold different types of investments for varying periods of time. Annualized rate of return can help investors compare the performance of diverse investments."}
{"prompts":"Why Is ROCE Useful If We Already Have ROE and ROA Measures?","response":"Some analysts prefer ROCE over return on equity and return on assets because the return on capital considers both debt and equity financing. These investors believe the return on capital is a better gauge for the performance or profitability of a company over a more extended period of time."}
{"prompts":"Is VUL a Good Investment?","response":"As an insurance product, VUL may be able to boost returns in the policy during bull markets. However, as a standalone investment, VUL will not be able to match the performance of investing directly in the market. This is because the fees and the cost of the insurance component will drag down the total return."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Slang Terms for the British Pound?","response":"Quid is the common slang term for the British pound, and the word is almost never pluralized. Other terms that refer to a pound include Smacker, Fiver for the \u00a35 note, Tenner for the \u00a310 note, and Dosh."}
{"prompts":"What Is Capitalization in Accounting?","response":"In accounting, typically a purchase is recorded in the time accounting period in which it was bought. However, some expenses, such as office equipment, may be usable for several accounting periods beyond the one in which the purchase was made. These fixed assets are recorded on the general ledger as the historical cost of the asset. As a result, these costs are considered to be capitalized, not expensed. A portion of the cost is then recorded during each quarter of the item's usable life in a process called depreciation.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Many Companies Go Public Each Year in the United States?","response":"In 2023, 153 IPO deals raised $22.7 billion in the United States, with 132 on U.S. exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between GDP Per Capita and Per Capita Income?","response":"GDP per capita is the economic output of a nation per person. It is used to measure the prosperity of a nation. Per capita income is the amount of money earned per person. It is used to determine the standard of living and quality of life of a population."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Delta Good for Options?","response":"A rise in the price of the underlying stock is positive for call options but not for put options. This means that the Delta value is positive for call options and negative for put options."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of a Floating Check?","response":"A floating check is one that has been written but has not yet cleared. Today, many banks immediately advance money from deposited checks to their customers. But, if the check is fraudulent or does not have enough money to draw from (i.e., a bounced check), bad actors can use the float interval to make fraudulent purchases or withdraw cash they do not actually have (such as in check kiting). Floating checks can defraud the economy of millions of dollars a year by scammers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ACATS and Non-ACATS Transfer?","response":"The main difference between an ACATS transfer and a manual (non-ACATS) transfer is primarily one of automating the process such that it cuts the delivery time down to 3-6 business days for ACATS vs. up to one month or more for a non-ACATS transfer. The other difference is that the automated system is far less prone to mistakes, typos, and other forms of human error."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Highest Income Taxes?","response":"As of 2024, the top 10 countries with the highest marginal income taxes are:Belgium- 79.5%Finland - 66.75%Portugal - 64%United Kingdom - 63.25%Switzerland - 59.7%Aruba - 58.95%Estonia - 58.4%Denmark - 57.11%Japan - 55% (tie)Austria - 55% (tie)"}
{"prompts":"What Does Cash-Basis Loan Mean?","response":"Cash basis means that the lending institution has sent the loan into nonaccrual status. Because the lender hasn\u2019t received interest for 90 days or more, they can\u2019t record it as accrued income\u2014they have to record it on a cash basis."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called the Money Market?","response":"The money market refers to the market for highly liquid, very safe, short-term debt securities. Because of these attributes, they are often seen as cash equivalents that can be interchangeable for money at short notice."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Confirm the Bearish Engulfing Pattern Signal?","response":"Improving the reliability of the bearish engulfing pattern signal involves a multifaceted approach that incorporates additional technical indicators, contextual analysis, and risk management strategies. By integrating additional layers of analysis and risk management, you can improve the reliability of the bearish engulfing pattern as a bearish signal. It should be noted that no single indicator should be used in isolation. A well-rounded strategy often involves several forms of analysis for more robust decision-making."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for ERISA?","response":"ERISA applies to anyone who works for a partnership, limited liability company, S-corporation, C-corporation, nonprofit organization, and even businesses with only one employee. Churches and religious organizations aren't typically covered, and plans that operate outside the United States primarily for the benefit of nonresident aliens aren't covered."}
{"prompts":"Is mass production expensive to set up?","response":"Creating a mass production system can be expensive to set up and even more expensive to alter if changes need to be made after the production has already started. The cost of setup is generally offset by the efficiency with which products are made once the system is up and running."}
{"prompts":"How Were Transportation Costs Allocated in DES?","response":"Transportation costs in a DES transaction were primarily the responsibility of the seller. The seller covered the expenses associated with transporting the goods to the named port of destination. Any additional transportation costs beyond the port generally became the responsibility of the buyer."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Grantor Trust Intentionally Defective?","response":"Intentionally defective refers to the fact that the grantor no longer owns the assets in the trust\u2014they are removed from the estate\u2014but still pays income taxes on any income earned from the assets in the trust."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify Brand Loyalty?","response":"Though some may smirk at customers waiting in line (potentially in the rain) for the latest cell phone release, there are obvious signs of brand loyalty worth being envious of. Products that sell out quickly, are backordered, require waitlists to get, or have popular pre-sale quantities indicate customers are willing to buy a good before the market has even decided its value. You can also measure brand loyalty by tracking repeat customers and customer lifetime value; the higher for each, the more likely consumers will repeat their purchases with a company or brand."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Profitability Index Used for?","response":"The profitability index is used for comparison and contrast when a company has several investments and projects it is considering undertaking. The PI is especially useful when a company has limited resources and can't pursue all potential projects, as it can be used to prioritize which projects to pursue first. The index can be used alongside other metrics to determine which is the best investment."}
{"prompts":"Is Supplemental Insurance a Good Choice?","response":"It all depends on your insurance needs and what other coverage you already have. Supplemental insurance for yourself and your family members provides additional coverage beyond your employer's standard limits. While supplemental insurance offers fewer options than other types of policies, it can be worthwhile if your health history or age make it difficult to obtain coverage through a private insurer."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Project Types?","response":"A common example of a project would be product development. Multiple departments are involved in creating the product, marketing it, selling it, and more. The team that designs a project is different from the teams that manufacture, market, or sell the product. As part of a project, each of these teams would be working with a project manager who helps move the product development from one stage to the next."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Price Abnormalities Seen on Triple-Witching Dates?","response":"An interesting phenomenon is that often the price of a security may artificially tend toward a strike price with large open interest as\u00a0gamma hedging\u00a0takes place. Gamma hedging works to minimize the risk associated with changes in delta, providing a more stable options portfolio. Changes in delta, in turn, are most simply defined as the change in an option's price sensitivity to any changes in the underlying asset's price. The gamma hedging can lead the price to\u00a0\u201cpin\u201d the strike\u00a0at expiration. Pinning the strike, when an underlying security's market price closes very near the strike price of heavily traded options, can bring \"pin risk\" for options traders uncertain whether to exercise\u00a0the long options that have expired in the money or are very close to it. This is because they are also unsure how many of their similar short positions will be\u00a0assigned."}
{"prompts":"Is Allowance for Doubtful Accounts a Credit or Debit?","response":"The Allowance for Doubtful Accounts account is a contra asset. Contra assets are still recorded along with other assets, though their natural balance is opposite of assets. While assets have natural debit balances and increase with a debit, contra assets have natural credit balance and increase with a credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Financial Crisis?","response":"A financial crisis is when financial instruments and assets decrease significantly in value. As a result, businesses have trouble meeting their financial obligations, and financial institutions lack sufficient cash or convertible assets to fund projects and meet immediate needs. Investors lose confidence in the value of their assets and consumers' incomes and assets are compromised, making it difficult for them to pay their debts."}
{"prompts":"How Are Signature Loans Different From Personal Loans?","response":"A signature loan is a type of personal loan. It\u2019s different from other kinds of personal loans because it\u2019s unsecured. The only collateral is the borrower\u2019s signature and a promise to pay."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Simple Interest and Compound Interest?","response":"Simple interest pays interest only on the amount of principal invested or deposited. For instance, if $1,000 is deposited with 5% simple interest, it would earn $50 each year. Compound interest, however, pays \u201cinterest on interest,\u201d so in the first year, you would receive $50, but in the second year, you would receive $52.5 ($1,050 \u00d7 0.05), and so on."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Absorption Costing?","response":"There are two main types of absorption costing: full absorption costing and partial absorption costing:Full absorption costing includes all of the costs associated with producing a product or providing a service, including both fixed and variable costs. Under full absorption costing, the total cost of a product or service is absorbed, or spread out, over the units produced. This means that the cost of each unit produced includes a portion of the fixed costs, as well as the variable costs associated with that unit.Partial absorption costing includes only some of the costs associated with producing a product or providing a service. Under partial absorption costing, only a portion of the fixed costs are included in the cost of each unit produced. The remainder of the fixed costs are treated as a period cost and are expensed in the period in which they are incurred."}
{"prompts":"Are Equality and Equity the Same Thing?","response":"No. Equality means giving everyone exactly the same resources or opportunities. Equity involves giving each person the resources and opportunities they need to achieve an equal outcome for everyone."}
{"prompts":"Is a Direct Rollover a Qualified Distribution?","response":"Yes. A direct rollover of eligible assets in a qualified retirement plan is considered a qualified distribution because the assets are transferred directly into another qualified retirement plan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Capital Goods and Consumers Goods?","response":"Capital goods, such as buildings, machinery, equipment, vehicles, and tools, are physical assets that a company uses in the production process to manufacture products and services that consumers will later use. Capital goods are not finished goods but are used to make finished goods. Consumer goods are those used by consumers and have no future productive use."}
{"prompts":"Who Earns Ethereum Gas Fees?","response":"Ethereum gas fees consist of two portions: a block base fee and a tip. The block base fee is burned after the transaction, and the tip is received by the randomly chosen validator."}
{"prompts":"What Is Difference Between Nominal Rate and APY?","response":"APY (annual percentage yield) is the effective interest rate which tends to be more relevant to borrowers and lenders. The consumer, usually the borrower, pays an effective rate that varies from the nominal (stated) rate based on fees and the effect of compounding. To that end, the effective rate (APY) is often higher than the nominal rate."}
{"prompts":"How Is Average Propensity to Consume Measured?","response":"Average propensity to consume may be reported as a percent (60% of income is consumed) or as a decimal (average consumption is 0.6). Average propensity to consume is also generally most useful when compared against itself over time or across entities. For example, the average propensity to consume for a United States citizen could be tracked over time or compared against Canadian citizens."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Negotiate Against the MSRP?","response":"The best way to negotiate with a car dealer is to find out the invoice price of the car you are looking at. This is the cost that the dealer pays to the manufacturer for each car. You should also try to find out if there are any rebates, subsidized lease deals, or other breaks that can reduce the value of the car. This allows you to bargain for a discount that still allows the dealer to make money."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Organizational Structures?","response":"The four types of organizational structures are functional, multi-divisional, flat, and matrix structures.\u00a0Others include circular, team-based, and network structures."}
{"prompts":"How Are Simple Moving Averages Used in Technical Analysis?","response":"Traders use simple moving averages (SMAs) to chart the long-term trajectory of a stock or other security, while ignoring the noise of day-to-day price movements. This allows traders to compare medium- and long-term trends over a larger time horizon. For example, if the 200-day SMA of a security falls below its 50-day SMA, this is usually interpreted as a bearish death cross pattern and a signal of further declines. The opposite pattern, the golden cross, indicates potential for a market rally."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Get Lean Six Sigma Training?","response":"The cost of Lean Six Sigma Training varies depending on whether you take courses online, taught by a virtual instructor, or in-person, as well as the level of belt you are pursuing. A one-day White Belt training can range from $99 to $499. An eight-day Master Black Belt training costs $4975 for both in-person and live virtual training. A three- to four-day course in Lean Fundamentals ranges from $1300 to $2000 or $399 to $774 for an online training."}
{"prompts":"What happens if a derivative warrant expires?","response":"If a warrant expires without being exercised, it becomes worthless. The holder of that warrant can no longer use it to buy shares in the issuing company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Refundable Tax Credits?","response":"Refundable tax credits are refunded to the taxpayer regardless of the taxpayer\u2019s liability. These include the earned income tax credit (EITC) and the additional child tax credit (ACTC)."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take for a Ledger Balance to Clear?","response":"The ledger balance is often updated to reflect the available balance within a day. It generally takes less than 24 hours for the ledger balance to become available."}
{"prompts":"What Is an HTM Strategy?","response":"An HTM strategy is a held-to-maturity strategy, which is a method of classifying certain investment securities held by a company. When a company has HTM securities, it will hold these till maturity. The goal of an HTM strategy can be to protect against adverse interest rates, create portfolio diversification, or earn a small return on low-risk securities."}
{"prompts":"What Do Investment Banks Do?","response":"Broadly speaking, investment banks assist in large, complicated financial transactions. They may provide advice on how much a company is worth and how best to structure a deal if the investment banker's client is considering an acquisition, merger, or sale. Essentially, their services include underwriting new debt and equity securities for all types of corporations, providing aid in the sale of securities, and helping to facilitate mergers and acquisitions, reorganizations, and broker trades for both institutions and private investors. They also may issue securities as a means of raising money for the client groups and create the necessary U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) documentation for a company to go public."}
{"prompts":"What Makes an Asset Tangible?","response":"An item is tangible if it can be touched and has a real, physical presence. Some definitions of tangible may include the description that the asset can be seen, but this description could also be used to describe items you can\u2019t touch (i.e. digital currency balances can be seen on a monitor). \u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Can I Use Covered Calls in My IRA?","response":"Depending on the custodian of your IRA and your eligibility to trade options with them, yes. There are also certain advantages to using covered calls in an IRA. The possibility of triggering a reportable\u00a0capital gain makes covered call writing a good strategy for either a\u00a0traditional\u00a0or\u00a0Roth IRA. Investors can buy back the stock at an appropriate price without having to worry about tax consequences, as well as generate additional income that can either be taken as\u00a0distributions\u00a0or\u00a0reinvested."}
{"prompts":"How Are Capital Gains Taxed?","response":"Capital gains are classified as either short-term or long-term. Short-term capital gains, defined as gains realized in securities held for one year or less, are taxed as ordinary income based on the individual's tax filing status and adjusted gross income. Long-term capital gains, defined as gains realized in securities held for more than one year, are usually taxed at a lower rate than regular income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Foreclosure Process?","response":"Foreclosure rules can vary from state to state, but it's typically initiated because the homeowner has stopped making mortgage payments. The mortgage contract gives the lender a secured interest in the property, This provides the lender with a legal right to seize the property after giving proper notice to the homeowner and allowing them to cure the default. The lender will then sell the property to recoup some, if not all, of the money it loaned so the homeowner could initially buy the property."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Polarity Principle?","response":"The Polarity Principle refers to the price phenomenon whereby once resistance is broken, it becomes support, and vice versa. A break of a resistance zone will usually see a quick test of the breakout level to see if the break holds, or if it fails and reverses lower."}
{"prompts":"Is a CFA Better Than a CFP?","response":"If you're headed for a career in the financial services industry, which is better depends on where you want to go.A chartered financial analyst (CFA) is skilled in investment analysis and portfolio management. They often work at big investment firms, mutual funds, or hedge funds, as they are qualified to research potential investments, recommend them, buy and sell them, and manage them.CFA certification is awarded by the CFA Institute to those who pass three six-hour exams renowned for their difficulty.A certified financial planner (CFP) has an in-depth knowledge of personal and family financial matters such as budgeting, investing, retirement planning, and insurance. The CFP is most often found working with individuals, helping them create a long-term financial plan and manage their money.CFP certification is awarded by the CFP Board based on a test that is taken in two sessions lasting three hours each. It has 170 questions on a wide range of personal financial planning topics."}
{"prompts":"What Are Alpha and Beta in Finance?","response":"Alpha measures the excess return above a benchmark for an investment while beta is the measure of volatility, also known as risk. Active investors seek to achieve alpha returns by employing unique strategies."}
{"prompts":"Is Dollar-Cost Averaging a Good Idea?","response":"It can be. When dollar-cost averaging, you invest the same amount at regular intervals and by doing so, hopefully lower your average purchase price. You will already be in the market when prices drop and when they rise. For instance, you'll have exposure to dips when they happen and don't have to try to time them. By investing a fixed amount regularly, you will end up buying more shares when the price is lower than when it is higher."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Correlation of 1.0 Mean?","response":"A correlation coefficient of 1.0 means that two variables have perfectly positive correlation. As one variable changes, so does the other. Though this does not mean that one variable directly impacts the outcome or changes to the other, both variables always move in tandem and are most likely highly related."}
{"prompts":"What inventory cost methods are acceptable under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)?","response":"GAAP allows for last in, first out (LIFO), first in, first out (FIFO), or average cost method of inventory valuation. On the other hand, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) do not allow LIFO because it does not typically represent the actual flow of inventory through a business."}
{"prompts":"How Can We Improve Quality of Life?","response":"Work on improving your work-life balance, relationships, home, and health.Governments can improve the quality of life in their countries by offering affordable and accessible healthcare, investing in education, providing affordable housing, offering family-friendly policies, and putting laws into place for workers to earn living wages."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Advantage of Horizontal Integration?","response":"The main advantage of horizontal integration is the strategically focused decision to penetrate a specific section of a supply chain. Horizontal integration allows a company to potentially acquire a competitor, gain greater insight into the market, expand its product line, or create economies of scale. Horizontal integration is a way for a company to simply do better at what it was doing before."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can Property Taxes Go Unpaid?","response":"The length of time that one can be delinquent on their property taxes varies from state to state. In general, property owners have around two years before their homes are foreclosed on."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Calculate the Tick Size?","response":"The tick size is set by the exchange where the instrument is traded and is based on the type of instrument, its price, and the market it trades in. To find the tick size of the instrument you are interested in, search for its product specifications on the exchange(s) where it trades."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Advantage of Universal Banking?","response":"The advantage of universal banking for a customer is that it allows a customer to manage all of their finances under one roof. For example, a person can have a checking account, a loan, a mortgage, asset management services, and other investment services all at one institution. Sometimes they receive benefits or discounts for doing so. For banks, it allows them to make more money by providing a variety of different services and charging for them\u2014multiple revenue streams."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Buy USDT?","response":"Tether tokens can be bought and sold on cryptocurrency exchanges, including Binance, CoinSpot, Bitfinex, and Kraken. Some online brokerages also offer cryptocurrencies."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls the Asian Development Bank?","response":"The ADB is run by a board of governors, which represent the member countries of the ADB. As of 2022, ADB's five largest shareholders are Japan and the United States (each with 15.6% of total shares), the People's Republic of China (6.4%), India (6.3%), and Australia (5.8%)."}
{"prompts":"What Percentage of New Cars Are Lemons?","response":"It is estimated that each year, approximately 150,000 cars (1%) are considered lemons; however, it is believed that the number is probably higher due to people not reporting defective cars or not being aware of the extent of the defects."}
{"prompts":"What Is Wrongful Termination?","response":"Wrongful termination occurs when an employee is let go for reasons prohibited by employment law, such as discrimination, whistleblowing, or retaliation.Employers who fire individuals for not complying with certain requests, such as doing dangerous or illegal work, are also guilty of wrongful termination. Companies that change working conditions without notice, ultimately forcing an employee to leave or be fired, are also said to be in violation of employment laws.Individuals who are wrongfully terminated may pursue legal action against their former employers."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Economy Influenced Jean-Baptiste Say?","response":"Jean-Baptiste Say was heavily influenced by the economic theories laid out by Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations. He believed in Smith's free market and laissez-faire economic theories. Say spent a great deal of time and effort highlighting these subjects in his own educational and professional pursuits."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Finding in Behavioral Finance?","response":"Investors are found to systematically hold on to losing investments far too long than rational expectations would predict, and they also sell winners too early. This is known as the disposition effect, and is an extension of the concept of loss aversion to the domain of investing. Rather than locking in a paper loss, investors holding lose positions may even double down and take on greater risk in hopes of breaking even."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Report Credit or Debit Card Fraud?","response":"Contact your bank or credit issuer by phone when you see a suspected fraudulent charge. From there, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) also suggests following up immediately with a letter to the bank that includes all the pertinent details. These details include your account number, the date and time you think your card was missing, and the date you reported the fraud. This creates a paper trail to prove you reported the charges."}
{"prompts":"Is Consumerism Bad for Society?","response":"While people need to be consumers in order to live and obtain our needs and wants, excess consumerism is widely thought to be a negative for society. Consumerism leads to negative externalities like pollution and waste. Moreover, consumerism begins to define people by what they own. According to some sociologists, mass culture popularized via the advertising industry creates consumers who play a passive role manipulated by brands, rather than as active and creative beings. There are systematic biases in the system which generate consumerism. If these system-biases were eliminated, many people would adopt a less consumerist lifestyle."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Good Brand?","response":"A good brand has a clear focus, strong visuals, is familiar with its target audience (family versus mature audience, for example) and is easily recognizable in a sea of similar brands."}
{"prompts":"Does Everyone Pay a Payroll Tax?","response":"Yes, for the most part, everyone pays a payroll tax, which is automatically deducted from one's paycheck. The Social Security and Medicare taxes are regressive (everyone pays the same amount), while income tax is progressive (those that make more are taxed at a higher rate)."}
{"prompts":"Is China Encouraging the Birthrate Today?","response":"Yes. China has implemented or increased parental tax deductions, family leave, housing subsidies for families, and spending on reproductive health and child care services to increase the national birthrate since ending the one-child policy formally in 2015. The Chinese government also promotes flexible work hours and work-from-home options for parents. Most interesting are policies one wouldn't consider related to the birthrate at first glance, such as banning private tutoring companies from profiting off teaching core subjects during weekends or holidays. By lowering educational pressure on children and this often costly financial load on parents, China is attempting to lower the burdens of parenting. With greater financial security, parents may feel better able to handle additional children. Another upshot? By reducing pressure academically, especially on weekends and holidays, families can spend more time together, thus fostering greater family connections."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Total Monetary Base of the United States?","response":"The monetary base of the United States was estimated to be $5.52 trillion as of July 2023, according to the Federal Reserve."}
{"prompts":"How Is Impairment Determined?","response":"The generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) define an asset as impaired when its fair value is lower than its book value. To check an asset for impairment, the total profit, cash flow, or other benefit expected to be generated by the asset is compared with its current book value. If it is determined that the book value of the asset is greater than the future cash flow or benefit of the asset, an impairment is recorded."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Gray Box Testing?","response":"Because gray box testing is meant to be conducted from the perspective of a user or hacker, it may reveal important flaws in the software that wouldn't be obvious to a developer approaching the testing from a development perspective."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Earned Income Tax Credit for 2023?","response":"The earned income tax credit is a refundable tax credit for low- and moderate-income households. If you're eligible for the EITC, the amount you receive depends on your filing status, income, and the number of dependents you can claim. For 2023, the maximum earned income tax credit is $600 if you have no dependents, $3,995 for one dependent, $6,604 for two dependents, and $7,430 for three or more dependents. These amounts increase to $632, $4,213, $6,960, and $7,830, respectively, for 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Can the Porter Diamond Model Help Businesses Improve?","response":"The theory helps businesses understand why certain industries are widespread in some nations. Companies can then analyze and compare their position in the market and implement strategies to compete."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Outsourcing?","response":"The disadvantages of outsourcing include communication difficulties, security threats where sensitive data is increasingly at stake, and additional legal duties. On a broader level, outsourcing may have the potential to disrupt a labor force. One example that often comes to mind is the manufacturing industry in America, where now a large extent of production has moved internationally. In turn, higher-skilled manufacturing jobs, such as robotics or precision machines, have emerged at a greater scale."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between ISIN and CUSIP?","response":"CUSIP is a nine-digit standard for identifying securities, but it is only used for securities issued in the United States and Canada. ISIN is a worldwide standard that uses twelve characters as a unique identifier for any security issued anywhere in the world."}
{"prompts":"How Are Real Estate Agents Different From Realtors?","response":"Real estate agents are licensed by their state to help people buy and sell real estate. Realtors are real estate agents who have opted to become members of the National Association of Realtors."}
{"prompts":"How much wealth does the top 1% own?","response":"The top 1% of wage earners hold 31.9% of wealth in the United States as of June 29, 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is the U.S. Version of the FTSE?","response":"The \"FTSE\" is the Financial Times Stock Exchange in the U.K. that is a provider of different indices, its most popular being the FTSE 100, which tracks the top 100 companies by market cap in the U.K. The U.S. version of this would be the S&P 500, which tracks the top 500 U.S. companies by market cap, or the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), which tracks 30 prominent U.S. companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk of Investing in a Unit Trust?","response":"A unit trust carries risk just like other investments. The unit value or income may decrease, and an investor's principal is not guaranteed."}
{"prompts":"Can I Cash Out My Employee Stock Purchase Plan?","response":"Yes. The payroll deductions you have set aside for an ESPP are yours if you have not yet used them to purchase stock. You will need to notify your plan administrator and fill out any paperwork required to make a withdrawal. If you have already purchased stock, you will need to sell your shares."}
{"prompts":"How Many Students Are Enrolled at Kelley School of Business?","response":"As of the 2022-2023 school year, there are 14,000 students enrolled at Indiana University's Kelley School of Business through 30 programs in Bloomington, Indianapolis, and online around the world.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Can You Obtain Your Credit Score?","response":"You can obtain your credit score free of charge from many banks and credit card companies. There are also websites that make free credit scores available. In many instances the free credit scores that these sources provide will be VantageScores."}
{"prompts":"What's a Game-Changer?","response":"A game-changer is a person who, by the force of their personality, desire to do things differently, and their belief in the change they envision, alter the status quo. The changes that result can affect communities, industries, nations, and the world."}
{"prompts":"How Did the HEA Contribute to Post-Secondary Education?","response":"The National Education Association calls the HEA \"the cornerstone of college affordability\" for Americans. At this time, 34% of college undergraduates receive Pell Grants to help pay for their education. More than 44 million Americans have taken out federal student loans."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Using an Irrevocable Letter of Credit for Sellers?","response":"Sellers benefit from the payment guarantee provided by the issuing bank. The ILOC assures them that, upon fulfilling the specified requirements, they will receive payment from the bank, mitigating the risk of non-payment or delayed payment."}
{"prompts":"What Is a PII Violation?","response":"PII violations are illegal, and often involve frauds such as identity theft. Violations may also stem from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure of PII. Failure to report a PII breach can also be a violation."}
{"prompts":"What are the tax implications of death benefits?","response":"Death benefits under a life insurance policy are not subject to ordinary income tax, but they may be subject to federal or state estate tax if the death benefit is paid to the estate and exceeds the estate tax exemption limit. Beneficiaries of an annuity with a death benefit may pay income tax on the payments."}
{"prompts":"Can Banks Refuse to Cover Overdrafts?","response":"Banks are not required to offer overdraft protection, and\u2014even when they do and a customer opts in\u2014they retain the right to pay or not pay a particular overdraft transaction that might fall\u00a0outside the rules\u00a0of the agreement."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine a Positive Correlation?","response":"The most common way to determine a positive correlation is to calculate the correlation coefficient. This statistical measurement calculates the strength of the relationship between two variables."}
{"prompts":"Who is considered an inflation hawk?","response":"Esther George, the Kansas City, Mo., Federal Reserve (Fed) president, is considered a hawk. George favors raising interest rates and fears the potential price bubbles that accompany inflation.Loretta Mester, the Cleveland Fed president, also fits into this category. Mester studied under Charles Plosser, the former president of the Fed Bank of Philadelphia and a committed hawk. She worries about inflation caused by the low interest rates championed by doves.Of the current voting members of the Fed, Raphael Bostic, the Atlanta Fed president, is considered to be quite hawkish."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Foreign Tax Credit?","response":"The foreign tax credit (FTC) is a nonrefundable credit for U.S. taxpayers who have income overseas that minimizes double taxation. Since American citizens must pay U.S. income tax on all sources of income, domestic or foreign, the FTC offsets some of the foreign tax already paid on the same income."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Set Up a Renko Chart on TradingView?","response":"In order to access renko charts on TradingView, you need to have a paid subscription. Navigate to the chart menu in the top menu bar, and scroll down to \"Renko.\" After that, go to the settings menu to select your desired box size."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Risk\/Return Ratio?","response":"To calculate the risk\/return ratio (also known as the risk-reward ratio), you need to divide the amount you stand to lose if your investment does not perform as expected (the risk) by the amount you stand to gain if it does (the reward).The formula for the risk\/return ratio is:Risk\/Return Ratio = Potential Loss \/ Potential Gain"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Double Bottom Pattern?","response":"A double bottom pattern is a chart pattern used by followers of technical analysis to mark the reversal in a primary trend. While the W-shape recovery is often looked to by traders on charts of equities, it is also used to monitor major indexes and when trying to spot shifts in economic cycles."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Some Prisons Privatized?","response":"Prisons and jails are often owned and operated by local or state governments. However, there has been a trend to privatize these facilities as governments seek to lower costs, raise capital, and create jobs in their communities. Proponents argue that specialist companies are better equipped and skilled at controlling prison populations, Critics, however, argue that for-profit prisons are rife with scandal, cutting corners, prisoner abuse, and other ethics violations."}
{"prompts":"What Programs Does the Social Security Administration Oversee?","response":"The Social Security Administration (SSA) oversees the Social Security program, which provides benefits for qualified retirees, disabled people, and their spouses, children, and survivors. The SSA also administers Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefit payments, handles enrollment in Medicare Parts A and B, and issues Social Security numbers."}
{"prompts":"Does the U.S. Impose a VAT?","response":"The only major economy without VAT is the United States. This is because each state in the U.S. has its own sales tax regime (with some cities or counties additionally levying a sales tax), rather than a federal sales tax. A VAT system in the U.S. would require agreement and close coordination among all 50 states in order to bring it about, which is unlikely to happen."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Annual Gift Exclusion for 2023 and 2024?","response":"The annual exclusion for gifts is $17,000 for 2023 and $18,000 for 2024. That means you can give up to $17,000 (or $18,000) tax-free to as many people as you wish without using any of your lifetime gift and estate tax exemption."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Deferred Compensation Plan?","response":"The absence of contribution limits can add a great deal of value to a deferred compensation plan for a highly-paid employee.The plans also offer tax-deferred growth and a tax deduction for the period that the contributions are made."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Ways to Finance a Real Estate Investment?","response":"Real estate is commonly purchased with cash or financed with a mortgage through a private or commercial lender."}
{"prompts":"Are There Fees Charged for Nostro Accounts?","response":"There are fees charged for nostro accounts. Because it is an additional feature, banks with nostro facilities usually charge maintenance fees that may be expensive. Individuals don't have nostro accounts."}
{"prompts":"Is Price-Fixing Legal?","response":"Price-fixing refers to a practice in which multiple firm collaborate to set prices that would otherwise be determined by supply and demand within a competitive market. In general, it is illegal in the U.S. and suspected instances of price-fixing are subject to legal scrutiny and potential criminal prosecution."}
{"prompts":"When Can Horizontal Analysis Be Used?","response":"Horizontal analysis is most useful when an entity has been established, has strong record-keeping capabilities, and has traceable bits of historical information that can be dug into for more information as needed. This type of analysis is more specific relevant for analyzing the value we maybe selling or acquiring."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Maximize My Tax Deductions?","response":"Whether you itemize or take the standard deduction, it helps to contribute the maximum allowable amount to a traditional (i.e., not Roth) retirement account like an IRA or a 401(k). That way, you'll be adding to your retirement savings while reducing your taxes for the year.If you have substantial mortgage interest, student debt interest, medical expenses, and other deductible expenses, you may find the total exceeds the standard deduction. In that case, you can maximize your deductions by itemizing on Schedule A of Form 1040 or 1040-SR."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Long-Term Liabilities Listed on the Balance Sheet?","response":"A balance sheet presents a company's assets, liabilities, and equity at a given date in time. The company's assets are listed first, liabilities second, and equity third. Long-term liabilities are presented after current liabilities in the liability section."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Quirky ETF?","response":"Quirky ETFs tend to follow hot investing trends. Unfortunately, they can ride the trend to its bitter end, at which time they become zombie ETFs.For example, there is The Obesity ETF (SLIM), which invests in biotechnology, obesity-related disease, and, of course, Weight Watcher's International.Or, there's the HealthShares Dermatology and Wound Care ETF, which closed in 2008 due to a lack of investor interest."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Phrase End-to-End Mean?","response":"End-to-end refers to a full process from start to finish. It is often used to describe a service that sees something through from the kick-off or initiation through the final product. It may be used to describe a one-time project (i.e. implementation of new software) or may be an internal process (i.e. setting up a new vendor in an accounting system from start to finish)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Benefit-Cost-Ratio?","response":"The Benefit-Cost-Ratio is determined by dividing the proposed total cash benefit of a project by the proposed total\u00a0cash cost of the project."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Brand Management Important?","response":"Brand management is important because it dictates how public markets perceive goods. Without brand management, consumers may not become loyal to a product line or may not choose to repeat purchases with a company after a positive experience. Effective brand management may lead to not only to greater sales quantities in the short-term but greater long-term financial success due to long-term customers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Marginal Cost and Average Cost?","response":"Marginal cost is the expenses needed to manufacture one incremental good. As a manufacturing process becomes more efficient or economies of scale are recognized, the marginal cost often declines over time. However, there is often a point in time where it may become incrementally more expensive to produce one additional unit.On the other hand, average cost is the total cost of manufacturing divided by total units produced. The average cost may be different from marginal cost, as marginal cost is often not consistent from one unit to the next. Marginal cost is reflective of only one unit, while average cost often reflects all unit produced."}
{"prompts":"What is the value of knowing the recovery rate?","response":"Knowing approximately how much debt you can recover is useful for setting the terms and interest rates for future credit transactions. It allows lenders to accurately account for risk."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Become a Philanthropist?","response":"Anyone can become a philanthropist, even if they are not wealthy individuals. You can donate your time, efforts, and cash to a specific cause, and over time, you may become known as a philanthropist."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find an ISIN?","response":"You can find the ISIN number for U.S. securities listed on the stock certificate or the prospectus for the shares in question."}
{"prompts":"Can Triple Witching Impact Stocks Beyond Broad Market Volatility?","response":"Triple witching can influence individual stocks such as those with large options or futures contracts set to expire. As traders adjust or close their positions, there can be unusual movement in the stock\u2019s price and volume. This is usually more pronounced in stocks with smaller market caps or those that trade heavily in the derivatives market. Caution is in order at this time since these price changes don't often reflect shifts in the underlying company's fundamentals."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Real Interest Rate?","response":"The real interest rate is essentially the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate. So if the nominal rate is 6% and inflation is 4%, the real interest rate is 2%. This interest rate can be calculated using currently available information, but some businesses will plan for future interest rate and inflation environments so they know how to adjust their pricing in the event of an increase or decrease in inflation."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Become a Virtual Assistant?","response":"Having previous experience as an administrative assistant or support staff member is helpful, but not necessary. Even individuals without past experience can take training courses to learn needed skills, such as the Microsoft Office Suite or other administrative software. Freelance networks such as Upwork and Fiverr provide marketplaces where contractors can seek out positions. Contractors can also seek out work on more traditional job boards or through networking sites such as LinkedIn."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Website Go Viral?","response":"A website can go viral through a combination of strategic planning, quality content creation, and targeted promotion. When likeable, sharable content is created, that content may become intriguing enough to be engaging to a wide audience."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Products Are Most Successful With Penetration Pricing?","response":"The most elastic goods are often the most successful with penetration pricing. These goods often have the largest changes in demand with very subtle changes in price. Goods such as internet, cable, banking services, groceries, airline tickets, or hospitality services are often easier to use penetration prices with as small changes in price may more easily swing demand."}
{"prompts":"What is Hypothesis Testing?","response":"Hypothesis testing refers to a process used by analysts to assess the plausibility of a hypothesis by using sample data. In hypothesis testing, statisticians formulate two hypotheses: the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. A null hypothesis determines there is no difference between two groups or conditions, while the alternative hypothesis determines that there is a difference. Researchers evaluate the statistical significance of the test based on the probability that the null hypothesis is true."}
{"prompts":"What Does Cost Per Click Mean?","response":"Cost per click is how much it costs you when a propective customer clicks on your ad."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Drawbacks of the Gordon Growth Model?","response":"The GGM's main limitation lies in its assumption of constant growth in dividends per share. It is very rare for companies to show constant growth in their dividends due to business cycles and unexpected financial difficulties or successes. The model is thus limited to companies with stable growth rates in dividends per share. Another issue occurs with the relationship between the discount factor and the growth rate used in the model. If the required rate of return is less than the growth rate of dividends per share, the result is a negative value, rendering the model worthless. Also, if the required rate of return is the same as the growth rate, the value per share approaches infinity."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Sensex Work?","response":"The S&P BSE Sensex index, colloquially known as the Sensex or Sensex Index, is a benchmark index of 30 of India\u2019s largest and most liquid public companies. The companies that make up the Sensex are drawn from BSE, which is one of India's main stock markets. Many investors throughout the world use the Sensex as a barometer of the overall state of the Indian economy, which has grown substantially in recent decades."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Primary Indicators of Quality of Life?","response":"Some primary indicators of quality of life include sufficient income, job satisfaction, decent housing, access to high-quality education, a reasonable life-work balance, rewarding personal relationships, and access to cultural and leisure activities."}
{"prompts":"What Does Payment Mean?","response":"Payment is the exchange of something of value as part of an agreement. One party makes payment and receives something else of value, while the other party receives payment in exchange for providing a good or service. The most traditional type of payment was through physical currency, but a majority of payment types now leverage technology."}
{"prompts":"What Does Volume Mean in Stock?","response":"Volume in the stock market is the amount of stocks traded per period."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Manage the Risks Associated with Trading on Margin?","response":"Measures to manage the risks associated with trading on margin include: using stop loss orders to limit losses; keeping the amount of leverage to manageable levels; and borrowing against a diversified portfolio to reduce the probability of a margin call, which is significantly more likely with a single stock."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Calculate Personal Gross Income?","response":"An individual\u2019s gross income is the total amount earned before taxes or other deductions. Usually, an employee\u2019s paycheck will state the gross pay as well as the take-home pay. If applicable, you\u2019ll also need to add other sources of income that you have generated\u2014gross, not net."}
{"prompts":"Is It a Good Idea to Buy a Short Sale Property?","response":"Buying a short-sale property can be a good deal for a prospective buyer.\u00a0 However, it is important to be aware of some of the drawbacks involved. Short sales can take a long time. Moreover, if the bank believes that a foreclosure proceeding is a more lucrative option, it may reject the short sale and move forward with foreclosure instead.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are in the MENA Region?","response":"There is no clear definition of which countries are included in the MENA Region, but it is typically considered to include at least Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Palestine, and Yemen. Also sometimes included are Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Turkey, and Western Sahara, to name a few."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Monetize Something?","response":"Monetization strategies are not always easy to figure out. It took social media sites almost a decade to figure out how to turn user data into dollar signs. Online advertising revenues make up a large chunk of monetization efforts today, but the commodification of user data may take on new and different purposes that have value to somebody willing to pay for it."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find My Credit Score for Free?","response":"You can find your credit score for free by checking online with your credit card company or visiting www.annualcreditreport.com. You are entitled to one free credit report per year."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Trust Receipt Is Violated?","response":"A trust receipt becomes violated when the borrower fails to return the goods that were lent to them, or if they fail to return the sale of proceeds for the goods as stipulated under the terms of the agreement."}
{"prompts":"What Encouraged Engels to Write \"The Condition of the Working Class in England\"?","response":"The book recounts Engels' experience while working in Manchester, England, recalling the use of child labor, environmental damage, low wages, bad conditions, poor health, and the high death rates among laborers."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers a Form 3 Filing?","response":"The necessity for a Form 3 filing with the SEC arises when an individual becomes an insider in a firm. The individual must disclose their ownership of the company's securities. Form 3 has specific qualifications on what constitutes an insider and the purpose of the form is to prevent insider trading."}
{"prompts":"Is Usury a Crime?","response":"Usury is most often a crime but can also be a violation. The federal government, along with each state, has its own usury laws, stating the maximum interest rate that can be charged on certain types of loans. If a creditor charges a rate higher than this, they would be breaking the law and held accountable for violation of the usury law."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks Associated With Financial Inclusion?","response":"Some risks associated with financial inclusion include over-indebtedness, potential exploitation by unscrupulous lenders, and data privacy concerns with the use of digital financial services."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reg CF Offering?","response":"Reg CF is part of the JOBS Act that allows private companies to raise up to $5 million from any American. Prior to the passing of the Act, private companies could only raise capital from accredited investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Floor on a LIBOR Rate?","response":"A floor rate is often established in conjunction with a variable rate like LIBOR or SOFR. For example, imagine a loan assessed at a rate of 1-Month LIBOR + 1.50% with an interest rate ceiling of 4% and floor of 2%.If 1-Month LIBOR falls to 0.25%, the calculated rate would be 1.75%. However, this rate falls below the floor. This loan would not be assessed at 1.75%; instead, the floor would be triggered, and the rate used is 2%.If 1-Month LIBOR rises to 3%, the calculated rate would be 4.50%. However, this rate falls above the ceiling. This loan would not be assessed at 4.50%; instead, the ceiling would be triggered, and the rate used is 4%.Last, if 1-Month LIBOR stabilizes at 1%, the calculated rate would be 2.5%. Because 2.5% falls between the ceiling and the floor, neither boundary is triggered. The interest rate used for this period is 2.5%."}
{"prompts":"Does Scarcity Mean Something Is Hard to Obtain?","response":"Scarcity can explain a market shift to a higher price, compare the availability of economic inputs, or convey the opportunity cost in allocating limited resources. The definition of a market price is one at which supply equals demand, meaning all those willing to obtain the resource at a market price can do so. Scarcity can explain a market shift to a higher price, compare the availability of economic inputs, or convey the opportunity cost in allocating limited resources."}
{"prompts":"RIA or IAR: What is the Difference?","response":"An RIA is a firm that is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or a state's securities agency. The firm gives advice about securities and engages in other related activities. As a fiduciary, an RIA has a fundamental obligation to provide investment advice that always acts in their clients' best interests.An IAR, on the other hand, is an individual who works for an RIA. They are the actual persons who interact with clients and provide the advice. An IAR must pass certain qualifications to be associated with an RIA and must adhere to the same fiduciary standards.In other words, the RIA is the entity (or firm), while the IARs are the individuals working under that entity. The RIA firm as a whole has a fiduciary duty to their clients, and each individual IAR also has that duty. When a client hires an RIA, they will typically interact with an IAR who will be their personal advisor."}
{"prompts":"What Is Human Capital Risk?","response":"Human capital risk refers to the gap between the human capital requirements of a company or organization and the existing human capital of its workforce. This gap can lead a company towards inefficiencies, inability to achieve its goals, a poor reputation, fraud, financial loss, and eventual closure. To reduce and eliminate human capital risk, an organization should train, foster, and support its workforce."}
{"prompts":"What Is a HRA vs. a HSA?","response":"A health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) is a benefit used to pay employees back in tax-free money for certain qualified medical expenses and health coverage premiums.A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged account used by individuals covered under a high-deductible health plan (HDHP) looking to save up to cover the cost of qualified medical expenses."}
{"prompts":"How Binding Is a Hold Harmless Agreement?","response":"If the state where it is to be used recognizes these types of clauses and accepts their use in that particular context, then they should be binding. That's not a guarantee, however. If the agreement is vague and difficult to understand, overly broad, or if it can be proved that it wasn\u2019t signed with free will, it will likely be disregarded."}
{"prompts":"Who Might Benefit from Decreasing Term Life Insurance?","response":"Small businesses sometimes find it useful to protect indebtedness against startup costs and operational expenses. For example, if one partner dies, the death benefit proceeds from the decreasing term policy can help to fund continuing operations or retire the percentage of the remaining debt for which the deceased partner is responsible. The protection also allows\u00a0the business to guarantee commercial loan amounts affordably."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Conditional Probability Calculator?","response":"A conditional probability calculator is an online tool that will calculate conditional probability. It will provide the probability of the first and second events occurring. A conditional probability calculator saves the user from doing the mathematics manually."}
{"prompts":"What happens if I don\u2019t receive the TILA disclosure or notice of my right to rescind?","response":"If you can prove that you never received these documents or that they contain inaccurate information, then the three-business-day cooling-off period could be extended up to three years."}
{"prompts":"How Can U.S. Individuals Invest in Chinese Stocks?","response":"Individuals cannot qualify as QFII. Therefore, the easiest way for American investors to access Chinese stocks is to look for ADRs of Chinese companies listed on U.S. exchanges or via ETFs that track Chinese markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is Globalization and Why Is it Important?","response":"In essence, globalization is about the world becoming increasingly interconnected. Countries today are more connected than ever before, due to factors such as air travel, containerized sea shipping, international trade agreements and legal treaties, and the Internet. In the world of business, globalization is associated with trends such as outsourcing, free trade, and international supply chains. Globalization is important as it increases the size of the global market, and allows more and different goods to be produced and sold for cheaper prices.Globalization is also important because it is one of the most powerful forces affecting the modern world, so much so that it can be difficult to make sense of the world without understanding globalization. For example, many of the largest and most successful corporations in the world are in effect truly multinational organizations, with offices and supply chains stretched right across the world. These companies would not be able to exist if not for the complex network of trade routes, international legal agreements, and telecommunications infrastructure that were made possible through globalization. Important political developments, such as the ongoing trade conflict between the United States and China, are also directly related to globalization."}
{"prompts":"What Is An Example of Present Value?","response":"Consider a scenario where you expect to earn a $5,000 lump sum payment in five years' time. If the discount rate is 8.25%, you want to know what that payment will be worth today. So you calculate the PV: $5,000\/(1 + 0.0825)5 = $3,363.80."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of MBO?","response":"A company can set various goals with its employees. In the case of a call center, an MBO could be to increase customer satisfaction, say, by 10%, while reducing call times by one minute. The onus is now on finding ways to achieve this goal. Once that\u2019s decided on, it\u2019s important to get employees on board and then monitor their progress, provide feedback, and reward those who do a good job."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Buyer's Market?","response":"A buyer's market benefits buyers. Buyers have more options from which to choose because supply exceeds demand. Prices stay lower because sellers must compete to attract buyers. Buyers also have more room to negotiate on price and other elements of a sale, such as closing costs in a real estate transaction."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of financial statement analysis?","response":"An analyst may first look at a number of ratios on a company\u2019s income statement to determine how efficiently it generates profits and shareholder value. For instance, gross profit margin will show the difference between revenues and the cost of goods sold. If the company has a higher gross profit margin than its competitors, this may indicate a positive sign for the company. At the same time, the analyst may observe that the gross profit margin has been increasing over nine fiscal periods, applying a horizontal analysis to the company\u2019s operating trends."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Sustainable Growth Rate?","response":"You calculate the sustainable growth rate by taking the company's return on equity times the result of 1 minus the dividend payout ratio. Another way to calculate it is to multiply the retention rate by the return on equity. The retention rate represents the percentage of earnings that the company has not paid out in dividends. It is the same formula, worded differently."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of War Bonds?","response":"War bonds allow a country to raise money for its military expenditures, without having to resort to heavy taxation or inflationary monetary policy. However, governments must be cautious of the risk that they will assume more debt than they can repay."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Being Self-Employed?","response":"The benefits of being self-employed include being your own boss, creating your own schedule, flexibility, working towards your dreams, enjoying the challenges of starting something from scratch, choosing the people you work with, and creating your own work environment."}
{"prompts":"How Risky Are Syndicated Loans?","response":"Lending at any level can be risky. But, the risks associated with lending in a syndicate can be a little lighter. That's because each bank in a group is only responsible for guaranteeing a small portion of the total loan amount. So if a company defaults on its syndicated loan, one bank won't be out the full amount of the loan. Rather, it will only lose out on the portion it agrees to finance. So if five banks agree to join a syndicate to equally fund a $100 million loan, each bank will only lose $20 million if the borrower defaults."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need A Sponsor to Take the Series 65?","response":"No. To sit for the Series 65 exam, a candidate does not require sponsorship by a member firm."}
{"prompts":"Is ROI Calculated Annually?","response":"ROI can be calculated over any period of time, but it's most commonly calculated on an annual basis. This allows for easier comparison between different investments and provides a standardized measure of performance. However, in some cases, ROI can also be calculated over shorter or longer periods depending on the specific context and needs of the analysis."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Differences Between Autoregressive and Moving Average Models?","response":"ARIMA combines autoregressive features with those of moving averages. An AR(1) autoregressive process, for instance, is one in which the current value is based on the immediately preceding value, while an AR(2) process is one in which the current value is based on the previous two values. A moving average is a calculation used to analyze data points by creating a series of averages of different subsets of the full data set to smooth out the influence of outliers. As a result of this combination of techniques, ARIMA models can take into account trends, cycles, seasonality, and other non-static types of data when making forecasts."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Interpolation Is Used in Technical Analysis?","response":"In technical analysis, there are two main types of interpolation: linear interpolation and exponential interpolation. Linear interpolation calculates the average of two adjacent data points by drawing a straight line of best fit. Exponential interpolation instead calculates the weighted average of the adjacent data points, which can adjust for trading volume or other criteria."}
{"prompts":"What Determines Commodity Prices?","response":"Like all assets, commodity prices are ultimately determined by supply and demand. For example, a booming economy might lead to increased demand for oil and other energy commodities. Supply and demand for commodities can be impacted in many ways, such as economic shocks, natural disasters, and investor appetite (investors may purchase commodities as an inflation hedge if they expect inflation to rise)."}
{"prompts":"Who Is DTCC Owned By?","response":"The Participants of the Clearing Agencies hold the DTCC's common shares and are, therefore, its owners."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Future Bond Rate?","response":"Future bonds rates change frequently. On Feb. 20, 2024, U.S Treasury Bond Futures yield was 4.46%."}
{"prompts":"What Is Accrued and Deferred Revenue?","response":"Accrued revenue is the revenue earned by a company for the delivery of goods or services that have yet to be paid by the customer.\u00a0In\u00a0accrual accounting, revenue is reported at the time a sales transaction takes place and may not necessarily represent cash in hand.Deferred, or unearned revenue can be thought of as the opposite of accrued revenue, in that unearned revenue accounts for money prepaid by a customer for goods or services that have yet to be delivered.\u00a0If a company has received\u00a0prepayment for its goods, it would recognize the revenue as unearned, but\u00a0would not recognize the revenue on its income statement until the period for which the goods or services were delivered."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between BATNA and Reservation Value?","response":"A BATNA is the best option available to one party if negotiations fail, while a reservation value is the worst deal they would be willing to accept.A reservation value is always higher than the BATNA. For example, if you were buying a car, the BATNA might represent the option of shopping at another dealer. The reservation value would be the highest price you are willing to pay."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Trendlines?","response":"Trendlines are typically associated with technical financial analysts. However, trendlines can be used by any investor looking to gain more insight into the direction of a stock, commodity, currency, or other investment."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Become a Certified Information Systems Auditor?","response":"The most direct timeline to become a CISA is five years, as the ISACA requires half of a decade of professional experience on your application. There are exceptions to this rule, and candidates can apply for a waiver. In addition, there are educational requirements to satisfy as part of the certification process."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Home Inspector Finds Something Wrong?","response":"If a home inspector finds any unsafe materials, defective systems, or costly cosmetic defects, a buyer can decide not to proceed with the home purchase, renegotiate the sale price, or ask the homeowner to make repairs before the sale goes through."}
{"prompts":"Are Growth Stocks Risky?","response":"As with all investing, there is a fundamental trade-off between risk and return. Growth stocks provide a greater potential for future return, and they are thus equally matched by greater risk than other types of investments like value stocks or corporate bonds. The main risk is that the realized or expected growth doesn't continue into the future. Investors have paid a high price expecting one thing and not getting it. In such cases, a growth stock's price can fall dramatically."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Worst Deficit?","response":"The United States has the largest trade balance deficit in the world: $1.3 trillion as of 2022. For comparison, the second-largest is the U.K. with a trade balance deficit of $294 billion."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Labor Force Participation Rate Measured?","response":"The labor force participation rate is based on a monthly household survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau. This survey asks respondents about their age and whether they are employed or looking for work. On that basis, the government estimates the labor force participation rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Direct and Indirect Distribution Channels?","response":"Direct distribution channels are those that allow the manufacturer or service provider to deal directly with its end customer. For example, a company that manufactures clothes and sells them directly to its customers using an e-commerce platform would be utilizing a direct distribution channel. By contrast, if that same company were to rely on a network of wholesalers and retailers to sell its products, then it would be using an indirect distribution channel."}
{"prompts":"What Is Not an Example of an Out-of-Pocket Expense?","response":"The monthly premium you pay for your healthcare plan does not count as an out-of-pocket expense.Out-of-pocket\u00a0costs include deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments for covered services, plus all costs for services that aren't covered.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Can an NSF Fee Be Waived?","response":"Bank policies vary, but an NSF fee can often be waived through an NSF reversal after the fact, especially if it's the first time that it's been assessed. Calling the bank's customer service line and requesting a refund is the best course of action for a consumer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a CMA?","response":"A CMA allows sellers to establish a fair asking price; it lets buyers see if the seller is asking a reasonable price for the home."}
{"prompts":"What Is Agriculture?","response":"Agriculture is the practice of raising crops, livestock, fish, trees, and other living organisms for food or other products. Agriculture has a long history, with humans beginning to farm plants about 11,000 years ago."}
{"prompts":"How Is Basel I Different From Basel II and Basel III?","response":"Basel I introduced guidelines for how much capital banks must keep in reserve based on the risk level of their assets. Basel II refined those guidelines and added new requirements. Basel III further refined the rules based in part on the lessons learned from the worldwide financial crisis of 2007 to 2009."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Allied Lines and All-risk insurance?","response":"Allied lines refers to property-casualty insurance that is closely connected to fire insurance and is often taken out in conjunction with a standard fire insurance policy. It is used to cover damage such as tornado, windstorm, or water damage. All-risk insurance, which is also called open peril, covers a variety of risks that are not explicitly left out of the policy."}
{"prompts":"Can I Lose the Entire Amount of the Premium Paid for My Put Option?","response":"Yes, you can lose the entire amount of premium paid for your put, if the price of the underlying security does not trade below the strike price by option expiry."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Real-Life Example of the Truth in Lending Act?","response":"A real-life example of the Truth in Lending Act includes credit card offers from banks, such as Chase. Chase offers borrowers the opportunity to apply for the airline United Gateway Credit Card on its website. Presented are the pricing and terms, APR (16.49%-23.49% based on creditworthiness), and an annual fee ($0+\/-). Required by TILA, the card's pricing and terms disclosure detail the APR for different types of transactions, such as balance transfers and cash advances. It also lists fees of interest to consumers."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Corporation Formed?","response":"To form a corporation in the U.S., it is necessary to file articles of incorporation with the state in which it will be registered. The details vary from state to state.In the U.K., Ireland, and Canada corporations can use the abbreviation Ltd. (limited) after the company's name. They might also appear as public limited companies (PLCs)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word for Heuristic?","response":"Heuristic may also go by the following terms: rule of thumb; mental shortcut; educated guess; or satisfice."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a P&L Statement and a Balance Sheet?","response":"A company\u2019s P&L statement shows its income, expenditures, and profitability over a period of time. The balance sheet, on the other hand, provides a snapshot of its assets and liabilities on a certain date. The balance sheet is typically presented as of the last day of the company\u2019s fiscal year. Investors use the balance sheet to understand the financial strength of the company, comparing the amount and quality of its assets against its liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of BPO?","response":"There are numerous advantages to BPO. One of the primary advantages is that it lowers costs. Performing a certain job function internally costs a specific amount. BPO can reduce these costs by outsourcing this job to an external party, often in a less cost-intensive country, reducing the overall cost of performing that job function.Other advantages include a company being allowed to focus on core business functions that are critical to its success, rather than administrative tasks or other aspects of running a company that are not critical. BPO also helps with growth, particularly in global expansion. If a company is interested in opening an overseas branch or operating overseas, utilizing a BPO company that has experience in the local industry and that speaks the language is extremely beneficial."}
{"prompts":"When Is Currency Trading Conducted?","response":"The foreign exchange market (FX) is an over-the-counter (OTC) marketplace that determines the exchange rate for global currencies made up of an international network of financial centers that transact 24 hours a day."}
{"prompts":"What Is Stock Overhang?","response":"Broadly speaking, stock overhang refers to situations where a few shareholders possess a large block of stock shares, raising the possibility of a price drop if they sell them all at once. Stock overhang is most common in situations where employees are compensated with a large number of company shares, but it may also apply to the stock holdings owned by large institutional investors."}
{"prompts":"How Does Risk Control Relate to Corporate Social Responsibility?","response":"Risk control and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are interconnected in several ways. By implementing risk control measures, companies can minimize potential harm to stakeholders, such as employees, customers, and the environment. This proactive approach to risk management aligns with the principles of CSR, which emphasize the importance of ethical and sustainable business practices. Additionally, effective risk control can help protect a company's reputation and maintain public trust, which are crucial aspects of CSR. In short, risk control is an essential component of a comprehensive CSR strategy, as it helps companies meet their social, environmental, and ethical obligations while ensuring long-term success and sustainability."}
{"prompts":"Where Can an Investor Find an Investment Objective Questionnaire?","response":"Investors can find various free questionnaires online at brokerage sites. However, when choosing not to use a personal advisor, it is important to review the questionnaire's assumptions and limitations and accept the firm's terms and conditions. An investment objective will typically not be formally completed until a client has decided to use the services of the financial planner or advisor since the information that will be provided is highly sensitive."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered Call Writing?","response":"Covered call writing is an options trading strategy when an investor holding a long position in an asset writes or sells call options on it. The aim is to generate additional income from the asset, usually from the premium received from selling the call option."}
{"prompts":"What Were John Stuart Mill's Economic Beliefs?","response":"John Stuart Mill espoused his economic theories in Principles of Political Economy (a 19th-century term, equivalent to our contemporary \"macroeconomics\"); first published in 1848, it went through several editions as he developed and refined his ideas. For Mill, economics is closely tied to social philosophy and politics: Wealth is the natural end product of labor, but the distribution of wealth is determined by the decisions and the will of actual people (albeit an elite class of educated people). As a result, human laws and institutions can and should determine how wealth is distributed.Mill did believe in the superiority of socialism, in which economic production would be driven by worker-owned cooperatives.\u00a0But he also believed in free enterprise, competition, and individual initiative. Governments had a responsibility to maintain these things, as well as to prevent monopolies, look after the poor, and provide an education for young people."}
{"prompts":"How large is the carbon credit market?","response":"Estimates of the size of the carbon credit market vary wildly, due to the different regulations in each market and other geographical distinctions. The voluntary carbon market, consisting largely of companies that buy carbon offsets for corporate social responsibility (CSR) reasons, had an estimated value of $1 billion in 2021, according to some figures. The market for compliance credits, related to regulatory carbon caps, is substantially larger, with estimates ranging as high as $272 billion for 2020."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Are in the Dogs of the Dow?","response":"The companies that make up the Dogs of the Dow in 2023 areVerizonDowIntelWalgreens3MIBMAmgenCiscoChevronJP Morgan Chase"}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Use a Bear Hug as an Acquisition Strategy?","response":"There are several reasons why a company would resort to a bear hug to make an acquisition. Some acquirers choose to do so in order to avoid any conflict with the target company's leadership. The acquirer usually hopes that the board and\/or management would be more receptive to the deal by approaching the target's shareholders with an offer above market value.Another reason why some companies may choose to take this route is to cut out the competition. If the target is very attractive, there may be multiple interested parties. By making the offer of a bear hug, it sweetens the pot for shareholders and keeps other acquirers at bay."}
{"prompts":"Is the S&P 500 a Good Benchmark?","response":"It is very commonly used, but many more can be used based on how the benchmark is designed. Some widely used benchmarks in the stock market are the Wilson 5000, Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the Russel 2000."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Merchandising Companies?","response":"Merchandising, broadly speaking, refers to any entity that engages in selling a product. Under this definition, there are two types of merchandising companies, namely retail and wholesale. Retailers sell their products directly to consumers, while wholesalers buy from manufacturers and sell to retailers."}
{"prompts":"What are some drawbacks of using MBO?","response":"As MBO is entirely focused on goals and targets, it often ignores other parts of a company, such as the corporate culture, worker conduct, a healthy work ethos, environmental issues, and areas for involvement and contribution to the community and social good."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Duties of a Trustee?","response":"A trustee must administer the trust per the grantor's instructions, be loyal to the beneficiaries, and deal with beneficiaries impartially."}
{"prompts":"Is There Socialism in the U.S. Today?","response":"Yes. Social welfare programs such as food stamps, unemployment compensation, and housing assistance can be described as socialist. It can also be argued that government programs like Medicare and Social Security are too. There are also socialist organizations in the U.S., such as the Democratic Socialists of America, which counts among its members Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.), Rashida Tlaib (D-Mich.), Cori Bush (D-Mo.), and Jamaal Bowman (D-N.Y.), all members of the House of Representatives. And Senator Bernie Sanders (I-Vt) is a self-described democratic socialist.Other examples of socialism in the U.S. include organizations like worker co-ops, credit unions, public libraries, and public schools."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Remove an Irrevocable Beneficiary?","response":"You can\u2019t without difficulty. The point of irrevocable beneficiary status is its permanency. Generally speaking, an irrevocable beneficiary can only be removed if the beneficiary agrees to be displaced, voluntarily surrendering their status."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Ps of Corporate Governance?","response":"The four P's of corporate governance are people, process, performance, and purpose."}
{"prompts":"What Are Tight and Loose Monetary Policy?","response":"Tight monetary policy is a central bank's efforts to contract a growing economy by increasing interest rates, increasing the reserve requirement for banks, and selling U.S. Treasuries. Conversely, a loose monetary policy is one that seeks to expand or grow an economy, which is done by lowering interest rates, lowering the reserve requirements for banks, and buying U.S. Treasuries."}
{"prompts":"What Is One Difference Between a Contract for Differences (CFD) and a Futures Contract?","response":"Futures contracts have an expiration date at which time there is an obligation to buy or sell the asset at a preset price. CFDs are different in that there is no expiration date and you never own the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a CPA?","response":"A certified public accountant (CPA) is a professional who has passed a four-part examination known as the Uniform CPA Examination, conducted by the American Institute of Certified Public Accounts (AICPA) with input from the National Association of State Boards of Accountancy (NASBA) and state boards of accountancy.Accountants need both a bachelor's degree in accounting or finance and experience in the field to take the exam. The exam is tailored to each state's requirements and is administered by the state boards of accountancy."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find a Firm\u2019s SEC Form ADV?","response":"All firms must make the SEC Form ADV they submit to regulation authorities public. This means they can be easily accessed through the Investment Advisor Public Disclosure page of the Securities and Exchange Commission's website. You can also make a request directly to the firm. Keep in mind that all investment firms are required to provide new and existing clients with these forms."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk in Arbitrage Trades?","response":"One of the most significant risks when engaging in arbitrage trades is a fluctuation of the asset price. An interest rate could change and although the percentage change may be minimal, arbitrage trades are usually highly leveraged and exposure to such an event could result in a significant loss. If there are no willing buyers, that is another problem, as someone needs to purchase the asset for sale if the trader is going to make a profit."}
{"prompts":"How Do Natural Monopolies Work?","response":"A natural monopoly is a monopoly where there is only one provider of a good or service in a certain industry. It occurs when one company or organization controls the market for a particular offering. This type of monopoly prevents potential rivals from entering the market due to the high cost of starting up and other barriers."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Hedge Fund?","response":"It's a limited partnership of high-net-worth accredited investors that seeks above-average returns from actively managed investments and mandates non-traditional, high-risk positions to achieve them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Nominal and Real Interest Rates?","response":"Nominal interest rates do not account for inflation while real interest rates do. For example, in the United States the federal funds rate, the interest rate set by the Federal Reserve, can form the basis for the nominal interest rate being offered. The real interest, however, would be the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate, usually measured by the CPI (Consumer price index)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Contribution Limits on Deferred Profit Sharing Plans (DPSPs)?","response":"In 2022, the maximum allowable contribution to a deferred profit sharing plan (DPSP) is 18% of the employee\u2019s compensation for the year or $15,390, whichever is less."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 183-Day Rule?","response":"In the context of state taxes, the 183-day rule refers to a threshold some states use to determine whether or not an individual is a resident for tax purposes. In such cases, a state will consider an individual a full-year resident so long as they spent 183 days or more there."}
{"prompts":"What Are Secular Trends in Healthcare?","response":"In healthcare, a secular trend refers to patterns in disease activity over a long time, usually many years. Secular trends may be affected by factors such as population immunity, but they are not affected by periodic factors or seasonal trends."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Automatic Premium Loan Provision Designed to Do?","response":"Automatic premium loans are designed to keep life insurance coverage in-force even after the policy owner has not paid the required premiums on time. Perhaps the policy owner is unable to pay due to financial or other difficulties, or simply forgot. Either way, the APL provision allows the death benefit to remain even in such circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What Are Brand Ambassadors?","response":"Brand ambassadors are professional marketers that companies hire to serve as spokespersons for their products. To succeed, brand ambassadors need an established online presence with an engaged network across platforms, in-depth knowledge of products and services, and highly developed expertise at building loyal customer relationships."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Pay an Independent Contractor?","response":"You pay an independent contractor just like you would pay any freelancer either by the hour, by the project, or by a flat fee. You can pay an independent contractor by check, Venmo, PayPal, or cash."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Weigh Costs vs. Benefits?","response":"Cost-benefit analysis is a systematic method for quantifying and then comparing the total costs to the total expected rewards of undertaking a project or making an investment. If the benefits greatly outweigh the costs, the decision should go ahead; otherwise, it should probably not. Cost-benefit analysis will also include the opportunity costs of missed or skipped projects."}
{"prompts":"What Does Currency Mean?","response":"The term currency refers to the tangible form of money that is paper bills and coins. It's used as a medium of exchange that's accepted at face value for products and services as well as for savings and the payment of debt."}
{"prompts":"Does Gross Income Include Taxes?","response":"Yes, gross income is the total amount of income a person or company has earned before deductions against that income. Gross income is calculated as the total amount of revenue earned before subtracting expenses like costs, interest, and taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Risk-Adjusted Return Measures?","response":"The Sharpe ratio, alpha, beta, and standard deviation are the most popular ways to measure risk-adjusted returns."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Scenario Analysis?","response":"The main disadvantage to scenario analysis is simple: incorrect assumptions can lead to models that are way off the mark\u2014or \"garbage in, garbage out.\"Scenario analysis is also susceptible to biases of the user and tends to be heavily dependent on historical data."}
{"prompts":"What are the main types of shareholders?","response":"A majority shareholder owns and controls more than 50% of a company\u2019s outstanding shares. This type of shareholder is often company founders or their descendants. Minority shareholders hold less than 50% of a company\u2019s stock, even as little as one share."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate a breakeven point in options trading?","response":"Consider the following example in which an investor pays a $10 premium for a stock call option, and the strike price is $100. The breakeven point would equal the $10 premium plus the $100 strike price, or $110. On the other hand, if this were applied to a put option, the breakeven point would be calculated as the $100 strike price minus the $10 premium paid, amounting to $90."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Cash Withdrawal Mean?","response":"A cash withdrawal refers to taking money out of a bank account, usually a checking account, in the form of cash. This is typically done at an ATM machine or at a physical location of a bank."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher Equity Multiplier Better?","response":"Average equity multipliers vary from industry to industry. In general, investors look for companies with a low equity multiplier because this indicates the company is using more equity and less debt to finance the purchase of assets. Companies that have higher debt burdens could be financially riskier."}
{"prompts":"Are Funds of Funds Common?","response":"Dedicated funds of funds may be less common that standalone mutual funds or ETFs. However, the SEC estimates that approximately 40% of all registered funds hold an investment in at least one other fund."}
{"prompts":"What Is Unlimited Liability?","response":"While limited liability separates and protects personal assets from business assets. Some countries allow the creation of unlimited liability corporations, which means that the shareholder or partner assumes all liability for the company's success. If the company becomes insolvent, the unlimited liability partner would be responsible for repaying all debts to creditors."}
{"prompts":"Do gift cards expire or have fees?","response":"Depending on the card, it\u2019s possible that a gift card may expire if the money loaded onto it is not used within a specific time period. You may also pay fees to activate a new gift card or reload money onto an existing gift card. Some prepaid gift cards may also charge monthly or dormant-account fees."}
{"prompts":"Is Freddie Mac a government-sponsored enterprise?","response":"Yes. Freddie Mac is a government-sponsored enterprise in the housing finance market. As a housing GSE, Freddie Mac is a \u201cfederally chartered, shareholder-owned, private company with a public mission to provide stability in and increase the liquidity of the residential mortgage market,\u201d according to The White House. Freddie Mac also helps increase the availability of mortgage credit to low- and moderate-income families and in underserved areas."}
{"prompts":"How Do Call Options Work?","response":"Call options are a type of derivative contract that gives the holder the right but not the obligation to purchase a specified number of shares at a predetermined price, known as the \"strike price\" of the option. If the stock's market price rises above the option's strike price, the option holder can exercise their option, buying at the strike price and selling at the higher market price to lock in a profit. Options only last for a limited period, however. If the market price does not rise above the strike price during that period, the options expire worthless."}
{"prompts":"What Is Asset Turnover Measuring?","response":"The\u00a0asset turnover ratio\u00a0measures the efficiency of a company's\u00a0assets\u00a0in generating revenue or sales. It compares the dollar amount of sales (revenues)\u00a0to its total assets as an annualized percentage. Thus, to calculate the asset turnover ratio, divide net sales or revenue by the average total assets. One variation on this metric considers only a company's fixed assets (the FAT ratio) instead of total assets."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Set Up an SDIRA?","response":"Per the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), all retirement assets, including those in SDIRAs, must be held by a qualified custodian. The custodian\u2014which could be a bank, credit union, or other financial institution\u2014administers the SDIRA, holds the account\u2019s investments for safekeeping, and ensures that the SDIRA complies with IRS rules.While you can open an IRA or SDIRA at virtually any bank or financial institution, most \u201cbig box\u201d custodians don\u2019t offer alternative investments, such as real estate, precious metals, or cryptocurrencies. Therefore, it\u2019s essential to find an SDIRA custodian that offers the nontraditional assets in which you are interested. Keep in mind that these firms can\u2019t provide investment advice, meaning investment research is your responsibility."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Characteristics of Alternative Investments?","response":"Alternative investments tend to have high fees and minimum investment requirements, compared to retail-oriented mutual funds and ETFs. They also tend to have lower transaction costs, and it can be harder to get verifiable financial data for these assets. Alternative investments also tend to be less liquid than conventional securities, meaning that it may be difficult to value some of the more unique assets because they are so thinly traded."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Gross Profit?","response":"Gross profit is the difference between net revenue and the cost of goods sold. Total revenue is income from all sales while considering customer returns and discounts. Cost of goods sold is the allocation of expenses required to produce the good or service for sale."}
{"prompts":"How Does C2C Differ From P2P?","response":"C2C stands for customer-to-customer; P2P stands for peer-to-peer. Both concepts involve consumers or individuals dealing with one another. The main difference is that with C2C, there is a company or other third party in between the buyer and the seller (or sender and receiver). In a P2P platform, counterparties transact directly with one another without that intermediary."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Hazard Rate Used For?","response":"The hazard rate seeks to determine the chances of survival of its subject at a certain time point. It can effectively be applied to any item with a set lifetime and is commonly used in engineering, medicine, and insurance."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Join a REIG?","response":"You can join a REIG or start your own. Professional networking groups and websites, such as LinkedIn or the National Real Estate Investors Association, are good starting points. Joining a group may be as simple as signing an agreement and paying dues."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Cash a Money Order?","response":"You can cash a money order in the same places that issue money orders, such as a bank, credit union, post office, check-cashing store, or even some convenience and grocery stores. You will need to endorse, or sign, the order and verify your identity. There may be a small fee for cashing the money order, which you can skip by depositing the money order into a bank account."}
{"prompts":"Can a Disregarded Entity Have Employees?","response":"Yes, a disregarded entity can have employees. The \"disregarded entity\" status is recognized only for the purposes of federal income taxes; it doesn't affect employment\u2014and in fact, a disregarded entity with workers might have to pay employment taxes.\u00a0However, the IRS and courts have ruled that a single-member LLC, one of the most common types of disregarded entities, cannot classify an owner as both an employee and a partner."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Do Not Pay Property Taxes?","response":"Property taxes are sanctioned by municipal government bodies and are legal obligations for owning real estate. If you do not pay your property taxes, the government has the right to seize your property, claim rights over proceeds to cover the owed obligations and dispose of a property to a new owner. The rules around this tax deed process vary between government entities."}
{"prompts":"What Guarantee Does a Policyholder Have With a Warehouse-to-Warehouse Clause?","response":"A policyholder of a warehouse-to-warehouse clause has a guarantee that the goods will arrive and arrive undamaged at the intended destination, or the cost of the lost or damaged goods will be covered."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Buy Limit Order Is Not Executed?","response":"If a buy limit order is not executed, it will expire unfilled. The order could expire at the end of the trading day or, in the case of a good 'til canceled (GTC) order, it will expire once the trader cancels it. One of the benefits of a buy limit order is that the investor is guaranteed to pay a specified price or less to purchase a security. A downside, however, is that the investor is not guaranteed that their order will be executed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of a CD?","response":"Some savers like CDs because of the safety they provide, as well as the fact that they are perfectly predictable. On the other hand, CDs generally promise a very modest rate of return, compared to riskier investments like stocks and bonds. If the interest rate offered is below the current inflation rate, then investors in CDs will actually lose money on their investment when it\u2019s measured on an inflation-adjusted basis. For this reason, yield-conscious investors might prefer investments that are riskier but offer higher potential returns."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have Currencies That Are Pegged to the USD?","response":"Fourteen countries have currencies pegged to the USD and include Bahrain, Belize, Cuba, Djibouti, Hong Kong SAR, China, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Panama, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Eritrea."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Monopolistic Competition and a Monopoly?","response":"A monopoly is when a single company dominates an industry and can set prices for its product without fear of competition. Monopolies limit consumer choices and control production quantity and quality. Monopolistic competitive companies must compete with others, restricting their ability to substantially raise prices without affecting demand and providing a range of product choices for consumers. Monopolistic competition is more common than monopolies, which are discouraged in free-market\u00a0nations."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Use API Integration for Automated Stock Screening?","response":"API integration in stock screeners allows users to connect with external data sources and automate certain tasks. By leveraging APIs, investors can set predefined rules, receive real-time updates, and automate actions such as trade executions or alert notifications."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Bid on eBay?","response":"You can create an account or bid on eBay as a guest. The easiest way for you to make your bids is through the automated process. This allows you to enter the total amount you're willing to pay for an item. The site then bids for you in increments without going over your maximum limit. If another individual outbids you, eBay will let you know. You can decide whether you want to place a new maximum limit."}
{"prompts":"What Risks Are Associated with Overfunded Pension Plans?","response":"Overfunded pension plans can face risks, particularly in terms of investments. One risk is the temptation to pursue riskier investments to maximize returns on surplus funds as there may be less of an impact for losses."}
{"prompts":"How many contingent beneficiaries can be named?","response":"You can name as many contingent beneficiaries as you\u2019d like and portion out your estate in any ratio that you wish. You can also appoint an organization as a beneficiary instead of an individual."}
{"prompts":"How Does Porter's Five-Force Model Apply to the AI Sector?","response":"Using the model, we would begin by looking at the competitive rivalry. The AI sector is marked by high competition with key players ranging from tech giants to small startups. Rapid advances mean companies have to move quickly simply to maintain relevance. We would then need to gauge the power of suppliers of data sets and specialized hardware, which have ample power since AI firms rely heavily on these resources.Moving to consumers, we would need to review the needs of individual consumers and whether larger companies can force AI firms to negotiate better services and prices for them. The field of AI has been attracting many new entrants, but there are significant barriers to entry, including high initial research and development costs. Lastly, the threat from the last force, the possibility of substitutes, depends on what a firm wants to do with its AI-based technology. The more complicated the tasks the AI is given, the more likely other goods and services can't substitute for it."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Aggregate Demand?","response":"Aggregate demand can be impacted by a few key economic factors. Rising or falling interest rates will affect decisions made by consumers and businesses. Rising household wealth increases aggregate demand while a decline usually leads to lower aggregate demand.\u00a0Consumers' expectations of future inflation will also have a positive correlation with aggregate demand. Finally, a decrease (or increase) in the value of the domestic currency will make foreign goods costlier (or cheaper) while goods manufactured in the domestic country will become cheaper (or costlier) leading to an increase (or decrease) in aggregate demand.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Who Needs to Register With the NFA?","response":"All qualified entities that deal in the futures markets need to register with the NFA. These include a variety of entities, such as brokers, futures merchants, commodity pool operators, swap dealers, exchanges, and commodity trading advisors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Objective of an Amalgamation?","response":"In general, the objective of an amalgamation is to establish a unique entity capable of more effectively competing in the marketplace, while also benefiting from greater economies of scale. In that respect it is not all that different from an acquisition and similar strategies to aid corporate growth."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Commonly Used Probability Distributions?","response":"The most commonly used probability distributions are uniform, binomial, Bernoulli, normal, Poisson, and exponential."}
{"prompts":"Is it Good to Have all Your Money in One Bank?","response":"It can be safe to have all of your money in one bank, but this is not without risk. If your account balances at one bank exceed $250,000 (or $500,000 for a joint account), then that excess amount won't be covered by FDIC deposit insurance in the event of a bank failure. In this scenario, you would be better off keeping some of your funds in a different financial institution."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Short Sale?","response":"In real estate, a short sale may take place when an owner sells a house at a price that is less than the outstanding mortgage amount.This typically happens when the owner is under financial stress and is behind on mortgage payments. The owner is obligated to sell the home to a third party, with all of the proceeds of the sale going to the lender.The lender must approve the short sale before it happens. The process can take as long as a year due to the paperwork involved.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are Historical Returns?","response":"Historical returns are the past performance of a security or index, such as the S&P 500. Analysts review historical return data when trying to predict future returns or to estimate how a security might react to a particular economic situation, such as a drop in consumer spending. Historical returns can also be useful when estimating where future points of data may fall in terms of standard deviations."}
{"prompts":"How Is Cash-on-Cash Return Calculated?","response":"Cash-on-cash returns are calculated using an investment property's pre-tax cash inflows received by the investor and the pre-tax outflows paid by the investor. Essentially, it divides the net cash flow by the total cash invested.For example, an investor purchases a property for $1 million putting $100,000 cash as a down payment and borrowing $900,000. The investor also pays $10,000 cash for ancillary costs out of pocket. The investor decides to sell the property for $1.1 million after having paid $25,000 in loan payments that include a principal repayment of $5,000.This means the investor's total cash outflow is $135,000 [$100,000+$10,000+$25000] and cash inflow is $205,000 [$1,100,000 - $895,000]. So, the investor's cash-on-cash return is 51.85% [($205,000 - $135,000) \u00f7 $135,000]."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Present Value Important?","response":"Present value is important because it allows investors to judge whether or not the price they pay for an investment is appropriate. Calculating present value (and future value) can help investors when they are presented with the choice of earning a fixed sum for the investment at some point in the future, or gaining a percentage of the principal.Present value calculations are often needed in areas such as investment analysis, risk management, and business financial planning, but the concept is also useful outside of business. For example, understanding the present and future values of an annuity can help you when predicting your retirement income."}
{"prompts":"Is Renters Insurance Mandatory by Law?","response":"Renters insurance is not usually mandatory by law, but some landlords may require it as a condition of the lease agreement. Even if it's not required, having renters insurance is highly recommended to protect your belongings and liability."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marginal Propensity To Consume in Simple Terms?","response":"The marginal propensity to consume measures the degree to which a consumer will spend or save in relation to an aggregate raise in pay. Or, to put it another way, if a person gets a boost in income, what percentage of this new income will they spend? Often, higher incomes express lower levels of marginal propensity to consume because consumption needs are satisfied, which allows for higher savings. By contrast, lower-income levels experience a higher marginal propensity to consume since a higher percentage of income may be directed to daily living expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Is Enterprise Value and Why Is It Important?","response":"Enterprise value shows a company's total value and is generally used in mergers and acquisitions to evaluate a prospect. You might also see embedded value used to value life insurance companies, primarily in Europe."}
{"prompts":"When Should You Use the Harmonic Mean?","response":"The harmonic mean is best used for fractions such as rates or multiples. Harmonic means are used in finance to average data like price multiples such as the price-to-earnings (P\/E) ratio. Market technicians may also use harmonic means to identify patterns such as Fibonacci sequences."}
{"prompts":"When Capital Expenditures Increase, What Happens to Cash Flow?","response":"Generally, cash flow is reduced, as the cash has been used to invest in future operations, thus promoting future growth of the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Management Discussion and Analysis?","response":"The purpose of management discussion and analysis is to shed more light on how the financial statements were prepared, how the company performed, and what the company expects for the future. It's management's opportunity to explain in their own words about the financial position and strategy of the company. It's purpose is usually not only to reassure investors of its financial health but to convey its financial strategy to promote confidence."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know If My Mortgage Is Assumable?","response":"Certain types of home loans are assumable. For example, USDA, VA, and FHA loans are assumable. Each agency has specific requirements that both parties must fulfill for the loan to be assumed by the buyer. The USDA requires that the house is in a USDA-approved area, the seller must not be delinquent on payments, and the buyer must meet certain income and credit limits. The buyer must confirm with the seller and the seller's lender if the loan is assumable."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Widow's Allowance Different from a Widow\u2019s Pension?","response":"Whereas a widow's allowance, widower's allowance, or spousal allowance is time-limited, a widow\u2019s pension is a recurring survivor's benefit that a surviving spouse may be entitled to receive as a beneficiary of a pension plan, retirement account, Social Security or a VA survivors pension. The criteria for qualifying for these benefits will vary, and will usually be spelled out in the written documentation and policies dictated in the program terms and guidelines. Likewise, the formula for determining the amount of these allowance payments will also be dictated by the program."}
{"prompts":"Is Proof-of-Stake a Certificate?","response":"Proof-of-Stake is a consensus mechanism where cryptocurrency validators share the task of validating transactions. There are currently no certificates issued."}
{"prompts":"Can the Hurdle Rate Vary Within a Company?","response":"Yes, the hurdle rate can vary within a company based on the risk profile and the nature of different departments or projects. High-risk projects, such as those involving new product development or expanding into new markets, might have a higher hurdle rate than lower-risk endeavors like routine capital maintenance. Varying the hurdle rate helps ensure that the rate of return keeps up with changes in the level of risk associated with each project."}
{"prompts":"What Do Buyers in a Merger or Acquisition Look for?","response":"The buying company in a merger or acquisition commonly looks for growth and value in the selling company along with opportunities for business model transformation, technological capabilities, and new talent resources."}
{"prompts":"How Do Liabilities Relate to Assets and Equity?","response":"The accounting equation states that\u2014assets = liabilities + equity. As a result, we can re-arrange the formula to read liabilities = assets - equity. Thus, the value of a firm's total liabilities will equal the difference between the values of total assets and shareholders' equity. If a firm takes on more liabilities without accumulating additional assets, it must result in a reduction in the value of the firm's equity position."}
{"prompts":"What Is MICR Data on a Check?","response":"The string of characters at the bottom left of a check identifies the bank branch that it is issued from, the account number of the payer, and the number of the account holder's check in a consecutive series.From left, the line displays the following information:The nine-character routing number that identifies the bank branchThe 12-character account number that identifies the payerThe four-character check number that indicates which check in a series that the account holder has used.It looks like this: 000000000 000000000000 0000"}
{"prompts":"What Factors Influence an Individual's Investment Objective?","response":"In addition to an individual\u2019s time horizon and risk profile, other factors that influence an individual\u2019s investment decisions include income, capital gains tax, dividends tax, commission and fees for actively managed portfolios, and total wealth, which may include assets like Social Security benefits, expected inheritance, and pension value."}
{"prompts":"Are Ticks and Pips the Same?","response":"A pip is like a tick, representing the smallest change to the right of the decimal, but often applies to forex markets. It is the smallest whole unit price move that an exchange rate can make."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Risk\/Return Ratio Important?","response":"The risk\/return ratio helps investors assess whether a potential investment is worth making. A lower ratio means that the potential reward is greater than the potential risk, while a high ratio means the opposite. By understanding the risk\/return ratio, investors can make more informed decisions about their investments and manage their risk more effectively."}
{"prompts":"Can I Lose Hollywood Dollars on a Trade?","response":"Yes. If the value of a MovieStock or StarBond you own, goes down and you sell it, you will have lost money. However, the really risky way to lose is where you sold or shorted a MovieStock or StarBond because you thought the value was going to go down. As the bond or stock goes up in value, your paper loss will increase until you liquidate that trade or the bond or stock expires. So, if you sorted a MovieStock at H$10 and it eventually closes out at H$100, you will have lost H$90."}
{"prompts":"Can You Refuse a Deposition?","response":"If you are subpoenaed to sit for a deposition, you must show up by law and answer the questions honestly and to the best of your knowledge. Failure to show up could result in imprisonment for contempt of court and forced into a deposition there. Lying under oath can result in the crime of perjury."}
{"prompts":"How Much Did the Stock Market Crash During the Great Recession?","response":"On October 9, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at its pre-recession high of 14,164.53. By March 5, 2009, the index had fallen more than 50% to 6,594.44.On September 29, 2008. The Dow Jones fell nearly 778 points in one day. It was the largest point drop in history until the market crashed in March 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has No Currency of Its Own?","response":"There are a number of different countries that don't have their own currency. For instance, 19 member states of the European Union use the euro as their currency. Some countries use the U.S. dollar exclusively for transactions, including Zimbabwe, Ecuador, El Salvador, East Timor, and the Turks and Caicos islands among others."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Tax-Sheltered Annuity Work?","response":"A tax-sheltered annuity is a type of retirement plan offered by certain organizations, such as churches, non-profit organizations, and public schools. This plan works like other retirement plans\u2014employees can contribute a certain portion of their annual salaries up to a certain amount each year. These contributions are made on a pre-tax basis. Earnings grow tax-free, which means they aren't taxed until the plan owner begins making withdrawals during retirement."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Engage in Earnings Management?","response":"There are many reasons corporate managers engage in earnings management. These include higher bonuses, avoidance of falling below closely followed analyst forecasts, tax savings, boosting the value of the company, and creating a sense of stability."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current Usury Rate?","response":"Each state specifies its own usury rate and how it is calculated. For example, the current usury rate in North Dakota is the \"maximum rate of interest which may be charged for loans of money by non-regulated lenders and is equal to 5.5% higher than the current cost of money as reflected by the average rate of interest payable on U.S. Treasury Bills maturing within six months; but in any event, the maximum allowable interest rate ceiling may not be less than 7%.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve?","response":"The U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve are separate entities. The Treasury manages the money coming into and out of the government. The Federal Reserve's primary responsibility is to keep the economy stable by managing the supply of money in circulation. The Department of\u00a0the Treasury\u00a0manages federal spending. It collects the government's tax revenues, distributes its budget, issues its bonds, bills, and notes, and prints money. The Federal Reserve is the central banking system of the United States and is run by a board of governors that oversees 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks."}
{"prompts":"What Are Futures Contracts?","response":"Futures contracts are a type of derivative. They involve a standardized contract to buy or sell a certain security at a specific price and at a specified time in the future. Futures are used by investors to hedge the value of securities they have positions in and to speculate on price movements."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Roll-Down Return?","response":"The roll-down return is the percentage change in the bond price over the period plus the coupon payments divided by the initial bond price. The calculation assumes the yield curve remains constant, there are no significant changes in the issuer's credit risk, and yields evolve as anticipated."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Abbreviation for Modus Operandi?","response":"Modus operandi is sometimes abbreviated as M.O. Therefore, one's M.O. refers to their usual patterns of behaviors or habits."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Firms Use Project Finance?","response":"Project finance is a way for companies to fund long-term projects. This form of financing uses a non- or limited recourse financial structure. Firms with weak balance sheets are more apt to use project finance to meet their funding needs rather than trying to raise capital on their own. This is especially true for smaller companies and startups that have large-scale projects on the horizon."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know If a Company Has a Competitive Advantage?","response":"If a business can increase its market share through increased efficiency or productivity, it would have a competitive advantage over its competitors."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Distribution Channels?","response":"Distribution channels are the intermediaries through which goods or services pass on their way to the final buyer or\u00a0consumer. The main channels include wholesalers, retailers, distributors, and in some cases, the internet."}
{"prompts":"How Is Fair Value Considered In the Accounting of Financial Assets?","response":"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and International Financial Reporting Standards use fair value in accounts comprised of derivatives and hedges, employee stock options, and financial assets and accept that financial markets are efficient and their prevailing prices are reliable measures of fair value."}
{"prompts":"How Is EBITA Useful?","response":"EBITA is considered by some to be a reliable indicator of how efficient a company\u2019s operations are. Some analysts use it to gauge profitability, although doing so can be misleading because of the excluded expenses."}
{"prompts":"How Is APY Calculated?","response":"APY standardizes the rate of return. It does this by stating the real percentage of growth that will be earned in compound interest assuming that the money is deposited for one year. The formula for calculating APY is (1+r\/n)n - 1, where r = period rate and n = number of compounding periods."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Situational Leadership Model by Hersey and Blanchard?","response":"Situational leadership is adapting your style based on who you manage and assign tasks to and the situation."}
{"prompts":"How Is an Excise Tax Different From a Sales Tax?","response":"Excise and sales taxes are two different types of taxes. An excise tax is imposed on specific goods and is generally the responsibility of the merchant to pay to the government. The merchant, in turn, may or may not pass the tax on to the consumer by adding it into the price. A sales tax, on the other hand, is charged on almost everything and is collected from the consumer by the merchant who passes it on to the government. The sales tax is a percentage of the price of the good or service."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Adjustable Life Insurance and Universal Life Insurance?","response":"Adjustable life insurance is another name for universal life insurance. There is no difference between them, as they are the same type of policy."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Access IBES Data?","response":"IBES is available through various subscription services offered by Thomson Reuters, including its Refinitiv, Thomson ONE, and Eikon platforms."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Inventory Management?","response":"Let's look at an example of a just-in-time (JIT) inventory system. With this method, a company receives goods as close as possible to when they are actually needed. So, if a car manufacturer needs to install airbags into a car, it receives airbags as those cars come onto the assembly line instead of having a stock on supply at all times."}
{"prompts":"How Long Will the Child Tax Credit Be Higher?","response":"The higher Child Tax Credit that was enacted during the pandemic has since expired. The Child Tax Credit dropped from $3,000 \/ $3,600 per child (depending on age) back to $2,000 per eligible child at the end of 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if You Default on a Loan?","response":"What happens when you default on a loan depends on the type of loan and the lender's policy. In the case of a secured loan, the lender can seize the asset you used as collateral. For a consumer with an auto loan, that is usually the vehicle. For a business, the collateral might be a piece of equipment, real estate, or a cash account. With an unsecured debt, such as a credit card or personal loan, the lender can sue the borrower or turn the debt over to a collection agency."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Chances of Being Audited by the IRS?","response":"The audit rate for individual tax returns was 0.49% in 2022. The IRS has audited the returns of 8.5% of the people making $10 million or more between 2012 and 2020. Individuals may be randomly selected and others triggered by departures from the norm, such as a charitable deduction that exceeds the filer's reported income."}
{"prompts":"What Is Salvage Value vs. Book Value?","response":"Book value is the historical cost of an asset less the accumulated depreciation booked for that asset to date. This amount is carried on a company's financial statement under noncurrent assets. On the other hand, salvage value is an appraised estimate used to factor how much depreciation to calculate. It's a guess on how much the company can get for the asset at the end of its life, and this value, though helpful to determine components of a financial statement, isn't actually reported on a company's financial statement."}
{"prompts":"What Is Total Economic Surplus?","response":"Total economic surplus\u00a0is equal to the producer surplus plus the consumer surplus. It describes the total net benefit to society from free markets in goods or services."}
{"prompts":"What Role Did Deregulation Play in the Bear Stearns\u2019 Collapse?","response":"Some economists have attributed the subprime mortgage crisis to financial deregulation, particularly the 1999 repeal of parts of the Glass-Steagall Act. This repeal removed the legal barriers between commercial and investment banking, allowing banks like Bear Stearns to issue and underwrite securities. These securities would ultimately become a major catalyst for the financial collapse."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Equity?","response":"Stockholders' equity is equal to a firm's total assets minus its total liabilities. These figures can all be found on a company's balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"What Is the USDA Office of Rural Development?","response":"The USDA Office of Rural Development includes three agencies that provide economic assistance to rural families and communities\u2014a housing program, a utilities program, and a business program. The housing program provides guaranteed and direct home loans to help low- and moderate-income borrowers in rural areas purchase modest homes with no down payment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Maintenance Margin Requirement by a Brokerage Firm?","response":"The maintenance margin is the minimum equity an investor must hold in the margin account after the purchase has been made. The customer's equity in the account must not fall below 25% of the current market value of the securities in the account. If this requirement is not met, the brokerage firm may liquidate the securities in the customer's account."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Receivables?","response":"A receivable is created any time money is owed to a firm for services rendered or products provided that have not yet been paid. This can be from a sale to a customer on store credit, or a subscription or installment payment that is due after goods or services have been received."}
{"prompts":"Who Underwrites an IPO?","response":"Initial public offerings (IPOs) are usually underwritten by investment banks. These banks usually have IPO specialists on staff who work with the company making the IPO to ensure that all regulatory requirements are met."}
{"prompts":"What Are the IRS Deductions for 2024?","response":"For 2024, the IRS standard deduction is $14,600 for single taxpayers. This is an increase from $13,850 in 2023. For married couples filing jointly, the deduction is $29,200, which is an increase from $27,700 in 2023."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does Information Remain on Your Credit Report?","response":"Information on your credit report will typically remain for at least seven years, after which it basically falls off. One exception is Chapter 7 bankruptcy, which can remain for up to 10 years."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of the Product Life Cycle?","response":"The product life cycle is defined as four distinct stages: product introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. The amount of time spent in each stage will vary from product to product, and different companies have different strategic approaches to transitioning from one phase to the next."}
{"prompts":"Is Additional Paid-in Capital an Asset?","response":"APIC is recorded under the equity section of a company's balance sheet. It is recorded as a credit under shareholders' equity and refers to the money an investor pays above the par value price of a stock. The total cash generated from APIC is classified as a debit to the asset section of the balance sheet, with the corresponding credits for APIC and regular paid in capital located in the equity section."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Decision Rules for Accounting Rate of Return?","response":"When a company is presented with the option of multiple projects to invest in, the decision rule states that a company should accept the project with the highest accounting rate of return as long as the return is at least equal to the cost of capital."}
{"prompts":"Should Shadow Banks Be Regulated?","response":"Many institutions, including the European Commission, argue that they should. They argue that the shadow banking sector requires regulation because of its size, its close links to the regulated financial sector, and the systemic risks that it poses. There is also a need, they claim, to prevent the shadow banking system from being used for regulatory arbitrage, or the process of taking advantage of loopholes to avoid potential regulatory restrictions."}
{"prompts":"What makes a capital project successful?","response":"Careful planning and realistic estimates do. Affordable funding needs to be secured, costs need to be managed well, and the project must have a very good chance of becoming profitable. One or two setbacks could turn a capital project into a financial disaster."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Demand Schedules?","response":"Demand schedules may be prepared for individual consumers or for the broad, general market. These two demand schedules will differ as the market demand schedule will encompass a more broad set of expectations while an individual demand schedule may be more refined into a specific subset of data."}
{"prompts":"Who Gets a Pension?","response":"To get a pension, an employee has to work for a company that offers a pension plan. This can be a private company, though a majority of pension plans are now offered by government institutions and agencies. In addition, people must often meet a vesting requirement by working for a company for a specific amount of time to quality for pension plan benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Information Must Be Recorded in a Business Journal?","response":"Every entry in a business journal must contain all critical information about a transaction. In double-entry accounting, this means the date of the transaction, the amount to be credited and debited, a brief description of the transaction, and the business accounts that are affected by it.Depending on the business, the journal may make room for other entries, such as the tax implications or the impact on a subsidiary."}
{"prompts":"What Is Ethereum's Gas Fee Now?","response":"Ethereum's transaction fees continue to fluctuate, but they haven't changed much since proof of stake rolled out\u2014the update was not intended to change fees."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Couple Divorces?","response":"If a couple divorces, they become tenants in common, which gives them both ownership rights in the property. A court can also order the sale of the property\u2014the proceeds would be split between the ex-spouses\u2014or grant full ownership to one spouse."}
{"prompts":"How Do Liquidated Damages Differ From a Penalty Clause?","response":"A liquidated damages clause is designed to allow a party to a contract to recover a loss. A penalty clause is punitive. It is intended as punishment."}
{"prompts":"Are Tax Shelters Ethical?","response":"Taxpayers must comply with IRS code; any deviation from tax law may result in fines or imprisonment. Some may feel that these tax avoidance strategies are unethical. However, taxpayers are often encouraged to deploy legal strategies that may include avoiding or deferring taxes. Because these strategies have been embedded in intentional tax law, tax shelters are ethical and not necessarily meant to be devious."}
{"prompts":"Is 20% a high short interest?","response":"Yes. Short interest as a percentage of float above 20% is considered high, and it indicates a very pessimistic sentiment."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Overvalued Stock?","response":"An overvalued stock is one whose stock price is not in line with its earnings outlook, such as its price-to-earnings (P\/E) ratio. Analysts that believe a stock is overvalued expect that its price will fall."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to File 1098?","response":"No, you don't have to file Form 1098 or submit it with your tax return. You only have to indicate the amount of interest reported by the form. And you generally only report this interest if you are itemizing deductions on your tax return."}
{"prompts":"Is a TSP the Same Thing As a 401(k)?","response":"A TSP is not exactly the same thing as a 401(k), though they are structured similarly and have the same contribution limits. A TSP is what the federal government offers instead of a 401(k), the type of plan offered by private employers. It is possible to have both if you have worked for both a government and a private employer. However, the total contribution to these retirement plans cannot exceed the annual contribution limits set by the Internal Revenue Code."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Owning Land Important?","response":"Owning land is important because it is a source of wealth. Land can be harvested and the materials grown on it sold for profit. Factories, warehouses, and buildings that will facilitate business can be built on land. Land can be leased in return for income. Land is also a tangible good that does not depreciate. In addition, land cannot easily be tampered with, in that there is nothing to steal from it (for the most part). It can be polluted and\/or destroyed, but that can be prevented to a degree."}
{"prompts":"How Does Privatization Affect Economic Efficiency?","response":"Many economists believe that privatization can make some government-owned enterprises more efficient by placing them under budget pressure and market discipline. This requires the administrators of those companies to reduce their inefficiencies by downsizing unproductive departments or reducing costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is Variance Used for?","response":"Variance is essentially the degree of spread in a data set about the mean value of that data. It shows the amount of variation that exists among the data points. Visually, the larger the variance, the \"fatter\" a probability distribution will be. In finance, if something like an investment has a greater variance, it may be interpreted as more risky or volatile."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of the Law of Supply and Demand?","response":"When gasoline consumption plunged with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, prices quickly followed suit because the industry ran out of storage space. The price decline, in turn, served as a powerful signal to suppliers to curb gasoline production. Conversely, crude oil prices in 2022 provided producers with additional incentive to boost output."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Double Negative Pledge?","response":"A double negative pledge is a promise not to enter into negative covenants with any third party. In other words, it is a negative covenant that prohibits other negative covenants. This type of agreement is frequently used by banks or other lenders to ensure that they have a priority claim to a borrower's assets if they declare bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"What Time Is the Opening Bell on Wall Street?","response":"The New York Stock Exchange rings the opening bell at 9:30 AM every day, except weekends and holidays. The Nasdaq opens at the same time, but as an automated market the bell is purely ceremonial."}
{"prompts":"How Many Banks Are there in the UK?","response":"There are 365 businesses in the bank industry in the UK as of 2023. This is an increase of 3.5% from 2022."}
{"prompts":"Who Sends a Debit Note?","response":"A debit note is sent by the vendor or supplier to the buyer. The document is intended to inform the customer of their debt obligations relating to a purchase order. Debit notes may also be issued by buyers as a way to let the vendor know that goods received are being returned."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Retainer Fee?","response":"Retainer fees can be calculated by estimating the hours needed to complete or maintain the project the professional is hired for and multiplying it by their hourly rate. Some professionals might charge an amount per expected service."}
{"prompts":"What Is ISO 26000?","response":"In 2010, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) released ISO 26000, a set of voluntary standards to help companies implement corporate social responsibility. Unlike other ISO standards, ISO 26000 provides guidance rather than requirements because the nature of CSR is more qualitative than quantitative, and its standards cannot be certified. ISO 26000 clarifies social responsibility and helps organizations translate CSR principles into practical actions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of the Empirical Rule?","response":"The empirical rule is beneficial because it serves as a means of forecasting data. This is especially true when it comes to large datasets and those where variables are unknown. In finance specifically, the empirical rule is germane to stock prices, price indices, and log values of forex rates, which all tend to fall across a bell curve or normal distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Lowest and Highest Ranked Numbers in Liar's Poker?","response":"In Liar's Poker, 0s are usually the lowest-ranked numbers, while 9s are the highest-ranked numbers."}
{"prompts":"What Are 3 Examples of Quality Control?","response":"Three examples of quality control could be in the food industry; overseeing the ingredient specifications, reviewing supplier lists, and ensuring the facility where the food product is made is sanitary."}
{"prompts":"How Do Fixed Costs Differ From Variable Costs?","response":"Unlike fixed costs, variable costs are directly related to the cost of production of goods or services. Variable costs are commonly designated as\u00a0the cost of goods sold (COGS), whereas fixed costs are not usually included in COGS. Fluctuations in sales and production levels can affect variable costs if factors such as sales commissions are included in per-unit production costs. Meanwhile, fixed costs must still be paid even if production slows significantly."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Popular Cryptocurrencies?","response":"Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency, followed by other cryptocurrencies such as Ethereum, Binance Coin, Solana, and Cardano."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Become an Expatriate?","response":"An expatriate or \"expat\" is somebody who leaves their country of origin and settles abroad for an extended period of time, often permanently."}
{"prompts":"How Is Taxable Income Calculated?","response":"Taxable income is calculated by adding up all sources of income, excluding nontaxable items, and subtracting credits and deductions."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Find Liens?","response":"How an individual can determine whether they have a tax lien against their property depends on where they live and which agency imposed that lien. In most places, a search via the state record office or the attorney general's office will reveal the existence of a lien against property. The Automated Lien System of the IRS can locate liens against businesses. There are private, third-party lien searching services that can also do lien research."}
{"prompts":"What Are 3 Effects of Income Inequality","response":"Financial hardship for many, persistent poverty, and a dispirited populace that could be ripe for social and political unrest are just a few of the effects of income inequality."}
{"prompts":"What happens if a SPAC does not merge?","response":"SPACs have a specific time frame in which they need to merge with another company and close a deal. This time frame is usually 18 to 24 months. If a SPAC cannot merge during the allotted time, then it liquidates and all funds are returned to investors."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Insure My Electronic Documents?","response":"Electronic documents can be insured through a separate endorsement, called a data loss policy. These policies cover traditional sources of damage, such as fire or flooding, as well as hacking, viruses, and hard drive crashes. However, such policies typically do not cover wear and tear, or losses due to improper file storage."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Have Been Accused of Predatory Pricing?","response":"Walmart is among the companies that have been accused of predatory pricing. In 1993, a judge ordered the retailer to stop selling drugs and health and beauty products below cost after three stores in Conway, Arkansas, accused the company of undercutting them to drive them out of business.This wasn\u2019t an isolated case. Similar allegations were leveled at Walmart from rival companies in other states, and the company has been accused of predatory pricing on several other occasions."}
{"prompts":"What is a central bank?","response":"A central bank is a financial institution given privileged control over the production and distribution of money and credit for a nation or a group of nations. In modern economies, the central bank is usually responsible for the formulation of\u00a0monetary policy\u00a0and the regulation of member banks. Central banks are inherently non-market-based or even anti-competitive institutions. Although some are nationalized, many central banks are not government agencies, and so are often touted as being politically independent. However, even if a central bank is not legally owned by the government, its privileges are established and protected by law. The critical feature of a central bank\u2014distinguishing it from other banks\u2014is its\u00a0legal monopoly\u00a0status, which gives it the privilege to issue banknotes and cash. Private\u00a0commercial banks\u00a0are only permitted to issue demand liabilities, such as\u00a0checking deposits."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should I Contribute to My FSA?","response":"No specific amount is correct for everyone, and FSA elections vary depending on each indidvidual's particular situation. Make your election by carefully examining your expected out-of-pocket healthcare expenses for the coming year."}
{"prompts":"How are dividends paid?","response":"In general, dividends are paid in cash. Dividend payments can also be reinvested in the stock distributing them to buy more shares."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Creditworthiness?","response":"You can improve your creditworthiness by ensuring that your credit reports are correct, reducing your debt by paying more than the minimum balance, and by paying all your bills on time. Avoid applying for too many credit cards and loans and using all of your available credit."}
{"prompts":"Who created HERA?","response":"HERA was passed by Congress as part of a joint effort to support recovery in the mortgage industry and restore confidence in both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. HERA was signed into law by then-President George W. Bush."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Median?","response":"The median is the middle value in a set of data. First, organize and order the data from smallest to largest. To find the midpoint value, divide the number of observations by two. If there is an odd number of observations, round that number up, and the value in that position is the median. If the number of observations is even, take the average of the values found above and below that position."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Life Estate for Dummies?","response":"A life estate is a legal document that splits ownership of property, so that the first party retains rights to use the property and the second party retains rights to inherit it."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Closing Cross?","response":"Yes, Nasdaq uses a similar process when the market closes at 4 p.m. This is called the Closing Cross and is used to determine the closing price of shares."}
{"prompts":"Do an SPV's Assets and Liabilities Appear on the Parent Company's Balance Sheet?","response":"No. Special purpose vehicles have their own obligations, assets, and liabilities outside the parent company. SPVs can, for example, issue bonds to raise additional capital at more favorable borrowing rates than the parent could. They also create a benefit by achieving\u00a0off-balance sheet treatment\u00a0for tax and financial reporting purposes for a parent company."}
{"prompts":"What is a net loss carryforward?","response":"The IRS allows certain net losses experienced in one tax period to be used to deduct from net profits earned in subsequent periods. The 2018 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) changed how businesses must account for net operating loss carryforwards. Check with your accountant for all tax matters"}
{"prompts":"What Does Q4 2022 Mean?","response":"There are two components to Q4 2022. The first part (\"Q4\") represents the quarter, while the second part (\"2022\") represents the year. In this example, the phrase Q4 2022 means the fourth quarter in 2022.Because this phrase includes both the quarter and the year, this phrase assumes that whatever is being analyzed has a fiscal year that is the same as a calendar year."}
{"prompts":"Are Unilateral Contract Mistakes Enforceable?","response":"If a mistake occurs during a unilateral contract, some remedies for a mistake include contract reform where the contract is changed or a new contract is started, or full contract cancellation."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Money Laundering?","response":"Cash earned illegally from selling drugs may be laundered through highly cash-intensive businesses such as a laundromat or restaurant where the illegal cash is mingled with business cash before deposit. These types of businesses are often referred to as \u201cfronts.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"Are ETPs Traded on Stock Exchanges?","response":"Yes, ETPs are traded on stock exchanges. This means that investors can buy and sell ETP shares throughout the trading day at market prices. The stock exchange environment enhances liquidity and provides real-time pricing information for ETPs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Largest Stock Exchanges?","response":"By market capitalization, the largest stock exchanges are the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq. Both are located in the New York. As of March 2022, the combined value of shares listed on both exchanges reached over $36 trillion."}
{"prompts":"What If I Don't Take RMDs?","response":"If you are over age 73 and choose not to take your RMD, you will be penalized by the IRS. The amount not withdrawn will be subject to a 25% tax. Before the SECURE 2.0 Act was passed in 2022, this was a 50% penalty. According to the IRS, the penalty drops to 10% if the \"RMD\u00a0is timely corrected within two years.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Work-in-Progress a Form of Inventory?","response":"A piece of inventory becomes labeled as work-in-progress when raw material combines with human labor. When the product is finalized, it switches from WIP to being categorized as a finished product. Finally, when the product is sold, it moves from a form of inventor to cost of goods sold (COGS) on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk Premium for an Investment?","response":"The risk premium is the extra amount you're expected to get for taking on risk. It is the percentage return you get over what you\u2019d receive if you made an investment with zero risk. So, for example, if the S&P has a risk premium of 5%, it means you should expect to get 5% more from investing in this index than from investing in, say, a guaranteed certificate of deposit."}
{"prompts":"Has Insider Trading a Negative Connotation?","response":"The term \"insider trading\" generally has a negative connotation based on the perception that it is unfair to the average investor. Essentially, insider trading involves trading in a public company's stock by someone with non-public, material information about that stock. Insider trading is illegal, but if an insider trades their holdings and reports it properly, it is an insider transaction, which is legal."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 T's of Risk Management?","response":"The four T's of risk management are:Tolerate: management decides they are okay with a certain operational risk and does not action to stop it.Terminate: management is not okay with any level of risk with a certain activity and decides to stop that activity.Treat: management puts in place certain maneuvers that decrease the potential total risk.Transfer: management wants to perform an activity but seeks a third-party to incur the risk on their behalf (i.e. buy insurance)."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Sharing Economy More Environmentally Sustainable?","response":"The sharing economy is often cited as environmentally beneficial because it allows existing resources to be used more efficiently. An Uber driver sells rides to many people who otherwise would have to buy vehicles. A co-working space provides all of the equipment and space needed for a large number of home offices."}
{"prompts":"Is Email Money Transfer Available for Businesses?","response":"Interac offers email money transfer services for businesses, which have options like bulk processing services, bulk receivables, and bulk payables, as well as invoicing capabilities for business customers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Accurate Moving Average?","response":"The accuracy of a moving average depends greatly on the length of the period being tracked. The most commonly used moving average periods are 50-day, 100-day, and 200-day moving averages. Historically speaking, the longer the term, the more accurate the indicator. This is because the impact of market day-to-day \"noise\" diminishes over time\u2014and it takes time for a trend to clarify."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Dangers of Joint Tenancy?","response":"Joint tenancy may lead to problems between parties if or when the personal relationship turns sour. It can also negatively impact one party if the other doesn't live up to their financial obligations. And it prevents owners from passing on their stake to someone of their choosing."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Maximum Housing Ratio?","response":"Lenders will vary in their requirements for your maximum housing expenses ratio, but they generally want that ratio to be under 28% or 25%. Even if a lender approves you for a particular amount, that does not mean you can actually afford it. Carefully consider how a mortgage payment will fit into your budget."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Responsible for the Collapse of Enron?","response":"Several key executive team members are often noted as being responsible for the fall of Enron. The executives include Kenneth Lay (founder and former Chief Executive Officer), Jeffrey Skilling (former Chief Executive officer replacing Lay), and Andrew Fastow (former Chief Financial Officer)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Included in Stockholders' Equity?","response":"Total equity effectively represents how much a company would have left over in assets if the company went out of business immediately"}
{"prompts":"How Did Cap and Trade Work in California?","response":"California\u00a0began operating a cap-and-trade program in 2013, and as of 2022, it is one of the largest emissions trading systems in the world. The ambitious program aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020 (a goal that was met in 2016), and now aims to reduce the emissions by 40% below 1990 levels by 2030, and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050. California also has additional goals of achieving 100% carbon-free electricity by 2045 and economy-wide carbon neutrality by 2045."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Send a Remittance?","response":"You can send it by visiting your bank and requesting a wire transfer or ACH transfer. Or, you can send it using a money transfer service that specializes in transfers, domestic and international. You can use an app such as PayPal to send a remittance to another country. These electronic services move money quickly, often within a day. If you prefer, you can always send a money order by U.S. mail but how soon it will arrive at its destination depends on which service you use (e.g., first-class international mail or Express mail)."}
{"prompts":"What Are B-Shares in China?","response":"B-shares in China are shares of companies based in China that trade on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange. They are denominated in renminbi and on the Shanghai exchange they settle in USD and on the Shenzhen, they settle in HKD."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Gap Insurance Cost?","response":"As with all car insurance, your cost may vary based on your state, driving record, age, vehicle and other factors. Your insurer may be able to add gap insurance as an endorsement to your other coverage. Car dealerships may also offer gap insurance, though it may be more expensive than adding this coverage to your existing car insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Commercial Banks Play in the Economy?","response":"Commercial banks are crucial to the fractional reserve banking system, currently found in most developed countries. This allows banks to extend new loans of up to (typically) 90% of the deposits they have on hand, theoretically growing the economy by freeing capital for lending."}
{"prompts":"Does GDP Include Tax Revenue?","response":"Tax revenue includes revenues collected from taxes on income and profits, social security contributions, taxes levied on goods and services, payroll taxes, and taxes on the ownership and transfer of property. Total tax revenue is considered part of a country's GDP. As a percentage of GDP, total tax revenue indicates the share of a country's output that the government collects through taxes."}
{"prompts":"What are some drawbacks of issuing bonus shares?","response":"A company could potentially better utilize earnings set aside for a bonus issue to fund other activities that may generate a greater return on investment for shareholders. Additionally, bonus shares could reduce dividend payments, as they don\u2019t generate cash for a company.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Are Random Variables Important?","response":"Random variables produce probability distributions based on experimentation, observation, or some other data-generating process. Random variables, in this way, allow us to understand the world around us based on a sample of data, by knowing the likelihood that a specific value will occur in the real world or at some point in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 C's of Internal Audit?","response":"Internal audit reports often outline the criteria, condition, cause, consequence, and corrective action. These five areas report why the audit was performed, what caused the reason for the audit, how the audit will be performed, what the auditor aims to achieve, and what steps will be taken after the audit findings are presented."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Bracket?","response":"A tax bracket defines a range of incomes\u00a0subject to an income tax\u00a0rate. Tax brackets are part of a\u00a0progressive tax, in which the level of tax rates progressively increases as an individual\u2019s income grows. Low incomes fall into tax brackets with lower tax rates, while higher earners fall into brackets with higher rates."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of EBITDA Margin?","response":"The EBITDA margin measures a company's operating profit as a percentage of its revenue, revealing how much operating cash is generated for each dollar of revenue earned. Therefore, a good EBITDA margin is a relatively high number in comparison with its peers. The simplicity of using one metric as a comparative benchmark can be helpful to investors."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Accounts Receivable Aging Important?","response":"There are two main reasons to track accounts receivable aging. First, to track overdue or delinquent accounts so that the company can continue to decide what to do with old debts. These may be sold to collections, pursued in court, or simply written off. The second reason is so that the company can calculate the number of accounts for which it does not expect to receive payment. Using the allowance method, the company uses these estimates to include expected losses in its financial statement."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Goals of Rational Choice Theory?","response":"The main goal of rational choice theory is to explain why individuals and larger groups make certain choices, based on specific costs and rewards. According to rational choice theory, individuals use their self-interests to make\u00a0choices\u00a0that will provide them with the greatest benefit. People weigh their options and make the\u00a0choice\u00a0they think will serve them best."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Sampling Error Important?","response":"Being aware of the presence of sampling errors is important because it can be an indicator of the level of confidence that can be placed in the results. Sampling error is also important in the context of a discussion about how much research results can vary."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Journal Entry for Accrued Expenses?","response":"Accrued expenses are recognized by debiting the appropriate expense account and crediting an accrued liability account. A second journal entry must then be prepared in the following period to reverse the entry.For example, a company wants to accrue a $10,000 utility invoice to have the expense hit in June. The company\u2019s June journal entry will be a debit to Utility Expense and a credit to Accrued Payables. On July 1st, the company will reverse this entry (debit to Accrued Payables, credit to Utility Expense). Then, the company theoretically pays the invoice in July, the entry (debit to Utility Expense, credit to cash) will offset the two entries to Utility Expense in July.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis?","response":"Quantitative analysis applies mathematics and statistics and uses hard data and numbers. Qualitative analysis, on the other hand, involves elements that cannot be measured or expressed as a number. It can include features that are subjective and opinions."}
{"prompts":"Is it true that some hedge funds have direct links (e.g. fiber optic cable) to major financial exchanges?","response":"Yes. The largest and most sophisticated hedge funds have direct fiber optic connections to the largest financial exchanges. Most High Frequency Trading (HFT) outfits rely on such connections to gain a nano-second advantage over their competitors and to satisfy the demands of their high-frequency algorithms."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Start Planning for Retirement?","response":"Retirement planning isn't difficult. It's as easy as setting aside some money every month\u2014every little bit counts. The easiest way is to start contributing through an employer-sponsored plan if your company offers one. You may also want to consider talking to a professional, such as a financial planner or investment broker who can steer you in the right direction. The earlier you start, the better. That's because your investments grow over time by earning interest. And you'll earn interest on that interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Yearly Probability of Living?","response":"The yearly probability of living is basically the flip side of the yearly probability of dying. Also based on mortality tables, it is an estimate of the likelihood of an individual still being alive a year into the future, based on their age, sex, and sometimes other factors. Like the yearly probability of dying, it is widely used in the insurance industry.While a person\u2019s yearly probability of dying rises as they age, their yearly probability of living goes in the opposite direction."}
{"prompts":"Which U.S. President Imposed the First Federal Income Tax?","response":"President Abraham Lincoln was the president to impose the first federal income tax by signing the Revenue Act on Aug. 5, 1861. The reason he did so was to finance the Civil War. A 3% tax was imposed on all annual incomes over $800."}
{"prompts":"Does a Disregarded Entity Pay Taxes?","response":"Yes, a disregarded entity pays taxes. But since by definition it's usually a single-person business or company, it's not treated or taxed separately from its owner by the IRS. It reports its income on the owner's personal tax return.Disregarded entities pay two types of taxes, similar to sole proprietorships:Self-employment tax (a flat rate)Income tax (variable rate, depending on the individual owner's tax bracket)"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Ex Works and FOB?","response":"In shipping arrangements, the difference between Free on Board and Ex Works is based on transferring the liability of goods between the buyer and seller. In free-on-board contracts, the seller takes responsibility for bringing goods to a terminal in addition to customs costs and loading the goods onto the ship. The buyer, meanwhile, is liable for shipping costs, insurance, and customs costs at the final point of arrival. In other words, once the goods are shipped, the buyer assumes liability and ownership of the goods, known as \u201cFOB origin\u201d or \u201cFOB shipping point.\u201d By contrast, in an Ex Works agreement, the seller is only responsible for delivering goods to an agreed-upon location."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Philanthropy?","response":"Philanthropy can take on many different forms. It can be done by individuals and corporations. There can be a combination of both, where a company does matching donations whenever someone makes a donation. Or it can be done by bequest, which means instructions are left to give money and other assets to charity in a trust or someone's will. People can donate money directly to charity, fund scholarships, or offer grants and stipends. And it isn't just money that falls under the philanthropic umbrella. In fact, people can donate their time through volunteer work."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Fed Funds Rate?","response":"The federal funds rate is the rate at which depository institutions lend available balances held by the Fed to each other overnight."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Tapering and Tightening?","response":"Tight, or\u00a0contractionary policy is a course of action by a\u00a0central bank to slow down economic growth, constrict spending in an economy that is seen to be accelerating too quickly, or curb inflation when it is rising too fast. The Fed tightens monetary policy by raising short-term interest rates through policy changes to the discount rate, also known as the federal funds rate.\u00a0The Fed may also sell assets on the central bank's balance sheet to the market through\u00a0open market operations\u00a0(OMO). Tapering refers to the period of reversal between expansionary policy and contractionary monetary policy."}
{"prompts":"Is Total Gross Income Your Salary?","response":"Yes, total gross income is your salary. It is the amount of money you have before taxes and other adjustments are deducted. For example, if you had an annual salary from your employer of $100,000, that would be your gross income. After taxes and other adjustments, you take home $65,000, which is your net income."}
{"prompts":"What is the most important concept in all of macroeconomics?","response":"The most important concept in all of macroeconomics is said to be output, which refers to the total amount of good and services a country produces. Output is often considered a snapshot of an economy at a given moment."}
{"prompts":"What Is OPEC+?","response":"In December 2016, OPEC formed an alliance with other oil-exporting nations that were not a part of the organization, creating an entity that is commonly referred to as OPEC+, or OPEC Plus. Prominent members of OPEC+ include Russia, Mexico, and Kazakhstan. Working in coordination with additional oil-exporting countries makes the organization even more influential when it comes to international energy prices and the global economy."}
{"prompts":"Why Made Jack Welch a Good Leader?","response":"Jack Welch was considered a good leader because of his vision of quick growth during times of economic slowdown. As chair and CEO of GE, he looked for inconsistencies and streamlined the company's businesses. He eliminated wasteful divisions and unproductive management personnel. He also attempted to remove the formalities of business by creating an informal environment."}
{"prompts":"Which Is a Primary Use for National Income Accounting?","response":"National income accounting is used to measure economic growth and activity. It can also be useful in tracking trends and guiding monetary policy, such as policy tax rate setting."}
{"prompts":"What Does Assurance Mean in an Audit?","response":"Assurance in auditing refers to the opinions issued by a professional regarding the accuracy and completeness of what's analyzed. For example, an accountant assuring that financial statements are accurate and valid asserts that they have reviewed the documents using acceptable accounting standards and principles."}
{"prompts":"Why Would I Use a PERT Chart Instead of a Gantt Chart?","response":"A PERT chart requires a project manager to think through three possible timelines: Optimistic time is the shortest possible route to completion. Pessimistic time is the longest it might take if everything goes wrong. The most likely time is a reasonable estimate of the best-case scenario.From the outset, the project manager has defined the ideal outcome of a project but also identified the possible barriers to achieving that outcome."}
{"prompts":"Are Credit Card Application Fees Regulated by Law?","response":"Yes, according to the Federal Reserve Board, \"application fees cannot total more than 25% of the initial credit limit. For example, if your initial credit limit is $500, the fees for the first year cannot be more than $125.\" This limit also applies to annual credit card fees."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Bill of Lading Important?","response":"The importance of a bill of lading lies in the fact that it\u2019s a legally binding document that provides the carrier and the shipper with all of the necessary details to accurately process a shipment. This implies that it can be used in litigation if the need should arise and that all parties involved will take great pains to ensure the accuracy of the document.Essentially, a bill of lading works as undisputed proof of shipment. Furthermore, a bill of lading allows for the segregation of duties that is a vital part of a firm\u2019s internal control structure to prevent theft."}
{"prompts":"What Does Trading Away Mean?","response":"Trading away means executing a trade through another broker or dealer. One of the benefits of trading away is that the trader is able to place trades with multiple brokers but from one centralized account. This can be useful when one broker, usually the main broker, does not have access to certain markets or instruments."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money on a CD?","response":"Practically speaking, it is almost impossible to lose money on a CD for two reasons. First, they are guaranteed by the bank or credit union that offers them, meaning that they are legally required to pay you exactly the amount of interest and principal agreed upon. Second, they are generally also insured by the federal government for up to $250,000. That means that even if the bank or credit union went bankrupt, your principal would very likely still be repaid. For these reasons, CDs are considered one of the safest investments available."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Major Branches of Social Science?","response":"The five major branches of social science are anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Some people also consider history, law, and geography to be core social sciences."}
{"prompts":"What Is Adjusted Gross Income?","response":"Adjusted gross income (AGI) is measure of income used by the IRS to asses a taxpayer's tax liability. It equals your gross income minus tax deductions and adjustments to income."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Notching Important?","response":"Notching is important because it helps investors to make informed decisions about the creditworthiness of the various bonds and debt instruments issued by the same issuers by using easy to understand ratings, grades, or scores. By understanding the likelihood of default, investors can determine the level of risk they are willing to take on when investing in a particular bond or debt issuer. This is especially important for investors who are considering purchasing high-yield bonds, as these bonds are generally considered to be more risky than investment-grade bonds. Notching can also be used by bond and debt issuers to determine their own creditworthiness, as it can help them to identify any areas where they may need to improve their financial health in order to attract investors."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Sell Mortgage Servicing Rights?","response":"Banks sell mortgage servicing rights as a way to free up lines of credit. This allows them to lend out more money, ultimately helping more people afford properties."}
{"prompts":"Is VBA Easy to Learn?","response":"Compared to other complex languages, VBA is relatively easier to learn. It is considered a beginner-friendly language, and VBA-coders often do not need to have prior experience as a coder to learn the language. In addition, the VBA community has many resources available for individuals new to programming."}
{"prompts":"What Is Better: A Higher or Lower PEG Ratio?","response":"Lower PEG ratios are better, especially ratios under 1.0."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Title Insurance?","response":"There are two types of title insurance: lender\u2019s title insurance and owner\u2019s title insurance (including extended policies). Almost all lenders require the borrower to purchase a lender\u2019s title insurance policy to protect the lender in the event that the seller was not legally able to transfer the title of ownership rights. A lender\u2019s policy only protects the lender against loss.Since title searches are not infallible and the owner remains at risk of financial loss, there is a need for additional protection in the form of an owner\u2019s title insurance policy. Owner\u2019s title insurance, often purchased by the seller to protect the buyer against defects in the title, is optional."}
{"prompts":"What is a \"sponsored\" ADR?","response":"A depositary bank works with a foreign company and its custodian bank with a sponsored American depositary receipt. ADRs are otherwise issued by brokers or dealers that own common stock in the foreign company. Unsponsored ADRs aren't commonly available on exchanges."}
{"prompts":"Is 7% a Good Pretax Profit Margin?","response":"That depends on the company. In some sectors, particularly those with higher fixed costs, stiff competition, and fluctuating demand, a 7% pretax profit margin might be considered good. In others, it would hint at a lack of efficiency, which could perhaps be the symptom of limited pricing power or poor management of costs."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Distribution Waterfall?","response":"Imagine a waterfall cascading down into a series of vertically-aligned buckets. The water represents money, and the buckets represent investors, partners, or stakeholders. The water fills the first bucket first. The second bucket will fill only after the first is completely full and spills over. As water flows, more buckets are filled in the order in which they appear."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the IMF Get Its Money?","response":"The IMF gets its money through quotas and subscriptions from its member countries. These contributions are based on the size of the country's economy, making the U.S., with the world's largest economy, the largest contributor."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Qualities of an Effective Leader?","response":"There are several qualities that a good leader should have. Among these include the ability to motivate individuals, a willingness to listen, being trustworthy, having competence, decisiveness, good communication skills, and selflessly understanding the goals of the team or organization."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Federal Budget Deficit and the Federal Government Debt?","response":"A federal budget deficit occurs when government spending outpaces revenue or income from taxes, fees, and investments. Deficits add to the national debt or federal government debt. If government debt grows faster than gross domestic product (GDP), the debt-to-GDP ratio may balloon, possibly indicating a destabilizing economy."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Natural Unemployment Rate Significant?","response":"The\u00a0natural rate of unemployment\u00a0is considered the lowest acceptable level that a healthy economy can sustain without creating inflation."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Business Want to Become a Multinational Company?","response":"Usually, the primary goal of a business is to increase profits and growth. If it can grow a global customer base and increase its market share abroad, it may believe opening offices in foreign countries is worth the expense and effort. Companies may benefit from certain tax structures or regulatory regimes found abroad."}
{"prompts":"Is M2 a Leading Economic Indicator?","response":"M2 is seen as a reliable predictor of inflation, so it might be counted among the leading economic indicators. M3 is considered by some economists to be an even better predictor of inflation. This is published quarterly rather than monthly and includes data on large liquid assets held by financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Withdraw Money From a Unit Trust?","response":"Investors can exit the fund by selling units at the bid price. To earn a profit, the bid price must be higher than the offer price initially paid for the unit.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Medium of Exchange?","response":"The earliest medium of exchange may have been a coin issued about 2,600 years ago in Lydia, an ancient kingdom in what is now western Turkey. The coin was made of a gold and silver alloy, it was stamped with an official government image, and the metal had a guaranteed weight and purity.Gold and other metals may have been used earlier as a medium of exchange, but the Lydians were the first known to have issued it in a standardized form that could be accepted as having a set value."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Issue Stock Dividends?","response":"Dividends, whether in cash or in stock, are the shareholders' cut of the company's profit. They also are a reward for holding the stock rather than selling it. A company may issue a stock dividend rather than cash if it doesn't want to deplete its cash reserves."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Shortest Term for a Jumbo CD?","response":"Jumbo CD terms can be as short as a few days, but these extremely short terms are hard to find. More commonly, the minimum term for a jumbo CD is three months."}
{"prompts":"Is an Assumable Mortgage Good?","response":"When current interest rates are higher than an existing mortgage's rates, assuming a loan may be the favorable option. Also, there are not as many costs due at closing. On the other hand, if the seller has a considerable amount of equity in the home, the buyer will either have to pay a large down payment or secure a second mortgage for the balance not covered by the existing mortgage."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Charity and Philanthropy?","response":"While some use the words charity and philanthropy interchangeably, philanthropy often casts a broader net of giving. Its role is to help society or groups in the community flourish over a long-term period. Charity is usually based on individual giving and helping in a short-term way, like donating coats to the homeless in winter, helping out or contributing goods to a local food pantry, or sending money to a scholarship fund. These are all acts of charity but may not be considered philanthropic efforts like building a school or a library or donating millions to a scholarship fund."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Checking Account Used For?","response":"A checking account lets you store cash safely and securely while enjoying easy access to your money with debit cards, electronic transfers, or checks. People typically use checking accounts for things like on-time, automatic bill payments and making purchases. People also use checking accounts to cash checks and receive direct deposits.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is Reg B Part of Fair Lending?","response":"Yes. Regulation B of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) describes lending acts and practices that are specifically prohibited, permitted, or required. for fair lending practices."}
{"prompts":"What Is Price Fixing?","response":"Price fixing is an agreement among competitors to raise, lower, maintain, or stabilize prices or price levels. Antitrust laws require that each company establish prices and other competitive terms independently, without agreeing with a competitor. Consumers make choices about what products and services to buy and expect that the price has been determined based on supply and demand, not by an agreement among competitors."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Strategies for Trading Interest Rate Futures?","response":"These include hedging against interest rate risk, speculating on future rate movements, and spread trading, where traders take positions in different interest rate futures contracts to capitalize on changes in the yield curve. Each strategy requires a thorough understanding of interest rates and the factors that influence them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 28\/36 Rule for Housing Expenses?","response":"The 28\/36 rule for housing expenses essentially states that you should spend no more than 28% of your gross monthly income on housing payments (like rent or mortgage payments) and no more than 36% of your gross income on total debt. Total debt would include payments such as those toward credit cards or personal loans."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Penalty for Bait and Switch Advertising?","response":"The penalty will depend on the severity of the case and under which laws the case has been prosecuted. If it is a violation of false advertising, the bait and switcher may be fined up to $10,000 and\/or up to one year in prison per offense, plus legal fees and damages."}
{"prompts":"Is there a Tax on Stock BuyBacks?","response":"The Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) of 2022 introduced a 1% excise tax on share repurchases of over $1 million, of any US corporation trading on an established exchange. The tax applies if more than $1 million of stock is purchased over the course of the tax year."}
{"prompts":"What Are Moving Averages Used for?","response":"Moving averages are widely used in technical analysis, a branch of investing that seeks to understand and profit from the price movement patterns of securities and indices. Generally, technical analysts will use moving averages to detect whether a change in momentum is occurring for a security, such as if there is a sudden downward move in a security\u2019s price. Other times, they will use moving averages to confirm their suspicions that a change might be underway."}
{"prompts":"What Impact Does Technology and Automation Have on Economic Recovery?","response":"Technology and automation impact economic recovery by influencing employment patterns and income distribution. While driving efficiency, the transition to automation may create job displacement challenges, therefore reducing consumer spending opportunities. However, companies may find they can be more efficient and incur fewer costs when implementing innovation solutions like this. Therefore, individuals must adapt and upskill to continue to not be entirely displaced by emerging technology."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Disadvantage of Using Electronic Money?","response":"Fraud may be an issue when money can be transferred from one party to another without the necessity for verification of the original owner\u2019s true identity.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does MENA Stand for?","response":"MENA stands for the Middle East and Northern Africa, referring to the countries between Iran in the East and Tunisia and Morocco in the West."}
{"prompts":"How Can Investing Grow My Money?","response":"Investing is not reserved for the wealthy. You can invest nominal amounts. For example, you can purchase low-priced stocks, deposit small amounts into an interest-bearing savings account, or save until you accumulate a target amount to invest. If your employer offers a retirement plan, such as a 401(k), allocate small amounts from your pay until you can increase your investment. If your employer participates in matching, you may realize that your investment has doubled.You can begin investing in stocks, bonds, and mutual funds or even open an IRA. Starting with $1,000 is nothing to sneeze at. A $1,000 investment in Amazon's IPO in 1997 would yield millions today. This was largely due to several stock splits, but it does not change the result: monumental returns. Savings accounts are available at most financial institutions and don't usually require a large amount to invest. Savings accounts don't typically boast high-interest rates; so, shop around to find one with the best features and most competitive rates.Believe it or not, you can invest in real estate with $1,000. You may not be able to buy an income-producing property, but you can invest in a company that does. A real estate investment trust (REIT) is a company that invests in and manages real estate to drive profits and produce income. With $1,000, you can invest in REIT stocks, mutual funds, or exchange-traded funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marginal Cost?","response":"Marginal cost is the change in production cost from producing or making one additional unit. You can find it by dividing the change in production costs by the change in quantity produced. If the price per unit is higher than the marginal cost, a business can make a profit. Tracking marginal costs allows businesses to achieve economies of scale."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Entry Points for Trading Pennant Breakouts?","response":"Common entry points for trading pennant breakouts are typically just above the upper trendline for bullish pennants and just below the lower trendline for bearish pennants."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Validation Code?","response":"A validation code often called a CVV code, is a three- or four-digit number on the front or back of your credit or debit card. The code adds a layer of protection in online or phone transactions. Thieves who attempt to use your card number without the physical card can\u2019t supply the validation code if asked."}
{"prompts":"What Position Is Higher Than CEO?","response":"A CEO often reports to a board of directors. The board oversees the performance of the CEO and can elect to remove or replace the CEO if they feel the executive's performance isn't producing the results they want to see."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Company a Blue Chip?","response":"Blue chip stocks are the titans of their sectors\u2014industry-defining companies that are well-known, well-capitalized, long-term stable plays with solid financial prospects."}
{"prompts":"How Is GPI Different From GDP?","response":"Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) factors in all the components of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and includes environmental and social elements that impact the economy, such as pollution, volunteerism, crime, and climate change. Some economists suggest that GPI is a better metric than GDP as it gives a holistic view of the wellbeing of a nation's economy."}
{"prompts":"What Impact Does Brain Drain Have on Developing Nations?","response":"Brain drain or the exodus of human capital often has a big impact on developing nations. It often leaves a hole that is hard to fill since there may not be as many people with similar skills to fill that void. It also leads to a loss in tax revenue, which can lead to higher taxation to make up for the shortfall. Citizens may not be able to access quality resources, such as education and health care, which also affects their quality of life."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Alaska and Hawaii Have Different Poverty Lines?","response":"Poverty guidelines for Alaska and Hawaii are slightly higher than the rest of the states to account for increased costs of living in those regions. The separate set of guidelines is an extension of a practice that has been in place since 1966."}
{"prompts":"How Do Macroeconomic Factors Affect a Business?","response":"Macroeconomic factors impact the whole population, including businesses. Cyclical companies, in particular, are likely to be more affected by macroeconomic factors as their fate is more closely tied to the state of the economy."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns the New York Stock Exchange?","response":"The NYSE was acquired by the Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) group in 2013."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mixed Random Variable?","response":"A mixed random variable combines elements of both discrete and continuous random variables."}
{"prompts":"Is Genesis Block 0 or 1?","response":"The first block on the Bitcoin blockchain is the Genesis Block, which has a block height of zero."}
{"prompts":"What fees do RIAs charge?","response":"RIAs can charge fees in several ways. The most common type of fee is the annual management fee, which is based on the value of a client\u2019s assets under management (AUM) with the RIA. RIAs can also charge fees based on performance, asset class, or hours worked."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Major Stock Indexes?","response":"In the United States, the three leading stock indexes are the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the S&P 500, the Nasdaq Composite, and the Russell 2000. For international markets, the\u00a0Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 (FTSE 100) Index\u00a0and the\u00a0Nikkei 225\u00a0Index are popular proxies for the British and Japanese stock markets, respectively. Most countries with stock exchanges publish at least one index for their major stocks."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Ginnie Mae Securities Considered a Safe Investment?","response":"Ginnie Mae does not buy or sell loans or issue mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and its balance sheet doesn't use derivatives to hedge or carry long-term debt."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Keltner Channel Strategy?","response":"If the price action breaks above the band, the trader should consider initiating long positions while liquidating short positions. If the price action breaks below the band, the trader should consider initiating short positions while exiting long or buy positions."}
{"prompts":"What Role Does an Investor Relations Division Play Before a Company Goes Public?","response":"Before a company goes public, an investor relations division may assist with establishing corporate governance, conducting internal financial audits, and disseminating information to prospective IPO investors."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Standard Definition of Income?","response":"The definition of income depends on the context in which the term is used. For example, the tax law uses the concepts of gross income, which includes all income in all its forms, and taxable income, which is gross income net of expenses and other adjustments. On the other hand, the standard for financial accounting\u2014generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)\u2014uses the term revenue reduced by expenses to determine net income. In addition, the calculation of income will vary depending on the scope of the context\u2014e.g., an individual, a household, an industry, a nation, etc."}
{"prompts":"What Does Work-in-Progress Mean in Accounting?","response":"In supply-chain management, work-in-progress (WIP) refers to goods that are partially completed. They may also be referred to as in-process inventory. This covers everything from the overhead costs to the raw materials that come together to form the end product at a given stage in the production cycle. In accounting, WIP is considered a current asset and is categorized as a type of inventory."}
{"prompts":"How Are Demographic Changes Important for Economists?","response":"Economists recognize that one of the major drivers of economic growth is population growth or decline. There is a straightforward relationship when identifying this: Growth Rate of\u00a0Gross Domestic Product\u00a0(GDP)=Growth Rate of Population+Growth Rate of\u00a0GDP per capita, where GDP per capita is simply GDP divided by population. The more people around, the more available workers there are in the labor force, and also more people to consume items like food, energy, cars, and clothes. There are also\u00a0demographic\u00a0problems that lie on the horizon, such as an increasing number of retirees who, while no longer in the workforce, are nonetheless expected to live longer lives. Unfortunately, the number of new births seems to be too low to replace those retirees in the workforce."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Dividend?","response":"If a company's board of directors decides to issue an annual 5% dividend per share, and the company\u2019s shares are worth $100, the dividend is $5. If the dividends are issued every quarter, each distribution is $1.25."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the World Trade Organization Important?","response":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the body that keeps global trade running smoothly. It oversees the rules and mediates disputes among its member nations. It now has 164 member nations and 25 observer nations (out of a total 195 nations in the world)."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get a Rent-Controlled Apartment?","response":"Unfortunately, in most cases, including in New York City, unless a family member who lives in a rent-controlled apartment passes the lease down to you, they are not available to the general public, and rules surrounding the succession of a rent-controlled lease can be complex."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between QQQ and QQQQ?","response":"QQQ is the stock ticker symbol for the Invesco 100 Trust exchange-traded fund. QQQQ is the ticker used previously and replaced in 2011."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Title Insurance and a Warranty Deed?","response":"A title company completes a title search and examines public records for any issues or errors. The guarantees and disclosures in a general warranty deed allow the new owner to hold the former owner responsible if there is a title defect or if a claim is made against the title. Title insurance covers a wider range of potential claims than the general warranty deed does, including conflicting estate wills or tax liens."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the Uniform Commercial Code Protect?","response":"The Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) was established to protect all individuals engaged in a business transaction. It was created to standardize commerce across the states."}
{"prompts":"What Does Technical Analysis Look for?","response":"Technical analysis examines volume and price movements to predict the behavior of other traders in the market. Because these trades cause price movements, technical analysts hope to predict future price movements based on current market behavior."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Sell Naked Calls?","response":"No, only those approved by their broker can typically sell naked calls. Understanding the high risks involved, the financial industry has erected specific measures to protect themselves and investors. Brokerages often impose higher margin requirements and proof of significant trading experience before allowing an investor to sell naked calls. These barriers are in place to ensure that only those with a deep understanding of market dynamics and the capacity to absorb potential losses venture into this high-risk territory."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Race to the Bottom Harm the Environment?","response":"A race to the bottom can occur when countries or regions loosen environmental regulations or enforcement of standards in order to attract more businesses and tax revenue. Producers operating in places with more strict regulations would be incentivized to move to those more lax jurisdictions, where they could pollute more freely. Competition between nations, especially in the developing world, can lead to a series of deregulation that leaves the environment unprotected"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Exploration and Production?","response":"Exploration is the process of examining places where abundant oil and natural gas resources potentially exist under the Earth\u2019s surface. Once these places have been identified, production commences to collect and extract."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Short-Term Investments?","response":"Some of the best short-term investment options include short-dated CDs, money market accounts, high-yield savings accounts, government bonds, and Treasury bills. Check their current interest rates or rates of return to discover which is best for you."}
{"prompts":"What Is Limited Partnership Taxation?","response":"Limited partnerships are taxed as pass-through entities, meaning each partner receives a Schedule K-1 to include on their personal tax returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Typical Money Market Yield?","response":"Money market accounts and instruments typically yield between 0.01% and 4%. This depends on the amount of money deposited, as some institutions require a higher deposit to earn the higher interest rate."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Blue Chip Stocks?","response":"Common examples of blue chip stocks are market leaders like IBM, Coca-Cola, and McDonald's. These are companies with a long track record of steady growth and low volatility, suggesting that they are unlikely to face major problems in the near future. Blue chips are characterized by a high credit rating, large market capitalization, a listing on the NYSE or another major stock exchange, and are often listed in a major stock market index."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bank Loan and a Leveraged Loan?","response":"Leveraged loans\u2014also known as floating-rate loans or bank loans\u2014are loans made by banks or other financial institutions that are then sold to investors. Companies may use the money they get to refinance their debt, fund mergers and acquisitions, or finance projects. The companies that receive these loans typically have credit ratings that are below investment grade. They are secured by collateral such as the borrower's real estate and equipment, or by intellectual property including brands, trademarks, and customer lists."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Barrel of Oil 42 Gallons?","response":"The 42-gallon barrel was a commonly used standard prior to the 18th century. This sized container was used for shipping everything from fish, molasses, soap, butter, wine, and whale oil.\u00a0When filled with oil instead of fish or other commodities, a 42-gallon \u201ctierce\u201d weighed 300 pounds. The 42-gallon oil barrel was officially adopted in 1866."}
{"prompts":"How Is Yield Calculated?","response":"To calculate yield, a security\u2019s net realized return is divided by the principal amount. Importantly, there are different ways to arrive at a security\u2019s yield depending on the type of asset and the type of yield. For stocks, yield is calculated as a security's price increase plus dividends, divided by the purchase price.For bonds, yield can be analyzed as either cost yield or current yield. The cost yield measures the returns as a percentage of the original price of the bond, while current yield is measured in relation to the current price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Conservatism Principle?","response":"The conservatism principle in accounting dictates that estimates, uncertainty, and financial record-keeping should be done in a manner that does not intentionally overstate the financial health of an organization. Historical cost is one way of adhering to the conservatism principle, as companies must report certain assets at cost and have a more difficult time exaggerating the value of the asset."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of Belonging to an HOA?","response":"HOAs can benefit individual owners by providing necessary management services. For example, without an HOA the owners of an apartment building would need to coordinate among themselves to decide on common problems such as building-wide garbage removal, building repairs, and community policies. This could be very time-consuming for residents and could result in conflicts and disagreements between owners. On the other hand, HOAs can also create problems for owners to the extent that the owner disagrees with the HOA\u2019s community bylaws or spending decisions."}
{"prompts":"How Many Members Does NAIFA Have?","response":"NAIFA has more than 50,000 members."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside to a Second Mortgage?","response":"Second mortgages increase a homeowner's monthly financial obligations. They can also increase the risk of default if the homeowner is unable to keep up with both the first and second mortgage payments."}
{"prompts":"How Does Porter's Five Forces Differ from SWOT Analysis?","response":"Both are strategic planning tools, but they serve different purposes. The five-force model analyzes the competitive environment of an industry, looking at its intensity and the bargaining power of suppliers and customers. SWOT analysis, meanwhile, is broader and assesses a company's internal strengths and weaknesses as well as its external opportunities and threats. It can assist in strategic planning by pinpointing areas where the company excels and faces obstacles, helping to align the company's strategy with its internal resources and prospects in the market while mitigating its vulnerabilities and external challenges."}
{"prompts":"Is a Lifetime Achievement Award Given to an Employee Taxable?","response":"An achievement award may be excluded from taxation as a fringe benefit if it meets specific criteria. For example, it must be worth less than $1,600 and cannot be cash or cash equivalents such as a gift certificate or gift card. It also cannot be stocks, bonds, or other securities. The exclusion doesn't include vacations, meals, lodging, and tickets to theater or sporting events."}
{"prompts":"What Is Euronext Oslo?","response":"Euronext Oslo is another name for the Oslo Stock Exchange. Euronext and NASDAQ entered into bidding for the Oslo Stock Exchange but Euronext was able to secure it in 2019. Euronext is headquartered in Amsterdam and is Europe's largest stock exchange group."}
{"prompts":"Does Cornell Johnson Have Programs for Veterans?","response":"Cornell Johnson has an\u00a0Immersion Program that\u00a0works with veterans as they transition into new careers."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Surplus?","response":"Take this example of a consumer surplus. Let's say that you bought an airline ticket for a flight to Miami during school vacation week for $100, but you were expecting and willing to pay $300 for one ticket. The $200 represents your consumer surplus."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Budget Deficit?","response":"A budget deficit happens when spending is higher than revenue. For a country, this means that its spending is higher than the money is takes in, usually from taxes. When this happens, governments must borrow money, usually by issuing bonds. This increases the country's national debt."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Companies Report Diluted EPS?","response":"Only publicly traded companies are required to report both EPS and diluted EPS. Private companies are not required to report these figures."}
{"prompts":"Is India a Member of the Asian Development Bank?","response":"Yes, India is a regional member country of the ADB."}
{"prompts":"What Is Form 1099-B Used for?","response":"Form 1099-B is used to report capital gains and losses that a taxpayer incurs after selling certain assets through brokerages and barter exchanges. These firms send separate forms for each transaction to both the IRS and the investor."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Isoquant in Economics?","response":"An isoquant in economics is a curve that, when plotted on a graph, shows all the combinations of two factors that produce a given output. Often used in manufacturing, with capital and labor as the two factors, isoquants can show the optimal combination of inputs that will produce the maximum output at minimum cost."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Intangible Assets?","response":"Intangible assets fall into two different categories: definite, which last for a certain period of time, and indefinite, which have an infinite lifespan. The types of intangible assets include brands, goodwill, and intellectual property."}
{"prompts":"How Do Non-Executive Directors Differ From Executive Directors?","response":"Non-executive directors are different from executive directors. Executive directors normally work for non-profits and assume the same responsibilities as a CEO, including managing the day-to-day operations, overseeing fundraising, boosting membership, and sticking to a budget. Unlike non-executive directors, many executive directors are not compensated for their time."}
{"prompts":"Are CML and Efficient Frontier the Same?","response":"CML differs from the more popular efficient frontier in that it includes risk-free investments. The efficient frontier is made up of investment portfolios that offer the highest expected return for a specific level of risk. The intercept point of CML and efficient frontier would result in the most efficient portfolio, called the tangency portfolio."}
{"prompts":"What are common arguments for and against the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?","response":"Opponents argue that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) hurts small businesses that are required to provide insurance, raises healthcare costs, and creates a reliance on government services by individuals.Proponents state that those with health insurance get medical attention quickly and live a healthier lifestyle. They contend that the healthcare system will operate more efficiently when commercial insurers and their customers do not need to fund the uninsured."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Futures Contracts?","response":"Speculators can use futures contracts to bet on the future price of some asset or security. Hedgers use futures to lock in a price today to reduce market uncertainty between now and the time that good is to be delivered or received. Arbitrageurs trade futures contracts in or across related markets, taking advantage of theoretical mispricings that may exist temporarily."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Important Factor in My Credit Score?","response":"Your payment history is the single most important factor in your credit score. Paying on time every month will have the biggest impact on your credit history. Missing payments can lower your score quickly and significantly."}
{"prompts":"How Did European Countries React to the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act?","response":"European nations greatly disfavored the Hawley Smoot Tariff. The Hawley Smoot Tariff prompted these countries to impose their own tariffs on foreign goods, especially those from the United States. These retaliation tariffs crippled international trade and worsened conditions during the Great Depression."}
{"prompts":"How Has the American Dream Changed?","response":"Over time, the American dream has shifted from an ethos of equality and solidarity to one of individualistic competition to succeed materialistically, fueled by consumption. In the 1990s and early 2000s, mortgage company Fannie Mae began promulgating the notion that buying a home was a cornerstone of the American Dream, and use the term prominently in ads selling home loans. This ideology led to the housing boom and ultimate bubble that popped ultimately, leading to the 2008-09 financial crisis."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Obligor in a Surety Bond?","response":"With surety bonds, or promises to fulfill debts in default, there are three parties involved. The principal is the obligor. The surety is the party that agrees to pay the bond to the obligee if the obligor defaults. The obligee is typically a government agency."}
{"prompts":"Who Actually Owns a Nonprofit?","response":"A nonprofit has no owners or shareholders. It is overseen by a board of directors that dictates and manages the operation of the entity.The executive director of a nonprofit reports to the board, and the board makes the final decisions on the programs that the nonprofit will pursue."}
{"prompts":"Where Can a Long Position Be Used?","response":"Investors can establish long positions in securities such as stocks, mutual funds, or any other asset or security. In reality, long is an investing term that can have multiple meanings depending on in what context it is used. Holding a long position is a bullish view in most instances with the exception of put options."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Give Out Restricted Stock?","response":"The use of restricted stocks is pivotal for the compensation and retention strategies of many firms. Companies use restricted stock for a few reasons. First, a long vesting schedule encourages employees to stick around for a longer period. Also, the value of restricted stock relies on the company's stock price, which can encourage employees to perform better.Next, unlike stock options, restricted stocks still retain some value even when the company's stock price declines, making them more stable compensation in volatile markets. Lastly, providing restricted stock can be tax-efficient for the company and the employee, depending on the jurisdiction and the specific restrictions on the stock put in place."}
{"prompts":"What Was the 1990s Acquisitions Frenzy?","response":"In corporate America, the 1990s will be remembered as the decade of the internet bubble and the megadeal. The late 1990s, in particular, spawned a series of multi-billion-dollar acquisitions not seen on Wall Street since the junk bond fests of the roaring 1980s. From Yahoo!'s 1999 $5.7-billion purchase of Broadcast.com to AtHome\u00a0Corporation's $7.5-billion purchase of Excite, companies were lapping up the \"growth now, profitability later\" phenomenon. Such acquisitions reached their zenith in the first few weeks of 2000."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Regression?","response":"Although there is some debate about the origins of the name, the statistical technique described above most likely was termed \"regression\" by Sir Francis Galton in the 19th century to describe the statistical feature of biological data (such as heights of people in a population) to regress to some mean level. In other words, while there are shorter and taller people, only outliers are very tall or short, and most people cluster somewhere around (or \"regress\" to) the average."}
{"prompts":"What is the biggest disadvantage of universal life insurance?","response":"A big disadvantage is that you need to keep an eye on the cash value. If you don\u2019t, then the policy could become underfunded, meaning you\u2019ll have to make big payments to keep the policy active. Also, there is risk that when interest rates drop, your cash value won\u2019t grow as much as you had hoped. However, there is typically a minimum interest rate, so you\u2019re somewhat protected."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Rule of 72 and the Rule of 73?","response":"The rule of 72 primarily works with interest rates or rates of return that fall in the range of 6% and 10%. When dealing with rates outside this range, the rule can be adjusted by adding or subtracting 1 from 72 for every 3 points the interest rate diverges from the 8% threshold. For example, the rate of 11% annual compounding interest is 3 percentage points higher than 8%.Hence, adding 1 (for the 3 points higher than 8%) to 72 leads to using the rule of 73 for higher precision. For a 14% rate of return, it would be the rule of 74 (adding 2 for 6 percentage points higher), and for a 5% rate of return, it will mean reducing 1 (for 3 percentage points lower) to lead to the rule of 71.For example, say you have a very attractive investment offering a 22% rate of return. The basic rule of 72 says the initial investment will double in\u00a03.27 years. However, since (22 \u2013 8) is 14, and (14 \u00f7 3) is 4.67 \u2248 5, the adjusted rule should use 72 + 5 = 77 for the numerator. This gives a value of 3.5 years, indicating that you'll have to wait an additional quarter to double your money compared to the result of 3.27 years obtained from the basic rule of 72. The period given by the logarithmic equation is\u00a03.49, so the result obtained from the adjusted rule is more accurate.For daily or\u00a0continuous compounding, using 69.3 in the numerator gives a more accurate result. Some people adjust this to 69 or 70 for the sake of easy calculations."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do I Need for Algorithmic Trading?","response":"The amount of money needed for algorithmic trading can vary substantially depending on the strategy used, the brokerage chosen, and the markets traded."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Private Sector?","response":"In addition to generating profits, the private sector provides employment opportunities, delivers specific goods and services, helps develop industries or technologies, enables the functioning of a diverse group of businesses, and adds to the national income.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Future Value Used for?","response":"Future value is used for planning purposes to see what an investment, cashflow, or expense may be in the future. Investors use future value to determine whether or not to embark on an investment given its future value. Future value can also be used to determine risk, see what a given expense will grow at if interest is charged, or be used as a savings target to understand whether enough money will be reserved given the current pace of savings and expected rate of return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Fisher Transform Indicator and the Moving Average Convergence\/Divergence ?","response":"The Fisher Transform Indicator and moving average convergence\/divergence are two different indicators that are used in technical analysis. Both of these tools provide traders with valuable information about trend signals. The Fisher Transform Indicator normalizes asset prices by transforming them while the MACD depends on moving averages and can be used in trading strategies involving short-term trends. The Fisher Transform Indicator is generally considered to be more accurate because it provides a clearer picture of how the market is moving."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between MBS and ABS?","response":"An asset-based security (ABS) is similar to\u00a0a mortgage-backed security (MBS). Both are securities that, like bonds, pay a fixed rate of interest derived from an underlying pool of income-generating assets\u2014usually debts or loans. The main difference is that an MBS, as its name implies, consists of a package of mortgages (real estate loans). In contrast, an ABS is usually backed by other sorts of financing\u2014student loans, auto loans, or credit card debt.Some financial sources use ABS as a generic term, encompassing any sort of securitized investment based on underlying asset pools\u2014in which case, an MBS is a kind of ABS. Others consider ABSs and MBSs to be separate investment vehicles."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Stagflation Bad?","response":"Stagflation is a combination of three negatives: slower economic growth, higher unemployment, and higher prices.This is a combination that isn't supposed to occur, in the logic of economics. Prices shouldn't go up when people have less money to spend."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Capitalism?","response":"An example of capitalist production would be if an entrepreneur starts a new widget company and opens a factory. This individual uses available capital that they own (or from outside investors) and buys the land, builds the factory, orders the machinery, and sources the raw materials. Workers are then hired by the entrepreneur to operate the machines and produce widgets. Note that the workers don't own the machines they use or the widgets that they produce. Instead, they receive only wages in exchange for their labor. These wages represent a small fraction of what the entrepreneur earns from the venture."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a Startup Company?","response":"The first step in starting a startup is having a great idea. From there, market research is the next step to determine how feasible the idea is and what the current marketplace looks like for your idea. After the market research, creating a business plan that outlines your company structure, goals, mission, values, and objectives, is the next step.One of the most important steps is obtaining funding. This can come from savings, friends, family, investors, or a loan. After raising funding, make sure you've done all the correct legal and paperwork. This means registering your business and obtaining any required licenses or permits. After this, establish a business location. From there, create an advertising plan to attract customers, establish a customer base, and adapt as your business grows."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Payroll and Salary?","response":"This is a matter of perspective: For an employee, the money received from a company as compensation often comes in the form of wages or salary (as well as bonuses, stock options, commissions, etc.). For a firm, these payments are an expense that is recorded as payroll."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 10-Q Filing?","response":"A 10-Q filing is a form that is filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) that reports the quarterly earnings of a company. Most public companies have to file a 10-Q with the SEC to report their financial position for the quarter."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Most Famous Zero-Day Attack?","response":"While many prominent examples of zero-day examples exist, many cite the Sony Pictures hack of 2014, which utilized a previously-unrecognized vulnerability to install malware unnoticed, which then was used to delete or damage files involved with new films, causing millions of dollars in damages and a scarred reputation for Sony's apparent lack of security. The attack, many believe, was carried out by North Korean agents in response to the release of the film \"The Interview,\" which parodied N. Korea's leader, Kim Jong Un."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Parties to a Hire Purchase Agreement?","response":"The parties to a hire purchase agreement are the hire purchaser (the buyer) and the hire vendor (the seller). There can also be a financier involved in the agreement."}
{"prompts":"What Did the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) Do?","response":"The Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) was created in 1946 to provide and guarantee loans for rural families and farmers. It managed\u00a0housing, utility, business, and community development programs that provided credit and technical assistance. These functions are currently performed by USDA Rural Development."}
{"prompts":"What is a good debt-service coverage ratio?","response":"Generally speaking, the higher, the better. But business lenders will usually want to see a ratio of at least 1.25.A debt-service ratio of 1, for example, means that a company is devoting all of its available income to paying off debt\u2014a precarious position that would likely make further borrowing impossible.Companies can also have a debt-service coverage ratio of less than 1, meaning that it costs them more to service their debt than they are generating in income. However, a business in that situation might not survive for long."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of Domicile?","response":"The legal definition of domicile is the address you declare\u00a0in legal documents to pay taxes, receive social security, vote, bank, and register vehicles and animals."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Malthusian Growth Model?","response":"The Malthusian growth model is a mathematical equation for population growth. It holds that the rate of growth is proportionate to the current population. This is functionally equivalent to exponential growth, where the size of the population doubles at predictable intervals."}
{"prompts":"Is Becoming a CPA Worth It?","response":"Earning the CPA credential is a big time commitment, and the exam is challenging. Still, those with a CPA earn 25% more, on average, than non-CPA accountants. Also, accountants with a CPA certification tend to advance to positions of more responsibility within one to two years and often are promoted to senior-level jobs within a few years after that."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Risk Tolerance?","response":"Risk tolerance refers to the amount of risk an individual is willing to take when trading or investing. An individual with a high-risk tolerance is comfortable taking higher risks. They will invest in assets or strategies that come with a high risk of loss but also a higher risk of return. Individuals with a low-risk tolerance are the opposite. They do not want to risk losing money and, therefore, choose investments that are low-risk. In general, younger people have a higher risk tolerance as they have their entire life to earn money or recuperate from losses. Older individuals, such as those in retirement, do not have a high-risk tolerance, as they are focused on preserving their money."}
{"prompts":"When Does Pre-Market Trading Begin?","response":"Pre-market trading can start as early as 4 a.m. EST, although most of it takes place from 8 a.m. EST and before regular trading commences at 9:30 a.m. EST."}
{"prompts":"How Does High-Frequency Trading Work?","response":"High-frequency trading is an automated form of trading. It involves the use of algorithms to identify trading opportunities. HFT is commonly used by banks, financial institutions, and institutional investors. It allows these entities to execute large batches of trades within a short period of time. Because everything is automated, trading becomes easy. HFT provides the market with liquidity. But it can result in major market moves and removes the human touch from the equation."}
{"prompts":"How Expensive Is Estate Planning?","response":"Estate planning costs vary based on the steps you take and how you undergo the process. For instance, using an estate planner or lawyer may require you to pay an hourly fee for their services. Keep in mind that you may be able to secure a flat fee for services rendered. Other fees associated with estate include will preparation, which can be as low as $100 if you hire a professional."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bond Future?","response":"A bond future is a contract between two traders to buy and sell a bond at a specified price and date. Futures are used to speculate on a bond's future price."}
{"prompts":"How Does Knowing About Behavioral Finance Help?","response":"By understanding how and when people deviate from rational expectations, behavioral finance provides a blueprint to help us make better, more rational decisions when it comes to financial matters."}
{"prompts":"What Measures Do Analysts and Investors Use to Evaluate Capital Structure?","response":"In addition to the weighted average cost of capital (WACC), several metrics can be used to estimate the suitability of a company's capital structure. Leverage ratios are one group of metrics that are used, such as the debt-to-equity (D\/E) ratio or debt ratio."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Alter a Company's Market Cap?","response":"Two factors can alter a company's market cap: significant changes in the price of a stock or when a company issues or repurchases shares. An investor who exercises a large amount of warrants can also increase the number of shares on the market and negatively affect shareholders in a process known as dilution."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Claim Adverse Possession?","response":"Any person in possession of land owned by someone else may claim adverse possession and acquire valid title to it under, as long as certain requirements are met, like being in possession for a sufficient period of time or paying taxes on the property. These requirements vary by jurisdiction."}
{"prompts":"What Savings Account Will Earn You the Most Money?","response":"Savings account rates change often, so it is worth taking the time to compare the offerings from different banks and credit unions. As of April 2023, the best savings rates ranged from about 4.5% to 5.0%."}
{"prompts":"Which App Allowed You to Trade on the OTCBB?","response":"No app allowed you to trade on the OTCBB. The OTCBB was a price-quoting service. Investors traded stocks via brokerage apps that had their prices quoted on the OTCBB."}
{"prompts":"What are cash flows from operations?","response":"Also called cash flows from operating activities, or abbreviated as CFO, this figure represents the amount of money flowing through a company that is related to its core business activities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Scope of Strategic Financial Management?","response":"Strategic management can encompass all aspects of a firm's long-term objectives. Financial management often plays a key role in this, which involves cost reduction, risk management, and budgeting."}
{"prompts":"What Does Last Mile Mean?","response":"Last mile refers to the last stage in a process, especially of a customer buying goods. When it is used in the context of transportation, supply chain, manufacturing, and retailing, the last mile is used to describe the delivery of products as the last leg of transportation."}
{"prompts":"What Can Be Done to Improve the Reliability of the Three White Soldiers Chart Pattern?","response":"Improving the reliability of the three white soldiers chart pattern involves a multi-faceted approach that incorporates additional technical indicators, volume analysis, and contextual market conditions."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become an Affiliate Marketer?","response":"To become an affiliate marketer, consider what platform you will use to promote products and\/or services. Blogs are an effective channel for advertising and promoting as it allows the blogger, serving as an expert, to express an opinion about the offering.After identifying a platform, find a specific category you are comfortable with or are interested in. A focused segment can better help you attract a dedicated consumer base. Research affiliate programs and choose one or more based on your needs, whether it be earning high commissions or generating more traffic. Lastly, develop solid and interesting content around the offerings and work to increase traffic to your site."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Put on a Spread in Trading?","response":"To put on a spread position in the markets, you generally buy one asset or security and simultaneously sell another, related asset or security. The resulting spread price is the difference between the price paid the proceeds received from the sale."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Effective and Marginal Tax Rates?","response":"The effective tax rate is a more accurate representation of a person's or corporation's overall tax liability than their marginal tax rate, and it's typically lower. The marginal tax rate refers to the highest tax bracket into which their income falls. In a progressive income tax system like the one in the United States, income is taxed at differing rates that rise as income hits certain thresholds. Two individuals or companies with income in the same upper marginal tax bracket may end up with very different effective tax rates depending on how much of their income was in the top bracket."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Sales and Purchase Agreement?","response":"In the exchange of goods, a SPA protects both the buyer and seller. While a SPA is technically not required, it is often a very good idea to have terms and conditions outlined in a legal document prior to the transaction occurring. You will often have no legal recourse in a failed transaction without a contract in place."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Fund Flow Important to Know About?","response":"Many analysts and market watchers believe that fund flow provides a window on investor sentiment and behavior. Some investors use fund flow data to signal when to buy or sell. On the other hand, others use fund flow information to substantiate their investment outlooks before they take action."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Opposite of a Head and Shoulders Pattern?","response":"The inverse head and shoulders pattern is the opposite of the head and shoulders, indicating a reversal from a bearish trend to a bullish trend."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits after filing a UCC-Uniform Commercial Code-1 (UCC-1) statement?","response":"Filing a UCC-1 statement allows creditors to collateralize or \u201csecure\u201d their loan by utilizing the personal property assets of their customers. In the event of a customer defaulting on their loan or filing for bankruptcy, a UCC-1 elevates the lender\u2019s status to a secured creditor, ensuring that it will be paid."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Flotation Cost?","response":"The underwriting fees investment banks charge companies to take them public are usually the biggest cost associated with initial public offerings (IPOs). The underwriters lead the IPO process and are involved in every step. They help prepare documents and filing, handle marketing, come up with an issue price, and take on a lot of risk by buying the shares to sell to the public. In return, they are usually paid a percentage of the gross proceeds. That percentage is said to be anywhere from 4% to 7%."}
{"prompts":"Can Having Delinquencies Prevent You From Getting a Loan?","response":"Yes, the presence of delinquencies on a prospective borrower's credit report can be a deterrent in obtaining a loan,\u00a0particularly if there are multiple cycles of delinquency.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Self-Service BI?","response":"Self-service BI is an approach to analytics that allows individuals without a technical background to access and explore data. In other words, it gives people throughout the organization, not just those in the IT department, to have control over the data."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Companies Are Considered to Be in the Private Sector?","response":"There are many types of companies or entities that constitute the private sector. They include sole proprietorships, partnerships,\u00a0and privately owned corporations."}
{"prompts":"How Is Interpolation Used in Trading?","response":"Traders may employ a particular type of interpolation (also called smoothing) to represent the high-low range of price movement between a series of closing price prints. This is done by creating a linear regression line through the highs and lows of a two-day chart as shown above. Then, the slope of the regression line corresponds to (roughly) the shape of the price movement over those consecutive days. This slope can then be used as an approximation for the moving average (MA) of the high-low range. If prices are trading above the regression line (of the moving average), then traders can assume the low-range will support higher prices. On the other hand, if prices fall below the moving average, the low-range is deemed to support lower prices."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs Life Insurance?","response":"You need life insurance if you need to provide security for a spouse, children, or other family members in the event of your death. Life insurance death benefits, depending on the policy amount, can help beneficiaries pay off a mortgage, cover college tuition, or help fund retirement. Permanent life insurance also features a cash value component that builds over time."}
{"prompts":"Why Consider Cash Value Life Insurance?","response":"Policyholders of permanent life insurance have the ability to borrow against the accumulated cash value, which comes from regular premium payments plus any interest and dividends credited to the policy."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Expenses?","response":"Expenses can be categorized in a variety of ways. Expenses can be defined as fixed expenses, such as rent or mortgage; those that do not change with the change in production. Expenses can also be defined as variable expenses; those that change with the change in production. These include utilities and the cost of goods sold. Expenses can also be categorized as operating and non-operating expenses. The former are the expenses directly related to operating the company, and the latter is indirectly related."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Deliverables?","response":"Examples of deliverables include an initial project strategy report, the budget report, a progress report, a beta product, a test result report, and any other quantifiable aspects of a project that mark a completion."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher Tier 1 Capital Ratio Better?","response":"The minimum tier 1 capital ratio required by financial regulators is 6%. Anything under this threshold means that a bank isn't adequately capitalized. This means that a ratio over 6% is desired so a higher tier 1 capital ratio means it is better able to withstand any financial troubles."}
{"prompts":"What Are F Shares?","response":"\"F shares\" refer to shares of a foreign company that are traded on U.S. stock exchanges but not through ADRs. Instead, these shares are directly listed and denoted with an \"F\" at the end of their ticker symbol to indicate their foreign status."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Free Trade Area?","response":"A free trade area is an agreement formed by a group of like-minded countries that agree to reduce trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, among others. It encourages international trade among the member countries."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between COGS and SG&A?","response":"SG&A includes almost every business expense that isn't included in the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS includes the expenses necessary to manufacture a product, including the labor, materials, and overhead expenses. SG&A costs are the residual expenses necessary to run the organization and incur costs less specifically tied to the cost of making the product."}
{"prompts":"What Does Nostro Stand For?","response":"Nostro is a word derived from the Latin term for \"ours.\" These accounts are frequently used to facilitate foreign exchange and trade transactions in an efficient way."}
{"prompts":"Are LLC and Ltd. the Same?","response":"Limited liability companies (LLCs, U.S.) and limited companies (Ltd., U.K. and others) are two different types of business structures. LLCs are unincorporated business entities, while limited companies are incorporated in their jurisdictions. Key differences in their jurisdictions stipulate the different rules regarding ownership, liability, taxes, and dividends."}
{"prompts":"Did Keynes Predict the Rise of Nazi Germany?","response":"During the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference, Keynes was an outspoken critic of the crippling economic measures certain senior statesmen wanted to impose on Germany. When his warnings that these harsh sanctions would likely result in economic and political catastrophe for Europe went unheeded, he left the conference early in protest.As soon as he returned to the U.K., he resigned from the British Treasury and summarized his arguments about the dangers of a peace treaty designed to permanently crush Germany in The Economic Consequences of the Peace.Within a year of its publication in 1920, Keynes\u2019 book had become a bestseller that strongly influenced public opinion that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair. As the political and economic turmoil of the 1930s fueled the rise of fascism that exploded into World War II, Keynes\u2019 early warnings began to sound prophetic as well."}
{"prompts":"Which Stocks Are on NYSE Arca?","response":"NYSE Arca lists more than 8,000 stocks and exchange-traded products. This means that virtually every individual stock and ETF traded on a U.S. stock exchange will also be available to trade on NYSE Arca."}
{"prompts":"What are some prominent companies that have gone public through a SPAC?","response":"Some of the best-known companies to have become publicly listed by merging with a SPAC are digital sports entertainment and gaming company DraftKings (DKNG); aerospace and space travel company Virgin Galactic (SPCE); energy storage innovator QuantumScape (QS); and real estate platform Opendoor Technologies (OPEN)."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Forms 1095-B and 1095-C?","response":"Form 1095-B is sent to individuals from health insurance providers indicating whether the taxpayer had minimum essential coverage. Form 1095-C might be sent, with or instead of 1095-B, if you had health insurance coverage from an employer with 50 or more employees."}
{"prompts":"Is Disposable Income Net or Gross?","response":"Disposable income is a net amount. It is the amount of money an individual or family has left to spend or save after all taxes are deducted from gross income."}
{"prompts":"What is a form of incumbency?","response":"A form of incumbency is just another name for \u201cincumbency certificate.\u201d It provides necessary information as to a company\u2019s directors and officers, and, sometimes, its key shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Do Wealth Managers Earn?","response":"According to Indeed, the average salary for a wealth manager in the United States in 2022 was $79,395."}
{"prompts":"What Are All Risk Perils?","response":"All risk perils is another name for all risk insurance as it relates to individual risks. Named perils is an insurance product that names what is insured in case of an accident. All risks, assuming there are no perils mentioned, could be considered all risk perils since all perils are assumed as risk (under the policy). However, these are rare as they put undue risk acceptance on the insurer, and it is much more common to see many perils listed, even on an all risks policy."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Survive Chapter 11?","response":"Yes, a company can survive a Chapter 11 bankruptcy and many companies have. Not only have they survived but many have gone on to become stronger companies. The purpose of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy is for a company to reorganize itself so it is on a better financial footing. The goal is not to close down and liquidate assets."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in Hong Kong?","response":"There are several ways you can take advantage of Hong Kong's stock market and economy as an investor. You can purchase shares exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and\/or mutual funds that hold Hong Kong securities in their portfolios, American depositary receipts (ADRs) of Hong Kong companies, and index funds. If you want to invest directly in shares that trade in Hong Kong, talk to a brokerage firm to see if you can invest internationally."}
{"prompts":"How Many People in America Are Considered \"High Net-Worth\"?","response":"The United States had the most HNWIs in the world in 2021, with more than 7.4 million such people."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Minimum Capital Adequacy Under Basel II?","response":"Under Basell II, banks are required to maintain a capital reserve (Tier 1 + 2 + 3) equal to at least 8% of their risk-weighted assets."}
{"prompts":"What Are Mutual Savings Banks?","response":"Many thrift banks are also mutual savings banks, meaning that account holders are also shareholders of the bank. In this sense, mutual banks are similar to credit unions, but the main difference between mutual banks and credit unions is that the former are for-profit, while the latter are nonprofit."}
{"prompts":"How Do Horizontal Mergers Affect Market Competition?","response":"Horizontal mergers can have a significant impact on market competition. By reducing the number of competitors in the industry, the merged entity may gain increased market power, potentially leading to higher prices, reduced product differentiation, and limited choices for consumers. Regulatory authorities often assess the potential effects on competition before approving horizontal mergers to ensure they do not create monopolistic or anti-competitive market conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Rational Choice Theory in International Relations?","response":"States, intergovernmental organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and multinational corporations are all made up of human beings. In order to understand the actions of these entities, we must understand the behavior of the humans running them. Rational choice theory helps to explain how leaders and other important decision-makers of organizations and institutions make decisions. Rational choice theory can also attempt to predict the future actions of these actors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Stock Dividend and a Cash Dividend?","response":"A stock dividend is paid out in the form of company shares. The stock dividend is not taxable until the shares are sold. A cash dividend is paid out as cash and is taxable for that year. The company will send you a 1099-DIV form at the end of the year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between On-Chain and Off-Chain Governance?","response":"On-chain governance gives token holders the (decentralized) right to vote on and implement changes in a blockchain. Off-chain governance refers to changes proposed and implemented by a select group of individuals (centralized)."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Cost to Open a Mom-and-Pop Store?","response":"There is no one set cost to open a mom-and-pop store. However, the online management platform BlueCart says that it takes somewhere between $25,000 and $50,000 to open a small mom-and-pop grocery store."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Are FIIs?","response":"Companies in India that have many FIIs are CarTrade Tech, HDFC, PB Fintech, Axis Bank, Kiri Industries, ITC, ICICI Bank, and Standard Industries."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Land Trust Work?","response":"Land trusts work like other trusts, allowing grantors to set unique terms and conditions that fit their needs. Land trusts have three key parts\u2014the grantor, trustee, and beneficiary. Grantors create the trust and transfer the property into it, trustees manage the trust, and the beneficiary benefits from the trust."}
{"prompts":"What Is Crowdfunding and How Does It Work?","response":"Crowdfunding is the use of small amounts of capital from a large number of individuals to finance a new business venture. Depending on the type of crowdfunding, investors either donate money altruistically or get rewards such as equity in the company that raised the money."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to 'Broaden the Tax Base?'","response":"When a government seeks to \"broaden the tax base,\" it usually means increasing tax revenues by expanding the type or level of income or assets that are subject to taxation, rather than raising the tax rates overall. For example, the federal government might repeal the favorable treatment of long-term capital gains, or eliminate the deduction for interest on student loans. The tax base is broadened, but the tax rates remain the same."}
{"prompts":"Are REITs Better Than Stocks?","response":"REITs can be better than stocks in some ways, and less attractive in others. Investors typically don't choose one or the other. Instead, they often opt for a combination of both and consider their REIT exposure their exposure to the real estate market without thinking about the general equities market. Although they are traded on the same exchanges, REITs serve different purposes, and a REIT is closer to an exchange traded fund (ETF) than an individual company's stock."}
{"prompts":"What is the Overall Interpretation of a Double Bottom?","response":"A double bottom is suggestive of a change in direction higher and possibly the start of a new uptrend. To put it in buyers\/sellers terms, the sellers have created a downtrend that came to a low point (support), which led to a rebound or short-covering. The rebound that follows is considered corrective within the overall downtrend, meaning the sellers are still in place, and they eventually make another try for the downside. However, the previous low\/support level manages to hold again, meaning the fundamentals may have changed and the selling pressure may have been exhausted, leaving the sellers suddenly on the wrong side of the downward move."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Invest in Bonds or Stocks?","response":"It can depend a great deal on your goals. Stocks might be more appropriate if you're planning to leave your money invested over a long period of time. Bonds tend to be safer in the short term but they'll most likely be worth less than stocks in the long term."}
{"prompts":"What Is Duration and How Does That Affect Bond Valuation?","response":"Bond valuation looks at discounted cash flows at their net present value if held to maturity. Duration instead measures a bond's price sensitivity to a 1% change in interest rates. Longer-term bonds have a higher duration, all else equal. Longer-term bonds will also have a larger number of future cash flows to discount, and so a change to the discount rate will have a greater impact on the NPV of longer-maturity bonds as well."}
{"prompts":"Is It Hard To Earn a Cum Laude?","response":"Most students need to have an above-average to high grade point to earn the cum laude honor."}
{"prompts":"What Are 5 of the Most Common KPIs?","response":"KPIs vary from business to business, and some KPIs are more suitable for certain companies compared to others. In general, five of the most commonly used KPIs are:Revenue growthRevenue per clientProfit marginClient retention rateCustomer satisfaction"}
{"prompts":"Which Option Has the Highest Theta?","response":"The highest theta is for at-the-money options, and the lowest is for the furthest out-of-the-money and in-the-money options. For an option that is at the money or nearly so, the absolute value of theta rises as the expiration date is reached."}
{"prompts":"What does COGS stand for?","response":"COGS is an acronym for cost of goods sold. It plays an integral role in business accounting by providing a point-in-time estimate of the cost to produce products sold by a company. If the company utilizes a perpetual inventory system, COGS is available on a continuous basis. With a periodic inventory system, COGS is calculated at the end of an inventory period."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Consensus Node?","response":"In the Skycoin network using Obelisk consensus, a consensus node collects blocks from block-generating nodes and determines which block was made by the largest number of block-generators. That block is added to the blockchain."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Symptoms of Groupthink?","response":"Irving Janis identified eight signs that are closely associated with groupthink: illusions of unanimity, unquestioned beliefs, rationalization, stereotyping, \"mindguards,\" illusions of invulnerability, and direct pressure on opposing views. Each of these signs leads members of the group to ignore dissenting viewpoints and to hide their own doubts. This enforces the illusion that the group's decisions are superior to individual judgment, and that any opposing views are contrary to the group's interests."}
{"prompts":"Can You Deduct Both Property Taxes and Mortgage Interest?","response":"Homeowners that itemize taxes and meet the qualification for deducting mortgage interest can deduct property taxes and mortgage interest from their taxes."}
{"prompts":"How difficult Is the Series 66 exam?","response":"The Series 66 is difficult since it covers a wide breadth of detailed material. The official pass rates for the Series 66 exam are not officially published; however, test prep programs estimate the pass rate to be around 65% to 70% of test takers. If you fail the exam, you must wait at least 30 days before attempting it again."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance?","response":"The Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA) was\u00a0a government-wide catalog of federal programs, projects, services, and activities that provided assistance or benefits to a variety of recipients."}
{"prompts":"Can You Deduct a Long-Term Capital Loss?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service lets you deduct and carry over to the next tax year any capital losses. However, you can only claim the lessor of $3,000 ($1,500 if you're married filing separately) or your total net loss."}
{"prompts":"What Happens at a Probate Court Hearing?","response":"At a probate court hearing, the judge will list the responsibilities of the executor of the will, including contacting any beneficiaries and creditors, appraising the deceased's assets, and paying any outstanding creditors and taxes. Usually, at the second court hearing, the judge will ensure all these items have been done and close out the estate so that the transfers of money and other assets in the estate may begin."}
{"prompts":"What Does Social Justice Mean?","response":"Social justice is the belief that the social benefits and privileges of a society ought to be divided fairly."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Common Attributes of Term Loans?","response":"Term loans carry a fixed or variable interest rate, a monthly or quarterly repayment schedule, and a set maturity date. If the loan is used to finance an asset purchase, the useful life of that asset can impact the repayment schedule. The loan requires collateral and a rigorous approval process to reduce the risk of default or failure to make payments. However, term loans generally carry no penalties if they are paid off ahead of schedule."}
{"prompts":"What Are Restricted Securities Pursuant to Rule 144?","response":"SEC Rule 144 covers restricted securities. Restricted securities are typically sold in a private placement and cannot be freely traded on stock exchanges.These shares are subject to resale and transfer restrictions which may include filing a registration statement with the SEC."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Money and Currency?","response":"Money is an intangible system of value that provides the means for the ongoing exchange of goods and services in a society. Money has taken many forms since it overtook the system of bartering. Currency is a tangible form of it. So, instead of, say, bartering agricultural produce for the clothing you may need, you can use currency (paper notes and coins) to obtain it."}
{"prompts":"Are Home Prices Lower in a Buyer's Market or a Seller's Market?","response":"In a buyer's market, prices are generally lower and there is less competition. A buyer's market is usually created when there is more supply and lower demand, which means there are more houses than buyers for those houses. Because of this, home sellers must compete to attract homebuyers, which means prices stay lower."}
{"prompts":"What Is Deferred Income Tax in Simple Terms?","response":"Deferred income tax is tax that must be paid in the future to account for differences in how companies recognize income and how tax authorities recognize income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a REIT?","response":"Some of the disadvantages of a REIT are high expense ratios, lack of investor input, and lack of owner-initiated property enhancement. Investors trade the higher liquidity of a REIT with owning a property outright. But that investor can't make enhancements, such as adding a new roof or electrical to enhance the property's value. REITs themselves can sometimes suffer from a lack of market liquidity, but those issues tend to be reserved for smaller REITs that are not heavily traded."}
{"prompts":"Can Someone Do a Title Search on Their Own?","response":"Title searches are normally done by title companies. But you can certainly do a title search on your own. Before you start, make sure you have the correct information, such as the street and legal address of the property. Once you have this information, check through public records online or in person. You can go to the office where the title is recorded (usually the country clerk's office) and\/or the tax assessor's office to see if there are any outstanding liens on the property. Keep in mind that it can be a long and tedious process. It can also be costly, too."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Early Withdrawal Penalty for TFSAs?","response":"There is no penalty for any withdrawal from a TFSA. That's one of its advantages. The Canadian government intended for this type of savings account to be used for any purpose whatsoever, and not simply for retirement. So, you can take withdrawals at any time during your life without being penalized for doing so."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of an Underground Economy?","response":"Underground economies do not just include illegal activities, such as the purchase and sale of banned drugs or the illegal sale of weapons. It also includes any unreported income, such as paying restaurant employees under the table or jobs such as babysitting that go unreported. Similarly, any bartering that does not involve the exchange of cash and is not reported is considered part of the underground economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Effect of a Currency Revaluation?","response":"A currency revaluation increases the value of a currency in relation to other currencies. This makes the purchase of foreign goods in foreign currencies less expensive to domestic importers. Conversely, domestic exporters will see a decline in exporting business as the exporting goods are now more expensive to foreign importers."}
{"prompts":"Is M&A Inorganic Growth?","response":"Yes, mergers & acquisitions are a form of inorganic growth as the company takes external measures to grow the company by combining with another firm."}
{"prompts":"What Is Descriptive Statistics?","response":"Descriptive statistics is a means of describing features of a data set by generating summaries about data samples. It's often depicted as a summary of data shown that explains the contents of data. For example, a population census may include descriptive statistics regarding the ratio of men and women in a specific city."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Quantity Theory of Money?","response":"The quantity theory of money states that money supply and price level are directly proportional to each other. When there is a change in the price level, there is a proportional change in the money supply, and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"How Are Quote Levels Used?","response":"All brokerages and financial institutions have the best execution requirements for customers and are required to provide them with the best stock price currently available. If a private investor wants to invest in Apple stock, they would see the level I bid and ask prices listed on their broker's online trading portal. When the customer initiates an order to purchase the stock, the broker uses level III quotes to give that investor the best price. The deeper information contained in level III quotes is used to benefit the investor, even though they only see level I quotes."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Country's Terms of Trade?","response":"Terms of trade for a country can be calculated by dividing its price index of exports by its price index of imports. This ratio is then multiplied by 100:TOT = Pexports\/Pimports x 100"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create a Holding Company?","response":"To create a holding company, you simply need to file the articles of incorporation in the state or jurisdiction where you want to register the company. You will also need to identify the business agents managing the holding and operating companies. This can be complicated, so for companies with larger holdings it is worth engaging a lawyer."}
{"prompts":"How do you know when new coins are launched?","response":"Many exchanges, websites, and aggregators list new coins. Some examples are Coinbase, Gemini, Kraken, CoinGecko, and CoinMarketCap. You can also find new coins announced on social media platforms such as Twitter."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Buy Bonds?","response":"While there are some specialized bond brokers, today most online and discount brokers offer access to bond markets, and you can buy them more or less like you would with stocks. Treasury bonds and TIPS are typically sold directly via the federal government, and can be purchased via its TreasuryDirect website. You can also buy bonds indirectly via fixed-income ETFs or mutual funds that invest in a portfolio of bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Financial Plan?","response":"A financial plan should\u00a0help you make the best use of your money and achieve long-term financial goals, such as sending your children to college, buying a bigger home, leaving a legacy, or enjoying a comfortable retirement."}
{"prompts":"Is Payroll Part of HR or Accounting?","response":"While payroll is essentially an accounting practice, it deals with paying the people inside of a company, which puts it under the domain of human resources (HR). Thus, most companies have HR manage payroll and related issues. However, some companies may house payroll inside of the finance or accounting department, and some larger companies may even carve out a distinct payroll office."}
{"prompts":"Is a Home Warranty for My Home?","response":"No. A home warranty isn't a warranty on your house, but covers the appliances in your home, such as a refrigerator."}
{"prompts":"What Is Prepayment Risk?","response":"Prepayment risk applies to MBS and ABS and is the reduction of the fund's WART due to homeowners or other debtors refinancing their loans or making early unscheduled payments. These repayments effectively shorten the average maturity of a portfolio and change its risk profile. This is especially a risk in an environment of declining interest rates.As mortgages, for example, are refinanced, the original loans are completely paid off and replaced with a new, lower-interest rate loan. Funds holding MBS with the original mortgage will no longer receive cash flows from that homeowner."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Time Frame for Mean Reversion?","response":"Time frames for mean reversion are dependent on the trader or investor's objectives, risk tolerance, and the asset being traded."}
{"prompts":"What Benefit Does Tenancy in Common Provide?","response":"Tenancy in common (TIC) is a legal arrangement in which two or more parties jointly own a piece of real property, such as a building or parcel of land. The key feature of a TIC is that either party can sell their share of the property while also reserving the right to pass on their share of the property to their heirs."}
{"prompts":"Why Would an Economist Still Believe in the Phillips Curve?","response":"While the Phillips curve isn't without its limitations, some economists still find it useful to consider. Policymakers may use it as a general framework to think about the relationship between inflation and unemployment, both key measures of economic performance. Others caution that it does not capture the complexity of today's markets."}
{"prompts":"How do You Invest in Peer-to-Peer Lending?","response":"The simplest way to invest in peer-to-peer lending is to make an account on a P2P lending site and begin lending money to borrowers. These sites typically let the lender choose the profile of their borrowers, so they can choose between high risk\/high returns or more modest returns. Alternatively, many P2P lending sites are public companies, so one can also invest in them by buying their stock."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Set Up Direct Deposit?","response":"If your employer offers direct deposit, you should ask them how to set it up. There are generally a number of steps involved:Get a direct deposit form from your employer.Fill in account information.Confirm the deposit amount.Attach a voided check or deposit slip if required.Submit the form."}
{"prompts":"Is Petroleum Renewable?","response":"Petroleum is not a renewable energy source. It is a fossil fuel with a finite amount of petroleum available."}
{"prompts":"How Does Economic Growth Help Fight Brain Drain?","response":"Brain drain occurs when there is a lack of opportunity in a certain area. For instance, professionals living in a developing nation may leave in search of better opportunities in parts of the developed world. Making economic investments to boost growth often provides incentives for people to stay, as it means access to better (and more) resources, personal economic prosperity, and the potential for a higher standard of living."}
{"prompts":"How Many Times Can a Company Restructure?","response":"There is no legal limit to how many times a company can restructure. A company can decide to change its operations as many times as it deems necessary in order to become more efficient and cut costs. That being said, restructuring is a complicated process that involves a lot of time and strategy, and so is not a process to be done lightly or often."}
{"prompts":"Does Market Cap Affect Stock Price?","response":"Market cap does not affect stock price; rather, market cap is calculated by analyzing the stock price and number of shares issued. Although a blue-chip stock may perform better because of organizational efficiency and greater market presence, having a higher market cap does not directly impact stock prices."}
{"prompts":"How is market risk measured?","response":"A widely used measure of market risk is the value-at-risk (VaR) method. VaR modeling is a statistical risk management method that quantifies a stock\u2019s or portfolio\u2019s potential loss as well as the probability of that potential loss occurring. While well-known, the VaR method requires certain assumptions that limit its precision.Beta is another relevant risk metric that measures the relative sensitivity of an asset to broader market movements. The equity risk premium (ERP) is the implied expected return that investors demand while holding market risk in the stock market, above and beyond that of the risk-free rate of return."}
{"prompts":"Is the Payback Period the Same Thing As the Break-Even Point?","response":"While the two terms are related, they are not the same. The breakeven point is the price or value that an investment or project must rise to cover the initial costs or outlay. The payback period refers to how long it takes to reach that breakeven."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Limit of a Transaction With a Single Affiliate?","response":"No transaction with a single affiliate can exceed 10% of an institution's capital."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bid-Ask Spread?","response":"The bid-ask spread is the difference between the bid price and the ask price. The bid price is lower most of the time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Cash Conversion Cycle Formula?","response":"Cash Conversion Cycle = Days Inventory Outstanding + Days Sales Outstanding - Days Payables Outstanding"}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for a Keogh Plan?","response":"Keogh plans are for the self-employed, so you can enroll in one if you're a sole proprietor or work for yourself."}
{"prompts":"How Are Markets Regulated?","response":"Most markets are subject to rules and regulations set by a regional or governing body that determines the market\u2019s nature. They can be international, national, or local authorities."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Hypothecation?","response":"An example of hypothecation would be an investor who takes out a mortgage loan to purchase an investment property. The property serves as collateral for the loan. Meanwhile, the investor collects the rental income derived from it. But if the investor defaults, the lender can initiate a foreclosure proceeding to take ownership of the property."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Backorder and Out of Stock?","response":"A backorder and out-of-stock are similar. Whereas out-of-stock is an indicator that good is not available, a backorder often signifies that out-of-stock order may still be able to be ordered but is not available for immediate shipment. A company may keep a product as out-of-stock if it does not wish to further sell more units of that product. However, a backordered product is more likely to return due to a temporary delay in product availability."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Profit and Net Profit?","response":"Gross profit is the income after production costs have been subtracted from revenue and helps investors determine how much profit a company earns from the production and sale of its products. By comparison, net profit, or net income, is the profit left after all expenses and costs have been removed from revenue. It helps demonstrate a company's overall\u00a0profitability, which reflects the effectiveness of a company's management."}
{"prompts":"How Do Rating Agencies Assess Non-Financial Sectors, Such as Governments?","response":"Rating agencies assess non-financial sectors, including governments, by analyzing factors specific to those sectors. For governments, they consider fiscal discipline, economic growth prospects, debt levels, political stability, and institutional strength. Be mindful that each rating agency has its own methodology and criteria to evaluate the creditworthiness of governments and other non-financial sectors."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Good Trading Platform for Beginning Traders?","response":"E*Trade and TD Ameritrade are choices that beginners may want to look into. TD Ameritrade has excellent educational resources that can help novice traders understand the markets and become more comfortable with trading before actually placing trades. E*Trade's user-friendly interface can eliminate the frustrations a beginner might have trying to navigate a trading platform."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition or Meaning of the Latin Phrase \u201cQuid Pro Quo\u201d?","response":"Quid pro quo means \"something for something\" in Latin. While today it denotes something done with the expectation of some favor in return (\"I scratch your back, you scratch mine\"), the phrase was first used by apothecaries in the 1500s when they did not have a particular remedy in stock and would thus prescribe a substitute."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Compensatory Activity?","response":"As it applies to the law, compensatory activities are usually awarded in the form of monetary payments."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Member of the NFA?","response":"To become a member of the NFA one needs to apply directly with the NFA. This is done through an electronic filing process."}
{"prompts":"Is SQL a Data Warehouse?","response":"SQL, or Structured Query Language, is a computer language that is used to interact with a database in terms that it can understand and respond to. It contains a number of commands such as \"select,\" \"insert,\" and \"update.\" It is the standard language for relational database management systems.A database is not the same as a data warehouse, although both are stores of information. A database is an organized collection of information. A data warehouse is an information archive that is continuously built from multiple sources."}
{"prompts":"What Challenges Face Corporations When Targeting All Regions in EMEA?","response":"Some business activities, like Marketing or Advertising, can be challenging when companies target and divided business to encompass the entire EMEA region as opposed to conducting business in North America. Creating a marketing plan for EMEA means considering local laws, cultures, and holidays among different regions. Corporations also have to account for economic and political factors, local government regulation, and product fit."}
{"prompts":"Is MD&A Mandatory?","response":"Yes, the MD&A section is a standard piece to a set of financial statements. The notes section of the financial statements must include certain pieces of information, with the MD&A section being one of them."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks Have to Keep a Record of Deposit Slips?","response":"Banks are required by federal law to keep records of deposits exceeding $100 for at least five years. They have the option of keeping them longer. But these records can be and typically are digital, not paper copies."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Oral Contracts?","response":"The primary disadvantages of oral contracts are that they are difficult to enforce, may lead to confusion and error, or the outcome may be inconsistent with what was agreed upon. Because oral contracts are made through spoken word, they can be difficult to enforce in a court of law if one party backs out or does not complete their end of the deal in an acceptable fashion. The disadvantage of all oral contracts is the increased level of risk in the contract."}
{"prompts":"Can I Claim Qualified Adoption Expenses for An Adoptee Older Than 18 Years Old?","response":"The IRS explicitly states that an eligible child relating to qualified adoption expenses must be under the age of 18. The only exception to this age restriction is if the adoptee is physically or mentally incapable of self-care."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some FIRE Variations?","response":"Within the FIRE movement are several variations. Fat FIRE is a more easygoing attempt to save more while giving up less. Lean FIRE requires devotion to minimalist living. Barista FIRE is for those who want to quit the nine-to-five rat race and are willing to cut back their spending while working only part-time to do so."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Wirehouse and a Brokerage?","response":"All wirehouses are brokerages, but not all brokerages are wirehouses. The wirehouse label is usually attached to the largest full-service brokerage houses whose employees supply their clients with research, in-house analysis, and trading services. Some brokers work independently or are associated with independent dealer-broker firms rather than wirehouses."}
{"prompts":"What Pay or Benefits Does the FLSA Not Require?","response":"The FLSA does not\u00a0require the following:Compensation for traveling to and from the workplaceVacation, holiday, severance, or sick payMeal or rest periods, holidays off, or vacationsPremium pay for weekend or holiday workPay raises or fringe benefitsThe immediate payment of final wages to terminated employees"}
{"prompts":"What is a bottleneck in manufacturing?","response":"A bottleneck occurs in manufacturing when there is a stage (or stages) in the process that slows down the overall production of a good. For instance, initial steps may rapidly assemble key parts, but a crucial next step that welds the parts together may not be able to keep pace with the earlier stages. As a result, a backlog occurs and efficiency is reduced. The bottleneck should be solved by expanding that process, investing in better technology to speed up that process, or hiring more workers to help with that process."}
{"prompts":"Do You Have to Pay Back an Illegal Loan?","response":"If a loan was made illegally then you do not actually have to pay back the loan. If a lender does not have a consumer credit license, it is illegal for them to make a loan. It is not illegal to borrow the money, however. Unlicensed lenders are known as loan sharks. Loan sharks have no legal right to claim the money that you borrowed from them, therefore, you do not have to pay the money back."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Invest in Bitcoin or Altcoins?","response":"Which cryptocurrency is better is a subjective argument based on an investor's financial circumstances, investing goals, risk tolerance, and beliefs. You should talk to a professional financial advisor about investing in cryptocurrency before buying any."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Living Wage in the U.S.?","response":"The living wage in the United States was $25.02 per hour (or $104,077.70) per year before taxes for a family of four with two working adults and two children in 2022. But this varies state by state. The highest livable wage in 2024 was for Massachusetts for a total of $128,086 while Mississippi had the lowest living wage for a total of $80,766. New York's livable wage was $113,131 while California, Texas, and Wisconsin had living wages of $117,478, $89,045, and $96,283 respectively."}
{"prompts":"When Does a Free Look Period Begin?","response":"A free look period for a life insurance policy begins when you receive the policy, or the day the policy is delivered. Check with the insurance company for what date they are considering as the delivery date."}
{"prompts":"What Stores Give Free Cash Back?","response":"Multiple stores offer cash-back rewards. How much depends on their rewards program. Kohl\u2019s, Dick\u2019s Sporting Goods, The Home Depot, and CVS, among others, offer their customers cash-back rewards programs."}
{"prompts":"Can I Cash Out My Defined Contribution Pension Plan?","response":"It\u2019s usually necessary to keep money in the plan until you reach age 59\u00bd. You may be hit with a 10% penalty on top of any income tax you may owe if you make a withdrawal before then."}
{"prompts":"How Would an Economic Slump Affect my Fixed-Rate Mortgage?","response":"Interest rates tend to drop when times are tough and the economy becomes sluggish. If you already have a fixed-rate mortgage, not much will change because your interest rate remains the same throughout the lifetime of your loan. But you stand to benefit from a low rate if you're in the market for a new home (if you can afford it as the economy slows down) or if you are able to refinance with your lender."}
{"prompts":"What Is Chapter 11 Bankruptcy?","response":"Chapter 11 is a type of bankruptcy most often filed for by businesses, in particular corporations and partnerships. Sometimes referred to as a \"reorganization bankruptcy,\" it allows the business to continue operating under court supervision while it attempts to pay its creditors. Individuals can also file for Chapter 11, but they more typically use Chapter 7 or Chapter 13."}
{"prompts":"Is a Home Appraisal Required?","response":"A home appraisal is almost always a requirement when purchasing a home with a mortgage. Lenders use the appraisal to determine whether the home is worth the amount of money the buyer is asking to borrow. A buyer may not require an valuation if they're paying cash for a home versus taking out a mortgage loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Asset Impairment?","response":"The overall goal of asset impairment is to periodically evaluate a company's assets to make sure the total value of the assets is not being overstated. An impaired asset is one that has a market value less than what is listed on the company's balance sheet. There are various factors that can affect an asset's value so periodically checking its value is prudent business management."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Marketing?","response":"An important goal of marketing is propelling a company\u2019s growth. This can be seen through attracting and retaining new customers.\u00a0Companies may apply many different marketing strategies to achieve these goals. For instance, matching products with customers' needs could involve personalization, prediction, and essentially knowing the right problem to solve.\u00a0Another strategy is creating value through the customer experience. This is demonstrated through efforts to elevate customer satisfaction and remove any difficulties with the product or service."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of 1250 Property?","response":"Examples of section 1250 property include commercial buildings or residential rental property. Commercial buildings would be treated as MACRS 39-year real property, while the residential rental property would be treated as 27.5-year property."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Corporate Bankruptcies Usually Take?","response":"Every bankruptcy situation is unique and, therefore, will vary in the length of time it takes from filing to closing. In general, if all parties are prepared, a bankruptcy proceeding lasts between four to six months."}
{"prompts":"What Information Does a Demand Schedule Show?","response":"A demand schedule is meant to inform a manufacturer, distributor, or retailer of consumer demand for a product at different price points. This information may or may not incorporate a time series where the demand schedule can be tracked over time. Alternatively, a demand schedule from different markets may be compiled and shown against each other for comparative analysis."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Mean, Median, and Mode in a Symmetrical Distribution?","response":"In a symmetrical distribution, all three of these descriptive statistics tend to be the same value, for instance in a normal distribution (bell curve). This also holds in other symmetric distributions such as the uniform distribution (where all values are identical; depicted simply as a horizontal line) or the binomial distribution, which accounts for discrete data that can only take on one of two values (e.g., zero or one, yes or no, true or false, etc.).On rare occasions, a symmetrical distribution may have two modes (neither of which are the mean or median), for instance in one that would appear like two identical hilltops equidistant from one another."}
{"prompts":"Is the American Dream Still Achievable?","response":"It's widely debated if the American Dream is still achievable, and what that achievement even entails. Indeed, today, many people wonder if they can keep up with rising housing costs and interest payments on loans needed to purchase things like homes and cars. Moreover, American's need to save for their own retirement and pay large out-of-pocket costs for healthcare and higher education, which can leave families saddled with high-interest debt that is hard to crawl back from."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Transparency So Important in Viral Marketing?","response":"Being transparent means being honest and open about operations and motives. Transparency in viral marketing is important as consumers are more critical of traditional marketing campaigns and are holding companies accountable for their actions more often than before. Approximately 94% of consumers are likely to be loyal to companies that are transparent in marketing."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Market Segmentation Important?","response":"Market segmentation realizes that not all customers have the same interests, purchasing power, or consumer needs. Instead of catering to all prospective clients broadly, market segmentation is important because it strives to make a company's marketing endeavors more strategic and refined. By developing specific plans for specific products with target audiences in mind, a company can increase its chances of generating sales and being more efficient with resources."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Earned and Unearned Income?","response":"Earned income comes from working, while unearned income does not. The IRS may treat each type of income differently for tax purposes. Tax rates vary among sources of unearned income; most unearned income sources are not subject to\u00a0payroll taxes, and none of them are subject to employment taxes such as Social Security and Medicare. Unearned income cannot be used to contribute to a qualified retirement account such as an IRA."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Read Price Action?","response":"Price action is often depicted graphically in the form of a bar chart or line chart. There are two general factors to consider when analyzing price action. The first is to identify the direction of the price, and the second is to identify the direction of the volume.Should a security's price be moving upward while the volume increases, this means there is strong conviction in the market as many investors are buying at the increasing price. Alternatively, should there have been low volume, the price action may not be as convincing as not many investors are choosing to invest at the current pricing levels."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tax Loss Harvesting?","response":"Tax loss harvesting is a strategy in which an investor sells an investment at a loss, replaces it in their portfolio with a similar investment, and uses the capital loss to offset their gains or other income. Tax loss harvesting is legal, but investors have to be careful not to run afoul of wash sale rules, which prohibit buying a \"substantially similar\" security within 30 days of selling."}
{"prompts":"Is Magna Cum Laude the Highest?","response":"No. In schools where Latin honors are used, the highest distinction is usually summa cum laude, followed by magna cum laude, and then cum laude."}
{"prompts":"Is Using the IRR Rule the Same As Using the Discounted Cash Flow Method?","response":"Yes, using IRR to obtain net present value is known as the discounted cash flow method of financial analysis. The internal rate of return is the interest rate (also known as the discount rate) that will bring a series of cash flows (positive and negative) to a net present value of zero or to the current value of cash invested. Investors and firms use IRR to evaluate whether an investment in a project can be justified."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good LTV?","response":"Most lenders use 80% as the threshold for a good loan-to-value (LTV) ratio. Anything below this value is even better. Note that borrowing costs can become higher, or borrowers may be denied loans, as the LTV rises above 80%."}
{"prompts":"What Do Financial Advisors Do?","response":"Financial advisors are tasked with managing every aspect of your financial life, from retirement planning to estate planning to savings and investing. They are responsible for more than just suggesting investment choices or selling financial products. They assess your financial status and understand your financial goals and create a tailored financial plan to achieve those goals. They can help reduce the taxes you pay and maximize the returns on any financial assets you may own."}
{"prompts":"How Accurate Are Bollinger Bands\u00ae?","response":"Since Bollinger Bands\u00ae are set two use +\/- two standard deviations around an SMA, we should expect that approximately 95% of the time, the observed price action will fall within these bands."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Price Targets Found?","response":"Analysts generally publish their price targets in research reports on specific companies, along with their buy, sell, and hold recommendations for the company's stock. Stock price targets are often quoted in the financial news media."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act?","response":"The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act is a law passed by Congress in 1975. The purpose of the Act is to promote transparency within the mortgage lending market. It also aims to protect consumers from predatory and discriminatory lending practices. This is done through the collection of data from lenders about different types of mortgage loan applications. Lenders must submit their data each year about information on residential mortgage applications, originations, and refinances. This includes information about applicants, collateral details, the types of applications, and the status of each."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Notional Value Important?","response":"The notional value is the amount of an underlying asset that investment managers might seek to hedge against. In contrast, the market value will fluctuate over time based on market movements\u2014which the investor might presumably seek to hedge\u2014while the notional amount remains the same."}
{"prompts":"What Are Inferior Goods?","response":"Inferior goods are goods for which demand declines as consumers' real incomes rise, or rises as incomes fall. Consumers with more money may opt to buy more expensive substitutes instead of what they could afford only when incomes were lower."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Historical Cost and Fair Market Value??","response":"Historical cost is the cash or cash equivalent value of an asset at the time of acquisition. Fair market value is the current value of that asset. Imagine if someone were to have purchased an acre of land 10 years ago for $10,000 and that land is now worth $20,000. The historical cost is $10,000, and the fair market value is $20,000."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Duopoly in Economics?","response":"A duopoly exists when two companies dominate a market for a given product or service. A duopoly can have the same impact on the market as a monopoly if the two players collude on prices or output."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy Stock?","response":"Most often, stocks are bought and sold on stock exchanges, such as the Nasdaq or the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). After a company goes public through an initial public offering (IPO), its stock becomes available for investors to buy and sell on an exchange. Typically, investors will use a brokerage account to purchase stock on the exchange, which will list the purchasing price (the bid) or the selling price (the offer). The price of the stock is influenced by supply and demand factors in the market, among other variables."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between DMA and OTC?","response":"Direct market access (DMA) differs from over-the-counter (OTC) in that DMA places trades directly with an exchange while OTC happens outside of exchanges and directly between parties. DMA offers more transparency, liquidity, regulation, and better pricing."}
{"prompts":"Does My Business Need an EIN?","response":"Most businesses will need an employer identification number. Specifically one will need an EIN if it has employees, operates as a corporation or partnership, files certain tax returns (Employment, Excise, or Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms), withholds taxes on income, other than wages, paid to non-resident aliens, or has a Keogh plan. Additionally, individuals involved with organizations such as trusts, estates, and non-profits, among others, will need an EIN."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Total Enterprise Value (TEV)?","response":"TEV is calculated as market capitalization +\u00a0total debt + preferred stock \u2013 cash and cash equivalents."}
{"prompts":"Does Regulation E cover credit cards?","response":"No. Credit cards are covered by the Truth in Lending Act of 1968, modified in 2009 by the Credit Card Accountability, Responsibility, and Disclosure (Credit CARD) Act, but they are not covered by Regulation E, which only covers consumers when they use EFTs."}
{"prompts":"How Can Investors Trade the GBP?","response":"Individuals can trade GBP and other foreign currencies through a\u00a0foreign exchange (forex) broker. A forex broker focuses on foreign exchange products."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Estate Tax Exemption for 2023?","response":"The estate tax is the amount below which a decedent's estate is not subject to taxes. For 2023, the exemption is $12.92 million. For 2024, it increases to $13.61 million."}
{"prompts":"Will I Lose My Car if I Declare Bankruptcy?","response":"If you bought your car with a loan, your vehicle may be seized as collateral during a bankruptcy proceeding. However, you can usually keep your car by\u00a0reaffirming\u00a0your car loan and continuing to make payments. Similarly, you can usually keep your home if you declare bankruptcy, even if you owe money on it, as long as you continue making payments and don\u2019t have more equity than you are permitted under state and federal bankruptcy laws."}
{"prompts":"What Is Logistics in Business?","response":"In business, logistics is the process of transporting and storing raw materials, finished goods, inventory, and other resources. Logistics in a business is typically made up of many components, including customer service, demand forecasting, warehousing, material handling, inventory control, order processing, and transportation."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the KWD So Valuable?","response":"The KWD is so valuable because the demand for the currency is very high. The economy of Kuwait is primarily dependent on oil, but not only that, it is a stable country that uses its oil revenue efficiently, unlike many oil-rich countries. In addition, it is a large exporter of oil. Because demand for global oil is high, the demand to pay for it in Kuwaiti currency is also high, making the KWD a very valuable currency."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Asset Management Company Differ From a Brokerage?","response":"Asset management institutions are fiduciary firms, generally used by people with significant assets. They usually have discretionary trading authority over accounts and are legally bound to act in good faith on the client's behalf. Brokers execute and facilitate trades but do not manage clients' portfolios."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret a Regression Model?","response":"A regression model output may be in the form of Y = 1.0 + (3.2)X1 - 2.0(X2) + 0.21.Here we have a multiple linear regression that relates some variable Y with two explanatory variables X1 and X2. We would interpret the model as the value of Y changes by 3.2x for every one-unit change in X1 (if X1 goes up by 2, Y goes up by 6.4, etc.) holding all else constant (all else equal). That means controlling for X2, X1 has this observed relationship. Likewise, holding X1 constant, every one unit increase in X2 is associated with a 2x decrease in Y. We can also note the y-intercept of 1.0, meaning that Y = 1 when X1 and X2 are both zero. The error term (residual) is 0.21."}
{"prompts":"What Type of School Does the Term Higher Education Refer to?","response":"Higher education refers to a course of study beyond the high school level, leading to the award of a degree, diploma, or certificate. This definition can encompass studies at a college, a university, a professional school, or a technical school."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Not Borrowing for Current Expenses Called the 'Golden Rule' of Government Spending?","response":"Supporters believe that limiting government borrowing to funding only projects that will pay off in the future protects future generations. This is because they won't be burdened by debt from borrowing for expenditures that benefited people in the past, but not them. It is called the \"golden rule\" to compare it to the ethical golden rule and show that its supporters believe it is equally fundamental."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Types of Organizational Charts?","response":"Less commonly used, but still effective in defining roles, are the matrix and divisional organizational charts. The matrix organizational chart groups individuals by their common skill-sets, the departments in which they work, and the people they report to. It is dubbed \"matrix\" as it shows employees and teams interconnecting with more than one manager. Divisional would show the organization of a company based on some specific criteria, say a product line or geographical area. For example, an auto manufacturer might be organized based on the different types of products they offer."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tit for Tat in Business?","response":"In business, tit for tat can refer to a strategy of mutual cooperation between parties. Operating in good faith during negotiations, such as a sale of property, for instance, can reduce costs and maximize payoffs for both parties within a transaction. On the flip side, if one party decides to stop cooperating, the counterparty may choose to do the same. This can increase costs on both sides and even ultimately spoil negotiations."}
{"prompts":"How Is Regulation A Different From Regulation D?","response":"Like Regulation D, Regulation A allows smaller companies to sell securities to the public with fewer reporting requirements than a public offering has. However, Regulation D requires that most investors be accredited investors. Under Regulation A, companies may sell to non-accredited investors. However, there are limits on the amount of money a non-accredited investor may invest."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Critiques of the Minsky Moment?","response":"Critics argue that Minsky's theories are too focused on financial markets and neglect the role of real economic factors. Some also argue that his model is too deterministic, suggesting that financial crises are inevitable, which is not always the case. Others criticize the lack of empirical evidence supporting his hypotheses."}
{"prompts":"Can Winsorized Mean Handle Multiple Outliers?","response":"Yes, winsorized mean can handle multiple outliers within the dataset. It effectively replaces the specified percentage of extreme values, regardless of the number of outliers present. By replacing multiple outliers with less extreme values, the winsorized mean remains less sensitive to the influence of these outliers."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Strategic Management?","response":"Consider a large company that wants to achieve more ambitious online sales rates. To meet these goals, the company will develop a strategy, communicate this strategy, apply it across various units and departments in the organization, integrate this with employee goals, and execute accordingly. If an effective strategy is applied, ideally, it will help the company achieve its targets through a single, coordinated process.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Is Frictional Unemployment a Problem?","response":"Frictional unemployment may be difficult on employers as employees are more willing to voluntarily step aside from their jobs. Companies must be mindful to invest resources in top performers, else those individuals are likely to look for other opportunities. On the other hand, frictional unemployment may also be difficult on job-seekers. Because more people are voluntarily looking for a job, there may be more competition that makes it more difficult for workers to find new roles."}
{"prompts":"How Do Financial Markets Work?","response":"Despite covering many different asset classes and having various structures and regulations, all financial markets work essentially by bringing together buyers and sellers in some asset or contract and allowing them to trade with one another. This is often done through an auction or price-discovery mechanism."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Important to Have a Clear Opening Price?","response":"Having a clear opening price is important for traders because many rely on the opening price and later price movements to indicate whether a stock will rise or fall. It also helps reduce uncertainty for investors who wish to buy shares soon after the market opens. Without a way to give each stock a clear opening price, there could be wide bid-ask spreads at market open, which would make trading more difficult and costly."}
{"prompts":"Is Escrow Good or Bad?","response":"Escrow is generally considered good, as it protects the buyer and seller in a transaction. In addition, escrow as part of mortgage payments is generally good for the lender and helps the buyer by ensuring property taxes and homeowners insurance are paid on time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Small Numbers?","response":"The law of small numbers is the theory that people underestimate the variability in small sample sizes. This means that when people study a sample size that is too small, they usually overestimate the population's value based on the incorrect sample size."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Reward for Mining Stale Blocks?","response":"Generally, there is no reward for mining a stale block. However, some blockchains might allow for stale block rewards."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Maximum Tax Refund You Can Get?","response":"There is no maximum. However, the average direct deposit refund for individuals in the 2022 tax filing season was $3,121, according to the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What Is John Stuart Mill's Utilitarianism Philosophy?","response":"Expanding on philosopher Jeremy Bentham's original doctrine, John Stuart's Mill's utilitarianism has three basic tenets:Pleasure or happiness is the only thing that has true, intrinsic value.Actions are right insofar as they promote happiness; wrong insofar as they produce unhappiness.Everyone's happiness counts equally.Mill espoused these theories in his 1861 essay, Utilitarianism."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Improve its Average Collection Period?","response":"A company can improve its average collection period in a few ways. It can set stricter credit terms limiting the number of days an invoice is allowed to be outstanding. This may also include limiting the number of clients it offers credit to in an effort to increase cash sales. It can also offer pricing discounts for earlier payment (i.e. 2% discount if paid in 10 days)."}
{"prompts":"Can I Start a SIP With a Small Amount of Money?","response":"Yes, SIPs allow individuals to start investing with small amounts, making it accessible to a wide range of investors. The minimum investment amount varies depending on the mutual fund or investment provider."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Benefit of Internalization?","response":"Savings is one benefit. If a company can spend less by producing a product or completing a project in-house compared to what it would spend on an outside vendor, then internalization would be a beneficial move."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capital Improvement Fee?","response":"A capital improvement fee is a one-time fee charged by a Homeowner's Association whenever a property in the HOA is sold. This fee is usually used to pay for future capital improvements in the community. The size of the fee varies, but it is usually around one year of HOA fees."}
{"prompts":"How Is Feminism Different From Egalitarianism?","response":"Feminism and egalitarianism have shared aspects, but they are not the same thing. Feminism is the belief that gender discrimination has to be eliminated for men and women to be considered equal. Egalitarianism is the idea that everyone is created equal and deserves equal rights."}
{"prompts":"What Can CPAs Do That Accountants Cannot?","response":"A CPA is an accountant who has earned a professional credential. Their main responsibilities are the same and involve preparing or reviewing financial documentation for businesses or individuals.CPAs are authorized to take on certain other roles. These include performing audits of public U.S. companies and preparing audited financial statements for a company, such as a balance sheet or an income statement."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Valuation Analyst Do?","response":"A valuation analyst performs an appraisal of a business, which includes examining costs, risks, industry trends, budgets, timelines, cash flows, and a slew of other metrics to determine the valuation of a business."}
{"prompts":"Are Thematic ETFs at Risk of Becoming Zombie ETFs?","response":"A thematic ETF invests in current megatrends that are seen as transformative, not to mention lucrative. In 2023, the list could include ETFs that focus on artificial intelligence, the blockchain, and alternative energy sources.A thematic ETF is probably never going to attract as high a total of assets under management (AUM) as an ETF that is tied to the S&P 500. That does not mean it's headed for zombie territory.Some will perform very well for the informed investor who wants to put some money into a hot area but wants the diverse selection of related assets that an ETF offers.As always in investing, there will be winners and there will be losers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for 2023?","response":"For Tax Year 2023, the standard deduction is $13,850 if you file as single or married filing separately. It's $20,800 for heads of household and $27,700 for married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er) taxpayers."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Bankruptcy for Individuals","response":"Individuals most often file for Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, many of the filer's assets (except certain exempt ones) will be sold off by a court-appointed trustee, after which most of their remaining debts will be discharged. In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the person can keep more of their assets but must agree to a court-supervised plan to repay their debtors over a certain period, often three to five years."}
{"prompts":"How Many Generations Does Per Stirpes Cover?","response":"Per stirpes determines that in the event of an \"out of order\" death, the inheritance which would have been awarded to the beneficiary that passed away is given to that beneficiary's children. Thus, per stirpes covers the grandchildren of the testator."}
{"prompts":"How Are Coupon Rates Affected by Market Interest Rates?","response":"A bond issuer decides on the coupon rate based on prevalent market interest rates, among others, at the time of the issuance. Market interest rates change over time, and as they move lower or higher than a bond's coupon rate, the value of the bond increases or decreases, respectively. Since a bond's coupon rate is fixed all through the bond's maturity, bonds with higher coupon rates provide a margin of safety against rising market interest rates."}
{"prompts":"Which Incumbent Presidents Lost Their Second Term?","response":"The incumbent presidents that lost their second term are John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, Franklin Pierce, Benjamin Harrison, William Taft, Herbert Hoover, Jimmy Carter, George Bush Sr., and Donald Trump."}
{"prompts":"Is the lower of cost or market (LCM) method required by generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)?","response":"Yes, the LCM method is required under GAAP. This method became required as of 2017."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Financial Distress?","response":"Financial distress is a condition wherein an individual or company isn't able to cover their financial obligations. This means the entity is not generating enough revenue or income to pay its debts. This condition can be the result of a drop in income, changes in the economy, higher costs, bad budgeting, and\/or overspending."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if You Don't Pay Your Loan on the Due Date?","response":"What happens will depend on the type of loan. In most cases, you will be charged a late fee. If you rectify the situation, that's as bad as it may get. If you keep missing payments, then you may have your interest rate increased depending on the loan and the contract, you may be reported to the credit bureaus, hurting your credit profile, and then eventually your account may go to collection agencies."}
{"prompts":"How Much Tax Should You Have Withheld?","response":"The amount of income tax you contribute from each paycheck depends on several factors, including total annual earnings and your filing status."}
{"prompts":"Is UFMI Refundable?","response":"The Upfront Mortgage Insurance (USMI) premium is not refundable, except when in connection with refinancing to a new FHA-insured mortgage within three years of the original loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are Long-Term Marketable Securities?","response":"Marketable securities can be most investments, including stocks, bonds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Marketable securities are considered current assets and are expected to be sold in less than a year, usually a few months. These types of securities are typically liquid securities that can be sold easily as there is a large number of buyers."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know the Fair Market Value of My Home?","response":"Real estate property is assessed by professional appraisers who can tell you its fair market value using standards, guidelines, and national and local regulations to determine it."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Tit for Tat Best Strategy?","response":"In many cases, tit for tat strategies may maximize payoffs for different parties. This is especially the case when confronted with a prisoner's dilemma, in which cooperation can result in mutual benefit, and retaliation can lead to the least desirable results for both parties."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Working-Age Population Matter?","response":"Understanding a region's working-age population, and how it changes over time, matters because of what it indicates about that region's economic prospects. If the working-age population is declining over time, there will be fewer workers to fill future jobs as current workers retire. There will also be fewer workers to pay taxes and provide vital services in the public sector. If the working-age population is growing, the region will need to attract businesses to create new jobs for those workers."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Portfolio Management?","response":"Broadly speaking, there are only two types of portfolio management strategies: passive investing and active investing. Passive management is a set-it-and-forget-it long-term strategy. Often referred to as indexing or index investing, it aims to duplicate the return of a particular market index or benchmark and may involve investing in one or more exchange-traded (ETF) index funds. Active management involves attempting to beat the performance of an index by actively buying and selling individual stocks and other assets. Closed-end funds are generally actively managed."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Traders Buy Inverse ETFs?","response":"Traders may use inverse ETFs to profit from or hedge against declines in a specific market. Short-term traders may also use them to speculate on downward moves."}
{"prompts":"How Can Market Psychology Help Me With Trailing Stops?","response":"During momentary price dips, it's crucial to resist the impulse to reset your trailing stop, or else your effective stop-loss may end up lower than expected. By the same token, reining in a trailing stop-loss is advisable when you see momentum peaking in the charts, especially when the stock is hitting a new high."}
{"prompts":"How Reliable Is a Morning Star Pattern?","response":"Generally, a morning star pattern is very reliable, especially if it is incorporated with other technical indicators and further analysis of the asset. It is also a pattern that is helpful to both beginner and professional traders."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Accounts Receivable Aging?","response":"Accounts receivable aging sorts the list of open accounts in order of their payment status. There are separate buckets for accounts that are current, those that are past due less than 30 days, 60 days, and so on. Based on the percentage of accounts that are more than 180 days old, a company can estimate the expected amount of unpaid accounts receivables for future write-offs."}
{"prompts":"What Is Taught in an MPA?","response":"An MPA program often consists of coursework in law, international affairs, political theory, urban planning, nonprofit organizations, and public service leadership, among other subjects."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Rid of a Lien?","response":"You can get rid of a lien on your property, car, or other asset by paying off your loan in full."}
{"prompts":"Does a CEO Outrank a Board of Directors?","response":"No, the CEO (who may be on the board) and the directors work together on relevant company issues. The Board doesn't interfere with the CEO's handling of a company's daily operations. But it has the authority to evaluate the performance of a CEO and remove them, if deemed necessary."}
{"prompts":"What Fees Are Included in the Wrap Fee?","response":"The wrap fee you pay covers all the services for your wrap account. These fees typically include administrative costs, brokerage fees, investment advice, third-party services, and other fees."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Contractionary Policy Unpopular?","response":"Contractionary policies require elected officials to increase taxes and reduce government spending, like social and welfare programs, both unpopular with voters."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Steps of Investment Analysis?","response":"The first step to investment analysis is identifying an investment opportunity. From there, an investor needs to determine whether this investment opportunity will create higher returns than other available investment options. Lastly, an investor will need to gauge whether the possible reward from this investment opportunity justifies the risks."}
{"prompts":"Are Triangle Patterns Bullish or Bearish?","response":"That depends on the type of triangle. Ascending triangles tend to be bullish as they indicate the continuation of an upward trend. In some cases, they may also point to the reversal of a downtrend. A descending triangle, on the other hand, are bearish. That's because they point to the continuation of a downtrend or the reversal of an uptrend."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if You Lie on a Loan Application?","response":"If you lie on an application to borrow money, you can be rejected for the loan if the lender determines the information is false. If you received funds for the loan and then the lender detects false information on your loan, you may have to repay all the funds. Finally, you could potentially go to jail for lying on a loan application, depending on the circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Novation?","response":"In novation, one party in a two-party agreement gives up all rights and obligations outlined in a contract to a third party. As a result, the original contract is canceled."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Financial Instruments?","response":"Financial instruments come in many forms and types. What makes them financial instruments is that they confer a financial obligation or right to the holder. Common examples of financial instruments include stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), mutual funds, real estate investment trusts (REITs), bonds, derivatives contracts (such as options, futures, and swaps), checks, certificates of deposit (CDs), bank deposits, and loans."}
{"prompts":"Is Grunt Work Useful?","response":"It can be. Usually, grunt work is required to support higher level assumptions, conclusions, and recommendations. You might think of it as the basis for fees your company may be able to charge, successful investment results for clients, and your career advancement."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Healthy Unemployment Rate?","response":"Low unemployment is not considered healthy, as lower rates can be seen as inflationary due to pricing pressure on salaries; however, high unemployment is not considered healthy, as higher rates can be seen as a financial strain on consumer spending. In general, most experts deem unemployment between 3% and 5% to be ideal, though there is no single consensus on what constitutes healthy unemployment."}
{"prompts":"What Advantages Does the Incumbent Candidate Have?","response":"The advantages that an incumbent candidate has include being a known quantity. Their name is known, their personality, their beliefs, and their opinions, the knowledge of running a successful campaign, an air of success, established donors, the risk aversion of voters, and control over certain areas of the government."}
{"prompts":"What is the entry of a drawings account?","response":"The accounting entry typically would be a debit to the drawing account and a credit to the cash account\u2014or whatever asset is withdrawn."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Egalitarian Society?","response":"There isn't data for \"the most egalitarian society\" in the world, but in terms of economic inequality, European countries Slovenia, Czech Republic, and Slovakia rank as having the least wealth inequality in 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Natural Indication of Interest?","response":"A natural indication of interest occurs when IOI originates with the customer, rather than a firm. FINRA defines it as referring \"either to customer interest a firm represents on an agency basis or to proprietary interest that was established to facilitate a customer order or as part of an execution of a customer order on a riskless principal basis.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Writ of Execution Used for in the United States Today?","response":"A writ of execution is\u00a0a legal document issued by a court directing a Sherriff's office or the U.S. Marshal Service to enforce and satisfy a judgment for payment of money. This may include the seizure of assets."}
{"prompts":"Is 1099-B Earned Income?","response":"No. 1099-B reports capital gains and losses. A capital gain or loss results from selling an asset you own, such as a stock, stock option, or bond. Earned income is income you receive from your employment."}
{"prompts":"How Early in 2024 Can I Start Filing My Taxes?","response":"The IRS begins accepting returns sometime in January every year, although no exact date has been specified at this writing. In any case, it will probably be late January before you receive all of the necessary forms from your employer and any other source of taxable income.If you plan to file directly, you might consider creating an account at IRS.gov\/account, where you'll find useful information about filing."}
{"prompts":"Is Insurable Interest Required for Insurance Policies?","response":"Yes. Insurable interest is, essentially, proof that an individual or entity would experience financial or other hardships as the result of damage to or loss of an item or person. This is evaluated during the underwriting process to ensure this direct link. Such proof of insurable interest is required for all insurance policies."}
{"prompts":"Can I Deduct My Business Travel Expenses?","response":"Business travel expenses can no longer be deducted by individuals.If you are self-employed or operate your own business, you can deduct those \"ordinary and necessary\" business expenses from your return.If you work for a company and are reimbursed for the costs of your business travel, your employer will deduct those costs at tax time."}
{"prompts":"How does swing trading differ from day trading?","response":"Day trading, as the name suggests, involves making dozens of trades in a single day, based on\u00a0technical analysis\u00a0and sophisticated charting systems. Day trading seeks to scalp small profits multiple times a day and close out all positions at the end of the day. Swing traders do not close their positions on a daily basis and instead may hold onto them for weeks, months, or even longer. Swing traders may incorporate both technical and fundamental analysis, whereas a day trader is more likely to focus on using technical analysis."}
{"prompts":"Can Trade Deficits Be Beneficial for an Economy?","response":"While trade deficits are often viewed negatively, they can also have potential benefits for an economy. For example, a trade deficit may reflect strong domestic demand and economic growth, as well as access to a wider range of goods and services for consumers. Additionally, a trade deficit can be financed by foreign investment inflows, which can stimulate domestic investment and economic activity."}
{"prompts":"Who Founded Investor's Business Daily?","response":"William J. O'Neil founded Investor's Daily, later called Investor's Business Daily, in 1984."}
{"prompts":"Is a Shorter-Term Bond Ladder Better Than a Longer-Term One?","response":"That depends on what an investor seeks. Generally speaking, in a typical yield environment, long-term bonds offer higher yields than short-term bonds. So a longer ladder can increase the yields an investor can obtain as they reinvest. However, longer-term bonds are more volatile than shorter-term bonds, so changing prices could be an issue. Inflation would be, too. Shorter ladders tend to have lower yields and have less volatile price fluctuations. They can be less susceptible to inflation. That could mean investors end up reinvesting a greater proportion of total capital."}
{"prompts":"What Is a One-Tailed T Test Used for?","response":"A one-tailed T-test checks for the possibility of a one-direction relationship but does not consider a directional relationship in another direction."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Market Value?","response":"The market value of an asset is the price that asset would sell for in the market. This is generally determined by market forces, including the price that buyers are willing to pay and that sellers will accept for that asset."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Various Incoterms?","response":"International commercial terms\u2014Incoterms for short\u2014clarify the rules and terms buyers and sellers use in international and domestic trade contracts.\u00a0The Incoterms include: Ex Works (EXW);, Free Carrier (FCA); Carriage Paid To (CPT); Carriage and Insurance Paid To (CIP); Delivered at Place (DAP); Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU); Delivery at Frontier (DAF); Delivery ex-Ship (DEX); Delivered Duty Paid (DDP); Deliver Duty Unpaid (DDU); Free Alongside Ship (FAS); Free on Board (FOB); Cost and Freight (CFR); and Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)."}
{"prompts":"What are the investment risks associated with Pink Markets?","response":"Investing in Pink Markets carries substantial risk due to the lack of stringent regulatory oversight. Risks include limited financial information, high volatility, low liquidity, and potential for fraud or manipulation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Quanto and Compo Option?","response":"A compo option, or \"comp\" option, is a variation on the quanto option. The foreign asset or the payoff price may be denominated in the domestic currency or in a foreign currency, with a final decision made at settlement. The party who elects to change the settlement currency pays a fee for making the switch."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take for a Demand Draft to Clear?","response":"The clearing time for a demand draft can vary depending on factors such as the banks involved and the method of presentation. It typically takes several business days for the demand draft to clear and for the funds to become available to the payee. The exact time frame can depend on the policies and processes of the banks involved."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gross Working Capital?","response":"Gross working capital is a company's net working capital before current liabilities have been deducted. It is the value of the gross amount of current assets a company owns that can be used to satisfy its short-term obligations."}
{"prompts":"Is Crowdfunding Regulated by the SEC?","response":"Yes, crowdfunding is regulated by the SEC. The SEC requires that all transactions take place through an SEC-registered intermediary, limiting the amount a company can raise in a year to $5 million through crowdfunding, limiting the amount of non-accredited investors, and requiring certain disclosures of information."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Margin?","response":"There are quite a few disadvantages when it comes to margin trading. The first and foremost is the magnified losses. When you trade on margin you are borrowing money to amplify your returns. If the trade loses, you are responsible for the amount of money you borrowed, covering your losses, and commissions and fees. Additional disadvantages include interest charges that eat away at your returns, margin calls that require you to post additional capital, and forced broker liquidations that may result in losses."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write an Annual Report?","response":"An annual report has a few sections and steps that must convey a certain amount of information, much of which is legally required for public companies. Most public companies hire auditing companies to write their annual reports. An annual report begins with a letter to the shareholders, then a brief description of the business and industry. Following that, the report should include the audited financial statements: balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. The last part will typically be notes to the financial statements, explaining certain facts and figures."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Interdealer Quotation System?","response":"An interdealer quotation system (IQS) is a system designed to organize price quotes by brokers and dealer firms. They exist to provide investors with accurate and relevant information about quotes. There are a number of IQSs, and each has its own specialization. For example, in the United States, the Nasdaq, the Nasdaq's SmallCap Market, and its Over-the-counter Bulletin Board (OTCBB) platform are all integrated into the same IQS."}
{"prompts":"What Should You Not Keep in a Safe Deposit Box?","response":"While safe deposit boxes are a good place to store sentimental valuables and important documents, they should not be used for anything that is irreplacable, or that you might need in a hurry. Living wills, advance medical directives, and durable powers of attorney are a poor choice for a safe deposit box if they are the only copies. Cash is also a bad choice, since you can earn interest by putting it in a savings account."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does INSEAD Cost?","response":"The cost for INSEAD for starting the program in Aug. 2023 is \u20ac97,000. For starting the program in Jan. 2024, it is \u20ac98,500. This does not include living expenses. Living expenses in France add another \u20ac25,000."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Be an Entrepreneur?","response":"An entrepreneur is an individual who starts their own business based on an idea they have or a product they have created while assuming most of the risks and reaping most of the rewards of the business."}
{"prompts":"Are There Tax Implications for Debt Repayment?","response":"Yes, there often are. For example, student loan interest is often tax-deductible up to a certain amount for eligible filers. On the flip side, forgiven debts may be considered taxable income. It's essential to consult a tax advisor to understand the all the tax implications related to your specific debt situation."}
{"prompts":"What Causes a Budget Deficit to Improve?","response":"Budget deficits, reflected as a percentage of GDP, may decrease in times of economic prosperity, as increased tax revenue, lower unemployment rates, and increased economic growth reduce the need for government-funded programs such as unemployment insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an LP and LLP?","response":"An LP and LLP have a similar structure. However, LPs have general partners and limited partners, while LLPs have no general partners. All partners in an LLP have limited liability."}
{"prompts":"What Is Usage Given Default?","response":"Usage given default is another term for exposure at default, which is the total value left on a loan when the borrower defaults."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Positive Cross Elasticity of Demand Indicate?","response":"A positive cross elasticity of demand means that the demand for good A will increase as the price of good B goes up. This means that goods A and B are good substitutes. so that if B gets more expensive, people are happy to switch to A. An example would be the price of milk. If whole milk goes up in price, people may switch to 2% milk. Likewise, if 2% milk rises in price instead, whole milk becomes more in demand."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns the Property in a Life Estate?","response":"The property is owned by all designated parties in a life estate deed. However, the life tenant retains the right to occupy the estate."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Problems of National Income Accounting?","response":"The key issues with national income accounting is the exclusion of goods or services that have no monetary value and possible double counting of goods. Other issues include the fact that black market goods are excluded and reliable and adequate data is generally lacking."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Place a Trade on the HSX?","response":"Once you have opened an account, you can purchase and sell films and stars in the Movie Market. Stars are denominated in StarBonds, while movies are traded in MovieStocks. Trading, which can be long or short, is executed in Hollywood Dollars. You receive two million Hollywood Dollars when you open your account."}
{"prompts":"When Did Green Monday Start?","response":"The first Green Monday was in December 2007. eBay maintains it created the name after it figured out that the second Monday in December was one of its biggest sales days of the year."}
{"prompts":"Which States Have the Highest Poverty Rates?","response":"As of 2023, the states with the highest poverty rates were Mississippi (18.80%), Louisiana (17.40%), New Mexico (16.20%), Arkansas (14.70%), and Alabama (14.60%)."}
{"prompts":"Where Did Fractional Reserve Banking Originate?","response":"Nobody knows when fractional reserve banking originated, but it is certainly not a modern innovation. Goldsmiths during the Middle Ages issued demand receipts for gold on hand that exceeded the amount of physical gold they had under custody, knowing that on any given day, only a tiny fraction of that gold would be demanded."}
{"prompts":"When Does the IRS Begin Processing Injured Spouse Forms?","response":"It can take up to 14 weeks for the IRS to process an injured spouse allocation form, although processing is faster if the form is submitted electronically. If Form 8379 is filed separately from a joint tax return, it will take around 8 weeks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Typical Method for Aging Accounts?","response":"The aging method is used to estimate the number of accounts receivable that cannot be collected. This is usually based on the aged receivables report, which divides past due accounts into 30-day buckets. Each bucket is assigned a percentage, based on the likelihood of payment. By multiplying the total receivables in each bucket by the assigned percentage, the company can estimate the expected amount of uncollectable receivables."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Terms of a Bailout?","response":"The terms of a bailout will vary on a case-by-case basis; however, there will usually be set conditions or requirements for receiving a bailout, such as a restructuring plan or changes to the company's management and operations. Bailouts may also come with certain strings attached, such as limitations on executive compensation, debt limits, or increased oversight and accountability measures. These conditions are intended to ensure that the company is able to become financially stable and avoid the need for future bailouts."}
{"prompts":"What Is Supply and Demand?","response":"The law of supply and demand outlines the interaction between a buyer and a seller of a resource. Supply and demand says that sellers will supply less of a product or resource as price decreases, while buyers will buy more, and vice versa, until an equilibrium price and quantity is reached. It incorporates both the law of supply and the law of demand."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of a Command Economy?","response":"Command economies are controlled from the top by government planners. In general, this includes:Public ownership of major industriesGovernment control of production levels and distribution quotasGovernment control of prices and salariesMonopolies are common in command economies as they are considered necessary to meet the goals of the national economy."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Contingent Convertibles During a Financial Crisis?","response":"During a period of financial stress or uncertainty for banks, the value of CoCos can significantly decrease, as they are high-risk instruments. If a bank is struggling and needs additional capital, the value of its shares may decrease, putting CoCo investors at risk for losses. If a bank fails to meet its capital requirements, it may postpone the payment of interest or convert the bond into equity at a lower price to meet the regulatory standards. In dire situations, the bank may write down the value of CoCos to zero."}
{"prompts":"How Can Ordinary Individuals Use Break-Even Prices?","response":"The break-even price covers the cost or initial investment into something. For example, if you sell your house for exactly what you still need to pay, you would leave with zero debt but no profit. Investors who are holding a losing stock position can use an options repair strategy to break even on their investment quickly. Break-even price calculations can look different depending on the specific industry or scenario. However, the overall definition remains the same."}
{"prompts":"Does the Halloween Investing Strategy Outperform Buy and Hold?","response":"Historical stock returns suggest that using the Halloween strategy has provided investors with stronger capital gains\u00a0than other months of the year. Selling in May is also considered an effective strategy, providing gains more than 80% of the time over five years and 90% of the time over 10 years."}
{"prompts":"Are There Other Different Types of Stock?","response":"Common and Preferred are the two major types. Some companies issue different classes of stock or even types of common stock. For example, Alphabet, the parent company of Google, has two classes of common stock: GOOG and GOOGL."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Higher Reserve Requirement Mean?","response":"A higher reserve requirement means the Federal Reserve is pursuing a contractionary monetary policy. If banks have a higher reserve requirement, there will be less money available to lend to consumers and businesses. However, this money will then provide the banks with a level of protection against possible bank failure should there be an economic downturn or a run on the bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quanto Credit Default Swap?","response":"A quanto credit default swap is a credit default swap where the swap premium or cashflows are paid in a different currency than the underlying asset. These are useful for international investors who wish to gain exposure to CDS in another country but want to reduce their exposure to exchange rate risk."}
{"prompts":"How Can Traders Profit from Whipsaws?","response":"While it may look like a sideways market, whipsaws imply that there are large up and down swings within a certain trading band. This can be profitable for swing traders who can catch momentum both up and down as the market oscillates. Buying long straddles in the options market is another strategy that can profit as prices move both up and down."}
{"prompts":"Which Agency Oversees Banking Operations in the United States?","response":"Several agencies oversee banking operations in the U.S., including the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Go to an Open House?","response":"Open houses are a way for potential buyers to see new homes on the market, but anyone can attend an open house."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs to Pay Taxes?","response":"The taxpayer will depend on the type of tax and associated regulation for that tax. For example, federal income tax legislation usually only pertains to people who have earned a certain amount of income or adjusted gross income. Corporate taxes may be limited to companies that have performed business in a specific area or are incorporated to do business within a specific country. Each tax is handled differently, and there are often exceptions and qualifications for whom the tax pertains to."}
{"prompts":"What Is Variable Cost Transfer Pricing?","response":"Transfer pricing is the price for sales between entities that are related to one another, such as different departments of the same company, or between a parent company and its subsidiary. Although these bodies may be related, they transact at arm's length, so transfer prices rarely stray very far from market prices.As with market pricing, transfer prices can be determined through a variety of methods, including cost-based or profit-seeking pricing models. Variable cost transfer pricing refers to a price where the purchaser pays the variable costs of production, without a markup."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Having a Named Beneficiary?","response":"Having a named beneficiary guarantees that the deceased person's assets are left to the person or individual of their choosing. It also benefits the beneficiary, as there are tax advantages to being a named beneficiary. Named beneficiaries are also able to\u00a0skip probate."}
{"prompts":"Why follow the 7S model?","response":"These 7 factors are used by management to identify where a company excels and where it needs more work, in terms of creating an optimal and efficient workforce. It is also used to evaluate performance following a merger or other restructuring to identify areas that need improvement."}
{"prompts":"Are Index Funds Better Than Stocks?","response":"Index funds track portfolios composed of many stocks or bonds. As a result, investors benefit from the positive effects of diversification, such as increasing the expected return of the portfolio while minimizing the overall risk. While any individual stock may see its price drop steeply, if it's a relatively small part of a larger index, it won't be as damaging."}
{"prompts":"What Is Nasdaq?","response":"Nasdaq is an electronic marketplace for buying and selling securities and stands for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations. Formed in 1971, it was the first electronic stock market. Since then, it's become known for its technology-based listings, with many tech companies like Apple, Microsoft, and Amazon trading on it. It manages two stock exchanges: the Nasdaq Stock Market and the Nasdaq Nordic, which comprises the stock exchanges in Helsinki, Copenhagen, Stockholm, and Iceland."}
{"prompts":"Is the Residual Sum of Squares the Same as R-Squared?","response":"The\u00a0residual sum of squares (RSS)\u00a0is the absolute amount of explained variation, whereas R-squared is the absolute amount of variation as a proportion of total variation."}
{"prompts":"How are depositary receipts taxed?","response":"Dividends and gains earned on American depositary receipts are paid in U.S. dollars, net of expenses and foreign taxes. Most banks withhold to cover foreign taxes, but the full income is still reportable and potentially taxable on your U.S. tax return, potentially resulting in double taxation unless steps are taken to prevent this."}
{"prompts":"Will the U.S. Go Into Hyperinflation?","response":"It is doubtful that the U.S. will experience hyperinflation unless economic circumstances become very dire. The Federal Reserve and government have many tools at their disposal that can prevent hyperinflation from occurring."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Deed and Tax Lien?","response":"A tax deed is the full transmittal of the title of a property due to property tax payment delinquency. A tax lien is a legal designation that one party has rights to collect proceeds or value from a property. All liens are subsequent rights to receive value from an asset."}
{"prompts":"Is a Spinning Top Candlestick Bullish or Bearish?","response":"If the spinning top occurs at the bottom of a downtrend, it could signal that a bullish reversal may happen. Conversely, if the spinning top occurs at the top of an uptrend, it could suggest a bearish reversal."}
{"prompts":"What Does DuPont Analysis Tell You?","response":"DuPont analysis is a useful technique used to decompose the different drivers of return on equity for a business. This allows an investor to determine what financial activities are contributing the most to the changes in ROE. An investor can use\u00a0an analysis\u00a0like this to compare the operational efficiency of two similar firms."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Real Interest Rate?","response":"A real interest rate is an interest rate that has been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation. Real interest rates reflect the real\u00a0cost of funds, in the case of a loan (and a borrower) and the real yield (or ROI) for an investor. The real interest rate of an investment is calculated as the difference between the\u00a0nominal interest rate\u00a0and the inflation rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Yield Curve for Investors?","response":"The yield curve functions as a signal of where investors think interest rates are heading. In other words, it is a forecast of economic growth and inflation. This is important to investors for many reasons. The state of interest rates and economic growth have a bearing on the type of investments that are likely to outperform."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Transaction Fees?","response":"In many cases, transaction fees cannot be eliminated. This is especially true where intermediaries are needed such as buying or selling securities. To minimize the amount of fees paid, consider minimizing the number of transactions you enter into and lump transactions together to potentially minimize the per-transaction charges. In addition, consider seeking brokers that offer free trades for select types of contracts."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Become Compliant Under the General Data Protection Regulation?","response":"There are several ways for companies to become GDPR-compliant. Some of the key steps include auditing personal data and keeping a record of all the data they collect and process. Companies should also be sure to update privacy notices to all website visitors and fix any errors they find in their databases."}
{"prompts":"Is Money Still Printed?","response":"Yes, money is still printed, as paper money and coins are still used as legal tender throughout the nation. The U.S. Bureau of Engraving & Printing is responsible for the design and printing of U.S. paper money."}
{"prompts":"What Are Private Keys?","response":"Private keys are special codes used in the cryptocurrency market. They work just like passwords. Keys are usually alphanumeric, which means they are comprised of both letters and numbers. They are generated by a cryptocurrency wallet and are used to authorize cryptocurrency transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Kenneth Chenault Best Known for?","response":"Kenneth I. Chenault is best known for being Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of American Express from 2001 to 2018. He was only the third Black American CEO of a Fortune 500 company."}
{"prompts":"Is Positive Slippage Good?","response":"Yes, positive slippage is good. It means you got a better price than expected."}
{"prompts":"Is it better to refinance or take out a loan on a second property?","response":"That depends on the equity you have in your primary residence. Generally, rates are lower on refinances on primary residences than on non-owner-occupied properties. Get some rates from lenders so that you can do a side-by-side comparison."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Maritime Law and Law of the Sea?","response":"Maritime law generally applies to private shipping issues, whereas the law of the sea is largely recognized as referring to public international law. In other words, the latter governs how nations should behave in maritime environments."}
{"prompts":"Can a Gift of Equity Be Used in Estate Planning?","response":"Yes, a gift of equity can be a part of estate planning. It permits homeowners to transfer property to family members or other loved ones while still alive, potentially reducing future estate taxes. This could help ensure that the property remains within the family."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Expected Value of a Stock Used in Portfolio Theory?","response":"Modern portfolio theory and related models use mean-variance optimization to come up with the best portfolio allocation on a risk-adjusted basis. Risk is measured as the portfolio's standard deviation, and the mean is the expected value (expected return) of the portfolio. This does utilize the concepts presented in this article."}
{"prompts":"What Is Contrarian Investing?","response":"Contrarian investing refers to an investing strategy that looks for profit opportunities in trades that go against current market sentiment. For example, if the market is bullish, the contrarian investor is bearish and will look for opportunities to sell. Conversely, if the market is bearish, the contrarian is bullish and will look for opportunities to buy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Nasdaq-100 Pre-Market Indicator?","response":"The Nasdaq-100 Pre-Market Indicator is calculated based on the last sale of Nasdaq-100 securities during the pre-market trading period of 8:15 a.m. to 9:30 a.m. EST. For Nasdaq-100 securities that do not trade in the pre-market, the calculation uses the last sale from the previous day's 4 p.m. closing price. The Nasdaq-100 Pre-Market Indicator and After Hours Indicator are useful gauges of market sentiment during extended trading hours."}
{"prompts":"Is Gross Sales the Same as Gross Revenue?","response":"In most contexts, gross sales and gross revenue are interchangeable since both represent the total sales before any deductions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Net Neutrality Mean?","response":"Net neutrality is a policy that was adopted by the Obama administration in 2015 that would prevent corporations, including internet service providers, from blocking content and slowing down access to the internet. As such, these companies were required to provide equal access to online content. These policies, though, were eliminated in 2017 under the Trump administration."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Altcoin to Invest in?","response":"The best altcoin to invest in depends on your financial situation, goals, risk tolerance, and the market's circumstances. It's best to speak to a financial advisor to help you decide which one is best for you."}
{"prompts":"How Often Does the FOMC Meet?","response":"The Federal Open Market Committee meets eight times a year."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays the Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax?","response":"The generation-skipping transfer tax is paid by either the grantor or the skipped beneficiary. The grantor pays the direct generation-skipping tax while an indirect generation-skipping tax is paid by the skipped beneficiary. The former is the most common scenario."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Wallet for Cryptocurrency?","response":"Yes. You cannot access your cryptocurrency without your private keys and an interface that accesses a blockchain. All wallets can store keys, but only hot wallets can access the blockchain, so it's important to keep your keys off your hot wallet until you need them."}
{"prompts":"Does the Financial Account Always Balance?","response":"The current account is offset by the capital account and the financial account, meaning the sum of these accounts, which is the balance of payments, will balance to zero."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Nonrenewable Resources?","response":"Among the most common examples of natural resources are crude oil, coal, uranium, and mineral sources such as gold. One subset of nonrenewable resources includes crude oil and natural gas. Both of these substances are made out of organic carbon material, depending on the form it takes after heating and compressing over time. Another form of nonrenewables is minerals, which include gold, silver, and iron. Unlike crude oil and natural gas, these are quite difficult and expensive to extract. Meanwhile, different types of groundwater are nonrenewables when they do not replenish at their draining speed."}
{"prompts":"Is an MOU Legally Binding?","response":"A memorandum of understanding (MOU) is a legal document but it is not necessarily legally binding, although it usually signals a contract is imminent. The specific intent and language of the agreement will determine whether it is actually binding or not."}
{"prompts":"Am I Required to Charge Interest When Loaning Money to Family?","response":"No, you're not required to charge interest. However, by not doing so, the IRS may consider your loan a gift and levy taxes accordingly."}
{"prompts":"What Industries Have High D\/E Ratios?","response":"In the banking and financial services sector, a relatively high D\/E ratio is commonplace. Banks carry higher amounts of debt because they own substantial fixed assets in the form of branch networks. Higher D\/E ratios can also tend to predominate in other capital-intensive sectors heavily reliant on debt financing, such as airlines and industrials."}
{"prompts":"What is the purpose of operations management (OM)?","response":"Operations management\u00a0(OM) is concerned with controlling the production process and business operations in the most efficient manner possible. OM professionals attempt to balance operating costs with revenue to maximize net operating profit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bid Price and an Ask Price?","response":"Bid prices refer to the highest price that traders are willing to pay for a security. The ask price, on the other hand, refers to the lowest price that the owners of that security are willing to sell it for. If, for example, a stock is trading with an ask price of $20, then a person wishing to buy that stock would need to offer at least $20 to purchase it at current price. The gap between the bid and ask prices is often called the bid-ask spread."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Sunk Costs Important?","response":"Sunk costs are important because may act as distractors in decision-making. When a company analyzes costs and benefits, sunk costs should have no bearing on the decision-making process as the sunk cost will be incurred regardless of the outcome of the choice. Sunk costs are important to be mindful of because incorrectly including them in an analysis may lead to a less favorable decision being chosen."}
{"prompts":"What Effect Does Government Legislation Have on Investor Relations?","response":"Legislation such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Dodd-Frank Act have strengthened investor relations by requiring financial institutions to provide greater transparency, particularly about fees and risk. Reforms have also increased reporting requirements for publicly traded companies.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is Investing the Same as Gambling?","response":"No, gambling and investing differ greatly. With investing you put your money to work in projects or activities that are expected to produce a positive return over time - they have positive expected returns. Gambling is to place bets on the outcomes of events or games. Your money is not being put to work at all. Often, gambling has a negative expected return. While an investment may lose money, it will do so because the project involved fails to deliver. The outcome of gambling, on the other hand, is due purely to chance."}
{"prompts":"Is Tether the Biggest Stablecoin?","response":"Yes. Tether was the first and is the best-known stablecoin in the crypto world.\u00a0The company had a market capitalization of nearly $99 billion as of March 2024."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Custodian Banks Important?","response":"Custodian banks are important because the security services they offer are needed by both individuals and institutions. They can be of valuable assistance to holders of financial accounts and assets who don't want to (or can't) play a role in the day-to-day management of their accounts' transactions and other activities. Custodian banks also can manage assets, handle reporting, and ensure compliance with regulations. They can also address tax management goals."}
{"prompts":"Are a CEO and a CFO the Same Thing?","response":"No, a CEO and a CFO are not the same thing. However, CFOs are required to work closely with the other senior executives of a company, such as the CEO. These executives are sometimes referred to as the C-Suite of the company, representing the company\u2019s highest level of decision-making. Although the CFO is typically subordinate to the CEO in the corporate hierarchy, CFOs will generally be the foremost decision-maker on all matters within the Finance department of their firm."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Market Cap?","response":"Market cap is often used as a baseline for analysis as all other financial metrics must be viewed through this lens. For example, a company could have had twice as much revenue as any other company in the industry. However, if the company's market cap is four times as large, the argument could be made that the company is underperforming."}
{"prompts":"How Can Individuals Check a Bank Account Balance?","response":"Account holders can check balances by signing in to their bank's app or website and looking at their latest transactions or by visiting the local branch and speaking with a representative."}
{"prompts":"What is a net operating loss (NOL) carryforward?","response":"The net operating loss can generally be used to offset a company\u2019s tax payments in other tax periods through an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax provision called a loss carryforward. This offers a benefit to a company in that it can reduce a company\u2019s future tax liability by offsetting taxable income in future years. The purpose behind this tax provision is to allow some form of tax relief when a company loses money in a tax period."}
{"prompts":"What Do the Microchips on Visa Cards Do?","response":"The microchips embedded on the front of Visa cards (and other brands of cards) carry encrypted information about the cardholder and their account. They are designed to be more secure than the magnetic stripes on the cards' backs, which carry much the same information. Most cards today have both chips and stripes because some merchants have not yet switched over to sales terminals compatible with chip technology."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Important to Choose a Bank Account That Is FDIC-Insured?","response":"Perhaps the most significant benefit of having a FDIC-insured deposit account is that the deposit insurance ensures up to $250,000 ($500,000 for a joint account) for each account ownership category in the event of a bank failure."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Breakpoint Discount?","response":"Breakpoint discounts apply to Class A mutual funds. Investors must qualify for them through purchasing these mutual fund shares and meeting a few other requirements. They're volume discounts on the front-end sales load that are charged to the investor. They increase with the amount invested."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Elements of a Sale?","response":"The elements of a sale might involve the request by a consumer to buy an item of interest from a seller. The seller could provide information about the product to the buyer, including price, quality, any warranty, and return policy.The buyer and seller must agree on the terms of the sale. The buyer then provides payment and takes possession of the item."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Money Market Fund?","response":"The first money market mutual fund appeared in 1971 and was called \"The Reserve Fund.\""}
{"prompts":"How Do Nonprofit Organizations Work?","response":"Nonprofits may solicit donations from individuals, businesses, and government entities. They use the proceeds to create and maintain programs that benefit their target community or cause.Because they are using their income to further a cause, the U.S. tax code allows nonprofits to be exempt from taxes."}
{"prompts":"Can I Transfer My Renters Insurance to a New Apartment?","response":"Yes, most renters insurance policies can be transferred to a new apartment or rental property. Inform your insurance provider about the move and update the address on your policy to ensure continuous coverage. Should you end up buying a property, be mindful that you'll have to cancel your renters insurance in favor of homeowner's insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Type I and Type II Error?","response":"Type I and type II errors occur during statistical hypothesis testing. While the type I error (a false positive) rejects a null hypothesis when it is, in fact, correct, the type II error (a false negative) fails to reject a false null hypothesis. For example, a type I error would convict someone of a crime when they are actually innocent. A type II error would acquit a guilty individual when they are guilty of a crime."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Optimal Portfolio?","response":"An optimal portfolio is one designed with a perfect balance of risk and return. The optimal portfolio looks to balance securities that offer the greatest possible returns with acceptable risk or the securities with the lowest risk given a certain return."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Lindahl Equilibrium Exist?","response":"Most likely, it isn't found in actual practice anywhere. That's because implementing it would involve major challenges related to aggregating the value that many different individuals give to a public good."}
{"prompts":"What Is Binomial Distribution?","response":"Binomial distribution is a statistical probability distribution that states the likelihood that a value will take one of two independent values under a given set of parameters or assumptions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of Return on Sales?","response":"Return on sales should only be used to compare companies that operate in the same industry, and ideally among those that have similar business models and annual sales figures. A grocery chain, for example, has lower margins and therefore a lower ROS compared to a technology company. Companies in different industries with wildly different business models have very different operating margins, so comparing them using EBIT in the numerator could be confusing."}
{"prompts":"What Are Property Taxes?","response":"Property taxes, also known as ad valorem taxes, are tax assessments on the value of a property."}
{"prompts":"Does the FHLB System Loan Money to Individuals?","response":"No The FHLB System's banks loan to other lending institutions, primarily to support real estate loans."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Times-Revenue Method Used?","response":"Times-revenue is used to set a benchmark purchase price of a company. Using only the revenue of the business, a buyer can estimate a fair selling price by imputing what times-revenue they are willing to pay. Alternatively, a seller may have a purchase price in mind but must check times-revenue for reasonableness."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good DSCR?","response":"A \u201cgood\u201d DSCR depends on the company\u2019s industry, competitors, and growth. A smaller company just beginning to generate cash flow might face lower DSCR expectations compared to a mature company already well-established. As a general rule, however, a DSCR above 1.25 is often considered \u201cstrong,\u201d whereas ratios below 1.00 could indicate that the company is facing financial difficulties."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Venture Capitalist?","response":"A venture capitalist (VC) is a private equity investor who provides capital to companies with high growth potential in exchange for an equity stake. The investment could include funding\u00a0for startup\u00a0ventures or expansion efforts."}
{"prompts":"When should you hold a reverse auction?","response":"Reverse auctions generally work best when there are many sellers in the market and price is a key factor."}
{"prompts":"What Are Operating Business Activities?","response":"Cash flow from operating business activities, usually the first section of the cash flow statement, includes many items from the income statement and the current portion of the balance sheet. The cash flow statement adds back certain non-cash items such as depreciation and amortization. Then changes in balance sheet line items, such as accounts receivable and accounts payable, are either added or subtracted based on their previous impact on net income. These line items impact the net income on the income statement but do not result in a movement of cash in or out of the company. Routinely negative operating cash flow is not common outside of nonprofits."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Cash Flow Statement Linked to Business Activities?","response":"The cash flows used and created by each of the three main classifications of business activities\u2014operating, investing, and financing\u2014are listed in the cash flow statement. This financial statement is meant to be a reconciliation of net income on an accrual basis to cash flow.Net income is taken from the bottom of the income statement, and the cash impact of balance sheet changes are identified to reconcile back to actual cash inflows and outflows. Non-cash items previously deducted from or added to net income are added or deducted respectively to determine cash flows. The result is a report that gives the investor a summary of business activities within the company on a cash basis, segregated by the specific types of activity."}
{"prompts":"Which IFRS Regulation Covers Related Parties?","response":"IFRS' IAS 24 covers related parties. The objective of IAS 24 is to ensure that an entity\u2019s financial statements contain the disclosures necessary to draw attention to the possibility that its financial position and profit or loss may have been affected by the existence of related parties and by transactions and outstanding balances, including commitments, with such parties."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Vertical Integration and Horizontal Integration?","response":"Vertical integration is the practice of acquiring different pieces along a supply chain that a company does not currently manage. Horizontal integration is the practice of acquiring similar companies to further master what it already does. Vertical integration makes a company broader while horizontal integration may help it penetrate a specific market further."}
{"prompts":"What Does Net Present Value (NPV) Mean?","response":"Net present value (NPV) is a financial metric that seeks to capture the total value of an investment opportunity. The idea behind NPV is to project all of the future cash inflows and outflows associated with an investment, discount all those future cash flows to the present day, and then add them together. The resulting number after adding all the positive and negative cash flows together is the investment\u2019s NPV. A positive NPV means that, after accounting for the time value of money, you will make money if you proceed with the investment."}
{"prompts":"How Do Unit Trusts Differ From Mutual Funds?","response":"Mutual funds are investments made from pooled money\u00a0from investors and can include bonds and equities. However, a unit trust differs from a mutual fund in that a unit trust is established under a trust deed, and the investor is effectively the beneficiary."}
{"prompts":"Should I Annualize Income for My Business?","response":"If you're running your own business, you're paying your estimated taxes due on a quarterly basis. Many businesses experience big swings in revenue seasonally. Calculating your business' annualized revenue allows you to budget properly for the entire year. It also helps you estimate the taxes you owe accurately."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Pattern Day Trader?","response":"According to FINRA rules, a pattern day trader is \u201cany customer who executes four or more \u2018day trades\u2019 within five business days, provided that the number of day trades represents more than 6% of the customer\u2019s total trades in the margin account for that same five-business-day period.\u201d Brokerage firms can also use a broader definition, classifying more customers as pattern day traders."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Estoppel?","response":"Estoppel is part of common law. It is a legal principle that prevents someone from going back on their word to someone else and unfairly causing damage to someone else. If legal action is taken, the court can stop (or estop) an individual from rescinding a promise made to another party."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are Still Communist?","response":"Communism is the official form of government in China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam. However, these countries also abide by some capitalist principles, are largely autocratic in nature, and don't reflect Marx\u2019s definition of the term."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Abbreviation HHS Stand For?","response":"HHS stands for \"Health and Human Services\" and refers to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which is a branch of the federal government that aims to promote and improve the health of all Americans by providing a variety of health and human services and programs."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do You Need to Earn to Be a Guarantor?","response":"There is no specific amount that an individual needs to earn to be a guarantor. The amount relates directly to the loan in question or the rent on a property. For rental agreements, landlords usually expect the guarantor to have an annual income that is at least 40 times the monthly rent."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Moving Averages?","response":"The exponential moving average (EMA) is a type of moving average that gives more weight to more recent trading days. This type of moving average might be more useful for short-term traders for whom longer-term historical data might be less relevant. A simple moving average is calculated by averaging a series of prices while giving equal weight to each of the prices involved."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Future Value (FV) Important to investors?","response":"Future value (FV) is the value of a current asset at a future date based on an assumed rate of growth. It is important to investors as they can use it to estimate how much an investment made today will be worth in the future. This would aid them in making sound investment decisions based on their anticipated needs. However, external economic factors, such as inflation, can adversely affect the future value of the asset by eroding its value."}
{"prompts":"Does AD&D Cover Heart Attacks?","response":"Although unexpected, a heart attack is considered a natural cause of death and is, therefore, typically excluded from AD&D coverage. There is one exception to this exclusion. If the heart attack was precipitated by the accident, most AD&D policies will pay the stated benefit. For example, if an insured with no underlying heart issues has a heart attack immediately after a catastrophic car accident and subsequently dies, the policy may pay."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Holdover Tenant?","response":"Both a tenant-at-will and a holdover tenant lack formal rental agreements. A holdover tenant typically stays on after their fixed-term lease has expired. The tenant can legally occupy the unit if the landlord continues to accept rental payments. Otherwise, the tenant is considered to be a trespasser and must move out. The landlord can begin eviction proceedings if they don't do so or for a variety of other reasons based on state law."}
{"prompts":"How Are Gifts to Minors Taxed?","response":"Financial gifts in the amount of up to $16,000 in 2022 are exempt from taxes. This increases to $17,000 in 2023. Gifts in any amount over this amount per year will be taxed."}
{"prompts":"What Does UBS Stand For?","response":"UBS is the acronym for Union Bank of Switzerland (\"Union de Banques Suisses\" or \"Unione di Banche Svizzere\" in French or Italian, respectively. In German, it's \"Schweizerische Bankgesellschaft\"). When Union Bank merged with Swiss Bank, the new entity took on the name UBS."}
{"prompts":"Is Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2P) Safe?","response":"Peer-to-peer lending is riskier than a savings account or certificate of deposit, but the interest rates are often much higher. This is because people who invest in a peer-to-peer lending site assume most of the risk, which is normally assumed by banks or other financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in the Russell 2000?","response":"Ordinary investors can invest in the Russell 2000 via index ETFs that track it, such as the BlackRock iShares Russell 2000 ETF (IWM) or Vanguard's Russell 2000 ETF (VTWO). There are also several Russell 2000 index mutual funds. More sophisticated investors may also trade Russell 2000 Index futures contracts."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Logistics Important?","response":"Logistics is critical to a company's bottom line. It enables the movement of materials or goods, the satisfaction of contracts, and the fulfillment of services. Effective logistics management ensures smooth movement along the supply chain and can provide a competitive advantage."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Payout Ratio Tell You?","response":"The payout ratio is a key financial metric used to determine the sustainability of a company\u2019s dividend payment program. It is the amount of dividends paid to shareholders relative to the total net income of a company.\u00a0Generally, the higher the payout ratio, especially if it is over 100%, the more its sustainability is in question. Conversely, a low payout ratio can signal that a company is reinvesting the bulk of its earnings into expanding operations. Historically, companies with the best long-term records of dividend payments have had stable payout ratios over many years."}
{"prompts":"Is the Bandwagon Effect Positive or Negative?","response":"The bandwagon effect itself is a neutral phenomenon. Whether following the behavior of others is positive or negative depends on the behavior being followed. For example, if everyone you know is saving for retirement and discusses it frequently, you may be more likely to save for retirement because you are copying the behavior of those around you. In that case, the bandwagon effect would be positive for you. But if everyone you know lives a lavish lifestyle, and you do the same even though you can't afford it, the bandwagon effect would have negative consequences for you."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Purpose of Accruals?","response":"The purpose of accruals is to ensure that a company's financial statements accurately reflect its true financial position. This is important because financial statements are used by a wide range of stakeholders, including investors, creditors, and regulators, to evaluate the financial health and performance of a company. Without accruals, a company's financial statements would only reflect the cash inflows and outflows, rather than the true state of its revenues, expenses, assets, and liabilities. By recognizing revenues and expenses when they are earned or incurred, rather than only when payment is received or made, accruals provide a more accurate picture of a company's financial position."}
{"prompts":"What Does Having a Warranty Mean?","response":"A warranty means that a manufacturer or seller will replace or repair an item under specific conditions and circumstances. Generally, the conditions and covered issues are outlined in the warranty document."}
{"prompts":"What Are Prima Facie Duties?","response":"According to Scottish moral philosopher W. D. Ross in his book Right and the Good, a prima facie duty is \"a duty that is binding or obligatory, other things being equal.\" Common examples include the duty to tell the truth, obey the law, protect people from harm, and keep one's promises."}
{"prompts":"What is the Delphi method used for?","response":"The Delphi method is used to establish a consensus opinion about an issue or set of issues by seeking mutual agreement from a group of experts in the relevant field. The Delphi method has been used to conduct research in numerous areas, from the defense industry to healthcare."}
{"prompts":"What Makes Up Payroll Taxes?","response":"Payroll taxes include all of the taxes on an individual's salary, wage, bonus, commission, and tips. These taxes are used to pay for Social Security, Medicare, unemployment, government programs, and local infrastructure."}
{"prompts":"What Does Tax Incidence Determine?","response":"Tax incidence shows who or what ultimately bears the burden of a tax, as opposed to just who directly pays the tax."}
{"prompts":"Where Is the Median in a Normal Distribution?","response":"In the normal distribution or bell curve the median, mean, and mode are all the same value and fall at the highest point in the center of the curve."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Lessor in a Lease Agreement?","response":"The lessor in a lease agreement is the person or legal entity who grants a lease to an individual or family, often a lease on a property. The lessor is the owner of the asset in the lease agreement."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Common Type of Externality?","response":"Most externalities are negative, as the production process often entails byproducts, waste, and other consequential outcomes that do not have further benefits. This may be pollution, garbage, or negative implications for worker health. Many externalities are also related to the environment, as the mechanical nature of manufacturing and product distribution has many detrimental impacts on the environment."}
{"prompts":"Does Spending Money on Halloween Have an Effect on the Economy?","response":"Yes. According to the National Retail Federation, Americans planned to spend $12.2 billion on Halloween in 2023. This is an increase of 69% from the previous year. The organization expected spending to reach $108.24 per individual in 2023 across various segments like costumes, candy, decorations, and party supplies."}
{"prompts":"When Is a Modified Gross Lease Used?","response":"Modified gross leases are common when multiple tenants occupy an office building. The tenants will split utility bills, but the landlord will generally pay other costs related to the building under a modified gross lease such as taxes and insurance."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Buy Ethereum?","response":"Investors can use one of the best cryptocurrency exchange platforms to buy and sell ether. Ethereum is supported by dedicated crypto exchanges, including Coinbase, Kraken, Gemini, Binance, and brokerages like Robinhood."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is Lost to Shrinkage Annually?","response":"According to a study from the National Retail Foundation, retail businesses lost $62 billion from \u201cshrink\u201d in 2019, amounting to an average of 1.6% of sales."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Largest Underground Economy?","response":"Zimbabwe has the largest underground economy with approximately 60.6% of its economy made up of underground activities. Switzerland has the smallest underground economy, making up 7.2% of its economy."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Impact of the 2018 Rollback of Dodd-Frank Regulations?","response":"In 2018, the passage of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act rolled back numerous regulations put in place by the Dodd-Frank Act. Under the Dodd-Frank rules, banks with $50 billion in assets were subject to more strenuous capital and liquidity requirements, but the new law in 2018 increased the asset threshold to $250 billion. This change relaxed the regulations for smaller and medium-sized banks. When Silicon Valley Bank collapsed in March 2023, observers argued that the lack of regulatory scrutiny on financial institutions of this size played a key role in the bank's failure."}
{"prompts":"How Far Back Does the Gambler's Fallacy Go?","response":"Pierre-Simon Laplace, a French mathematician who lived over 200 years ago, wrote about the behavior in his \"Philosophical Essay on Probabilities.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Product Differentiation?","response":"The three types of product differentiation are vertical, horizontal, and mixed. A common example of vertical differentiation is when two products are similar but priced differently. Horizontal differentiation occurs regardless of a product\u2019s quality or price point. Mixed differentiation is complex and involves factors of both vertical and horizontal differentiation."}
{"prompts":"What Is Section 1231?","response":"Section\u00a01231\u00a0is part of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code that defines the tax treatment of certain types of real or depreciable business property. It allows the sale of these properties to be taxed at capital gains tax rates, rather than at the higher rates for ordinary income."}
{"prompts":"Which Are Among the Top Socially Responsible Bond ETFs?","response":"They are VanEck Investment Grade Floating Rate ETF (FLTR), issued by VanEck; SPDR Bloomberg Investment Grade Floating Rate ETF (FLRN), issued by State Street; and iShares Floating Rate Bond ETF (FLOT), issued by BlackRock Financial Management."}
{"prompts":"Does an Open Listing Have an Expiration Date?","response":"Most real estate listings have an expiration date, It might be 90 days or 180 days. The expiration date is not very relevant in an open listing, since the contract does not commit the seller to paying a commission to the real estate agent."}
{"prompts":"Is Gross Merchandise Value the Same as Revenue?","response":"Depending on the type of e-commerce site, GMV is the same as gross revenue. However, for sites like eBay, it is a reflection of the total value of goods sold, but not the actual revenue the company makes, as a portion of those revenues is for the sellers of the goods. The actual revenue that eBay makes would be from the fees it charges on the sales."}
{"prompts":"Is Stimulus Good for the Economy?","response":"Economists continue to debate the usefulness of economic stimulus programs. While stimulus efforts often have short-term benefits of boosting demand and reinvigorating vital economic sectors, the longer-term effects can be more difficult to quantify. For instance, an overstimulated economy could have the unintended consequence of crowding out private sector investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to Consolidate Debt?","response":"The best way to consolidate your debt will depend on the amount you need to pay off, your ability to repay it, and whether you qualify for a relatively inexpensive loan or credit card. Fortunately, you have a number of options."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Bad Debt Expense Reported?","response":"Bad debt expense is reported within the selling, general, and administrative expense section of the income statement. However, the entries to record this bad debt expense may be spread throughout a set of financial statements. The allowance for doubtful accounts resides on the balance sheet as a contra asset. Meanwhile, any bad debts that are directly written off reduce the accounts receivable balance on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"Which Types of Costs Go Into Cost Accounting?","response":"These will vary from industry to industry and firm to firm, however certain cost categories will typically be included (some of which may overlap), such as direct costs, indirect costs, variable costs, fixed costs, and operating costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Shadow Banks?","response":"Plenty of well-known companies are counted as shadow banks. These include:Investment banks, like Goldman Sachs or Morgan StanleyMortgage lendersMoney market fundsInsurance\/re-insurance companies"}
{"prompts":"What Is Technical Analysis?","response":"Technical analysis is a trading strategy or discipline that uses past performance and data to find opportunities in the market. Traders analyze asset prices, implied volatility, and trading volume to make predictions about future performance. This data is used in calculations of various technical indicators, then plotted on charts and graphs that can help the trader pinpoint entry and exit points."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Amortization Important in Accounting?","response":"Amortization helps businesses and investors understand and forecast their costs over time. In the context of loan repayment, amortization schedules provide clarity into what portion of a loan payment consists of interest versus principal. This can be useful for purposes such as deducting interest payments for tax purposes. Amortizing intangible assets is also important because it can reduce a company\u2019s taxable income and therefore its tax liability, while giving investors a better understanding of the company\u2019s true earnings."}
{"prompts":"What Is an 'Ordinary and Necessary' Business Expense?","response":"This is IRS-speak for the type of expense that a business can properly deduct. Generally, \"ordinary\" means normal and widespread in the industry. \"Necessary\" means appropriate and useful, while falling short of absolutely essential."}
{"prompts":"Are Some Strike Prices More Desirable Than Others?","response":"The question of what strike price is most desirable will depend on factors such as the risk tolerance of the investor and the options premiums available from the market. For example, many investors will look for options whose strike prices are relatively close to the current market price of the security, based on the logic that those options have a higher probability of being exercised at a profit. At the same time, some investors will deliberately seek out options that are far out-of-the-money\u2014that is, options whose strike prices are very far from the market price\u2014in the hopes of realizing very large returns if the options do become profitable.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Floor or Ceiling Rate?","response":"A floor rate is the minimum rate a borrower will be charged. Alternatively, a ceiling rate protects the borrow and caps the upper limit at which a borrower can be charged. A floor rate protects the lender, as the lender can always expect to collect a minimum amount of interest. Alternatively, a ceiling rate protects the borrower, as the borrower can always expect to never be forced to pay higher than a specific amount of interest."}
{"prompts":"Who Does a Life Settlement Broker Represent?","response":"A life settlement broker represents the policy owner and may be bound by a fiduciary duty to them. The broker's job is to find the highest bidder for the policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Expense for a Business?","response":"Arriving at a tax expense is generally more complicated for businesses than for individuals. A business is taxed on its net income, or the revenue it takes in minus the costs of doing business. Recording business expenses properly for tax purposes requires following rules set by the IRS and standards called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles, or GAAP."}
{"prompts":"What Is Umbrella Insurance?","response":"An umbrella insurance policy is additional liability insurance\u00a0coverage that is purchased and goes beyond the dollar limits of the insured's existing homeowners, auto, or\u00a0watercraft insurance. Umbrella policies tend to be affordable and offered in increments of $500,000 or $1 million."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Alternative Hypothesis?","response":"An alternative hypothesis is a direct contradiction of a null hypothesis. This means that if one of the two hypotheses is true, the other is false."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Inherent Risk and Control Risk?","response":"Inherent risk is an error or omission in a financial statement due to a factor other than a failure of internal control. Control risk, on the other hand, refers to the misstatement of financial statements due to sloppy accounting practices."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Partnership Differ From Other Forms of Business Organization?","response":"A partnership is a way of structuring a business that involves two or more individuals (the partners). It involves a contractual agreement (the partnership agreement) between all of the partners that set the terms and conditions of their business relationship, including the distribution of ownership, responsibilities, and profits and losses. Partnerships outline and clearly define a business relationship and responsibility.Unlike LLCs or corporations, however, partners are personally held liable for any business debts of the partnership, which means that creditors or other claimants can go after the partners' personal assets. \u00a0Because of this, individuals who wish to form a partnership should be extremely selective when choosing partners."}
{"prompts":"What Is GAAP?","response":"GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles) was jointly created and issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). It sets accounting rules and standards that can be used across industries so financial information can be more easily compared and exchanged."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the Term Injured Spouse Apply to on IRS Form 8379?","response":"The \"injured spouse\" on Form 8379 refers to a spouse who has been affected by the application of a joint tax refund to offset their spouse's debts. Because they have been financially harmed (\"injured\") by this use of the refund, that spouse is able to reclaim their share of the refund from the IRS."}
{"prompts":"How Do Acquisition Costs Impact Financial Statements?","response":"Acquisition costs have a direct impact on a company's financial statements, particularly the balance sheet and income statement. On the balance sheet, acquisition costs may be capitalized as assets, increasing the value of the company's asset base. This also means the cost of these goods will hit the income statement as an expense over time through the amortization process."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard AQL?","response":"There is no standard AQL. AQL changes based on product and industry. For example, in the medical industry, AQL must be very low, because defects in medical equipment or products can be harmful to consumers. In clothing manufacturing, AQL might be higher. However, it all comes down to what the buyer and producer agree upon when making the order."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Price-to-Book Ratio Compare?","response":"The price-to-book ratio is one of the most widely used financial ratios. It compares a share's market price to its book value, essentially showing the value given by the market for each dollar of the company\u2019s net worth. High-growth companies often show price-to-book ratios well above 1.0, whereas companies facing financial distress occasionally show ratios below 1.0. Another valuable tool is the price-to-sales ratio, which shows the company's revenue generated from equity investments."}
{"prompts":"How Has Moore\u2019s Law Impacted Computing?","response":"Moore\u2019s Law has directly influenced the progress of computing power by creating a goal for chip makers to achieve. In 1965, Moore predicted that there would be 65,000 transistors per chip by 1975. In 2024, chip makers can put 50 billion transistors on a chip the size of a fingernail."}
{"prompts":"Does Ginnie Mae Provide Mortgage Financing?","response":"Ginnie Mae does not originate any loans or provide financing for mortgage issuers. The GNMA doesn't provide insurance to lenders against any credit risks that stem from borrowers. Furthermore, Ginnie Mae doesn't set any standards for loan issuers, such as underwriting or credit standards."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Solve a Nonperforming Loan?","response":"Solving a nonperforming loan involves getting back on track with payments. This is may be done with a loan modification agreement through the lender."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Descriptive and Inferential Statistics?","response":"Descriptive statistics are used to describe or summarize the characteristics of a sample or data set, such as a variable's mean, standard deviation, or frequency. Inferential statistics employs any number of techniques to relate variables in a data set to one another. An example would be using correlation or regression analysis. These can then be used to estimate forecasts or infer causality."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative Cross Elasticity of Demand Indicate?","response":"A negative cross elasticity of demand indicates that the demand for good A will decrease as the price of B goes up. This suggests that A and B are complementary goods, such as a printer and printer toner. If the price of the printer goes up, demand for it will drop. As a result of fewer printers being sold, less toner will also be sold."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Consumer Surplus Good?","response":"A high consumer surplus means that goods are priced quite a bit lower in the market than where consumers would ultimately be willing to pay. This is often the result of a high degree of competition, technological progress, and producer efficiency. In general, all of these things are considered to be \"good\" for promoting economic growth and prosperity."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers Depreciation Recapture?","response":"Depreciation recapture occurs when there is a difference between the sale price of an asset and the tax basis or adjusted cost basis. The difference in these two amounts is recaptured by reporting the difference as ordinary income."}
{"prompts":"What Is SEC Form ADV Part 2A and 2B?","response":"Part 2 of SEC Form ADV serves as a brochure for the firm. It provides disclosures about key information about the company, including its business practices, fees, conflicts of interest, and any discipline that it faced in the past.This section is divided into two different sections. Part 2A is the brochure's cover page, which has the identifying information, while Part 2b is the supplement. Details must be written concisely in simple English that can be easily understood."}
{"prompts":"What Are Inter Vivos Gifts?","response":"Inter vivos gifts are gifts given between people while they live. The term is used to refer to gift values for tax purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Moving Average Indicate?","response":"A moving average is a statistic that captures the average change in a data series over time. In finance, moving averages are often used by technical analysts to keep track of price trends for specific securities. An upward trend in a moving average might signify an upswing in the price or momentum of a security, while a downward trend would be seen as a sign of decline."}
{"prompts":"Is Microsoft a FAANG Stock?","response":"No. Microsoft is not a FAANG stock, which is why there is no \"M\" in the acronym. FAANG stocks were meant to describe hot, new high-growth tech companies of the 2010s. By then Microsoft was already a mature, older company."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers a Credit Default Swap?","response":"The CDS provider must pay the swap purchaser if the underlying investment, usually a loan, is subject to a credit event."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Morbidity Rate and Mortality Rate?","response":"A morbidity rate tracks data on illness and disease within a population, while a mortality rate tracks the number of deaths from illness or disease within a population. Both morbidity and mortality rates are statistics used to measure the overall health of a population among other metrics."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Biggest Short Squeeze in History?","response":"During the 2008 financial crisis, Porsche Automobile Holding SE (POAHY), already a major holder of Volkswagen AG (VWAGY) shares, increased its total stake in Volkswagen to about 75%. The state of Lower Saxony also owned more than 20% of the company, leaving few remaining shares available to trade at a time when the stock was being heavily shorted. Hedge funds and other short sellers were suddenly left in a tricky position as Porsche\u2019s move meant that not all of them could cover their positions. Against this backdrop, short sellers were forced to buy back the shares they sold, which helped drive Volkswagen\u2019s share price up to \u20ac999."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Need to Know the Terminal Value of a Business or Asset?","response":"Most companies do not assume they will stop operations after a few years. They expect\u00a0business to continue forever (or at least for a very long time). Terminal value is an attempt to anticipate a company's\u00a0future value\u00a0and apply it to present prices through discounting."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money in a Roth 401(k)?","response":"You can lose money in any investment if the market tanks. That said, most employers offer a choice of funds, including very low-risk options like government bond funds. You can mix and match choices to reach the level of risk you are comfortable taking.You can also lose money in a Roth 401(k) if you break the rules and take early distributions. If you're considering taking some money out early, check with the fund administrator to find out whether you might owe a tax penalty."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Mine One Bitcoin?","response":"It takes an average of 10 minutes for the mining network to validate a block and create the reward. The bitcoin reward is 6.25 BTC per block. The block reward halves every four years, so when the next halving occurs in mid-2024, the reward will be 3.125 BTC every 10 minutes."}
{"prompts":"How Are Investors Paid by Investing in Mortgage Based Securities?","response":"Two types of MBS included pass-throughs and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO).Pass-throughs are structured as trusts in which mortgage payments are collected and passed to investors with stated maturities of 5, 15, or 30 years. CMOs consist of multiple pools of securities known as tranches with varying credit ratings that determine the rates that are returned to investors."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know If a Green Bond Is Actually Green?","response":"Despite efforts like those of the Climate Bonds Initiative, there is no universally recognized standard for determining the environmental friendliness of a bond. Sometimes, debt instruments may be marketed to investors as \u201cgreen\u201d even if their positive environmental impact is dubious at best. Examples of greenwashing\u2014making exaggerated or misleading ecological claims\u2014highlight the need for investors to carry out due diligence regarding potential green bond purchases. In addition to the Climate Bonds Initiative, other companies provide assessments of bond issuers\u2019 environmental claims, including Bloomberg L.P., rating agencies such as Moody\u2019s, and other specialized firms."}
{"prompts":"Which of the 5 Cs is the most important?","response":"Each of the five Cs has its own value, and each should be considered important. Some lenders may carry more weight for categories than others based on prevailing circumstances.Character and capacity are often most important for determining whether a lender will extend credit. Banks utilizing debt-to-income (DTI) ratios, household income limits, credit score minimums, or other metrics will usually look at these two categories. Though the size of a down payment or collateral will help improve loan terms, these two are often not the primary factors in how a lender determines whether to expend credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Biggest Risk Facing the World According to the World Economic Forum?","response":"Failure to act on cost of living crisis, extreme weather, geoeconomic confrontations, climate change, social cohesion erosion, and large-scale environmental damage are the top six short-term risks identified by the World Economic Forum Global Risks Report."}
{"prompts":"What Is Voluntary Dependent Life Insurance?","response":"This employee benefit can cover a spouse, children, and any other eligible dependents, depending upon the rules laid out in the plan. In the event that a dependent dies, the employee would receive the death benefit."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Trends of the Dow Theory?","response":"The three trends are primary, secondary, and minor. The primary trend is the long-term trend, called a bull or bear. Secondary trends are smaller trends, such as a market correction. Finally, minor trends are day-to-day price fluctuations in the market."}
{"prompts":"What Counts as Immediate Family for Asylum Claims?","response":"People with asylum or refugee status may petition for members of their immediate family to be given green card status. Under U.S. law, \"immediate family\" only includes the spouse, parent, or child of the person making the application. A \"child\" is considered to be younger than age 21 and unmarried."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Make Money in a Short Sale?","response":"To make money in a short sale, the investor must repurchase the shares they borrowed at a lower price than the initial purchase. The difference is the investor's profit on the transaction (minus commissions or fees, if any)."}
{"prompts":"Who needs a transfer agent?","response":"Publicly traded companies listed on a stock exchange need transfer agents to maintain records of shareholder accounts, calculate and distribute dividends, and keep investors up to date with what\u2019s going on. Mutual funds and issuers of debt securities also rely on transfer agents for similar reasons."}
{"prompts":"Are Index Funds Good for Beginners?","response":"Index funds can be an excellent option for beginners stepping into the investment world. They are a simple, cost-effective way to hold a broad range of stocks or bonds that mimic a specific benchmark index, meaning they are diversified. Index funds have lower expense ratios than most actively managed funds, making them affordable, and often outperform them, too. These reasons make them a solid choice not only for beginners, but many expert investors as well. A final bonus for newer investors: if your fund is tied to a main index like the S&P 500 or Nasdaq composite, you'll see news coverage of it often, helping you keep abreast of your investment while learning the broader market's ebbs and flows."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Indemnity?","response":"Indemnification, or indemnity, designates one party (the indemnifying party)\u00a0as being required to compensate the other party (the indemnified party) for certain costs and expenses, typically stemming from third-party damage claims."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Adjustments Used When Determining AGI?","response":"There are a wide variety of adjustments that might be made when calculating AGI depending on the financial and life circumstances of the filer. Tax laws can be changed periodically by lawmakers so the list of available adjustments can change over time."}
{"prompts":"Is Michael Milken an Author?","response":"After being diagnosed with prostate cancer, Michael Milken wrote a series of books, including The Taste for Living Cookbook: Mike Milken's Favorite Recipes for Fighting Cancer with Beth Ginsberg."}
{"prompts":"Will a Bank Give a Loan With Bad Credit?","response":"Usually, a bank will give a loan with bad credit. These may not be traditional banks but various other banks or online lenders. When a person has bad credit, receiving a loan will be difficult and costly. Banks will usually charge a higher interest rate, provide a smaller loan size, and may include other stipulations."}
{"prompts":"I am not trading as frequently anymore, so why is my broker still flagging me?","response":"In general, once your account has been flagged by your broker as a pattern day trader, they will continue to regard you as a pattern day trader even if you do not day trade for a while. This is because the firm will have a \u201creasonable belief\u201d that you are a pattern day trader based on your prior trading activities. However, if you have decided to reduce or cease your day-trading activities, you should contact your brokerage to discuss the appropriate coding of your account."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Internal Audits?","response":"A company can choose to perform an internal audit for almost any reason. This may lead to an internal financial audit, operational audit, compliance audit, environmental audit, IT audit, or a special one-time circumstance."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Problems With Bank Reconciliations?","response":"Infrequent reconciliations make it difficult to address problems with fraud or errors when they first arise, as the needed information may not be readily available. Also, when transactions aren't recorded promptly and bank fees and charges are applied, it can cause mismatches in the company's accounting records."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tax Difference Between an LLC and a C Corp?","response":"A core difference between an LLC and a C corporation lies in the way the entitites are taxed. C corporations are taxed at the corporate level at the corporate tax rate. By comparison, LLCs can be treated like pass through entities for their owners, meaning that the owners report profits or losses for the LLCs on their own personal tax returns. This circumvents double taxation, something that C corporations can not do."}
{"prompts":"What Are Types of Idiosyncratic Risk?","response":"While each company will have its own idiosyncratic risk profile, these can generally be categorized into one or more of the following: business risk; financial risk; operational risk; strategic risk; and legal or regulatory risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Middle of a Venn Diagram Called?","response":"The middle of a Venn diagram where two or more sets overlap is known as the intersection."}
{"prompts":"Is UPI Safe in India?","response":"Yes, UPI is safe in India. It is regulated by India's central bank, the Reserve Bank of India."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Working Capital Important?","response":"Working capital is important because it is necessary for businesses to remain solvent. In theory, a business could become bankrupt even if it is profitable. After all, a business cannot rely on paper profits to pay its bills\u2014those bills need to be paid in cash readily in hand. Say a company has accumulated $1 million in cash due to its previous years\u2019 retained earnings. If the company were to invest all $1 million at once, it could find itself with insufficient current assets to pay for its current liabilities."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Invisible Hand Controversial?","response":"Critics argue that the idea that self-interested, profit-driven actors will converge on some social optimum is clearly false, and that instead it naturally leads to negative externalities, economic and social inequalities, greed, and exploitation. Moreover, competition driven by the invisible hand can ultimately result in monopolies and the concentration of economic power, both of which are undesirable for society.Other critiques hone in on the fact that the concept relies on the assumption that producers can easily switch from producing one type of good to any other, depending on its relative profitability at a given moment. This does not account for the sometimes enormous costs of switching and the idea that people may engage in a business that they enjoy doing, or which has been passed down in a family, regardless of profitability."}
{"prompts":"What Kind of Data Is Found in an IBES Report?","response":"In addition to analysts' recommendations, IBES reports contain a wealth of company financial data including earnings (EPS) forecasts, company guidance, and KPIs (key performance indicators)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a High Loan-to-Deposit Ratio?","response":"A high loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) indicates that a bank has made a large amount of loans when compared to its deposits. This is a sign of increased risk and reduced liquidity. The benefit, however, is that the more loans made, the more interest the bank earns, which increases revenues."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative Terminal Value Mean?","response":"A negative terminal value would be estimated if the cost of future capital exceeded the assumed growth rate. In practice, however, negative terminal valuations cannot exist for very long. A company's equity value can only realistically fall to zero at a minimum, and\u00a0any remaining liabilities would be sorted out in a\u00a0bankruptcy\u00a0proceeding. Whenever an investor comes across a firm with negative net earnings relative to its cost of capital, it's probably best to rely on other fundamental tools outside of terminal valuation."}
{"prompts":"Are Economic Indicators Released Quarterly?","response":"Some economic indicators are released quarterly, while others are monthly reports. For example, the Bureau of Labor Statistics releases data on the employment situation monthly; gross domestic product is released monthly with estimates for a one-quarter period."}
{"prompts":"Is Bartering Still Used Today?","response":"Absolutely. The use of a cashless exchange system is still flourishing today. Examples of modern forms of bartering include time banking, child care cooperatives, and house sitting."}
{"prompts":"Is Socialism Better than Capitalism?","response":"This question is a matter of debate and political ideology. Capitalism has seen the greatest rise in wealth and standards of living in human history, accompanied by innovation and invention. However, capitalism, driven by fierce competition for profits and market share, has also been blamed for rising wealth disparities, social inequalities, alienation, exploitation, and the misery of the working class.Socialism, on the other hand, promises egalitarianism by returning the means of production to the laboring class. In doing so, wealth disparities are greatly minimized and society as a whole may flourish. However, collective ownership and less competition might put a damper on innovation and technological progress. Furthermore, people are often wary of giving up personal freedom (although it may benefit the greater good) as governments direct production and consumption choices."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Make a Line Chart in Excel?","response":"In Excel, line charts are appropriate\u00a0if you have text labels, dates, or a few numeric labels on the horizontal axis (x-axis). Here are the steps to create a line graph in Excel. (If you are using numeric labels, empty cell A1 before you make the line chart):After entering your values, select the data range (whatever range comprises those values)\u2014for example, A1:D7.On the \u201cInsert\u201d tab in the \u201cCharts\u201d group, click the Line symbol (\u201cInsert line chart\u201d).Click \"Line with Markers.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Tools of Fiscal Policy?","response":"Fiscal policy tools are used by governments to influence the economy. These primarily include changes to levels of taxation and government spending. To stimulate growth, taxes are lowered and spending is increased. This often involves borrowing by issuing government debt. To cool down an overheating economy, taxes may be raised and spending decreased."}
{"prompts":"What Does Optimization Mean in Business?","response":"In business, optimization is the process of fine-tuning a business strategy or process in order to improve efficiency or reduce costs. This can be done by using resources more efficiently, cutting costs, or investing in labor-saving technologies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an MBS and an ABS?","response":"Mortgage-backed securities are bonds backed by home loans issued to consumers. Asset-backed securities are bonds backed by auto loans, mobile home loans, credit card loans, and student loans."}
{"prompts":"What is an ICO used for?","response":"Creating a blockchain and cryptocurrency is a costly endeavor. Developers must pay for legal counsel, programmers, facilities, and other expenses. An ICO is intended to raise funds to pay for the costs incurred during a blockchain\u2019s or coin\u2019s development."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marginal Revenue and Marginal Cost?","response":"Marginal revenue is the income gained by selling one additional unit, while marginal cost is the expense incurred for selling that one unit. Each measures the incremental change in dollars between varying levels of sales to determine at what level a company is most efficiently producing and selling goods."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Autocorrelation and Multicollinearity?","response":"Autocorrelation is the degree of correlation of a variable's values over time. Multicollinearity occurs when independent variables are correlated and one can be predicted from the other. An example of autocorrelation includes measuring the weather for a city on June 1 and the weather for the same city on June 5. Multicollinearity measures the correlation of two independent variables, such as a person's height and weight."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Accruals?","response":"Accrued revenues refer to the recognition of revenues that have been earned, but not yet recorded in the company's financial statements. For example, if a company provides a service to a customer in December, but does not receive payment until January of the following year, the revenue from that service would be recorded as an accrual in December, when it was earned.Accrued expenses refer to the recognition of expenses that have been incurred, but not yet recorded in the company's financial statements. For example, if a company incurs expenses in December for a service that will be received in January, the expenses would be recorded as an accrual in December, when they were incurred.Accrued interest refers to the interest that has been earned on an investment or a loan, but has not yet been paid. For example, if a company has a savings account that earns interest, the interest that has been earned but not yet paid would be recorded as an accrual on the company's financial statements."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Sum of Squares Help in Finance?","response":"Investors and analysts can use the sum of squares to make comparisons between different investments or make decisions about how to invest. For instance, you can use the sum of squares to determine stock volatility. A low sum generally indicates low volatility while higher volatility is derived from a higher sum of squares."}
{"prompts":"Is VWAP a Leading Indicator?","response":"No, VWAP is not a leading indicator, it is a lagging indicator because it uses historical data. There is no real-time data used in VWAP and, therefore, it only has specific uses and does not help traders who need up-to-the-minute data."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Make an Organizational Chart?","response":"There are software packages and web templates available to help make an organizational chart. You can even produce one by hand. The key is to depict the organization's hierarchy, with more senior positions at the top. Underneath each position should be subordinate positions and roles, which may be segregated by division or department. Depending on how the organization is structured in reality, the chart should approximate it."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Grandfather Clause Last?","response":"The length of time the clause is in force can either be unlimited or for a specified amount of time. It also can end when a specified set of circumstances has been achieved."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls the FCC?","response":"The FCC is an independent U.S. government agency that answers to the United States Congress."}
{"prompts":"What Is Full-Recourse Debt?","response":"Recourse debt means that a lender can go after other assets of a borrower if the pledged collateral isn't sufficient enough to cover the outstanding debt that the borrower cannot pay. Recourse debt can be full or limited. Full-recourse debt means that the borrower can seize as many assets to cover the entire amount of the outstanding loan, not just specific assets."}
{"prompts":"Can I Live in a Vacation Home Year-Round?","response":"In the eyes of the IRS, a vacation home is one where you've lived in the property for part of the year. Though you can logistically chose to live whereever for personal reasons, there are different tax implications for different real estate properties based on various rules including how long you reside in the property and whether you have exclusive control over the property."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Evening Star Pattern Use These Prices?","response":"The evening star pattern correlates these prices over three days. This can be a prime indicator of when a trend in price is about to reverse."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Harmed by Deflation?","response":"Debtors are particularly hurt by deflation, because even as prices for goods and services fall, the value of debt does not. This can impact inviduals, as well as larger economies, including countries with high national debt."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher or Lower Capitalization Rate Better?","response":"Generally, the capitalization rate can be viewed as a measure of risk. So determining whether a higher or lower cap rate is better will depend on the investor and their risk profile. A higher cap rate means that the investment holds more risk whereas a low cap risk means an investment holds less risk."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Financial Advisor Cost?","response":"The cost of a financial advisor depends on the services you hire them for. Generally, the average fee a financial advisor charges is 1% on assets under management (AUM); however, many financial advisors operate on a sliding scale, so the more business you do, the lower this fee will be. There are also different fees for the different tasks that a financial advisor will perform. Many financial advisors charge a flat annual fee between $2,000 and $7,500; between $1,000 and $3,000 for creating a tailored financial plan and depending on the agreement, commissions of 3% to 6% on the account."}
{"prompts":"Does the HGB Cover Consumer Protection, or Is It Primarily Focused on Businesses?","response":"The HGB primarily focuses on commercial and business matters, rather than consumer protection. Consumer protection in Germany is addressed by separate laws and regulations."}
{"prompts":"Is a 0.05 P-Value Significant?","response":"A p-value less than 0.05 is typically considered to be statistically significant, in which case the null hypothesis should be rejected. A p-value greater than 0.05 means that deviation from the null hypothesis is not statistically significant, and the null hypothesis is not rejected."}
{"prompts":"What is a Waiver of Subrogation?","response":"A waiver of subrogation is a contractual provision whereby an insured party waives the right of their insurance carrier to seek redress or seek compensation for losses from a negligent third party.Typically, insurers charge an additional fee for this special policy endorsement. Many construction contracts and leases include a waiver of the subrogation clause. This prevents the insurance company from \"stepping into the client's shoes\" once a claim has been settled and suing the other party to recoup their losses. Thus, if subrogation is waived, the insurer is exposed to greater risk."}
{"prompts":"What are the disadvantages of ATM offerings?","response":"ATM offerings tend to be smaller than traditional follow-on offerings, so if a business is looking to raise a large amount of capital, this may not be the way. In addition, the price may fluctuate depending on the market."}
{"prompts":"Is Intrinsic Value Better Than Market Value for Investing?","response":"Some people believe it is. Market value is determined by what people are willing to buy an asset for, based on any number of reasons. These might include someone's financial needs, short-term trading goals, and trading impulses. On the other hand, intrinsic value measures the value of an investment based on specific information about it, such as its cash flows and its actual financial performance."}
{"prompts":"Is EBITDA Margin the Same As Operating Margin?","response":"The EBITDA margin and operating profit margin are two different metrics that measure a company's profitability. Operating margin measures a company's profit after paying variable costs but before paying interest or tax. EBITDA, on the other hand, measures a company's overall profitability, but it may not take into account the cost of capital investments such as property and equipment."}
{"prompts":"Will Ethereum 2.0 Reduce Gas Fees?","response":"Ethereum 2.0 refers to transitioning the Ethereum consensus network from proof-of-work (PoW) to proof-of-stake (PoS). As part of this update, gas fees are expected to fall, since PoS staking is far less energy-intensive than PoW mining. This update is slated to take place in the Fall of 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Banking Desert?","response":"A banking desert is a census tract or neighborhood with no bank branches in it or within 10 miles of its center."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate a breakeven point?","response":"Generally, to calculate the breakeven point in business, fixed costs are divided by the gross profit margin. This produces a dollar figure that a company needs to break even. When it comes to stocks, for example, if a trader bought a stock at $200, and nine months later, it reached $200 again after falling from $250, it would have reached the breakeven point."}
{"prompts":"Is the Black Market Illegal?","response":"All black markets are illegal."}
{"prompts":"Why do companies pay dividends?","response":"Companies pay dividends as a way to share profits with shareholders. Not all companies pay dividends."}
{"prompts":"Are Sector and Industry the Same?","response":"Although the terms sector and industry are often used interchangeably, there are distinct differences between them. A sector represents a large grouping of companies within an economy that are engaged in similar business activities. On the other hand, an industry represents a more specific grouping of companies within a particular sector.For example, oil and gas companies are categorized within the primary sector since they extract natural resources. Companies that engage in agriculture also fall within the primary sector. However, oil and gas companies are grouped within their own industry, separated from companies within the agriculture industry."}
{"prompts":"What Can I Use a Swingline Loan for?","response":"Uses for swingline loans are typically limited to paying debt obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Information Does RESPA Require to Be Disclosed?","response":"RESPA requires that borrowers receive various disclosures at different times.\u00a0First, the lender or mortgage broker must give you an estimate of the total settlement service charges that you likely will have to pay. (This estimate is a good-faith estimate; however, actual costs may vary.) The lender or mortgage broker also must provide a written disclosure when you apply for a loan or within the next three business days if they expect that someone else will be collecting your mortgage payments (also referred to as servicing a loan)."}
{"prompts":"What Exactly Does Refinancing Do?","response":"Refinancing your mortgage replaces your old mortgage with a new mortgage; one with a different principal amount and interest rate. The lender pays off the old mortgage with the new one and you are then left with just one mortgage; typically one with more favorable terms (lower interest rate) than your previous one."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Structural Unemployment Bad?","response":"Structural unemployment is tough to overcome because of how engrained some jobs used to be in the economy, yet these jobs are no longer needed. To overcome structural unemployment, workers usually need to be willing to learn new skills, adapt to using new products, change industries, or physically move to new locations. As opposed to cyclical unemployment that is resolved through market cycles or seasonal unemployment that changes with time, structural unemployment requires deliberate action to overcome."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Hot and Cold Wallet?","response":"Hot wallets are connected to the internet and are accessible through smartphones, mobile devices, laptops, and desktop computers. Cold wallets are hardware devices that are not internet-enabled."}
{"prompts":"Why Is M1 Money Supply So High?","response":"In May 2020, the Federal Reserve changed the official formula for calculating the M1 money supply. Prior to May 2020, M1 included currency in circulation, demand deposits at commercial banks, and other checkable deposits. After May 2020, the definition was expanded to include other liquid deposits, including savings accounts. This change was accompanied by a sharp spike in the reported value of the M1 money supply."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Term Basis Point Come From?","response":"The term basis point originates from the term basis, which refers to the difference (or spread) between two interest rates."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits in a Repurchase Agreement?","response":"In theory, all parties benefit. The seller gets the cash injection it needs, while the buyer gets to make money from lending capital."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Accountability?","response":"A company can foster a sense of accountability by setting expectations with employees, delegating tasks to different members of a team, and explaining the consequences if the tasks are completed incorrectly or late.Another example of accountability is a financial advisor managing a client's funds. The advisor must not only be held to a standard of fiduciary duty, they must realize there are consequences for their actions and that what they choose to do today with their client's money will have downstream effects\u2014either positive or negative."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Regulation D?","response":"Regulation D allows smaller companies that cannot afford a registered public offering to still access capital markets. The provisions in Regulation D also serve as safeguards for investors in private offerings, allowing them to verify that a company meets the exemption requirements and is not engaging in fraudulent activity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Hire Purchase Agreements?","response":"Some of the key disadvantages of hire purchase agreements include the overall higher cost of the product and the fact that ownership is not transferred until all payments are made. These agreements can also be very complex arrangements with a lot of paperwork, which can cause people to spend beyond their means. There is also the potential for loss if the goods are returned."}
{"prompts":"Are There Sectors That Are More Sensitive to Market Sentiment Than Others?","response":"Yes, some sectors are more sensitive to changes in market sentiment. Technology and consumer discretionary stocks have wide appeal to individual investors and generate far more chat, positive and negative.Utilities and consumer staples are more stable for many reasons. They attract less attention and create less noise on the internet."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Cure for Stagflation?","response":"There is no definitive cure for stagflation. The consensus among economists is that productivity has to be increased to the point where it will lead to higher growth without additional inflation. This would then allow for the tightening of monetary policy to rein in the inflation component of stagflation.That is easier said than done, so the key to preventing stagflation is for economic policymakers to be extremely proactive in avoiding it."}
{"prompts":"Can the CAGR Be Negative?","response":"Yes. A negative CAGR would indicate losses over time rather than gains."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Have a Higher or Lower P\/E Ratio?","response":"Many investors say buying shares in companies with a lower P\/E ratio is better because you are paying less for every dollar of earnings. A lower P\/E ratio is like a lower price tag, making it attractive to investors looking for a bargain. In practice, however, there could be reasons behind a company\u2019s particular P\/E ratio. For instance, if a company has a low P\/E ratio because its business model is declining, the bargain is an illusion."}
{"prompts":"How Does the IRS Catch Tax Evaders?","response":"The IRS Criminal Investigation Division conducts criminal investigations of alleged violations of the Internal Revenue Code. These investigations follow strict guidelines and can be initiated from information from within the IRS when a revenue agent, for example, detects possible fraud. A preliminary investigation is conducted and determines whether there's sufficient evidence to open a criminal investigation.If an investigation is opened, a special agent uses investigative techniques to obtain evidence, including interviewing third part witnesses, conducting surveillance, executing search warrants, subpoenaing bank records, and more. If the evidence and its analysis substantiate criminal activity, the case can be referred for prosecution. But, according to the IRS, \"each level of review may determine that the evidence does not substantiate criminal charges and the investigation should not be prosecuted.\""}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become an Enrolled Agent?","response":"To become an Enrolled agent, a person must obtain a preparer tax identification number, pass the Special Enrollment Exam, enroll as an agent, and be deemed suitable (e.g., background check) to perform as an Enrolled Agent. Former IRS employees with at least 5 years of experience as field tax professionals."}
{"prompts":"Does a Traditional IRA Grow Tax-Free?","response":"No, a traditional IRA does not grow tax-free. Contributions into a traditional IRA receive favorable tax treatment and are often deducted from an employee's taxable income. When it is time to withdraw earnings, any growth on the investment is taxable. In the meantime, earnings are tax-deferred. This is the opposite treatment of Roth IRAs where initial investments cannot be deducted from income, but their growth can be withdrawn tax-free at retirement."}
{"prompts":"In What Stage of the Business Life Cycle Does Seed Financing Occur?","response":"Seed financing is a form of financing that is used to help businesses, their products, and services get off the ground. As such, seed financing is typically required and used during the first or the development stage."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify a Hydrocarbon?","response":"Hydrocarbons are identified by studying their molecular structure. Hydrocarbons only consist of carbon and hydrogen, in many different formats, but that is their identifying feature."}
{"prompts":"Is Financial Risk Systematic or Unsystematic?","response":"Financial risk does impact every company. However, financial risk heavily depends on the operations and capital structure of an organization. Therefore, financial risk is an example of unsystematic risk because it is specific to each individual company."}
{"prompts":"How Hard Is It to Build a Quantum Computer?","response":"Building a quantum computer takes a long time and is vastly expensive. Google has been working on building a quantum computer for years and has spent billions of dollars. It expects to have its quantum computer ready by 2029. In November 2022, Google announced a 433-qubit system, followed a year later by IBM announcing its Condor, a 1,121 superconducting qubit quantum processor. At that time, IBM put out its 2033 roadmap, saying it was aiming at Blue Jay, a system capable of executing one billion gates across 2,000 qubits by 2033."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Goals of Reaganomics?","response":"Reaganomics sought to reduce the cost of doing business, by reducing tax burdens, relaxing regulations and price controls, and cutting domestic spending programs. Reagan also sought to reduce inflation by tightening the money supply."}
{"prompts":"Are Bonds Always Issued at Par Value?","response":"No, bonds are not always issued at par value. They can be issued at a premium (price is higher than the par value) or at a discount (price is below the par value). The reason for a bond being issued at a price that is different than its par value has to do with current market interest rates. For example, if a bond's yield is higher than market rates, then a bond will trade at a premium. Conversely, if a bond's yield is below market rates, then it will trade at a discount to make it more attractive."}
{"prompts":"Is It Risky to Own Stock?","response":"All investments have a degree of risk. Stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds can lose value if market conditions decline. When you invest, you make choices about what to do with your financial assets. Your investment value might rise or fall because of market conditions or corporate decisions, such as whether to expand into a new area of business or merge with another company.Historically, stocks have outperformed most other investments over the long\u00a0run."}
{"prompts":"What Is ETL in a Data Warehouse?","response":"\"ETL\" stands for \"extract, transform, and load.\" ETL is a data process that combines data from multiple sources into one single data storage unit, which is then loaded into a data warehouse or similar data system. It is used in data analytics and machine learning."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Married Put Help Investors?","response":"A married put provides a hedge against loss. Essentially, owning the actual stock and owning a put option means that an investor has opposite positions at the same time in the same stock. So, if the stock price goes down, the trader will lose money on the one hand but gain money on the other. So, a loss can be at least partially offset. What's more, while the loss potential is limited, the upside price potential of the stock is unlimited."}
{"prompts":"How Do Consumer Staples Relate to Consumer Discretionaries?","response":"While consumer discretionary products are non-essential items that consumers typically can choose to buy when money is plentiful, consumer staples are items that consumers feel are essential to their daily living. These are such things as toilet paper, food, beverages, medicine, toothpaste, and gas. People reduce spending on consumer discretionaries and focus on consumer staples as the economy weakens"}
{"prompts":"Where Are Impairment Losses Shown?","response":"Impairment losses are shown both on the income statement and the balance sheet. An impairment loss is simultaneously recorded as an expense on the income statement and reduces the value of the impaired asset on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"What benefits would knowing my actuarial age provide?","response":"Consumers can use\u00a0online calculators to get a rough estimate of their own actuarial age.\u00a0This can give you a rough idea of how an insurance company will approach pricing your policy. It can also be useful in financial planning and when making such decisions as when you should begin collecting Social Security. You can use your actuarial age to predict how many years of income you'll need in retirement."}
{"prompts":"What is Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 8283 used for?","response":"Form 8283 is used to report non-cash contributions of more than $500 to qualifying charitable organizations. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows you to use such contributions as itemized deductions on your taxes."}
{"prompts":"How Do Analysts and Investors Use EBIT?","response":"EBIT is used in several financial ratios in fundamental analysis. The interest coverage ratio divides EBIT by interest expense, and the EBIT\/EV multiple compares a firm's earnings to its enterprise value."}
{"prompts":"How Does the BCG Matrix Work?","response":"The BCG Growth-Share Matrix considers a company's growth prospects and available market share via a 2x2 grid. By assigning each business to one of these four categories, executives can then decide where to focus their resources and capital to generate the most value, as well as where to cut their losses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand?","response":"Knowing the price elasticity of demand for goods allows someone selling that good to make informed decisions about pricing strategies. This metric provides sellers with information about consumer pricing sensitivity. It is also key for makers of goods to determine manufacturing plans, as well as for governments to assess how to impose taxes on goods."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Short Squeeze?","response":"A short squeeze occurs when the price of an asset, typically a stock, rises a lot, forcing traders who had bet against it to buy to forestall even greater losses. These purchases could drive the asset's price up further, creating a feedback loop that could result in dramatic price increases. This is believed to have occurred during the GameStop phenomenon of 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Pro Forma Financial Statement?","response":"Pro forma financial statements incorporate hypothetical numbers or estimates. They are built into the data to give a picture of a company's profits if certain nonrecurring items are excluded.These are often intended to be preliminary or illustrative financials that do not follow standard accounting practices. Companies use their own discretion in calculating pro forma earnings, including or excluding items depending on what they feel reflects the company's true performance or future performance.As pro forma forecasts are hypothetical in nature, they can deviate from actual results, sometimes significantly."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate personal income and disposable income?","response":"To calculate personal income, all income collectively received by individuals or households in a country needs to be tallied up. That is not only gross pay from work but also dividends, rental income, interest, and so forth. Disposable income is then calculated by taking the personal income number and subtracting personal income taxes."}
{"prompts":"Should I Reveal My BATNA in Negotiations?","response":"A strong BATNA can provide valuable leverage, but a weak BATNA should never be revealed. It only gives the opposing side reason to hold out for more concessions.For example, in employment negotiations, a strong counteroffer from another employer can help you bargain for a higher salary or more vacation time. Revealing a weak counteroffer simply indicates that you have no advantages to going elsewhere."}
{"prompts":"Can I Have Multiple Brokerage Accounts?","response":"Yes, although there are pros and cons to having your assets invested in several places. You can have multiple accounts at a single broker. Or you might choose to, for example, use one broker for long-term investing and another for trading or short-term plays."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Subprime Loan Mean?","response":"A subprime loan is a type of loan offered at a rate above prime to individuals who do not qualify for prime-rate loans. Quite often, subprime borrowers have been turned down by traditional lenders because of their low credit ratings or other factors that suggest they have a reasonable chance of defaulting on the debt repayment."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bid Bond?","response":"A bid bond is a type of investment that guarantees payment to the bondholder if the bidder fails to follow through with the beginning of the project. This provides the owner of the project with some security that the bidder will abide by the contract after they are selected and that they have the financial resources to complete the project."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find an AER Calculator Online?","response":"There are many websites that offer tools for calculating AER, including the websites Calculator Soup, Get Calc, and Omni Calculator."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)?","response":"The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is a federal agency that plays a major role in rural development, particularly housing.\u00a0It also oversees and implements programs related to the farming, ranching, and forestry industries and regulates food quality and safety, and nutrition labeling. In addition, the USDA runs several social welfare programs including free school lunches, food stamps, and food assistance for women and children."}
{"prompts":"What Is Better, Time Weighted or Money Weighted?","response":"While each indicates how your investment has performed, they demonstrate performance accounting for different investing actions. So neither is better or worse; they can be used together or separately to determine how an investment is performing."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Corporate Culture Important?","response":"Corporate culture is important because it can support important business objectives. Employees, for example, might be attracted to companies whose cultures they identify with, which in turn can drive employee retention and new talent acquisition. Fostering a culture of innovation can be critical to maintaining a competitive edge with respect to patents or other forms of intellectual property. Similarly, corporate culture can also play a role in marketing the company to customers and to society at large, thereby doubling as a form of public relations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Return Rate for Brick-and-Mortar Stores?","response":"Brick-and-mortar stores have an average return rate of 8.9%, compared to around 30% for online stores. This may be because it's more difficult for consumers to inspect online goods before purchasing them."}
{"prompts":"What Does Backorder Mean?","response":"An item on backorder is no longer is stock and often in high demand. The product availability is currently trying to be resolved. The company may be trying to manufacture more goods, resolve supply chain issues, or deliver final products to their storefronts."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Percentage From Mill Rate?","response":"Property taxes are often measured in mills, representing a 10th of a percent. To determine the tax rate as a percentage, multiply the mill rate by 10."}
{"prompts":"How do you remove a UCC filing?","response":"While rules vary by state, there are essentially two ways to remove a UCC lien:The first is to ask the lender to immediately remove the lien upon full payment of the loan by filing a UCC-3 statement.The other option, if your lender fails to file a UCC-3 after you\u2019ve paid off the loan, is to visit your local secretary of state\u2019s office and swear under oath that you have fulfilled the debt in full and request to have the UCC-1 removed."}
{"prompts":"How Active Is the Chicago Mercantile Exchange?","response":"The CME is the largest futures and options exchange by daily volume. According to CME Group, the exchange handles 3 billion contracts per year, worth approximately $1 quadrillion."}
{"prompts":"How Often Do Lenders Have to Submit HMDA Reports?","response":"Lenders are required to submit information each year in accordance with the HMDA. Information reported must include data about their \"applications, originations, and purchases of home purchase loans, home improvement loans, and refinancings.\" This includes information about applications that were approved, denied, or withdrawn, along with any that were incomplete and closed. Reports for the calendar year must be submitted by March 1 of the following year."}
{"prompts":"What Is Export Credit Insurance?","response":"Export credit insurance (ECI) protects an exporter of products and services against the risk that a foreign buyer will not remit payment."}
{"prompts":"Who Has Influenced the Study of Economics in the 21st Century?","response":"Since 2000, several economists have won the Nobel Prize in economics, including David Card for his contributions to labor economics, Angus Deaton for his study of consumption, poverty, and welfare, and Paul Krugman for his analysis of trade patterns."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay Taxes on UBTI?","response":"If your tax-exempt organization earns unrelated business income over $500 that doesn't fall into the IRS's excluded categories, then, yes, you do have to pay taxes on that income."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Largest Oil Reserves?","response":"Venezuela has the largest oil reserves of any country; however, much of that oil is difficult to refine."}
{"prompts":"How Does One Generate and Calculate Revenue?","response":"For many companies, revenues are generated from the sales of products or services. For this reason, revenue is sometimes known as gross sales. Revenue can also be earned via other sources. Inventors or entertainers may receive revenue from licensing, patents, or royalties. Real estate investors might earn revenue from rental income.Revenue for federal and local governments would likely be in the form of tax receipts from property or income taxes. Governments might also earn revenue from the sale of an asset or interest income from a bond. Charities and non-profit organizations usually receive income from donations and grants. Universities could earn revenue from charging tuition but also from investment gains on their endowment fund."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Future Cash Flows Discounted?","response":"NPV uses discounted cash flows to account for the time value of money. As long as interest rates are positive, a dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow because a dollar today can earn an extra day\u2019s worth of interest. Even if future returns can be projected with certainty, they must be discounted for the fact that time must pass before they\u2019re realized\u2014time during which a comparable sum could earn interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ECR and Hard Interest?","response":"Hard interest rates are generally higher than ECRs. One reason is that ECRs are not taxable, whereas hard interest rates are."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean When the Bid and Ask Are Close Together?","response":"When the bid and ask prices are very close, this typically means that there is ample liquidity in the security. In this scenario, the security is said to have a \u201cnarrow\u201d bid-ask spread. This situation can be helpful for investors because it makes it easier to enter or exit their positions, particularly in the case of large positions.On the other hand, securities with a \u201cwide\u201d bid-ask spread (where the bid and ask prices are far apart) can be time-consuming and expensive to trade."}
{"prompts":"How do you apply for workers\u2019 compensation?","response":"The rules for applying for workers\u2019 compensation vary by state. In general, a worker with a job-related injury or illness should:Write down the details of the injury or illness in detail, with photos and the names of witnesses when possible.Report the injury or illness to your employer. The employer should take it from there, filing your claim with the insurer.You can follow through with the employer\u2019s insurance company to make sure that a claim was filed.If your claim is denied, you can appeal the decision with your state\u2019s Workers\u2019 Compensation Board."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Intangible and Tangible Assets?","response":"Intangible assets have no physical shape or form. This means they can't be handled. Tangible assets, on the other hand, have a physical shape, which means they can be handled and grasped. Tangible assets, such as property, equipment, and inventory, are among the main assets that a company holds."}
{"prompts":"Is a Wedge a Continuation or a Reversal Pattern?","response":"A wedge pattern indicates a reversal. The reversal is either bearish or bullish, depending on how the trend lines converge, what the trading volume is, and\u00a0whether the wedge is falling or rising."}
{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Determine Salvage Value?","response":"Salvage value can be based on past history of similar assets, a professional appraisal, or a percentage estimate of the value of the asset at the end of its useful life."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Your Home with a HECM?","response":"Yes, you can lose your home several ways with a HECM reverse mortgage. If you fail to keep the property in good repair or pay property taxes and insurance, your HECM balance becomes due. If the property stops being your primary residence for more than 12 consecutive months, the balance becomes due. Even if you leave your home involuntarily because of a lengthy stay in a hospital, nursing home, or assisted living facility, you could lose your home if you can't afford to pay the balance on your reverse mortgage."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Biggest Oil ETFs?","response":"United States Oil Fund LP(USO) is the largest oil ETF, with $1.6 billion in assets under management, according to ETF Database. The next biggest ProShares Ultra Bloomberg Crude Oil ETF (UCO) with $675 million under management."}
{"prompts":"How Do Foreign Nations Benefit From Green-Field Investments?","response":"As a new development, a green-field project brings jobs to the nation where the development is taking place. This benefits the local economy directly and also benefits the local population that gains income from the jobs in addition to the professional experience."}
{"prompts":"What Is Subordination-Based Notching?","response":"Subordination-based notching is a method of rating the credit risk of bond or debt issuers based on the level of subordination of the issuer's debts. Subordination refers to the ranking of debts in terms of priority for repayment in the event that the issuer becomes bankrupt or is unable to meet its financial obligations. Debts that are ranked higher in the subordination hierarchy are considered to be more senior and are more likely to be repaid in the event of default.Subordination-based notching is used to determine the credit rating of an issuer by taking into account the level of subordination of the issuer's debts. For example, an issuer with highly subordinated debts (i.e., debts that are ranked lower in the subordination hierarchy) may be assigned a lower credit rating than an issuer with more senior debts. This is because the issuer with highly subordinated debts is considered to be at a higher risk of default, as it is less likely to have the financial resources available to meet its obligations. Subordination-based notching is often used in the evaluation of structured finance instruments, such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs)."}
{"prompts":"Who First Discovered the Least Squares Method?","response":"Although the inventor of the least squares method is up for debate, the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss claims to have invented the theory in 1795."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Line of Best Fit?","response":"There are several approaches to estimating a line of best fit to some data. The simplest, and crudest, involves visually estimating such a line on a scatter plot and drawing it in to your best ability.The more precise method involves the least squares method. This is a statistical procedure to find the best fit for a set of data points by minimizing the sum of the offsets or residuals of points from the plotted curve. This is the primary technique used in regression analysis."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Traders Care About Quadruple Witching?","response":"When several categories of derivatives expire on the same date, trading volumes tend to rise as in the money options are exercised while market makers square offsetting hedges."}
{"prompts":"Can a Swingline Loan Be Used More than Once?","response":"Yes. The cycle of repayment and withdrawal on a swingline loan can continue indefinitely, as long as all the conditions of borrowing are met and neither party chooses to close the line."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Annualized Total Return and the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)?","response":"The annualized total return is conceptually the same as the CAGR in that both formulas seek to capture the geometric return of an investment over time. The main difference is that the CAGR is often presented using only the beginning and ending values, whereas the annualized total return is typically calculated using the returns from several years. This, however, is more a matter of convention. In substance, the two measures are the same."}
{"prompts":"Why Didn\u2019t the U.S. Sign the Kyoto Protocol?","response":"The United States backed out of the Kyoto Protocol agreement in 2001 on the basis that it unfairly burdened developed nations. The treaty called only for developed nations to reduce emissions, which the U.S. believed would unfairly stifle its economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Metro Area in the World?","response":"Tokyo is the largest metro area in the world with a total metropolitan population of 36.5 million."}
{"prompts":"How Do Wealthy Individuals Avoid Taxes?","response":"The rich often avoid taxes in a few different ways. First, wealthy individuals may have high net worth, but they often strive to minimize net taxable income each year. This includes offsetting gains with losses, and this means avoiding large capital gains taxes for the disposal of assets. In some cases, individuals may simply take loans out with personal property as collateral to meet cashflow needs while not generating taxable income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula For Market Momentum?","response":"Generally, market momentum can be defined from the following equation:M=V\u2212Vxwhere:V=The\u00a0latest\u00a0priceVx=The\u00a0closing\u00a0price\u00a0x\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0days\u00a0ago\\begin{aligned} &M = V - V_x\\\\ &\\textbf{where:}\\\\ &V = \\text{The latest price}\\\\ &V_x = \\text{The closing price }x\\text{ number of days ago}\\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bM=V\u2212Vx\u200bwhere:V=The\u00a0latest\u00a0priceVx\u200b=The\u00a0closing\u00a0price\u00a0x\u00a0number\u00a0of\u00a0days\u00a0ago\u200b"}
{"prompts":"Is Multilevel Marketing a Pyramid Scheme?","response":"Multilevel marketing is controversial and often compared to pyramid schemes. While some multilevel marketing operations are legal, others have come under investigation. This typically occurs when the majority of the operation\u2019s profits funnel up to the top, leaving little for the rest of its members.When an organization focuses primarily on recruitment, rather than selling products, this may also signal that it is operating under a pyramid scheme. Sometimes, members of these schemes will number in the hundreds or even thousands.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between U-3 and U-6 Unemployment Rates?","response":"U-3 is the headline unemployment number that we see in the news. It looks at those out-of-work Americans who have been looking for a job within the past four weeks. The more comprehensive U-6 includes everyone in U-3 plus those with only temporary work and people who are considered marginally attached to the labor force. These include those who have stopped looking for a job, as well as part-time workers unable to work full-time for economic reasons."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Punishment for Hawala in India?","response":"The punishment for hawala in India is:A monetary penalty of up to three times the sum involved with a cap of 200,000 Indian rupees (about $2,400).Confiscation of the currency, security, or other money and property related to the violation.Imprisonment, if the penalty is not paid."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Determining Next of Kin Important?","response":"Establishing the next-of-kin relationship is important because it determines inheritance rights when a person dies without a will and there are no surviving relatives, such as a spouse or children.A person's next-of-kin may also have certain responsibilities during and after a person's life, such as making medical decisions, making funeral arrangements, and assuming control of financial affairs."}
{"prompts":"Where Did the Saying \"Break the Glass Ceiling\" Come From?","response":"The term glass ceiling was coined by Marilyn Loden, a New York telephone company manager, during a 1978 Women's Exposition."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Major Stock Indexes?","response":"In the United States, the three leading stock indexes are the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the S&P 500, and the Nasdaq Composite. For international markets, the Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index and the Nikkei 225 Index are popular proxies for the British and Japanese stock markets, respectively."}
{"prompts":"How Many Are Needed for a Quorum?","response":"The amount of voters needed for a quorum will vary between governing bodies and incorporating documents. Generally speaking, groups of governing bodies will typically need at least half of all member of the group in attendance to have met quorum. Other formation documents may call for a percentage of the body, while others may call for a specific number (i.e. at least 7 board members must be in attendance)."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Considered an Heir?","response":"Children are considered to be heirs and are the most common example. If no children are living, then a person's grandchildren are considered to be heirs. If a person has no children or grandchildren, then the next closest living relative would be considered an heir."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Pump Priming?","response":"Pump priming comes with a few drawbacks and risks. Over the long-term, spending can cause a budgetary deficit, which may then require cuts to critical public programs. Budget deficits may also cause interest rates to rise, increasing the cost of borrowing money."}
{"prompts":"Is Cash Back Free Money?","response":"Not exactly. When a credit card offers cash back rewards, they are betting that the cardholders' increased spending will exceed the money spent on cash rewards. Cardholders pay for cash back through higher APRs and merchant fees."}
{"prompts":"Is Facebook a Conglomerate?","response":"Although the company itself doesn't love the term, Facebook\u2014now known as Meta Platforms Inc. (FB)\u2014can indeed be considered a conglomerate. It has acquired a number of firms throughout the 2010s. Major acquisitions include Instagram, WhatsApp, Oculus VR, Onavo, and Beluga."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s Bad About a Bureaucracy?","response":"Bureaucracies are often looked down upon because people view them as valuing procedures over efficiency. Many people feel that rules and paperwork can pile up under bureaucracies. This is often referred to as the red tape people and companies need to overcome in order to achieve certain goals like establishing a business. Rules and regulations can often be difficult to navigate and may even favor some people over others, such as the wealthy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Home Equity Loan?","response":"A home equity loan is money that is borrowed against the appraised value of your home. You receive the funds in a lump sum, and you are require to make monthly payments, as with any other type of loan. Basically, a home equity loan is a second mortgage on your house."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know My Money Is Safe in a Bank?","response":"The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) is an independent agency created by Congress to maintain stability and public confidence in the U.S. financial system. The FDIC supervises and examines banks to ensure that the money they handle is safe.Moreover, it insures your money. The insurance maximum is $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank, for each account ownership category.You don't have to purchase this insurance. If you open a deposit in an FDIC-insured bank, you are automatically covered.The agency's BankFind site can help you identify FDIC-insured banks and branches."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Standard Deduction?","response":"The standard deduction for tax year 2022 is $12,950 if you file as single or married filing separately and $25,900 for those who are married and file jointly. In 2023, it increases to $13,850 if you file as single and $27,700 for married taxpayers filing jointly."}
{"prompts":"Can a Bank Open Your Safe Deposit Box?","response":"Unlike customer bank accounts, safe deposit boxes are not explicitly regulated or insured by federal banking law. Your bank may be able to force your box open in response to a court order, search warrant, account delinquency, or bank closure. Your safe deposit agreement, or state law, may specify certain circumstances and procedures that the bank must follow when it opens a box without the customer present."}
{"prompts":"How Do Level-Premium Insurance Policies Work?","response":"Life insurers are able to provide level-premium policies by essentially \"over-charging\" for the earlier years of the policy, collecting more than what is needed actuarially to cover the risk of the insured dying during that early period. These extra premiums are then credited toward later years when the insured is a higher risk."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Bull Markets Sometimes Falter and Become Bear Markets?","response":"When the economy hits a rough patch, for instance in the face of recession or spike in unemployment, it becomes difficult to sustain rising stock prices. Moreover, recessions are often accompanied by a negative turn in investor and consumer sentiment, where market psychology becomes more concerned with fear or reducing risk than greed or risk-taking."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Started in Algorithmic Trading?","response":"To start algorithmic trading, you need to learn programming (C++, Java, and Python are commonly used), understand financial markets, and create or choose a trading strategy. Then, backtest your strategy using historical data. Once satisfied, implement it via a brokerage that supports algorithmic trading. There are also open-source platforms where traders and programmers share software and have discussions and advice for novices."}
{"prompts":"How does investor psychology impact risk-taking and investment decisions?","response":"Investor psychology plays a significant role in risk-taking and investment decisions. Individual investors' perception of risk, personal experiences, cognitive biases, and emotional reactions can influence their investment choices. For instance, behavioral economics identifies loss aversion, a cognitive bias where people are more sensitive to potential losses than gains, can make investors overly cautious and avoid riskier investments that might offer higher potential returns. Understanding one's own psychological tendencies and biases can help investors make more informed and rational decisions about their risk tolerance and investment strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt-to-Equity (D\/E) Ratio?","response":"What counts as a \u201cgood\u201d debt-to-equity (D\/E) ratio will depend on the nature of the business and its industry. Generally speaking, a D\/E ratio below 1 would be seen as relatively safe, whereas values of 2 or higher might be considered risky. Companies in some industries, such as utilities, consumer staples, and banking, typically have relatively high D\/E ratios.Note that a particularly low D\/E ratio may be a negative, suggesting that the company is not taking advantage of debt financing and its tax advantages. (Business interest expense is usually tax deductible, while dividend payments are subject to corporate and personal income tax.)"}
{"prompts":"What Cannot Be Itemized on Schedule A?","response":"Some items that cannot be itemized on Schedule A include federal income and excise taxes, Social Security or Medicare taxes, federal unemployment, railroad retirement taxes, customs duties, federal gift taxes, per capita taxes, or foreign real property taxes."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Counterparty in a Loan?","response":"If you take out a loan, the main counterparty would be the financial institution lending you money."}
{"prompts":"What Does GMV Mean?","response":"GMV means gross merchandise value or gross merchandise volume, usually referring to the total value of merchandise sold over a given period of time through a customer-to-customer (C2C) exchange site."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Net Exports Included in GDP?","response":"Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of an economy's size that accounts for the value of all goods produced within a nation's borders over the course of a year. Products that are made or sourced domestically but sold in other countries make up one component of a nation's economy."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Hurdle Rate Used in Mergers and Acquisitions?","response":"In mergers and acquisitions, the hurdle rate plays a crucial role in evaluating the potential value of the acquisition. It's used as a benchmark to assess if the anticipated efficiencies and the growth prospects from the merger or acquisition justify the investment. A deal is generally pursued only if the expected return is greater than the hurdle rate so that it aligns with the acquiring company's risk tolerance and return expectations."}
{"prompts":"What Is MACD?","response":"The\u00a0moving average convergence divergence\u00a0(MACD) is used by traders to monitor the relationship between two moving averages, calculated by subtracting a 26-day exponential moving average from a 12-day exponential moving average. The MACD also employs a signal line that helps identify crossovers, and which itself is a nine-day exponential moving average of the MACD line that is plotted on the same graph. The signal line is used to help identify trend changes in the price of a security and to confirm the strength of a trend.\u00a0When the MACD is positive, the short-term average is located above the long-term average and is an indication of upward momentum. When the short-term average is below the long-term average, it's a sign that the momentum is downward."}
{"prompts":"How long is the right of rescission?","response":"The right of recission lasts three business days and commences the moment when all of the following events occur:The mortgage contract is signedYou receive from the lender the\u00a0Truth in Lending Act (TILA)\u00a0disclosure that provides key information about the terms of the loan and two copies of a TILA notice explaining your right to rescind the contract"}
{"prompts":"What Is a White Collar Crime?","response":"A white-collar crime is a non-violent crime committed by a business professional who breached trust for economic gain. White-collar crimes include fraud, theft, counterfeiting, embezzlement, money laundering, and other fraudulent schemes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downtick-Uptick Rule?","response":"The downtick-uptick rule, also known as Rule 80A, was a rule that the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) had established to maintain orderly markets in a market downturn. The rule was abolished in 2007. The rule stated that whenever the NYSE Composite Index gained or lost more than 2% from the previous day that all sell trades on S&P 500 stocks during an upturn in the market be labeled as \"sell-plus\" and that all buy trades during a downturn in the market be labeled as \"buy-plus.\" These trades were flagged before execution in order to slow trading on S&P 500 companies because it halted the use of program trades that usually trade in large volumes."}
{"prompts":"What Company Is the Biggest Conglomerate?","response":"The biggest conglomerate in the world, based on market value, is the company Reliance Industries, whose market cap is $226.2 billion (as of April 16, 2022)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Property Taxes Based on the Mill Rate?","response":"The mill rate represents the amount of property tax that you pay on real estate. It is measured in mills, equivalent to a 10th of a percent. For example, a mill rate of 12 means that your property tax is equal to 1.2% of your property's assessed value. To calculate your property tax, multiply your property's mill rate by the assessed property value and divide it by 1,000."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read ATR Values?","response":"An average true range value is the average price range of an investment over a period. So if the ATR for an asset is $1.18, its price has an average range of movement of $1.18 per trading day."}
{"prompts":"Who Should File Form 1310?","response":"Form 1310 is filed by the primary beneficiary of the estate of the deceased. This may be the spouse, a child, or another family member of the deceased. If the person did not leave a will, a probate court will name an executor. That person is then responsible for Form 1310. The purpose of the form is to notify the IRS that a taxpayer has died and to direct the agency to send any refund owed to the appropriate beneficiary."}
{"prompts":"What Is Seasonality?","response":"Seasonality refers to the predictable changes that occur over the course of a year to an economy or business. It is not uncommon for certain times of the year to result in a drastic change in sales for companies within certain sectors. For example, holiday spending is often a major driver of full-year revenue growth for companies within the retail sector."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Open a Zero Balance Account?","response":"Zero balance accounts are often only offered to businesses. In addition, a business must often have been operating for some time with credit history, banking history, and proof of future cash flow prior to opening a ZBA."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Contribution Margin?","response":"Contribution margin is calculated as Revenue - Variable Costs. The contribution margin ratio is calculated as (Revenue - Variable Costs) \/ Revenue."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If Someone Is a Trustee?","response":"A trustee has been given the responsibility of ensuring a grantor's assets are used the way they intended them to be."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Engel Curve?","response":"An Engel Curve is a graphic representation of Engel's Law, showing the relationship between household income and spending on a particular good or service."}
{"prompts":"What Is the National Futures Association?","response":"The National Futures Association (NFA) is the derivative industry's sole self-regulatory organization. It was established by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission to conduct the registration of commodity trading advisors. As part of its goal to protect the interests of the investing public, it also monitors the actions of CTAs to ensure that they follow its rules."}
{"prompts":"Do You Have to Go to Probate Court When Someone Dies?","response":"Each state has specific probate laws to determine what's required. Unless someone has no assets or descendants when they die, probate is usually still required in order to settle the deceased's remaining affairs, including debts, assets, and paying their final bills and taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deep Neural Network?","response":"Also known as a deep learning network, a deep neural network, at its most basic, is one that involves two or more processing layers. Deep neural networks rely on machine learning networks that continually evolve by compared estimated outcomes to actual results, then modifying future projections."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of Prospect Theory?","response":"Prospect theory is part of the behavioral economic subgroup. It describes how individuals make decisions between alternatives where risk is involved and the probability of different outcomes is unknown. There is a certainty effect exhibited in the prospect theory, where people seek certain outcomes, underweighting only probable outcomes."}
{"prompts":"Does a Brokerage Always Internalize Trading?","response":"No, because it has various choices for filling trade orders and it has a duty to obtain the best execution reasonably available for its customers. But if filling an order with securities in its inventory works best, then it may choose to internalize to save money on an outside execution and to make money on the spread."}
{"prompts":"Do Credit Unions Have to Comply With Regulation DD?","response":"No. Regulation DD only applies to accounts issued by depository institutions. Non-banks and credit unions are not affected."}
{"prompts":"Can You Break a Unilateral Contract?","response":"In a unilateral contract,\u00a0the offeror may revoke the offer before the offeree's performance begins and this change should be expressed to the offeree before any task is started."}
{"prompts":"What Is Accrual Journal Entry?","response":"The accounting journal is the first entry in the accounting process where transactions are recorded as they occur. An accrual, or journal entry, is made when a transaction occurs."}
{"prompts":"How Is Step-Up in Basis Treated Differently in Community Property States?","response":"In community property states (and for assets in community property trusts) the surviving spouse receives a step-up in basis for community property. In the majority of states without community property provisions, jointly-owned property such as stock in a joint brokerage account would receive only half the step-up in cost basis compared with the same account in a community property state after the death of a spouse."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act?","response":"Trickle-down policies are common with Republican leaders. President Donald Trump signed into law the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on Dec. 22., 2017, which cut personal tax rates and personal exemptions which expire in 2025 and revert to the old, higher rates. However, corporations received a permanent tax cut to 21%. Critics of the plan say the top 1% get the larger tax cut versus those in lower income brackets."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of a Special Warranty Deed?","response":"Unlike a general warranty deed, the seller is not liable for any title issues that could have occurred before they took ownership. This creates a risk for a buyer because they will have no legal protection for any potential title issues that could arise after the real estate transaction is complete."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Corporate Culture?","response":"There are many examples of companies with well-defined corporate cultures. Alphabet Inc., for example, is known for its employee-centric culture and its emphasis on working in a creative and flexible environment, whereas Amazon is known for its relentless pursuit of customer service and operational efficiencies. Often, national cultures will play a role in determining the kind of corporate culture that is prevalent in society. For example, Japanese corporations are known for having markedly different corporate cultures as compared to those of American or European companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Drawback of Warm Calling?","response":"Warm calling requires that you have warm leads: prospects with whom you've had some prior contact. Establishing them may take some time and require preliminary efforts, such as an email or direct mail campaign or attending certain events where you're likely to make contact with the type of consumer you seek. These efforts can cost money so warm calling can be more expensive than cold calling."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Proration Happen?","response":"Proration can occur if a corporate action is planned, but there is not enough cash available to complete the transaction. Instead, equity shares are used as a form of payment, either in full or in part."}
{"prompts":"Is a qualified charitable organization exempt from paying taxes?","response":"Yes. Indeed, not paying taxes is the primary reason to become a qualified charitable organization. However, if the organization violates Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules regarding how it must operate, it can lose its tax-exempt status. If the group does any political advocacy, for example, it would cease to be tax free."}
{"prompts":"Can a debt collector physically come to my place of business?","response":"A debt collector is not allowed to physically come to your place of employment. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) considers a physical visit to your workplace \u201cpublicizing\u201d your debt. They may call you at work, but if you tell them to stop, they must comply."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find Out If I Have an Unclaimed Inheritance?","response":"According to the U.S. government, the first step to finding unclaimed assets is to check your state\u2019s unclaimed money office. This is where the state collects records of unpaid wages, unclaimed bank accounts, and heirs who could not be located.If you are uncertain about the contents of a will, the first step is to contact the decedent\u2019s executor. In addition, their will should be filed with the local county recorder."}
{"prompts":"What Should an Organizational Chart Show?","response":"An organizational chart should\u00a0visually show what the hierarchical status of a particular employee relative to other individuals within the company. For example, an assistant director will invariably fall directly below a director on the chart, indicating that the former reports to the latter.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Tobin's Q Ratio?","response":"The Tobin's Q ratio was developed in 1966 by Nicholas Kaldor, an economist, and popularized by James Tobin while he was a professor at Yale University. Tobin's Q ratio defines the value of a company as its total asset value divided by its market value.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does Income Tax Expense Represent?","response":"\u201cIncome tax expense\u201d is the financial accounting term for the taxes that an organization owes on its pre-tax profit. The amount is determined under GAAP by applying to the organization\u2019s pre-tax profit the tax rate applicable under relevant laws. It appears on an organization\u2019s income statement."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Lorenz Curve Measure Inequality?","response":"The Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the distribution of income or wealth in a society. Basically, the farther the curve moves from the baseline, represented by the straight diagonal line, the higher the level of inequality."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between CET1 and Tier 1 Leverage Ratio?","response":"Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) is a component of Tier 1 capital that is primarily liquid bank holdings such as cash and stock. The CET1 ratio compares a bank's capital against its assets. The other component of Tier 1 capital is known as additional Tier 1 capital (AT1) and is composed of instruments that are not common equity. In other words, AT1 + CET1 = Tier 1 capital."}
{"prompts":"How Does Risk Tolerance Compare to Risk Capacity?","response":"While risk tolerance measures an investor's willingness to take risk, an investor's risk capacity measures their financial ability to take a risk."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Socioeconomic Status?","response":"There are three key measures for determining someone's socioeconomic status, according to the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics: income, education, and occupation. In addition, the American Psychological Association also recommends considerations of family size, since the number of earners and dependents in a household has a strong impact on the family's financial security. One may also consider subjective factors, such as occupational prestige or a person's subjective perceptions of social class."}
{"prompts":"How Do Interest Rate Swaps Work?","response":"An interest rate swap is a financial agreement between two parties. It is a forward contract, which means both parties pay each other interest at specified intervals in the future. These swaps are based on a predetermined dollar value called the notional principal amount. This value is theoretical, which means that it never changes hands. Rather, the two parties only pay each other the agreed-upon interest. Companies and financial institutions trade interest rate swaps to mitigate risk, hedge against loss, and manage credit risk."}
{"prompts":"Why Was Y2K Scary?","response":"Experts feared that the switch from the two-digit year '99 to '00 would wreak havoc on computer systems ranging from airline reservations to financial databases to government systems. For instance, the banking system relied on dated computers and technologies and it wasn't irrational for depositors to worry about being able to withdraw funds or engage in important transactions. Bankers were worried that interest might be calculated for a thousand years (1000 to 1999) instead of a single day."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Marginal Utility?","response":"The formula for marginal utility is change in total utility (\u0394TU) divided by change in number of units (\u0394Q): MU = \u0394TU\/\u0394Q."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Opportunity Cost in Investing?","response":"Consider a young investor who decides to put $5,000 into bonds each year and dutifully does so for 50 years. Assuming an average annual return of 2.5%, their portfolio at the end of that time would be worth nearly $500,000. Although this result might seem impressive, it is less so when you consider the investor's opportunity cost. If, for example, they had instead invested half of their money in the stock market and received an average blended return of 5% a year, their portfolio would have been worth more than $1 million. Their opportunity cost in this case would be over $500,000."}
{"prompts":"What Cannot Be Written as a Business Expense?","response":"Non-deductible business expenses are those not directly related to your business. Some examples of non-deductible business expenses include meals and entertainment, car payments, and home office deductions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Legal Tender Laws?","response":"Countries implement legal tender laws to define what currency is recognized by law as a means to settle a public or private debt or meet a financial obligation, including tax payments, contracts, and legal fines or damages. The\u00a0national currency\u00a0is legal\u00a0tender\u00a0in every country."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Members of WEF?","response":"The World Economic Forum does not publish a members list but does list meeting delegates. For example, there were about 2,000 delegates at the 2022 meeting in Davos."}
{"prompts":"What Is Estate Planning?","response":"Estate planning is a broad term that is used to describe the process that individuals go through to plan the administration of their assets and liabilities before and after they die. This process also includes writing a will, reviewing accounts and assets, creating joint accounts, preparing other legal documents, and appointing an executor among other things."}
{"prompts":"What Did Friedrich Hayek Win the Nobel Prize for?","response":"Friedrich Hayek won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on the theory of money and economic fluctuations. He won it in 1974 with Gunnar Myrdal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Elliott Wave Theory?","response":"In technical analysis, the Elliott Wave theory looks at long-term trends in price patterns and how they correspond with investor psychology. These price patterns or \u2018waves\u2019 depend on rules developed by Ralph Nelson Elliott in the 1930s. They identify and predict wave patterns within stock markets and help predict future movement.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Supply?","response":"Many consumers are interested in supply because of its impact on price; should a manufacturer oversupply the market, consumers may receive a price discount. However, supply is related to so many additional important concepts. An efficient supply chain minimizes delays, reduces costs, and helps markets perform to their full potential."}
{"prompts":"Which States Allow Legal Separation?","response":"Most states allow legal separations\u2014the exceptions are Florida, Delaware, Georgia, Mississippi, Pennsylvania, and Texas."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hubris in a Person?","response":"Hubris is defined as \"excessive pride or self-confidence,\" and is seen most commonly in people who believe they are able to complete a task they are not skilled enough to do. There is a lot of crossover between hubris and arrogance, but hubris tends to be more related to one's extreme self-confidence in their abilities."}
{"prompts":"Which Are the Main Energy Sectors?","response":"The\u00a0Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) breaks down the energy sector into two industries: \u201cenergy equipment and services\u201d and \u201coil, gas, and consumable fuels.\u201d There are then various sub-sectors:Oil and gas drillingOil and gas equipment & servicesIntegrated oil and gasOil and gas exploration & productionOil and gas refining & marketingOil and gas storage & transportationCoal and consumable fuels"}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Straddle?","response":"Consider a trader who expects a company\u2019s shares to experience sharp price fluctuations following an interest rate announcement on Jan. 15. Currently, the stock\u2019s price is $100. The investor creates a straddle by purchasing both a $5 put option and a $5 call option at a $100 strike price which expires on Jan. 30. The net option premium for this straddle is $10. The trader would realize a profit if the price of the underlying security was above $110 (which is the strike price plus the net option premium) or below $90 (which is the strike price minus the net option premium) at the time of expiration."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Warrant Coverage on a Convertible Note?","response":"On a convertible note, a warrant coverage allows the holder to purchase additional shares of a company. The amount that is allowed to be purchased is a percentage based on the loan principal."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Example of Open Source?","response":"One early example involves the Remington Rand UNIVAC division. In 1953, the company gave its customers the software and its source code. Customers were encouraged to send the company feedback and improvements."}
{"prompts":"What are the Fibonacci ratios?","response":"The Fibonacci ratios are derived from the Fibonacci sequence: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, and so on. Here, each number is equal to the sum of the two preceding numbers. Fibonacci ratios are informed by mathematical relationships found in this formula. As a result, they produce the following ratios: 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, 61.8%, 78.6%, 100%, 161.8%, 261.8%, and 423.6%. Although 50% is not a pure Fibonacci ratio, it is still used as a support and resistance indicator."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Checks Take to Clear?","response":"For checks collected through the Federal Reserve Banks, the accounts of institutions collecting funds are credited for the value of deposits and the accounts of institutions paying funds are debited for the value of checks to be paid. Most checks are collected and settled within one business day."}
{"prompts":"What Affects the Labor Force Participation Rate?","response":"Three major factors influence the rate: economic, demographic, and social. For instance, the recent retirement of baby boomers in great numbers has pushed the rate down, while the introduction of large numbers of women into the workforce in the second half of the 20th century increased the rate. In April 2020, after the COVID-19 pandemic struck the U.S., the rate went down by more than 3% compared to the beginning of that year."}
{"prompts":"How Do Banks Earn Profits?","response":"Profitability is any money that is earned after all expenses are accounted for by a business or individual. Banks earn profits from a variety of sources. The main drivers for bank profits are the fees and service charges they impose on their customers. Interest expenses on loans and other credit products also help generate income."}
{"prompts":"When Was the FCC Created?","response":"The FCC was created in 1934 as part of the Communications Act of 1934."}
{"prompts":"What Is Concentration Banking?","response":"A concentration bank is a main branch of a bank that aggregates funds from satellite branches of that bank in order to facilitate payments and transfers."}
{"prompts":"Is a CMO a CDO?","response":"A collateralized mortgage obligation (CMO) is a collateralized debt obligation (CDO) constructed of underlying mortgages. CDOs are a pooled investment security of any fixed-income asset but are most often made up of loans. A CMO is specifically a CDO where the loans are mortgages."}
{"prompts":"How many antitrust laws are there?","response":"There are three federal antitrust laws in effect today: the Sherman Act, the Federal Trade Commission Act, and the Clayton Act."}
{"prompts":"Is Ethereum a Good Investment?","response":"As with any investment, the answer to that depends on your financial objectives, goals, and risk tolerance. The cryptocurrency ETH can be volatile, putting capital at risk. However, it is certainly worth researching as an investment because the various existing and emerging innovative technologies that use Ethereum may assume larger roles in our society in the future. Consider taking a cryptocurrency trading course to help you set up the right investment strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the U.S. Job Growth Prediction?","response":"Total U.S. employment is expected to grow by approximately 4.7 million jobs from 2022 to 2032. Total employment till then is expected to grow 0.3% annually, which is slower than the 1.2% annual growth in the previous decade from 2012 to 2022. A large part of this is due to the slowing growth in the population and a reduction in the labor force participation rate due to the aging of the baby boomer generation."}
{"prompts":"How Do Fiscal and Monetary Policies Contribute to Economic Recovery?","response":"Fiscal policies, such as government spending and taxation adjustments, and monetary policies, involving interest rate changes and liquidity management, contribute to economic recovery by influencing aggregate demand, investment levels, and financial market stability. The government uses these policies to stimulate economic activity during downturns; in certain economies, it might be argued that economic recovery can't happen without the government's policies."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find My Company's SIC Code?","response":"The United States Securities and Exchange Commission publicly issues a standard code list that can be used to identify a SIC code. The code list is more specifically reviewed and updated by the Division of Corporation Finance."}
{"prompts":"Are Bonds Valued the Same As Stocks?","response":"Not exactly. Both stocks and bonds are generally valued using discounted cash flow analysis\u2014which takes the net present value of future cash flows that are owed by a security. Unlike stocks, bonds are composed of an interest (coupon) component and a principal component that is returned when the bond matures. Bond valuation takes the present value of each component and adds them together."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Net Liquid Assets Important","response":"Net liquid assets are important because a company consistently needs cash to meet its short-term obligations. Without cash, a company can't pay its bills to vendors or wages to employees. Liquid assets are also needed in case a short-term emergency arises that requires money to be spent."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Monoline Policy?","response":"A monoline policy is an insurance policy that only covers one specific type of risk. For example, some monoline insurers may specialize in whole life insurance, auto insurance, or specific types of property."}
{"prompts":"How Is Goodwill Used in Investing?","response":"Evaluating goodwill is a challenging but critical skill for many investors. After all, when reading a company\u2019s balance sheet, it can be very difficult to tell whether the goodwill it claims to hold is in fact justified. For example, a company might claim that its goodwill is based on the brand recognition and customer loyalty of the company it acquired.When analyzing a company\u2019s balance sheet, investors will therefore scrutinize what is behind its stated goodwill in order to determine whether that goodwill may need to be written off in the future. In some cases, the opposite can also occur, with investors believing that the true value of a company\u2019s goodwill is greater than that stated on its balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher Quick Ratio Better?","response":"In general, a higher quick ratio is better. This is because the formula's numerator (the most liquid current assets) will be higher than the formula's denominator (the company's current liabilities). A higher quick ratio signals that a company can be more liquid and generate cash quickly in case of emergency.Keep in mind that a very high quick ratio may not be better. For example, a company may be sitting on a very large cash balance. This capital could be used to generate company growth or invest in new markets. There is often a fine line between balancing short-term cash needs and spending capital for long-term potential."}
{"prompts":"How Rich Is John Elkann?","response":"John Elkann's net worth as of May 18, 2022, was $2.1 billion. He is part of the wealthy Agnelli family that started the car company, Fiat. Elkann is also chair of Stellantis and chair and CEO of Exor."}
{"prompts":"What Careers are Common in the Real Estate Industry?","response":"Common careers found in the real estate industry include leasing agent, foreclosure specialist, title examiner, home inspector, real estate appraiser, real estate agent, and mortgage broker."}
{"prompts":"What Is the IRS Policy for Depreciation of Assets?","response":"IRS Publication 946 provides guidelines for taxpayers to claim depreciation for wasting assets such as vehicles."}
{"prompts":"Why has my broker flagged me as a pattern day trader?","response":"Brokers automatically flag pattern day traders. These are customers who execute four or more day trades within five business days, provided that the number of day trades represents more than 6% of the customer\u2019s total trades in a margin account for that same five-business-day period.\u00a0This rule is a minimum requirement, and some broker-dealers may use a slightly broader definition in determining whether a customer qualifies as a pattern day trader.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tinbergen Model?","response":"The Tinbergen model is an education plan that stresses the importance of the value of policy variables in the specific plan. The Tinbergen model stands in contrast to the manpower requirements model, which stresses forecasting certain values for the plan year."}
{"prompts":"With Which Business Sectors Did Appaloosa Achieve Success?","response":"David Tepper's investment in banks (AIG), energy (ENRON), and telecommunications (Marconi) helped define Appaloosa's success."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid Capital Gains Tax on a Business Sale?","response":"You cannot avoid paying capital gains tax, but you can defer it. To defer paying capital gains tax on a business sale, you may reinvest the capital gains into an opportunity zone."}
{"prompts":"Is tZero Owned by Overstock?","response":"tZero spun out from Overstock in 2018. It is now part of a parent company, tZero Group Inc."}
{"prompts":"Is the CEO the Owner of the Company?","response":"It depends. In some cases, CEOs are the owners of a company. In others, CEOs are elected by the board of directors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Consumer DDA Account?","response":"A consumer DDA is a demand deposit account. Such an account lets you withdraw funds without having to give the financial institution any advance notice."}
{"prompts":"What Should a Cover Letter Contain?","response":"An effective cover letter should highlight the applicant's skills, experience, and any achievements that make them a good fit for their prospective employer. It is also a good chance to mention anything that is not included in the resume: For example, if an applicant is drawn to a certain employer because they love a certain product, the cover letter is a great place to mention it. Make sure your cover letter also includes your name and contact information."}
{"prompts":"Do I have to report a 1099-MISC on my tax return?","response":"You must report on your tax return income shown on any 1099-MISC that you receive. You do not have to file the form with your taxes, but you should keep it for your records. You can deduct any taxes withheld, including state and local taxes, on the appropriate return."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Assets?","response":"Personal assets can include a home, land, financial securities, jewelry, artwork, gold and silver, or your checking account. Business assets can include such things as motor vehicles, buildings, machinery, equipment, cash, and accounts receivable."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tick in the S&P 500?","response":"U.S. stocks generally trade in one-cent-tick-size increments, meaning the minimum number their share prices can move is up or down by $0.01."}
{"prompts":"What Is Elasticity in Economics?","response":"In the context of economics, elasticity is used to measure the change in the quantity demanded for a product in relation to its price movements. A product is considered to be elastic if the demand for it changes substantially when its price changes."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Married Puts?","response":"Married puts can be used by short-term traders or investors who believe that an asset's price will rise but at the same time want to protect against unexpected, near-term losses. Married puts aren't usually used by people investing for the long term who don't care about short-term market aberrations."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If Something Is Window Dressing?","response":"You may have heard that a stock is window dressing for a fund or that a business' reports are window dressed. This means that a stock has been replaced close to the end of a reporting period to boost performance falsely, or the reports are altered to be more financially attractive to investors and lenders."}
{"prompts":"Is the After-Tax Real Rate of Return Better Than the Nominal Rate of Return?","response":"Your after-tax real rate of return will give you the actual benefit of the investment and whether it is sufficient to sustain your standard of living in the future, because it takes into account your fees, tax rate, and inflation.Both figures are useful tools to analyze an investment's performance. If you are comparing two investments, it would be important to use the same figure for both."}
{"prompts":"How Can Households Implement Cost Controls?","response":"Cost controls are often associated with increasing the operating efficiency of a business; however, individuals and households can also benefit from such strategies to increase savings and cash flows. Establishing and sticking to a budget is one key strategy. Shopping around and comparing competitors' prices is another way to keep prices down. Look to shop when items are on sale and consider second-hand goods if possible."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for the Present Value of an Annuity Due?","response":"With an annuity due, in which payments are made at the beginning of each period, the formula is slightly different than that of an ordinary annuity. To find the value of an annuity due, simply multiply the above formula by a factor of (1 + r):P=PMT\u00d71\u2212(1(1+r)n)r\u00d7(1+r)\\begin{aligned} &\\text{P} = \\text{PMT} \\times \\frac { 1 - \\Big ( \\frac { 1 }{ ( 1 + r ) ^ n } \\Big ) }{ r } \\times ( 1 + r ) \\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bP=PMT\u00d7r1\u2212((1+r)n1\u200b)\u200b\u00d7(1+r)\u200b"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Top-Grossing Network Marketing Program?","response":"Amway consistently tops the list. Top-selling brands for Amway are Nutrilite vitamin, mineral and dietary supplements, Artistry skincare and color cosmetics, eSpring water treatment systems and XS energy drinks\u2014all sold exclusively by independent Amway Business Owners. In 2021, it brought in $8.9 billion in revenue."}
{"prompts":"What Did Reaganomics Do?","response":"Reaganomics reduced taxes on individuals and businesses, as well as cutting federal regulations and domestic social programs."}
{"prompts":"Why Do People Hoard Cash in a Liquidity Trap?","response":"People might sit on cash for several reasons: They may have no confidence that they can earn a higher\u00a0rate of return\u00a0by investing. They may believe\u00a0deflation\u2014or falling prices\u2014is on the horizon, so they're waiting for better prices to emerge, whether they're investing or spending their cash. Or, they may fear economic troubles ahead, in their personal lives or the economy in general.If enough people believe any of the above, their beliefs become a reality.It must be said that some of these people may want to borrow, but find that lenders are reluctant to extend credit at such low interest rates to any but the most qualified borrowers."}
{"prompts":"What Yields Do TIPS Have?","response":"The yields on TIPS are often negative. This is because after taking into account the effects of inflation, the real yield is negative. For instance, if standard two-year Treasuries yield 1% but inflation is 2%, then the real yield is -1%.TIPS are meant to keep up with inflation, not beat inflation. Therefore, you can have a nominal yield on TIPS that is positive but a real yield that is effectively zero. Note that while the yield on TIPS may be negative, their principal value will increase with inflation, which can generate capital gains."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Drawbacks of a Personal Service Corporation?","response":"Personal service corporations can be costly and complicated to set-up, and they are generally less flexible in their structure than other types of corporations. Failure to comply with IRS guidelines and regulations may also increase the risk of an IRS audit, and can lead to significant tax penalties.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Can I cash out my universal life insurance policy?","response":"Yes, you can sell your universal life insurance policy, or you can liquidate the cash value component and cancel the policy, but you may have to pay a surrender fee if you haven\u2019t passed the surrender period."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Risk-Weighted Assets?","response":"Examples of risk-weighted assets include government bonds and debentures. Banks have different assets that are classified by their risk weight, where lower-risk assets are assigned a lower risk weight."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Monthly Active Users?","response":"You calculate MAU by dividing the sum of each month's unique users by 12. This is the average used by most businesses to report their MAU."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Marginal Cost?","response":"Marginal cost is calculated by dividing the change in costs by the change in quantity. For example, suppose that a factory is currently producing 5,000 units and wishes to increase its production to 10,000 units. If the factory\u2019s current cost of production is $100,000, and if increasing their production level would raise their costs to $150,000, then the marginal cost of production is $10, or ($150,000 - $100,000) \/ (10,000 - 5,000)."}
{"prompts":"How can I use the money from a cash-out refinance?","response":"There are no restrictions on how you can use the funds from a cash-out refinance. Many borrowers use the cash to pay for a big expense, such as to fund an education or pay down debt, or as an emergency fund."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Overcome Market Saturation?","response":"Creative marketing, reviewing pricing and lowering if necessary, and offering new customer service options or trying out a niche market product within the saturated market are all ways to overcome market saturation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capital Gains Distribution?","response":"A capital gains distribution is a cash payment made by a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF) to fund owners. If a mutual fund holds a capital asset for more than one year and then sells it, the fund usually passes on the profit to you as a capital gains distribution."}
{"prompts":"Does the Demand Curve Slope Downward or Upward?","response":"The demand curve generally slopes downward from left to right, illustrating that as the price of a good rises, the demand for it falls. However, there are exceptions to the rule\u2014for Giffen goods and Veblen goods, for example. In both cases, rising prices tend to accompany a rise in demand, leading to a demand curve that rises from left to right."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Disregarded Entity?","response":"\"Disregarded entity\" is a tax term. Like an S-corporation, a limited liability business structure allows income and losses to pass down to its owners' personal tax returns. The business structure itself is \"disregarded\" by the IRS for tax purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps in a Feasibility Study?","response":"A feasibility study starts with a preliminary analysis. Stakeholders are interviewed, market research is conducted, and a business plan is prepared. All of this information is analyzed to make an initial \"go\" or \"no-go\" decision.If it's a go, the real study can begin. This includes listing the technological considerations, studying the marketplace, describing the marketing strategy, and outlining the necessary human capital, project schedule, and financing requirements."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Market Value Often Higher Than Book Value?","response":"Book value only uses a company's total shareholder equity. It may not include intangible assets such as patents, intellectual property, brand value, and goodwill. It also may not fully account for workers' skills, human capital, and future profits and growth. Therefore, the market value \u2014 which is determined by the market (sellers and buyers) and is how much investors are willing to pay by accounting for all of these factors \u2014 will generally be higher."}
{"prompts":"Are There Limits to Incentive Stock Options?","response":"Yes, companies can only offer up to $100,000 in incentive stock options to a single employee in a calendar year."}
{"prompts":"Who Files Schedule A?","response":"U.S. taxpayers file Schedule A when itemizing deductions when they submit their annual tax returns. Taxpayers are allowed to either use the standard deduction or itemize deductions. The goal is to choose the method that results in the greatest savings in tax payment."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks Report Check Deposits to the IRS?","response":"Banks report check deposits to the IRS if the amount is over $10,000. This doesn't matter if it is a check or cash, a bank is legally required to report this to the IRS."}
{"prompts":"Was Karl Marx Right?","response":"Not so far. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the most successful of the few remaining communist countries, notably China and Vietnam, have reformed some of their most rigid practices. None has been able to entirely eliminate personal property, money, and class systems in the way that Karl Marx envisioned.Capitalism, in its various forms, remains the dominant economic system. But it has changed, too, since Marx's time, with some of the worst excesses addressed. Worker safety standards, child labor laws, minimum wage laws, and anti-poverty programs are all examples."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Networking Useful?","response":"Networking helps a professional keep up with current events in the field. It develops relationships that may lead to business or employment prospects. At its best, it achieves this in a relaxed social environment."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Penalties for Not Complying With the FCRA?","response":"Each violation may carry a fine of $100 to $1,000. If damages are incurred, actual and punitive damages may also be imposed in addition to attorney fees. Criminal charges may apply if someone knowingly and willfully obtains information from a consumer reporting agency under false pretenses."}
{"prompts":"Why is it important to have an exit plan?","response":"Businesses should have a clearly defined exit plan to help manage risk and capitalize on opportunities. Specifically, an exit plan helps remove emotion from decision making, assists with strategic direction, helps to plan for unexpected events, and provides details about an actionable succession plan.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does Loan Syndication Work?","response":"Loan syndication is a process that involves multiple banks and financial institutions who pool their capital together to finance a single loan for one borrower. There is only one contract and each bank is responsible for their own portion of the loan. One institution acts as the lead and is responsible for getting other banks on board, documenting collateral assignments, and distributing payments from the borrower."}
{"prompts":"What Does Carriage and Insurance Paid to (CIP) Cover?","response":"CIP is a globally accepted Incoterm devised by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) that regulates the cost of shipping items in a business sale. It requires the seller to pay for both freight and insurance costs in sending goods to a buyer chosen by the seller at a mutually agreed-upon location. As soon as the goods are delivered, the risk of damage or loss becomes the buyer\u2019s."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sales Revenue?","response":"Sales revenue equals the total units sold multiplied by the average price per unit."}
{"prompts":"How Does FIRE Work?","response":"Followers of FIRE plan to retire much earlier than the traditional retirement age of 65 by dedicating up to 70% of their income to savings while still in the full-time workforce. When their savings reach approximately 30 times their yearly expenses, or roughly $1 million, they may quit their day jobs or completely retire from any form of employment."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Lease-to-Own Homes?","response":"According to Homelight, one way to find a lease-to-own home is to look for agents or brokerages with a lease-to-own program. It is also possible to contact sellers directly\u2014many property owners may want to sell their property without the trouble of going through a realtor. Finally, it is also possible to find lease-to-own arrangements from the foreclosure market. A lease-to-own arrangement on a house in pre-foreclosure would provide the owners with a steady income stream and a path to selling the house."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Principal Amount?","response":"The formula for calculating the principal amount (P) when there is simple interest is:P = I \/ (RT)or the interest amount (I) divided by the product of the interest rate (R) and the amount of time (T)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Penny Warrant?","response":"A penny warrant is a warrant that comes with an exercise price (the agreed-upon price for the underlying asset) of one cent or another nominal amount."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hydrocarbon Fuel?","response":"Hydrocarbon fuel is fuel that is derived from a hydrocarbon, which includes gasoline and jet fuel, both of which have significant uses in the modern world, from powering cars to planes to lawnmowers."}
{"prompts":"How Does a SEP IRA Work?","response":"A SEP IRA allows small business owners to set up contributions to their own accounts and those of their employees."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Purchase BOLI?","response":"BOLI offers banks a tax shelter and a way for them to fund benefit plans. Premiums paid into the fund, in addition to all capital appreciation, are tax free for the bank. Therefore, banks can use the BOLI system to fund employee benefits on a tax-free basis."}
{"prompts":"What Led to the AT&T Divestiture in 1982?","response":"One of the most famous cases of court-ordered divestiture involves the breakup of the old AT&T in 1982. The U.S. government determined AT&T controlled too large a portion of the nation's telephone service and brought antitrust charges against the company in 1974. The divestiture created seven different companies, including one retaining the name AT&T, as well as new equipment manufacturers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a C Corporation and an S Corporation?","response":"An S corporation is similar to a C corporation, in that both allow the owners and officers of a business to be legally distinct from the business itself. However, there are important differences with regard to taxation: An S corp is a \"pass-through\" entity, meaning that it can be used to pass profits and tax credits on to its shareholders. The profits of a C corp are taxed twice, first as corporate income and again as shareholder dividends."}
{"prompts":"What Makes Up the Balance of a Financial Account?","response":"The balance of a financial account is the sum of net direct investments, net portfolio investments, asset funding, and errors\/omissions."}
{"prompts":"How Is Paid-In Capital Recorded?","response":"Paid-in capital is recorded on the company's balance sheet under the shareholders' equity section. It can be called out as its own line item, listed as an item next to Additional Paid-in Capital, or determined by adding the totals from the common or preferred stock and the additional paid-in capital lines. Paid-up share capital is also listed in the shareholders' equity section. Paid-up share capital is money that the company has already received in payment of any sold shares."}
{"prompts":"Is Arbitrage Trading Done With ADSs?","response":"Arbitrage in trading an ADS occurs when there are market inefficiencies, currency exchange rates, and liquidity. However, executing arbitrage strategies involves significant challenges, such as transaction costs, market risk, and the operational complexities of intra-market trading."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if an Auditor Doesn't Follow GAAS?","response":"If an auditor fails to adhere to GAAS, they could be held liable for negligence regarding losses suffered by a company."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Velocity of Money?","response":"The velocity of money is calculated by dividing a country's gross domestic product by the total supply of money. This calculation can use either the M1 money supply, which includes physical currency, checkable deposits, and certain other figures, or the M2 supply, which also includes savings deposits and money market funds."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Multiplier Good?","response":"Each type of multiplier is individually defined and often has different metrics that define success. Very broadly speaking, most multipliers that are high indicate higher economic output or growth. For example, a higher money multiplier by banks often signals that currency is being cycled through an economy more times and more efficiently, often leading to greater economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is GAAP in Auditing?","response":"GAAP refers to generally accepted accounting principles. These are the accounting standards and rules by which companies record and report their financial activities. These financials are examined subsequently by auditors who can then attest to their veracity (or report inadequacies)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Explain Accrual to Non-Accountants?","response":"Accrual accounting uses the double-entry accounting method, where payments or reciepts are recorded in two accounts at the time the transaction is initiated, not when they are made."}
{"prompts":"What type of property is covered by fire insurance?","response":"Typically, any fire damage to your home or its contents will be covered by fire insurance. This includes property covered by candle fires, grease fires, electrical fires, and others."}
{"prompts":"Can the Risk\/Return Ratio of an Investment Change Over Time?","response":"Yes, the risk\/return ratio can change over time as the investment's price moves its potential risk changes. For example, if a stock's price goes up, the potential reward may become less than when it was initially purchased, while the potential risk may have also increased.It's important to regularly monitor the risk\/return ratio of your investments and adjust your portfolio accordingly to ensure that your investments align with your goals and risk tolerance."}
{"prompts":"Who Handles Fiscal Policy?","response":"In the United States,\u00a0fiscal policy\u00a0is directed by both the executive and legislative branches. In the executive branch, the two most influential offices in this regard belong to the President and the\u00a0Secretary of the Treasury, although contemporary presidents often rely on a Council of Economic Advisers as well.In\u00a0the legislative branch, the U.S. Congress authorizes taxes, passes laws, and appropriations spending for any fiscal policy measures through its power of the purse. This process involves participation, deliberation, and approval from both the House of Representatives and the Senate."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid Probate Court?","response":"While it can be tricky to avoid probate court completely, some ways to avoid probate include creating a living trust, naming beneficiaries clearly on all investment, bank, and retirement accounts, and establishing joint ownership for certain assets."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Important to Have a Down Payment?","response":"A down payment will reduce the loan amount, interest cost, and monthly payments. The amount of the down payment may also reduce the interest rate provided by the lender."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Probability and Conditional Probability?","response":"Probability looks at the likelihood of one event occurring. Conditional probability looks at two events occurring in relation to one another. It looks at the probability of a second event occurring based on the probability of the first event occurring."}
{"prompts":"How does a fidelity bond work?","response":"Fidelity bonds are insurance products that offer employers protection against losses caused by employees\u2019 fraudulent or dishonest actions.\u00a0Should an event covered by the policy transpire, the company would file a claim and get reimbursed according to what it agreed to with the insurer."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Testamentary Document?","response":"A testamentary document is a document that is added to a person's will outlining specific information or instructions. A testamentary document could include a confidentiality agreement or an indemnity document, which may remove all financial, legal liability for a person or party."}
{"prompts":"Can a Consumer Dispute a Non-Refundable Charge?","response":"Just like with any other charge, the consumer has the right to dispute a transaction involving a non-refundable charge as long as they believe they have a valid claim. Valid claims include not receiving the product or service or not having signed or authorized the non-refundable charge."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Salary and Remuneration?","response":"Salary is a form of remuneration. For many, salary and remuneration are the same. They are paid a flat salary or hourly rate for their work. For others, salary is only one part of remuneration. Salespeople may receive a small salary plus income from commissions based on their sales."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Original Meaning of Payment-in-Kind (PIK)?","response":"The phrase \"payment-in-kind\" also applies to accepting cash alternatives for work or services. For example, a farmhand who is given \"free\" room and board instead of receiving an hourly wage in exchange for helping out on the farm is an example of payment-in-kind. PIK is derived from the bartering system that was used before the advent of money as a means of exchange."}
{"prompts":"Is Guerrilla Marketing Illegal?","response":"Guerrilla marketing is completely legal. Although some techniques are ethically questionable, there is nothing illegal about these strategies. Often, companies embark on guerrilla marketing strategies because of a lack of resources or more creative approach to marketing."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of Derived Demand?","response":"Derived demand consists of three main components: labor, raw materials, and processed materials. Labor is the work employed to produce final goods and services. Raw materials are the resources used to manufacture a product or service, and processed materials are the products created from raw materials and labor. When derived demand increases or decreases, the demand for these components follow."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Tell if a Green Fund Is Sustainable?","response":"Each fund holds a basket of securities, representing a cross-section of a larger part of the market. To determine if a green fund is sufficiently sustainable, prospective investors should first examine the securities listed in the fund\u2019s assets. In addition, some research firms may offer independent evaluations, such as Morningstar\u2019s sustainability rating or State Street's R-Factor."}
{"prompts":"What Causes an Agency Problem?","response":"Agency problems arise during a relationship between a principal and an agent. Agents are commonly engaged by principals due to different skill levels, different employment positions, or restrictions on time and access. The agency problem arises due to an issue with incentives and the presence of discretion in task completion. An agent may be motivated to act in a manner that is not favorable for the principal if the agent is presented with an incentive to act in this way."}
{"prompts":"What Does Secular Tailwinds Mean?","response":"In finance, a tailwind refers to forces that help accelerate market growth. A secular tailwind refers to long-term economic trends that help feed market growth, in contrast to cyclical factors that limit growth."}
{"prompts":"Is Kellogg Better Than Harvard?","response":"Whether one school is better than the other is subjective. Each school has its own teaching method, so it's best to compare the curriculums and costs to learn more about them."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Focus for the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium in 2023?","response":"The topic for the 2023 Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium was \"Structural Shifts in the Global Economy.\" Speakers included Jerome Powell, Chair of the Federal Reserve, Christine Lagarde, President of the European Central Bank, Ben Broadbent, Deputy Governor of the Bank of England, and Kazuo Ueda, Governor of the Bank of Japan. Topics that were discussed included structural changes in the financial markets and the conduct of monetary policy and structural constraints on growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-qualified Retirement Plan?","response":"Non-qualified retirement plans are employer-sponsored plans that don\u2019t meet all of the requirements of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) and don\u2019t receive all of the tax advantages of qualified plans. Non-qualified plans are primarily used to reward a company\u2019s top executives."}
{"prompts":"What If I Am Interested in Comparisons for Less Than a Year?","response":"You can compute month-over-month or quarter-over-quarter (Q\/Q) in much the same way as YOY. Indeed, you can choose any time frame you desire."}
{"prompts":"What Is Principal and Interest?","response":"Your principal is the money that you originally agreed to pay back. Interest is the cost of borrowing the principal. For example, if the interest rate on a $100,000 mortgage is 6%, the combined principal and interest monthly payment on a 30-year mortgage would be about $599.55\u2014$500 interest + $99.55 principal."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Contribution Margin Important in Break-Even Analysis?","response":"The contribution margin represents the revenue required to cover a business' fixed costs and contribute to its profit. Through the contribution margin calculation, a business can determine the break-even point and where it can begin earning a profit."}
{"prompts":"What Can You Do to Avoid Inheritance Taxes?","response":"An inheritance tax is a state tax on the estate of a decedent. In most cases, inheritance taxes are higher according to the size of the inheritance and the beneficiary\u2019s relationship to the deceased.You can reduce the inheritance tax burden on your beneficiaries by placing your assets in a trust, or by gifting assets to your beneficiaries while they are still living. Another option is to take out a life insurance policy, naming your heirs as beneficiaries. These payouts are not subject to inheritance taxes."}
{"prompts":"Is the Taft-Hartley Act Still In Effect?","response":"The Taft-Hartley Act was vetoed by President Harry S. Truman in 1947. Still, the act was enacted by the 80th U.S. Congress after receiving support from both congressional representatives from both the Democrat and Republican parties. The act continues to be strongly opposed by many, though the act remains in effect."}
{"prompts":"How Do Markets Work?","response":"Markets are arenas in which buyers and sellers can gather and interact. A high number of active buyers and sellers characterizes a market in a state of perfect competition. The market establishes the prices for goods and other services. These rates are determined by supply and demand. The sellers create supply, while buyers generate demand. Markets try to find some balance in price when supply and demand are in balance."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Different Leadership Styles?","response":"The styles of leadership can be imagined as existing on a grid with the axes representing the desire for production and the concern for employees. There are different ways to be an effective leader. One is to lead by example, showing others how to proceed and coaching them. Another is to delegate tasks to others based on their skills and experience. A third is to direct others from a position of authority. Finally, a good leader can be supportive and help team members achieve their goals."}
{"prompts":"What does recovery rate mean?","response":"The recovery rate is the percentage of defaulted debt that can be recovered by a lender. It is also the value of a security after it emerges from default or bankruptcy. Businesses and lenders can use the recovery rate as they determine the estimated recovery value of an asset in the event of liquidation."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Roll Futures?","response":"Futures traders can roll their contracts by selling their near-term contracts and buying new contracts with later expiration dates. The cost is equal to the difference between the two contract prices, plus trading and commission fees."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Hubris?","response":"An example of hubris in everyday life can be a CEO thinking that because they invented one great product that they cannot fail, a lawyer who thinks they can't lose a case, or a doctor who refuses to listen to patients because they believe they know everything and the patient nothing. Icarus, from Greek mythology, is a classic example of hubris. Icarus flew too close to the sun and his wings melted, and he fell to earth."}
{"prompts":"Is it Worth Paying a Collection Agency?","response":"It depends on the specifics of your situation. If you can afford the debt you owe to the collection agency, it's likely in your best interests to pay the debt. Taking care of the debt can help you begin to repair any damage the debt did to your credit, and it helps you avoid a lawsuit. However, if you have more debt than you can handle, it is advisable to seek professional legal and financial assistance to determine if filing for bankruptcy is your best course of action."}
{"prompts":"What Risks Does MIGA Cover?","response":"As a guarantee agency, MIGA provides coverage against political risk, including the risk of war, the risk of currency inconvertibility, and the risk of expropriation (such as if the government nationalizes a project, making it impossible to complete). MIGA also protects against the risk that a sovereign nation doesn't honor its obligations."}
{"prompts":"Is a Zero Balance Account Bad?","response":"In the context of the financial product, a zero balance account is not bad. A company intentionally holds $0 in the account and only puts money into the account when a transaction will occur. A company does this to strategically manage cash and protect its assets."}
{"prompts":"Does a Deed Mean You Own the House?","response":"A deed is proof that you are the owner of the house (or other property). You hold the title to that property."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Limits to the Types of Content That Can Be Syndicated?","response":"It depends on the distributor. Product videos, images and descriptions are typically accepted. The distributor should tell you upfront what it will or will not accept, but it may simply adjust your copy and images to meet its standards."}
{"prompts":"Did Government Stimulus Checks Create a Demand Shock?","response":"In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. government issued a series of stimulus checks to American households. The goal was to help families cope with lockdowns, business closures, and other disruptions. However, these checks also may have been a positive demand shock, boosting spending by too much as the economy recovered and leading to high inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Do Local Taxes Pay for?","response":"Local taxes are used by municipal and state governments to pay the salaries of public servants and other costs associated with running government offices. They are also used to pay for education, social programs and local infrastructure, as well as to pay off debt incurred by those government bodies."}
{"prompts":"How Does Technical Analysis Work?","response":"Technical analysis is premised on the belief that most traders will behave in predictable ways, due to herd dynamics and group psychology. For example, many traders will tend to exit a position after a sharp drop in market price, or to take profits when the asset gains a certain level. Since all traders have access to the same market information, and many of them are using the same technical analysis tools, there is also an element of self-fulfillment in technical predictions."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Purchase Stock Through a Rights Offering?","response":"Existing shareholders are not obligated to purchase additional stock through a rights offering; the offering simply offers them a chance to purchase more stock."}
{"prompts":"What Indicators Can Be Used in Conjunction With the Three White Soldiers Chart Pattern?","response":"Using the additional technical indicators alongside the three white soldiers chart pattern has the potential to enhance its reliability and provide a more comprehensive trading strategy. Some commonly used indicators that complement this pattern are the Relative Strength Index (RSI), moving averages, Bollinger Bands, Volume Oscillator, Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD), Stochastic Oscillators, Fibonacci Retracement Levels, the Average Directional Index (ADX), the Ichimoku Cloud and Pivot Points."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Double Entry?","response":"An example of double-entry accounting would be if a business took out a $10,000 loan and the loan was recorded in both the debit account and the credit account. The cash (asset) account would be debited by $10,000 and the debt (liability) account is credited by $10,000. Under the double-entry system, both the debit and credit accounts will equal each other."}
{"prompts":"What Can the Government Do About a Budget Deficit?","response":"The government can work to cut back the budget deficit by using its fiscal policy toolbox to promote economic growth, such as scaling back government spending and raising taxes."}
{"prompts":"Which Jobs Require Technical Skills?","response":"Many professions\u2014such as audio technicians, electronics technicians, market technicians, computer technicians, and engineering technicians\u2014require technical skills. Careers in the scientific, technological, engineering, computational, and mathematical fields have the highest concentrations of technical skills."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Monte Carlo Simulation Used in Finance Applications?","response":"The Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the probability of a certain income. As such, it is widely used by investors and financial analysts to evaluate the probable success of investments they're considering. Some common uses include:Pricing stock options. The potential price movements of the underlying asset are tracked given every possible variable. The results are averaged and then discounted to the asset's current price. This is intended to indicate the probable payoff of the options.Portfolio valuation. A number of alternative portfolios can be tested using the Monte Carlo simulation in order to arrive at a measure of their comparative risk.Fixed income investments. The short rate is the random variable here. The simulation is used to calculate the probable impact of movements in the short rate on fixed rate investments."}
{"prompts":"Who Loses and Who Benefits From a Short Squeeze?","response":"Speculators and traders who have short positions in a stock will face heavy losses if the stock undergoes a short squeeze. Contrarian investors who have built up long positions in the stock in anticipation of a short squeeze will benefit as the stock price climbs."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Fill Out a Money Order?","response":"When you buy a money order, you will need to include information about the purchaser (you) and the recipient. Write the name of the intended recipient in the \"Pay to the Order\" field, and your full legal name and address in the appropriate fields. Fill in the amount to be transferred. Some money orders may not ask for your address. Finally, sign and date the money order, and keep the receipt."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Macroeconomics and Microeconomics?","response":"Macroeconomics\u00a0concerns the broad economy as a whole, whereas microeconomics narrows down its focus to the study of individual agents, such as consumers and businesses, and the impact of their behavior and decision-making. Microeconomics seeks to explain things such as how and why different goods have different values, and how individuals can best maximize efficiency."}
{"prompts":"How Is Z-Score Used in Real Life?","response":"A z-score is used in many real-life applications, such as medical evaluations, test scoring, business decision-making, and investing and trading opportunity measurements. Traders that use statistical measures like z-scores to evaluate trading opportunities are called quant traders (quantitative traders)."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Overnight Rate Affect the Prime Rate?","response":"When the overnight rate is increased by the central bank, it becomes more expensive for banks to borrow money from one another, increasing their total cost. To make up for this increase in costs, banks increase their prime rates, which makes borrowing money for customers more expensive. In essence, banks pass the increased cost onto the consumer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Essential Components of Productivity?","response":"Productivity can be measured for an individual. The four essential components of individual productivity include (1) strategy, or the ability to plan, (2) focus, or the ability to pay attention to one task at a time, (3) productive choosing, or the ability to choose the most important tasks and make the right choices, and (4) consistency, the ability to work at a consistent pace and incorporate all of the above in your tasks."}
{"prompts":"How Does Hashgraph Consensus Work?","response":"Hashgraph consensus works using consensus timestamps and \"gossip,\" in which each node communicates everything it knows to random nodes in \"gossip events.\""}
{"prompts":"What Does Standard and Poor's Mean?","response":"Standard & Poor's (S&P) is a\u00a0company, a leading index provider, and data source of\u00a0independent credit ratings. The name comes from the 1941 merger of two financial data publications. Henry Varnum Poor's publication on railroad prices (dating back to 1860), and The Standard Statistics Bureau, which was founded in 1906. Sometimes a reference to \"Standard & Poor's\" can also mean the company's most famous index: the S&P 500, which tracks the performance of the 500 largest public companies in the U.S."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need a Down Payment for a Freddie Mac Loan?","response":"You do need a down payment for Freddie Mac loans. However, if you meet certain qualifications, you can get a loan for as little as 3% down."}
{"prompts":"Was the Kimchi Premium Associated With Illegal Money Transfers?","response":"While it was usually assumed that the Kimchi premium was innocuous, caused by technical limitations of the Korean banking system and the popularity of crypto, an investigation in the summer of 2022 found that more than $3.4 billion of illegal foreign transactions in the country stemmed from cryptocurrencies."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Responsible for Managing Operational Risk?","response":"Senior management is often responsible for managing operational risk by being aware of what risks are in place and the strategies for overcoming them. Though lower-level field managers are more involved in the day-to-day aspects, senior management should oversee their activities to make sure the operational risk strategies are being properly carried out."}
{"prompts":"Are QR Codes Secure?","response":"While QR codes cannot carry viruses, they can link to malicious websites. Users should only scan QR codes from a trusted source."}
{"prompts":"What Are 3 Types of Current Assets?","response":"Of the many types of Current Assets accounts, three are Cash and Cash Equivalents, Marketable Securities, and Prepaid Expenses."}
{"prompts":"Why Offer Severance Pay?","response":"Businesses are not required to pay severance, although most offer packages on a case-by-case basis and as dictated by employment contracts. When businesses fail to offer severance packages, it can upset staff and create negative public relations. The main goals are to soften the impact of an abrupt termination as well as to avoid any future lawsuits, as an employee has to sign a legal release in exchange for the severance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Five Ethical Principles?","response":"In the accounting profession, there are five ethical principles that guide the industry's code of ethics: integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Is the FUTA Tax in the U.S.?","response":"FUTA stands for Federal Unemployment Tax Act. The law imposes a payroll tax on employers to fund unemployment programs in the United States. A company is usually responsible for a tax of 6% on every employee's wages up to $7,000 per year. A company may often be eligible to receive a credit of up to 5.4%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Safest Crypto Wallet?","response":"The safest crypto wallet has no connection on its own or to a device with internet access. It also should not deny you access to your crypto because the custodian has financial issues. Many so-called \"safe\" wallets have wireless connection technology that determined cybercriminals can access."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Total Cost Formula?","response":"The total cost formula combines a firm's fixed and variable costs to produce a quantity of goods or services. To calculate the total cost, add the average fixed cost per unit to the average variable cost per unit. Multiply this by the total number of units to derive the total cost.The total cost formula is important because it helps management calculate the profitability of their business. It helps managers pinpoint which fixed or variable costs could be reduced to increase profit margins. It also helps managers determine the price point for their products and compare the profitability of one product line versus another."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Alpha in Finance?","response":"In finance, specifically in trading and investing, what is considered a good alpha will vary depending on the goal of the investor and the risk tolerance. Generally, a good alpha is one that is greater than zero when adjusted for risk."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does the Underwriting Process Take?","response":"With the advent of information technology, the underwriting process for insurers and lenders has shortened from a matter of weeks or months to just a few days or even hours in some cases."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create an Investment Thesis?","response":"It's important to put your investment thesis in writing. Seeing your proposal in print can help you make a better decision. When you're writing your investment thesis, be sure to be clear and concise. Make sure you do your research and include any facts and figures that can help you make your decision. Be sure to include your goals, the potential for upside, and any risks that you may come across. Try to ask and answer some key questions, including whether the investment meets your investment goals and what could go wrong if you go ahead with the deal."}
{"prompts":"Which Has Been the Worst Month for Stocks Historically?","response":"That depends on the time period you look at. Over the past century, September has been the worst-performing month for stocks, losing around 1% on average."}
{"prompts":"Which Crimes Have the Longest Statute of Limitations?","response":"It depends on the location where the crime was committed. Some U.S. states have eliminated the statute of limitations for the most serious felony sex crimes, while others are set at 10 to 20 years or more. However, more serious crimes, such as murder, often have no statute of limitations no matter where the crime was committed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Sustainable Companies?","response":"There are many different ways to measure and compare sustainable companies. Canadian research firm Corporate Knights publishes a list of the 100 most sustainable companies. The list is topped by the Danish companies Vestas Wind Systems and Chr Hansen Holding, Autodesk Inc., in the United States, Schneider Electric in France, and City Developments in Singapore."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Nominal GDP?","response":"The most common formula for nominal GDP is C + I + G + (X-M) which factors in consumer spending (C), business investment (I), government spending (G), and total net imports (X-M). GDP can also be calculated by multiplying real GDP by a GDP Price Deflator."}
{"prompts":"What are the advantages of value-based pricing?","response":"Value-based pricing can allow a seller to increase the price of an item to the highest level that customers will be willing to pay. It can help to promote customer and brand loyalty. It can also help to drive innovations in future products based on greater knowledge of the features that customers value the most."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define the Sum of Squares?","response":"The sum of squares is a form of regression analysis to determine the variance from data points from the mean. If there is a low sum of squares, it means there's low variation. A higher sum of squares indicates higher variance. This can be used to help make more informed decisions by determining investment volatility or to compare groups of investments with one another."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of an Intrapreneur?","response":"An intrapreneur explores policies, technologies, or applications that will help improve the performance of an existing company."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Assumptions of Welfare Economics?","response":"Welfare economics seeks to evaluate how economic policies affect the well-being of the community. As a consequence, it is generally based on a lot of assumptions that include, above all, taking individual preferences as a given."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Contribution Margin?","response":"The best contribution margin is 100%, so the closer the contribution margin is to 100%, the better. The higher the number, the better a company is at covering its overhead costs with money on hand."}
{"prompts":"Are Mutual Funds Safe Investments?","response":"All investments involve some degree of risk when purchasing securities such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds\u2014and the actual risk of a particular mutual fund will depend on its investment strategy, holdings, and manager's competence. Unlike deposits at banks and credit unions, the money invested in mutual funds isn't FDIC or otherwise insured."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of a Limited Partner?","response":"A limited partner is an investor who does not make decisions for either a company or assets in a partnership. Limited partners are also often referred to as silent partners."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Digital Wallet Example?","response":"Google Pay and Apple Pay are examples of more well-known digital wallets. Both services allow you to access your financial products through your devices and to make purchases."}
{"prompts":"How Can Market Failure Be Corrected?","response":"The primary means by which market failure can be corrected is through government intervention. This requires the government to pass legislation such as antitrust policies and to incorporate various price mechanisms such as taxes and subsidies."}
{"prompts":"What Is Chapter 11?","response":"Chapter 11 is a form of bankruptcy that involves the reorganization of a debtor\u2019s business affairs, debts, and assets and allows a company to stay in business and restructure its obligations."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses an IBAN?","response":"IBAN was first created to facilitate electronic payments between banks across Europe. Since then, it has expanded worldwide, although not all banks and not all regions have joined the standard and you may still need to rely on an alternative system such as SWIFT. North American, Australian, and Asian countries do not use the IBAN for domestic money transfers, and will only do so when sending a payment to a country that has adopted the IBAN."}
{"prompts":"Do credit cards have fixed or variable annual percentage rates (APRs)?","response":"Many credit cards will have both types of annual percentage rates (APRs). To find out which kind of APR you have, read the cardholder agreement that comes with your credit card. Card issuers must legally disclose what type of APR they have and what it is. If a fixed APR changes, they must also alert consumers of that.Some credit cards have fixed APRs for purchases but variable APRs for cash advances or late payments. Read the fine print to make sure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Benefit of a Unit Investment Trust?","response":"Many may argue that the main benefit of a UIT is the simplicity. Because it is a passive investment with a defined strategy, the assets of a UIT are usually not sold prior to maturity once they are purchased. Therefore, investors usually like the straight-forward nature of knowing exactly what securities will be held, what timeline is being managed, and what risks are being recognized."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies As a Gift?","response":"Most items, such as cash, real estate, and assets, qualify as a gift. The only items that don't qualify as a gift are those that are used for educational or medical purposes as well as gifts made to political organizations."}
{"prompts":"Do FHA home loans have income limits?","response":"FHA loans do not have income limits. There are limits on how much you can borrow, which are based on the region where you live."}
{"prompts":"What Is M-Commerce Most Commonly Used for?","response":"M-commerce has streamlined the processes of shopping, banking, and bill payment. Many consumers can easily manage their financial lives on their phones. Digital wallets are also a common convenience."}
{"prompts":"Can Somebody With Power of Attorney Do Anything They Please?","response":"No. The scope of legal authority that's granted by a POA is laid out when it's established. The person who is granted power of attorney has a legal fiduciary duty to make decisions that are in the best interests of the person they're representing."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for a Homestead Exemption?","response":"Eligibility for the homestead exemption varies by state. You'll typically be eligible if your income is low, you're a senior, you have a disability, or you're a veteran. Exemptions can be combined if you fall into more than one category. There may also be a limit on the value of a home that can qualify for an exemption. Check with your local tax assessor."}
{"prompts":"Can You Use the Mortgage Interest Deduction After You Refinance Your Home?","response":"The mortgage interest deduction can be taken after refinancing a home if the refinance is on a primary or secondary residence. The mortgage interest can be deducted if the money was used for a capital home improvement\u2014an improvement that increases the value of the home."}
{"prompts":"How Is Discretionary Income Looked at for Student Loans?","response":"If you are looking at federal student loans or student loan repayment plans, the U.S. government will calculate your eligibility based on discretionary income. However, the government defines discretionary income as your annual gross after-tax income less than 150% of the federal poverty line (which will depend on your state and family size) and takes into account any subsequent rise or fall in your income."}
{"prompts":"Was Abenomics a Success?","response":"Abenomics refers to the economic policies of Shinzo Abe, who led Japan as prime minister between 2006 and 2007 and again between 2012 and 2020. Abe steadily introduced a series of shareholder-friendly reforms, encouraging Japan Inc. to stop hoarding cash and increase dividends and stock repurchases. He also targeted negative interest rates, a controversial policy designed to stimulate spending and depreciate the yen. Since Japanese companies are big exporters, a devalued currency gives them a competitive edge."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Mine 1 Bitcoin?","response":"The reward for mining is 6.25 bitcoins. In April 2024, it will drop to 3.125 bitcoins. It takes the network about 10 minutes to mine one block, so it will take 10 minutes to mine 3.125 bitcoins."}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Increase BVPS?","response":"A company can use a portion of its earnings to buy assets that would increase common equity along with BVPS. Or, it could use its earnings to reduce liabilities, which would also result in an increase in its common equity and BVPS. Another way to increase BVPS is to repurchase common stock from shareholders and many companies use earnings to buy back shares."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Cashless Exercise?","response":"Cashless exercise lets employees exercise their stock options without paying the exercise price upfront. Instead, the shares are sold immediately once the option is exercised, and the proceeds are used to pay for the cost of the option."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Vendor Take-Back Mortgage and a Regular Mortgage?","response":"A vendor take-back mortgage is borrowed from the original owner of a property, rather than a bank or other mortgage lender. This means that the seller retains partial ownership of the home or property until the loan is paid off."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create an Ethical Wall?","response":"In a business, an ethical wall is established when a person or department is required to withhold and not disclose information from another part of the business. These information barriers are often common across financial institutions and legal professions."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Profit and Loss (P&L) Statements Important?","response":"A profit and loss (P&L) statement is one of the three types of financial statements prepared by companies. The other two are the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. The purpose of the P&L statement is to show a company\u2019s revenues and expenditures over a specified period of time, usually over one fiscal year.Investors and analysts can use this information to assess the profitability of the company, often combining this information with insights from the other two financial statements. For instance, an investor might calculate a company\u2019s return on equity (ROE) by comparing its net income (as shown on the P&L) to its level of shareholder equity (as shown on the balance sheet)."}
{"prompts":"Is a higher R-squared better?","response":"Here again, it depends on the context. Suppose you are searching for an index fund that will track a specific index as closely as possible. In that scenario, you would want the fund\u2019s R-squared value to be as high as possible since its goal is to match\u2014rather than trail\u2014the index. On the other hand, if you are looking for actively managed funds, then a high R-squared value might be seen as a bad sign, indicating that the funds\u2019 managers are not adding sufficient value relative to their benchmarks."}
{"prompts":"Why Do People Need Mortgages?","response":"The price of a home is often far greater than the amount of money that most households save. As a result, mortgages allow individuals and families to purchase a home by putting down only a relatively small down payment, such as 20% of the purchase price, and obtaining a loan for the balance. The loan is then secured by the value of the property in case the borrower defaults."}
{"prompts":"Are there Any Other Indicators Like the DMI?","response":"There are several indicators that share similar similarities with the DMI, particularly in their focus on trend direction, strength, and potential reversals. These include the moving average convergence divergence and the parabolic stop and reverse."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Modified Dietz Formula?","response":"The Modified Dietz formula is a method of annual return calculation that takes your cash flow into account. It compounds returns over each period."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Relationship Management?","response":"Relationship management is a process that companies use to manage and make effective use of their client and supplier relationships. The process involves analyzing data and using software to attract new relationships, increase and protect brand loyalty, identify inefficiencies, mitigate risk, and boost profitability."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Tax-Exempt Interest Count as Taxable Income for Alternative Minimum Tax?","response":"The alternative minimum tax is designed to capture some taxes from very high-income people who use every possible deduction and loophole to reduce or eliminate the taxes they owe.Tax-exempt municipal bonds are a good way to reduce the taxes owed on unearned income. Adding those distributions to gross income for people at certain high income levels cuts off a potential strategy for avoiding the alternative minimum tax."}
{"prompts":"How Is an Investment Different From a Bet or Gamble?","response":"In an investment, you are providing some individual or entity with funds to be put to work growing a business, starting new projects, or maintaining day-to-day revenue generation. Investments, while they can be risky, have a positive expected return. Gambles, on the other hand, are based on chance and not putting money to work. Gambles are highly risky and also have a negative expected return in most cases (e.g., at a casino)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Resistance?","response":"Resistance is a price point or price zone that acts to limit gains in a security due to greater supply than demand."}
{"prompts":"How Much Interest Do Bank Accounts Pay?","response":"The amount of interest paid by bank accounts will widely vary based on prevailing government rates and macroeconomic conditions. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Federal funds rate was low, interest rates on bank accounts was near 0%. Then, as the pandemic eased, bank accounts began paying interest greater than 2% on bank deposits."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Robo-Advisor Do?","response":"Robo-advisors provide financial planning services through automated algorithms with no human intervention. They start by gathering information from a client through an online survey and then automatically invest for the client based on that data. Robo-advisors often use passive index investing strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If the Current Ratio Is Less Than 1?","response":"As a general rule, a current ratio below 1.00 could indicate that a company might struggle to meet its short-term obligations, whereas ratios of above 1.00 might indicate a company is able to pay its current debts as they come due. If a company's current ratio is less than one, it may have more bills to pay than easily accessible resources to pay those bills."}
{"prompts":"Are There Alternatives to Ultra ETFs for Achieving Leveraged Exposure in the Market?","response":"Yes, there are alternatives to ultra ETFs for achieving leveraged exposure. These alternatives include options contracts, leveraged mutual funds, and leveraged index funds."}
{"prompts":"Is Gemini Better Than Coinbase?","response":"Gemini and Coinbase are both cryptocurrency exchanges, but they offer different services. Which is better depends on how each serves your needs."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Government and Corporate Bond?","response":"Government bonds are issued by different forms of government, including federal and local governments. Corporate bonds, on the other hand, are issued by companies\u2014usually those that are more established.Government bonds tend to be considered safer because they are backed by the full faith of the issuing entity, such as those offered by the U.S. government. Corporate bonds, on the other hand, are often deemed a little riskier. Although bondholders are ahead of common stockholders when it comes to being paid, bonds can lose their value if the issuing company goes bankrupt. This means there's no guarantee how much bondholders will receive."}
{"prompts":"Are There Regulatory Requirements for Using the Lehman Formula?","response":"While there may not be specific regulations dictating the use of the Lehman Formula, regulatory bodies may scrutinize compensation arrangements, including those based on the formula, to ensure they do not encourage excessive risk-taking or unethical behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ethereum dApps?","response":"These are decentralized applications that are developed using the Ethereum platform and are powered by it. Ethereum dApps use smart contracts for their logic. They are deployed on the Ethereum network and use the platform's blockchain for data storage."}
{"prompts":"What are some indicators or tools used by swing traders?","response":"Swing traders will use tools like moving averages overlaid on daily or weekly candlestick charts, momentum indicators, price range tools, and measures of market sentiment. Swing traders are also on the lookout for technical patterns like the head and shoulders or cup and handle."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create a Budget?","response":"Creating a budget takes some work. You'll need to calculate every type of income you receive each month. Next, track your spending and tabulate all your monthly expenses, including your rent or mortgage, utility payments, debt, transportation costs, food, spending money, and others. And write it down. The only way to reinforce your budget is to see it in writing. You may have to make some adjustments initially just to stay within your budget. But once you've gone through the first few months, it should become easier to stick to it."}
{"prompts":"What Benefits From the IRS Do I Get If I Am a Widow?","response":"If your spouse dies, besides being eligible for benefits from the Social Security Administration, you may qualify for a widow's tax exemption in the form of a deduction, and you may be eligible to file joint taxes for two years following a spouse's death."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limits for an IRA?","response":"In 2023, the contribution limit for an IRA is $6,500. This increases to $7,000 in 2024. If you are 50 and older, you can contribute an additional $1,000 in both years."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Underwriting Today?","response":"Underwriting, whether for an insurance policy or a loan, revaluates the riskiness of a proposed deal or agreement. For an insurer, the underwriter must determine the risk of a policyholder filing a claim that must be paid out before the policy has become profitable. For a lender, the risk is of default or non-payment. Similarly, securities underwriting by investment banks evaluate newly issued shares and bonds to determine their risk-adjusted value."}
{"prompts":"Is an Options Contract an Asset?","response":"Yes, an options contract is a derivatives security, which is a type of asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ESG and Impact Investing?","response":"Environmental, social, and governance practices refer to business decisions that could affect the returns of that company. For example, a company that knowingly employs child labor or engages in discrimination could be at a competitive disadvantage, particularly when marketing to socially conscious consumers.Impact investing, on the other hand, is the practice of seeking investments that specifically optimize a goal other than profits. This might include investments in clean energy, education, or microfinance."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Market Maker?","response":"Market makers make stock transactions at any given time and they do so on a more or less continuous basis. They provide bid\/ask spreads and their participation keeps the market liquid and flowing along."}
{"prompts":"What is the Target for Cup and Handle Pattern?","response":"The target with the cup and handle pattern is the height of the cup added to the breakout point of the handle. Generally, these patterns are bullish signals extending an uptrend."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of a Mixed Economy?","response":"The characteristics of a mixed economy include allowing supply and demand to determine fair prices, the protection of private property, innovation being promoted, standards of employment, the limitation of government in business yet allowing the government to provide overall welfare, and market facilitation by the self-interest of the players involved."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Waiver of Subrogation?","response":"One of the most common benefits of a waiver of subrogation is the avoidance of lengthy litigation and negotiation, as well as the costs to pursue them. These provisions can also prevent conflict between parties to a contract, such as between a landlord and tenant. They also prevent certain parties from being held responsible for losses for which they did not cause."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Wisdom of Crowds and Crowdsourcing?","response":"Wisdom of the crowd is a theory that assumes large crowds are collectively smarter than individual experts. It believes that the collective knowledge and opinions of a group are better at decision-making, problem-solving, and innovating than an individual. Crowdsourcing is the process of gathering information, work, data, or opinions from a large group of individuals. Crowdsourcing can be voluntary or come from paid freelancers."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Gift of Equity and a Cash Gift for a Home Purchase?","response":"A gift of equity involves transferring part of a home's value as a gift, while a cash gift is a direct transfer of money. Both can help a loved one purchase a home, but a gift of equity is specific to real estate transactions, eliminating the need for a cash transfer for the down payment or dealing with a third party in the sale of a property."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Harvard Business School So Famous?","response":"Harvard Business School is famous for many reasons. It offers students an exceptional education by some of the brightest people in their fields, the school has a large alumni network of graduates with prominent jobs in almost every industry, the school publishes well-respected research papers, and it is competitive, only accepting those with excellent academic and non-academic profiles."}
{"prompts":"How Do We Measure Balance of Trade?","response":"The balance of trade is typically measured as the difference between a country's exports and imports of goods. To calculate the balance of trade, you would subtract the value of a country's imports from the value of its exports. If the result is positive, it means that the country has a trade surplus, and if the result is negative, it means that the country has a trade deficit."}
{"prompts":"Why Was John Nash Jr. Awarded the Nobel Prize?","response":"John Nash Jr. was awarded the Nobel Prize in economics in 1994. He shared the prize with two others (John C. Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) \"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is the Kelly Criterion?","response":"The Kelly Criterion is a formula used to determine the optimal size of a bet when the expected returns are known. According to the formula, the optimal bet is determined by the formulaK= W - (1 - W)\/R\u2014where K is a percentage of the bettor's bankroll, W is the probability of a favorable return, and R is the ratio of average wins to average losses."}
{"prompts":"Can I Get a Home Loan Without a Mortgage Broker?","response":"Yes, you can. However, finding a home loan isn't easy and a mortgage broker can do the heavy lifting for you. Their essential purpose is to match borrowers with lenders."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does Probate Take?","response":"The length of time varies depending on the deceased person's assets, the complexity of their will, and other factors. For example, the executor may have to liquidate assets to pay creditors. Selling a home or other property for this purpose can take time. Generally speaking, probate can go from a few weeks to a few years."}
{"prompts":"How Has E-Commerce Affected Demand for Consumer Goods?","response":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Americans spent $284.1 billion on retail e-commerce during the third quarter of 2023. This was an increase of 2.3% from the second quarter and made up 15.6% of total retail sales. While manufacturing and wholesale sales still make up a larger percentage of e-commerce sales, retail sales of consumer goods make up a growing portion of e-commerce."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Customer Service So Important?","response":"Customer service is a very important part of the business structure. Having a good customer service plan in place contributes to sales, increases brand loyalty, generates referrals, helps retain customers, and provides businesses with a competitive advantage over others in the same industry."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Increase My Human Capital?","response":"Ways to increase your own human capital include more education, automating finances to improve efficiency, expanding your horizons outside of your social and workplaces, obtaining more experience, increasing participation in a multitude of activities or organizations, improving your communication skills, improving your health, and expanding your network."}
{"prompts":"Is Currency Revaluation Good or Bad?","response":"Currency revaluation is usually good for the country that does the revaluation as it increases the value of the currency. Exchange rates are bilateral, so the improvement in one currency means the decline of another; however, because the world is intertwined, changes in currency values can have far-reaching consequences, which could impact the levels of imports and exports. So though a currency revaluation might be good for a country's currency, it makes its goods more expensive, possibly hurting the level of exports."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Limit Order and a Stop-Limit Order?","response":"A limit order is an order requesting the purchase or sale of securities should a specific price be met. A stop-limit order builds one additional layer that requires a specific price be met that is different than the sale price. For example, a limit order to sell your security for $15 will likely execute when the market price reaches $15. Alternatively, a stop-limit order can be placed to sell your security for $15 only if the share price has dropped from $20 to $16."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides of FHA Loans?","response":"FHA loans usually feature higher interest rates than conventional mortgages and require borrowers to purchase mortgage insurance. FHA loans are also less flexible and have loan limits."}
{"prompts":"What is discrete compounding?","response":"Discrete compounding is the opposite of continuous compounding. Instead of interest compounding constantly, it compounds at set intervals, such as daily or monthly."}
{"prompts":"How Is Idiosyncratic Risk Measured?","response":"Idiosyncratic risk can be measured for a stock as its variance in excess of the systematic risk observed in the market. In other words, the difference between a stock's variance and the market's variance."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Special Dividend?","response":"A special dividend is paid to shareholders outside of the regular dividend schedule. It may result from a windfall earnings, spin-off, or other corporate action that is seen as a one-off. In general, special dividends are rare but larger than ordinary dividends."}
{"prompts":"Are swaps required to be transacted through a swap execution facility?","response":"While many swaps now must be traded on a SEF, financial institutions can still transact certain swaps over-the-counter (OTC) directly between one another. But, swap trades that are eligible to be cleared must use a SEF."}
{"prompts":"How Are Telegraphic Transfers Processed?","response":"TTs are used most commonly in connection with Clearing House Automated Payment System (CHAPS) transfers in the U.K. banking system. U.S. domestic transfers of funds sent between institutions are transferred through the Federal Reserve System, while international transfers use the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bad Debt in Accounting?","response":"Bad debt is debt that creditor companies and individuals can write off as uncollectible."}
{"prompts":"Is PFIC Income Taxable?","response":"Yes. Gains and distributions received from a PFIC are treated as ordinary income and must be declared on IRS Form 8621."}
{"prompts":"How Are Current Liabilities Different From Long-Term (Noncurrent) Ones?","response":"Companies will segregate their liabilities by their time horizon for when they are due. Current liabilities are due within a year and are often paid for using current assets. Non-current liabilities are due in more than one year and most often include debt repayments and deferred payments."}
{"prompts":"Does George Soros Give Any of His Money Away?","response":"The Open Society Foundations, founded by George Soros, \"are the world's largest private funder of independent groups working for justice, democratic governance, and human rights.\" Soros has given a total of $32 billion to the Foundations. He has also supported education, giving a $500 million endowment in 2021, for example, to Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, N.Y."}
{"prompts":"What Is Endogeneity in Econometrics?","response":"An endogenous variable is a variable that is influenced by changes in another variable. Due to the complexity of economic systems, it is difficult to determine all of the subtle relationships between different factors, and some variables may be partially endogenous and partially exogenous. In econometric studies, the researchers must be careful to account for the possibility that the error term may be partially correlated with other variables."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Characteristics of a Monopsony?","response":"The three primary characteristics of a monopsony are (1) one firm purchasing all of the goods and services in a market, (2) no other buyers in the market, and (3) barriers to entry into the market."}
{"prompts":"How Does Life Expectancy Factor in to Taxes?","response":"When you retire, the IRS uses actuarial tables to estimate your remaining lifespan during retirement. This number is used to calculate your required minimum distributions\u2014the mandatory withdrawals from certain tax-advantaged retirement accounts that you must take starting at age 73. If you do not withdraw the full RMD by the due date, the amount you did not take out is subject to a 50% excise tax."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When an Investor Buys Assets on Margin, and the Price of the Shares Falls?","response":"The investor needs to repay the borrowed amount to the brokerage firm. If they owe more than they have deposited in reserve, they must make up the difference."}
{"prompts":"Do Cashier's Checks Clear Immediately?","response":"Typically, funds from a deposited cashier's check must be available the next business day. However, a bank may place a hold on some of those funds if the check exceeds $5,252. It can also place a hold on the entire amount if it has a reason to believe the check will not clear."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Replacement and a 1035 Exchange?","response":"A 1035 exchange can be characterized as a replacement; however, not every replacement qualifies as a 1035 exchange. For example, when an annuity or life insurance policy is exchanged into another annuity, it is a replacement and 1035 exchange. An exchange of an annuity contract for a life insurance policy can be characterized as a replacement but does not qualify as a 1035 exchange. Such transactions are taxable, with gains and losses recognized."}
{"prompts":"How Does Arbitrage Work?","response":"Arbitrage is trading that exploits the tiny differences in price between identical or similar assets in two or more markets. The arbitrage trader buys the asset in one market and sells it in the other market at the same time to pocket the difference between the two prices. There are more complicated variations in this scenario, but all depend on identifying market \u201cinefficiencies.\u201dArbitrageurs, as arbitrage traders are called, usually work on behalf of large financial institutions. It usually involves trading a substantial amount of money, and the split-second opportunities it offers can be identified and acted upon only with highly sophisticated software."}
{"prompts":"What Is Walras\u2019s Law?","response":"An economic theory, Walras's Law states that excess supply in one market must be matched with excess demand in another market so that both factors negate one another. The law states that a specific market must be in equilibrium if all markets are in equilibrium."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Provide ESG Ratings?","response":"Morningstar isn\u2019t the only firm to score investments based on ESG. Others include MSCI, Bloomberg, Refinitiv, and credit rating agencies like Moody\u2019s, S&P, and Fitch."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Examples of Liquid Assets?","response":"A liquid asset is an asset that can be easily and quickly converted into cash. Examples of liquid assets may include cash, cash equivalents, money market accounts, marketable securities, short-term bonds, and accounts receivable."}
{"prompts":"How do you apply Fibonacci retracement levels in a chart?","response":"As one of the most common technical trading strategies, a trader could use a Fibonacci retracement level to indicate where they would enter a trade. For instance, a trader notices that after significant momentum, a stock has declined 38.2%. As the stock begins to face an upward trend, they decide to enter the trade. Because the stock reached a Fibonacci level, it is deemed a good time to buy, with the trader speculating that the stock will then retrace, or recover, its recent losses."}
{"prompts":"Does the Federal Government Regulate Insurance?","response":"For the most part, no. The federal McCarran-Ferguson Act of 1945 delegated that authority to the states, exempting insurance companies and the majority of their products from most kinds of federal regulation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Federal Inheritance Tax Rate?","response":"There is no federal inheritance tax\u2014that is, a tax on the sum of assets an individual receives from a deceased person. However, a federal estate tax applies to estates larger than $12.92 million in 2023 and larger than $13.61 million in 2024. The tax is assessed only on the portion of an estate that exceeds\u00a0those amounts. The rate is on a sliding scale, from 18% to 40%."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called the Hawthorne Effect?","response":"The name comes from where the original studies took place: in a factory complex known as the Hawthorne Works, outside of Chicago, IL."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside to Behavioral Economics?","response":"One downside to behavioral economics is that it can be used to deceive or manipulate people and their decision-making. Though people are often not rational, this irrationality may be predictable. Companies can choose to exploit this by packaging their products in a certain way, pricing their goods at specific levels, or customizing their marketing to attract certain markets."}
{"prompts":"Why Was SEC Rule 144 Created?","response":"The SEC crafted Rule 144 to regulate and provide a clearer framework for the resale and transfer of restricted and control securities.The rule is intended to prevent market manipulation via insider and unauthorized selling, and to protect investors by requiring that adequate information is disclosed to the public before securities can be sold."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Capitalized Costs?","response":"When a company capitalizes on its costs it can free up cash flow, provide the company with expenses spread out of multiple quarters, and ensure the company doesn't have to report large expenses in the same year."}
{"prompts":"Are Wind and Hurricane Insurance the Same?","response":"A windstorm insurance policy may be different than a hurricane insurance policy. With a windstorm insurance, coverage is for damage caused by wind only. While there is no specific \"hurricane insurance,\" this insurance may refer a a combination of a windstorm policy, flood insurance, and homeowners insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Origination Fee?","response":"An origination fee is a one-time fee charged by the lender at the outset of a loan, typically based on a percentage of the entire loan amount. Origination fees are commonly seen in installment loans, such as home mortgages, but may be found with other types of credit, as well. Origination fees are sometimes referred to as initiation fees or processing fees."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Being a Limited Partner?","response":"Limited partners can invest while keeping their liability limited. Liability is limited to the amount that a limited partner has invested. The limited liability of a limited partner is ideal for an investor who wants to own a stake in a business without the risk of being exposed to unlimited liability."}
{"prompts":"What Can Return on Sales Tell You?","response":"Return on sales is a financial ratio that calculates how efficiently a company is generating profits from its top-line revenue. It measures the performance of a company by analyzing the percentage of total revenue that is converted into operating profits. ROS is used as an indicator of both efficiency and profitability as it shows how effectively a company is producing its core products and services and how its management runs the business."}
{"prompts":"When Is PTBV Most Useful?","response":"Many of today's public companies derive most of their value from intangible assets and may not have very many tangible assets on their balance sheet. Thus, PTBV is not a reasonable way to measure the company's value.PTBV is most useful when evaluating capital-intensive companies that rely on hard assets, such as manufacturers or mining companies."}
{"prompts":"Which CMO Tranche Has the Most Prepayment Risk?","response":"The CMO tranche that carries the most prepayment risk is the first tranche, which is the most junior. As more payments are made and tranches retired, the risk of prepayment decreases."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Marketing Plan Cost?","response":"The cost of a marketing plan will vary based on the company, the complexity, and the length of the overall strategy. The cost can range anywhere from $10,000 to $40,000."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Elements of Queuing Theory?","response":"A study of a line using queuing theory would break it down into six elements: the arrival process, the queue or service capacity, the number of servers available, the size of the client population, the queuing discipline (such as first-in, first-out), and the departure process. Creating a model of the entire process from start to finish allows the cause or causes of congestion to be identified and addressed."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deed-in-Lien?","response":"A deed-in-lien is a voluntary foreclosure, which is not the same thing as a foreclosure. When you reach an understanding with your lender, you hand over the property to avoid your lender from putting you into foreclosure."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Negative Covenant?","response":"A negative covenant is a contractual agreement that binds prevents one party from taking a certain action. In other words, it is an agreement not to do something. Negative covenants might prohibit a person or company from selling certain assets or taking on more than a certain amount of debt, for example."}
{"prompts":"What Makes the Cost of Debt Increase?","response":"Several factors can increase the cost of debt, depending on the level of risk to the lender. These include a longer payback period, since the longer a loan is outstanding, the greater the effects of the time value of money and opportunity costs. The riskier the borrower is, the greater the cost of debt since there is a higher chance that the debt will default and the lender will not be repaid in full or in part. Backing a loan with collateral lowers the cost of debt, while unsecured debts will have higher costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is Contingency Theory?","response":"Contingency theory is an approach to management that suggests the best way to run an organization is dependent, or contingent, on that particular situation. In other words, a specific management style can work well in one company and fail completely in another one."}
{"prompts":"How Is Deferred Compensation Taxed?","response":"Deferred compensation is taxed when you receive it. This means that it will be taxed according to your income bracket when you take a distribution from your NQDC, not your tax bracket when you first earned the income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Beta for a Stock?","response":"Beta is used as a proxy for a stock's riskiness or volatility relative to the broader market. A good beta will, therefore, rely on your risk tolerance and goals. If you wish to replicate the broader market in your portfolio, for instance via an index ETF, a beta of 1.0 would be ideal. If you are a conservative investor looking to preserve principal, a lower beta may be more appropriate. In a bull market, betas greater than 1.0 will tend to produce above-average returns - but will also produce larger losses in a down market."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of contingent liability?","response":"Pending lawsuits and warranties are common contingent liabilities. Pending lawsuits are considered contingent because the outcome is unknown. A warranty is considered contingent because the number of products that will be returned under a warranty is unknown."}
{"prompts":"What are the Common Underlying Securities when Analyzing Volatility?","response":"Volatility analysis is a crucial part of financial markets and can be applied to a wide range of securities. Some of these securities include equities, equity indices, options, futures, foreign exchange (FX), bonds, Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) and mutual funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Dodd and Graham Award?","response":"The Graham and Dodd Award, in honor of former Columbia University finance professors Benjamin Graham and David Dodd, acknowledges people who excel in research and financial writing in the Financial Analysts Journal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Fair Labor Standards Board?","response":"The Fair Labor Standards Board is the administrative body responsible for enforcing the FLSA. The board's primary duties include overseeing minimum wage, overtime pay, record keeping, and child labor laws in the U.S. The Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor carries out the actual enforcement work and administration of the FLSA. This board instead has the authority to interpret the act's provisions, handle complaints, and conduct investigations into whether employers are following the law."}
{"prompts":"Can a Late Payment Be Forgiven?","response":"It depends on the lender and the type of loan obligation. Sometimes late payments can be forgiven. For example, if you have a credit card and make a late payment but otherwise have had a good track record with the card provider, then they may forgive the late payment if you call them up and ask."}
{"prompts":"Do Firms Always Follow the IRR Rule?","response":"The IRR rule may not always be rigidly enforced. Generally, the higher the IRR, the better. However, a company may prefer a project with a lower IRR as long as it still exceeds the cost of capital. That's because it has other intangible benefits, such as contributing to a bigger strategic plan or impeding competition. Companies ultimately consider several factors when deciding whether to proceed with a project. There may be factors that outweigh the IRR rule."}
{"prompts":"Is Overnight Trading Profitable?","response":"Yes, overnight trading can be profitable. In fact, researchers from the University of Georgia found that the difference between overnight and intraday returns can be significant, both in individual stocks as well as in managed funds. This is because in-demand stocks traded after-hours are often brokered by smaller brokerage houses with lower supply, which increases demand and therefore price."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From Capitalism?","response":"Capitalism tends to benefit capitalists the most. These include business owners, investors, and other owners of capital. While capitalism has been praised for improving the standard of living for many people across the board, it has by far benefited those at the top."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Lucrative Small Businesses?","response":"Lucrative small businesses include auto repair shops, car wash services, food trucks, IT support, electronics repair, personal trainers, vacation rentals, and language courses."}
{"prompts":"Why Might an Individual Liquidate Assets?","response":"Liquidating personal assets involves selling off items such as property, stocks and bonds, collectibles, and personal belongings to pay off debts or generate cash. It is a way of raising money quickly to meet financial obligations.An individual might need to liquidate their assets if they are facing financial difficulties such as mounting debts, job loss, or unexpected large bills like emergency medical expenses. Liquidation may also be necessary in the event of a divorce settlement or the need to fund a large purchase such as a home\u2019s down payment or for a business. Individuals may also be forced to liquidate securities held in a brokerage account if a margin call cannot be satisfied."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for the Child Tax Credit?","response":"To claim the Child Tax Credit, both the taxpayer and the child must have Social Security numbers, and only one taxpayer may claim the Child Tax Credit for any single dependent. The child must be under the age of 17 at the end of the year, provide no more than half of their own financial support, and have lived with the taxpayer for at least half of the year. The qualifying child must be the taxpayer's son, daughter, stepchild, brother, sister, stepsibling, half-sibling, or a descendant of any of these."}
{"prompts":"Which Is the Lowest Currency in the World?","response":"The currency with the lowest value in the world is the Iranian real. The reason its currency is so low is because of its poor economy, which has been battered by global sanctions due to the country's involvement in terrorism and its general political instability."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Implied Contract vs. an Express contract?","response":"Express and most implied contracts require mutual agreement and a meeting of the minds. However, an express contract is formally arranged through an oral or written agreement. An implied contract is formed by circumstances or the actions of parties. A real estate contract is an express contract that must be formed in writing to be executable. Ordering a pizza is an implied contract as the pizza restaurant is obligated to provide pizza to the customer once the purchase is complete."}
{"prompts":"Can Impulse Waves Be Reliably Predicted in Advance?","response":"While Elliott Wave Theory provides a framework for understanding market movements, the reliability of predicting impulse waves in advance is subject to market complexities and external factors. Traders should use Elliott Wave analysis in conjunction with other tools for more robust predictions. Though it is possible to identify patterns reliably, be aware there are other factors to consider."}
{"prompts":"Is Property Tax Included in PITI?","response":"It depends. Some mortgage payments don't include taxes and insurance. In this case, the homeowner pays insurance premiums directly to the insurance company and property taxes directly to the tax assessor."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dividend Stock's Expected Value?","response":"The expected value of a stock is estimated as the net present value (NPV) of all future dividends that the stock pays. If you can estimate the growth rate of the dividends, you can predict how much investors should willingly pay for the stock using a dividend discount model such as the Gordon growth model (GGM). However, it should be noted this is a different formula than the statistical expected value presented in this article."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of an Economic Cycle?","response":"An economic cycle, or business cycle, has four stages: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. The average economic cycle in the U.S. has lasted roughly five and a half years since 1950, although these cycles can vary in length. Factors to indicate the stages include gross domestic product, consumer spending, interest rates, and inflation. The National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) is a leading source for indicating the length of a cycle."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Common Sources of Risk?","response":"Risk can manifest itself as absolute risk, relative risk, and\/or default risk. Absolute risk as defined by volatility can be easily quantified by common measures like standard deviation. Relative risk, when applied to investments, is usually represented by the relation of price fluctuation of an asset to an index or base. Since the risk-free asset used is so short-term, it is not applicable to either absolute or relative risk. Default risk, which, in this case, is the risk that the U.S. government would default on its debt obligations, is the risk that applies when using the 3-month T-bill as the risk-free rate."}
{"prompts":"How Is End-to-End Services Implemented in IT?","response":"End-to-end services are often utilized in IT as it meshes well with the implementation and utilization of software. Often, a provider will offer support in the set-up of a product. The provider will then offer ongoing support services including troubleshooting, assistance upgrading to new versions, and daily operational support. The provider's goal is to offer assistance in every facet of the software that may be used from start to finish."}
{"prompts":"Is My House in Pre-foreclosure?","response":"Before your house goes into pre-foreclosure, you will receive a legal notice of default, alerting you to risk of your house ending up in pre-foreclosure. If you haven't made payments to your mortgage in over three months, it is likely your home will fall into pre-foreclosure, as well."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Broadcast Speech Libel If It Is Not Written?","response":"Even though broadcast media (e.g., TV or radio) typically involves spoken words without text, it is nonetheless considered libel because according to the law. This is because broadcast media has the capacity to reach large audiences just as written words do, making it less temporary."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Conditions of Pareto Efficiency?","response":"Three criteria must be met for market equilibrium to occur. There must be exchange efficiency, production efficiency, and output efficiency. Without all three occurring, market efficiency will occur."}
{"prompts":"Is a Home Appraisal the Same as an Inspection?","response":"A home appraisal and a home inspection are two different things, conducted for different purposes and by people with different kinds of expertise. A mortgage lender sets up an appraisal, and the appraiser will use various valuation methods, including the recent sales prices of comparable homes, to assess its value. This helps the lender determine how large a loan it might be willing to offer on the property. A home inspector only evaluates the home's condition for overall safety or potential trouble spots, like a leaking roof, peeling paint, or anything that's not up to the local building code."}
{"prompts":"Does Market Penetration Increase Market Share?","response":"Because market penetration is a more specific measurement of how much of a given market a company sells to, increasing market penetration often increases market share potential. For example, consider Apple moving into the smartwatch industry. Not only does this increase its market penetration potential, it is now part of an entirely new market and could potentially land parts of this new market share."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Consumer Credit?","response":"Examples of consumer credit include credit cards, car loans, personal loans, student loans, mobile home loans, and home improvement loans, Consumer credit is smaller loans issued to individuals that does not have collateral. So a mortgage is not considered to be an example of consumer credit."}
{"prompts":"Is Crypto Triangular Arbitrage Possible?","response":"Triangular arbitrage identifies price differences for trading opportunities, so it might be possible to find three cryptocurrencies that allow you to use the strategy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Deductible and an Out-of-Pocket Expense?","response":"A health insurance plan's deductible and its out-of-pocket limit both represent points at which the insurance company pays for all or some of your subsequent health costs. However, they are two different things:The deductible is the amount of money you have to pay on your own every year for your covered medical expenses before your insurance company starts picking up the bills.The out-of-pocket limit is the maximum amount of your own money you will have to pay for all of your insured healthcare during the year.The out-of-pocket limit is your total expenditure in the year, including your deductible payments, your coinsurance, and your copayments (if your plan has them) up to a total dollar amount.The out-of-pocket limit is set by federal law. For the 2022 tax year, your costs may not exceed $7,050 for an individual or $14,100 for a family. For 2023, the figures rise to $7,500 for an individual and $15,000 for a family."}
{"prompts":"Is a Down Payment the Same as a Deposit?","response":"In most cases, yes. Down payment and deposit are often used interchangeably. Both terms refer to the same process of providing an upfront payment as a percentage of a total sale."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good CLTV Ratio?","response":"Lenders generally like to see a CLTV ratio of 80% or less. Borrowers will also need good credit scores."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Government Calculate the Unemployment Rate?","response":"The Bureau of Labor Statistics compiles a monthly employment report, based on a survey of around 60,000 representative households in the United States. Data from the survey are used to estimate the employment figures for the entire country. The unemployment rate is based on the percentage of people who are not employed but actively looking for a job, as a percentage of the total labor force. Those who have no job and are no longer looking are not included in the unemployment rate."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Preventative Internal Controls?","response":"Separation of duties, a key part of the preventative internal control process, ensures that no single individual is in a position to authorize, record, and be in the custody of a financial transaction and the resulting asset. Authorization of invoices, verification of expenses, limiting physical access to equipment, inventory, cash, and other assets are examples of preventative internal controls."}
{"prompts":"Is a Marketing Strategy the Same as a Marketing Plan?","response":"The terms \u201cmarketing plan\u201d and \u201cmarketing strategy\u201d are often used interchangeably because a marketing plan is developed based on an overarching\u00a0strategic framework. In some cases, the strategy and the plan may be incorporated into\u00a0one document, particularly for smaller companies that may only run one or two major campaigns in a year. The plan outlines marketing activities on a monthly, quarterly, or annual basis, while the marketing strategy outlines the overall\u00a0value proposition."}
{"prompts":"What Can I Write Off on My Taxes?","response":"There are dozens of tax deductions and credits that can help lower your tax bill. Some of the more common deductions include those for mortgage interest, retirement plan contributions, HSA contributions, student loan interest, charitable contributions, medical and dental expenses, gambling losses, and state and local taxes.Common credits include the child tax credit, earned income tax credit, child and dependent care credit, saver's credit, foreign tax credit, American opportunity credit, lifetime learning credit, and premium tax credit."}
{"prompts":"What Does Rebalancing a Portfolio Mean?","response":"It means selling and buying the necessary securities to bring the value of each allocation in a portfolio back to the level established by an investment plan."}
{"prompts":"How Much Notice Does a Landlord Have to Give a Tenant to Move Out?","response":"In most states, landlords must give a tenant 30 days' notice to end a month-to-month lease."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Expense for an Individual Taxpayer?","response":"For most individuals, a tax expense is the amount of money owed to federal, state, and local governments in annual income taxes. This tax expense is reported annually in a tax return in which the individual resolves the difference between the amount of taxes already paid and the amount that was owed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Capital Dividends and Regular Dividends?","response":"Return of capital is also called capital dividend. The term refers to a payment that a company makes to its investors and that is drawn from its paid-in-capital or shareholders' equity. By contrast, regular dividends are paid from the company's earnings."}
{"prompts":"Is Egalitarianism the Same as Socialism?","response":"Not exactly. Socialism is an economic and political system that, in short, offers a specific set of ideas on how society can achieve egalitarianism."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Warrant Sweetener?","response":"Sometimes a company will attach warrants to other securities that it issues in order to raise capital, making the issue more attractive to investors. For example, a warrant may be attached (\"wedded\") to corporate bonds or preferred shares. This is known as a \"sweetener.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Business Growth Model?","response":"A business growth model provides a visual representation for businesses to track various metrics and key drivers, allowing businesses to map out growth and adjust the businesses accordingly to foster these metrics."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Payout Ratio Calculated?","response":"The payout ratio shows the proportion of earnings a company pays its shareholders in the form of dividends, expressed as a percentage of the company's total earnings. The calculation is derived by dividing the total dividends being paid out by the net income generated. Another way to express it is to calculate the dividends per share (DPS) and divide that by the earnings per share (EPS) figure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tick Index?","response":"The Tick index measures relative market movements, similar to the TRIN. The Tick index measures the number of stocks trading on an uptick, compared to the number of stocks on a downtick. Unlike TRIN, it does not account for the trading volume."}
{"prompts":"Is the Loan-to-Deposit Ratio a Liquidity Ratio?","response":"Yes, the loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) is a type of liquidity ratio. It assesses a bank's total loans in relation to its total deposits. The ratio indicates the ability of the bank to meet its obligations (payments to depositors). A liquid bank would not have issues in meeting its obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of a Butterfly Spread?","response":"Butterfly spreads use four option contracts with the same expiration but three different strike prices. A higher strike price, an at-the-money strike price, and a lower strike price. The options with the higher and lower strike prices are the same distance from the at-the-money options.\u00a0Each type of butterfly has a maximum profit and a maximum loss. A similar trading strategy is the Christmas tree, which uses six call or put options."}
{"prompts":"Is Lancaster University Management School a Good School?","response":"Lancaster University Management School consistently ranks among the top schools in the United Kingdom and the world for business studies. According to the Financial Times, LUMS is among the top schools in a number of disciplines, including corporate strategy. The publication also noted that the school provides some of the greatest value for students when compared to others around the world."}
{"prompts":"How Did Liability-Driven Investing Start?","response":"It goes back to the day when defined-benefit pension plans were in abundance and companies had to meet their financial guarantees to the beneficiaries of those plans."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cash Flow and Profit?","response":"Cash flow isn't the same as profit. Profit is specifically used to measure a company's financial success or how much money it makes overall. This is the amount of money that is left after a company pays off all its obligations. Profit is found by subtracting a company's expenses from its revenues."}
{"prompts":"What Cities Have the Highest Property Taxes?","response":"According to a 2023 study by SmartAsset.com, the following cities had the highest tax rates as a percentage of assessed value:Rockford, Illinois: 3.04%Waterbury, Connecticut: 2.75%Bridgeport, Connecticut: 2.67%Aurora, Illinois: 2.53%Elgin, Illinois: 2.53%"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Risk Management and Enterprise Risk Management?","response":"Risk management has traditionally been used to describe the practices and policies surrounding a specific risk a company faces. More modern risk management has introduced ERM, a comprehensive, company-wide approach to view risk holistically for the entire company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Financing Business Activities?","response":"The cash flow statement's final section includes financing business activities. These include initial public offerings, secondary offerings, and debt financing. The section also lists the amount of cash being paid out for dividends, share repurchases, and interest. Any business activity related to financing and fundraising efforts is included in this section of the cash flow statement."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Identify a Golden Cross on a Chart?","response":"The golden cross occurs when a short-term moving average crosses over a major long-term moving average to the upside and is interpreted by analysts and traders as signaling a definitive upward turn in a market.\u00a0Some analysts define it as a crossover of the 100-day moving average by the 50-day moving average; others use the 200-day and 50-day moving average. The short-term average trends up faster than the long-term average until they cross."}
{"prompts":"Is Bankruptcy a Good Choice?","response":"For some people or businesses, unfortunately, bankruptcy is the right choice. If debts become too large to manage, the alternative could be a liquidation of all of your assets and legal judgments for non-payment or breach of contract. While damaging to your credit and reputation, bankruptcy is a legal channel for avoiding this type of worst-case scenario."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of an A-B Trust?","response":"The benefits of an A-B trust include death tax exemptions, built-in trust protection, and the portability of exemption. Disadvantages include maintenance costs, complex structure, and the possibility of large capital gains taxes after both parties die."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Certified Information Systems Auditor Do?","response":"A CISA oversees, manages, and protects a company's information systems, IT, or related departments. This includes performing audits of processes and products, performing risk mitigation techniques to prevent security breaches, and collaborating with other departments to ensure their technology needs are being met without comprising security or creating system vulnerabilities."}
{"prompts":"When Should You Buy LEAPS?","response":"If you have a medium-term time horizon, then a LEAPS call may be a good speculative bet on a stock that you think will rise. You can also buy LEAPS puts as a medium-term downside hedge against existing positions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Effective Methods of Reducing Agency Loss?","response":"Agency loss is the amount that the principal contends was lost due to the agent acting contrary to the principal's interests. Chief among the strategies to\u00a0resolve disputes between agents and principals is the offering of incentives to corporate managers to maximize the profits of their principals. The stock options awarded to company executives have their origin in agency theory and seek to optimize the relationship between principals and agents. Other practices include tying executive compensation in part to shareholder returns."}
{"prompts":"What Costs Does Incremental Analysis Involve?","response":"It examines relevant costs and opportunity costs. It also takes into account sunk, or non-relevant costs, and excludes those from analysis."}
{"prompts":"Are Reverse Splits Good or Bad?","response":"Many times reverse splits are viewed negatively, as they signal that a company's share price has declined significantly, possibly putting it at risk of being delisted. The higher-priced shares following the split may also be less attractive to certain retail investors who prefer stocks with lower sticker prices."}
{"prompts":"What do homeowners association (HOA) fees normally cover?","response":"HOA fees typically cover the costs of maintaining common areas, such as lobbies, patios, landscaping, swimming pools, tennis courts, a community clubhouse, and elevators. In many cases, the fees cover some common utilities, such as water\/sewer fees and garbage disposal. The association may also levy special assessments from time to time if its reserve funds are not sufficient to cover a major repair, such as a new elevator or new roof."}
{"prompts":"What is an American Option?","response":"An American option is a type of options contract that can be exercised at any time up to its expiration date. This is in contrast to a European option, which can only be exercised at its expiration date. This flexibility is a key feature of American options. American options can be more expensive than European options because of this added flexibility. They are commonly used in stock and futures options markets."}
{"prompts":"What Returns Can I Expect From SIPs?","response":"SIP returns are influenced by the performance of the underlying investment instrument. Over the long term, SIPs have the potential to generate attractive returns, especially when invested in equity-based funds, but it is important to note that returns are subject to market fluctuations."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Historical Cost?","response":"Historical cost is often calculated as the cash or cash equivalent cost at the time of purchase. This includes the purchase price and any additional expenses incurred to get the asset in place and prepared for use."}
{"prompts":"What Industries Use Non-Recourse Loans?","response":"Non-recourse loans are very popular in the real estate industry, in addition to other industries that have long project timelines. Since there may not be any income at the beginning of the project, a non-recourse loan gives a measure of breathing room to project financers."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Right of First Offer Valid?","response":"The term of every right of first offer will vary. It is often structured to ensure enough time is available for both parties to conduct due diligence. Once notified of the seller's desire to sell property and receipt of appropriate information, the right of first offer holder often has 30 to 60 days to respond with an offer."}
{"prompts":"What Effects Do Valuation Clauses Have on Insurance Claims?","response":"Valuation clauses have a big impact on insurance claims. They indicate the type of valuation method that an insurance company uses to reimburse their clients when a claim is filed. These methods include actual cash, replacement cost, stated value, agreed value, and market value. Since they are written into the contract, policyholders should be well aware of how much they can expect to receive if and when they file a claim with the insurer in the event of loss."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Follow the Crude Oil Industry?","response":"Crude oil prices and related market news are available online, often for free. For example, MarketWatch provides up-to-date price quotes, headlines, and commentary. The site has an active link on its landing page showing the price of crude. The Reuters news service is another free site with a commodity-specific portion that shows current prices. CNBC.com, too, has a page dedicated to oil-specific news and recent developments."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Need to File a UM Coverage Claim?","response":"After an accident, first check for injuries and call 911 if necessary. Then, call the police to respond to the accident. If they don't come, or if it's a hit-and-run, try to gather as much information as possible. Ask for names, addresses, and phone numbers of potential witnesses. If possible, get the license plate number of the other car and take photographs of the accident scene.\u00a0As soon as possible, file a claim with your insurance company, providing all the information you may have. Some insurance providers will have a limit on how long you can wait before you file your uninsured claim. You'll typically need to submit bills from all medical care received and any automobile repair that resulted from the accident."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Accountability and Responsibility?","response":"A responsibility is an assigned (or self-assigned) task or project. Accountability implies a willingness to be judged on the performance of the project. Accountability does not exist in a vacuum. It requires transparency and effective communication of results with all parties that may be affected."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Banks Keep Excess Reserves?","response":"It depends on the circumstances. If the central bank pays interest, many banks will likely hold more excess reserves to offset the costs of having reserve capital. But there is an opportunity cost to consider\u2014the question banks have to answer is if it is financially more beneficial to lend that money and generate interest income or to have it in reserve for liquidity purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quorum Call?","response":"A quorum call is a rule that states that members or a number of members of a governing body must be present to pass a vote. The procedure of the quorum call is to ensure the members of governing body are present and in attendance before a vote is cast."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls the M1 Money Supply?","response":"The total supply of money is managed by the Federal Reserve banks. The Federal Reserve banks establish monetary and fiscal policies to influence the economy, create jobs, or combat inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Does an IAR Do?","response":"An IAR is a specific type of financial advisor that provides general advice to clients, oversees their accounts, and provides advisory services to external parties."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Trade Blotter Do?","response":"A trade blotter simply records the trading activity of an individual and by doing so creates a trading history. Information in a trade blotter includes the client name, the trade name, the settlement date, if the trade was a buy or sell, the CUSIP, the security symbol, the quantity purchased, the unit price, and more."}
{"prompts":"What Is Retail Banking?","response":"Retail banking provides financial services to individual consumers rather than large institutions. It's also known as consumer banking or personal banking. The services provided by retail banking include savings and checking accounts, debit or credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, and certificates of deposit, among others."}
{"prompts":"Is Residual Income Taxable?","response":"Yes, almost all residual income is taxable. Maybe the income from some tax-exempt municipal bonds is not taxed. Otherwise, whether you got the money from stock dividends or renting your spare bedroom, it's taxable income."}
{"prompts":"Is a Money Market Account the Same as a Money Market Fund?","response":"No. A money market fund is a mutual fund investment that holds short-term treasuries and other money market instruments. A money market account is a bank product that credits depositors a rate of interest."}
{"prompts":"How Do Nonrenewable Resources Affect Climate Change?","response":"Humans depend heavily on fossil fuels like crude oil, natural gas, and coal to supply energy. Burning these commodities release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This is the primary greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change. The more fossil fuels we burn, the more gases build up. This warms up the climate and causes shifts in the atmosphere, in the water, and on the land."}
{"prompts":"How Does an ESOP Work?","response":"First, an ESOP is set up as a trust fund. Here, companies may place newly issued shares, borrow money to buy company shares, or fund the trust with cash to purchase company shares. Meanwhile, employees can accumulate a growing number of shares, an amount that can rise over time depending on their employment term. These shares are meant to be sold only at or after the time of retirement, quitting, or termination, and the employee is remunerated by receiving the cash value of their shares."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Correlation Is Strong or Weak?","response":"The correlation between two variables can be evaluated by determining the dataset's correlation coefficient and p-value. Both measurements analyzed together demonstrate the strength of the relationship between the variables and the reliability of the data."}
{"prompts":"Are QACA Contributions 100% Vested?","response":"With a qualified automatic contribution arrangement (QACA), employer contributions are not automatically fully vested. Employer contributions can be subject to a vesting period of up to two years.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good NPV?","response":"In theory, an NPV is \u201cgood\u201d if it is greater than zero. After all, the NPV calculation already takes into account factors such as the investor\u2019s cost of capital, opportunity cost, and risk tolerance through the discount rate. And the future cash flows of the project, together with the time value of money, are also captured. Therefore, even an NPV of $1 should theoretically qualify as \u201cgood,\u201d indicating that the project is worthwhile. In practice, since estimates used in the calculation are subject to error, many planners will set a higher bar for NPV to give themselves an additional margin of safety."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Valuation?","response":"The purpose of valuation is to determine the worth of an asset or company and compare that to the current market price. This is done so for a variety of reasons, such as bringing on investors, selling the company, purchasing the company, selling off assets or portions of the business, the exit of a partner, or inheritance purposes."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do You Need to Make to Get a W-2?","response":"In general, you will receive a W-2 from an employer if you earned at least $600 in a given year. You will also receive a W-2 if you had taxes withheld earning any amount from your employer. Note that if you were a contracted individual and not an employee, you will likely receive a 1099 instead of a W-2."}
{"prompts":"What Is Reactive AI?","response":"Reactive AI is a type of Narrow AI that uses algorithms to optimize outputs based on a set of inputs. Chess-playing AIs, for example, are reactive systems that optimize the best strategy to win the game. Reactive AI tends to be fairly static, unable to learn or adapt to novel situations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Stock Is Growth or Value?","response":"Instead of looking to future growth potential, value stocks are those that are thought to trade below what they are really worth and will thus theoretically provide a superior return as their stock prices catch up with fundamentals. Unlike growth stocks, which typically do not pay dividends, value stocks often have higher than average dividend yields. Value stocks also tend to have strong fundamentals with comparably low price-to-book (P\/B) ratios and low P\/E values\u2014the opposite of growth stocks."}
{"prompts":"What Does Deep in the Money Mean?","response":"Deep in the money refers to options that are in the money by at least $10. For a call option, that means the strike price would be more than $10 under the prevailing market price. For a put option, the strike price would be more than $10 above the market price. Due to how deeply they are in the money, the prices of these options usually move just as the price of the underlying asset moves."}
{"prompts":"How Do External Factors Impact Economic Growth?","response":"External factors like global economic conditions, international trade, and geopolitical events can influence a country's economic growth rates positively or negatively. Exports, for instance, can boost growth, while global recessions can hinder it."}
{"prompts":"Does Apple Trade on the New York Stock Exchange or the Nasdaq?","response":"Apple trades on the Nasdaq under the ticker symbol AAPL. The company went public on Dec. 12, 1980, when it first traded at $22. Apple stock closed at $190.25 on June 30, 2023."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Learning Curve Measured and Calculated?","response":"A learning curve is measured and calculated by determining the amount of time it will take to perform a task. Then, a learning curve assigns an improvement value to identify the rate of efficiency the task performer will incur as they learn and become more proficient at the task.The formal calculation to identify the cumulate time is Y = aX^b, where Y is the total amount of time taken, a is the time to produce the first task, X is the total number of tasks performed, and b is the slope of the learning curve."}
{"prompts":"What Is FOB Pricing?","response":"The costs associated with FOB\u00a0can include transportation of the goods to the port of shipment, loading the goods onto the shipping vessel, freight transport, insurance, and unloading and transporting the goods from the arrival port to the final destination."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Lenders Require Gift Letters?","response":"A lender for a home loan is in a position to evaluate the financial risk of the borrower. There is a substantial difference between a large gift or a large loan. A lender will require a gift letter as part of this evaluation to see what additional financial obligations the borrower has and what their extenuating financial position is."}
{"prompts":"Is Disposable Income Taxable?","response":"Disposable income is by definition after-tax income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Conditions for Joint Proability?","response":"Certain conditions must be met for joint probability to occur. The first condition is that the two events in question must occur at the same time. Another condition is that both events must occur independently of one another. As such, the outcomes cannot impact each other."}
{"prompts":"What Privileges Do Accredited Investors Receive That Others Don't?","response":"Under federal securities laws, only those who are\u00a0accredited investors\u00a0may participate in certain securities offerings.\u00a0These may include shares in private placements, structured products, and private equity or hedge funds, among others."}
{"prompts":"Which Tax Credits Are Included in the General Business Credit?","response":"Dozens of tax credits can be used on the general business credit, including the investment credit, work opportunity credit, low-income housing credit, empowerment zone employment credit, credit for small employer pension plan startup costs, credit for employer-provided childcare facilities and services, energy efficient home credit, alternative motor vehicle credit, credit for small employer health insurance premiums, and the employer credit for paid family and medical leave. Keep in mind that some credits have expiration dates. A complete list is available on the IRS website."}
{"prompts":"Why is it called duration?","response":"Duration measures a bond price\u2019s sensitivity to changes in interest rates\u2014so why is it called duration? A bond with a longer time to maturity will have a price that is more sensitive to interest rates and, thus, a larger duration than a short-term bond. Economists use a hazard rate calculation to determine the likelihood of the bond's performance at a given future time."}
{"prompts":"What Are Economies of Scale?","response":"Economies of scale are the advantages that can sometimes occur as a result of increasing the size of a business. For example, a business might enjoy an economy of scale concerning its bulk purchasing. By buying a large number of products at once, it could negotiate a lower price per unit than its competitors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Chikou Span in Ichimoku Clouds?","response":"The\u00a0Chikou Span is meant to measure market sentiment, using the most recent\u00a0closing price\u00a0and plotted 26 periods behind the price action."}
{"prompts":"What Is Caveat Emptor?","response":"Caveat emptor is a Latin phrase that means that buyers are responsible for making sure that a product works to their satisfaction before buying it. They must be confident about the product because the seller will be under no obligation to provide a refund for it."}
{"prompts":"Can You Refinance a Balloon Loan?","response":"Yes. Many people plan to refinance a balloon loan before the balloon payment is due to take advantage of the more affordable initial interest-only period, hoping that interest rates will be more favorable later. This is risky, however\u2014interest rates are volatile, and you may end up refinancing for a higher rate than if you had chosen a fixed-interest rate loan in the first place."}
{"prompts":"When Does Interest Rate Parity Not Hold?","response":"Interest rate parity does not hold when the spot and forward prices are not in equilibrium, representing an arbitrage opportunity."}
{"prompts":"Is a Guarantor a Co-signer?","response":"Though the terms are used interchangeably, they are both different. A co-signer takes on equal responsibility in an agreement, co-owns the asset, and is responsible for payments from the start of the agreement. A guarantor is only responsible for payments once the primary party of the agreement defaults and is then notified by the lender. A co-signer has more financial responsibility than a guarantor."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between an Attorney and Attorney-in-Fact?","response":"It's important to note that an attorney-in-fact is not the same as a lawyer or an attorney. A lawyer is a professional who is licensed to practice law, while an attorney-in-fact is simply a person who has been given the authority to act on behalf of another person."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top Asset Management Institutions?","response":"As of February 2024, the five largest asset management institutions, based on global assets under management (AUM), were BlackRock ($9.46 trillion), Vanguard Group ($7.25 trillion), Fidelity Investments ($3.88 trillion), The Capital Group ($2.5 trillion), and Amundi ($2.10 trillion)."}
{"prompts":"Are QR Codes Only Black and White?","response":"No, QR codes are not just black and white. They can be customized with different colors and designs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mortgage for a House?","response":"A home mortgage is a mortgage loan that\u2019s used to buy a house. The house acts as collateral for the loan. If the buyer defaults on the loan, the lender can initiate foreclosure proceedings to take possession of the property."}
{"prompts":"What is a product portfolio?","response":"A product portfolio contains every product or service that a company provides, each of which will differ with regard to growth rate and market share. Products with high profit margins will often subsidize those with low ones."}
{"prompts":"When Does Payment Occur With a Letter of Credit?","response":"A letter of credit is like an escrow account in that payment to the beneficiary only happens when the other party performs a specific act or meets other performance criteria spelled out in the letter of credit agreement."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Trade Futures?","response":"Depending on your broker and your account status with that broker, you may be eligible to trade futures. You will require a margin account and be approved to do so. Qualified traders in the U.S. will often have the ability to trade futures on different exchanges such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), ICE Futures U.S. (Intercontinental Exchange), and the CBOE Futures Exchange (CFE)."}
{"prompts":"What Assets Do Best During Deflation?","response":"Investors can protect their portfolios by investing in assets that perform well even in times of deflation. Such defensive hedges include high-quality bonds, companies that produce essential consumer goods, and cash."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of Political Economy?","response":"Some of the characteristics or themes of a political economy include the distribution of wealth, how goods and services are produced, who owns property and other resources, who profits from production, supply and demand, and how public policy and government interaction impact society."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Compute Imputed Interest?","response":"The calculation of imputed interest can vary depending on the specific circumstances of the loan and the applicable tax laws. In general, however, the imputed interest on a loan is the difference between the actual interest rate charged by the lender and the market interest rate for a similar loan. This difference is then multiplied by the loan principal to determine the amount of imputed interest.For example, if a borrower receives a loan of $10,000 at an interest rate of 3%, and the market interest rate for a similar loan is actually 4%, the imputed interest would be $100 (1% x $10,000)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tragedy of the Commons?","response":"The tragedy of the commons is a theoretical problem in economics that proposes every individual has an incentive to consume a resource, but at the expense of every other individual\u2014with no way to exclude anyone from consuming.\u00a0Generally, the resource of interest is easily available to all individuals without barriers (i.e. the \"commons\"). This hypothetically leads to over-consumption and ultimately depletion of the common resource, to everybody's detriment. Basically, it highlights the concept of individuals neglecting the well-being of society in the pursuit of personal gain. Its accuracy and application are debated."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get Health Insurance?","response":"If your employer offers health insurance as part of an employee benefits package, you will be covered, although you will probably have to pay a portion of the costs. If you are self-employed, you can purchase health insurance through a federal or state Health Insurance Marketplace. People over the age of 65 qualify for federal Medicare insurance, although many of them supplement its coverage. Low-income individuals and families qualify for subsidized coverage through the federal Medicaid or Medicare programs."}
{"prompts":"Do Brokers Charge Interest on Your Debit Balance?","response":"Yes, brokers charge interest on the money they lend you. It's worth asking about the interest rate and whether it's fixed or variable before you start buying on margin. The interest you'll have to pay will reduce any profits you hope to make from your trades."}
{"prompts":"Which Will Pay Out More Over Time, Simple or Compound Interest?","response":"Compound interest will always pay more after the first payment period. Suppose you borrow $10,000 at a 10% annual interest rate with the principal and\u00a0interest due\u00a0as a\u00a0lump sum\u00a0in three years. Using a simple interest calculation, 10% of the principal balance gets added to your repayment amount during each of the three years. That comes out to $1,000 per year, which totals $3,000 in interest over the life of the loan.At repayment, then, the amount due is $13,000. Now suppose you take out the same loan, with the same terms, but the interest is compounded annually. When the loan is due, instead of owing $13,000, you end up owing $13,310. While you may not consider $310 a huge difference, this example is only a three-year loan; compound interest piles up and becomes oppressive with longer loan terms."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Stop Customer Attrition?","response":"You can prevent customer attrition by making sure that your company offers the products and services that your customers want, provides them with excellent customer service, stays current with market trends, and addresses any problems that arise as a result of customer complaints."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Larger Companies Often Have Competitive Advantages?","response":"Competitive advantages that accrue from economies of scale typically refer to supply-side advantages, such as the purchasing power of a large restaurant or retail chain. But advantages of scale also exist on the demand side\u2014they are commonly referred to as\u00a0network effects.\u00a0This happens when a service becomes more valuable to all of its users as the service adds more users. The result can often be a winner-take-all dynamic in the industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Unlinked Market and the Risk During Extended Trading?","response":"Extended hours trading systems are not linked, and the price of a stock displayed on one trading system may not reflect the price of the same stock displayed on another trading system."}
{"prompts":"Does Bitcoin Use Proof of Work?","response":"Yes. It uses a PoW algorithm based on the SHA-256 hashing function to validate and confirm transactions and issue new bitcoins."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Causes of Inflation?","response":"There are many causes of inflation but some of the most common ones are when prices rise due to an increase in the cost of production. For example, if a company receives goods from a different country and the cost of oil rises, those goods become more expensive because they now cost the company more to receive. Demand will also determine inflation. If many people rush to buy the same item or service, the price will rise. In the 2021\/2022 environment, inflation was mostly driven by fiscal policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is Rigid Cost-Plus Pricing?","response":"Rigid cost-plus pricing, or simply cost-plus pricing, is a simple pricing model based solely on the total cost of producing and selling a product. This model computes the per-unit costs of delivering a product\u2014including production, transportation, sales, and other services\u2013and adds a fixed markup to arrive at the final price."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Usury Interest Rates Illegal?","response":"Usury rates are considered predatory loans where the lender is in a position to take advantage of the borrower. Usury law attempts to protect the consumer by allowing a lender to still obtain a profit on a loan and compensation for incurring risk. However, usury rates are in place to often encourage business transactions and minimize price gouging on loans."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Mortgage?","response":"The word \"mortgage\" comes from Old English and French meaning \"death vow.\" It gets that name since this type of loan \"dies\" when it is either fully repaid or if the borrower defaults."}
{"prompts":"What Does Homeowners Insurance Cover?","response":"Homeowners insurance generally covers a wide range of potential damages to your home, other structures on your land, personal property, and your liability for injuries others sustain on your property. Policies typically cover losses due to such causes as fire, lightning, high winds, and vandalism. However, coverages vary widely among insurance companies and states, so read the fine print carefully to ensure you understand what is and isn't covered."}
{"prompts":"Is Borrowing From a Loan Shark Legal?","response":"It is not illegal to borrow from a loan shark, it's just extremely risky. Loan shark are themselves illegal lenders, but their victims haven't broken the law."}
{"prompts":"Can Equity and Efficiency Be Achieved Simultaneously?","response":"It is a common assumption that greater equity comes at a cost of less economic efficiency. That isn\u2019t necessarily the case, though. For example, the Nordic model, a set of economic standards loosely followed by Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland, has given the world an example of how free-market capitalism and a generous welfare system can co-exist harmoniously. Such a system works mainly because these countries have a culture of collectivity, and taxpayers\u2019 money is spent in a way that benefits all."}
{"prompts":"What Are Quasi Contracts?","response":"A quasi contract is also known as an \"implied contract,\" in which a defendant is ordered to pay restitution to the plaintiff, or a constructive contract, meaning a contract that is put into existence when no such contract between the parties exists."}
{"prompts":"What is a good growth rate for a startup?","response":"Startup companies, especially those in high-tech industries, are expected to grow quite rapidly. For Y Combinator companies (a well-known tech incubator), a good growth rate is considered to be 5% to 7% per week of revenues, while an exceptional growth rate is 10% per week. Thus, a startup may grow by 150% and more over the first few months. As the company matures, the growth rate will decrease."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good ROI for an Index Fund?","response":"There are tax considerations when using an index fund, as well as expense ratios, that could eat away at a return on investment (ROI). An index fund will not necessarily deliver the highest return, but this comes with the benefit of diversification. Diversification alleviates some aspects of risk and is considered a must in any investment portfolio."}
{"prompts":"Are REITs a Good Investment?","response":"REITs can be a good investment depending on the investor's individual goals and tolerance for risk. REITs, for many, can be a good way to invest in the real estate industry while remaining liquid and without the overhead of the classic real estate investment: the home purchase. REITs typically pay substantial dividends but can fluctuate in prices rapidly."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are Members of OPEC?","response":"According to its statutes,\u00a0OPEC\u00a0membership is open to any country that is a substantial exporter of oil and shares the ideals of the organization. After the five founding members, OPEC grew by 11 additional member countries as of 2019. They are, in order of joining, as follows:Iran (1960)Iraq (1960)Kuwait (1960)Saudi Arabia (1960)Venezuela (1960)Qatar (1961)Indonesia (1962)Libya (1962)United Arab Emirates (1967)Algeria (1969)Nigeria (1971)Ecuador (1973)Gabon (1975)Angola (2007)Equatorial Guinea (2017)Congo (2018)Ecuador withdrew from the organization on Jan. 1, 2020. Qatar terminated its membership on Jan. 1, 2019, and Indonesia suspended its membership on Nov. 30, 2016. Thus, as of 2022, the organization consists of 13 states."}
{"prompts":"What is the average cost method formula?","response":"The average cost method formula is calculated as:Total Cost of Goods Purchased or Produced in Period \u00f7 Total Number of Items Purchased or Produced in Period = Average Cost for PeriodThe result can then be applied to both the cost of goods sold (COGS) and the cost of goods still held in inventory at the end of the period."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of the Normal Distribution in Finance?","response":"Although normal distribution is a statistical concept, its applications in finance can be limited because financial phenomena\u2014such as expected stock-market returns\u2014do not fall neatly within a normal distribution. Prices tend to follow more of a log-normal distribution, right-skewed and with fatter tails. Therefore, relying too heavily on a bell curve when making predictions can lead to unreliable results. Although most analysts are well aware of this limitation, it is relatively difficult to overcome this shortcoming because it is often unclear which statistical distribution to use as an alternative."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between UCITS and Non-UCITS?","response":"Non-UTICS funds do not comply with UCITS guidelines. They are likely not open-ended and liquid, one of the more significant requirements for a fund to be UCITS compliant."}
{"prompts":"What Are Tax Brackets for C Corp?","response":"A flat corporate tax rate of 21% is levied on C corporations. This has been the case since the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which President Donald Trump signed into law in 2017. In other words, there are no brackets any longer."}
{"prompts":"Are RMBS Considered Collateral Backed Investments?","response":"RMBS consists of pooled small mortgage home loans backed by the houses as collateral, so the\u00a0default risk associated with them is commonly low."}
{"prompts":"What are two main types of fidelity bonds?","response":"Two popular types of fidelity bonds are business services bonds, which are specifically designed to protect clients when employees enter their home or place of business, and employee dishonesty bonds, which protect companies from financial loss should an employee or group of employees engage in fraudulent activities. Another common type of fidelity bond is the ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act) bond, which protects retirement-plan beneficiaries should trustees steal from them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Held-to-Maturity and Available-for-Sale?","response":"Both held-to-maturity (HTM) and available-for-sale (AFS) are methods of recording investment securities held by a company. HTM securities are held until they mature. AFS securities are sold before they mature. The former is recorded at cost minus impairment, the latter is recorded at fair value."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Loan Stocks?","response":"Loan stocks can be unsecured or convertible. Unsecured loan stocks are more risky and these lenders are equal to other unsecured creditors if there is a default. Convertible loan stocks allow for the conversion into common shares, providing lenders with a form of collateral."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dependent for Tax Purposes?","response":"A dependent, for tax purposes, is a qualifying child or relative of the taxpayer as laid out by the IRS. This includes a child, parent, sibling, or stepchild, but not a spouse. There are tax benefits a taxpayer can claim for having a dependent."}
{"prompts":"Are Accidental Death and Dismemberment (AD&D) Insurance and Accidental Death Benefit (ADB) the Same Thing?","response":"Accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D) and accidental death benefit (ADB) policies both pay a benefit. The main difference is that\u00a0an AD&D policy will pay if the insured is dismembered or injured, whereas the ADB only pays a benefit if the insured dies."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate the Mode?","response":"Calculating the mode is fairly straightforward. Place all numbers in a given set in order; this can be from lowest to highest or highest to lowest, and then count how many times each number appears in the set. The one that appears the most is the mode."}
{"prompts":"Why Don't You Take Out Interest Expense in UFCF?","response":"Unlevered means to remove consideration of leverage, or debt. Since firms must pay financing and interest expenses on outstanding debt, unlevering removes that consideration from analysis. Therefore, you do not deduct the interest expense in computing UFCF."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Covenants in Real Estate?","response":"Real estate covenants used to restrict who could legally purchase or occupy real property. For example, consider covenants in King County, Seattle, that used to enforce restrictions based on race, national origin, or ethnic background.Today, real estate covenants are more related to the actual operation and maintenance of a home. Some covenants require certain action to be taken (e.g., owners of a home must trim their trees) while others restrict action (e.g., owners of a home are not allowed to build a fence)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid the Gambler's Fallacy?","response":"In the area of trading and investing, individuals can avoid the gambler's fallacy by letting go of the belief that previous occurrences are representative of future occurrences. To do this, traders and investors need to use independent research, be up to date on all facts, figures, and strategies, track trades and outcomes, and ask for feedback."}
{"prompts":"What Is Misrepresentation in Insurance?","response":"In insurance, a misrepresentation is a lie or concealment of facts that can void an insurance contract if the insurer discovers the misrepresentation. For example, if a homeowner installs a pool but tells their insurer that they do not have a pool, the insurer may be able to void the policy if they discover the misrepresentation."}
{"prompts":"What Assets Qualify for Bonus Depreciation?","response":"To be eligible for bonus depreciation, eligible property must be MACRS property with a useful life of 20 years or less, certain depreciable computer software, or qualifying leasehold improvement property. In addition, new criteria limits how the asset was acquired or how the basis is to be calculated."}
{"prompts":"Who Maintains Currency in the United States?","response":"The U.S. Federal Reserve controls and maintains the supply of money in the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Quantity Discounts?","response":"The purpose of quantity discounts is purely to sell more products. By offering lower per-unit costs through quantity discounts, a seller entices a buyer to purchase its products since it's a better deal for the buyer."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Real Estate License to Access a Multiple Listing Service?","response":"Typically, to view listings on your local multiple listing service (MLS) as a buyer or seller, you need to be given access through a real estate agent. To actually post properties on the MLS, you need to have a real estate license. If you are not willing to get a real estate license and don\u2019t want to work with a full seller\u2019s agent, several areas have flat-fee multiple listing services that will list your property for you."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fed Reference Number?","response":"Banks use federal reference numbers to track wire transfers of money. The receipt for the wire transfer will include a section labeled \"Fed Reference\" or \"Federal Reference.\" This is where you will find a unique series of numbers that you can use to investigate and track the electronic wire transfer from the initiating bank to the receiving bank."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are Middle-Income Countries?","response":"Countries that are middle-income countries include Turkey, Iraq, Russia, Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Nigeria, Angola, India, and Pakistan."}
{"prompts":"How Does Adverse Selection Impact Markets?","response":"Adverse selection arises from information asymmetries. In economic theory, markets are assumed to be efficient and that everybody has full and \"perfect\" information. When some have more information than others, they can take advantage of those less-informed, often to their detriment. This creates market inefficiencies that can increase prices or prevent transactions from occurring."}
{"prompts":"What Is Producer Surplus Simply Put?","response":"Put simply, the producer surplus is the difference between the price that companies are willing to sell products for and the prices that they actually get for them.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Was the Primary Purpose of the Kyoto Protocol?","response":"The Kyoto Protocol was an agreement among developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases in an effort to minimize the impacts of climate change."}
{"prompts":"What Are Types of Ad Valorem Taxes?","response":"The main types of ad valorem taxes include property taxes and sales tax. An ad valorem tax is a tax that is calculated based on an assessed value and a tax rate. It can also be applied as duties to imports."}
{"prompts":"What Should I Do With an IRS Check Made Out to a Deceased Person?","response":"This assumes that a taxpayer filed a tax return but died before receiving a refund check. If there is a surviving spouse who filed jointly with the deceased, the refund will be made out to both of them and can be deposited as usual. In all other cases, it is appropriate to file form 1310 requesting a refund in the name of the beneficiary or the estate of the deceased."}
{"prompts":"What was the outcome of the Fair Housing Act of 1968?","response":"Despite the historic nature of the Fair Housing Act, and its stature as the last major act of legislation of the\u00a0civil rights movement, housing remained segregated and discrimination continued in many regions of the U.S.In 1974, the federal government expanded the Fair Housing Act of 1968 to include protections for gender. In 1988, Congress passed the Fair Housing Amendments Act, which expanded the law to prohibit discrimination in housing based on disability or family status, strengthening protections for pregnant women and minor children. Various state and local jurisdictions have added specific protections for sexual orientation and other categories."}
{"prompts":"What Is Stock Flotation?","response":"Stock flotation is when a company issues new shares to the public. It can help the company raise capital. The opposite of stock flotation is a float shrink, such as with stock buybacks: fewer shares are available to trade."}
{"prompts":"What Is Uptick Volume?","response":"Uptick volume refers to the number of shares that are traded when a stock is on an uptick. Uptick volume is used by technical traders, who use it to determine a stock's net volume; the difference between its uptick volume and downtick volume. Investors and traders look for uptick volume, which is a shift in volume upwards, to determine a new trend of a stock moving up."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Criticisms of Microfinance?","response":"While some microfinance interest rates are lower than conventional banks' rates, critics have charged that these operations are making money off the poor.\u00a0Also, many major financial institutions and other large corporations have launched for-profit microfinance departments, raising concerns that, out of a desire to make money, these larger bankers will charge higher interest rates that may create a debt trap for low-income borrowers. And some have argued that individual microloans aren't enough money to provide a realistic path to independence."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Adhesion Contracts Used?","response":"You usually encounter them when you're arranging for airline tickets, insurance policies, mortgage loans, health care, or the purchase of an automobile."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Tax Credit for Each Dependent?","response":"In 2023, the child tax credit for each dependent is $2,000, with a maximum refundable amount of $1,600, rising to $1,700 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Tenancy by the Entirety?","response":"One major benefit of tenancy by the entirety is that creditors can\u2019t place a lien on the property if only one spouse holds the debt. Also, because of the automatic survivorship rights this arrangement provides, there is no need for probate, which can be costly and time-consuming.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Does M-Pesa Work in the U.S.?","response":"M-Pesa does not work in the U.S. It serves seven countries in Africa, including the DRC, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Tanzania."}
{"prompts":"What Size Is a Metropolitan Statistical Area?","response":"A metropolitan statistical area consists of a location that has at least one urbanized area and a population of at least 50,000 people."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Marginal Propensity To Consume?","response":"To calculate the marginal propensity to consume, the change in consumption is divided by the change in income. For instance, if a person\u2019s spending increases 90 cents more for each new dollar of earnings, it would be expressed as 0.9\/1 = 0.9. On the other hand, consider a person receives a bonus of $1,000 and spends $100 of this while saving $900. The marginal propensity to consume would equal $100\/$1,000 or 0.1."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Null Hypothesis?","response":"A null hypothesis occurs in statistical hypothesis testing. It states that no relationship exists between two data sets or populations. When a null hypothesis is accurate and rejected, the result is a false positive or a type I error. When it is false and fails to be rejected, a false negative occurs. This is also referred to as a type II error."}
{"prompts":"Is Insolvency the Same Thing as Bankruptcy?","response":"Insolvency is not the same as bankruptcy, although a company that has become insolvent may file for bankruptcy. Insolvency is the state of not being able to pay your obligations while bankruptcy is a legal process to discharge your debts."}
{"prompts":"Are There Risks Associated With M-Commerce?","response":"Anyone who owns a cell phone can tell you that they're easy enough to misplace and lose. You might think your phone is safe in your pocket and break into a jog in the park, only to realize 10 minutes later that it fell out somewhere along the way. The phone's contents, including your personal financial information, passcodes and links, might be easily accessed by anyone who finds it.This could have disastrous results if you haven't taken safety precautions. But security can be enhanced by setting up multi-factor authentication, including biometrics such as fingerprints and retina scans."}
{"prompts":"How Do Exchange Rates Affect the Supply and Demand of Goods?","response":"Changes in exchange rates affect businesses by changing the cost of supplies that are purchased from a different country, and by changing the demand for their products from overseas customers."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Timelock Contract?","response":"A timelock contract is a smart contract embedded in a blockchain that executes a transaction at a specific time. They are used in hashed timelock contracts and payment channels where specific payment times are needed."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Series 79 If I Have a Series 24?","response":"Yes, a Series 79 exam is one of the prerequisites that must be taken before passing a Series 24 exam. You could also obtain an SIE and a Series 7, an SIE and a Series 57, an SIE and a Series 82, and an SIE and a Series 86 and 87. You could also forgo the SIE and a complement and sit for the Series 16 as a standalone prerequisite. If you have only the Series 79 and the SIE, then the principal registration you would be able to acquire would be Investment Banking Principal (BP)."}
{"prompts":"What is the main drawback of YRT?","response":"If a policyholder\u00a0renews for many years, they\u00a0could end up paying more in total premiums than if they'd simply bought a level term life or permanent life insurance policy.\u00a0However, you may have the option to covert the YRT to a level premium term or whole life policy without additional medical exams or underwriting."}
{"prompts":"Is Trading Ahead Front-Running?","response":"Trading ahead is when a broker or market maker uses their firm's account to make a trade instead of matching available bids and offers from others in the market. Trading ahead is illegal, but it is not considered by regulators to be the same as front-running."}
{"prompts":"What Costs Can Be Capitalized?","response":"Capitalized costs can include intangible asset expenses can be capitalized, like patents, software creation, and trademarks. In addition, capitalized costs include transportation, labor, sales taxes, and materials."}
{"prompts":"What Can Cause a Demand Shock?","response":"Demand shocks may be caused for one or more of several reasons. An economic recession may lead to high unemployment, where people are unable to spend as they had before. Natural or geopolitical disasters can also have a similar effect in the short run. Demand shocks can also occur if a technological advance makes a previous technology quickly obsolete."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Zacks Industry Rank?","response":"The Zacks Industry Rank is the average Zacks Rank of all the companies in a specific industry sector. This metric can be used to identify favorable industry-wide conditions that could benefit similar companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Remittance?","response":"A remittance is money sent from one person or entity to another. It can be money sent for payment of a bill, for example. However, today, it's more commonly seen as money sent by a person in one country to relatives or friends in another."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can a Recession Last?","response":"A recession is defined as at least two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth.A chart from the Federal Reserve of recessions since 1970 suggests how long a recession can last. Probably the worst was the \"double-dip\" recession that began in the second quarter of 1979 and ended in the third quarter of 1980, only to reemerge in the second quarter of 1981 and continue through the third quarter of 1982."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Low Market Share?","response":"A low market share is considered to be less than half of the market share of the industry leader. So if the industry leader has a market share of 40% and another company has a market share of 10%, that company would be considered to have a low market share as 10% is less than 20% (half of 40%)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Doji Candlestick Pattern?","response":"The doji pattern occurs when the open price of a stock is the same or nearly the same as the close price. Upward movement indicates that the stock may begin sinking soon. Downward movement is a sign that the stock may go up. This information can be an indicator of what will happen the next day."}
{"prompts":"Are Covered Calls a Profitable Strategy?","response":"As with any trading strategy, covered calls may or may not be profitable. The highest payoff from a covered call occurs if the stock price rises to the strike price of the call that has been sold and is no higher. The investor benefits from a modest rise in the stock and collects the full premium of the option as it expires worthless. Like any strategy, covered call writing has advantages and disadvantages. If used with the right stock, covered calls can be a great way to reduce your average cost or generate income."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Egalitarian Society?","response":"In an egalitarian society, all are considered equal, regardless of gender, race, religion, or age. There is not a class system in an egalitarian society but relatively equal access to income and wealth. Some societies are more egalitarian than others, and some areas of egalitarianism are part of economies, politics, and laws."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current U.S. Unemployment Rate?","response":"The U-3 unemployment rate in the United States was 3.8% for March 2024, just in line with the pre-pandemic unemployment rate."}
{"prompts":"What is Annuity Due?","response":"An annuity due is when the payment is required at the beginning of the period. The most common example is when a landlord requires rent to be paid at the beginning of the rental cycle. A different, more complicated example would be a whole life annuity due, where an insurance company requires payments at the beginning of each period, just like the landlord example."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Benefit-Cost-Ratio Over 1.0 Suggest?","response":"A reading over 1.0 suggests that on a broad level, a project should be financially successful; a reading of 1.0 suggests that the benefits equal the costs; and a reading below 1.0 suggests that the costs trump the benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Professions Use the Monte Carlo Simulation?","response":"It may be best known for its financial applications, but the Monte Carlo simulation is used in virtually every profession that must measure risks and prepare to meet them.For example, a telecom may build its network to sustain all of its users all of the time. In order to do that, it must consider all of the possible variations in demand for the service. It must determine whether the system will stand the strain of peak hours and peak seasons.A Monte Carlo simulation may help the telecom company decide whether its service is likely to stand the strain of Super Bowl Sunday as well as an average Sunday in August."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Do a Title Search?","response":"Title searches are normally conducted using a title company. This company is responsible for searching through public records to see if there are any liens against a property. The company is commonly hired during the sale and purchase of a home and may also assist in the closing process. Individuals can also conduct title searches on their own by going through public records online or in person through a county clerk's or tax assessor's office."}
{"prompts":"What Is Homeowners Insurance?","response":"Homeowners Insurance is a kind of property insurance that that covers damage to a residence, as well as furnishings and other property in the home. It also provides liability coverage in the case of any accidents that occur in the home or on the property."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Put-Call Parity Important?","response":"Put-call parity allows you to calculate the approximate value of a put or a call relative to its other components. If the put-call parity is violated, meaning that the prices of the put and call options diverge so that this relationship does not hold, an arbitrage opportunity exists. Although such opportunities are uncommon and short-lived in liquid markets, sophisticated traders can theoretically earn a risk-free profit. Furthermore, it offers the flexibility to create synthetic positions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Equity Does a Typical Company Offer During Series B Financing?","response":"During the Series B and C rounds, most companies sell about 15% of their total equity, according to figures from Equidam."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Paper Clip REIT?","response":"A \"paper clip REIT\" increases the tax advantages afforded to a REIT while allowing it to operate properties that such trusts normally cannot run. It involves two entities \"clipped\" together via an agreement where one entity owns the properties and the other manages them. The paper clip REIT entails stricter regulatory oversight since there can be conflicts of interest and, as a result, this form of REIT is uncommon. It is similar but more flexible in structure to a \"stapled REIT\"."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Line Thickness of a Kagi Chart Mean?","response":"The thickness of a Kagi line shows the trend of an asset's price action. The line becomes thick (or green-colored) when the price establishes a new high, and stays that way until the price establishes a new low. When the price falls to a new low for the time period, the Kagi line becomes thin, and stays that way until it reaches a new high."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Swaps?","response":"Swaps are mainly used by institutional investors such as banks and other financial institutions, governments, and some corporations. They are intended to be used to manage a variety of risks, such as interest rate risk, currency risk, and price risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between MSA and CSA?","response":"A metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is an area with at least one urbanized area and a population of at least 50,000 people. This includes the core jurisdiction plus adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic relations with the core county. A combined statistical area (CSA) is two or more MSAs or micropolitan statistical areas with employment interchange measures of at least 15. \"Employment interchange measures\" means \"the sum of the percentage of workers living in the smaller entity who work in the larger entity and the percentage of employment in the smaller entity that is accounted for by workers who reside in the larger entity.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Golden Cross?","response":"A golden cross is a chart pattern in which a short-term moving average crosses above a long-term moving average. The golden cross is a bullish breakout pattern formed from a crossover involving a security's short-term moving average such as the 15-day moving average, breaking above its long-term moving average, such as the 50-day moving average. As long-term indicators carry more weight, the golden cross indicates a\u00a0bull market\u00a0on the horizon and is reinforced by high trading\u00a0volumes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Current Ratio?","response":"What counts as a good current ratio will depend on the company\u2019s industry and historical performance. Current ratios of 1.50 or greater would generally indicate ample liquidity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Perfect Competition and Imperfect Competition?","response":"While perfect competition is an idealized market structure in which equal and identical products are sold, imperfect competition can be found in monopolies and real-life examples. For instance, imperfect competition involves companies competing for market share, high barriers to entry, and buyers lacking complete information on a product or service. Unlike perfect competition, however, this creates the incentive to innovate and produce better products, in addition to increased profit margins due to the influence of supply and demand."}
{"prompts":"Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Floods?","response":"Flooding caused by internal problems (such as a leaking bathroom pipe) is typically covered by homeowners insurance. However, if the damage is caused by a natural cause outside the home such as flash flooding, a basic policy will not usually cover the loss. Often, you can purchase supplemental flood insurance at an additional cost to cover flood damage. Also, most policies do not cover damage from earthquakes and other types of natural and man-made catastrophes."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Custodial Account Taxed?","response":"Children file as part of their parent's tax return, generally. For the 2024 year, any unearned income over the $2,600 threshold in a custodial account may be taxed at the parent's rate, as per IRS requirements."}
{"prompts":"Is a Justified Wage the Same As Equal Pay?","response":"An employer who determines an individual's pay based on the concept of a justified wage has no logical reason to consider gender, race, or ethnicity. For that reason, a justified wage presumably is equal pay."}
{"prompts":"Is It Good To Buy During a Bear Market?","response":"Long-term investors can find many valuable stocks at lower prices during a bear market, making bear markets a good time to buy if you can afford to wait to see your investments rebound. Traders looking to make a short-term profit may need to use other strategies during a bear market, such as short selling."}
{"prompts":"How Are Basis Points Used?","response":"Oftentimes, traders will use basis points to refer to the change in value of a security or when comparing the rates on different securities. For example, you may hear the term used when yields on corporate bonds and treasury securities are compared."}
{"prompts":"What Is John R. Hicks Known for?","response":"John R. Hicks is best known for significant work in the field of economics and is considered one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. His major accomplishments include his contributions to labor economics, utility and price theory, and macroeconomics. He also made great strides in his theories about welfare economics. Hicks was awarded the Nobel Prize with Kenneth Arrow for their work on general equilibrium theory and welfare theory."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Risk do CMOs Have?","response":"CMOs carry specific risks such as the possibility that not all payments will be made on time, there could be a loss of premium due to prepayments, a risk of interest rates rising and the effect that would have on the securities, and extensions when the principal is returned earlier or later than expected."}
{"prompts":"Can I Cash out My HRA?","response":"You cannot cash out your HRA. HRA money that hasn't been used by the end of the year can usually be rolled over to the following year, with an employer determining the maximum amount that can be carried from one year to another."}
{"prompts":"How many discouraged workers are in the U.S.?","response":"In June 2022, there were 364,000 discouraged workers in the U.S. This was a sharp decrease from June 2021, when there were 631,000 discouraged workers."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Country Demonetize?","response":"Demonetization has been used to stabilize the value of a currency or combat inflation.\u00a0Some countries have demonetized currencies in order to facilitate trade or form currency unions.\u00a0Lastly, demonetization has been tried as a tool to modernize a cash-dependent developing economy and to combat corruption and crime (counterfeiting, tax evasion).\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Competitive Degree at Cambridge?","response":"The most competitive degrees at Cambridge University are computer science, medicine, architecture, economics, law, and engineering."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Standard Error?","response":"The standard error takes the standard deviation and divides it by the square root of the sample size. Many statistical software packages automatically compute standard errors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Capital Budgeting and Working Capital Management?","response":"Working capital management is a company-wide process that evaluates current projects to determine whether they are adding value to the business, while capital budgeting focuses on expanding the current operations or assets of the business."}
{"prompts":"What Is Business Continuity Impact Analysis?","response":"An important part of developing a BCP is a business continuity impact analysis which identifies the effects of disruption of business functions and processes. It also uses the information to make decisions about recovery priorities and strategies.FEMA provides an operational and financial impact worksheet to help run a business continuity analysis.These worksheets summarize the impacts\u2014both financial and operational\u2014that stem from the loss of individual business functions and processes. They also identify when the loss of a function or process would result in the identified business impacts."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Types of Underwriters?","response":"A mortgage loan underwriter is one of the most common types of underwriters. Their job is to ensure that a loan applicant meets all requirements before approving or denying the loan. Another common type is insurance underwriters, who review applications for coverage and, based on their findings, accept or reject an applicant. Underwriters who work in the equity market must administer the public issuance and distribution of securities from a corporation or other entity in the form of common or preferred stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sunk Cost vs. a Fixed Cost?","response":"In business, fixed costs are expenses that have to be paid by a company independent of any specific work activities: They don't apply to a company's production of any goods or services, and they don't rise or fall with a change in the number of goods or services produced or sold. Sunk costs are a subset of fixed costs\u2014specifically, a type of fixed cost that is not recoverable."}
{"prompts":"How Many Companies Has James H. Clark Founded?","response":"James Clark first founded Silicon Graphics, a computer hardware and software company, in 1982. After selling his stake in the company nearly a decade later, Clark co-founded Netscape, a computer services company responsible for the widely-popular web browser, Navigator. In 1996, Clark founded Healthscape (later Healtheon), a company that streamlines and automates healthcare transactions."}
{"prompts":"Are Loan Origination Fees Negotiable?","response":"Yes, loan origination fees are often negotiable. Borrowers can try to negotiate with lenders to reduce or waive some of the origination fees. Shopping around for multiple lenders and obtaining loan estimates can provide leverage during negotiations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between FCA and FOB?","response":"FCA and FOB are shipment terms used in different types of transportation. FOB delivery applies only to sea shipments and occurs when cargo is loaded onto a vessel. Loading the goods onto the vessel is the seller's responsibility. Under FCA, many more types of transport are allowable, and loading onto the carrier is the buyer's responsibility. The supplier is usually obligated to issue an export declaration once goods have been placed onto a buyer's vehicle."}
{"prompts":"Which types of securities are best suited for swing trading?","response":"While a swing trader can enjoy success in any number of securities, the best candidates tend to be large-cap stocks, which are among the most actively traded stocks on the major exchanges. In an active market, these stocks will often swing between broadly defined high and low points, and the swing trader will ride the wave in one direction for a couple of days or weeks and then switch to the opposite side of the trade when the stock reverses direction. Swing trades are also viable in actively traded commodities and forex markets."}
{"prompts":"Do Social Entrepreneurs Pay Taxes?","response":"It depends. Social entrepreneurs are usually not personally exempt from paying taxes. This means that almost all individuals are taxed on the income they make, regardless of whether or not the enterprise they work for is a social enterprise. On the other hand, most social entrepreneurs incorporate their enterprises as a non-profit entity so their enterprise can operate tax-free."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Exchange Traded Derivatives Appealing to Investors?","response":"Investors large and small appreciate the fact that these investments are understandable, reliable, and liquid. Contract features are clear. Parties to a contract must abide by it. Default risk is eliminated. Exchanges are regulated. Trust in financial markets translates to liquidity, which in turn means efficient access and pricing."}
{"prompts":"Does Refinancing Hurt Your Credit?","response":"Refinancing will hurt your credit score as a credit check is done when you are refinancing your mortgage; however, this is temporary and your score will adjust over time. In addition, your overall credit may improve after refinancing, as you will have less debt and a lower monthly payment on your mortgage."}
{"prompts":"What Is in a Bill of Lading?","response":"Typically, a bill of lading will include the names and addresses of the shipper (consignor) and the receiver (consignee), shipment date, quantity, exact weight, value, and freight classification. Also included is a complete description of the items, including whether they\u2019re classified as hazardous, the type of packaging used, any specific instructions for the carrier, and any special order tracking numbers. Most bills of lading will include language that incorporates the York Antwerp Rules to help determine costs and liability for lost or damaged cargo."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Sources of Capital?","response":"Most businesses distinguish between working capital, equity capital, and debt capital, although they overlap.Working capital is the money needed to meet the day-to-day operation of the business and pay its obligations promptly.Equity capital is raised by issuing shares in the company, publicly or privately, and is used to fund the expansion of the business.Debt capital is borrowed money. On the balance sheet, the amount borrowed appears as a capital asset while the amount owed appears as a liability."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Porter Diamond Model Consider Factor Conditions as Most Important?","response":"The Porter Diamond Model purports that a country's economy can create skilled labor, technological innovation, infrastructure, and capital, and these factors outweigh naturally inherited factors such as land and natural resources."}
{"prompts":"Are Allowance for Doubtful Accounts a Current Asset?","response":"Yes, allowance accounts that offset gross receivables are reported under the current asset section of the balance sheet. This type of account is a contra asset that reduces the amount of the gross accounts receivable account."}
{"prompts":"Is Window Dressing Illegal in Accounting?","response":"Window dressing in accounting is unethical and illegal. The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) has fined companies for window dressing."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Merchant Bank Account?","response":"A merchant bank account is a bank account for business clients. These accounts are set up to receive debit and credit cards or other forms of electronic payment."}
{"prompts":"What Is Online Market Research?","response":"Online market research uses the same strategies and techniques as traditional primary and secondary market research, but it is conducted on the Internet. Potential customers may be asked to participate in a survey or give feedback on a product. The responses may help the researchers create a profile of the likely customer for a new product."}
{"prompts":"Where Do You Get Jobs Growth Numbers?","response":"The Bureau of Labor Statistics gets job growth data from a survey of 122,000 businesses and government agencies, which account for about 20% of the total U.S. nonfarm employment."}
{"prompts":"Are There Mobile Apps for Accessing Stock Screeners on the Go?","response":"Many stock screeners offer mobile apps, allowing users to access screening tools on the go."}
{"prompts":"Should I Claim 0 or 1 on My Withholding?","response":"Electing 0 as an allowance on the W-4 for tax withholding will result in the largest amount being withheld for your filing status. Claiming one allowance will reduce what is withheld for taxes but may still be sufficient for what is owed.Claiming 0 is preferred by people who can be claimed as dependents by others and by people who have more than one source of income."}
{"prompts":"What Is Autocorrelation Used for?","response":"Autocorrelation can be used in many disciplines but is often seen in technical analysis. Technical analysts evaluate securities to identify trends and make predictions about their future performance based on those trends."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Clayton Act\u2019s Overall Goal?","response":"The Clayton Act, in conjunction with other antitrust laws, is responsible for making sure that companies behave themselves and that there is fair competition in the marketplace, which, according to economic theory, should lead to lower prices, better quality, greater innovation, and wider choice."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Empirical Rule?","response":"In statistics, the empirical rule states that 99.7% of data occurs within three standard deviations of the mean within a normal distribution. To this end, 68% of the observed data will occur within one standard deviation, 95% will reside within two standard deviations, and 97.5% will fall within three standard deviations. The empirical rule predicts the probability distribution for a set of outcomes."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When the Obligor of Child Support Dies?","response":"When an obligor of child support dies, they may still be responsible for paying child support through their estate, depending on the laws of the state where they lived."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read a Venn Diagram?","response":"A Venn diagram is read by observing all of the circles that make up the entire diagram. Each circle is its own item or data set. The portions of the circles that overlap indicate the areas that are in common amongst the different items whereas the parts that do not overlap indicate unique traits among the item or data set represented by the circle."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid Anchoring Bias?","response":"Studies have shown that some factors can mitigate anchoring, but it is difficult to avoid altogether, even when people are made aware of the bias and deliberately try to avoid it. In experimental studies, telling people about anchoring and advising them to \"consider the opposite\" can reduce, but not eliminate, the effect of anchoring."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Does a Registered Representative Make?","response":"Salaries will vary widely by geography and experience. For example, as of April 2024, according to ZipRecruiter, the nation-wide average salary is just under $47,000. However, this pay is nearly double in several cities. Indeed cites a similar range as well; though Indeed calls the national salary average as just under $58,000, its salary ranges from $29,000 to $117,000."}
{"prompts":"How Does Liquidity Differ From Solvency?","response":"Liquidity refers to the ability to cover short-term obligations. Solvency, on the other hand, is a firm's ability to pay long-term obligations. For a firm, this will often include being able to repay interest and principal on debts (such as bonds) or long-term leases."}
{"prompts":"How Is DPS Calculated?","response":"Dividends over the entire year, not including any special dividends, must be added together for a proper calculation of DPS, including interim dividends. Special dividends are dividends that are only expected to be issued once and are, therefore, not included. Interim dividends are dividends distributed to shareholders that have been declared and paid before a company has determined its annual earnings. If a company has issued common shares during the calculation period, the total number of ordinary shares outstanding is generally calculated using the weighted average of shares over the reporting period, which is the same figure used for earnings per share (EPS)"}
{"prompts":"Does Tesla Pay Dividends?","response":"No, Tesla has not and does not intend on paying dividends. The company believes in keeping its retained earnings to fund the growth of the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Range-Bound Trading Strategy?","response":"Range trading is what the name implies: An investor sells and buys within a range of prices, one at which a stock is currently trading and the other to which they believe it will rise. The investor trades within those price ranges. The tactic can be used repeatedly over a set period until the current price of the stock is as high as the investor believes it will go so it's time to get out of it."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Zero-Sum Game in Relationships?","response":"In the context of personal relationships, a zero-sum game implies that there can only be one \"winner\" at the expense of the other person or people. This can create conflict and tension."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bad Medium of Exchange?","response":"A currency is only as good as the government that issues it. Out-of-control inflation, political instability, and government mismanagement are reflected in the value and stability of a nation's currency.For example, the worst currency in the world at this time, according to World Atlas, is the Venezuelan bolivar. Once a strong currency, hyperinflation has made the bolivar almost worthless as a medium of exchange for its citizens."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the U.S. 3-Month T-Bill Used as the Risk-Free Rate?","response":"There can never be a truly risk-free rate because even the safest investments carry a very small amount of risk. However, the interest rate on a three-month U.S. Treasury bill is often used as the risk-free rate for U.S.-based investors. This is a useful proxy because the market considers there to be virtually no chance of the U.S. government defaulting on its obligations. The large size and deep liquidity of the market contribute to the perception of safety."}
{"prompts":"How Is High-Frequency Trading Different From Algorithmic Trading?","response":"HFT is actually a form of algorithmic trading, and it's characterized by extremely high speed and a large number of transactions. It uses high-speed networking and computing, along with black-box algorithms, to trade securities at very fast speeds. Trades can take place in a millionth of a second."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Behavioral Economics and Psycology?","response":"Both behavioral economics and psychology refer to the dispositions, emotions, and decision-making of individuals. Behavior economics is a much more niche field that studies the financial decision-making of an individual, while psychology may cover any aspect of human rationality."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Lean Six Sigma?","response":"Lean Six Sigma is a process improvement strategy that seeks to eliminate inefficiencies in a company's process flow by identifying the causes of waste or redundancy and developing solutions to address them."}
{"prompts":"Are Equity-Linked Notes Equity Securities?","response":"Equity-linked notes pay returns linked to the performance of the underlying security, while equity-linked securities pay a fixed interest rate."}
{"prompts":"What are Some Technical Analysis Indicators that can be Used with the Inverse Head and Shoulders Chart Pattern?","response":"Some commonly used technical analysis indicators that are combined with the abovementioned chart pattern are moving averages, the RSI, the MACD, the volume oscillator, bollinger bands and the stochastic oscillator."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reverse Merger?","response":"A reverse triangular merger isn\u2019t the same as a reverse merger. A reverse merger occurs when a private company acquires control of a public company. This effectively enables the private company to become a publicly traded one without having to go through the expensive ordeal of an initial public offering (IPO)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Stock Trendlines Used for?","response":"Trendlines are used by technical analysts to predict the direction of a stock or other financial security. Armed with a clearer sense of potential direction, analysts can then make better decisions about stock trades."}
{"prompts":"Are all Revolving Loan Facilities for Businesses?","response":"For the purposes of this article, yes, they are limited to businesses. Home equity lines of credit or personal lines of credit operate on the same principles for personal use."}
{"prompts":"How Many Years Does It Take to Get an MPA Degree?","response":"It usually takes two years to earn an MPA degree. Some programs offer qualified and motivated students the option to complete an MPA in just one year."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Current Oligopoly?","response":"One measure that shows if an oligopoly is present is the concentration ratio, which calculates the size of companies in comparison to their industry. Instances where a high concentration ratio is present include mass media. In the U.S., for example, the sector is dominated by just five companies: NBC Universal; Walt Disney; Time Warner; Viacom CBS; and News Corporation\u2014even as streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime begin to encroach on this market. Meanwhile, within big tech, two companies control smartphone operating systems: Google Android and Apple iOS."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Beneficial Owner?","response":"A beneficial owner is someone who controls or owns 25% or more of a reporting or public company and who has significant control over the company. Companies must report their beneficial owners and provide certain information about them."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Uses of Land?","response":"The main uses of land are for transportation, residences, commercial activity, production, agriculture, and recreation."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of a Circular Flow Model?","response":"A circular flow model depicts where an economy is now. However, it fails to clearly communicate how a change in one variable may impact all other flows. For example, economists may struggle in determining how a 5% increase in unemployment may impact the circular flow model. Though it's understood that reduced income may lead to less consumption and less tax revenue, a circular flow model may not explain how one change will numerically change other values."}
{"prompts":"What Is Net Interest Income for Banks?","response":"Net interest income is a financial measure used to calculate the difference between the revenue generated from a bank's interest-bearing assets and the expenses associated with paying its interest-bearing liabilities."}
{"prompts":"Can a Franchisee Be Fired or Removed?","response":"A franchisee can effectively be fired. The franchisor can shut down one of its licensed operators that breaks the rules. Those rules allow the franchisor to act quickly if a franchisee is discovered to be running a location that fails to meet health and safety guidelines, among other infractions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between RMBS and CMBS?","response":"Residential Mortgage-backed securities (RMBS) are backed by residential mortgages, generally for single-family homes. Commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) are backed by commercial loans."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks Associated with Incentive Compensation?","response":"Risks include the potential for excessive risk-taking to boost short-term performance, a short-term focus that may neglect long-term considerations, conflicts of interest when individual and firm goals misalign, and the possibility of unethical behavior to meet performance targets. In the context of the Lehman Formula, a company should not simply strive to perform a deal for the short-term financial benefit; it must be mindful of longer-term and market implications of its actions."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Variance?","response":"Follow these steps to compute variance:Calculate the mean of the data.Find each data point's difference from the mean value.Square each of these values.Add up all of the squared values.Divide this sum of squares by n \u2013 1 (for a sample) or N (for the population)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Forex Trading?","response":"There are many risks to forex trading. Exchange rates are very volatile, changing often, which could quickly impact a trade. There is also a significant amount of leverage involved in FX, meaning small movements can result in large losses. In addition, there is transaction risk, interest rate risk, and global or country risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Valuation of a Corporation?","response":"The valuation of a corporation is different from an annuity valuation. There are many more facets that must be considered when valuing a corporation such as assets, debts, revenues, the potential for expansion, and others. A corporation can be valued to determine a fair stock price, when paying out equity to shareholders, or when entering or considering a liquidity event."}
{"prompts":"How Can Businesses Reconcile Lockbox Transactions?","response":"To reconcile lockbox transactions, businesses can use the information provided by the bank in the form of reports. These reports typically include details about each payment received, such as the payer's name, amount, and invoice number. By comparing this information with their own records, businesses can easily reconcile their accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Can Affect the Demand Curve?","response":"Demand is influenced by consumer preferences and the amount of disposable income they have to spend. The presence of viable substitutes or alternatives can also shift the demand curve."}
{"prompts":"What Makes Someone an Heir?","response":"An heir is someone who is legally entitled to inherit the deceased's assets when no will is present. Heirs are typically children or other living relatives. Nations and states have laws around inheritance and who qualifies as an heir."}
{"prompts":"How Does an S Corp Work?","response":"In many ways, an S corp works as any corporation does. Operating under its home state\u2019s corporation statutes, it establishes a board of directors and corporate officers, bylaws, and a management structure. It issues shares of company stock. Its owners cannot be held personally or financially liable for claims by creditors or against the company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to Hyperledger Iroha?","response":"Ethereum, Composer, Ripple, MultiChain, and IPFS, are other platforms, protocols, and networks that can be used as Hyperledger Iroha."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Effective Annual Interest Rates?","response":"The purpose of the effective annual interest rate is to make interest rates comparable regardless of their compounding periods. Investors, savers, or borrowers can take nominal rates with different compounding periods (e.g., one that compounds weekly, one that compounds monthly) to see which will be most beneficial to them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Annual Exclusion Amount for Gifts?","response":"The annual exclusion amount for gifts in 2024 is $18,000. Any amount below this is not subject to a gift tax. Amounts over this are also not subject to tax as long as they are under the lifetime limit of $13.61 million in 2024."}
{"prompts":"When Is Insider Trading Legal?","response":"Legal insider transactions happen in the stock market all the time.\u00a0The question of legality stems from the SEC's attempt to maintain a fair marketplace. It is legal for company insiders to trade company stock as long as they report these trades to the SEC on time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL)?","response":"The degree of operating leverage (DOL) is a multiple that measures how much the operating income of a company will change in response to a change in sales. Companies with a large proportion of fixed costs (or costs that don't change with production) to variable costs (costs that change with production volume) have higher levels of operating leverage. The DOL ratio assists analysts in determining the impact of any change in sales on company earnings or profit."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Legal Exceptions to Price-Fixing Rules?","response":"While there are limited legal exceptions, such as government-regulated price controls in certain industries, most price-fixing agreements are illegal. Businesses should generally avoid engaging in any form of anticompetitive pricing."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fear & Greed Index?","response":"The Fear & Greed\u00a0Index helps gauge stock market movements and whether stocks are priced fairly. The index is based on the logic that excessive fear drives down share prices, and too much greed has the opposite effect. Alternative.me created a similar index to gauge cryptocurrency market sentiment."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Life Estate?","response":"If you have a life estate on a property, you cannot refinance, sell, or alter it without the remainderman's (the second party) permission."}
{"prompts":"Does the United States Have a Value-Added Tax (VAT)?","response":"No, the United States has no VAT. The federal government raises money primarily through the income tax system. The states and local governments establish and collect their own sales taxes. Local governments rely primarily on property taxes."}
{"prompts":"Is Robinhood a Dealer Market?","response":"No. Robinhood, like other online trading platforms, is a broker. As a broker, it is registered as a broker-dealer with FINRA, but it executes trades only on behalf of customers and does not take the other side of those trades. Nor does not constitute its own marketplace or exchange."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine If It Is a One-Tailed or Two-Tailed Test?","response":"A one-tailed test looks for an increase or decrease in a parameter. A two-tailed test looks for change, which could be a decrease or an increase."}
{"prompts":"What Is Purchasing Power?","response":"Purchasing power is the value of a currency expressed in terms of the number of goods or services that one unit of money can buy. It is important because, all else being equal,\u00a0inflation\u00a0decreases the number of goods or services you can purchase.For investments,\u00a0purchasing power\u00a0is the dollar amount of credit available to a customer to buy additional securities against the existing\u00a0marginable securities\u00a0in the brokerage account. Purchasing power is also known as a currency's\u00a0buying power."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Junk Bond?","response":"\"Junk bond\" is another name for a high-yield bond. These bonds pay a higher interest rate or yield because they're rated poorly by Moody's and S&P due to a high risk of default. They are considered to be risky for investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Estoppel Certificate?","response":"Estoppel is common in the mortgage industry and commercial real estate. Also called an estoppel letter or certificate, it entails the use of a document that is signed by a tenant. This document confirms the rental agreement set forth by the landlord. It can be presented to a third party if the landlord or property owner tries to do anything with the property, including selling it or trying to refinance a loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is in a Proxy Statement?","response":"A typical proxy statement states the date and location of the next shareholder assembly, along with instructions for shareholders who cannot attend in person. It will also include a detailed agenda for the meeting, including elections of directors and shareholder proposals."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Graph Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP?","response":"The World Bank provides line graphs that reflect tax revenue as a percentage of GDP from 1972 to 2022 for selected countries and economies. The values on the horizontal axis (x-axis) are years. The values on the vertical axis (y-axis) reflect the percentage (of tax revenue compared to GDP). The plotted data points reveal the change over time in these values."}
{"prompts":"What Is Not a Deductible Business Expense?","response":"Any expense that has a personal benefit rather than a business benefit is non-deductible.Granted, this can be a gray area. If you go to Los Angeles for business purposes and spend a day at Disneyland while there, your tickets to the park are not deductible. Your flight to and from L.A. should be deductible, as long as you're ready to prove that you spent most of your time there doing business."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to Trade Interest Rates?","response":"When you trade interest rates, you're essentially betting on whether rates will move up or down. If you're an experienced trader, consider investing in interest rate futures. These financial contracts are a little more complicated than the average security and often involve spread betting to speculate on the movement of interest rates.But if you're a novice investor or not that experienced, you can still take advantage of interest rate investing. Consider ETFs that are designed to move with increases in long-term interest rates, fixed-income securities, or index investing that mirrors interest rates."}
{"prompts":"How Did NAFTA Work?","response":"Among its three member nations, NAFTA eliminated tariffs and other trade barriers to agricultural and manufactured goods, along with services. It also removed investment restrictions and protected intellectual property rights. Side agreements addressed environmental and labor concerns, attempting to establish a common high standard in each country."}
{"prompts":"Can You Have Deferred Revenue in Cash Basis Accounting?","response":"No, in cash basis accounting revenue is reported only after it has been received. As well, expenses in cash basis accounting are recorded only when they are paid."}
{"prompts":"What Is Invested Capital?","response":"Invested capital is the total amount of money raised by a company by issuing securities\u2014which is the sum of the company's equity, debt, and capital lease obligations. Invested capital is not a line item in the company's financial statement because debt, capital leases, and stockholder\u2019s equity are each listed separately on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Registered Agent?","response":"A registered agent is an individual that is authorized to accept legal documents on behalf of a limited liability company (LLC). All LLCs require a registered agent and they are legally allowed to accept tax documents, legal documents, government documents, compliance documents, and any other documents pertaining to the LLC.A registered agent for an LLC is known to be an \"agent for service of processes.\" If an LLC does not have a registered agent, it may be fined by the state, not allowed to file a lawsuit, be denied financing, and not allowed to expand out of state."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Upstream\" Mean in the Oil and Gas Industry?","response":"In extractive industries, \"upstream\" refers to the earliest stages of operation, such as exploration, drilling, and mining. \"Upstream costs\" refer to the costs of drilling and pumping mineral resources before shipping them to the next stage of the production process."}
{"prompts":"What Is Scenario Analysis in Risk Management?","response":"Scenario analysis involves a thorough look at a wide range of possible outcomes\u2014including those on the downside. This allows risk managers to identify, prepare for, and manage risk exposures."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Zero Cost Collar?","response":"This strategy minimizes your losses if the market takes a turn for the worse. However, your gains are also minimized by selling the call. That will be the highest price you can get for your stock unless the buyer elects not to exercise."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Gen X Sometimes Called the Lost Generation?","response":"Also known as the \"lost generation,\" \"forgotten generation,\" or \"invisible generation,\" Gen X has received these monikers because of the shifting societal values that occurred during their rise. Gen X grew up amid a rise in divorces, single-parent households, and loneliness. Today, Gen X is again considered \u201clost\u201d because it is stuck between the baby boomers and the millennials."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Tragedy of the Commons Handled When Different Nations Share Resources?","response":"Within individual countries, governments at the local level can manage shared resources with clear boundaries. At the international level, rules regarding shared resources are difficult to enforce across jurisdictions. When resources cannot be divided, international law regarding shared resources is essentially voluntary, according to the economist Scott Barrett at Columbia University.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Report 1099-Q on My Tax Return?","response":"Form 1099-Q is filled out to determine if you owe any taxes on distributions from a Coverdell education savings account (ESA) or a 529 plan. If the form indicates that you do not owe any taxes, then you do not need to report this on your tax return."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Standard Deviation Quickly?","response":"If you look at the distribution of some observed data visually, you can see if the shape is relatively skinny vs. fat. Fatter distributions have bigger standard deviations. Alternatively, Excel has built in standard deviation functions depending on the data set."}
{"prompts":"What Is Probate?","response":"The term \u201cprobate\u201d refers to a legal process in which the validity and authenticity of a will are determined. Probate also refers to the general administration of a deceased person\u2019s will or the estate of a deceased person without a will.After an asset holder dies, the court appoints an executor named in the will or an administrator (if there is no will) to administer the process of probate. This involves collecting the deceased\u2019s assets to pay any\u00a0liabilities\u00a0that remain on their estate and to distribute the assets to\u00a0beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"What Is a CVV Code?","response":"A CVV code, or validation code, is a three- or four-digit number printed on the front or back of credit and debit cards (depending on the card issuer). It stands for card verification value and is intended to provide an additional level of security. The theory is that a thief who obtains your card number might not have the actual card and would be unable to provide the CVV code if asked for it."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Line Chart?","response":"A\u00a0line chart\u00a0is used to show the change in information over time. The horizontal axis is usually a time scale, such as\u00a0minutes, hours, days, months, or years.\u00a0For example, you could create a line chart showing a store's daily earnings for five days. The horizontal axis would include the days of the week, while the vertical axis would show the daily earnings."}
{"prompts":"How Does Average Annual Growth Rate Differ From Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)?","response":"Average annual growth rate (AAGR) is the average increase. It is a linear measure and does not take into account compounding. Meanwhile, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) does and it smooths out an investment's returns, diminishing the effect of return volatility."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an Historical Ghetto?","response":"One of the most famous ghettos was the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland, where the city's Jewish population was confined prior to their deportation during the Holocaust. In contemporary American usage, certain parts of Compton and Oakland in California, Flint, Michigan, Harlem, New York, and Montgomery, Alabama, had well-established minority populations that could have been considered ghetto neighborhoods."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion?","response":"Tax avoidance is generally a legal way that taxpayers can avoid paying taxes. They can do so by using tax credits, deductions, exclusions, and loopholes that are part of the tax code to their advantage. Using these strategies can help them either avoid paying taxes altogether or lower their tax liability. Tax avoidance can be illegal if a taxpayer abuses these strategies and doesn't follow tax laws.Tax evasion, on the other hand, is the deliberate failure to comply with tax laws. By doing this, taxpayers evade tax assessment and payment of their taxes. Tax evasion can entail hiding income, offshoring income in areas that don't comply with a taxpayer's home country, falsifying tax records, and inflating expenses. Tax evasion can result in fines, penalties, levies, and even prosecution."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Heuristic Differ from an Algorithm?","response":"An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions that are followed to achieve some goal or outcome, often optimizing that outcome. They are formalized and can be expressed as a formula or \"recipe.\" As such, they are reproducible in the sense that an algorithm will always provide the same output, given the same input. A heuristic amounts to an educated guess or gut feeling. Rather than following a set of rules or instructions, a heuristic is a mental shortcut. Moreover, it often produces sub-optimal and even irrational outcomes that may differ even when given the same input."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Bank Loans Have the Highest Delinquency Rates?","response":"As per the Federal Reserve, the types of loans with the highest delinquency rates as of 2022 are residential real estate\u00a0loans, followed by consumer credit cards, miscellaneous consumer loans, farmland real estate loans, consumer agricultural\u00a0loans, consumer C&I loans, consumer leases, and commercial real estate loans.Of all the types of loans the Federal Reserve tracks, residential real estate loans have the highest delinquency rate at 2.13%, and commercial real estate loans have the lowest delinquency rate at 0.78%.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Are Cash Equivalents Important?","response":"Cash equivalents strike a balance between investing, risk, and liquidity. They give a company easy access to cash should it need it quickly. In addition, cash equivalents allow companies to earn some amount of interest as they plan how to use their money in the long-term."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Lien on My House?","response":"When you buy a house using a mortgage, the lender has a legal right to seize your property, if you don't pay the mortgage. Your house basically is the collateral for the mortgage loan and when you borrow money to buy it, a mortgage lien is put on your house, until you pay off your mortgage."}
{"prompts":"Is Oslo Stock Exchange an EU Regulated Market?","response":"Yes, since the Oslo Stock Exchange is owned by Euronext and operates in the EU market, the exchange is EU regulated. However, unlike Euronext's other exchanges, the Oslo exchange is not a small or mid-sized company (SME) Growth Market. SMEs are designed to give advantages to companies that otherwise do not meet the criteria for admission into Euronext's regulated markets."}
{"prompts":"How Does Fiscal Policy Influence Liquidity Preferences?","response":"Fiscal policy uses government spending and tax policies to influence\u00a0economic conditions. Expansionary fiscal policy, which increases government spending or cuts taxes, can lower liquidity preference by stimulating economic growth and confidence, leading to lower interest rates. Contractionary fiscal policies often raise liquidity preference because of heightened uncertainty, putting upward pressure on rates."}
{"prompts":"What Affect Would Basel III Have on Small and Medium-Sized Banks?","response":"While Basel III primarily targets very large, internationally active banks, critics charge that its regulations would also affect small and medium-sized banks. This has been the focus of much of the advertising campaign around the issue. These banks may face increased operational costs because the banks that they work with would face higher costs. However, federal regulators have said this isn't the case, and the framework allows for some flexibility, recognizing the different risk profiles and business models of smaller banks."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Use of a Gold Standard Affect Gresham's Law?","response":"When the U.S. dollar first gained prominence as the world\u2019s reserve currency through the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944, it was fully backed by gold. Since the global financial system has transitioned to fiat currencies, examples of Gresham\u2019s law are rare.\u00a0The Bretton Woods system required countries to guarantee the convertibility of their currencies into\u00a0U.S. dollars, with the dollar\u00a0convertible to gold bullion\u00a0for foreign governments."}
{"prompts":"What Is Proration in Accounting?","response":"In business accounting, proration can refer to the logical allocation of over- and under-utilized resources (e.g., finished inventories vs. works-in-progress) that a firm has in order to settle the books at the end of an accounting period."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Reinsurance Are There?","response":"Reinsurance has two basic categories: treaty and facultative. Treaties are agreements that cover broad groups of policies, like all a primary insurer\u2019s auto business. Facultative covers specific individual, generally high-value or hazardous risks, such as a hospital, that wouldn't be acceptable under a treaty."}
{"prompts":"Has Josef Ackermann Ever Been Accused of a Crime?","response":"In 2004, Josef Ackermann was acquitted of charges that he wasted shareholders' money as a member of the board of the German phone company, Mannesmann AG. He was found not guilty of breach of trust in Germany's first effort to jail managers for approving excessive bonuses."}
{"prompts":"What are the \u2018swings\u2019 in swing trading?","response":"Swing trading tries to identify entry and exit points into a security on the basis of its daily or weekly movements between cycles of optimism and pessimism."}
{"prompts":"What Should I Do if My Stop-Entry Order Is Filled?","response":"You now have a position in the market, and you need to establish, at the minimum, a stop-loss (S\/L) order for that position. You can also add a take-profit (T\/P) order. Coupled together, you now have orders bracketing your position. Such orders are typically linked and known as a one-cancels-the-other (OCO) order, meaning if the T\/P order is filled, the S\/L order will be automatically canceled, and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"What's Another Name for a Warm Card?","response":"Warm cards are also sometimes called \"deposit-only\" cards by banks and the business customers who use them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Visa and Mastercard?","response":"Both Visa and Mastercard are vast, worldwide payment networks and very similar in their operations. Neither issues its own credit cards but instead partners with banks and other financial institutions that do. Consumers with both types of cards in their wallets are likely to notice little or no difference between them. By contrast, American Express and Discover are also payment networks but issue credit cards through their own banking affiliates."}
{"prompts":"Is Indexing a Smart Way to Invest?","response":"Indexing is a good investment strategy for many people. It creates a diversified portfolio, and it usually requires lower fees and expenses than an actively managed fund. It also mimics the broader stock market, which over the long run will generally perform better than any single person picking stocks."}
{"prompts":"Can Co-Owners of a Property Deduct Mortgage Interest?","response":"Co-owners of a property can deduct mortgage interest to the extent that they own the home. For example, if two people own the house equally, each can deduct up to 50% of the mortgage interest from taxes, subject to mortgage interest deduction limits."}
{"prompts":"How Much Crude Oil Does It Take to Make a Gallon of Gasoline?","response":"One barrel of oil (42 gallons) produces 19 to 20 gallons of gasoline and 11 to 12 gallons of diesel fuel."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Banking Room?","response":"A banking room is a room in a financial institution, typically a bank, where banking clerks or tellers sit in order to facilitate banking services for clients in person. Types of services most often include deposits, withdrawals, and transfers."}
{"prompts":"Why Do People Invest in Hedge Funds?","response":"A wealthy individual who can afford to diversify into a hedge fund might be attracted to the high-performance reputation of its manager, the specific assets in which the fund is invested, or the unique strategy that it employs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Venn Diagram in Math?","response":"A Venn diagram in math is used in logic theory and set theory to show various sets or data and their relationship with each other."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Other Meanings of the Term Margin?","response":"Outside of margin lending, the term margin also has other uses in finance. For example, it is used as a catch-all term to refer to various profit margins, such as the gross profit margin, pre-tax profit margin, and net profit margin. The term is also sometimes used to refer to interest rates or risk premiums."}
{"prompts":"Does Uphold Report to the IRS?","response":"Uphold adheres to regulatory and reporting requirements, which means that the company does report all taxable transactions to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Users are asked for their Social Security numbers (SSNs). The company makes the relevant 1099 forms available to its clients on its app."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay Taxes on Social Security Survivor's Benefits?","response":"Yes. If you receive any form of survivor benefits from the Social Security Administration, they will be taxed as income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Primary Markets?","response":"There's a primary market for just about every sort of financial asset out there. The biggest ones are the primary stock market, the primary bond market, and the primary mortgage market.The most common type of primary market issues include:Initial public offering (IPO): when a company issues shares of stock to the public for the first timeRights issue\/offering: an offer to the company\u2019s current stockholders to buy additional new shares at a discount.Private placement: an issue of company stock shares to an individual person, corporate entity, or a small group of investors\u2014usually institutional or accredited ones\u2014as opposed to being issued in the public marketplace.Preferential allotment: shares offered to a particular group at a special or discounted price, different from the publicly traded share price"}
{"prompts":"What Do Brokerages Typically Charge for Commission?","response":"Historically, commissions and brokerage fees were much higher than they are today. Investors may have paid as much as $30 or more for a single trade. Now, many companies offer commission-free stock trades, and commissions are generally lower."}
{"prompts":"What Are Non-GAAP Measures?","response":"Companies are still allowed to present certain figures without abiding by GAAP guidelines, provided that they clearly identify those figures as not conforming to GAAP. Companies sometimes do that when they believe the GAAP rules are not flexible enough to capture certain nuances about their operations. In such situations, they might provide specially designed non-GAAP metrics, in addition to the other disclosures required under GAAP. Investors should be skeptical about non-GAAP measures, however, as they can sometimes be used in a misleading manner."}
{"prompts":"Is Cyclical Unemployment Better Than Structural Unemployment?","response":"In many ways, cyclical unemployment is often more preferential than structural unemployment. Cyclical unemployment usually lasts for a shorter amount of time. Cyclical unemployment also usually follows the ebb and flow of the economy and market cycles. Structural unemployment is more deeply rooted in markets and skillsets, making it harder to overcome."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Components of a Neural Network?","response":"There are three main components: an input later, a processing layer, and an output layer. The inputs may be weighted based on various criteria. Within the processing layer, which is hidden from view, there are nodes and connections between these nodes, meant to be analogous to the neurons and synapses in an animal brain."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Recovering Economy Impact the Natural Unemployment Rate?","response":"The natural rate of unemployment\u00a0typically rises after a downturn in the economy or a recession as workers become more confident that they can move from job to job."}
{"prompts":"What Is Form W-9 Used for?","response":"Form W-9 is used to furnish tax information from one party to another. It's a way of formally gathering personal information, having a standard method of transmitting information, and requiring the furnisher to certify that the information they are providing is correct. Form W-9 is then used to issue specific tax statements to non-employees that earned certain types of payment throughout the year."}
{"prompts":"How do I calculate the coefficient of variation?","response":"To calculate the coefficient of variation, first find the mean, then the sum of squares, and then work out the standard deviation. With that information at hand, it is possible to calculate the coefficient of variation by dividing the standard deviation by the mean."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inventory Affect COGS?","response":"In theory, COGS should include the cost of all inventory that was sold during the accounting period. In practice, however, companies often don\u2019t know exactly which units of inventory were sold. Instead, they rely on accounting methods such as the first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO) rules to estimate what value of inventory was actually sold in the period. If the inventory value included in COGS is relatively high, then this will place downward pressure on the company\u2019s gross profit. For this reason, companies sometimes choose accounting methods that will produce a lower COGS figure, in an attempt to boost their reported profitability."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Record Deferred Revenue in an Account?","response":"When payment is received in advance for a service or product, the accountant records the amount as a debit entry to the cash and cash equivalent account and as a credit entry to the deferred revenue account. When the service or product is delivered, a debit entry for the amount paid is entered into the deferred revenue account, and a credit revenue is entered to sales revenue."}
{"prompts":"Why Would I Take an Offset Position?","response":"One definition of the word offset is \"something that serves to counterbalance or to compensate for something else.\" In all of the businesses in which offsets are used, they are employed to eliminate a loss or some other downside risk inherent in a previous decision."}
{"prompts":"Can You Calculate the Geometric Mean With Negative Values?","response":"You cannot\u2014it is impossible to calculate a geometric mean that includes negative numbers. To use negative numbers in a geometric mean calculation, you have to convert them to a proportion. For example, if you had an investment that returned -3%, you would use 1 - 0.03 = 0.97 as your value."}
{"prompts":"What are the Main factors That Determine an Asset\u2019s Forward Price?","response":"Investors determine an asset's forward price based on its current spot price plus carrying costs such as storage, transportation, opportunity costs, and foregone interest. Typically, these costs will be higher for forward contracts that have longer expiry dates."}
{"prompts":"What Do Financial Planners Do?","response":"A financial planner helps clients manage their current money needs and reach their long-term financial goals. Their focus may be broad or narrow. Some help clients with many aspects of their financial lives, including savings, investments, insurance, retirement savings, college savings, taxes, and estate planning. Others have a narrow focus, such as retirement or estate planning.Some financial planners sell investments, insurance, and other financial products. Others help their clients create an investing plan and let their clients make the specific decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Price Gap Risk?","response":"Price gap risk is the risk that a security's price will fall or increase dramatically from a market close to a market open, without any trading in between. Traders should plan for price gap risk, such as by closing out orders at the end of the day or putting in stop-loss orders."}
{"prompts":"What Powers Does an Ombudsman Have?","response":"An ombudsman has the power to investigate and file complaints against otherwise influential organizations or high-ranking officials. They often have the power to request key documents, interview individuals, and order a legal investigation if necessary. If agreed to, ombudsmen rulings are legally binding."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay Tax on Unearned Income?","response":"Usually, yes. Though not subject to employment taxes, such as Social Security and Medicare, and, in most cases, payroll taxes, unearned income is generally treated as taxable income\u2014save for a few exceptions such as life insurance proceeds."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Factors of Production?","response":"The factors of production are an important economic concept outlining the elements needed to produce a good or service for sale. They are commonly broken down into four elements: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship. Depending on the specific circumstances, one or more factors of production might be more important than the others."}
{"prompts":"What are the different types of financial statement analysis?","response":"Most often, analysts will use three main techniques for analyzing a company\u2019s financial statements.First, horizontal analysis involves comparing historical data. Usually, the purpose of horizontal analysis is to detect growth trends across different time periods.Second, vertical analysis compares items on a financial statement in relation to each other. For instance, an expense item could be expressed as a percentage of company sales.Finally, ratio analysis, a central part of fundamental equity analysis, compares line-item data. Price-to-earnings (P\/E) ratios, earnings per share, or dividend yield are examples of ratio analysis."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should a Business Reconcile Its Accounts?","response":"Businesses are generally advised to reconcile their accounts at least monthly, but they can do so as often as they wish. Businesses that follow a risk-based approach to reconciliation will reconcile certain accounts more frequently than others, based on their greater likelihood of error."}
{"prompts":"What Should Be Included in a Buy and Sell Agreement?","response":"The following pieces of information should be spelled out in a buy and sell agreement:a list of triggering buyout events, including death, permanent disability, bankruptcy or retirement, etc.a list of partners or owners involved and their current equity stakesa recent valuation of the company's overall equitya funding instrument, such as life insurance policiestax and estate planning considerations for the individual partners and surviving beneficiaries"}
{"prompts":"How else is the term imprest used?","response":"In addition to funds used by a business, an imprest may also refer to money paid to someone for doing work on behalf of a government. In this case, the government advances the funds prior to the work being completed."}
{"prompts":"Can a Seller Cancel a Pro Forma Invoice?","response":"It doesn't need to be. A pro forma invoice is simply a description of an impending transaction, based on an order placed by the buyer. It isn't an actual request for payment. It confirms certain details and makes it clear that others are yet to be confirmed."}
{"prompts":"What Is Derived vs. Direct Demand?","response":"Direct demand is the demand for a final product or service and is not affected by the demand for other products or services; on the other hand, derived demand is the demand for a product or service based on the demand for another product or service."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Payday Loans Stay in the System?","response":"The records of traditional loans may be kept for six to 10 years by credit bureaus\u2014the companies that calculate credit scores\u2014which in turn may affect your ability to borrow money in the future. Payday lenders do not usually report to the credit bureaus, even in case of overdue repayments; however, the payday loan may be filed once it is passed to the collectors after the lender sells the debts.If you repay your payday loan on time, then your credit score shouldn\u2019t be affected. On the other hand, if you default on your loan and your debt is placed in the hands of a collection agency, then you will see a dip in your score."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between AIIB and the World Bank?","response":"The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank is similar to the World Bank, in that it lends money to fund infrastructure projects within the Asia-Pacific region. However, while the World Bank is largely dominated by the United States and Europe, the leadership of the AIIB is dominated by China, India, and other countries of the global South. However, that does not mean that the two bodies are rivals, and the AIIB has used its capital to back some World Bank loans."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Cash Traveler's Checks?","response":"Many hotels, resorts, and currency traders will cash traveler's checks in exchange for local currency. However, with the rising prevalence of credit and debit cards fewer locations cash traveler's checks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Demand Curve and a Supply Curve?","response":"A demand curve represents the relationship between the price of a good or service and the quantity demanded for a given period of time. Typically, as the price rises, the demand falls; as a result, the curve slopes down from left to right. A supply curve is a graphic representation of the correlation between the cost of a good or service and the quantity supplied for a given time period. Typically, as the price of a product increases, the quantity supplied also increases. The resultant curve slopes upward from left to right."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Greenshoe Option?","response":"Over-allotment options are called greenshoes because the Green Shoe Manufacturing Company was the first to use this clause in an underwriting agreement."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Soft Skills Important?","response":"How well you interact and treat others is crucial for career success. Trust develops through positive interactions and relationships, and productivity increases in environments where soft skills flourish."}
{"prompts":"What Is Anchoring and Adjustment?","response":"The anchoring and adjustment heuristic describes cases in which an anchor is subsequently adjusted based on new information until an acceptable value is reached over time. Often, those adjustments, however, prove inadequate and remain too close to the original anchor, which is a problem when the anchor is very different from the true or fair value."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Limit on Long-Term Capital Losses?","response":"There is no limit on how much you can lose, but there is a limit on what you can claim as a capital loss deduction in one year. If you have a capital loss of more than $3,000, you can deduct $3,000 and carry over the rest to the next tax year."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Volunteer Foreclosure Do?","response":"When you volunteer to foreclosure on your own house, it is usually because you cannot make loan payments on it. Instead of waiting for the lender to foreclose, you do it yourself."}
{"prompts":"What Is a DINK Lifestyle?","response":"A DINK (dual income, no kids) lifestyle is generally perceived as having more time and financial means to fund non-necessary expenses such as on eating out at restaurants or entertainment. Households with more income and without the expenses associated with having children tend to have more disposable income. Dual income, no kids households can often save more for retirement than their counterparts who have children."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs Health Insurance?","response":"Everyone needs health insurance. Health insurance offsets the costs of minor medical issues and major ones, including surgeries and treatment for life-threatening ailments and debilitating conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Interpersonal Skills?","response":"Types of interpersonal skills include being a good listener, understanding what's being said, and providing a positive, useful response. Someone with good interpersonal skills might decide to resolve an argument among colleagues that's preventing them from getting an important task done."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Surety?","response":"A surety is the guarantee of the debts of one party by another. This is intended to lower risk to the lender, which might, in turn, lower interest rates for the borrower."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word for Executor?","response":"An executor is one who handles the wishes and instructions set out in a will. Other terms for this role may include the will's administrator, enforcer, or steward; or the testator's personal representative, agent, or fiduciary. A female executor is referred to as an executrix."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Type I Error Occur?","response":"A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis, which is the belief that there is no statistical significance or effect between the data sets considered in the hypothesis, is mistakenly rejected. The type I error should never be rejected even though it's accurate. It is also known as a false positive result."}
{"prompts":"Does Sam Bankman-Fried Face a Lawsuit?","response":"In November 2022, FTX founder Sam Bankman-Fried was named in a\u00a0class-action lawsuit\u00a0on behalf of FTX customers. Bankman-Fried was found guilty on all charges."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a HENRY?","response":"Becoming a HENRY entails prioritizing your career to deliver a high paying job. A HENRY will have just started out investing, not necessarily having put aside money for a long time. Therefore, to become a HENRY, focus more on your job, career development, and changes to your working income."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Profit Margin?","response":"Profit margin is a measure of how much money a company is making on its products or services after subtracting all of the direct and indirect costs involved. It is expressed as a percentage."}
{"prompts":"Who Were the Tiger Cubs?","response":"The phrase \"tiger cubs\" referred to the young hedge fund managers who worked at Julian Robertson's Tiger Management Fund firm. Many of them became successful hedge fund operators after moving on from Tiger Management, where they were trained under Robertson."}
{"prompts":"What Is 'Natural Unemployment'?","response":"An economy will never have 100% employment due to the fact that there will always be a number of people who are unemployed due to structural forces such as loss of jobs to technology or a mismatch between their skills and what the job market seeks. Also included are those just joining the labor force, such as new graduates."}
{"prompts":"Is A Higher or Lower NPV Better?","response":"A higher value is generally considered better. A positive NPV indicates that the projected earnings from an investment exceed the anticipated costs, representing a profitable venture. A lower or negative NPV suggests that the expected costs outweigh the earnings, signaling potential financial losses. Therefore, when evaluating investment opportunities, a higher NPV is a favorable indicator, aligning with the goal of maximizing profitability and creating long-term value."}
{"prompts":"How Long Will My Money Last Using the 4% Rule?","response":"The 4% Rule is intended to make your retirement savings last for 30 years or more. This rate of withdrawals means that most of the money used will be the interest and gains on investments, not principal, assuming a reasonably healthy market return."}
{"prompts":"Do Stocks Go Up After Bankruptcies?","response":"Stocks may or may not go up after a bankruptcy. If it is a Chapter 11 bankruptcy, a company's stock will fall upon the news and see little gains during reorganization; however, it is possible that after some time, once the company has reorganized and found new footing, it may perform better, which will see the value of its shares go up."}
{"prompts":"How Long Did the Great Recession Last?","response":"According to official Federal Reserve data, the Great Recession lasted eighteen months, from December 2007 through June 2009."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Close a Savings Account?","response":"Most banks allow three ways to close an account. You can either visit the bank in person, submit a written cancellation request form, or close the account over the phone. In each case, you may be asked to provide identifying information."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of How Correlation Is Used?","response":"Correlation is a widely-used concept in modern finance. For example, a trader might use historical correlations to predict whether a company\u2019s shares will rise or fall in response to a change in interest rates or commodity prices. Similarly, a portfolio manager might aim to reduce their risk by ensuring that the individual assets within their portfolio are not overly correlated with one another."}
{"prompts":"What are the Disadvantages of Pledged Asset Mortgage?","response":"The main downside with a pledged asset mortgage is that you risk losing your asset as well as your home to the lender if you cannot make the mortgage payments according to your loan terms."}
{"prompts":"How do you build wealth?","response":"To build wealth, one must allocate a portion of their income to savings and investments over time."}
{"prompts":"Does an LLC Require More than One Owner?","response":"No. LLCs may operate the same as a sole proprietorship with the benefit of asset protection in the event of a business catastrophe. A single person may organize as an LLC or they may have partners in the business."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do You Need to Start Trading Forex?","response":"You can start trading Forex with around $100. This will be enough to get you started in buying and selling currencies. It is also a good level for beginners as it isn't a very large amount of capital to lose."}
{"prompts":"What's a Highly Compensated Employee?","response":"According to the IRS, a highly compensated employee is someone who either owned more than 5% of the interest in the business at any time during the year or the preceding year (regardless of how much compensation that person earned or received) or, received more than $155,000 in compensation in the previous year, if that year is 2024 and the person ranked in the top 20% of employees by compensation. The numbers are revised annually by the IRS."}
{"prompts":"How Many Wirehouses Are There?","response":"Strictly speaking, there are only four wirehouses: Morgan Stanley, Bank of America\u2019s Merrill Lynch, UBS, and Wells Fargo. There were about 3,378 broker-deal firms, many of them independents, operating in the U.S. as of 2022."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Raise My Credit Score Quickly?","response":"To raise your credit score quickly, you can enroll in a service that includes other payment information such as your rent payments and utilities payments that are not typically included in your credit score. If you have had a good track record with these kinds of bills, enrolling in a service like Experian Boost could raise your credit score quickly."}
{"prompts":"What Rate Is Considered Full Employment?","response":"Many economists consider an unemployment rate of 5% or lower to be maximum employment, or as close to full employment as is possible in the real world. This means that the rate of full employment is 95% or above."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Costs Can Be Capitalized?","response":"Any costs that benefit future periods should be capitalized and expensed, so as to reflect the lifespan of the item or items being purchased. Costs that can be capitalized include development costs, construction costs, or the purchase of capital assets such as vehicles or equipment."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Investment-Grade\" Mean in Bond Ratings?","response":"When it comes to credit ratings, a bond is considered \"Investment grade\" if it has a rating of BBB- or higher from Standard and Poors, or a rating of Baa3 or higher from Moody's. These ratings indicate that the borrower has a relatively high chance of repaying their debts on time, with low risk for the lender."}
{"prompts":"What Would an Uncovered Interest Arbitrage Imply?","response":"Uncovered interest arbitrage implies that foreign exchange investors can turn a profit through taking out a loan in a currency that has a low interest rate and buying a foreign currency with a high interest rate.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is Taking Out a Second Mortgage a Good Idea?","response":"Taking out a second mortgage could be a good idea if you've researched borrowing options and you understand what you can afford to repay. If, however, your income is unstable or you lack sufficient emergency savings to cover mortgage payments if you lose your job or become ill and can't work, then you may want to reconsider a second mortgage loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Rules of Zakat?","response":"Individuals must meet a certain threshold known as nisab in order to qualify for zakat every lunar year. This is set at the value of 87.48 grams of gold or 612.36 grams of silver. People whose wealth exceeds the value of these amounts must pay 2.5% of the value of their wealth in zakat. Individuals who do not meet this limit are not obligated to pay."}
{"prompts":"How Serious Is Wire Fraud?","response":"Wire fraud is a federal crime, and a conviction is very serious. You could spend up to 20 years in federal prison and owe $250,000 if you're found guilty of wire fraud. The penalty is even steeper for crimes against financial institutions: You could be imprisoned for 30 years and owe as much as $1 million in fines."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Limit Order Last?","response":"The term of the limit order will depend on your specification and your broker\u2019s policy. Many brokers default limit orders to day-only trades; any unfilled orders at market close are canceled without execution. Other brokers may offer a specific number of days often in intervals of 30 (i.e. 30 days, 60 days, or 90 days). Last, some brokers offer limit orders that are considered good until filled; the limit order will remain valid until it is filled or deliberately canceled by the trader."}
{"prompts":"What is the typical transaction size of smart money?","response":"Smart-money transactions can range from tens of millions to hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars. These investors often are able to negotiate favorable terms and access to exclusive investment opportunities due to their size and expertise."}
{"prompts":"What if the Deed of Conveyance Is Not Filed or Filed Improperly?","response":"If no deed of reconveyance is recorded or if it is recorded with errors with the record\u2019s office, such as the local county courthouse, it creates a title issue. The deed of trust will remain a burden against the property, and the homeowner may experience difficulties when trying to sell the home."}
{"prompts":"What Is a W-8BEN?","response":"Form W-8BEN is submitted by foreign individuals who receive income in the U.S. The form establishes that the person is a foreign individual and owner of said business. The W-8BEN is referred to as the certificate of foreign status."}
{"prompts":"What else does duration tell you?","response":"As a bond\u2019s duration rises, its interest rate risk also rises because the impact of a change in the interest rate environment is larger than it would be for a bond with a smaller duration. Fixed-income traders will use duration, along with convexity, to manage the riskiness of their portfolio and to make adjustments to it.Bond traders also use key rate duration to see how the value of their portfolio would change at a specific maturity point along the entirety of the yield curve. When keeping other maturities constant, the key rate duration is used to measure the sensitivity of price to a 1% change in yield for a specific maturity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Results of the Current Purchasing Managers' Index?","response":"The Manufacturing PMI came in at 46.9% in May 2023, which was a drop from the 47.1% reported in April 2023. The monthly report indicated that there was a contraction in new orders and backlogs while production and employment showed growth from the previous month.The Services PMI showed continued economic growth with a reading of 50.3% in May 2023. The ISM indicated that this was the fifth consecutive month of growth in this area."}
{"prompts":"Can I Assign Grunt Work to Others?","response":"That depends on your job hierarchy. If you're a newly-hired entry-level employee who isn't charged with managing others, you probably should do the grunt work that you've been assigned."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Indifference Curve and MRS?","response":"Essentially, MRS is the slope of the indifference curve at any single point along the curve.\u00a0Most indifference curves are usually convex because as you consume more of one good you will consume less of the other. So, MRS will decrease as one moves down the indifference curve.This is known as the law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution. If the marginal rate of substitution is increasing, the indifference curve will be concave, which means that a consumer would consume more of X for the increased consumption of Y and vice versa, but this is not common."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Accumulated Depreciation?","response":"Accumulated depreciation is calculated using the straight-line, declining balance, the double-declining balance, the units of production, sum of the years, or half-year methods."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Supply Chain?","response":"A supply chain begins with the sourcing of raw materials, whether that means mining diamonds, curing leather, or manufacturing sheet metal.That is the first step in the process. From there, the raw materials are hauled to a wholesaler, who sells them in batches to manufacturers. Once delivered, the manufacturer uses the materials to create a product, which is then delivered to a retailer. Finally, it is sold to a consumer.That's the big picture, but note that each step in the process is complicated by the need to prepare, package, ship, and unpack the product at each of its successive destinations."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Identify Resistance Levels?","response":"Resistance levels can be identified through technical analysis of charts and the various tools that come with them. Among the favorite tools used to identify resistance levels are key highs, trendlines, moving averages (simple and exponential), Bollinger Bands, and Ichimoku Cloud charts."}
{"prompts":"What Really Caused the Great Depression?","response":"It's hard to pinpoint exactly what specific factor caused the Great Depression. But economists and historians generally agree that there were several mitigating factors that led to this period of downturn. These include the stock market crash of 1929, the gold standard, a drop in lending and tariffs, as well as banking panics, and contracted monetary policies by the Fed."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Marginal Revenue Important?","response":"Marginal revenue is important because it is a crucial indicator regarding the most ideal level of activity a company should undertake. It is mathematically most ideal for a company to produce goods until marginal revenue is equal to marginal expenses; selling goods beyond this level usually means more expenses are incurred than revenue received for each good."}
{"prompts":"How Do Mutual Funds Account for Capital Gains?","response":"Mutual funds that accumulate realized capital gains\u00a0must distribute the gains to shareholders and often do so right before the end of the calendar year. Shareholders receive the fund's capital gains distribution along with a 1099-DIV form detailing the amount of the capital gain distribution and how much is considered short-term and long-term. This distribution reduces the mutual fund's net asset value by the amount of the payout though it does not impact the fund's total return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Average GDP During Periods of Stagnation?","response":"Stagnation is a period of slow growth in an economy, characterized by a GDP under 2% or 3%."}
{"prompts":"Where Is UnderInsured Motorist Coverage Required?","response":"UIM coverage is required in Connecticut, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, and Vermont.It's also required in New Hampshire and Virginia if you choose to purchase car insurance, and in Rhode Island if you choose to carry more liability coverage than the state minimum. Illinois requires you to buy UIM coverage if you choose a UM coverage limit higher than the state-required minimum. New Jersey requires UIM if you choose a standard auto policy, but not a basic policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between GBP and GBX?","response":"GBP refers to the pound sterling, while GBX is an abbreviation for the penny sterling (plural: pence)\u2060\u2014\u2060or 1\/100th of a pound. Since many stocks are traded in pence rather than pounds, stock exchanges may use GBX to indicate the distinction between pence and pounds."}
{"prompts":"Do Robo-Advisors Beat the Market?","response":"Most robo-advisors won't beat the market. That's because their investing involves a passive index strategy that seeks only to replicate the market's return. Typically, robo-advisor investing is based on modern portfolio theory, which relates to constructing a portfolio that maximizes return within an acceptable level of risk."}
{"prompts":"What are external debt and internal debt?","response":"External debt is the portion of a country\u2019s debt that is borrowed from foreign lenders. Internal debt is the opposite, referring to the portion of a country\u2019s debt incurred within its borders."}
{"prompts":"Are Consumers or Retailers Impacted More By Tax Incidence?","response":"A number of different parties can be impacted by tax incidence, such as when a consumer has to pay higher sales taxes, and therefore spends less at a retailer, ultimately hurting the retailer's sales and leading to job cuts or store closings."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Debt and a Loan?","response":"Debt and loan are often used synonymously, but there are slight differences. Debt is anything owed by one person to another. Debt can involve real property, money, services, or other consideration. In corporate finance, debt is more narrowly defined as money raised through the issuance of bonds.A loan is a form of debt but, more specifically, an agreement in which one party lends money to another. The lender sets repayment terms, including how much is to be repaid and when, as well as the interest rate on the debt."}
{"prompts":"What Does Liquidation Mean?","response":"Liquidation is defined as converting assets into cash, or liquid assets."}
{"prompts":"What Do Covenants on a Property Mean?","response":"Covenants on a property restrict how a property can be used or set the precedence of how it must be used. Consider a house under the provision of a homeowner's association. The HOA may restrict the owner from renting out the property or listing the property on Airbnb."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Capital Loss Carryovers If I Skip a Year of Filing Taxes?","response":"If you skip a year of filing taxes, your capital loss carryovers remain available for future use. They can be utilized in subsequent tax years as long as you properly report the carryover on the appropriate tax return."}
{"prompts":"What Does Vetted Mean in Politics?","response":"Political candidates and appointees are often vetted by their sponsoring political party or legislative body. This is done to ensure that they have the appropriate skills or aptitude and that there are no skeletons in their closet that can come back to haunt them."}
{"prompts":"Are Bank Reserves Assets or Liabilities?","response":"A bank's reserves are considered part of its assets and are listed as such in its accounts and annual reports."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Liquid Assets Important?","response":"Liquid assets are important because a company consistently needs cash to meet its short-term obligations. Without cash, a company can't pay its bills to vendors or wages to employees. A company may not always have a lot of cash on hand, but it better make sure it has sufficient amounts of liquid assets that can quickly be converted into cash if needed should an immediate need for money arise."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Fixed-Income Securities?","response":"Fixed-income securities are debt instruments that pay a fixed rate of interest. These can include bonds issued by governments or corporations, CDs, money market funds, and commercial paper. Preferred stock is sometimes considered fixed-income as well since it is a hybrid security combining features of debt and equity."}
{"prompts":"How Are Limited Partners Taxed?","response":"Because limited partners are investors who do not take an active role in the business, the IRS does not consider any income they receive from the limited partnership as earned income. Instead, it is viewed as passive income, which is not subject to self-employment taxes."}
{"prompts":"Can You Pay Off a Fully Amortized Loan Early?","response":"Yes, if your lender allows it. Paying off a fully amortized loan ahead of schedule could save money on interest. Keep in mind, however, that your lender may apply a prepayment penalty to recoup any lost interest if you decide to pay a loan off early."}
{"prompts":"What can disqualify you from life insurance?","response":"You may not be approved for life insurance during the underwriting process if they deem you to be too high of a risk. This can come from a combination of lifestyle, health, family history, and financial situation. In addition, if you are found to be lying on your insurance application, it will disqualify you from coverage."}
{"prompts":"How Was Y2K Avoided?","response":"The U.S. government passed the Year 2000 Information and Readiness Disclosure Act to prepare for the event and formed a President's Council, that consisted of senior officials from the administration and officials from agencies like the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), to monitor efforts of private companies to prepare their systems for the event. The research firm Gartner estimated that the global costs to avoid Y2K could have been as much as $600 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps in a Supply Chain?","response":"The key steps in a supply chain include:Planning the inventory and manufacturing processes to ensure supply and demand are adequately balanced.Manufacturing or sourcing materials needed to create the final product.Assembling parts and testing the product.Packaging the product for shipment or holding in inventory until a later date.Transporting and delivering the finished product to the distributor, retailer, or consumer.Providing customer service support for returned items."}
{"prompts":"Can I Get Renters Insurance If I Live With Roommates?","response":"Yes, you can get renters insurance when living with roommates. However, it's essential to discuss the coverage with your insurance provider, as individual policies might be needed to ensure each person's belongings are adequately protected."}
{"prompts":"What Is the First Step of Guerrilla Marketing?","response":"To deploy a guerrilla marketing strategy, a company must know its audience. The first step is to best understand who the company wants to market to and the product it is able to offer. Once a company best understands its market, it is able to decide which guerrilla marketing technique makes the most sense for not only its customers but the product is wants to offer."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Capital Employed From a Company's Balance Sheet?","response":"First, find the net value of all fixed assets on the company's balance sheet. You'll see this value listed as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E). Add this value to the value of all capital investments and current assets. Then subtract all current liabilities. These include all financial obligations due in a year or less. Examples of current liabilities listed on a company's balance sheet include accounts payable, short-term debt, and dividends payable."}
{"prompts":"Is an Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) a Publicly Traded Company?","response":"An ETF is similar to a publicly traded company in that its shares are traded on stock exchanges and the market determines their value. You can buy ETF shares just as you would buy shares of a publicly traded company through a brokerage account or a broker."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks Forgive Bounced Checks?","response":"Banks have different policies on bounced checks. Oftentimes, a bank charges overdraft fees or nonsufficient funds fees on bounced checks. Some banks may provide a grace period, such as 24 hours, in which time you can deposit funds to avoid the overdraft fees."}
{"prompts":"Is an LLC Better Than a Corporation?","response":"Which of the two is better will depend on the business and the needs of its owner or owners. One is not necessarily better than the other. There are several differences between the two. LLCs can avoid double taxation with pass-through taxation. LLCs do not need a board of directors. They are also cheaper and easier to form and maintain. Corporations are typically better at accommodating larger businesses and businesses with more owners. They can also raise capital by selling shares. This gives more flexibility with adding owners or changing stakeholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Origin of the Word \"Ghetto\"?","response":"There are many possible origins for the term \"ghetto.\" One theory holds that it originated in Venice, where the city's Jewish residents were mandated to live in a specific neighborhood near an iron foundry. This foundry, or gheto, became synonymous with the city's Jewish community. Other theories tie the word to the Greek ghetonia (neighborhood) or the Italian borghetto (small neighborhood)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Arguments Against Free Trade?","response":"Opponents often assert that free trade invites foreign competition with domestic industries, causing job loss and harming key industries. In some cases, free trade cause manufacturers to move their operations to countries with fewer regulations, rewarding companies that cause pollution or use abusive labor practices. In other cases, countries with weak IP laws may steal technology from foreign companies."}
{"prompts":"Can Parents Claim the Lifetime Learning Credit?","response":"Yes. Parents can claim the Lifetime Learning Credit on the behalf of a dependent child. However, you can only claim it once, so if you have four children, you still only get the maximum amount of the credit, which is $2,000 per tax return. You don't get the credit for each child."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Z-score?","response":"A Z-score numerically describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values and is measured in terms of the number of standard deviations from the mean. If a Z-score is 0, it indicates that the data point's score is identical to the mean score whereas Z-scores of 1.0 and -1.0 would indicate values one standard deviation above or below the mean. In most large data sets, 99% of values have a Z-score between -3 and 3, meaning they lie within three standard deviations above and below the mean."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Opening Range Important?","response":"The opening range is important for some traders as it can be a period of high volume and volatility that then sets the tone for the rest of the trading day. Indeed, some research points to the fact that a day's high or low being printed during the opening minutes of trading is far more frequent than a random walk would suggest."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Calculating NOI?","response":"The formula for calculating NOI is as follows:NOI = real estate revenue - operating expenses"}
{"prompts":"Is Inflation a Leading or Lagging Indicator?","response":"Inflation is a lagging economic indicator. It is reported after prices have already risen, which means the data it uses is historical. This type of lagging indicator provides important information about the economy that is used to set public policy."}
{"prompts":"Is a Family Office the Same as a Wealth Advisory Firm?","response":"Not really. Wealth advisory firms can offer some of the services that a family office offers, such as portfolio management and investment management. However, wealth advisory firms typically have many different clients while a family office focuses on one (or several if it's a multi-family office). What's more, family offices offer a much larger range of services to address the complete list of wealth-related needs an ultra-high-net-worth family has."}
{"prompts":"Why should levels of carbon and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere be reduced?","response":"Scientists at the United Nations\u2019 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) have shown that increased levels of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere are warming the planet. This creates extreme weather changes around the world. Currently, carbon dioxide is the main GHG and is created by burning fossil fuels\u2014coal, oil and gas. By reducing the amount of carbon dioxide we emit, we may avoid doing further damage to our climate."}
{"prompts":"What Does Real Estate Owned Mean?","response":"A real estate owned property is managed by a bank or other lender. Properties that fall under this category are taken over by lenders after the original borrowers default on their mortgages. Lenders go through the foreclosure process to repossess the property and sell it at auction. If the property isn't sold, it becomes part of the lender's inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Development Economics?","response":"Ultimately, the study of development economics is meant to help better the financial, economic and social circumstances in developing countries through the enactment\u00a0of certain structures and policies."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Stakeholders?","response":"Examples of important stakeholders for a business include its shareholders, customers, suppliers, and employees. Some of these stakeholders, such as the shareholders and the employees, are internal to the business. Others, such as the business\u2019s customers and suppliers, are external to the business but are nevertheless affected by the business\u2019s actions. These days, it has become more common to talk about a broader range of external stakeholders, such as the government of the countries in which the business operates, or even the public at large."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Do Not Provide a Form W-9?","response":"Should you choose not to furnish a Form W-9 or if the information provided is incorrect, a 24% withholding tax will be taken from future payments you receive from your client. In addition, there are penalties and fees for intentionally failing to furnish correct information or misuse of TINs."}
{"prompts":"What is the traditional debt-financing arrangement?","response":"With traditional debt financing, venture capital is raised at the beginning of a startup\u2019s existence and has a set maturity date, at which time principal and interest must be repaid."}
{"prompts":"What Happens After a Triple Bottom?","response":"After the third relatively equal low is spotted, traders can anticipate the trend will move to the upside, break resistence levels, and reach higher prices."}
{"prompts":"Does Interest Still Accrue During Deferment?","response":"Yes. While you may not have to make payments, which typically include both interest and principal, the interest will continue to accrue, leaving you with an ever-increasing balance."}
{"prompts":"How Much Loss Can You Write Off in a Loss Carryforward?","response":"A company can write off 80% of each subsequent year's net income in a loss carryforward. In this way, if a company lost $10 million in one year and earned $12 million the following year, it can carryover $9.6 million on the balance sheet in the second year. This is then indicated as a deferred tax asset, and is represented as an expense on the income statement. The benefit is that it lowers the taxable income in the second year to $2.4 million."}
{"prompts":"How can you start passive investing?","response":"Purchasing an index fund is a common passive investment strategy. Index funds are designed to mirror the activity of a market index, such as the Russell 2000 Index. Index funds are designed to maximize returns in the long run by purchasing and selling less often than actively managed funds.Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are another common choice for passive investors. ETFs can be passively or actively managed. Index-based ETFs, like index funds, track the activity of a securities index."}
{"prompts":"What Credit Score Is Needed for a Bank Loan?","response":"The credit score needed for a bank loan will depend on the individual's finances, the size of the loan, and what the loan is being used for. Generally, a credit score of 640 is required or between 600 and 700."}
{"prompts":"What Did Malthus Predict About Population Growth?","response":"Malthus predicted that natural population growth would inevitably outpace agricultural output, ultimately resulting in famine and other catastrophes until the population was reduced below a sustainable level.The cycle is endless, he believed: Relative abundance causes an increase in fertility until the population again grows to an unsustainable level and collapses."}
{"prompts":"What Does Notional Value Mean in Finance?","response":"The term notional value is used to define the total value of an underlying asset in a financial contract. Put simply, it is the face value of a contract's underlying asset. This value can be applied to different types of financial contracts, including\u00a0interest rate swaps, equity options, and foreign currency\u00a0derivatives. Traders can calculate the notional value of an asset by multiplying the contract size with the underlying asset's price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Opposite of Per Stirpes?","response":"Per stirpes stipulates that, should a beneficiary predecease the testator, the beneficiary's share of the inheritance goes to their heirs. Per capita takes the opposite approach: All inheritance is divided equally among the testator's beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Earnest Money Payment?","response":"In real estate, earnest money is effectively a deposit to buy a home. Usually, it ranges between 1-10% of the home\u2019s sale price. While earnest money doesn\u2019t obligate a buyer to purchase a home, it does require the seller to take the property off of the market during the appraisal process. Earnest money is deposited to represent good faith in purchasing the home."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take To Get a Tax Refund With an Injured Spouse Claim?","response":"If an injured spouse files Form 8379 along with their joint tax return, it will take between 11 and 14 weeks to receive their share of the tax return. Of course, this is contingent upon the IRS determination that the injured spouse is qualified for a share of the return."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Quorum?","response":"Society of Critical Care Medicine, a California nonprofit, lists its quorum requirements in its bylaws. 75 members eligible to vote must be present to constitute a quorum, though specific items may still be voted on should the quorum not be met."}
{"prompts":"What does the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) do?","response":"Congress created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in 1934 during the\u00a0Great Depression to stimulate the housing market. The FHA guarantees home loans issued by approved lenders. The loans are designed for borrowers with lower-than-average credit scores and who don\u2019t have the cash to come up with a big down payment."}
{"prompts":"Are Reverse Morris Trusts Commonly Used?","response":"Only a few reverse Morris trusts take place each year. In contrast, dozens of conventional spin-offs are announced. Part of the reason behind this is that certain requirements follow for reverse Morris trusts: only certain companies can apply, and they must have generated positive income in the five years prior to the transaction, among other things."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Broker?","response":"Becoming a broker depends on a few things. First, having a background or degree in finance or economics will be extremely helpful. This may get you noticed but in order to actually be hired and perform as a broker, you will need to be appropriately licensed."}
{"prompts":"How Does High-Frequency Trading Work?","response":"High-frequency trading is an automated form of trading. It involves the use of algorithms to identify trading opportunities. HFT is commonly used by banks, financial institutions, and institutional investors. It allows these entities to execute large batches of trades within a short period of time. Because everything is automated, trading becomes easy. HFT provides the market with liquidity. But it can result in major market moves and removes the human touch from the equation."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Want Equity Financing?","response":"Raising capital through selling equity shares means that the company hands over some of its ownership to those investors. Equity financing is also typically more expensive than debt. However, with equity there is no debt that needs to be repaid and the firm does not need to allocate cash to making regular interest payments. This can give new companies extra freedom to operate and expand."}
{"prompts":"What Benefits Do Leases Provide for Landlords and Tenants?","response":"Signing a lease provides both landlords and tenants with clear terms and conditions outlining the relationship and the rental agreement. Doing so also establishes the rights and responsibilities of each party involved. For instance, leases provide both parties with structure, in that they establish the cost associated with renting and the length of time under which the lease is exercisable. This provides both parties with stability. A lease also gives both parties a clear understanding of what happens when either party breaks or goes against any of the terms laid out within the lease contract."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Business Write-Off Done?","response":"Businesses regularly use accounting write-offs to account for losses on assets related to various circumstances. As such, on the balance sheet, write-offs usually involve a debit to an expense account and a credit to the associated asset account. Each write-off scenario will differ, but usually, expenses will also be reported on the income statement, deducting from any revenues already reported. This leads to a lower profit and lower taxable income."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Use P-Value to Compare 2 Different Results of a Hypothesis Test?","response":"If you have two different results, one with a p-value of 0.04 and one with a p-value of 0.06, the result with a p-value of 0.04 will be considered more statistically significant than the p-value of 0.06. Beyond this simplified example, you could compare a 0.04 p-value to a 0.001 p-value. Both are statistically significant, but the 0.001 example provides an even stronger case against the null hypothesis than the 0.04."}
{"prompts":"How Long is a Certificate of Insurance Good For?","response":"It would be safest to hold on to any COI you get indefinitely since you do not know when a problem may arise for a job either carried out on your premises or that you completed for someone else. Keeping proof of the COI will help address any issues at that point."}
{"prompts":"Why Do You Need to Be Accredited to Invest in Complex Financial Products?","response":"One reason these offerings are limited to accredited investors is to ensure that all participating investors are financially sophisticated and able to fend for themselves or sustain bouts of volatility or the risk of large losses, thus rendering unnecessary the regulatory protections that come from a registered offering."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 50-20-30 Budget Rule?","response":"The 50-20-30 budget rule was popularized by Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) in her book All Your Worth: The Ultimate Lifetime Money Plan. The plan entails dividing all of your after-tax income into 50% on your actual needs, 30% on anything you want, and 20% on savings."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Elements of the Accounting Equation?","response":"The three elements of the accounting equation are assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity. The formula is straightforward: A company's total assets are equal to its liabilities plus its shareholders' equity. The double-entry bookkeeping system, which has been adopted globally, is designed to accurately reflect a company's total assets."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Market Segmentation Strategies?","response":"Strategies include targeting a group by location, by demographics\u2014such as age or gender\u2014by social class or lifestyle, or behaviorally\u2014such as by use or response."}
{"prompts":"Is There Any Way to Avoid Using a Deposit Slip to Deposit Money?","response":"Many major banks allow you to make mobile deposits if you're depositing a check. Simply take a picture of the check on your phone then submit it as a deposit using your bank's mobile app. You must typically enroll with your bank to use the app and some banks may enforce limits as to how much you can deposit this way."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Backorders Happen?","response":"Backorders occur for several reasons. On the supply side, a company may simply run out of a good due to supply chain issues, underestimated manufacturing capabilities, or lack of delivery to physical storefronts. On the demand side, so many people may be interested in the product, especially if it is a new release of a popular product."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Value Engineering Important?","response":"Value engineering is the process to ensuring your customer's satisfaction and utility of a product is maximized. Without considering a product's use, cost, or functionality, a good may lose its place in the marketplace because it doesn't solve a problem or reflect accurate financial prices. Value engineering is important because it forces a company to evaluate its future plans to maximize profitability."}
{"prompts":"Are there any other Candlestick patterns that Signal Trend Reversals?","response":"Several other candlestick patterns that traders use to signal potential trend reversals include the engulfing pattern, the morning & evening star, the harami as well as the shooting star & inverted hammer."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read a Kagi Chart?","response":"Unlike a traditional line graph, a Kagi chart does not show changes over time in a linear fashion. Instead, the Kagi line moves up or down whenever the price changes by more than the reversal amount. The Kagi line becomes thick when it breaks past a previous high, and it becomes thin again when it breaks below a previous low. These two variables can be used to identify entry and exit points."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find an Employer Identification Number?","response":"You can find an employer identification number using the IRS notice generated when you applied for it, with banks or creditors you used it to open accounts at, on any state licenses or permits, previous tax returns, or by contacting the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Foreign Currency Swaps?","response":"Foreign currency swaps can involve the exchange of fixed rate interest payments on currencies. Or, one party to the agreement may exchange a fixed rate interest payment for the floating rate interest payment of the other party. A swap agreement may also involve the exchange of the floating rate interest payments of both parties."}
{"prompts":"Are You Taxed More If You Are Self-Employed?","response":"Technically, yes, you are taxed more. On top of paying regular federal and state taxes, a self-employed individual has to pay a 15.3% tax for Social Security and Medicare.The Social Security component is 12.4%, made up of the employer's tax of 6.2% and the employee's tax of 6.2%. The Medicare tax component is 2.9%, made up of the employer's tax of 1.45% and the employee's tax of 1.45%.If you are self-employed, you have to cover the employer's portion as well, hence being taxed more if you are self-employed. The IRS allows a tax deduction on the employer's portion of the tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Regulation O?","response":"Regulation O was implemented to prevent certain bank insiders from receiving more favorable terms or benefits on loans or credit than those provided to non-insiders or other bank customers."}
{"prompts":"What are different types of interest rate swaps?","response":"Fixed-to-floating, floating-to-fixed, and float-to-float are the three main types of interest rate swaps. A fixed-to-floating swap involves one company receiving a fixed rate and paying a floating rate since it believes that a floating rate will generate stronger cash flow. An example of a floating-to-fixed swap is where a company wishes to receive a fixed rate to hedge interest rate exposure. Lastly, a float-to-float swap\u2014also known as a basis swap\u2014is where two parties agree to exchange variable interest rates. For example, a LIBOR may be swapped for a Treasury bill (T-bill) rate."}
{"prompts":"Can You Sell Your Life Insurance Policy?","response":"While not always advisable, you may be able to sell your life insurance policy to a third party for cash. This is called a life settlement."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write a Lease-to-Own Contract?","response":"There are many sample lease-to-own contracts and templates available online. However, due to the size of the financial commitment, it would be wise to have a lawyer review your lease-to-own contract."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Potential Downsides of High Economic Growth?","response":"High economic growth, when not managed sustainably and equitably, can lead to environmental degradation, resource depletion, and social challenges. It may also exacerbate income inequality if not accompanied by inclusive policies."}
{"prompts":"How Often Is BrokerCheck Updated?","response":"Registered brokers and brokerage firms are required to update their professional and disciplinary information in the Central Registration Depository, CRD, within 30 days and information is available in BrokerCheck the next business day."}
{"prompts":"Is China a Middle-Income Country?","response":"Yes, China is considered a middle-income country. It is specifically an upper-middle-income country according to the World Bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Fund With a Large AUM?","response":"Funds with large AUMs have sufficient holdings to meet any redemption pressure. If a few large investors leave the fund, it would not likely impact it."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find Out Who Rang the Opening Bell Today?","response":"The New York Stock Exchange has a Bell Calendar that lists the people who are invited to ring the opening bell every day. Other stock exchanges may have their own bell calendars as well."}
{"prompts":"What does ABS stand for in accounting?","response":"In the business world, ABS stands for accounting and billing system."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Self-Employment?","response":"The main types of self-employment types are independent contractor, which is an individual working a specific job; a sole proprietorship, which is a business enterprise run by an individual and which may or may not have additional employees; and a partnership, which is a business structure between two or more individuals with ownership status."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Transaction Costs Are Too High?","response":"Consider the implications of high transaction costs over time. Assume you begin investing $10,000 per year for 30 years and earn a steady 6% per year. Your gross ending value will be approximately $838,000. However, if your annual fund expense is 1%, you will pay over $140,000 of fees over the life of your investment. This would reduce your ending portfolio value to less than $700,000."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Contents of Articles of Association?","response":"The articles of association will include a company's name, its purpose, its share capital, how it is organized, and how shareholders meetings will be conducted. This information will include the names of founders and original shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Does NFC Do on My Phone?","response":"Enabling NFC on your phone allows you to make touchless payments using your device. It also allows you to share or receive information wirelessly, interact with RFID-enabled cards (like transit cards that contain microchips), and be used with other enabled devices like room keys, and so on."}
{"prompts":"What GPA Do You Need for a Cambridge MBA?","response":"You will need a GPA of at least 3.6 approximately to be granted acceptance into Cambridge Judge Business School to obtain an MBA. This is not necessarily a specific number as acceptance depends on a variety of factors, not just GPA."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create a Financial Portfolio?","response":"Building an investment portfolio requires more effort than the passive, index investing approach. First, you need to identify your goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Then, research and select stocks or other investments that fit within those parameters. Regular monitoring and updating is often required, along with entry and exit points for each position. Rebalancing requires selling some holdings and buying more of others so that most of the time your portfolio\u2019s asset allocation matches your strategy, risk tolerance, and desired level of returns. Despite the extra effort required, defining and building a portfolio can increase your investing confidence and give you control over your finances."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Systematic and Unsystematic Risk?","response":"Systematic risk is not diversifiable (i.e. cannot be avoided), while unsystematic risk can generally be mitigated through diversification. Systematic risk affects the market as a whole and can include purchasing power or interest rate risk.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Not Covered by Travel Insurance?","response":"Review the travel insurance policy to discover exclusions. According to NAIC, common travel policy exclusions are:A traveler's pre-existing health conditionsCivil and political unrest at the traveler's destinationPregnancy and childbirthCoverage for those engaging in adventure or dangerous activities.Pandemics may also be excluded from coverage."}
{"prompts":"What Does RSI Mean?","response":"The relative strength index (RSI) measures the price momentum of a stock or other security. The basic idea behind the RSI is to measure how quickly traders are bidding the price of the security up or down. The RSI plots this result on a scale of 0 to 100.Readings below 30 generally indicate that the stock is oversold, while readings above 70 indicate that it is overbought. Traders will often place this RSI chart below the price chart for the security, so they can compare its recent momentum against its market price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Jobless and Unemployed?","response":"Jobless individuals are only reported as unemployed if they are actively seeking work. Jobless workers aren't included in the unemployment rate. The labor force is made up of the employed and unemployed\u2014those who are neither employed nor unemployed aren't counted as part of the labor force."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to Vladimir Lenin?","response":"Vladimir Lenin died in 1924 at the age of 54 due to a brain hemorrhage. He had suffered strokes before this. Upon his death, Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union."}
{"prompts":"Which Constitutional Amendment Gave Congress the Power to Levy an Income Tax?","response":"The Sixteenth Amendment allows Congress to collect direct income taxes without regard to state census counts. Before the amendment's passage in 1909, income taxes could only be allocated among the states based on their population. Until the 16th Amendment was ratified, federal revenues largely came from customs duties and excise taxes."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Have a Book-to-Bill ratio Less Than 1?","response":"A company may have a book-to-bill ratio less than 1 if it is shipping out more units than it has received orders for in the current period, whether that's a month or a quarter, etc. If a company ships out more units than it receives orders for in the same period, it means it is fulfilling orders from a previous period. That is indicative of a decreasing demand for the product."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of the Gig Economy?","response":"The gig economy has many benefits for both the employee and employer. An employer has access to a wide range of talent that they can hire. If the talent proves to be less than acceptable, there is no contract to keep the employee on or issues of letting them go. In addition, in a time when it has become difficult to attract full-time workers, employers can hire from the gig economy.In addition, hiring gig workers can be more affordable as companies don't have to pay for health insurance or other benefits. For employees, the gig economy's benefits include having the option to do multiple jobs, work from anywhere depending on the specific job, freedom, and flexibility in their daily routine."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gift Tax Exclusion for 2023 and 2024?","response":"For 2023, the exclusion is $17,000, and $18,000 in 2024. The annual amount you can gift to a spouse who is not a U.S. citizen is $175,000 in 2023 and $185,000 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Punishment for Carding?","response":"In most states, using a stolen credit or debit card for transactions in an amount over the misdemeanor limit is a felony. In addition to potential restitution, convicted carders can face up to 15 years in prison and fines of up to $25,000. If the carding is connected to money laundering, the potential penalties escalate sharply."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cost of Capital Important?","response":"Most businesses strive to grow and expand. There may be many options: expand a factory, buy out a rival, build a new, bigger factory. Before the company decides on any of these options, it determines the cost of capital for each proposed project. This indicates how long it will take for the project to repay what it cost, and how much it will return in the future. Such projections are always estimates, of course. But the company must follow a reasonable methodology to choose between its options."}
{"prompts":"Does a Warehouse-to-Warehouse Clause Cover Goods Before and After Arrival?","response":"A warehouse-to-warehouse clause is meant to protect in the case of losses that are incurred while goods are being shipped from one warehouse to another. However, this kind of clause does not typically provide protection in the case of losses incurred while goods are at a storage warehouse or a destination warehouse, with a separate protection plan needed for such risks."}
{"prompts":"Does the Company Control the Timeline for an IPO?","response":"The timeline for an IPO is commonly under the control of the company. However, for a company with more than $10 million in assets and more than 2,000 investors (or 500 shareholders who are not accredited investors), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires it to file financial reports for public consumption. This is known as the 2,000 investor limit."}
{"prompts":"How Does the IRS Tax Zero-Coupon Bonds?","response":"Imputed interest, sometimes referred to as \"phantom interest,\" is an estimated interest rate. The imputed interest on the bond is subject to income tax. The IRS uses an accretive method when calculating the imputed interest on Treasury bonds and has applicable federal rates that set a minimum interest rate in relation to imputed interest and original issue discount rules."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sampling Error?","response":"Sampling error is what happens when the sample collected for review doesn't represent the entire population being studied. This jeopardizes the accuracy and validity of the study being conducted. For instance, sampling error occurs if researchers include professors in the sample when they're trying to determine how students feel about the university experience. Sampling error may be random or the result of some type of bias."}
{"prompts":"What's an Example of Currency?","response":"One example of currency is any of the U.S. paper bills you may have on hand. It is any of the coins the U.S. issues, such as the penny, nickel, and quarter. Currency can also be the paper bills and coins issued by the governments of other countries across the globe."}
{"prompts":"Is Backup Withholding a Bad Thing?","response":"It could be a bad thing since it ties up money with the IRS that could otherwise be used for investment purposes. If you are subject to backup withholding, however, you may receive some of that money back as a tax refund."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Foreclosure?","response":"When homeowners fail to meet their mortgage loan obligation, a property may fall into foreclosure. These properties may sell at a foreclosure auction, or banks may take ownership of the property and may add it to an accumulated portfolio of foreclosed properties, also called\u00a0real estate owned (REO). Foreclosed properties are typically easily accessible on banks\u2019 websites and available to real estate investors,"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a SEP IRA?","response":"SEP IRAs allow the holders to reduce taxable income and take advantage of compounding interest on tax-deferred contributions. SEP IRAs also have higher contribution limits than other IRAs."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Credit Rating Drops?","response":"A lower credit rating means that credit agencies believe the borrower is becoming more risky, either due to a higher level of debt, falling income, or other causes that make the borrower less able to pay their obligations. These borrowers will need to pay higher interest rates to make up for the increased risk to lenders."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Games Being Played in Game Theory?","response":"It is called game theory since the theory tries to understand the strategic actions of two or more \"players\" in a given situation containing set rules and outcomes. While used in several disciplines, game theory is most notably used as a tool within the study of business and economics.The \"games\" may involve how two competitor firms will react to price cuts by the other, whether a firm should acquire another, or how traders in a stock market may react to price changes. In theoretic terms, these games may be categorized as prisoner's dilemmas, the dictator game, the hawk-and-dove, and Bach or Stravinsky."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Guerrilla Marketing?","response":"Guerrilla marketing is derived from guerrilla warfare, the technique of physical combat that relied to using different, unique techniques to gain an advantage. Instead of large, organized approach to gaining position, guerrilla warfare (and guerrilla marketing) rely on small tactics for success."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Support Test When Claiming Qualifying Relatives?","response":"The taxpayer must provide more than 50% of the person\u2019s support for the tax year. This support test differs from the one for a qualifying child, which tests whether the child provided more than one-half of their support. When calculating total support, taxpayers should compare their contributions with the entire amount of support the person received from all sources, such as taxable income, tax-exempt income, and loans."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Most of the High-Net-Worth Individuals?","response":"In sheer numbers of high-net-worth individuals, North America leads the pack with 7.4 million, followed by the Asia-Pacific region with 7.1 million, and Europe with 5.6 million."}
{"prompts":"What does it mean to be jointly and severally liable?","response":"Joint and several liability makes all parties in a lawsuit responsible for damages up to the entire amount awarded. That is, if one party is unable to pay, then the others named must pay more than their share."}
{"prompts":"Can You Cash Out Permanent Life Insurance?","response":"Yes, you can cash out permanent life insurance after it has been in force for several years. You can take out a loan against your policy, withdraw money from the cash value, or surrender the policy. If you do the latter, you may be forced to pay surrender fees and taxes on your withdrawal."}
{"prompts":"How Do Elliott Waves Work?","response":"Based on Elliott's Wave Theory, market prices will alternate between an impulsive phase and a corrective phase. Impulses are always subdivided into a set of 5 lower-degree waves, alternating again between motive and corrective character, so that waves 1, 3, and 5 are impulses, and waves 2 and 4 are smaller retraces of waves 1 and 3."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use an FSA with a Health Insurance Marketplace High-Deductible Plan?","response":"You\u00a0can\u2019t\u00a0use an FSA with a Marketplace plan. Instead, you can set up a similar product, called a\u00a0Health Savings Account (HSA). These let you to set aside money on a pretax basis to pay some health expenses if you have this type of health insurance."}
{"prompts":"Are landlords rent seekers?","response":"Not generally. The use of the word \u201crent\u201d can create some confusion here. The term \u201crent\u201d in rent seeking is based on the economic definition of \u201crent,\u201d which is defined as economic wealth obtained through shrewd or potentially manipulative use of resources. That said, it\u2019s possible for landlords to engage in rent-seeking behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Dollar Index Tell You?","response":"The dollar index tracks the relative value of the U.S. dollar against a basket of important world currencies. If the index is rising, it means that the dollar is strengthening against the basket - and vice-versa."}
{"prompts":"What Is Straight Line Amortization?","response":"Straight-line amortization works just like its depreciation counterpart, but instead of having the value of a physical asset decline, amortization deals with intangible assets such as intellectual property or financial assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Usury Interest Rate?","response":"A usury interest rate is an interest rate deemed to be illegally high. To discourage predatory lending and promote economic activity, states may enact laws that set a ceiling on the interest rate that can be charged for certain types of debt. Interest rates above this ceiling are considered usury and are illegal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Upstream and Downstream?","response":"While upstream entails the initial phases of oil and gas production, downstream encompasses the final phases including refining and distribution of finished products like gasoline to consumers. In general, the farther a part of the process is from the end-user consumer, the more upstream it is."}
{"prompts":"What Does Velocity of Money Measure?","response":"The velocity of money estimates the movement of money in an economy\u2014in other words, the number of times the average dollar changes hands over a single year. A high velocity of money indicates a bustling economy with strong economic activity, while a low velocity indicates a general reluctance to spend money."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Take To Be a COO?","response":"COOs have a strong educational background combined with extensive work experience. A strong COO will have worked in a variety of positions, particularly in a specific organization, to understand all of the different parts of a business and how they work together. This allows them to pinpoint specific issues and gaps within the organization. Having experience managing people and teams is also imperative to be a COO. In addition, COOs should be great communicators, strong leaders, and flexible managers."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Vendor vs. Supplier?","response":"Suppliers are generally the first supply chain entity where products and services originate. A vendor purchases products and services and resells them to clients."}
{"prompts":"What is a gravestone doji candle?","response":"A gravestone doji candle is a pattern that technical stock traders use as a signal that a stock price may soon undergo a bearish reversal. This pattern forms when the open, low, and closing prices of an asset are close to each other and have a long upper shadow. The shadow in a candlestick chart is the thin part showing the price action for the day as it differs from high to low prices.\u00a0While traders will frequently use this doji as a signal to enter a short position or exit a long position, most traders will review other indicators before taking action on a trade."}
{"prompts":"How Does Garnishment Work?","response":"Garnishment works by creditors obtaining a court order or judgment that authorizes them to collect the owed funds directly from the debtor's income or assets. Once the court order is granted, the creditor can proceed to garnish wages by instructing the debtor's employer to withhold a portion of their paycheck or levy bank accounts to access funds."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Indicator Is ADTV?","response":"ADTV is considered a market activity indicator. It provides information about the volume of trading activity in a security over a specific period, typically on a daily basis. ADTV is often used alongside technical indicators to gain a more comprehensive understanding of market dynamics."}
{"prompts":"Is a Company Dissolved After Liquidation?","response":"No, a company is not dissolved after liquidation. Dissolving a company and liquidating it are two separate procedures. Liquidating a company means selling off its assets to claimants whereas dissolving a company is deregistering it."}
{"prompts":"What Is Month to Date?","response":"Month to date is used to measure earnings, return, and income. It refers to the first of the month through the last business day before the current day (because the current business day may still be in progress)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Surplus in Economics?","response":"Economic surplus consists of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus occurs when the price for a product or service is lower than the highest price a consumer would willingly pay. A producer surplus is when goods are sold at a higher price than the lowest price the producer was willing to sell for."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Form an SPV?","response":"There are several reasons why SPVs are created. They provide protection for a parent company's assets and liabilities, as well as protection against bankruptcy and\u00a0insolvency. These entities can also get an easy way to raise capital. SPVs also have more operational freedom because they aren't burdened with as many regulations as the parent company."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fundamental Analysis and Its Objective?","response":"Fundamental analysis uses publicly available financial information and reports to determine whether a stock and the issuing company are valued correctly by the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Black Box Model in Finance?","response":"A black box model designed for use in the financial markets is a software program that analyses market data and produces a strategy for buying and selling based upon that analysis.The user of the black box can understand the results but cannot see the logic behind them. When machine learning techniques are used in the model's construction, the inputs are in fact too complex for a human brain to interpret."}
{"prompts":"Does the AMT Account for Inflation?","response":"Yes, but it only did so periodically before the passage of the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012. With that legislation, the AMT was to be permanently indexed to inflation. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 also increased the AMT exemption and the income level at which the exemption began to phase out. This reduced the number of people affected by the AMT. These changes expire after 2025."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Benefits of a Warm Card?","response":"Warm cards come with two key benefits: fraud protection and convenience. Because warm cards let employees to make deposits into business accounts but restrict access to the ability to spend with them, the employees won\u2019t be able to commit fraud by withdrawing money they shouldn\u2019t or using a business card to make personal purchases. In terms of convenience, with warm cards, a variety of employees can handle deposits and relieve the owner of that task."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Equity-Linked Securities?","response":"Some examples of ELKS are corporate ELKS, bank-offered ELKS, and market-linked securities offered through certificates of deposit or other instruments that represent a basket of securities."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Most Popular ISO Standards?","response":"The two most popular ISO standards are ISO 9001 and 14001. 9001 provides criteria for quality management systems, while 14001 provides criteria for environmental management systems."}
{"prompts":"What Does Fund Flow Measure?","response":"Where investing is concerned, it measures only the movement of cash into and out of investments. It does not measure performance."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose All Your Money in an Index Fund?","response":"It is nearly impossible to lose all your money in an index fund. For this to happen, every single stock that comprises the fund will need to go to zero. Not only this, but the owner of the fund would need to declare bankruptcy and be unable to sell any of their assets in order to pay back the holders of the fund. Neither of these scenarios is likely to happen."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Business Continuity Plan (BCP) Important?","response":"Businesses are prone to a host of disasters that vary in degree from minor to catastrophic and business continuity plans (BCPs) are an important part of any business. BCP is typically meant to help a company continue operating in the event of threats and disruptions. This could result in a loss of revenue and higher costs, which leads to a drop in profitability. And businesses can't rely on insurance alone because it doesn't cover all the costs and the customers who move to the competition."}
{"prompts":"Can You Make Money Exploiting the January Effect?","response":"Unlikely. Even if the January effect were real (it's probably not) and markets were to rise uncharacteristically each January, the fact that people may try to exploit this would undermine its appearance. For example, in anticipation of higher prices in January, some would move in December to pick up certain assets. But that demand itself would lessen the price changes between before and after the New Year."}
{"prompts":"How Do Elliott Waves Work?","response":"Based on Elliott's Wave Theory, market prices will alternate between an impulsive phase and a corrective phase. Impulses are always subdivided into a set of 5 lower-degree waves, alternating again between motive and corrective character, so that waves 1, 3, and 5 are impulses, and waves 2 and 4 are smaller retraces of waves 1 and 3."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is Whole Life Insurance?","response":"The cost of whole life insurance varies based on several factors, such as age, occupation, and health history. Older applicants typically have higher rates than younger applicants. People with a stellar health history normally receive\u00a0better rates than those with a history of health challenges. The face amount of coverage also determines how much a policyholder will pay; the higher the face amount, the higher the premium. Also, certain companies have higher rates than others, independent of the applicant and their risk profile. It's also worth noting that for the same amount of coverage, whole life insurance is far more expensive than term life insurance."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Put in My Roth IRA Monthly?","response":"In 2023, the maximum annual contribution amount for a Roth IRA is $6,500, or $541.67 monthly for those under age 50. This amount increases to $7,500 annually, or roughly $625 monthly, for individuals age 50 or older. Note there is no monthly limit, only the annual limit.The limits increase for 2024 to $7,000 annually or $583.33 monthly. For those 50 and older, the limit is $8,000 annually or $666.67 monthly."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Tranche?","response":"An example of a tranche is as follows. Hundreds of mortgages are pooled into a security: a mortgage-backed security (MBS). The mortgages in this security all have different credit profiles based on the holder of the mortgage. Some have excellent credit profiles and the mortgages, therefore, have low interest rates.Some of the borrowers have bad credit profiles and their mortgages have high interest rates. These different mortgages are broken down into tranches. Each tranche represents a different credit profile. The low-risk mortgages go into the senior tranche whereas the high-risk mortgages go into the junior tranche. An investor can choose which tranche they would like to invest in based on their risk profile."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns NYSE Arca?","response":"NYSE Arca was formed when the NYSE acquired the Archipelago ECN in 2006. The Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) acquired both NYSE and NYSE Arca by 2013. They remained separate and distinct subsidiaries."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Standard Deviation Mean?","response":"A large standard deviation indicates that there is a lot of variance in the observed data around the mean. This indicates that the data observed is quite spread out. A small or low standard deviation would indicate instead that much of the data observed is clustered tightly around the mean."}
{"prompts":"Do You Still Have to Pay Debt After Bankruptcies?","response":"Outside of keep-and-pay agreements, some types of debt can't be discharged through bankruptcy. Nineteen kinds of debt are excepted from discharge under Chapters 7, 11, and 12, while a more limited list applies to Chapter 13 cases."}
{"prompts":"What Does the VWAP Tell You?","response":"The volume-weighted average price (VWAP) is a measurement that shows the average price of a security, adjusted for its volume. The VWAP can tell traders about a stock's liquidity and indicate at what price buyers and sellers agree. Traders can use it to monitor a stock's price movement throughout the day."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Some Stocks More Liquid Than Others?","response":"The most liquid stocks tend to be those with a great deal of interest from various market actors and a lot of daily transaction volume. Such stocks will also attract a larger number of market makers who maintain a tighter two-sided market.Illiquid stocks have wider bid-ask spreads and less market depth. These names tend to be lesser known, have lower trading volume, and often have lower market value and volatility. Thus, the stock for a large multinational bank will tend to be more liquid than that of a small regional bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Yield?","response":"As one measure for assessing risk, consider an investor who wants to calculate the yield to worst on a bond. Essentially, this measures the lowest possible yield. First, the investor would find that the bond\u2019s earliest callable date, the date that the issuer must repay principal and stop interest payments. After determining this date, the investor would calculate the yield to worst for the bond. Consequently, since the yield to worst is the return for a shorter time period, it expresses a lower return than the yield to maturity."}
{"prompts":"Do Individuals Have to Report Interest Income?","response":"Most interest is taxed as ordinary income and subject to ordinary income tax rates. Notable exceptions include interest earned from a Series EE or Series I bond issued after 1989 to pay qualified higher educational expenses, interest on insurance dividends left on deposit with the\u00a0U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, and interest on some bonds used to finance government operations. However, even when it\u2019s not taxable, interest must be reported."}
{"prompts":"How Does Perpetuity Work in Investing?","response":"A perpetuity is a financial instrument that offers a stream of cash flows in perpetuity\u2014that is, without end. Unlike other bonds, perpetuities do not have a fixed maturity date but continue paying interest indefinitely.Until 2015, the U.K. offered a government bond called a consol, a contraction for consolidated annuities. It was structured as a perpetuity. The bonds were discontinued in 2015."}
{"prompts":"What Does Magic Formula Mean?","response":"Magic formula investing refers to a rules-based investing strategy that allows ordinary people to identify undervalued or outperforming companies. It was first described by Joel Greenblatt in The Little Book That Beat the Market in 2005."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in Crude Oil?","response":"To an investor, crude oil can be a speculative asset, a portfolio diversifier, or a hedge against related positions. There are two ways to invest in crude oil: futures contracts and spot contracts. The price of the spot contract reflects the current market price for oil, whereas the futures price reflects the price that buyers are willing to pay for oil on a delivery date set at some point in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?","response":"Gross domestic product is the total value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country\u2019s borders within a specific time. As a broad measure of overall domestic production, it functions as a comprehensive scorecard of a given country\u2019s economic health.Though GDP is usually calculated annually, it is sometimes calculated every quarter as well. The U.S. government releases an\u00a0annualized\u00a0GDP estimate for each fiscal quarter and for the calendar year. The individual data sets included in the report are given in real terms, so the data are adjusted for price changes and are, therefore, net of\u00a0inflation."}
{"prompts":"Do 401(k) Plans Have Fees?","response":"They do and they're commonly paid by the plan's participants. The Plan Sponsor Council of America estimates that they amount to about $30 billion annually, but you can take a little heart because this number is spread over 60 million participants holding $3 trillion in assets.ERISA, the Employee Retirement Income Securities Act, oversees 401(k) plans but it has authority only over plan sponsors, not their investment managers."}
{"prompts":"What Confucian Beliefs Are Key to Guanxi?","response":"Confucianism is founded mainly on the five relationships and their importance to the individual. It looks to create social harmony based on these intertwined harmonious relationships and mutual courtesy in a well-ordered world."}
{"prompts":"What Information Does a Bloomberg Offer?","response":"Bloomberg provides online information on markets, technology, politics, and opinion. Bloomberg Live is the largest newsroom in the world using Bloomberg Intelligence and Bloomberg Global Data to enable moderators and speakers to produce compelling news conversations."}
{"prompts":"What Is Enterprise Value vs. Market Value?","response":"Enterprise value is the total value of a company, while market value is the value of its shares on the stock market. Market capitalization is the total value of all sthares on the stock market."}
{"prompts":"How Is Goodwill Different From Other Assets?","response":"Shown on the balance sheet, goodwill is an intangible asset that is created when one company acquires another company for a price greater than its net asset value. Unlike other assets that have a discernible useful life, goodwill is not amortized or depreciated but is instead periodically tested for goodwill impairment. If the goodwill is thought to be impaired, the value of goodwill must be written off, reducing the company\u2019s earnings."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Days Sale of Inventory Number?","response":"In order to efficiently manage inventories and balance idle stock with being understocked, many experts agree that a good DSI is somewhere between 30 and 60 days. This, of course, will vary by industry, company size, and other factors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Taxable Distribution?","response":"A non-taxable distribution is a payment to its shareholders that is classified as a \"return of capital.\" These distributions aren't paid from the company's earnings and aren't taxed until the investor sells stock in the company."}
{"prompts":"How Can Revolving Credit Help Your Credit Score?","response":"Revolving credit can boost your credit score if you use it responsibly. To get the most out of revolving credit, make your minimum payments on time. Try to make more than the minimum payment or pay off your balances in full each month to avoid interest charges. And aim to keep your credit utilization ratio below 30%."}
{"prompts":"How Did Stockjobbing Originate?","response":"Stockjobbing, or the professional trading of stocks on an exchange, has its origins in the 1690s following Britain's Financial Revolution. The result of these financial reforms was the emergence of joint-stock companies whose shares could be bought and sold freely. This led to the advent of regulated stock exchanges and the creation of \"jobbers\" to facilitate trading in these new shares."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does an MBA Cost to Pursue at Sa\u00efd Business School?","response":"The cost of pursuing an MBA at Oxford Sa\u00efd depends on the type of program. While the school doesn't list the tuition and associated costs for the 1+1 MBA, it does list them for the other two programs. Pursuing a full-year Oxford MBA as of September 2023 costs \u00a371,440. The tuition for the Oxford Executive MBA, though, is much higher. This part-time program costs \u00a3106,540 and takes 22 or 24 months depending on when you start."}
{"prompts":"What Has Been the Historical Interest Rates for Series I U.S. Savings Bonds?","response":"The composite rate for I bonds will depend on when they were issued and the inflation rates that they have experienced. Therefore, you will need to consult a table showing the historical fixed and variable components depending on the issue date."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Term for Pump Priming?","response":"Pump priming is a commonly used metaphor for government spending aimed at stimulating the economy. It is related to ideas like deficit spending and expansionary policy."}
{"prompts":"What Are Classifications of Petroleum?","response":"Unrefined petroleum classes include asphalt, bitumen, crude oil, and natural gas."}
{"prompts":"Should You Use Form 8949 or Form 4797?","response":"When reporting gains from the sale of real estate, Form 4797 will suffice in most scenarios. Form 8949 will need to be used when deferring capital gains through investments in a qualified fund."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Protectionism?","response":"Common examples of protectionism, or tools that are used to implement a policy of protectionism include tariffs, quotas, and subsidies. All of these tools are meant to promote domestic companies by making foreign goods more expensive or scarce."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Consumer Packaged Goods Sold?","response":"Consumer packaged goods have traditionally been sold at brick-and-mortar retailers, such as grocery stores or pharmacies. However, consumers now frequently turn to online retailers like Amazon for consumer packaged goods. Other platforms, such as InstaCart, allow consumers to make digital purchases of consumer packaged goods that someone else buys for them in-store."}
{"prompts":"What Do Customers Value Most?","response":"Customers probably most appreciate high quality products or services, low prices, good service, and the opportunity to give a company feedback that the company acknowledges."}
{"prompts":"What are the Best Indicators to Use with the Hanging Man?","response":"Using the hanging man pattern in conjunction with other technical indicators is likely to improve the reliability of the signals it proves. The best indicators to use will depend on the strategy of the trader, but generally a combination that offers insights into momentum and trend can be effective. Some indicators include moving averages, momentum indicators, trend indicators, support and resistance levels as well as fibonacci retracements."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Name \"High Street\" Bank Come From?","response":"The name \"high-street bank\" derives from the fact that these financial institutions were historically located on the \"high street\" or the main commercial street of a city."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Clear a Tax Deed?","response":"A tax deed or tax deed sale arises due to unpaid property taxes. If all tax obligations are cleared and associated penalties, interest, and fees are paid, a tax deed will often clear prior to auction and remain with the original property owner."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Buy Bitcoin Cash?","response":"Most major cryptocurrency exchanges offer BCH, once you set up a trading account and make an initial deposit to cover the purchase."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Trade Line?","response":"A trade line is created for every credit line you own. An example of a trade line is your car payment history. When you begin repaying a car loan, a trade line is created that summarizes your contact information, your current payment status, the date the line of credit was opened, and the date the line was closed.The trade line will also report current information such as the date of your last payment, the current balance remaining, and your monthly payment amount."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Noninterest Income?","response":"Noninterest income is generally calculated per instrument or service. For instance, if a bank loaned an amount to a customer with an origination fee of $500 and service charges of $100, the noninterest income for the loan is $600, while the interest income from the loan is not counted."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Get a Certificate of Insurance?","response":"You should ask for and receive a COI before anyone works on your home or property.\u00a0If you have a written contract, it should contain insurance requirements, including coverage and limits required that are verified with a COI."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mercantile Exchange?","response":"The dictionary definition of a mercantile exchange is \"a market for trading commodities.\"These types of markets are legal entities that determine and enforce rules for trading standardized commodity contracts and related investment products. These types of markets trade trillions of dollars per day and are done almost entirely by electronic trading."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ARR and IRR?","response":"The main difference between ARR and IRR is that IRR is a discounted cash flow formula while ARR is a non-discounted cash flow formula. A non-discounted cash flow formula does not take into consideration the present value of future cash flows that will be generated by an asset or project. In this regard, ARR does not include the time value of money whereby the value of a dollar is worth more today than tomorrow because it can be invested."}
{"prompts":"Is CFP\u00ae the Same as CFA?","response":"No, CFP\u00ae and CFA are not the same. A CFP\u00ae is a certified financial planner who provides financial planning advice to individuals. This includes help with investing, retirement planning, estate planning, and tax law.A CFA is a chartered financial analyst who may work for an investment bank or hedge fund and performs financial analysis, modeling, trading, and portfolio management services."}
{"prompts":"Is Open Interest Bearish or Bullish?","response":"Rising open interest usually means that there is new buying happening, which is a bullish trend. However, if open interest grows too high, it can sometimes be a bearish signal that indicates a coming change in market trends."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean for Capital to Be Employed?","response":"Businesses use their capital to conduct day-to-day operations, invest in new opportunities, and grow. Capital employed refers to a company's total assets less its current liabilities. Looking at capital employed is helpful since it's used with other financial metrics to determine the return on a company's assets and how effective management is at employing capital."}
{"prompts":"Does the Double Bottom Suggest a Price Target?","response":"Yes, the minimum price target for the formation is the distance from the previous low to the corrective high in the middle of the formation. So the target is roughly 10% higher from the initial low. Gains beyond that level, after the second bottom has been reached, would be an extremely bullish signal and may confirm a more significant bottom has been reached and the upside is now in play."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Kagi and Candlestick Charts?","response":"A candlestick chart is a simplified way of showing the highest, lowest, opening and closing prices for each trading day, while omitting most of the noise of daily price fluctuations. A kagi chart only changes direction for price movements of a certain size, and the thickness (or color) of the lines reflects a break past an established high or low. It is important to note that Kagi charts do not reflect price changes over time; instead, the movements in a Kagi chart indicate price changes over a certain size. Overall, Kagi charts contain less information than candlestick charts, making them easier to read for some traders."}
{"prompts":"What Is Multicollinearity in Regression?","response":"Multicollinearity describes a relationship between variables that causes them to be correlated. Data with multicollinearity poses problems for analysis because they are not independent."}
{"prompts":"How Are Random Samples Used?","response":"Using simple random sampling allows researchers to make generalizations about a specific population and leave out any bias. Using statistical techniques, inferences and predictions can be made about the population without having to survey or collect data from every individual in that population."}
{"prompts":"Is Wharton Better Than Harvard?","response":"Each school is known for its focus. Wharton is famous for its business and corporate finance research, while Harvard is known for its business management and leadership research."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 51% Hostile Takeover?","response":"A 51% hostile takeover is when an acquiring company purchases 51% ownership of the target company through share purchases. Acquiring companies tend to do this quietly and over time to not alert the target company. When any entity owns 51% of a firm, it is the majority owner and can make all final decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Elasticity in Economics?","response":"Elasticity refers to the measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to one of its determinants. Goods that are elastic see their demand respond rapidly to changes in factors like price or supply. Inelastic goods, on the other hand, retain their demand even when prices rise sharply (e.g., gasoline or food)."}
{"prompts":"What's FINRA?","response":"FINRA is the Independent Financial Industry Regulatory Association. It creates and enforces the rules that govern U.S. registered brokers and broker-dealers. It was formed in 2007."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Buying a Leveraged ETF and Margin Trading?","response":"LETFs have built-in leverage and aim to deliver a multiple of a tracked index's or assets' daily returns. Margin trading, meanwhile, involves borrowing money from a broker to invest in securities. While both involve leverage, margin trading gives investors more control over the amount of leverage and the specific investments. However, margin trading also carries the risk of a margin call if the investments decline in value, which is not a risk with LETFs."}
{"prompts":"Are Treasury Bills the Only Debt Security Issued by the U.S. Treasury?","response":"Treasury bills are one of several types of debt issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Treasury bonds and Treasury notes also represent fixed-term debt. Treasury bills are short-term obligations. Treasury notes are medium-term securities with terms from two to 10 years. Treasury bonds have the longest lifetime and mature in 30 years."}
{"prompts":"Is UNC Kenan-Flagler a Good School?","response":"Kenan-Flagler is one of the top-rated business schools in the world."}
{"prompts":"Which Cryptocurrency Wallet Is Best?","response":"There are various wallets you can choose from with many options. It's best to read as many reviews as possible to find one that fits your needs while ensuring your keys are secure."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Perfect Competition?","response":"Consider a farmers market where each vendor sells the same type of jam. There is little differentiation between each of their products, as they use the same recipe, and they each sell them at an equal price. At the same time, sellers are few and free to participate in the market without any barrier. Buyers, in this case, would be fully knowledgeable of the product\u2019s recipe, and any other information relevant to the good."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Impact the Economy?","response":"Inflation can affect the economy in several ways. For example, if inflation causes a nation\u2019s currency to decline, this can benefit exporters by making their goods more affordable when priced in the currency of foreign nations.On the other hand, this could harm importers by making foreign-made goods more expensive. Higher inflation can also encourage spending, as consumers will aim to purchase goods quickly before their prices rise further. Savers, on the other hand, could see the real value of their savings erode, limiting their ability to spend or invest in the future."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Total Debt-to-Total Assets?","response":"The total debt-to-total-asset ratio is calculated by dividing a company's total debts by its total assets. All debts and assets are considered."}
{"prompts":"What are Some Examples of Current Assets?","response":"The Current Assets account can be found on a firm's balance sheet. Common examples of Current Assets accounts include:The Cash and Cash Equivalents account: cash accounts, money markets, and certificates of deposit (CDs).The Marketable Securities account: these could be\u00a0equity (stocks) or\u00a0debt securities (bonds) listed on exchanges and sold through a broker.The Accounts Receivable account: this is money owed to the company for selling their products and services to their\u00a0customers\u00a0The Inventory account: goods produced and ready for sale or raw materials.The Prepaid Expenses account: goods or services paid for to be received in the near future."}
{"prompts":"Is joint-life insurance similar to joint-life pension payouts or annuities?","response":"The only similarity is that all the products are designed to cover two individuals under the same contract. Otherwise, annuities, pension plans, and life insurance policies are significantly different financial instruments. Pensions and annuities make payments while the covered individuals are alive whereas life insurance pays out after they pass away."}
{"prompts":"What Did the Taft-Hartley Act Make Illegal?","response":"The Taft-Hartley Act made a number of different union practices prohibited. These practices include jurisdictional strikes, wildcat strikes, political strikes, solidarity strikes, and secondary boycotts. It also outlawed discrimination against nonunion members by union hiring halls and closed shops."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Green-Field Investments Get Their Name?","response":"The name comes from the fact that these developments are taking place in previously undeveloped areas, such as green fields. This can be true both literally and figuratively. The development might literally take place in a previously green field. Figuratively, it might be taking place in an area with no other such developments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Largest U.S. Exports?","response":"The United States largest exports include mineral fuels, machinery, vehicles, medical apparatus, and aircraft."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Consumerism?","response":"Consumerism is defined by the never-ending pursuit to shop and consume. Examples including shopping sprees, especially those that engage a large number of people, such as Black Friday sales on the day after Thanksgiving.Another example of consumerism involves the introduction of newer models of mobile phone each year. While a mobile device that is a few years old can be perfectly functional and adequate, consumerism drives people to abandon those devices and purchase newer ones on a regular basis.Conspicuous consumption is yet another example. Here, people buy goods to show off their status or present a certain image. This doesn't always have to have negative connotation, as it can also signal pro-social behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Does an AQL of 2.5 Mean?","response":"An AQL of 2.5 means that only 2.5% of an order can be defective in order for it to be acceptable. If more than 2.5% of the other is defective, then it doesn't meet the agreement between the buyer and producer. So for example, if 20,000 pairs of shorts are ordered, only 1,250 can be defective to reach an AQL of 2.5."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Opportunity Cost?","response":"It's the cost to an individual or company of not pursuing a particular business option. The cost isn't related to something they spend. It refers to money they forego."}
{"prompts":"Can I Break a ULIP Before Maturity?","response":"You may be able to break a ULIP before it matures, often before the designated 5-year lock-in period. Be mindful that they may (and likely will be) penalty charges and tax implications on the surrender value received when the ULIP is broken."}
{"prompts":"Can Capital Loss Carryovers Be Used to Offset Ordinary Income?","response":"Yes, capital loss carryovers can be used as a deduction against ordinary income or to offset capital gains."}
{"prompts":"Is the Series 65 harder than the Series 66?","response":"The Series 65 is another IAR licensing credential offered by the North American Securities Administrators Association (NASAA). The Series 66 exam is relatively new. It was created by NASAA in response to requests from broker-dealers and other financial services firms. It is essentially a combination of Series 63 and Series 65, but since a co-requisite for taking the exam is\u00a0successful completion of the Series 7 exam, it does not include the product, analysis, and strategy questions that are a large part of the Series 65.While the pass\/fail rates for these exams are not publicly available, many consider the Series 66 exam less difficult than the Series 65 because it has 30 fewer questions and does not include topics from the Series 7."}
{"prompts":"What Does Skilled Labor Mean?","response":"All jobs take some sort of skill to hold them but skilled labor usually refers to positions which need a very specific skill set to obtain, such as computer coding or plumbing skills, or a teaching certificate."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Wrap Fee Calculated?","response":"Every investment advisory firm creates its own wrap fee program so the precise terms vary.Luckily, the firm is required to give you a wrap fee brochure detailing exactly what services are covered.You might ask the advisor whether a wrap fee or per-use fees is better for you and why."}
{"prompts":"What is a bottleneck in the services industry?","response":"Many services are carried out by human beings who have a natural limit on how fast or efficiently they can work. For instance, a barber may only be able to cut the hair of three individuals per hour. If more people want a haircut, they will have to wait, and this can cause a backlog. Ways to reduce a bottleneck are to hire additional barbers, or to increase the efficiency of the barber using technology or skills training (so that they can accommodate four customers per hour)."}
{"prompts":"What Does Pre-foreclosure Mean?","response":"Pre-foreclosure is an action taken by a lender to try to obtain a money owed on a mortgage. A pre-foreclosure is a warning that a foreclosure may occur, if debts are not resolved."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Unemployment?","response":"Today's economists point to three main types of unemployment: frictional, structural, and cyclical. Frictional unemployment is the result of voluntary employment transitions within an economy. Frictional unemployment naturally occurs, even in a growing, stable economy as workers change jobs.Structural unemployment can produce permanent disruptions due to fundamental and permanent changes that occur in the structure of the economy. These changes can marginalize a group of workers. They include technological changes, a lack of relevant skills, and jobs moving overseas to another country. Cyclical unemployment relates to the loss of jobs that occurs during changes in business cycles."}
{"prompts":"Is Wage Garnishment the Same as Wage Assignment?","response":"While they are similar, wage garnishment and assignment are not the same. Wage garnishment is an involuntary paycheck deduction, typically ordered to repay child support, student loans, tax debt, or bankruptcy. A wage assignment is voluntary and may be used to repay a consumer debt."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Pro Forma Invoice?","response":"A pro forma invoice is a preliminary\u00a0bill of sale\u00a0sent to a buyer in advance of a shipment or delivery of goods. The invoice will typically describe the\u00a0purchased items and\u00a0other important information, such as the shipping weight and transport charges.A pro forma invoice requires only enough information to allow customs officials to determine the duties needed from a general examination of the included goods."}
{"prompts":"How Is Kuwaiti Currency Pegged?","response":"The Kuwaiti currency is pegged to a basket of currencies as opposed to one currency. The basket of currencies is not disclosed but is expected to be heavily weighted towards the U.S. dollar."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the CAGR and a Growth Rate?","response":"The main difference between the CAGR and a growth rate is that the CAGR assumes the growth rate was repeated, or \u201ccompounded,\u201d each year, whereas a traditional growth rate does not. Many investors prefer the CAGR because it smooths out the volatile nature of year-by-year growth rates.\u00a0For instance, even a highly profitable and successful company will likely have several years of poor performance during its life. These bad years could have a large effect on individual years\u2019 growth rates but would have a relatively small impact on the company\u2019s CAGR."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BRC) Used for?","response":"The BRC is used in cost-benefit analysis to describe the connection between the costs and benefits of a potential project."}
{"prompts":"How Did Joseph Stiglitz Bolster the Ideas of Research & Development?","response":"In the 1980s, he helped revive interest in the economics of R&D. Stiglitz specifically addressed that the speed of research and development in an industry directly increases the total level of innovation in an industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Smart Contract?","response":"A smart contract is a program stored on a blockchain that executes when specific conditions are met."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Inventory?","response":"Consider a fashion retailer such as Zara, which operates on a seasonal schedule. Because of the fast fashion nature of turnover, Zara, like other fashion retailers is under pressure to sell inventory rapidly. Zara's merchandise is an example of inventory in the finished product stage. On the other hand, the fabric and other production materials are considered a raw material form of inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Debt-to-Equity Ratio of 1.5 Indicate?","response":"A debt-to-equity ratio of 1.5 would indicate that the company in question has $1.50 of debt for every $1 of equity. To illustrate, suppose the company had assets of $2 million and liabilities of $1.2 million. Since equity is equal to assets minus liabilities, the company\u2019s equity would be $800,000. Its debt-to-equity ratio would therefore be $1.2 million divided by $800,000, or 1.5."}
{"prompts":"Are Revenue and Cash Flow the Same Thing?","response":"No. Revenue is the money a company earns from the sale of its products and services.\u00a0Cash flow is the net amount of cash\u00a0being transferred into and out of a company.\u00a0Revenue provides a measure of the effectiveness of a company's\u00a0sales and marketing, whereas cash flow is more of a\u00a0liquidity\u00a0indicator.\u00a0 Both revenue and cash flow should be analyzed together for a comprehensive review of a company's financial health."}
{"prompts":"Is the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance Legit?","response":"Yes, the CFDA and programs offered through SAM.gov are sponsored by the federal government. However, beware of grant scams that may pose as the CFDA but are trying to defraud you. The government warns that agents claiming to be with the \"Community for Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA)\" or a similarly named organization, and not the federally-run Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA), may attempt to defraud you. They represent themselves as agents of CFDA."}
{"prompts":"What Is IRS Form 2106 Used for?","response":"IRS Form 2106 is used for deducting unreimbursed expenses accrued during a person's job. It is only allowed for individuals employed as Armed Forces reservists, qualified performing artists, fee-based state and local government officials, and employees with impairment-related work expenses."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Unbanked?","response":"The FDIC says that unbanked rates are usually higher among lower-income households, less-educated households, Black households, Hispanic households, American Indian or Alaska Native households, working-age disabled households, and single-mother households."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Main Objectives of the EMS?","response":"he primary objectives of the EMS were to achieve exchange rate stability, encourage economic convergence among member states, and create a framework for the eventual formation of the European Economic and Monetary Union. These goals aimed at fostering a more integrated and stable European economic environment."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word for Compensatory?","response":"Another word to describe compensatory damages is offsetting, redeeming, or remunerative."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a High-Deductible Health Plan Cost?","response":"In order to qualify as such, an HDHP must have a minimum deductible in 2022 of $1,400 for individuals and $2,800 for family coverage (rising to $1,500 and $3,000 in 2023). The maximum amount of money insured individuals must spend is $7,050 per individual and $14,100 for families in 2022 (rising to $7,500 and $15,000 in 2023). Insured individuals are also responsible for monthly premiums, which vary based on the insurer."}
{"prompts":"Can You Negotiate a Retention Bonus?","response":"Yes, an employee can negotiate a retention bonus. In addition to negotiating the payoff amount, an employee might negotiate the terms of the agreement to ensure they are comfortable with the date of the payment and the expectation of what the employee will achieve."}
{"prompts":"Can Lockbox Banking Be Integrated with Accounting Software?","response":"Yes, many lockbox banking services offer integration with popular accounting software. This integration allows businesses to streamline their payment reconciliation process by automatically importing lockbox transaction data into their accounting system."}
{"prompts":"Is the U.S. Part of OPEC?","response":"The United States is not part of OPEC. This means that the country has control over its own production and supply without any interference from the organization."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Your Mill Rate?","response":"Mill rates are calculated by local and municipal governments based on their financial needs. You can usually find the millage rates for your area by calling or checking the website for your local government or assessor's office."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Low CET1 Ratio Mean?","response":"A low CET1 ratio implies an insufficient level of Tier 1 capital. In such a case, a bank may not be able to absorb a financial shock and may need to be bailed out quickly in the event of a financial crisis."}
{"prompts":"Is Ceteris Paribus a Law?","response":"Ceteris paribus is considered natural law. It is not codified by any government; instead, it is thought to naturally occur based on how certain variables interact. For example, if the United States drilled for more oil domestically, there would be more supply for gasoline and the price of gas would drop. There is no law that defines that this would happen; it's simply assumed as the outcome based on how situations naturally flow together."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Do an Atomic Swap?","response":"It is done using cryptocurrency wallets and Hash Timelock Contracts (HTLC), which enforce the exchange when both parties agree to it. In reality, there are only a few atomic swap wallet providers and decentralized exchanges that can be used in a swap."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have the Highest HDI?","response":"As of February 2024, Switzerland finished first with an HDI value of 0.962. Norway, Iceland, Hong Kong, and Australia rounded out the top five. Meanwhile, the United States was ranked just 21st with an HDI value of 0.921."}
{"prompts":"What Are Financial Performance Indicators?","response":"Financial performance indicators, also known as key performance indicators (KPIs), are quantifiable measurements used to determine, track, and project the economic well-being of a business. They act as tools for both corporate insiders (like management and board members) and outsiders (like research analysts and investors) to analyze how well the company is doing\u2014especially regarding competitors\u2014and identify where strengths and weaknesses lie.The most widely used financial performance indicators include:Gross profit\u00a0\/gross profit margin: the amount of revenue made from sales after subtracting production costs, and the percentage amount a company earns per dollar of salesNet profit\/net profit margin: the amount of revenue from sales after subtracting all related business expenses and taxes, and the related ratio of earnings per dollar of salesWorking capital: immediately available or highly liquid funds, used to finance day-to-day operationsOperating cash flow: the amount of money being generated by regular business operationsCurrent ratio: a measure of solvency\u2014the total assets divided by total liabilitiesDebt-to-equity ratio: a company\u2019s total liabilities divided by its\u00a0shareholder equityQuick ratio: another solvency measure, that calculates the percentage of very liquid current assets (cash, securities, accounts receivables) against total liabilitiesInventory turnover: how much inventory is sold within a certain period, and how often the entire inventory was soldReturn on equity: net income divided by shareholder equity (a company\u2019s assets minus its debts)"}
{"prompts":"Do Austerity Measures Work?","response":"Economists disagree on whether austerity measures work as they are intended to. Supporters of austerity measures argue that large deficits are damaging to the broader economy, which can limit tax revenue. Austerity, under this argument, is effective because it lowers government spending and decreases deficits. Opponents argue that during a recession, austerity is harmful because more people are in need of assistance. Government spending, according to this argument, lowers unemployment, which increases tax revenue and reduces deficits."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Does Viral Content Make?","response":"For companies, the value in viral content is not in the actual content itself but in the exposure and opportunity to engage with more customers. A single popular video may create some short-term financial prosperity, but companies should be mindful to leverage resources, customer data, and connections to foster for long-term financial opportunity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bull Spread and a Bear Spread?","response":"A bull spread is an options trading strategy that predicts a price increase in the underlying security. The trader realizes a profit if the price closes at or above the anticipated price. If the price of the security decreases, the trader's losses should be limited if the spread is well executed."}
{"prompts":"Can You Invest in tZero?","response":"tZero is a broker that offers blockchain and trading services that allow you to invest in other companies. Its parent company, tZero Group Inc., is traded in the over-the-counter markets."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Law of Large Numbers Important?","response":"In statistical analysis, the law of large numbers is important because it gives validity to your sample size. When working with a small amount of data, the assumptions you make may not appropriately translate to the actual population. Therefore, it is important to make sure enough data points are being captured to adequately represent the entire data set.In business, the law of large numbers is important when setting targets or goals. A company may double its revenue in a single year. Should the company obtain only 50% growth in revenue the next year, it will have earned the same amount of money each of the last two years. Therefore, it is important to be mindful that percentages can be misleading as large dollar values escalate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the American Dream in Dr. Martin Luther King's Speech?","response":"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous speech referenced the concept of the American dream by stating: \"I have a dream that one day\u00a0this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.'\" Since the early 1960s, Dr. King had pondered and preached about how African Americans didn't get a chance to access the reality of the American dream because they were not truly equal to white men and women. Ultimately, Dr. King's \"American dream\" was equality."}
{"prompts":"What Skills Do You Need to Be a Credit Analyst?","response":"A credit analyst should have accounting skills, such as the ability to create and analyze financial statements and ledgers. Many credit analysts will have skills in risk analysis, mathematics, statistics, computing, and quantitative analysis. Credit analysts should be good at problem-solving, have attention to detail, and have the ability to research and document their findings. They should be able to understand and apply the terms used in finance, banking, and business."}
{"prompts":"What Is Productivity in the Workplace?","response":"Productivity in the workplace refers simply to how much work is done over a specific period. Depending on the nature of the company, the output can be measured by customers acquired, phone calls made, and, of course, sales closed.An overarching goal of a company should be to maximize productivity without sacrificing product quality and while being efficient with company resources."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Grey Swan Event?","response":"A grey swan event is an outlier, but which is more probably than a black swan. As a result, people can better prepare for and hedge against a grey swan than for a black swan."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Get an Air Waybill?","response":"IATA provides a standard agreement on its website for e-AWBs. Most carriers, such as FedEx, also provide access to e-AWBs for convenience."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Trade on the NCDEX?","response":"To access NCDEX markets, you would need to have an account at an authorized broker who is connected to the exchange in India. For example, these could include Angel One or Edelweiss. Note that Zerodha, a large Indian broker, does not effect trades on the NCDEX, only on the MCX."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside of the Sharing Economy?","response":"Consider an alternate name for the sharing economy: the gig economy. Some of its participants appreciate the freedom and flexibility that has been made feasible as the sharing economy has grown. However, this also allows businesses to shift away from hiring full-time workers to hiring more contractors. This decreases the number of jobs available that offer stable benefits such as regular pay, health insurance, sick leave, and paid vacation time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Expanded Accounting Equation?","response":"The expanded accounting equation is a form of the basic accounting equation that includes the distinct components of owner's equity, such as dividends, shareholder capital, revenue, and expenses. The expanded equation is used to compare a company's assets with greater granularity than provided by the basic equation."}
{"prompts":"Which Numbers on a Check Are Routing Numbers?","response":"When looking at a check, the furthest-left numbers is your bank's routing number. The left-most nine digits are the routing number, while the right-most numbers are your account number and check number. The check number at the bottom of a check will correspond to the check number in the upper right corner."}
{"prompts":"Is There Net Neutrality in India?","response":"In 2017, India developed some of the strictest net neutrality laws in the world. Policymakers and Indian activists, with a desire to promote an open internet and widespread internet access to the nation's citizens, advocated together for net neutrality laws. Service providers who violate these regulations face losing their license to operate."}
{"prompts":"Can SDRs Replace the Dollar?","response":"SDRs are considered to be an international reserve currency, and could technically replace the dollar in terms of global transactions. Given the strength and wide use of the dollar internationally, however, this is not likely to happen any time soon."}
{"prompts":"When Can You Claim an Adopted Child on Your Taxes?","response":"Assuming they meet all qualifications needed to be claimed, an adopted child\u00a0can be claimed when the adoption has been legally finalized. Once legally adopted, the IRS treats the child the same as a biological child."}
{"prompts":"Are Partnerships Created With a Fixed Duration?","response":"Partnerships can be created with or without a fixed duration. The partnership agreement will list the duration of the partnership. If there is a dissolution date, up until then is how long the partnership will last. If there is no fixed duration, then the partnership will exist until dissolution is decided between the partners."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns Ferrari?","response":"Ferrari is a public company, which means it is primarily owned by shareholders; however, the largest owner of Ferrari is the Agnelli family, through its holding company, Exor, which owns 22.9% of Ferrari."}
{"prompts":"What Is Macroeconomics vs. Microeconomics?","response":"Macroeconomics is the study of the overall performance of an economy. It evaluates the stability and progress of an economy over time by analysis of key indicators. These include gross domestic product (GDP), employment, inflation or deflation, and the balance of trade.Micronomics is the study of the behavior of the individual consumers and businesses that make up the economy. Their motivations, habits, and behaviors are studied to determine whether an economy is functioning in their best interests."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Project Finance?","response":"Project finance is a way for companies to raise money to realize opportunities for growth. This type of funding is generally meant for large, long-term projects. It relies on the project's cash flows to repay sponsors or investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of UI?","response":"UI, or unemployment insurance, is a government benefit for those who lose their jobs through no fault of their own. UI provides a temporary safety net so that people can continue searching for jobs after they are fired or laid off. Notably, employees who voluntarily quit or are fired for absenteeism or insubordination do not normally qualify for UI, and those who leave due to intolerable working conditions may qualify even if they did quit."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Underlying Asset Affect a Bull Call Spread's Premium?","response":"Since the bull call spread is implemented on the premise of a modest appreciation in the underlying asset's price, it stands to reason that its premium will mirror that of the asset's price, up to a certain point. Essentially, a bull call spread's delta, which compares the change in the underlying asset's price to the change in the option's premium, is net positive. However, its gamma, which measures the rate of change of delta, is very close to zero which means that there is very little change in the bull call spread's premiums as the underlying asset's price changes."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Join a Credit Union?","response":"Nowadays, you'll find more credit unions offering membership to all. Some still have specific eligibility requirements, though, so be sure to check out a credit union's \"field of membership\" section on its website for details about joining."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Current Ratio of 1.5 Mean?","response":"A current ratio of 1.5 would indicate that the company has $1.50 of current assets for every $1 of current liabilities. For example, suppose a company\u2019s current assets consist of $50,000 in cash plus $100,000 in accounts receivable. Its current liabilities, meanwhile, consist of $100,000 in accounts payable. In this scenario, the company would have a current ratio of 1.5, calculated by dividing its current assets ($150,000) by its current liabilities ($100,000)."}
{"prompts":"How Does Life Expectancy Factor in to Insurance?","response":"Life insurance companies use mortality tables to estimate the life expectancy of their policyholders, based on the statistical averages for people with similar ages and health. This allows them to predict how much money they will have to pay out in claims."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Interchange Fee?","response":"An interchange fee (often referred to as \"interchange\") is a portion of the merchant discount rate that the payment processor pays to the card issuer used in a transaction, typically a bank. In addition to the interest charged to cardholders, credit card issuers earn money through interchange fees, which are also called \"swipe fees.\""}
{"prompts":"Why Was It Called Telegraphic Transfer (TT)?","response":"Originally, money transfers between financial institutions were once accomplished over telegraph wires. Because the telegraph itself has become obsolete, the telegraphic transfer concept has evolved with changing technologies. Now, funds move via cable networks or cloud-based apps."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Negative Traits in a Leader?","response":"Not all leaders are effective, and even good leaders can have their faults. Some negative qualities commonly found in leaders include selfishness, quickness to anger, impatience, rudeness, inconsistency, micro-managing, and incompetence."}
{"prompts":"How can I acquire hard skills?","response":"You can acquire hard skills by taking online or in-person classes at a university or other training program, practicing these skills before applying them to a job, and gaining experience by using the hard skills in the workplace."}
{"prompts":"Is Crowdfunding Legal in Nigeria?","response":"All micro small and medium enterprises incorporated as a company in Nigeria with a minimum two-year operating track record are eligible to raise funds through a Crowdfunding Portal, in exchange for the issuance of shares, debentures, or such other investment instrument as the Commission may determine from time to time."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Income Elasticity of Demand of 1.50 Mean?","response":"Since the value is positive, the good is elastic. It implies that for every 1% increase in income, people will demand an increase of 1.5% in the number of goods. Thus, if the average income is $100,000 and at that level of income people desire 70 meals out a year, they would demand 71 meals a year if income rose to $101,000 (1.5% of 70=1.05 meals more)."}
{"prompts":"How Do Analysts and Investors Use Capital Structure?","response":"A company with too much debt can be seen as a credit risk. Too much equity, however, could mean the company is underutilizing its growth opportunities or paying too much for its cost of capital (as equity tends to be more costly than debt). Unfortunately, there is no magic ratio of debt to equity to use as guidance to achieve real-world optimal capital structure. What defines a healthy blend of debt and equity varies depending on the industry the company operates in, its stage of development, and can vary over time due to external changes in interest rates and regulatory environment."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Other Terms Used to Describe Equity?","response":"Other terms that are sometimes used to describe this concept include shareholders\u2019 equity, book value, and net asset value. Depending on the context, the precise meanings of these terms may differ, but generally speaking, they refer to the value of an investment that would be left over after paying off all of the liabilities associated with that investment. This term is also used in real estate investing to refer to the difference between a property\u2019s fair market value and the outstanding value of its mortgage loan."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Monetize Instagram?","response":"You can leverage your engaged fan-following to promote brands in return for a payment from product placement on Instagram posts. It's also possible to generate sales for your own products and services with your posts."}
{"prompts":"What is the definition of a small to midsize business?","response":"There is no set definition of a small to midsize business, and it varies by country. In the United States, the definition can also vary by industry. Note that Gartner, the information technology (IT) consulting service, describes small businesses as those with fewer than 100 employees and midsize businesses as those with 100 to 999 employees."}
{"prompts":"Is Amazon a Conglomerate?","response":"Amazon doesn't describe itself as a conglomerate, and some business journalists and analysts agree: They feel it doesn't fit the traditional model of a sprawling corporate empire, populated by diverse, independently operating acquired companies.In the last decade, Amazon has bought a variety of businesses, some of them fairly far afield from its roots as an online bookseller. Major acquisitions include Whole Foods (groceries), Kiva Systems (robotics), PillPack (pharmacy), Twitch Interactive (video games), and the pending MGM (films\/TV programs).Still, e-commerce and digital property\/activities remain a unifying theme in most of its purchases, and Amazon also works hard to bring newcomers into the fold\u2014you can order Whole Foods deliveries on the Amazon site. Perhaps the way to think of Amazon is as a 21st-century corporate giant or, as The New York Times put it, \"one of these new-economy conglomerates.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Definition of Opportunity Cost?","response":"Opportunity cost refers to the hidden cost associated with not taking an alternative course of action."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Calendar Spread?","response":"A calendar spread is an options trading strategy that involves buying and selling options on the same underlying asset with the same strike price but with different expiration dates. This strategy is also known as a time spread or horizontal spread. The typical setup involves selling a short-term option (front-month) and buying a longer-term option (next expiry period or further out)."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers Judicial Lien Sales?","response":"Judicial lien sales are initiated by court order, often arising from a legal judgment or debt. The court authorizes the sale of property or assets to satisfy the judgment, ensuring that the creditor receives the funds owed."}
{"prompts":"When Should You Exercise Non-Qualified Stock Options?","response":"The best time to exercise a non-qualified stock option is when the share value is higher than the cost of exercising the option, but before the option expires. This should ensure that the stock is more valuable than the cost of buying it."}
{"prompts":"Why Was Taft-Hartley Act Passed?","response":"The Taft-Hartley Act's purpose was to regulate labor unions and restrict what unions can do during periods of national emergency, The act prohibits unions from engaging in several unfair practices."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Tell if an Uptrend is Ending or Simply Undergoing a Pullback?","response":"Double-check to make sure nothing has changed in the fundamental picture of the underlying security. Next, take a look at trend and momentum indicators (e.g., relative strength index or RSI, average directional index or ADX, moving average convergence divergence, or MACD) to see if they're turning lower, potentially signaling a more significant decline is at hand. If either of these conditions is met, take a step back and consider whether the uptrend has hit a significant high and tighten up your stop-loss sell order to minimize potential further losses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Inflationary and Deflationary?","response":"Inflation occurs in an economy when prices of goods and services increase and the purchasing power of people decreases. In deflation, there is a downward movement of the general price level of goods and services."}
{"prompts":"What Are Retained Earnings?","response":"Retained earnings are the portion of the net income or profit that the company has set aside to use in the future. These are earnings that were not paid out as dividends to shareholders. Retained earnings indicate how much the company is saving for future expenses, such as investing in equipment, hiring, paying down debt, or other necessary spending."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Unit Sales and Sales Volume?","response":"Sales volume is defined as the number of units sold during a specific accounting period, such as per month, or per year."}
{"prompts":"How is the Delphi method conducted?","response":"The group facilitator selects a group of experts based on the topic being examined and sends them a questionnaire with instructions to comment on each topic based on their personal opinion, experience, or previous research. The facilitator groups the comments from the returned questionnaires and sends copies to each participant, along with the opportunity to comment further. At the end of this session, the questionnaires are returned to the facilitator, who decides if another round is necessary or if the results are ready for publishing. This process can be repeated multiple times until a general sense of consensus is reached."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Unicorn in Business?","response":"The term unicorn is used in the corporate world to describe a startup company with a valuation of over $1 billion."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Endowments Get Their Money?","response":"The endowment of a university or other nonprofit institution may be made up of many individual donations, each called an endowment. Harvard's total endowment is more than $50 billion. That fund is made up of many individual gifts, each of which comes with its own rules. For example, an individual donor may contribute a sum of money to be used strictly to fund research by the graduate Department of Anthropology.In most cases, the administrators of endowments spend only the investment income on an endowment, not the principal of the gift. That is a common stipulation of many endowments."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Dollar Limit to Keep and Pay?","response":"Every state has its own regulations for what falls within its exemption range. Some states, such as California, use both state and federal guidelines. Be sure to check what kind of guidelines your state has if you're planning to file for bankruptcy and wish to retain assets that would otherwise be nonexempt."}
{"prompts":"Can Equity Risk Premium Be Negative?","response":"Yes, equity risk premium can be negative. This occurs when the returns expected from stock market investments are below the risk-free rate. In this scenario, an investor would earn more from a risk-free asset than they would by investing in the stock market."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt-to-Income Ratio to Buy a Home?","response":"Generally, lenders look for a debt-to-income ratio of between 28% and 36% when qualifying a borrower for a mortgage. Qualified mortgage loans, however, may allow a DTI of up to 43%."}
{"prompts":"What Are Natural Barriers to Entry?","response":"Barriers to entry can also form naturally as the dynamics of an industry take shape. Brand identity and customer loyalty serve as barriers to entry for potential entrants. Certain brands, such as Kleenex and Jell-O, have identities so strong that their brand names are synonymous with the types of products they manufacture. High consumer switching costs are barriers to entry as new entrants face difficulty enticing prospective customers to pay the additional money required to make a change\/switch."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Electronically File Your Taxes?","response":"The simplest way to electronically file your taxes is by using software such as TurboTax or TaxAct, among many others. These services allow you to fill in the information page by page, with instructions and prompts created by the tax software. Once complete, the software allows you to send off your return to the IRS. You can also use certain systems provided by the IRS to file electronically."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Reduce My Tax Liability?","response":"Some ways to reduce your tax liability include contributing to a retirement or health savings account. You can also use credits or other deductions to reduce your taxable income."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Bitcoin Cash Cheaper Than Bitcoin?","response":"Bitcoin Cash as of early June 2023 is trading at a fraction of the price of Bitcoin, but its volume is also much lower because it's not as in demand in the cryptocurrency market.\u00a0Bitcoin Cash has cheaper transfer fees, so making transactions in BCH saves traders more money than using BTC. But in either token's case, it\u2019s important to remember that Bitcoin and Bitcoin Cash only have value because\u00a0people think they do."}
{"prompts":"Is Hyperledger Better Than Ethereum?","response":"Hyperledger provides a scalable, customizable, and permissioned blockchain solution for enterprise use cases with a focus on privacy and confidentiality. Should companies feel they need greater support with open development and innovation, Ethereum may be the more suitable option that offers a more robust platform with a larger developer community."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Principle of Diminishing Marginal Benefits?","response":"The principle of diminishing marginal benefit, also known as the law of diminishing utility, states that the benefits of consuming a good decrease with additional consumption. Although each additional unit represents a net benefit from the consumer, the benefit is lower than the satisfaction received from prior consumption."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Capitalism and Mercantilism?","response":"One difference is the role that the state plays. Capitalism calls for a minimum of government intervention and ownership of capital, trade, and industry by private entities and individuals. Mercantilism involves state control and regulation. Capitalism is said to promote individual freedom. Mercantilism is said to suppress it."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Gross Business Income?","response":"The gross income of a company is calculated as gross revenue\u00a0minus the cost\u00a0of goods sold (COGS). If a company registered $500,000 in product sales and the cost to produce those products was $100,000, then its gross income would be $400,000."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in a Unicorn?","response":"Unicorns are startup companies. So unless you are a private investor or venture capitalist, they don't really accept a lot of moderately-sized investments. However, interested investors should track the growth of these unicorns if they ever decide to become public companies and IPO."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Increase ARPU?","response":"Many companies, notably including the telecoms, try to increase their ARPU by selling their existing customers higher tiers or bundles of services.Others, such as media companies, focus on increasing advertising revenue.Both telecoms and media companies analyze their internal numbers to identify the demographic groups that are of greatest value to them. If Gen X consumers or families with children appear to be their most valuable customers, in terms of their contribution to ARPU, that's the group that the company will target for growth."}
{"prompts":"Who must register with an SEF?","response":"According to the CFTC, \"any person who offers a trading system or platform in which more than one market participant has the ability to execute or trade swaps with more than one other market participant on the system or platform must apply to the Commission to register as a SEF.\""}
{"prompts":"How Is a QDRO Paid Out?","response":"There are number of ways in which retirement plan assets can be paid out. Options include receiving a lump sum, installment payments, or transferring the funds to another retirement account."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Origins of Seigniorage?","response":"The origins of the term seigniorage date back to the days of feudal lords in Europe. Those who were \u201cseigneurs\u201d or lords had the authority to mint coins."}
{"prompts":"What are the advantages of at-the-market (ATM) offerings?","response":"At-the-market (ATM) offerings have several advantages, including minimal market impact. Businesses can raise capital quickly without having to announce the offering. ATM offerings are also typically sold for less than traditional follow-on offerings, and they require minimal management involvement."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Noncurrent Assets?","response":"Noncurrent assets fall under three major categories: tangible assets, intangible assets, and natural resources. Tangible assets are typically physical assets or property owned by a company, such as real estate and equipment. Intangible assets are goods that have no physical presence, like patents. Natural resources are assets that come from the earth, such as fossil fuels and timber."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Liquidity Premium a Good Thing?","response":"A high liquidity premium means something cannot be easily sold for cash. The higher premium means it should offer a greater long-term return. However, in some cases, giving up flexibility may not be worth it. Finding the right balance between yield and liquidity is key."}
{"prompts":"How Do Restricted Stock Units Work?","response":"Restricted stock units are a type of compensation in which an employee receives shares of stock that are paid out over a period of years.Restricted stock units fluctuate in value over time. From a company\u2019s perspective, restricted stock units can help employee retention by incentivizing employees to stay with the company long-term. For employees, restricted stock units are a stake in a company\u2019s success and occasionally produce very substantial income."}
{"prompts":"Should You Get a Policy With Cash Value?","response":"It depends on your individual financial situation. If you have maxed out contributions to your retirement account, have a cash nest egg saved for emergencies, and you can afford the monthly premiums on a permanent life insurance policy with a cash value benefit, it may be a good choice. However, if you cannot afford a lifetime of high premiums and you are struggling to save for retirement, these accounts are not recommended as a tool for investment."}
{"prompts":"Can Creditors Pursue the Property to Collect Debts From One Joint Tenant?","response":"Yes, if one joint tenant has personal debts or judgments, creditors may seek to place a lien on the property or force the sale of the property to collect the owed amount. The creditor's action could affect the other joint tenants and the property's status as a joint tenancy."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Say in an Elevator Pitch?","response":"The material you include in your pitch depends on context: what are you pitching, and what do you hope to achieve? If you're promoting yourself as a job candidate, your pitch would include your background, accomplishments, and the value you bring to the organization. If you're pitching a product or service, you'd mention your company's background, what your product or service offers, and how it's different from other offers on the market. Don't forget to close your pitch with a call to action."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Typical Contract Provisions?","response":"While all contracts will vary depending on the particular circumstance around what the contract is for and who is involved, nearly all will have at least some of the following basic provisions:payment terms and scheduleobligations of the partiesrepresentations and warrantiesliability issues, disputes, and remediesconfidentialitytermination of the contract"}
{"prompts":"Is Factoring a Good Investment?","response":"Determining whether \"factoring\" is a good investment for a company will depend on many factors, particularly the company specifics, such as the type of business and its financial condition. Generally, factoring is a good investment choice for a business, as it increases liquidity, increases competitiveness, improves cash flow, is efficient, removes the need for good credit, and reduces the reliance on traditional debt."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Transactions Are Recorded in an Official Settlement Account?","response":"OSAs record a wide range of international transactions, including imports and exports, foreign debt payments, foreign exchange market interventions, and investments in foreign assets. Note that any given OSA may include any single specific type of transaction above."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Industry and a Business?","response":"An industry is a broad classification that encompasses multiple businesses. A single business can operate in any industry. When a collection of individual businesses operate in a similar manner and produce similar output, they may be grouped together and classified within the same industry."}
{"prompts":"How Does Bitcoin Make Money?","response":"Miners on the Bitcoin network can be rewarded by successfully opening blocks. Bitcoins are exchangeable for fiat currency via cryptocurrency exchanges. Investors and speculators can make money from trading bitcoins."}
{"prompts":"Who Has the Rulemaking Authority for UDAAPs?","response":"The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was established following the 2007-2008 financial crisis. Its goal is to protect consumers and boost confidence in the financial system. The act charged the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau with coming up with the rules surrounding UDAAPs. The CFPB and the Federal Trade Commission both enforce the regulations set forth."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Heritage Fund?","response":"A heritage fund is a financial instrument designed by a government or other entity intending to use the funds for specific purposes. There are various uses for heritage funds, some of which include improving or maintaining historical areas and property and providing educational assistance for or supporting the efforts of specific groups of people."}
{"prompts":"Is It Risky to Trade Stocks on Margin?","response":"It is certainly riskier to trade stocks with margin than without it. This is because trading stocks on margin is trading with borrowed money. Leveraged trades are riskier than unleveraged ones. The biggest risk with margin trading is that investors can lose more than they have invested."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Residual Sum of Squares and Total Sum of Squares?","response":"The total sum of squares (TSS) measures how much variation there is in the observed data, while the residual sum of squares measures the variation in the error between the observed data and modeled values. In statistics, the values for the residual sum of squares and the total sum of squares (TSS) are oftentimes compared to each other."}
{"prompts":"Can I Roll Loan Origination Fees into My Mortgage?","response":"In some cases, borrowers can include loan origination fees in the mortgage amount. This means the fees will be spread out over the life of the loan, but it also increases the total loan amount and the overall interest paid over time. It's essential to discuss this option with the lender and understand the implications before proceeding."}
{"prompts":"Is Hyperledger a Cryptocurrency?","response":"Hyperledger isn't a cryptocurrency, though. The Linux Foundation is hosting a collaborative open-source project with the goal of creating enterprise-grade blockchain frameworks and tools. Hyperledger does not entail the development or use of a cryptocurrency and instead focuses on creating private, permissioned blockchain networks for corporate purposes."}
{"prompts":"Does Magic Formula Investing Work?","response":"The magic formula can no longer boast returns of a 30% compound annual growth rate, but some studies nonetheless show favorable results. A backtest of market performance between 2003 and 2015 found that the magic formula strategy had annualized returns of 11.4%, compared with 8.7% from the S&P500. \"This is clearly an outperformance of the benchmark,\" wrote the author of the backtest, \"but by nowhere near as much as the\u00a0Little Book\u00a0claims.\""}
{"prompts":"What Does Gross National Product Measure?","response":"Gross national product is one metric for measuring a nation\u2019s economic output. Gross national product is the value of all products and services produced by the citizens of a country both domestically, and internationally minus income earned by foreign residents. For instance, if a country had production facilities in a neighboring country and its home country, gross national product would account for both of these production outputs."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Invest in Blue Chip Stocks?","response":"An investor can buy blue chip stocks individually, or by buying mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in them. In some cases, funds and ETFs will hold a variety of stocks and asset classes, including blue chips. In other cases, the funds or ETFs might be focused exclusively on blue chips, such as an ETF that tracks the Dow Jones Industrial Average (which comprises 30 of the largest blue chip stocks)."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Good Negotiator?","response":"Some of the key skills of a good negotiator are the ability to listen, to think under pressure, to clearly articulate their point of view, and to be willing to compromise, within reason."}
{"prompts":"Is Diversification a Good Strategy?","response":"For investors seeking to minimize risk, diversification is a strong strategy. That said, diversification may minimize returns, as the goal of diversification is to reduce the risk within a portfolio. By reducing risk, an investor is willing to take less profit in exchange for the preservation of capital."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Becoming an IAR?","response":"Becoming an IAR legitimizes your status and knowledge as a financial advisor. IARs are recognized by regulatory bodies and often require passing specific tests to provide proficiency."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered Accidental Death for Insurance Purposes?","response":"Insurance companies consider accidental death to be an event that causes your death as the result of an accident. For example, most car crashes, falls down the stairs, machinery, choking, and even drowning are circumstances beyond your control, and thus counted as accidental.  "}
{"prompts":"What Does Non-Fixed VoIP Mean?","response":"Non-fixed VoIP refers to a Voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) phone number that is not attached to a physical address. While VoIP phone numbers can sometimes be fixed to a residence or company office, non-fixed VoIP numbers are not associated with any geographical location. This is convenient for call centers and remote workers, but can also be used by scammers pretending to be their victims' neighbors."}
{"prompts":"Does Mark Zuckerberg Make $1 a Year?","response":"Technically, Mark Zuckerberg makes a salary of $1 a year at Facebook. His wealth, however, is tied up in the shares of Meta (formerly Facebook), of which he is the largest shareholder, making him one of the richest men in the world."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should I Offer on a Real Estate Owned Property?","response":"How much buyers should offer on a real estate owned property varies. Lenders are often highly motivated to sell REO properties, which means they often come at a bigger discount compared to properties being sold by an owner. If you still feel that you're not getting the best price, look at the market value of the property and other comparable homes in the area and make your offer."}
{"prompts":"How much do transfer agents make?","response":"According to Glassdoor, the average total pay of a transfer agent in the U.S. is $52,854 per year. That\u2019s based on an average salary of $41,323 and additional payments, such as bonuses and commissions, of $11,531. The range is quite wide, though. The highest-paid transfer agent could make up to about $89,000."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Spread in a Forex?","response":"The forex spread is the bid price subtracted from the ask price of a currency pair. For example, if EUR\/USD has an ask price of 1.1053 and a bid price of 1.1051, then the spread is 0.0002 or 2 pips.To calculate the cost of the forex spread, you need to multiply the spread by the trade size or volume. For example, if you trade 100,000 units of EUR\/USD with a 2-pip spread, then the cost of the spread is $20.00 = (0.0002 x 100,000)."}
{"prompts":"Can You Pay Yourself With Grant Money?","response":"This really depends on the grantor's terms for the use of the grant, but it is possible if those terms allow it."}
{"prompts":"Can a Country Have Multiple Official Settlement Accounts in Different Currencies?","response":"Yes, some countries may maintain multiple OSAs in different currencies, especially if they have significant international trade relationships with multiple countries. In addition, governments may have an OSA for each specific type of transaction such as a debt payment account or exchange account."}
{"prompts":"What's the Risk of a Naked Short Call?","response":"A naked short call refers to a situation where traders sell call options but don't already own the underlying securities that they would be obligated to deliver if the buyer exercises the calls. So, the risk is that the market price for the security goes up above the option strike price, the buyer exercises the option, and traders must enter the market to buy the securities for a price way above what they'll receive for them (the strike price)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of an Auditor in a Whitewash Resolution?","response":"The auditor is brought into a whitewash resolution to ensure that the target firm will be able to remain solvent after it provides the acquirer with financing and before its shares are all purchased by the buyer."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Riskier: A Straddle or a Strangle?","response":"Straddles and strangles are similar, except that a straddle involves a call and put at the same strike price and strangle at different strike prices. Because of this, there is greater risk\/reward associated with a straddle, while a strangle is a less-risky strategy. The risk\/reward for a strangle decreases as the distance between the two strikes grows larger."}
{"prompts":"Does HUD Make Loans?","response":"HUD does not offer home loans directly. Instead, the Department of Housing and Urban Development works with a network of approved partner lenders to help homebuyers get the financing they need to purchase homes."}
{"prompts":"What's the Purpose of an Audit?","response":"Audits are generally meant to ensure that businesses and individuals are being honest and accurate about their financial positions. But, the purpose of an audit depends entirely on the type of review in question.For instance, corporations are routinely audited to ensure they are compliant and are following accounting standards. Audits also ensure that businesses are representing their financial well-being accurately.Tax agencies conduct routine audits at random or may do so if someone's tax return is flagged. Things that may trigger an audit include specific tax credits and deductions, or certain types of income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Energy Sector and the Utility Sector?","response":"The energy sector primarily consists of companies that play a role in extracting, refining, or producing sources of energy. Utility companies, on the other hand, focus on providing their customers with electricity, water, and other public utilities. Both of these sectors offer customers electricity in some way. However, their roles are different, with the components of the energy sector responsible for providing the energy that utility companies then sell to the public."}
{"prompts":"What Is the U.S. Employment Situation Report?","response":"The U.S. Employment Situation Report, or simply the employment, or jobs report, is a report released by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics on the first Friday of every month. The report is based on surveys of households and employers. It estimates the number of people on payroll in U.S. companies, the average number of hours worked every week, the average hourly earnings, and the unemployment rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Vendor?","response":"A vendor is an entity that sells something. It can sell services, products, or a combination of the two to businesses and consumers."}
{"prompts":"Do NSF Fees Affect Your Credit?","response":"NSF fees don't affect a customer's credit or credit score directly because banks do not report the transactions to credit bureaus such as Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian.However, a bounced check can make delay a credit card or loan payment which may affect a customer's credit score."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank?","response":"The International Monetary Fund is primarily focused on the stability of the global monetary system and monitoring the currencies of the world. The aim of the World Bank is to reduce poverty across the world and strengthen the low- to middle-class populations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Simple Moving Average and an Exponential Moving Average?","response":"While a simple moving average gives equal weight to each of the values within a time period, an exponential moving average places greater weight on recent prices. Exponential moving averages are typically seen as a more timely indicator of a price trend, and because of this, many traders prefer using this over a simple moving average. Common short-term exponential moving averages include the 12-day and 26-day. The 50-day and 200-day exponential moving averages are used to indicate long-term trends."}
{"prompts":"What Does Behavioral Finance Tell Us?","response":"Behavioral finance helps us understand how financial decisions around things like investments, payments, risk, and personal debt, are greatly influenced by human emotion, biases, and cognitive limitations of the mind in processing and responding to information."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fiat Money?","response":"Fiat money is government-issued money that isn't backed by a physical commodity such as gold or silver. Instead, it is backed by the government that issued it."}
{"prompts":"Who Investigates Securities Fraud?","response":"Allegations of securities fraud are investigated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and\u00a0Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), often in concert with the FBI.State authorities can also investigate investment scams. In a unique attempt to protect its citizens, the state of Utah established the nation\u2019s first online registry for white-collar criminals where photos of individuals who are convicted of a fraud-related felony rated as second-degree or higher are featured on the registry."}
{"prompts":"Is It Dangerous To Have a Margin Account?","response":"A margin account involves more risk than a cash account, where you buy shares of stock with your own money. A margin account is dangerous if you borrow too much and the market turns against you, resulting in losses. If you are unable to meet a margin call requiring you to add additional money to the account, your broker may sell any securities in your account to meet the call."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Responsibilities of an Accountant?","response":"Accountants help businesses maintain accurate and timely records of their finances. Accountants are responsible for maintaining records of a company\u2019s daily transactions and compiling those transactions into financial statements such as the balance sheet, income statement, and statement of cash flows. Accountants also provide other services, such as performing periodic audits or preparing ad-hoc management reports."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Hostile Takeover Done?","response":"The ways to take over another company include the tender offer, the proxy fight, and purchasing stock on the open market. A tender offer requires a majority of the shareholders to accept. A proxy fight aims to replace a good portion of the target's uncooperative board members. An acquirer may also choose to simply buy enough company stock in the open market to take control."}
{"prompts":"How Does a UCC Lien Work?","response":"A UCC lien, also known as a UCC filing, is a form that a creditor files to provide notice that they have an interest in the property of a debtor, whether that property is personal or business. The overall purpose of a UCC lien is to allow a creditor to claim collateral on financing with a debtor. The creditor will have the right to the property if the debt is not repaid."}
{"prompts":"Who Buys Repurchase Agreements?","response":"The sellers of repo agreements can be banks, hedge funds, insurance companies, money market mutual funds, and any other entity in need of a short-term infusion of cash. On the other side of the trade, the buyers are commercial banks, central banks, asset managers with temporary cash surpluses, and so on."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for Head of Household?","response":"In the 2022 tax year, the portion of income not subject to tax for heads of households is $19,400. In the 2023 tax year, that threshold increases to $20,800."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Bond?","response":"To illustrate, consider the case of XYZ Corporation. XYZ wishes to borrow $1 million to finance the construction of a new factory but is unable to obtain this financing from a bank. Instead, XYZ decides to raise the money by selling $1 million worth of bonds to investors. Under the terms of the bond, XYZ promises to pay its bondholders 5% interest per year for five years, with interest paid semiannually. Each of the bonds has a face value of $1,000, meaning XYZ is selling a total of 1,000 bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cash Value Added?","response":"Cash value added (CVA) measures a firm's profitability once the required return to investors has been met. Cash value added is a variation of the\u00a0economic value added\u00a0(EVA) metric."}
{"prompts":"Is a drawing account an asset?","response":"The drawing account represents a reduction of the business\u2019 assets, as the assets in question are withdrawn and transferred to the owner for personal use."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Payables?","response":"A payable is created any time money is owed by a firm for services rendered or products provided that has not yet been paid for by the firm. This can be from a purchase from a vendor on credit, or a subscription or installment payment that is due after goods or services have been received."}
{"prompts":"Can I Become An IAR Without Taking Series 65?","response":"Yes, but you will instead need to take the Series 7 and Series 66 exams."}
{"prompts":"Are Capital Assets Better Than Ordinary Assets?","response":"Capital assets are used differently than ordinary assets. If a company wants to secure for financial security in the future, it might be better pursuing capital assets as these items tend to have rigid, stable, and scalable economic value. On the other hand, a company needs ordinary assets to operate. Without cash, inventory, or other items that turn over during the normal cycle of business, the company couldn't operate. Therefore, it's not to say that one is better than the other - the two types of assets simply have different purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Depression vs. a Recession?","response":"You might view a depression as a recession that is extreme in its effects and its duration. A recession is a relatively brief downturn in economic activity. It is seen as an intrinsic stage of the economic cycle.These are the generally accepted definitions of the two:A recession is a decrease in gross domestic product (GDP) that lasts for at least two quarters. It is a slowdown in economic activity.A depression is a severe drop in GDP that lasts for a year or more. It is characterized by massive job losses, widespread bankruptcies, and steeply declining prices for goods and services."}
{"prompts":"What Are Best Practices in Customer Service?","response":"Good customer service starts with good employees. Ensure you are hiring the best people and incentivizing them to join your firm and stay. This can be done through good pay and benefits as well as the overall corporate environment.Manage customer expectations. Telling a customer that everything will be taken care of is easy, but this isn't always the case. Being upfront and honest with a customer will always keep them grounded and prevent them from being disappointed.With customer service, first impressions count. Make sure the first impression is perfect. This sets the tone for future engagement and shapes customers' opinions of the service they're receiving. Collect as much data as you can to help them and also personalize the experience."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Soft Peg?","response":"A soft peg is an exchange rate policy where a government allows the exchange rate to be set by the market, but in some cases, especially if the exchange rate appears to move rapidly in one direction, the central bank will intervene in the market."}
{"prompts":"What Are Pink Sheets?","response":"Pink sheets is a term that was used to describe stocks traded over the counter. As such, these stocks don't trade on an exchange. The OTC market is decentralized and companies are not required to meet listing requirements. These companies are often small and\/or up-and-coming companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 5\/1 ARM Loan?","response":"The 5\/1 adjustable-rate mortgage has a five-year period with a fixed interest rate that resets or adjusts annually thereafter. The \"five\" represents the fixed-rate period, while the \"one\" represents how often the rate will reset each year following the end of the fixed-rate period\u2014once per year."}
{"prompts":"What is not covered in fire insurance?","response":"A fire insurance policy will not cover losses related to fires set deliberately. Fire insurance also only covers losses related to a fire, so if your property suffers loss or damage from another cause, it would not be covered."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a Chartered Accountant?","response":"The requirements to become a chartered accountant depend on the country where you live. But in most cases, you must have at least an undergraduate degree in a related field, such as accounting or finance, and you must complete special coursework to get your designation or certification. Work experience also helps, so if you have the opportunity to do an internship, don't pass up the chance."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Interest Rates on Government Bonds Usually Lower than Other Bonds?","response":"Bonds issued by the federal government are considered to be essentially riskless. In the U.S., the federal government has never defaulted on its debt, and the government could theoretically create more money or raise taxes in order to pay for the interest on existing debts to avoid default. Therefore, Treasuries carry what is known as the risk-free rate of return. Corporate and other bonds must carry higher yields to compensate investors for the additional credit risk that are inherent to them."}
{"prompts":"Is the European Union Following the Golden Rule of Government Spending Now?","response":"In May 2022, the European Commission announced that it was proposing to extend its suspension of borrowing limits through 2023. Key goals were funding the transition to a digitized green economy not dependent on Russian gas and recovering from the pandemic."}
{"prompts":"Why do governments keep exchange rates low?","response":"Conversely, governments may seek to keep their exchange rates low to increase the competitiveness of exports.In the 1980s, following years of complaints from U.S. companies about competition from cheap Japanese imports, the U.S. government convinced Japan to allow its currency to appreciate as part of the Plaza Accord. The currency\u2019s value climbed from 250 yen to one U.S. dollar in early 1985 to less than 130 yen by 1990. The U.S. trade deficit with Japan fell from $55 billion in 1986 to $41 billion in 1990."}
{"prompts":"Does Distributable Net Income Include Capital Gains?","response":"Distributable net income excludes capital gains and losses. It is removed from the taxable income figure for the purposes of calculating DNI."}
{"prompts":"How Is Unemployment Calculated?","response":"In the United States, the unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed people who are actively looking for work by the total number of people who are employed or actively seeking employment. This does not include unemployed people who are unable to work or have given up seeking employment."}
{"prompts":"How Are Non-Qualified Stock Options Taxed?","response":"When you exercise non-qualified stock options, you must pay taxes on the difference between the market price and the exercise price. This is called the compensation element, and it will be reported on your W-2 as income. When you sell the stock, you must also report the capital gain (or loss) between the original market price and the sales price. This will be reported on Schedule D, Capital Gains or Losses. If you sell after less than a year, it is considered a short-term capital gain and taxed at your ordinary income level. If you sell after a year or longer, you will pay a long-term capital gains tax at a lower rate in the year of the actual sale."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Sterling Overnight Interbank Average Rate?","response":"The Sterling Overnight Interbank Average rate is a benchmark interest rate used in the United Kingdom. The rate, which is managed, calculated, and published by the Bank of England, is the overnight interest rate that banks and other financial institutions pay for unsecured transactions in the British sterling market. Transactions must meet certain criteria to qualify. Among them, transactions must be executed between a certain time frame (12 a.m. and 6 p.m.) and must be worth at least \u00a325 million."}
{"prompts":"How Does Off-Balance Sheet Financing Work?","response":"Off-balance sheet financing is an accounting strategy that companies use to move certain assets, liabilities, or transactions away from their balance sheets. They may do this to attract more investors or when they have a lot of debt but need to borrow more capital to fund their operations. Companies with higher debt do this to get better financing rates. They may move these transactions to other entities, like a subsidiary or a special purpose vehicle with its own balance sheet, or to a partner in a joint venture. These transactions appear on other financial records. Although it sounds illegal, it isn't, as long as companies are transparent and follow accounting standards."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Technical Indicator?","response":"A technical indicator is a signal that traders use in technical analysis. It relies on key asset data\u2014namely, historical prices and trading volume. They are commonly used to analyze short-term movements and are also useful for long-term traders who want to identify entry and exit points. There are thousands of technical indicators, which generally fall into two categories: overlays and oscillators. Examples include the Fisher Transform Indicator, moving averages, the relative strength index, and the moving average convergence\/divergence."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World's Largest Equity Fund?","response":"As of the second quarter of 2024, the largest equity fund (also the largest mutual fund) is the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund Admiral Shares (VTSAX). This mutual fund tracks the performance of the entire U.S. stock market, providing investors with broad exposure to large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap stocks. As of April 2024, the fund held more than $1.5 trillion in assets under management."}
{"prompts":"Can Opinions Be Libel?","response":"No. Statements of opinion (e.g., \"I think that...\") are protected speech and cannot be prosecuted as libel (unlike a statement of fact)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Haircut for Risk?","response":"A haircut in finance is directly tied to risk. A lender does not want to issue a loan for the true value of collateral because if the value of the assets decrease, the lender will be at-risk to not recover the net value of their issued debt.To mitigate risk, a lender will implement a haircut on the value of the collateral. By having the true value of the collateral be higher than what the loan is actually issued for, the lender can build in risk mitigation to ensure full recoverability."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Improve Your Accounts Payable Turnover Ratio?","response":"To improve your accounts payable turnover ratio you can improve your cash flow, renegotiate terms with your supplier, pay bills before they're due, and use automated payment solutions."}
{"prompts":"How often are mortality tables updated?","response":"The IRS updates its actuarial tables every 10 years. The current table, based on 2010 data, became effective in May 2023. However, NAIC and SAC update their tables less frequently, most recently transitioning from 2001 to 2017 CSO tables for all new products sold."}
{"prompts":"Is Kuwait\u2019s Currency More Valuable Than the U.S. Dollar?","response":"Yes, Kuwait's currency is more valuable than the U.S. dollar because the demand for the KWD is high due to Kuwait being a large producer of oil. That being said, the U.S. dollar is the world's reserve currency and is accepted more widely."}
{"prompts":"Which Is More Important? The Discount Rate or Fed Funds Rate?","response":"The federal funds rate is usually considered the more important figure in terms of its overall impact on the economy. Many other interest rates, from mortgages and personal loans to bonds and interest-bearing derivatives are set based on the fed funds rate.The discount rate is used less frequently and has a more limited impact on overall lending and borrowing in the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the FICA Tax?","response":"Short for Federal Insurance Contributions Act\u00a0taxes, the FICA tax is a duty imposed on wages and earnings. Constituting 7.65% of the employee's gross pay, it actually consists of two separate taxes: Social Security (6.2%) and Medicare (1.45%). The employee and the employer each contribute half of the FICA tax, which is taken out of every paycheck."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Buy an Option?","response":"Essentially, a stock option allows an investor to bet on the rise or fall of a given stock by a specific date in the future. Often, large corporations will purchase stock options to hedge risk exposure to a given security. On the other hand, options also allow investors to speculate on the price of a stock, typically elevating their risk."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between the S&P 500 and Dow 30?","response":"Both the Dow 30 and S&P 500 are indexes tasked with tracking the performance of U.S. companies. They are among the two most watched indexes in the world but differ considerably in nature. Key differences include size (the Dow 30 tracks 30 stocks, whereas the S&P 500 tracks 500 of them) and methodology: The Dow 30 is price-weighted, uses a divisor, and is chosen by a committee, whereas the S&P 500 is market-cap weighted, tweaked according to a formula, and expressed versus a base year."}
{"prompts":"How Does Financial Inclusion Benefit the Economy?","response":"Financial inclusion contributes to economic growth by stimulating entrepreneurship, increasing savings, and expanding investment opportunities. It boosts consumer spending and business development, leading to job creation and improved productivity. A financially inclusive economy also attracts more foreign investment and helps achieve sustainable development goals."}
{"prompts":"What Do I Pay When I Need Euros for a Trip?","response":"You pay the spot price (as well as related fees, potentially). It's the price available at the time you get that currency from a forex dealer in your town or order it through your bank. The spot price changes all the time because currency exchange rates constantly change."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Costs Should Be Considered in Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)?","response":"The components of TCO depend on the item but should always include the initial purchase price, costs associated with operating the item, ongoing maintenance, training needed, and how long the item is expected to last before replacement is needed."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Contribute to an IRA?","response":"For 2022, you can contribute up to $6,000 to your Roth and traditional IRAs. If you\u2019re age 50 or older, you can make an additional $1,000 catch-up contribution, bringing the annual contribution limit to $7,000. For 2023, the limit increases to $6,500, or $7,500 if you\u2019re age 50 or older.Note that the limit is the combined total for all of your IRAs. So, for example, if you contribute $4,000 to a traditional IRA, the most that you could contribute to a Roth during the same tax year (2022 in this example) would be $2,000.Roth IRAs have an extra restriction: Whether you're allowed to contribute the full amount\u2014or anything at all\u2014depends on your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) and filing status. For example, if you\u2019re married and file jointly, you can\u2019t contribute to a Roth IRA if your MAGI is $214,000 or more for the 2022 tax year ($228,000 or more for 2023)."}
{"prompts":"Can I Close a Dormant Account?","response":"You can close a dormant account, and you should do so. Otherwise, the money will slowly get eaten away by fees, including dormant account fees.To do this, contact the financial institution and ask it to transfer the remaining balance in the account to another current account."}
{"prompts":"How Does Cash on Delivery Work?","response":"Buyers place an order, for example, on a website and request delivery. The customer does not make payment while ordering the item and chooses cash on delivery as a payment method. Once the order is placed, an invoice is prepared by the seller, which is attached to the parcel.The parcel is shipped from the seller to the address provided by the customer. The customer pays the deliverer or shipper using cash or card. The COD amount is then deposited into the account of the logistics partner or shipper. The logistics company remits the amount to the seller\u2019s account after deducting the handling charges."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Market Breadth?","response":"Market breadth looks at the breadth of the market. It seeks to determine the strength of moves in an index, generally by examining the number of stocks that are rising relative to\u00a0those that are declining."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Cause of Frictional Unemployment?","response":"Frictional unemployment is mainly caused by voluntary conversions to new jobs within a highly functioning economy. Frictional unemployment is often caused by people willingly step aside from their job to seek jobs with better pay, opportunity, or work-life balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a PO and an IPO?","response":"An IPO is an initial public offering; when a company sells shares publicly for the first time. A PO is a public offering; when a company sells shares publicly again after its IPO. A company can only have one IPO but many POs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Positive Pay File?","response":"A positive pay file is a complete list of checks that a company or other entity writes against its accounts during a certain period of time. This list is provided to the company's bank when they are enrolled in the positive pay program to prevent and eliminate check fraud."}
{"prompts":"How Much in the Way of Sales Has M-Commerce Generated?","response":"Mobile commerce sales in the United States were an estimated $431 billion in 2022, according to the market research company Statista."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Customer Relationship Management?","response":"CRM can come in many forms, from tracking customers' purchasing behavior to fielding complaints and returns. One example of CRM might be sending out a tailored thank you note to customers after making a key purchase, both to improve their experience with the company but also in an attempt for a cross-sale or to upsell them in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Does Degrees of Freedom Tell You?","response":"Degrees of freedom tell you how many units within a set can be selected without constraints to still abide by a given rule overseeing the set. For example, consider a set of five items that add to an average value of 20. Degrees of freedom tell you how many of the items (4) can be randomly selected before constraints must be put in place. In this example, once the first four items are picked, you no longer have the liberty to randomly select a data point because you must \"force balance\" to the given average."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of EBITDA Margin?","response":"The EBITDA margin excludes debt in its calculation of a company's performance. Some companies highlight their EBITDA margins as a way to draw attention away from their debt and enhance the perception of their financial performance. The EBITDA margin is usually higher than profit margin, which encourages companies with low profitability to feature it when emphasizing their success. Also, EBITDA isn't regulated by GAAP."}
{"prompts":"What is the cost of a debt issuance?","response":"Aside from fees paid to the underwriters who help a firm issue debt, the direct cost to the company is the coupon, or interest rate, on the bond. This represents the amount of cash that must be paid to bondholders on a regular basis until the bond matures. If this coupon rate (the bond's yield) is higher, the cost to the issuer will also be higher."}
{"prompts":"What Should the Different CDO Tranches Tell an Investor?","response":"The tranches of a CDO reflect their risk profiles. For example, senior debt would have a higher credit rating than mezzanine and junior debt. If the loan defaults, the senior bondholders get paid first from the collateralized pool of assets, followed by bondholders in the other tranches according to their credit ratings with the lowest-rated credit paid last. The senior tranches are generally safest because they have the first claim on the collateral.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Bitcoin 200-Day Moving Average?","response":"The 200-day moving average is a gauge of an asset's long-term performance. For Bitcoin it measures a 200-day moving average price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Human Capital and the Economy?","response":"Human capital allows an economy to grow. When human capital increases in areas such as science, education, and management, it leads to increases in innovation, social well-being, equality, increased productivity, improved rates of participation, all of which contribute to economic growth. Increases in economic growth tend to improve the quality of life for a population."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Nation Benefit From Being a Tax Haven?","response":"The tax havens benefit when their financial institutions bring in a vast amount of money. That money is then invested for profit.Plus, even the very low fees charged for offshore accounts add up nicely. According to a study by the Internal Revenue Service, U.S. households hold about $4 trillion in overseas accounts, about half of it in countries normally considered tax havens."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Write a Financial Plan?","response":"You can write a financial plan yourself or enlist the help of a professional financial planner. The first step is to calculate your net worth and identify your spending habits. Once this has been documented, you need to consider longer-term objectives and decide on the ways to achieve them."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Bootstrapping?","response":"Bootstrapping earned its term in the 1800s based on the phrase pull oneself up by one's bootstraps (or other slight variations). The saying was a reference to doing difficult things by tugging on the ankle straps of high-top boots. The phrase has continued to be used to reference any undertaking that may require extra effort because it is difficult."}
{"prompts":"Are Cash-on-Cash Return and ROI Identical?","response":"Though they are often used interchangeably, cash-on-cash return and ROI (return on investment) are not the same when debt is used in a real estate transaction. Most commercial properties involve debt and the actual cash return on the investment differs from the standard return on investment (ROI). ROI calculates the total return, including the debt burden, on an investment. Cash-on-cash return, on the other hand, only measures the return on the actual cash invested, providing a more accurate analysis of the investment's performance."}
{"prompts":"What Products Can Be Traded on Bloomberg\u2019s Multilateral Trading Facility?","response":"Bloomberg's Multilateral Trading Facility, or BMTF, can be used to trade bonds, repos, credit default swaps, interest rate swaps, exchange-traded funds, equity derivatives, and foreign exchange derivatives."}
{"prompts":"What Is Digital Money?","response":"Digital money (or digital currency) refers to any means of payment that exists purely in electronic form. Digital money does not have a physical and tangible form, such as a dollar bill or a coin, and is accounted for and transferred using online systems.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Was the FCC Created?","response":"The Federal Communications Commission was established in order to regulate interstate and international wire and radio communications. This mandate was expanded to include satellite, television, wireless, and broadband communications. The FCC governs in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and every U.S. territory."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Preferred Stock?","response":"Consider a company is issuing a 7% preferred stock at a $1,000 par value. In turn, the investor would receive a $70 annual dividend, or $17.50 quarterly. Typically, this preferred stock will trade around its par value, behaving more similarly to a bond. Investors who are looking to generate income may choose to invest in this security. The most common sector that issues preferred stock is the financial sector, where preferred stock may be issued as a means to raise capital."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Trade on Margin?","response":"Trading on margin means borrowing money from a brokerage firm in order to carry out trades. When trading on margin, investors first deposit cash that serves as collateral for the loan and then pay ongoing interest payments on the money they borrow. This loan increases the buying power of investors, allowing them to buy a larger quantity of securities. The securities purchased automatically serve as collateral for the margin loan."}
{"prompts":"Who benefits from hiring a property manager?","response":"Any property manager who doesn\u2019t want to deal with the day-to-day management of property can potentially benefit from property management. This can include a residential property owner who doesn\u2019t want the headaches of dealing with tenants, or commercial property owners who prefer others to source and manage tenants, leases, and maintenance."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Gross Over?","response":"Gross overs refers to the total amount earned before taxes are taken off."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Money Order Good For?","response":"Money orders don't expire, but depending on the state and issuer, they may incur additional service charges if you cash them more than a year after they were issued. These terms will be described on the back of your money order. However, domestic money orders from the U.S. Postal Service will never expire or lose value."}
{"prompts":"Does a Duplex Count as Owner-Occupied?","response":"As long as you intend to live in part of the duplex as your primary residence, a duplex counts as an owner-occupied property."}
{"prompts":"How Is a 401(k) Plan Different From an IRA?","response":"Both 401(k) plans and IRAs provide tax advantages to employees investing for their retirement. But a 401(k) plan is only available through an employer. Contributions are automatically deducted from the employee\u2019s paycheck. Some companies match part of employee contributions. Also, 401(k) plans have higher contribution limits.An IRA can be set up by anyone who has earned income, regardless of whether they have a 401(k) plan at work. Most 401(k) plans offer a limited choice of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). An IRA can offer a wider range of funds, stocks, and other securities."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Check My Bank Statement?","response":"No one can check your bank statement without your permission. Unless you give out your account number, banks do not release information regarding your bank statement to unknown third parties without your consent."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Price Ceiling?","response":"Governments typically calculate price ceilings that attempt to match the supply and demand curve for the product or service in question at an economic equilibrium point. In other words, they try to impose control within the boundaries of what the natural market will bear. However, over time, the price ceiling itself can impact the supply and demand of the product or service. In such cases, the calculated price ceiling may result in shortages or reduced quality."}
{"prompts":"What Are Capital Gain Taxes?","response":"Capital gain taxes are taxes imposed on the profit of the sale of an asset. The capital gains tax rate will vary by taxpayer based on the holding period of the asset, the taxpayer's income level, and the nature of the asset that was sold."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Credit Does the Fair Credit Billing Act Not Cover?","response":"The Fair Credit Billing Act applies only to open-end credit, the kind that a consumer can borrow from repeatedly. Examples include credit cards, charge cards, and home equity lines of credit. It does not apply to closed-end credit, such as auto loans, mortgages, and home equity loans. Consumers who wish to dispute a charge involving closed-end credit are covered by other laws. For example, the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) governs disputes between borrowers and their mortgage companies or loan servicers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Phillips Curve?","response":"This supposed inverse relationship between unemployment levels and inflation was first described by New-Zealand\u2013born economist William Phillips in 1958."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gross Profit Margin?","response":"Gross profit margin is a financial metric that indicates how efficient a business is at managing its operations. It is shown as a ratio that indicates amount of a company's revenue after substracting the costs of goods sold, which include labor and materials."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for GDP?","response":"The formula for gross domestic product (GDP) is GDP = C+ I + G + NX, where C = consumption, I = business investment, G = government spending, and NX = net exports."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Digital Money and Cryptocurrency?","response":"Cryptocurrency is a form of digital money that is built on blockchain networks that rely on cryptography. There are other forms of digital money aside from cryptocurrency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Assumptions About These Games?","response":"Like many economic models, game theory contains a set of strict assumptions that must hold for the theory to make good predictions in practice. First, all players are utility-maximizing rational actors that have full information about the game, the rules, and the consequences. Players are not allowed to communicate or interact with one another. Possible outcomes are not only known in advance but also cannot be changed. The number of players in a game can theoretically be infinite, but most games will be put into the context of only two players."}
{"prompts":"How Many Stocks Are in the Hang Seng Index?","response":"As of December 2023, the HSI was composed of 82 of the largest (by market cap) stocks traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. The exchange, for reference, lists the stocks of around 2,600 companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is Internet Marketing?","response":"Technically, internet marketing is marketing that takes place solely on the internet. As such, it is a subset of digital marketing, which can use many different kinds of digital platforms, including the internet, to reach its desired audience."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Sell a Stock on the Record Date?","response":"You are still entitled to the dividend if you sell a stock on its record date. Since the ex-date has already passed, it's the seller, not the buyer, who's on the books as the shareholder on the record date."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Use a Line of Credit?","response":"You can use an LOC for many purposes. Examples include paying for a wedding, a vacation, or an unexpected financial emergency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Popular Personal Budget Rules?","response":"Two commonly used personal budgeting methods are the 50\/20\/30 and 70\/20\/10 rules, and their simplicity is what makes them popular. The first entails dividing your after-tax, take-home pay\u00a0into three areas: needs (50%), savings (20%), and wants (30%). The 70\/20\/10 rule also follows a similar blueprint, recommending that your after-tax, take-home income be divided into segments that cater to expenses (70%), savings or reducing debt (20%), and investments and charitable donations (10%)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Cash Flow From Investing Activities?","response":"Consider a hypothetical example of Google's net annual cash flow from investing activities. For the year, the company spent $30 billion on capital expenditures, of which the majority were fixed assets. Along with this, it purchased $5 billion in investments and spent $1 billion on acquisitions. The company also realized a positive inflow of $3 billion from the sale of investments. To calculate the cash flow from investing activities, the sum of these items would be added together, to arrive at the annual figure of -$33 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Ps of Marketing?","response":"A commonly used concept in the marketing field, the Four Ps of marketing looks at four key elements of a marketing strategy. The Four Ps consist of product, price, place, and promotion.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Are Board Directors Paid?","response":"Insider directors are not typically compensated for board duties since they're most often company employees. Outside directors are paid."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Accounting Equation Important?","response":"The accounting equation captures the relationship between the three components of a balance sheet: assets, liabilities, and equity. All else being equal, a company\u2019s equity will increase when its assets increase, and vice-versa. Adding liabilities will decrease equity, while reducing liabilities\u2014such as by paying off debt\u2014will increase equity. These basic concepts are essential to modern accounting methods."}
{"prompts":"What Are Paid Market Research Surveys?","response":"Paid market research involves rewarding individuals who agree to participate in a study. They may be offered a small payment for their time or a discount coupon in return for filling out a questionnaire or participating in a focus group."}
{"prompts":"Did the National Housing Act help everyone?","response":"The National Housing Act did help millions. By the end of the 1930s, \u201c12,000,000 people have been enabled to improve their housing standards and conditions under the FHA program, including [new home purchases and] the modernization and repair provisions of the National Housing Act,\u201d the Sixth Annual Report of the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) noted in 1939.On the other hand, the FHA adopted rules that confirmed existing patterns of racial discrimination in lending and segregation in housing. Many Black, Latinx, and other non-White Americans neither benefited from its programs nor were eligible to receive its insured loans or move into neighborhoods that it helped subsidize."}
{"prompts":"Is Just-in-Time Manufacturing Risky?","response":"A chief benefit of a JIT system is that it minimizes the need for a company to store large quantities of inventory, which improves efficiency and provides substantial cost savings. However, if there is a supply or demand shock, it can bring everything to a halt.For instance, at the beginning of the 2020's economic crisis, everything from ventilators to surgical masks experienced disruption as inputs from overseas could not reach their destinations in time to meet a surge in demand."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Commercial Insurance Cost?","response":"The price of a commercial insurance policy will depend on a number of factors about your business and the insurance coverage. Progressive reports the median monthly cost of a business owners policy to be $70. The Hartford shares that the median monthly cost of its commercial policies is $55."}
{"prompts":"What Is Accrued Interest?","response":"Accrued interest is interest that has been incurred but not paid. For a borrower, this is interest that is due for payment, but cash has not been remit to the lender. For a lender, this is interest that has been earned that they have not yet been paid for. Interest is often accrued as part of a company's financial statements."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Indenture?","response":"An indenture is a contract and for indentured servants, these contracts contained \"indented\" marks along the sides of the document. When the document was finalized, two copies were made. One copy was placed over the other and the edges of the pages were defaced or marked with indented characters. Servants were often uneducated and could be cheated so marking the two original copies helped to ensure a lasting means of authenticating the contract."}
{"prompts":"How much is a tax credit worth?","response":"The amount of the credit depends on the type of credit you qualify for and other factors like your filing status and income. Tax credits reduce the amount of tax you owe, dollar for dollar."}
{"prompts":"Do You Pay Taxes Twice on a Backdoor Roth IRA?","response":"Traditional IRA contributions are tax-deferred until withdrawals are taken. When you convert your IRA to a Roth IRA, you pay taxes on your contributions and capital gains. When you withdraw from your Roth, there are no taxes because you've already paid them. So you only pay taxes once using the backdoor Roth IRA strategy."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Best Practices for Managing and Clearing Outstanding Checks?","response":"Best practices for managing and clearing outstanding checks include regular bank statement reconciliation, promptly voiding or canceling unused checks, and maintaining proper record-keeping. Also, always maintain in communication with payees about payments not fully processed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Economic Significance of Circular Migration?","response":"Circular migration, where individuals move back and forth between home and host countries, can have economic significance. It allows emigrants to maintain ties to their home country while benefiting from economic opportunities abroad. This mobility can impact remittances, investment, and knowledge transfer by continually shifting resources from one country to another."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of the RPI vs. CPI?","response":"Due to the varying inputs to both indexes, the inflation rate calculations differ significantly. In May 2023, the CPI was 8.7%, and the RPI was 11.4%. The ONS in the U.K. lists the RPI as \"not a national statistic.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is Benjamin Graham Known for?","response":"Benjamin Graham was a renowned value investor, lecturer, financial securities researcher, and mentor to billionaire investor Warren Buffet. Known as the \"father of investing,\" Graham wrote several books, including The Intelligent Investor, which is widely considered the value investor's bible."}
{"prompts":"Does the MSRP Include the Destination Fee?","response":"The destination fee, or destination charge, is a special charge for the cost of delivering a vehicle to a customer or dealer. This fee is not included in the MSRP of the vehicle, and it is usually non-negotiable, even if the buyer takes delivery at the factory."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Register a U.S. Copyright?","response":"The cost of registering a copyright varies depending on what you are copyrighting and whether you are filing online or by paper. In the United States, the cost of copyright registration ranges from $45 to $500."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use the 4 Ps of Marketing?","response":"The model of the 4Ps can be used when you are planning a new product launch, evaluating an existing product, or trying to optimize the sales of an existing product.A careful analysis of these four factors\u2014product, price, place, and promotion\u2014helps a marketing professional devise a strategy that successfully introduces or reintroduces a product to the public."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Gross Margin?","response":"The gross margin varies by industry, however, service-based industries tend to have higher gross margins and gross profit margins as they don't have large amounts of COGS. On the other hand, the gross margin for manufacturing companies will be lower as they have larger COGS."}
{"prompts":"Who Purchases the Land in a Land Trust?","response":"The land is generally purchased by an individual or business that will then transfer the property into a land trust. The grantor of the land trust is the individual or entity that creates the trust and transfers the property."}
{"prompts":"How Does Interac Keep Transactions Secure?","response":"Interac uses encryption technology including confidential user IDs and passwords, a secure login process, security questions, and 128-bit browser encryption."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Turnover Ratio in a Company?","response":"Perhaps the most common use of a turnover ratio is to measure the proportion of a company's employees who are replaced during a year.A low employee turnover rate indicates that people seldom leave the company. A high turnover rate means they're fleeing in large numbers.There's no good or bad turnover rate. Some industries have high turnover rates by their nature. Information technology has a high turnover ratio because its employees are in high demand elsewhere. The retail and hospitality industries have high turnover ratios because their jobs are ill-paid and tough to do."}
{"prompts":"Are LIBID and LIBOR Still Used?","response":"The last LIBOR rate was published on June 30, 2023. After that date, contracts that referenced LIBOR switched to a different reference rate, such as SOFR. However, U.K. regulators required the continued publication of synthetic U.S. Dollar LIBOR for at least 15 months after that date."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money in a Structured Note?","response":"That depends on the type of structured note. Certain notes offer some sort of principal protection. If you invest in a note that doesn't have this protection, you could lose some or all of your principal investment balance."}
{"prompts":"Is a Profit-Sharing Plan the Same As a 401(k)?","response":"No, a profit-sharing plan is not the same thing as a 401(k). With a profit-sharing plan, a company gives employees a portion of the profit based on quarterly or annual earnings. With a 401(k), employees are making personal contributions. In some cases, a company will partially match an employee's 401(k) contribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Down Payment on a Jumbo Loan?","response":"In the past, jumbo mortgage lenders often required homebuyers to put up 30% of the residence\u2019s purchase price (compared to 20% for conventional mortgages). Now, that figure has fallen as low as 10% to 15%."}
{"prompts":"Why Did My Limit Order Not Get Filled?","response":"A limit order may not get filled for a few reasons. First, your limit order will only trigger when market pricing meet your desired contract amount. If a security is trading above your buy order or below your sell order, it will likely not fill until there is price action on your security.A limit order can only fill if a security has liquidity. If the security does not have enough shares trading at the specific price you placed, your order may not fill. This is most common for larger orders placed on low-volume securities. Due to volatility, a stock on the day of its IPO may have difficulty filling due to rapid price fluctuation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reverse Mortgage?","response":"A reverse mortgage is a type of loan for individuals aged 62 and older. The equity in a home can be used to borrow against in order to receive a lump-sum payment, a fixed stream of income, or a line of credit. The amount borrowed becomes due when the homeowner dies, relocates, or sells the home."}
{"prompts":"What Is David Tepper's View Of Crypto Currency?","response":"David Tepper has equated holding crypto to holding gold. He views crypto as a stored value and has said that he owns a small amount."}
{"prompts":"What Are RFP Requirements?","response":"An RFP must describe and define the project in enough detail to attract viable responses.The prospective bidder should be able to understand the nature of the business and the goals it wishes to achieve with the project. The project must be defined in enough detail for the bidder to clearly understand its scope and all of the products and services that must be provided in order to carry it out. The format of the expected proposals must also be detailed. Uniform responses are needed to compare and contrast offers.RFPs follow a fairly rigid format, although that format may vary among the agencies and companies that prepare them. This sample from the RTI International in North Carolina shows the elements in a typical RFP which include an introduction and background, a description of the deliverables, and information about the selection criteria."}
{"prompts":"Is an Accrual a Credit or a Debit?","response":"Whether an accrual is a debit or a credit depends on the type of accrual and the effect it has on the company's financial statements.For accrued revenues, the journal entry would involve a credit to the revenue account and a debit to the accounts receivable account. This has the effect of increasing the company's revenue and accounts receivable on its financial statements.For accrued expenses, the journal entry would involve a debit to the expense account and a credit to the accounts payable account. This has the effect of increasing the company's expenses and accounts payable on its financial statements."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Acronym FANG Stand for?","response":"The acronym FANG was coined by The Street's Bob Lang and popularized by Jim Cramer on his CNBC TV show Mad Money. This acronym refers to the stocks of four prominent American technology companies\u2014Meta (META) (formerly Facebook), Amazon (AMZN), Netflix (NFLX), and Alphabet (GOOG). By adding Apple (AAPL) in 2017, \"FANG\" became \"FAANG.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Off-Balance Sheet Financing Legal?","response":"It is legal, but the information still must be included in the notes of financial statements, per the SEC and GAAP requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Income and Net Income?","response":"For a business, gross income is the difference between revenues and cost of goods sold whereas net income is the difference between gross income and all other business costs, such as taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 4% Rule Calculator?","response":"You can use any online retirement withdrawal calculator, using the 4% rule as the amount you intend to withdraw annually. One example can be found at MyCalculators."}
{"prompts":"How Is Payment-in-Kind Taxed?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service considers bartered exchanges as income. The fair market value of goods and services are often taxable, as the recipient received a value even though the exchange was not made in cash."}
{"prompts":"What are some systems of operations management?","response":"Modern operations management revolves around four theories:Business process redesign (BPR), which is focused on analyzing and designing\u00a0workflow\u00a0and business processes within a company. The goal of BPR is to help companies dramatically restructure the organization by designing the business process from the ground up.Reconfigurable manufacturing systems, designed to incorporate accelerated change in structure, hardware, and software components. This allows systems to adjust rapidly to the capacity to which they can continue production and how efficiently they function in response to market or intrinsic system changes.Six Sigma, an approach that focuses on quality. The word \u201csix\u201d references the control limits, which are placed at six\u00a0standard deviations\u00a0from the normal distribution mean. Tools used within the Six Sigma process include trending charts, potential defect calculations, and other ratios.Lean manufacturing, which is the systematic elimination of waste within the manufacturing process. This theory sees resource use for any reason other than value creation for customers as wasteful and seeks to eliminate wasteful resource expenditures as much as possible."}
{"prompts":"Why Is an Adjustable-Rate Mortgage a Bad Idea?","response":"Adjustable-rate mortgages aren\u2019t for everyone. Yes, their favorable introductory rates are appealing, and an ARM could help you to get a larger loan for a home. However, it\u2019s hard to budget when payments can fluctuate wildly, and you could end up in big financial trouble if interest rates spike, particularly if there are no caps in place."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Max Amount You Can Get From an FHA Loan?","response":"That depends on where you live as well as on your ability to repay the loan. The maximum amount you will be able to borrow will be based on your financial circumstances.The maximum amount anyone can borrow from the FHA varies by region.In 2023, loan limits range from $472,030 in low cost areas to $1,089,300 in high cost areas for a one-unit property. There are higher limits for two-, three-, and four-unit properties. Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have special higher limits for all unit sizes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Morningstar Sustainability Rating?","response":"Morningstar's Sustainability Rating measures how well mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETF) meet environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) standards."}
{"prompts":"Are Pink Markets the same as major stock exchanges?","response":"No, Pink Markets are not the same as major stock exchanges like the NYSE or NASDAQ. They operate over-the-counter, meaning trades occur directly between parties rather than through a centralized exchange, and they typically involve stocks that do not meet the listing requirements of major exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World's Largest Exchange?","response":"The New York Stock Exchange is the world's largest exchange by market capitalization. As of September 2023, the NYSE had a market cap of $25.24 trillion. It is followed by the Nasdaq ($20.58 trillion) and the Shanghai Stock Exchange ($6.6 trillion) in China."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Collection Agency Do to You?","response":"A collection agency can sue you for the debt you owe. If the debt collector wins the lawsuit, it also can get a court order to take money from your bank accounts or your paychecks."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If You Lose or Misplace Your EIN?","response":"If you misplace your EIN, look for it on the notice sent to you by the IRS when your EIN was issued. You can also try to recover it by contacting the financial institution where you do your day-to-day banking. You can also find it on your previous tax returns. If all else fails, contact the IRS' Business & Specialty Tax Line at 1-800-829-4933. Make sure you have any identifying information on hand before you speak to an operator."}
{"prompts":"Does Zero-Sum Game Mean All or Nothing?","response":"Yes. Often the terms zero-sum and \"all or nothing\" are used to describe the same phenomenon: where there can only be one winner, at the expense of the loser(s)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a \"Gap and Go\" Strategy?","response":"This strategy involves buying into a gap up and is a bullish position. With this strategy, stop-loss orders may be placed at a level below the gap's bottom."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Other Inventory Valuation Methods?","response":"The opposite of FIFO is LIFO (Last In, First Out), where the last item purchased or acquired is the first item out. In inflationary economies, this results in deflated net income costs and lower ending balances in inventory compared to FIFO. Average cost inventory is another method that assigns the same cost to each item and results in net income and ending inventory balances between FIFO and LIFO. Finally, specific inventory tracing is used only when all components attributable to a finished product are known."}
{"prompts":"What Shifts the Consumption Function Forward?","response":"The consumption function shifts forward (or upward) when disposable income or accumulated wealth also increases. The inverse is true for a downward shift in the consumption function. In this case, it drops or shifts downward when income or wealth drops."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to Bear Stearns\u2019s Investors After the Collapse?","response":"As part of the stock-swap deal with JPMorgan, Bear Stearns investors received about $10 of JPMorgan stock in exchange for every share they owned from Bear Stearns. This was a sharp discount from the final share price of $30. Had those investors kept those shares, they would have recouped their losses 11 years later, according to the Wall Street Journal."}
{"prompts":"What Does CPM Mean in YouTube?","response":"CPM is the average cost per mille (1,000) advertising impressions, so on YouTube, your CPM is how much you pay for 1,000 viewers to see your ad."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Minimum Wage Affect the Labor Market?","response":"The effects of a minimum wage on the labor market and the wider economy are controversial. Classical economics and many economists suggest that a minimum wage, like other price controls, can reduce the availability of low-wage jobs. On the other hand, some economists say that a minimum wage can increase consumer spending, thereby raising overall productivity and leading to a net gain in employment."}
{"prompts":"Are Non-Recourse Loans Taxable?","response":"If you default on a non-recourse loan, the amount forgiven or canceled is not taxed."}
{"prompts":"Are Any Non-Bank Accounts Insured?","response":"The mission of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) is to recover cash and securities in the event a member brokerage firm fails. SIPC is a nonprofit corporation that Congress created in 1970. SIPC protects the customers of all registered brokerage firms in the U.S. This applies to stocks and bonds (securities) and cash that a brokerage firm holds. Brokerage firms rarely fail or close suddenly, but if this occurs, the SIPC helps close the firm through liquidation and establishes claims processes by which it can protect the investor. SIPC protects your account for up to $500,000 in securities. This includes a limit of $250,000 in cash in your account. This link will show you a list of all registered SIPC members."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Bookie Fee?","response":"The vig that bookies charge is usually in the region of 10%, though it can go higher for high-profile bets, such as a tight line on the Super Bowl."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a Fund?","response":"Depending on what type of fund you want to start will depend on how you start it. If it is an emergency fund, a simple way to start one is to set aside a small portion of money every week or month in a separate bank account. If you are interested in starting an investment fund, this is more complicated. You would first need to have a professional background, raise money to start the basics of a fund, such as incorporating it and any trading equipment, then you would need to decide on an investment strategy, then attract investors willing to invest capital into your fund."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Employees in a Divestiture?","response":"When a parent company divests part of its business, there may be some overlapping employees who ordinarily perform work for both entities. When that happens, the company will have to decide which employees will move into the new entity and which will remain part of the parent company. In addition, if the divested entity is purchased by another company, there may be some employee redundancies that lead to layoffs at the new company. It is important for companies to be transparent about their divestiture plans in order to maintain employee morale."}
{"prompts":"What Does Regulation Z Cover?","response":"Regulation Z is part of the Truth in Lending Act of 1968. This regulatory measure applies to a variety of lending products, including\u00a0home mortgages, home equity lines of credit, reverse mortgages, credit cards, installment loans, and certain types of student loans."}
{"prompts":"Who Came Up With Game Theory?","response":"Game theory is largely attributed to the work of mathematician John von Neumann and economist Oskar Morgenstern in the 1940s and was developed extensively by many other researchers and scholars in the 1950s. It remains an area of active research and applied science to this day."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Largest Companies Listed on the BSE?","response":"By market capitalization, Reliance Industries LTD., Tata Consultancy Services LTD., and HDFC Bank LTD. are the top three companies on the BSE in January 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Contra Side of a Trade?","response":"The contra side of a trade is simply the other side of a trade. The contra party is the opposing party to the bid\/ask spread of the market maker. The contra side can be trading for their own accounts or the accounts of other individuals. For example, if a market maker buys a security, the contra side would be selling the security."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report IRD?","response":"If you as beneficiary received such income, you'll report it on your personal income tax return for the year that you received it."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Ponzi Scheme?","response":"Adam promises a 10% return on a $1,000 loan to his friend Barry. Barry gives Adam $1,000 with the expectation that he'll be paid $1,100 in one year. Next, Adam promises 10% returns to his friend Christine. Christine gives Adam $2,000.With $3,000 now on hand, Adam pays Barry his $1,100. He spends the rest of the money, confident that he can persuade someone else to give him money before Christine's money is due to be repaid.The best Ponzi schemes, however, rely on long-term investors. If Adam can persuade Barry and Christine to let him continue to invest their money, he'll need to pay them only the periodic interest he has promised. He can spend the rest, confident that new investors will supply enough to keep the scam running."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quantitative Investment?","response":"Quantitative investment refers to investment strategies that rely on mathematical formulas to identify assets with high profit potential or low risk. Quantitative asset managers are likely to use computer modeling or statistical tools to identify potential investments that have been neglected by the wider market."}
{"prompts":"Is an Atomic Swap Expensive?","response":"The mainstream's ability to do atomic swaps is new, but they don't yet generate fees unless there are blockchain fees involved."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify Operational Risk?","response":"Operational risk is identified by assessing what could go wrong in the day-to-day aspects of a company. Management often identifies operational risk by asking questions such as \"what if a certain system broke down?\" or \"what if a certain supplier was unable to deliver goods on time?\". Management can come up countless areas of operational risk; it is up to them to decide which aspects are most important to mitigate and which to accept."}
{"prompts":"When Did the GDPR Come Into Effect?","response":"The GDPR was approved in April 2016. But it took two years for the framework to be established. As such, the regulation went into full effect on May 25, 2018."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Are Socialist?","response":"Today, most countries in the world feature some aspects of socialism. Even in the United States, but especially in countries found in Europe and Asia. Only a few are full-blown pure socialist (Marxist-Leninist communist) economies: The Peoples' Republic of China, Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea (the U.S.S.R. also was, but the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s)."}
{"prompts":"Have There Been Recessions Since the Great Recession?","response":"Not officially. While the economy did suffer and markets fell following the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, stimulus efforts were effective in preventing a full-blown recession in the U.S. Some economists, however, fear that a recession may still be on the horizon as of late 2022."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Spoofing Illegal?","response":"Spoofing is illegal because it does not reflect the actuality of the market or a stock's true supply and demand. Spoof traders execute orders to drive up the volume of a stock, either up or down, but never actually fill the orders. Their goal is to manipulate the price to benefit in some way."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Contango and Backwardation?","response":"The opposite of contango is known as backwardation. When the market is in backwardation, the futures prices for the commodity follow a downward-sloping curve in which futures prices are below spot prices. Although backwardation is relatively rare, it occasionally occurs in several commodity markets. Causes of backwardation include anticipated declines in demand for the commodity, expectations of deflation, and a short-term shortage in the commodity\u2019s supply."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in Yen?","response":"As an ordinary investor, Japanese Yen ETFs are the easiest way to gain access to the yen."}
{"prompts":"How is the front office different from the back office?","response":"The front office is responsible for attracting new clients and servicing existing clients; in short, they're the client-facing team. The back office, on the other hand, exists to service the transactions conducted by the front office and has no interaction with the firm's clients. However, it could be said that the back office's client is the front office."}
{"prompts":"What Does Tenancy by the Entirety Mean?","response":"Tenancy by the entirety is a type of property ownership that only applies to married couples. The couple is treated as a single legal entity and mutually co-owns the property. The consent of each is needed to sell or develop it. A tenancy by the entirety also creates a right of survivorship\u2014when one spouse dies the surviving spouse gains full ownership of the property. About half of the U.S. states allow tenancy by the entirety and some permit it for domestic partners too."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marxism vs. Communism?","response":"Marxism is a system of socioeconomic analysis, while communism is a form of economic production that extends to government or political movements. Marxism is a broad philosophy developed by Karl Marx in the second half of the 19th century that unifies social, political, and economic theory. It is mainly concerned with the battle between the working class and the ownership class and favors communism and socialism over capitalism."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Tariff Work?","response":"As an additional charge on an import, a tariff works to reroute a buyer's intentions and money away from the country exporting the good."}
{"prompts":"Can You Use the Cash Value and Still Keep the Policy?","response":"In many cases, it is possible to use the cash value in your account to pay your premiums. By doing so, you keep the coverage in place for your beneficiaries. You can also take partial withdrawals and loans against your cash value, and keep the policy. If you use the policy cash value, your death benefit will be reduced."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for an Endowment?","response":"An endowment is, by definition, a gift to a non-profit institution. Any educational, charitable, religious, or scientific institution can be the recipient of an endowment. Generally, creators of endowments are high-net-worth individuals (or groups) who want to contribute to a particular cause. The endowment allows them to be highly specific about how they want their money to be used."}
{"prompts":"Does UCLA Anderson Have Executive Leadership or Continuing Education Courses?","response":"UCLA Anderson works with businesses to create targeted learning experiences focusing on leadership behaviors, team building, and company-focused projects. Anderson matches faculty and speakers based on their field of expertise for each organization."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Supply and Demand?","response":"The law of supply and demand is an economic theory that describes the relationship between sellers and buyers of goods and services. According to the law of supply, supplies of goods and services are propelled by higher prices while lower prices cause supplies to drop. The law of demand, on the other hand, suggests that higher prices cause demand for goods and services to drop while lower prices lead to an increase in demand."}
{"prompts":"Is Modified Gross or Net Lease Better?","response":"Investors prefer net lease properties due to property expenses being the responsibility of the Tenants. If a Landlord has Gross Leases or Modified Gross Leases with Tenants, this can make it more difficult to sell the property as an investment."}
{"prompts":"What Counts As a Public Good?","response":"A public good is any product or service that is available to all residents of a society, such as national defense, police\u00a0and fire services, clean air and drinking water.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Filing Chapter 11?","response":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy is the most complex of all bankruptcy types. It is also usually the most expensive. For a company that is struggling to the point where it is considering filing for bankruptcy, the legal costs alone might be onerous. Plus, the reorganization plan has to be approved by the bankruptcy court and must be manageable enough that the business can reasonably pay off the debt over time."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Need to Pay Taxes?","response":"There is an old saying that goes \"the only sure things in life are death and taxes.\" Taxation has been a feature of society going back to ancient times. The role of taxes is to help governments fund various undertakings such as public works, infrastructure, and wars. Today, taxpayer dollars are still used for a variety of similar purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Future of Agribusiness?","response":"Agribusiness will likely evolve because of the effects of climate change. Other changes underway include the rise of genetically modified crops and industry consolidation."}
{"prompts":"Does the Total Level of Margin Debt Have an Impact on Market Volatility?","response":"A high level of margin debt may exacerbate market volatility. During steep market declines, clients are forced to sell stocks to meet margin calls. This can lead to a vicious circle, where intense selling pressure drives stock prices lower, triggering more margin calls and more selling."}
{"prompts":"What Is the January Barometer?","response":"The January barometer, also called \"the other January effect,\" is a folk theory of the stock market claiming that the returns in January will predict the stock market's overall performance for that year. Thus, a strong January would predict a strong bull market and a down January would augur a bear market. Actual evidence for this effect is scant."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays Excise Taxes?","response":"Excise taxes are imposed on certain goods and services, such as gasoline and alcohol. These taxes are paid directly by businesses. This tax is often passed on to the consumer, who may or may not be aware that they're paying it to the merchant because it's included in the price. This is common in the fuel industry, where companies charge excise taxes through the price you pay at the pump."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of being a trader?","response":"There are several potential benefits of being a trader. Traders have a high propensity to generate earnings. Traders tend to work in a fast-paced and exciting environment. This would appeal to people who like being in a highly dynamic space. Traders can have the flexibility to work remotely and work nonstandard hours. Traders gain significant exposure to the financial markets, as they have to actively and closely monitor them along with the factors that drive the respective markets."}
{"prompts":"What Does Prospect Theory Mean?","response":"Prospect theory says that investors value gains and losses differently. That is, if an investor is presented an investment option based on potential gains, and another based on potential losses, the investor will choose an investment where potential gains are presented."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative Alpha Mean in Stocks?","response":"A negative alpha in stocks means that a stock is underperforming the benchmark when adjusted for risk. If an investor is intending to match or outperform a specific benchmark and their investment portfolio is performing under that rate, then their alpha is negative."}
{"prompts":"Do Brokers Make Money?","response":"Yes, brokers make money. The salary a broker receives depends on a lot of factors, mainly the worth of the clients they are servicing or if they are brokers for businesses such as commercial real estate owners and sellers. A typical stockbroker may make a salary and a commission on trades managed and has an average salary of around $74,000."}
{"prompts":"Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Jewelry Theft?","response":"Yes, a typical homeowners or renters insurance policy will cover jewelry theft, but only up to a set limit\u2014say, $1,500 or $2,000. A jewelry floater will extend coverage for jewelry valued higher than what your homeowners insurance will cover."}
{"prompts":"Which U.S. States Do Not Have a Bicameral Legislature?","response":"All states in the U.S. but one are bicameral with both a house and a senate. The one exception is Nebraska, which has just a one-chamber legislature."}
{"prompts":"How Are Historical Costs Used in Accounting?","response":"GAAP requires that certain assets be accounted for using the historical cost method. Fixed assets are recorded at their cost at the time of purchase. Inventory is also usually recorded at historical cost, though inventory may be recorded at the lower of cost or market."}
{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Offset the Cost of Taxes?","response":"Businesses may increase the purchase price of the goods you buy with a sales tax to try to recoup some of the losses they face paying taxes."}
{"prompts":"Can Gross Processing Margin Be Too High?","response":"Although gross processing margins fluctuate continuously, a high GPM can be dangerous for both the business dealing with the commodity itself and the trader. However, large swings in GPM can be advantageous for strategic positioning, especially when hedging long-term positions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk of a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit?","response":"The primary risk is for the bank issuing the second letter of credit if the original beneficiary doesn't meet the terms and conditions or if there are issues with the settlement date's expiration. As a result, banks don't encourage their use. Generally, a letter of credit is a more secure form of payment for an exporter and less so for the importer."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Calculate Morbidity Rate?","response":"Morbidity incidence rates are calculated by\u00a0dividing the number of new cases of illness or disease within a specific period of time by the number of individuals in the population."}
{"prompts":"Can Tax Deadweight Loss Be Completely Avoided, or Is It Inherent in Taxation?","response":"Achieving a tax system entirely free from deadweight loss is challenging, if not impossible. Taxes always introduce some level of distortion to market activities. People are naturally inclined to try and minimize their tax liability when possible, so consumer behavior in response to almost any tax may be reasonable to expect (even to a small degree)."}
{"prompts":"What does the coefficient of variation tell us?","response":"The coefficient of variation (CV) indicates the size of a standard deviation in relation to its mean. The higher the coefficient of variation, the greater the dispersion level around the mean."}
{"prompts":"What Is Balanced Growth?","response":"In short, balanced growth involves using organic growth to build the company as well as inorganic growth in acquiring other companies to help boost growth. Acquisitions can lead to faster sales growth and quicker cashflow, but may be unpredictable. Organic growth is advantageous because it is familiar and inherent to the company, although sales may not be as robust."}
{"prompts":"What Assets Are Excluded From Writs of Execution?","response":"A few assets are protected from seizure by a writ of execution, but which will vary by state law. These may include social security payments, qualified retirement account assets, and unemployment payments. Other exemptions may include personal apparel, home furnishings, farm equipment, and pets."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Assumptions That Must Hold for Regression Models?","response":"In order to properly interpret the output of a regression model, the following main assumptions about the underlying data process of what you are analyzing must hold:The relationship between variables is linearHomoskedasticity, or that the variance of the variables and error term must remain constantAll explanatory variables are independent of one anotherAll variables are normally distributed"}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have a Trade Surplus?","response":"In 2021, the countries with the highest trade surplus were: China, Germany, Ireland, Russian Federation, and Singapore."}
{"prompts":"What Fees May Be Payable in Addition to Management Fees?","response":"The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission cites penalty fees for not maintaining a minimum balance in your account. You might also have to pay inactivity fees and various additional maintenance fees."}
{"prompts":"Do Beneficiaries Pay Taxes on Inherited IRAs?","response":"The recipient of an inherited IRA may or may not pay taxes depending on their situation. In general, if you inherit a Roth IRA, you're free of taxes. However, if you inherit a traditional IRA, any amount withdrawn is often subject to taxes. On the other hand, estates subject to the estate tax may also be allowed an income-tax deduction for the estate taxes paid on the IRA."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between FOB and CIF?","response":"CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) and FOB (Free on Board) are two widely used INCOTERM agreements. Although the definition of both terms can differ across countries and is ultimately determined by each vendor-client contract, historically, FOB transfers liability from seller to buyer when the shipment reaches the port or other facility designated as the point of origin. With a CIF agreement, the seller pays costs and assumes liability until the goods reach the port of destination chosen by the buyer."}
{"prompts":"Is Gen Z or X Older?","response":"Gen X is older than Gen Z by a few decades. In between Gen X and Gen Z is the millennial generation."}
{"prompts":"What Are Index Options Strategies?","response":"Common index options strategies include (1) long call\/long put, (2) covered call\/protective put, (3) straddle, and (4) strangle."}
{"prompts":"Is the RICO Act effective?","response":"The RICO Act is extremely helpful in the fight against racketeering and organized crime. It allows prosecutors to effectively target criminal enterprises and organizations as well as the leaders of these groups even if they had other individuals commit the actual crimes."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Futures Contract?","response":"A futures contract gets its name from the fact that the buyer and seller of the contract are agreeing to a price today for some asset or security that is to be delivered in the future."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Use Price Action in Trading?","response":"Price action is used to analyze trends and identify entry and exit points when trading. Many traders use candlestick charts to plot prior price action, then plot potential breakout and revering patterns. Although prior price action does not guarantee future results, traders often analyze a security's historical patterns to better understand where the price may move to next."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Stock Will Gap Up?","response":"Nobody can see the future of stock prices, but a gap up may occur after a positive news announcement, especially if that news is unexpected or better than expected. Positive earnings surprises, news that a stock is a takeover target, or the release or approval of a new product can all result in a gap up."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Public-Private Partnership?","response":"Public-private partnerships can be arranged in several ways. Here are just a few:Build Operate Transfer (BOT): A government hands over all construction and operations to a private party for a set number of years (often several decades or more). After that period of time, it is transferred to the government.Build Operate Own (BOO): The same as a BOT, but the private entity is not required to ever transfer the project to the government.Design-Build (DB): A government contracts with a private party to design and construct a project for a fee. The government retains ownership and may either operate it itself or contract out operations.Buy Build Operate (BBO): a government sells a pre-existing project that has already been completed and may have been operated by the government for some time to a private party, who will take it over fully. The private party may need to invest in rehabilitating or expanding the project."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Underweight Portfolio Mean?","response":"An underweight portfolio is a fund whose portfolio holds fewer shares of a particular stock when compared to a benchmark. For example, a fund might hold 2% of a particular stock as a percentage of its total portfolio whereas the benchmark holds 10%. The fund would be underweight in that stock."}
{"prompts":"Are Money Market Funds Safe?","response":"Yes. For the most part, money market funds are among the safest of all investments, with a target value of $1 per share. Money market funds have only dipped below this value (\"broken the buck\") on a small number of occasions (associated with financial crises) and have quickly bounced back,"}
{"prompts":"Is Work Experience Required for an MPA?","response":"While work experience is not always required for admission, many MPA programs value applicants with relevant professional experience in public service, nonprofit organizations, or related fields. Consider how work experience may make your application even stronger when applying to attend."}
{"prompts":"What Is Trickle-Down Economics?","response":"Arthur Laffer's idea that tax cuts could boost growth and tax revenue was quickly labeled \u201ctrickle-down.\u201d\u00a0Both President Herbert Hoover\u2019s stimulus efforts during the Great Depression and President Ronald Reagan's use of income tax cuts were described as \"trickle-down,\" where tax breaks and benefits for corporations and the wealthy will trickle down to individuals and boost the economy."}
{"prompts":"How Are Tier 1 Capital and CET1 Capital Different?","response":"CET1 capital is one component of total Tier 1 capital. The other is known as additional Tier 1 capital (AT1). AT1 + CET1 = Tier 1 capital."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does FHA Mortgage Insurance Cost?","response":"FHA loans include both an upfront premium fee, which can be rolled into the mortgage, and an annual premium paid monthly, which is added to your mortgage payment and goes directly to the FHA.The upfront fee is 1.75% of the loan amount.The annual premium is 0.15% to 0.75%, depending on loan size, length, and LTV.To estimate the costs, plug the numbers in an FHA Loan Calculator. For example, a 30-year FHA loan at an interest rate of 7.125% on a home priced at $400,000 will have a $2,646 monthly loan payment plus a $176 monthly mortgage insurance payment."}
{"prompts":"How is risk-reward ratio calculated?","response":"To calculate risk-reward ratio, take the expected return (reward) on the trade and divide by the amount of capital risked."}
{"prompts":"How Is Arbitrage Related to Interest Rates?","response":"An arbitrage trade can be directly tied to interest rates. If, for example, Investment A has an interest rate of 3% and Investment B has a rate of 4%, the person engaging in arbitrage would purchase A and sell B, pocketing the 1% difference. Interest rates are in a state of constant flux so traders are always looking for interest rate disparities to take advantage of via arbitrage."}
{"prompts":"Is Synergy Positive or Negative?","response":"In general, synergy is positive. The idea is that the combined efforts of two or more entities are greater than those entities alone. In business terms, however, though companies may aim to achieve synergy by joining forces, the end result often lacks synergy, making the endeavor a wasted one."}
{"prompts":"Can Official Settlement Account Balances Be Used to Gauge a Country's Economic Stability?","response":"The balance in the OSA is closely linked to a country's balance of payments, which tracks all its international transactions. A surplus in the OSA indicates that a country is earning more foreign currency than it is spending, which can be a sign of economic stability. In addition, a healthy OSA with ample foreign exchange reserves can act as a financial cushion during times of economic crisis, perhaps meaning that entity is in greater economic health."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Pro Rata Discount?","response":"A pro rata discount is a type of discount a merchant offers a customer. Companies offer customers discounts for a variety of reasons. They may offer a discount as an incentive to a new customer to try a product or service. They may offer a discount if the customer makes a purchase during a specific time period or as a bonus to a returning customer.The pro rata part of the discount varies depending on how the merchant has structured their offer. For example, a merchant may offer a new customer $20 off their first purchase of products if they spend $100 or more. If the customer buys four products, each item would receive a $5 discount.A pro rata discount could also apply if a customer joins a monthly subscription service on any day other than the first of the month. Rather than charging the customer the full subscription price for the month, the merchant would apply a pro rata discount and only charge the customer for the number of days in the month they actually had the service."}
{"prompts":"What Is Form 1099-DIV?","response":"Form 1099-DIV, Dividends and Distributions is a form required by the IRS. It is used to report any dividends or distributions paid to taxpayers by banks and other financial institutions. This includes ordinary and qualified dividends, total capital gains, federal income tax withheld, and foreign tax paid, among others."}
{"prompts":"Are There Custodians Other Than Banks?","response":"Yes, a custodian can be an individual. Other types of firms, such as a law firm or an accounting firm, can be custodians, as well."}
{"prompts":"How Does Life Expectancy Affect Premiums?","response":"Your age is the primary factor companies consider when deciding how much to charge for life insurance (followed by your health condition). Life expectancy is greater at younger ages, so the younger you are when you apply for coverage, the lower your rates."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Multiplier Effect Related to MPC?","response":"The magnitude of the multiplier is directly related to the marginal propensity to consume (MPC), which is defined as the proportion of an increase in income that gets spent on consumption. For example, if consumers save 20% of new income and spend the rest, then their MPC would be 0.8 (1 - 0.2). The multiplier would be 1 \/ (1 - 0.8) = 5. So, every new dollar creates extra spending of $5. Essentially, spending from one consumer becomes income for a business that then spends on equipment, worker wages, energy, materials, purchased services, taxes, and investor returns. When a worker from that business spends their income, it perpetuates the cycle."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Businesses Are Best-Suited for Partnerships?","response":"Partnerships are often best for a group of professionals in the same line of work where each partner has an active role in running the business. These often include medical professionals, lawyers, accountants, consultants, finance & investing, and architects."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know What Benefits I Can Receive From Medicare?","response":"To understand the benefits and costs of Medicare Part A, individuals can visit Medicare.gov or call 1-800-MEDICARE (1-800-633-4227).\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is EBIDA Used for?","response":"EBIDA is used to gauge how profitable a company is when not considered some non-cashflow expenses. For instance, both depreciation and amortization are expensed over time not in line with when an initial investment and cash outlay may have occurred. Therefore, EBIDA gives an organization a better understanding of what its profitability is from a cash-generating standpoint."}
{"prompts":"What Is a High-Growth Enterprise?","response":"A high-growth enterprise is one that is successfully scaling up. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defines it as having \"an average annualized growth greater than 20% a year, over a 3-year period, and with 10 or more employees at the beginning of the observation period.\" In its definition, the European Union sets the growth threshold at 10%. The OECD also refers to such businesses as \"scalers.\""}
{"prompts":"What Target-Date Fund Should I Pick If I Plan to Retire in a Year Not Ending in -5 or -0?","response":"Most target-date funds are established in 5-year intervals (e.g., maturing in 2030, 2035, 2040, 2045, and so on). There is no set rule if you plan to retire in say, 2033. You can round up to the 2035 fund, or if you have a lower risk tolerance, use the nearer-term 2030 one. You can also choose to put something like 60% of your allocation in 2035 fund and 40% in the 2030 fund."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 6 Unemployment Rates?","response":"The U-1 unemployment rate is only one of six \"alternative measures\" of labor utilization in the U.S. that are published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.The alternative measures include:U-1: The percentage of the civilian labor force that has been unemployed for 15 weeks or longer.U-2: The percentage of the civilian labor force that lost jobs or completed temporary jobs.U-3: The percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed and has sought work in the past four weeks.U-4: The number of unemployed plus the number of discouraged job-seekers as a percentage of the total labor force.U-5: The total of the unemployed plus discouraged job-seekers plus marginally attached workers, as a percentage of the total labor force.U-6: All of the people counted in U-5 plus those working part-time due to economic conditions, as a percentage of the total labor force."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Component Indicators of the GPI?","response":"The GPI consists of 26 indicators, grouped into three categories (social, economic, and environmental). Each measures a different condition of the economy. Within the social category, you will find crime, family structure, academics, and more. In the environmental category, you will find pollution, climate change, and other factors that positively or negatively affect the environment."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Elements of Kaizen?","response":"The five kaizen elements or principles are: know your customer, let it flow, go to gemba, empower people, and be transparent. People also sometimes ask what kaizen 5S refers to. It's a process often used in lean manufacturing and relates to five steps of improvement: Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain. A 5S event follows each of these steps one day at a time."}
{"prompts":"Are RMD Distributions Taxed?","response":"Yes, you are responsible for a deferred tax liability because RMDs are withdrawn from retirement accounts that had contributions made with pre-tax dollars. You must pay income tax on RMDs when they are taken (at your current tax bracket)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Gilt-Edged Securities?","response":"The primary advantage of gilt-edged securities is their safety. They are low-risk investments with a better asset quality than equities, and as such, come with low yields, which can be seen as a disadvantage. To earn more yield, one would need to invest in higher-risk securities, such as stocks or high-yield bonds."}
{"prompts":"How Have Countries Developed Factor Conditions to Create a Better Economy?","response":"Japan has developed a competitive global economic presence beyond the country's inherent resources by producing a large number of engineers that have helped drive technological innovation in Japanese industries."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Learn Technical Analysis?","response":"There are a variety of ways to learn technical analysis. The first step is to learn the basics of investing, stocks, markets, and financials. This can all be done through books, online courses, online material, and classes. Once the basics are understood, from there you can use the same types of materials but those that focus specifically on technical analysis. Investopedia's course on technical analysis is one specific option."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Criticisms of Trend Analysis?","response":"Critics of trend analysis, and technical trading in general, argue that markets are efficient, and already price in all available information. That means that history does not necessarily need to repeat itself and that the past does not predict the future. Adherents of fundamental analysis, for example, analyze the financial condition of companies using financial statements and economic models to predict future prices. For these types of investors, day-to-day stock movements follow a random walk that cannot be interpreted as patterns or trends."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Defined-Benefit Plan Is Underfunded?","response":"When a defined benefit plan is underfunded, it means that it does not have enough assets to meet its payout obligations to employees. If a plan is underfunded, then it must increase its contributions to be able to meet these obligations. A plan may allow for employees to increase their contributions or a plan may decide to reduce the payout for employees. This is usually the case if a plan is significantly underfunded rather than slightly underfunded; the latter of which may be due to temporary adverse market movements."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deferred Tax Asset vs. a Deferred Tax Liability?","response":"A deferred tax asset represents a financial benefit, while a deferred tax liability indicates a future tax obligation or payment due.For instance, retirement savers with traditional 401(k) plans make contributions to their accounts using pre-tax income. When that money is eventually withdrawn, income tax is due on those contributions. That is a deferred tax liability."}
{"prompts":"What is a good burn rate?","response":"The general recommendation is for a startup business to have six to 12 months of expenses on hand. If the company has $100,000 in the bank, a good burn rate would fall between $16,667 (six months) and $8,333 (12 months)."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Probability Density Function (PDF) Tell Us?","response":"A probability density function (PDF) describes how likely it is to observe some outcome resulting from a data-generating process. A PDF can tell us which values are most likely to appear versus the less likely outcomes. This will change depending on the shape and characteristics of the PDF."}
{"prompts":"What Industries Are Included in the Energy Sector?","response":"The Energy Sector includes companies that target oil, gas, coal, and consumable fuels through exploration and production, refining and marketing, and storage and transportation. The sector also includes companies that offer oil and gas equipment and services."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I've Done My Part for a Contract Then Considered Void?","response":"When a contract is deemed void, it's as if the contract never existed legally speaking. Hence, anything you did under the void contract is generally not recoverable, and you can't seek restitution. However, it's best to consult with a legal professional about your particular situation to understand the possible remedies open to you."}
{"prompts":"When Is Insider Trading Illegal?","response":"Insider trading is deemed illegal when the material information is still non-public and comes with harsh consequences, including potential fines and jail time. Material non-public information is defined as any information that could substantially impact that company's stock price."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Nonprofit Organizations Not Pay Taxes?","response":"Nonprofit organizations do not pay taxes because they are engaged in public or private interests. The purpose of a nonprofit is to further extend the benefit to a community; for this reason, the IRS recognizes and awards these entities tax-exempt as any collected taxes would be used for a similar purpose (i.e. would be redistributed to benefit the community)."}
{"prompts":"Are there any other ways to Analyze Volatility?","response":"There are several ways to analyze volatility beyond skew and smile patterns. Some ways include using historical volatility, Volatility Indices, Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (GARCH) models, volatility term structure, volatility surface and the Average True Range (ATR)."}
{"prompts":"What Replaced the Gold Standard?","response":"The gold standard in the U.S. and many other nations was replaced by fiat money. Fiat money is the currency of a government, which is not backed by a commodity but has value because the government has determined that it does and that it must be accepted as a form of payment. Fiat money includes paper bills and metal coins."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of Gold Options?","response":"Gold options allow traders to take out a position on gold using less up-front capital than they would by trading the physical metal or gold futures contracts. However, if gold prices move in an unfavorable direction, options can result in significant losses."}
{"prompts":"When Did Jobbers Disappear?","response":"Stockjobbers officially disappeared from British stock exchanges in October 1986, coinciding with a sudden deregulation of financial markets in the U.K. put into effect by then-Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. This deregulation meant that stockjobbers were no longer needed to facilitate stock trades; while at the same time, efforts to introduce electronic, screen-based trading were enacted that further led to their obsolescence."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Social Security and Supplemental Security Income (SSI)?","response":"Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a separate program from Social Security. It provides monthly cash distributions to elderly or disabled people with little to no income to help them meet their basic needs. You can be eligible for both Social Security benefits and SSI."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Assets Called Liquid?","response":"Assets may be described as liquid to explain that they have fluidity, have flexibility, and can easily change. As opposed more rigid assets that can't be easily exchanged for cash, fluid assets can easily change form and be quickly traded."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Oversubscribed IPO?","response":"An oversubscribed IPO is the opposite of an undersubscribed one. This means that the IPO has a lot of interest from investors. As such, demand far outweighs the available supply of shares. Underwriters can make changes to the offer price or they can increase the number of shares in order to meet demand."}
{"prompts":"What Does Loss Given Default Mean?","response":"Loss given default (LGD) is the amount of money a financial institution loses when a borrower defaults on a loan, after taking into consideration any recovery, represented as a percentage of total exposure at the time of loss."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Common Dispute Among Tenants In Common?","response":"TIC tenants share equal rights to use the entire property regardless of their ownership percentage of the property. Maintenance and care are divided evenly despite ownership share. Problems often arise when a minority owner overuses or misuses the property."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find Out About Encumbrances on a Property?","response":"You can request this specific information from your real estate agent or the seller. In addition, when you perform a title search, you should find out about any outstanding claims or liens."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Cash Back Credit Cards?","response":"Credit card deals change frequently, so it is worth taking time to research the latest deals. You can also check out Investopedia's review of the best credit cards currently available."}
{"prompts":"Is Marxism the Same Thing As Communism?","response":"Marxism is a philosophy, while communism is a system of government based on Marxist principles. Marx envisioned a society in which workers owned the means of production. In real-world communism, governments own the means of production."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between On-Balance Volume and Volume-Price Trend?","response":"Volume-Price Trend (VPT) is similar to on-balance volume in that it measures the cumulative volume and provides traders with information about a security\u2019s money flow. But whereas OBV looks at volume just according to whether the close was higher or lower, VPT looks at how much higher or lower it was. This helps determine a security\u2019s price direction and strength of price change."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Stock Tickers?","response":"Here are some examples of popular ticker symbols:Apple Inc. (AAPL)Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL)Microsoft Corporation (MSFT)Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN)Meta (formerly Facebook) Inc. (META)Tesla Motors (TSLA)The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (GS)The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)The S&P 500 Index (SPX)The NASDAQ Composite Index (COMP)"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capitalization Strategy?","response":"When a small company starts, it must create a capitalization strategy that outlines how the company will use its scarce resources to start operations. Based on initial forecasts, business owners may project how much financing they need to ensure profitability and sustainability until the company can be self-sustaining. Whether it is raising equity from a private investor, applying for debt, or contributing personal capital, these funding sources combined comprise of the capitalization strategy."}
{"prompts":"How Are Private Equity Funds Managed?","response":"A private equity fund is managed by a general partner (GP), typically the private equity firm that established the fund. The GP makes all of the fund's management decisions. It also contributes 1% to 3% of the fund's capital to ensure it has skin in the game. In return, the GP earns a management fee often set at 2% of fund assets, and may be entitled to 20% of fund profits above a preset minimum as incentive compensation, known in private equity jargon as carried interest.\u00a0Limited partners are clients of the private equity firm that invest in its fund; they have limited liability."}
{"prompts":"What Are 2 Examples of Population?","response":"One example of a population might be all green-eyed children in the U.S. under age 12. Another could be all the great white sharks in the ocean."}
{"prompts":"What is home equity?","response":"Home equity is the market value of your home minus any liens, such as the amount you owe on a mortgage or a home equity loan. The equity in your home can fluctuate based on real estate market conditions in the community or region where you live."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Forex Market Differ From Other Markets?","response":"The Forex is a decentralized market. It has no physical existence and no owner or management.There are no clearing houses or central bodies to oversee the forex. That means traders aren't held to strict standards or regulations, as are seen in the stock, futures, or options markets.It also means there are fewer fees and commissions to pay."}
{"prompts":"What Government Purchases Are Included in National Income Accounting?","response":"National income accounting includes government purchases, such as any federal, state, or local government spending. Government purchases includes infrastructure spending, such as buying steel for a project, and paying employees. However, transfer payments, such as Social Security payments, are not included."}
{"prompts":"Can You Protect an Inheritance from a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy?","response":"If you receive an inheritance within 180 days of filing Chapter 13 bankruptcy, your trustee may require you to pay the sum into your bankruptcy plan. It\u2019s more complicated for inheritances received more than 180 days after a bankruptcy filing\u2014most courts have ruled that these windfalls should be repaid to creditors, but some courts have allowed the inheritor to keep the money."}
{"prompts":"Is a Quanto Swap the Same as a Cross-Currency Swap?","response":"A quanto swap is not the same as a cross-currency swap, although there are some similarities. A typical cross-currency swap involves two parties that exchange principal and cash flows in two different currencies, along with predetermined interest rates. In a quanto swap, one party pays another at a foreign interest rate, but using a local currency."}
{"prompts":"What Does Heteroskedasticity Mean?","response":"Heteroskedasticity in statistics is the error variance. This is the dependence of scattering that occurs within a sample with a minimum of one independent variable. This means that the standard deviation of a predictable variable is non-constant."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside of Filing for Bankruptcy?","response":"One downside of filing for bankruptcy is an immediate large and negative impact on your credit score. Bankruptcy will remain on your credit report for seven to 10 years. As a result, it will be more difficult and more costly to borrow money. Depending on the type of bankruptcy, you could lose assets like your home and car."}
{"prompts":"Who Prepares a Term Sheet?","response":"Depending on the financial instrument, different parties may be the one to prepare the term sheet. For seed round investments, investors often provide a term sheet when offering their private investment. For loans, lending institution will often provide a term sheet to prospective borrowers."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Most Non-Competes Last?","response":"Typical non-compete periods are six months to one year, but they can last longer. However, it is difficult for businesses to enforce long-term non-compete agreements legally. Some states will not enforce these agreements, and a few do not recognize them as legal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Internal Growth Rate Formula?","response":"The formula for the internal growth rate is (Retained Earnings \u00f7 Net Income) \u00d7 (Net Income \u00f7 Total Assets)."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Pareto Efficiency Important?","response":"Pareto efficiency is commonly used to compare various economic outcomes of proposed policies. Though the Pareto test has limitations as to which one to choose, it can be an indicator to inform analysts which option is most efficient and allocates resources with the least amount of waste. It is also an important psychological concept that helps decision-makers realize which individuals will be better off and which will be worse off based on market efficiency."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Cup and Handle Pattern Indicate?","response":"A cup and handle is a technical indicator where the price movement of a security resembles a \u201ccup\u201d followed by a downward trending price pattern. This drop, or \u201chandle\u201d is meant to signal a buying opportunity to go long on a security. When this part of the price formation is over, the security may reverse course and reach new highs. Typically, cup and handle patterns fall between seven weeks to over a year."}
{"prompts":"What is the 1099-MISC form used for?","response":"Form 1099-MISC is used to report certain miscellaneous compensation including rent, royalties, prizes, and awards, healthcare payments, and payments to an attorney."}
{"prompts":"What is the purpose of determining MPS?","response":"MPS can be used to understand how government spending and investment may influence saving and what the economic impact of the spending and investment might be."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Last Will and Testament and a Living Will?","response":"A living will does not have anything to do with the transfer of assets upon death. Also known as a healthcare directive, this legal document allows an individual (while they are alive and mentally capable) to empower another person to make decisions about their medical care if the person signing the living will becomes incapacitated. Healthcare proxies can communicate with the patient's doctors to prevent unwanted treatments and make sound decisions on their behalf."}
{"prompts":"What Does Modus Operandi Mean?","response":"Modus operandi is Latin, where it may be translated literally as \"way of operating.\""}
{"prompts":"How Does Capitalization Impact Leased Equipment?","response":"For leased equipment, capitalization is the conversion of an operating lease to a capital lease by classifying the leased asset as a purchased asset, which is included on the balance sheet as part of the company's assets. Leases over twelve months must be capitalized as an asset and recorded as a liability on the lessee's books."}
{"prompts":"Are Payday Loans Fixed or Variable?","response":"Payday loans are usually meant to be paid off in one lump-sum payment when you get your paycheck. Because of this, the interest rate on these loans is fixed. In fact, many payday lenders don\u2019t even express their charges as an interest rate, but they instead charge a fixed flat fee that can be anywhere from $10 to $30 per $100 borrowed."}
{"prompts":"Is a Dynasty Trust a Good Idea?","response":"Establishing a trust can have benefits and drawbacks depending on your financial situation. If you have significant assets and wish to create a legacy of wealth for your family, a dynasty trust might be a good idea. It's best to talk to an attorney familiar with trusts to see if one works for your circumstances."}
{"prompts":"How Is Next of Kin Determined?","response":"Determining the next-of-kin and inheritance varies by jurisdiction. In the United Kingdom, inheritance matters are handled as per succession laws. In other countries, the laws about next-of-kin help settle the estates of people who die intestate. The right of someone to inherit or receive property in the U.S. by inheritance exists by way of state laws and legislative action."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Uptick in Bond Yields Mean?","response":"An uptick in bond yields means the returns that an investor will receive from investing in the bond will be higher. When the yield of a bond goes up, its price goes down."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Time Frame To Use for the Bearish Engulfing Pattern?","response":"The ideal time frame for using the bearish engulfing pattern largely depends on your trading style, objectives, and risk tolerance. Longer time frames generally offer more reliable signals but may require more patience and capital, while shorter time frames enable you to move more quickly but have a greater chance of not panning out. Traders often incorporate additional indicators and risk management techniques to improve the pattern's reliability, regardless of your chosen time frame."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade Index Futures?","response":"You must open an account with a brokerage firm to trade index futures. Once your account is open, choose the index you want to trade and decide whether to go long (you believe the price will increase) or short (you think the price will decrease). Keep an eye on your contract as it nears the expiration date."}
{"prompts":"Is Negative Correlation Better Than Positive Correlation?","response":"For some investors, negative correlation is better than positive correlation. This means that investors are exposed to less risk, have the chance to invest in different types of securities, and often experience less portfolio volatility. For others, negative correlation means hedging their investment which minimizes potential gains."}
{"prompts":"What did the Housing and Economic Recovery Act (HERA) do?","response":"The Housing and Recovery Act (HERA) addressed some of the most important shortcomings of the mortgage lending industry following the 2008 financial crisis and housing collapse. The purpose of HERA is to prevent the circumstances that could result in a repeat of the crisis, including predatory lending."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Five Percent Rule?","response":"A well-diversified portfolio includes as many sectors as possible and does not concentrate too many funds into a single sector or related sectors. Investors can employ the five percent rule with sector funds. To diversify within specialty sectors, such as biotech, commercial real estate, or gold miners, investors keep their allocation to 5% or less for each."}
{"prompts":"Can I Work After Full Retirement Age?","response":"You can collect Social Security retirement benefits at full retirement age while continuing to work, but your benefits will be temporarily reduced if you begin collecting Social Security before your full retirement age and you earn over $22,320 in 2024.There's no limit on how much you can earn while collecting full benefits beginning with the month and year in which you reach your FRA, but $1 will be deducted for every $3 you earn over $59,520 in 2024 up to the month before you reach FRA. These earnings thresholds are periodically adjusted to keep pace with inflation."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Social Democracy and Democratic Socialism?","response":"Social democracy is based on maintaining a capitalist economic system but blunting its excesses via regulation and addressing inequality with government-run social programs\u2014in a sense, humanizing capitalism. Social democracies exist today in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden.Democratic socialism has a vision of a society and economy that is democratic, not authoritarian, in which individuals have more of a say than large corporations in how the economy is run. It is committed to finding ways to transform an economy from capitalism to socialism. As the website of the Democratic Socialists of America notes, \"Our vision pushes further than historic social democracy and leaves behind authoritarian visions of socialism in the dustbin of history... We want to collectively own the key economic drivers that dominate our lives, such as energy production and transportation.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capital Account vs. Equity Account in Accounting?","response":"A capital account in accounting refers to the financial assets that a company is able to spend in a given period. An equity account is the portion that shareholders would receive in a liquidation event\u2014when a company's assets are sold and its debts are paid off."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Get a Better Purchase APR on a Credit Card?","response":"When you're looking for a new credit card, it pays to shop around. You'll also improve your odds of getting the best rate if you have a strong credit score. Fortunately, there are a number of things you can do to raise your credit score and keep it up there. Also consider cards with low introductory interest rates. Just remember to pay off your balance before the promotional period ends and the card starts charging its full rate."}
{"prompts":"What Does Proof of Work Mean?","response":"PoW requires nodes on a network to provide evidence that they have expended computational power (i.e., work) to achieve consensus in a decentralized manner and to prevent bad actors from overtaking the network."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks Associated With Investing in ETPs?","response":"Investing in ETPs carries various risks, including market risk, liquidity risk, tracking error, and specific risks associated with the underlying assets. Market conditions, geopolitical events, and interest rate changes can impact ETPs' performance. In many ways, an ETP can be considered similar to a stock. Consider all the ways a business can face risk\u2014an ETP is susceptible to similar risks."}
{"prompts":"What Age Range Is Millennial?","response":"According to the Pew Research Center, \u201cmillennial\u201d applies to anyone born from 1981 through 1996."}
{"prompts":"Who Prepares the Balance Sheet?","response":"Depending on the company, different parties may be responsible for preparing the balance sheet. For small privately-held businesses, the balance sheet might be prepared by the owner or by a company bookkeeper. For mid-size private firms, they might be prepared internally and then looked over by an external accountant.Public companies, on the other hand, are required to obtain external audits by public accountants, and must also ensure that their books are kept to a much higher standard. The balance sheets and other financial statements of these companies must be prepared in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and must be filed regularly with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)."}
{"prompts":"Where Was Tapering Evident in Response to the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis?","response":"Tapering by the Fed followed the massive QE program implemented in reaction to the 2007-08 financial crisis. Tapering was evident in June 2013 when the former Chair of the Fed, Ben Bernanke, announced that the Fed would reduce the number of assets purchased every month as long as economic conditions, such as inflation and unemployment,\u00a0were favorable.As 2013 drew to a close, the Federal Reserve Board concluded that QE, which had increased the Fed's balance sheet to $4.5 trillion, had achieved its intended goal, and it was time for tapering to commence. The process of tapering would involve making smaller bond purchases through October 2014."}
{"prompts":"What Does a White Line in a Candlestick Chart Represent?","response":"A white line in a candlestick chart represents a closing with a higher price than the open but without much price fluctuation during the period. Candles are taller when there is a greater price spread so when a candle is flat and looks like a line, it is because of nominal price movement during the period."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bond Duration?","response":"Bond duration measures the change in a bond's price when interest rates fluctuate. If the duration is high, the bond's price will move in the opposite direction to a greater degree than the change in interest rates. Conversely, when this figure is low, the debt instrument will show less movement to the change in interest rates."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Graham Number Work in Value Investing?","response":"The Graham number takes a company's per-share metrics and normalizes it based on a recommended upward limit for value investors of 15x P\/E and 1.5x P\/B."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between the Use Tax and the Sales Tax?","response":"A sales and use tax are ultimately the same thing. They are both applied to goods and services. The difference lies in how they're calculated and who pays them. While a sales tax is applied at the time a purchase is made and is collected and remitted to the government by the seller, a use tax is calculated and paid by the consumer or end user. The rate, however, is generally the same as the local\/state sales tax."}
{"prompts":"What Does Discharge of Lis Pendens Mean?","response":"If you receive a discharge of lis pendens, it means your property no longer has a claim or lawsuit against it."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns a General Partnership?","response":"The partners own the partnership. Ideally, the partnership will create a partnership agreement that, among other things, states who the partners (owners) are as well as the profit allocation percentage for each."}
{"prompts":"Why Do You Need a Letter of Testamentary?","response":"A letter of testamentary is important since it is issued by the probate court, assigning the executor or executrix named in a person's will with the legal power to act on behalf of the deceased person's estate. The letter of testamentary, along with the person's death certificate, is usually needed in order for the executor to conduct financial transactions on behalf of the estate."}
{"prompts":"Can You Have a Negative Liquidity Premium?","response":"Yes, it's possible to have a negative liquidity premium. This can occur when the yield curve inverts, meaning longer-term bonds offer less yield than short-term ones. This is uncommon, and investors often view it as a sign that the wider economy is not faring well."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mom-and-Pop Store?","response":"A mom-and-pop store is a small, often family-owned-and-operated business that maximizes its profits by providing personalized, interactive services for its customers, curating its inventory to fit a local need. Examples include bookstores, grocery stores, delicatessens, bakeries, restaurants, auto repair shops, insurance agencies, gift shops, ice cream emporiums, butcher shops, clothing boutiques, drug stores, card shops, and more."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Largest Custodian Banks?","response":"Bank of New York (BNY) Mellon, JPMorgan Chase, State Street, and Citigroup are among the largest custodian banks in the U.S. Some of the best-known custodian banks overseas include the Bank of China, Credit Suisse and UBS (Switzerland), Deutsche Bank (Germany), Barclays (England), and BNP Paribas (France)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Profitability Index?","response":"Generally, the higher the PI the better. A profitability index greater than 1.0 is often considered to be a good investment, as it means that the expected return is higher than the initial investment. When making comparisons, the project with the highest PI may be the best option."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Activities Can Be Found in Research and Development?","response":"Research and development activities focus on the innovation of new products or services in a company. Among the primary purposes of R&D activities is for a company to remain competitive as it produces products that advance and elevate its current product line. Since R&D typically operates on a longer-term horizon, its activities are not anticipated to generate immediate returns. However, in time, R&D projects may lead to patents, trademarks, or breakthrough discoveries with lasting benefits to the company.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Average Daily Trading Volume?","response":"Average daily trading volume (ADTV) is the average amount of shares traded each day for a given stock. It can be a useful metric because high or low trading volume attracts different types of traders. Traders and investors can use ADTV to assess liquidity, analyze volatility, optimize trade execution, and manage risk. ADTV can be used alongside OBV and other indicators to evaluate the market's activity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Major Changes Between Basel III and Basel IV?","response":"The Basel IV standards are a set of recommendations to financial regulators that were adopted in 2017 and started to take effect in January 2023. These recommendations fine-tune the calculations of credit risk, market risk, and operations risk. They also enhance the leverage ratio framework for certain banks, and other reforms."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Microfinance?","response":"The benefits of microfinance extend beyond the direct effects of giving people a source for capital. Entrepreneurs who create successful businesses can then offer jobs and trade to help improve their community. Additionally, the International Finance Corp. (IFC) has helped establish or improve credit reporting bureaus in 30 developing nations. It also has advocated for adding relevant laws that govern financial activities in developing countries."}
{"prompts":"When Is a Finder's Fee Paid?","response":"A finder's fee may be paid if someone plays a role in helping another person transact business."}
{"prompts":"What Is Corporate Philanthropy?","response":"Corporate philanthropy is the act of giving to charitable causes and\/or organizations by corporations. The most common way of giving through a corporation is by donating money but there are other ways to do so. Some of them include volunteering (like when employees donate their time to charities), scholarships, community investments, and sponsorships."}
{"prompts":"What's The Maximum Interest Rate Allowed By Law?","response":"The maximum interest rate will vary from state to state based on each geographical location's legislation. Some states do not have interest rate limits for some types of loans. In addition, some states currently have very lax restrictions. For example, New Mexico has presented a House bill to reduce the APR on loans up to $5,000 from 175% APR to 36% APR on loans up to $10,000."}
{"prompts":"How Do Traders Hedge Gamma?","response":"Gamma hedging is a strategy that tries to maintain a constant delta in an\u00a0options\u00a0position. This is done by buying and selling options in such a way as to offset each other, resulting in a net gamma of just around zero. At such a point, the position is said to be gamma-neutral. Often, a trader will want to maintain zero gamma around a delta-neutral (zero-delta) position as well. This is done via delta-gamma hedging, where both net delta and net gamma are close to zero. In such a case, an options position's value is immunized against price changes in the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is Enterprise Value-to-Sales (EV\/Sales)?","response":"Enterprise value-to-sales (EV\/sales) measures how much it would cost to purchase a company's value in terms of its sales. A lower EV\/sales multiple indicates that a company is a more attractive investment as it may be relatively undervalued. Essentially, it uses enterprise value and not market capitalization like the P\/S ratio. Enterprise value adds debt and preferred shares to the market cap and subtracts cash. Since it does account for a company's debt load, the EV\/Sales ratio is said to be superior, although it involves more steps and isn\u2019t always as readily available."}
{"prompts":"What Is in a Good Mission Statement?","response":"A good mission statement is concise. It should be limited to one sentence, though it shouldn't be too limiting as it should encompass the entire company's purpose. A good mission statement also focuses on the long-term goal it wishes to deliver to customers."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Volatility in Exchange Rates?","response":"According to the Dornbusch Overshoot model, exchange rates are volatile because forex markets are highly sensitive to changes in monetary policy, while goods prices are more slow to react. As a result, when monetary policy changes, exchange rates will fluctuate until goods prices adjust to the new equilibrium."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Prime Cost Formula?","response":"To calculate the prime cost formula, take the direct raw materials costs and add them to a business's direct labor costs, both found on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a Sole Proprietorship?","response":"To start a sole proprietorship, you generally have to launch your business. It is useful to choose a company name. Depending on your business and local regulations, you may need to apply for a permit or license with your city, county, or state. If you plan to hire employees, you will need an employee identification number from the IRS. If you are going to sell taxable products, you will need to register with your state for a sales tax license."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Real Estate Agent vs. a Real Estate Broker?","response":"Real estate agents and brokers can perform many of the same tasks for home sellers and buyers. The prime difference between them is that while agents have met the necessary tests to become a licensed agent in their state, brokers have taken additional training and passed the exam for a broker's license. Many brokers employ multiple agents in their offices."}
{"prompts":"Is a Falling Wedge Pattern Bullish?","response":"A falling wedge pattern is seen as a bullish signal as it reflects that a sliding price is starting to lose momentum, and that buyers are starting to move in to slow down the fall.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Goal of Using a Cost-Benefit Analysis?","response":"The main goal of cost-benefit analysis is to determine whether it is worth undertaking a project or task. This decision is made by gathering information on the costs and benefits of that project. Management leverages the findings of a cost-benefit analysis to support whether there are more benefits to a project or if it is more detrimental to a company."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the SEC Accountable to?","response":"The SEC is an independent federal agency that is headed by a bipartisan five-member commission, comprised of the Chairman and four Commissioners who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. The SEC is accountable to Congress as it operates under the authority of federal laws including the Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Sarbanes-Oxley Act), among others."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Base Year Always 100?","response":"The CPI value for the base year is always 100 because it is a starting point to measure changes in price. A basket of goods in future years will be compared to the base year to measure the increase\/decrease in price."}
{"prompts":"Are Limited Liability Companies Taxed Differently Than Corporations?","response":"Yes. In the case of a corporation, profits are first taxed at the corporate level and then taxed a second time once those profits are distributed to the individual shareholders. This double taxation is decried by many businesses and investors.Limited liability companies, on the other hand, allow the profits to be passed directly to the investors so that they are taxed only once, as part of the investors\u2019 personal income."}
{"prompts":"How Are Locked-in Retirement Accounts (LIRAs) Taxed?","response":"The money in a locked-in retirement account (LIRA) continues to grow tax-deferred until it is withdrawn."}
{"prompts":"Is critical thinking a hard skill?","response":"No. Critical thinking is an important soft skill. You can study and practice critical thinking, but it cannot be \u201clearned\u201d in the same way you can teach yourself to use accounting software."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Market Cycle?","response":"Cycles in the market tend to have cycles lasting 6-12 months on average. However, fiscal policy in either the United States or world markets can have a widespread effect on the length of a market cycle. The average is 6 to 12 but if, for example, the Federal Reserve were to drastically cut interest rates, it could prolong a market trending upward for a period of years."}
{"prompts":"Is Accumulated Depreciation an Asset?","response":"Accumulated depreciation is a contra asset that reduces the book value of an asset. Accumulated depreciation has a natural credit balance (as opposed to assets with a natural debit balance). However, accumulated depreciation is reported within the asset section of a balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"Which Type of Average Is Best Suited to Compounding?","response":"There are different types of average (mean) calculations used in finance. When computing the average returns of an investment or savings account that has compounding, it is best to use the geometric average. In finance, this is sometimes known as the time-weighted average return or the compound annual growth rate (CAGR)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Lord's Covenant?","response":"According to the Bible, the Lord has made several covenants. At the highest level, God has promised to humanity that he will one day return to Earth and grant everlasting life. The Bible also outlines several other covenants where God has made a promise to mankind that may or may not require action on humanity's part."}
{"prompts":"What Credit Score Do I Need for a Conventional Loan?","response":"Fannie Mae says conventional loans typically require a minimum credit score of 620, but it can vary by lender. Banks may be more willing to lend to people with a significant down payment."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have the Highest Debt-to-GDP Ratios?","response":"As of 2022 (latest data), Japan had the highest general government debt-to-GDP ratio of the countries for which the IMF had available data, at 261.3%. Next was Greece, with a reading of 177.4%. The U.S. was fifth with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 121.4%."}
{"prompts":"How Can APY Assist an Investor?","response":"Any investment is ultimately judged by its rate of return, whether it's a certificate of deposit, a share of stock, or a government bond. APY allows an investor to compare different returns for different investments on an apples-to-apples basis, allowing them to make a more informed decision."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Business Is a Limited Partnership?","response":"Businesses that form a limited partnership generally own or operate specific assets, such as the property owned by a real estate investment partnership.One party (the general partner) has control over the assets, manages the business, and can be held personally liable for its debts. The other participants (limited partners) are investors who have no role in management and are not responsible for its debts beyond the amount of their investment."}
{"prompts":"At What Age Is Social Security No Longer Taxed?","response":"Your Social Security benefits could theoretically be tax-free once you reach full retirement age, which is around 66 or 67, depending on your year of birth. But that's only if they're your sole source of income. More specifically, if your overall gross income is $25,000 or above ($32,000 if married filing jointly), they are taxable, at your ordinary income tax rate."}
{"prompts":"Where does standard deviation fit in?","response":"Most portfolio analysts focus on the standard deviation of the portfolio as a whole to get the best picture of the range of outcomes in the portfolio. Standard deviation is the square root of the variance and provides a more realistic look at the level of risk of the portfolio. The higher the standard deviation, the more volatile a portfolio is likely to be, and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"What Are Smart Contracts in Simple Terms?","response":"Smart contracts are apps on a blockchain that make each side of a transaction complete its part. For example, a smart contract could initiate a fund transfer with a third party to verify that the transfer took place."}
{"prompts":"How long does it take for a check to bounce?","response":"Generally speaking, a check for an amount greater than $225 won\u2019t clear until two or more business days after it\u2019s deposited at a bank. In the same vein, it typically takes at least two business days for a bad check to bounce."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of GAAS?","response":"The three sections of generally accepted auditing standards are General Standards, Standards of Field Work, and Standards of Reporting."}
{"prompts":"Is a Triple Top Bullish or Bearish?","response":"The triple top is a bearish reversal chart pattern that leads to the trend change to the downside. On the other hand, the triple bottom pattern is a bullish reversal chart pattern that leads to the trend change to the upside."}
{"prompts":"What Did Ben Bernake Do During the Financial Crisis?","response":"To counter the effects of the financial crisis of 2008, Bernake employed a low-rate policy\u2014whereby rates were reduced to practically nothing\u2014and a quantitative easing plan to increase the money supply. Bernake also bailed out many large, failing financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a Startup Business Loan?","response":"A startup can obtain a loan from a bank, certain organizations, or friends and family. One of the best and first options should be working with the U.S. Small Business Administration, which provides microloans to small businesses. The average SBA loan is $13,000 and the max loan amount is $50,000. These loans are usually from nonprofit community lenders and can be easier to obtain than traditional loans from banks."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Data Analytics?","response":"Data analytics has been adopted by several sectors where turnarounds can be quick, such as the travel and hospitality industry. Healthcare is another sector that combines the use of high volumes of structured and unstructured data, and data analytics can help in making quick decisions. The retail industry also uses large amounts of data to meet the ever-changing demands of shoppers."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Poison Pill?","response":"A poison pill, which is officially known as a shareholder rights plan, is a common defense against a hostile takeover."}
{"prompts":"Can You Start Affiliate Marketing With No Money?","response":"Yes, several free platforms and affiliate networks are available for little or no money. Instead, you will need a large online following through efforts such as blogging or social media posting."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Neoclassical and Keynesian Economics?","response":"Neoclassical economic theory believes that markets will naturally restore themselves. Prices, and therefore wages, will adjust on their own in response to changes in consumer demand. Keynesian economic theory does not believe markets can adjust naturally to these changes. It encourages using fiscal and monetary policy to impact the economy, specifically by slowing the economy during booms and stimulating it during recessions."}
{"prompts":"What Are LLCs Used for?","response":"The LLC has two main advantages:It prevents its owners from being held personally responsible for the debts of the company. If the company goes bankrupt or is sued, the personal assets of its owner-investors cannot be pursued.It allows all profits to be passed directly to those owners to be taxed as personal income. This prevents the double taxation of both the company and its individual owners."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Trader and a Dealer?","response":"A dealer is a specialized type of trader who commits to continuously make two-sided markets in the securities that they deal in. This means that they will always be posting both a bid and an offer. The goal is to trade frequently enough with both buyers and sellers in the market to generate profit from the bid-ask spread.Traders, on the other hand, need not make two-sided markets and can buy or sell as they please. In this respect, non-dealer traders are considered to be price takers (instead of market makers). Traders do not profit from the bid-ask spread, but instead hope for the market to move in their favor in order to exit the trade at a favorable price later on."}
{"prompts":"When Does Basel III Go Into Effect?","response":"While we can report the deadlines U.S. regulators have given, a \"wait and see\" approach might be in order. Since the Basel III Endgame process began, bank requests for more time to digest and comment on the plans, COVID-19, and shifts in the post-pandemic economy have all pushed back the deadlines. As it stands now, the regulations should start taking effect July 1, 2025, followed by a three-year phase-in period to give banks time to transition to the new rules. While previous deadlines have come and gone, the commentary period is over, which offers U.S. federal regulators more room to maneuver in going ahead with implementation."}
{"prompts":"How Has Nelson Peltz Donated to Political Fundraisers?","response":"Nelson Peltz has donated to the presidential elections of George W. Bush and Donald Trump."}
{"prompts":"What Did Adam Smith Say About the Invisible Hand?","response":"Adam Smith wrote about an invisible hand in his writings during the 1700s, noting that the mechanism of an invisible hand benefits the economy and society thanks to self-interested individuals. Smith mentions \"an\" invisible hand, which is the automatic pricing and distribution mechanisms in the economy that interact directly and indirectly with centralized, top-down planning authorities."}
{"prompts":"What Does a VIF of 1 Mean?","response":"A VIF equal to one means variables are not correlated and multicollinearity does not exist in the regression model."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Valid Oral Contract?","response":"A valid oral contract consists of an offer, usually a price or a promise for some action to be taken, and an acceptance; an agreement accepting the offer in exchange for payment or service. There need not be more information involved in an oral contract than just the offer and the acceptance of that offer."}
{"prompts":"How much do VSPs pay for a policy?","response":"The typical payout for a viator ranges from 50% to 70% of the face amount. The main variable in the calculation is your life expectancy."}
{"prompts":"How Detailed Should a Target Market Be?","response":"It depends. Broadly speaking, a product may be designed for a mass market or a niche market, and a niche market can be a very small group indeed, especially in a product's early introductory phase.Some carbonated beverages aim for a practically universal market. Coca-Cola had to branch out to 200 markets abroad to continue growing its customer base. Gatorade is owned by Pepsi Cola, but the brand is positioned as a drink for athletes. The soda brand Poppi, which is branded as a \"Healthy, Sparkling, Prebiotic Soda with Real Fruit Juice, Gut Health, and Immunity Benefits,\" is clearly aimed at a younger, healthier, and more trend-conscious target market."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bait and Switch in Business?","response":"A \u201cbait and switch\u201d is a scam to mislead buyers, whereby a seller advertises an appealing but ingenuine offer to sell a product or service that the seller does not actually intend to sell. Instead, the seller offers a sub-par, defective, or unwanted alternative."}
{"prompts":"Who Are Some Famous Contrarian Investors?","response":"Berkshire Hathaway's Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger are two of the most well-known contrarian investors. David Dreman, investment company founder and author of several books on contrarian investing, is another prominent contrarian. Ray Dalio, Sir John Templeton, Michael Burry, and George Soros are all investors who have made a name for themselves as contrarians."}
{"prompts":"How Does Emigration Affect the Sending Country's Economy?","response":"Emigration can have a mixed impact on the sending country's economy. While remittances from emigrants can boost household incomes and local businesses, a departure of skilled workers may result in lost economic potential. The overall effect depends on factors such as the skill level of emigrants, the volume of remittances, and the country's ability to replace lost talent."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Contribution Margin and Profit Margin?","response":"Profit margin is calculated using all expenses that directly go into producing the product. Contribution margin only takes into account variable costs."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find Reports on Leading Indicators?","response":"The reports are issued by various government agencies and other organizations. Certain business publications (e.g., the Wall Street Journal) will publish a calendar of upcoming announcements as well as the actual data. Some of the entities responsible for the data include the The Conference Board (Consumer Confidence Index), the U.S. Department of Labor (jobless claims), and the U.S. Census Bureau (durable goods orders)."}
{"prompts":"What Investments Are Considered Safe Havens?","response":"Investors look to safe havens to offer protection against market downswing or upheaval. Investment vehicles that may be considered safe havens are gold, cash, and U.S. Treasury bonds."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Cost of Equity?","response":"There are two primary ways to calculate the cost of equity. The dividend capitalization model takes dividends per share (DPS) for the next year divided by the current market value (CMV) of the stock, and adds this number to the growth rate of dividends (GRD), where Cost of Equity = DPS \u00f7 CMV + GRD. Conversely, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) evaluates if an investment is fairly valued, given its risk and time value of money in relation to its anticipated return. Under this model, Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate of Return + Beta \u00d7 (Market Rate of Return \u2013 Risk-Free Rate of Return)."}
{"prompts":"What is the average range for HOA fees?","response":"HOA fees vary drastically, but some estimates claim these fees range from $100 to $1,000 per month, with the average ranging from $200 to $300. The amount of an HOA fee varies based on the type of property and the amenities it provides\u2014the more services and amenities, the higher the fees. In some cases, owners face higher fees when an association\u2019s reserve fund isn\u2019t managed correctly."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Price Controls?","response":"Some of the most common examples of price controls include rent control (where governments impose a maximum amount of rent that a property owner can charge and the limit by how much rent can be increased each year), prices on drugs (to make medication and health care more affordable), and minimum wages (the lowest possible wage a company can pay its employees)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sensitivity Analysis in NPV?","response":"Sensitivity analysis in NPV analysis is a technique to evaluate how the profitability of a specific project will change based on changes to underlying input variables. Though a company may have calculated the anticipated NPV of a project, it may want to better understand how better or worse conditions will impact the return the company receives.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Offset a Payment?","response":"An offset in a payment is a reduction in the total amount owed. It occurs when one party successfully argues that the amount due should be reduced due to some compensation owed to the payer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Industry and a Sector?","response":"A sector is a broader term than industry. For example, consumer goods is a sector. This sector can then be broken into many different consumables such as clothes or personal health. Therefore, sectors are often further divided into industries that further group similar companies based on an even lower level of detail regarding their products and operations."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Debt Instrument?","response":"A debt instrument is used to raise capital. It involves a binding contract in which an entity borrows funds from a lender and promises to repay them according to the terms outlined in the contract."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Lose Money on a Long Strangle?","response":"If you are long a strangle and the underlying does not move past the strikes involved, both options will expire worthless and you will lose what you paid for the strategy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Advantage of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)?","response":"The primary advantage of the HHI is the simplicity of the calculation and the small amount of data required for the calculation. Also, firms are weighted according to their size, which makes the HHI superior to other measures, like the concentration ratio."}
{"prompts":"How Does IFRS Differ From GAAP?","response":"The two systems have the same goal: clarity and honesty in financial reporting by publicly-traded companies.IFRS was designed as a standards-based approach that could be used internationally. GAAP is a rules-based system used primarily in the U.S.Although most of the world uses IFRS standards, it is still not part of the U.S. financial accounting world. The SEC continues to review switching to the IFRS but has yet to do so.Several methodological differences exist between the two systems. For instance, GAAP allows a company to use either of two inventory cost methods: First in, First out (FIFO) or Last in, First out (LIFO). LIFO, however, is banned under IFRS."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Mobile Money?","response":"Funds that can be transferred electronically sometimes are called mobile money. The funds typically are connected directly to a bank account or they might be in the form of a prepaid gift card or prepaid debit or credit card. Apps like PayPal or Venmo are common examples electronic payment services that function similarly to M-Pesa."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Impact the Value of Money?","response":"Inflation reduces the future value of current money. The value of a dollar today is worth less than it will be in the future because prices go up. The same dollar today will be able to buy fewer goods and services in future years. Money is always worth more now than it is in the future, particularly due to the investment capability of money."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fractional Reserve Banking?","response":"It's a system of banking whereby a portion of all money deposited is held in reserve to protect the daily activities of banks and ensure that they are able to meet the withdrawal requests of their customers. The amount not in reserve can be loaned to borrowers. This continually adds to the nation's money supply and supports economic activity. The Fed can use fractional reserve banking to affect the money supply by changing its reserve requirement."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Household Income?","response":"Household income is the total gross income received by all members of a household within a 12-month period. This figure comprises the earnings of everyone under the same roof who is age 15 or older, whether they're related or not. Sources include wages, salaries, retirement income, investment income, Social Security benefits, and earnings from other income sources."}
{"prompts":"How Are Probability Distributions Used in Finance?","response":"There are two main ways in which probability distributions are used in finance: (1) to estimate the returns of an investment asset and (2) to determine the possibility of loss events, which will allow the investor to hedge their risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered Interest Arbitrage?","response":"Covered interest arbitrage is when someone engaging in arbitrage purchased a forward currency contract in order to hedge risk regarding exchange rate fluctuations. Due to purchasing a forward contract to offset risk, the financial gains of covered interest arbitrage transactions tend to be lower than those of outright arbitrage. This style of trading usually demands a high volume of trades to be markedly profitable."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Stock Exchange in the World?","response":"The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) remains the largest stock exchange in the world in terms of the market capitalization of the companies listed on it. The NASDAQ ranked second, followed by the Shanghai Stock Exchange, and the Euronext."}
{"prompts":"How Is AI Used in Healthcare?","response":"In healthcare settings, AI is used to assist in diagnostics. AI can identify small anomalies in scans to better triangulate diagnoses from a patient's symptoms and vitals. AI can classify patients, maintain and track medical records, and deal with health insurance claims."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Choose a Reverse Morris Trust?","response":"When a company is looking to focus on its core operations and sell assets in a tax-efficient manner, it may choose a reverse Morris trust. This allows the parent company to raise money and help reduce its debt while selling unwanted business assets. This type of transaction can be useful to companies that are highly indebted."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of an SME?","response":"In 1971, a company called Starbucks opened its first store in Seattle\u2019s historic Pike Place Market. At the time, it might have been able to claim to be an SME. But with Starbucks locations now all over the world, the company can no longer make that claim. That option has passed to other coffee shops, such as Lighthouse Roasters, an independent and locally owned coffee roaster. With a single address in Seattle, Lighthouse Roasters is considered an SME."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Real or a Nominal Interest Rate?","response":"A\u00a0real interest rate\u00a0is an interest rate that has been adjusted to remove the effects of inflation to reflect the real\u00a0cost of funds\u00a0to the borrower and the real yield to the lender or to an investor.\u00a0A\u00a0nominal interest rate\u00a0refers to the\u00a0interest rate\u00a0before taking\u00a0inflation\u00a0into account.\u00a0Nominal\u00a0can also refer to the advertised or stated interest rate on a loan, without taking into account any fees or compounding of interest."}
{"prompts":"How Are Bank Reserves Calculated?","response":"A bank's reserves are calculated by multiplying its total deposits by the reserve ratio. For example, if a bank's deposits total $500 million, and the required reserve is 10%, multiply 500 by 0.10. The bank's required minimum reserve is $50 million."}
{"prompts":"Who Conducts a Feasibility Study?","response":"A feasibility study may be conducted by a team of the organization's senior managers. If they lack the expertise or time to do the work internally it may be outsourced to a consultant."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of the Personal Consumption Expenditures Number?","response":"The personal consumption expenditures number shows how Americans collectively spend their money. Tracked from month to month, it is an indicator of the economy's health overall. It also is a key component of the PCE Price Index, which tracks inflation or deflation in consumer prices over time."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Apply for a Homestead Exemption?","response":"Go directly to your county or local tax assessor's website for details on available homestead tax exemptions. Some states require that you fill out an application but they're often available online. Make sure you comply with your state's application deadlines.Be aware that some sites may be fraudulent and may request payment to fill out an application for you. Your county or local tax assessor will not require you to pay a fee to fill out an application for a homestead tax exemption."}
{"prompts":"What Causes the Multiplier Effect?","response":"Some multiplier effects are simply the product of metric analysis as one number is compared to another. In other cases, the multiplier effect is a product of public policy or corporate governance. For example, the government may establish boundaries on how many times a deposit may be cycled through an economy. These regulations are often in place to restrict the multiplier effect; otherwise, financial institutions may become encumbered with too much risk."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Buy Y-Shares?","response":"Many Y-share classes have no fees for purchasing the shares, but charge a management fee. Y-share classes do tend to have a high minimum investment threshold\u2014$25,000 or more, however."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to an Out of the Money Option at Expiration?","response":"At expiration, out of the money options expire worthless."}
{"prompts":"Are Retained Earnings a Type of Equity?","response":"Retained earnings are a type of equity and are therefore reported in the shareholders\u2019 equity section of the balance sheet. Although retained earnings are not themselves an asset, they can be used to purchase assets such as inventory, equipment, or other investments. Therefore, a company with a large retained earnings balance may be well-positioned to purchase new assets in the future or offer increased dividend payments to its shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Process for Listing a Public Company in the OTC Market?","response":"To be able to trade in the OTC market, a company must be sponsored by a market maker. The market maker will sponsor the issue as market makers are the only ones allowed to apply to have a quote listed."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to the CAPM?","response":"Because of its criticisms, several alternative models to the capital asset pricing model have been developed to understand the relationship between risk and reward in investments.One of these is arbitrage pricing theory (APT), a multi-factor model that looks at multiple factors, grouped into macroeconomic or company-specific factors.Another is the Fama-French 3-factor model, which expands on CAPM by adding company-size risk and value risk factors to the market risk factors.In 2015, Fama and French adapted their model to include five factors. Along with the original three factors, the new model adds the concept that companies reporting higher future earnings have higher returns in the stock market, a factor referred to as profitability. The fifth factor, referred to as \"investment\", relates the concept of internal investment and returns, suggesting that companies directing profit towards major growth projects are likely to experience losses in the stock market."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Responsibilities of a CPA?","response":"CPAs compile, maintain, and review financial statements and related transactions. They also prepare tax returns for individuals and businesses.\u00a0They are authorized to perform audits.Some CPAs specialize in areas like forensic accounting, personal financial planning, and taxation.A CPA is required to complete continuing education requirements and uphold a standard of professional ethics."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Delinquent Status?","response":"A delinquent status means that you are behind in your payments. The length of time varies by lender and the type of debt, but this period generally falls anywhere between 30 to 90 days."}
{"prompts":"When I Place a Deposit for Goods or Services, Do I Get the Money Back?","response":"This depends on your agreement. In many rental agreements, a security deposit is held to ensure that there is no damage to a property. This may also be the case in renting equipment. The deposit may be returned if the item or space is returned in the same condition. For other items, a deposit may be used a partial payment on the balance due."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s Good About a Bureaucracy?","response":"Bureaucracies can help organizations run smoothly and efficiently. This allows large organizations to streamline processes and bring order to systems and procedures. Management becomes easier and processes become less chaotic. Bureaucracies tend to include a division of labor with clearly defined roles. They also ensure that everyone is treated equally and fairly, which means there is no bias toward any one entity. For instance, the government makes everyone fill out the same (often cumbersome) paperwork for benefits like student loans."}
{"prompts":"Is Forex Trading for Beginners?","response":"Forex trading can be risky and complex, involving quick decisions due to how fast exchange rates change. It is likely not suited for beginner traders; however, traders can spend time learning forex trading with test trading or with low levels of capital."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does the Triple Top Pattern Take to Form?","response":"As other major reversal patterns, the triple top pattern usually form over a three- to six- month period."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Buy Before or After the Ex-Dividend Date?","response":"While it might seem to make sense to buy before the ex-dividend date so you can receive the dividend, buying after has perks, too. That's because the market usually adjusts the stock price to reflect the dividend payout, meaning you'll typically see a reduction in price equal to the amount of the dividend."}
{"prompts":"Why do governments keep exchange rates high?","response":"Governments, especially in developing economies, seek to manage exchange rates to balance their ability to pay debts denominated in foreign currencies. Because investors generally prefer instruments denominated in more stable currencies, governments in developing economies often raise funds by issuing bonds denominated in U.S. dollars, Japanese yen, or euros.However, if the value of the domestic currency falls vs. the currency in which its debt is denominated, that effectively increases the debt, as more local currency is needed to pay it. So, when the Thai baht lost half of its value in 1997, that meant local borrowers needed twice as many baht to pay debts denominated in U.S. dollars. As many developing countries also rely on imports, a higher-valued local currency also makes those imports cheaper in local currency terms."}
{"prompts":"How Do Day Traders Use the Opening Range?","response":"Day traders\u00a0frequently use the trading range of the first half hour of the trading session as a reference point for their\u00a0intraday\u00a0strategies. For example, a trader might buy a stock if it breaks above its opening trading range."}
{"prompts":"Can an Information Ratio Be Negative?","response":"Yes, an information ratio can be negative. If the investment is returning below the benchmark, then the information ratio will be negative."}
{"prompts":"How Did Gambling in Las Vegas Influence Bill Gross?","response":"As an avid blackjack player in Las Vegas, Gross noted that it gave him a \u201csense of risk\u201d and taught him to avoid placing too many high-stakes bets, citing \u201calthough the odds were many times in my favor, if you took too much leverage and had too much debt then the house of cards will come tumbling down.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"What Impact Does a Greenshoe Option Have On Investors?","response":"Greenshoe options can essentially result in more shares being available to buy at the IPO stage, opening the doors up to more participants. They can also reduce initial share price volatility."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Regulation Letter for the HMDA?","response":"The Home Mortgage Disclosure Act falls under the Federal Reserve's Regulation C. This regulation requires the annual disclosures of residential mortgage loan data from financial institutions. Data reported includes details about applicants and loan types among others. The data is used by different entities, including regulators and watchdogs, who ensure that lenders are meeting the needs of the communities they serve."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Major Types of Insurance?","response":"There are insurance products for almost everything, but for most people, there are four types of insurance products that are seen more than any other. Life insurance, auto insurance, health insurance, and long-term disability insurance are those that cover most of an individual's risk factors. Once someone owns significant property like a house or something high-value like jewelry or other collector items, they will need additional policies tailored to these individual items. However, most people who rent will own the four major types listed above."}
{"prompts":"Is an Annual Report the Same As a 10-K Filing?","response":"In general, an annual report is similar to the 10-K filing in that both report on the company's performance for the year. Both are considered to be the last financial filing of the year and summarize how the company did for that period. Annual reports are much more visually friendly. They are designed well and contain images and graphics. The 10-K filing only reports numbers and other qualitative information without any design elements or additional flair."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Market-Cap Weighted ETF and a Smart Beta ETF?","response":"Most major indexes like the S&P 500 and the Russell 1000 Index are market-cap weighted, with the largest companies having the largest weight index. Smart Beta employs strategies that include equal weighting, fundamental weighting, minimum variance, and low volatility."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Population Mean?","response":"A population mean is the average of whatever value you're measuring in a given population."}
{"prompts":"Is a CMA as Good as an Appraisal?","response":"A comparative market analysis can reveal a property's fair price range; however, it is not considered by lenders or real estate experts to be as good or accurate a method as an appraisal by a licensed and certified appraiser."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Prepare a Cash Budget?","response":"This will depend on the time frame for which the budget is being prepared. A short-term cash budget of a few weeks will only account for day-to-day expenses related to funding and supplying a company's operations, while a cash budget for a quarter or longer might also account for larger expenses like equipment, capital investment, and corporate taxes. In each case, any remaining cash surplus at the end of one budget period will be carried on to the beginning of the next."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When You Withdraw Cash From Life Insurance?","response":"If you make a withdrawal from the cash value in a life insurance policy, the death benefit will decrease. If you withdraw everything, the policy terminates.\u00a0Withdrawing money from life insurance is tax-advantaged in that the IRS considers your withdrawals a return of the premiums you paid for the policy. So you can withdraw that amount of money without paying taxes. Any gains from dividends or interest, however, would be taxed\u2014but these would not occur until after you've withdrawn all your premium payments."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Fight Termination of Employment?","response":"You may not be able to fight termination of employment if you were let go for a legitimate reason, such as restructuring or theft of company property. But if you believe you were terminated without just cause, there are some steps you can take.Make sure you understand why you're being terminated. If you can, appeal the decision with your employer or the company's human resources department. Request copies of documents, including your employment contract, any communications between you and your employer regarding your performance, as well as your employment file. If you have a union, contact your representative. You can also consult an employment lawyer to take your case to court if you have a case."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use a Double Exponential Moving Average?","response":"Like any moving average, the double exponential moving average is designed to trigger a buy or sell signal based on the price movements over time of a given asset. The signal is triggered by a sustained change upwards or downwards of the asset's price."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Functions of Financial Markets?","response":"Financial markets exist for several reasons, but the most fundamental function is to allow for the efficient allocation of capital and assets in a financial economy. By allowing a free market for the flow of capital, financial obligations, and money, the financial markets make the global economy run more smoothly while allowing investors to participate in capital gains over time."}
{"prompts":"Can the IRS Deny an Injured Spouse Claim?","response":"Yes, the IRS may determine that someone filing Form 8379 is ineligible for an injured spouse allocation, or that they are not entitled to as much as they believe. When the IRS receives a claim, they will calculate the injured spouse's share of the tax return, based on state laws and the circumstances surrounding each case."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Spinning Top and a Doji?","response":"Spinning tops and dojis both represent indecision. Dojis are smaller, with small real bodies and small upper and lower shadows. The spinning top has long upper and lower shadows. Both patterns occur frequently and are sometimes used to warn of a reversal after a strong price move. Both types of candlesticks rely heavily on confirmation. A strong move after the spinning top or doji tells more about the new potential price direction than the spinning top or doji itself."}
{"prompts":"What Is the USA Patriot and Terrorism Reauthorization Act?","response":"Many of the Patriot Act\u2019s requirements were set to expire in 2005 and despite continued civil liberties and privacy concerns, President George W. Bush signed the USA Patriot and Terrorism Reauthorization Act on March 9, 2006, continuing the use of the provisions already in place."}
{"prompts":"Does My Loan Agreement With a Family Member Have to Be Notarized?","response":"No. While notarization may take it the next step, your written and signed agreement is legally binding on its own."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of a municipal bond?","response":"Although municipal bonds may have lower interest rates than riskier investments like corporate bonds or stocks, they offer stability for your capital with low default rates. Interest from munis is also generally exempt from federal taxes, making it an attractive investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the U.S. Fiscal Year-End?","response":"The fiscal year of the U.S. government runs from Oct. 1 to Sept. 30. It is not the same as a calendar year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Indicator to Use With ADX?","response":"The ADX works best when combined with other technical indicators, like the relative strength index (RSI). While the ADX measures the intensity of the trend, the RSI can help with entries and exits by giving a time-based component to the trend."}
{"prompts":"How Is Disinflation Different from Deflation?","response":"The key difference between disinflation and deflation is that the former is always positive but decreasing, while the latter is always negative."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Giffen Good and an Inferior Good?","response":"The term Giffen goods, named after the Scottish economist Sir Robert Griffin, refers to goods whose demand increases even if prices rise, largely because there are few substitutes or alternatives for them. A classic example of a Giffen Good would be a basic food staple, such as rice. If consumers have no choice but to purchase the staple, they will continue to do so, even if it becomes more expensive. In fact, because these purchases will consume a greater share of their income, demand for Giffen goods will actually increase with higher prices: The limits on disposable income make slightly higher options even more out of reach."}
{"prompts":"Are Hot Wallets Safe?","response":"Hot wallets can be safe if you use them only to transfer digital currency. When the cryptocurrency you're not going to use is in cold storage, there is no risk of loss if the hot wallet is accessed."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Adverse Selection?","response":"\"Adverse\" means unfavorable or harmful. Adverse selection is therefore when certain groups are at higher-risk because they lack full information. In fact, they are selected (or choose to select) to enter into a transaction precisely because they are at a disadvantage (or advantage)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Haircut Value?","response":"Haircut value is the lower-than-market valuation placed on an asset when the asset is being used as collateral for a loan. The haircut value is externally determined, and the asset holder often does not have a say in the determination of the haircut value."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Inheritance and IRD?","response":"Inheritance is property bequeathed to you by a decedent. Income in respect of a decedent, or IRD, is income that was owed to the decedent but wasn't received by them due to their death. Instead, that income may go to the beneficiary. For example, a required minimum distribution from an IRA (that you are to inherit) that was to be made to the decedent the year the decedent passed away will go to you. While you don't normally owe taxes on inheritance, you will owe taxes on IRD that you receive."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Stock's Price Will Go Up?","response":"The best answer to this question is that nobody knows whether a stock's price will go up or down. However, analysts and investors can leverage information to make the best, most strategic decision to follow general information related to the stock. In general, if the fair value of a stock is less than the current price of the stock, the price will go down. On the other hand, companies with higher fair values as determined by the market will go up."}
{"prompts":"What Is Pareto Efficiency?","response":"Pareto efficiency is a state of the economy where resources cannot be reallocated to provide more advantages for one individual without making at least one individual worse off. Pareto efficiency implies that resources are\u00a0allocated\u00a0in the most\u00a0economically efficient\u00a0manner. However, this state does not guarantee equality or fairness."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Real Estate Agent's Salary?","response":"The median annual salary was $49,980 for real estate sales agents and $62,190 for real estate brokers in 2022, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. However, salaries for agents can vary significantly depending on experience and location. These professionals make money primarily through commissions on property sales, which means their income can fluctuate based on the real estate market and the size and number of deals they close. It's also the case that many real estate agents do so part-time, and experience and skill can vary widely\u2014and also the pay."}
{"prompts":"How Reliable Is the Bearish Engulfing Pattern?","response":"The reliability of the bearish engulfing pattern varies based on several factors, including market conditions, the asset being traded, and your broader trading strategy. Some factors that could increase its reliability include volume analysis, confirmatory indicators, and the overall market context and environment."}
{"prompts":"What Exactly Is Due Diligence?","response":"Due diligence is a process or effort to collect and analyze information before making a decision. It is a process often used by investors to assess risk. It involves examining a company's numbers, comparing the numbers over time, and benchmarking them against competitors to assess an investment's potential in terms of growth."}
{"prompts":"How Much Has the Middle Class Shrunk?","response":"Various studies have been published on the shrinking middle class. Results vary depending on the country being analyzed, the timeframe being examined, and the criteria of the study. In 2020, the Pew Research Center claimed that the share of American adults living in middle-income households decreased from 61% in 1971 to 51% in 2019.\u00a0The OECD, meanwhile, said in 2019 that the share of people in middle-income households\u2014defined as households earning between 75% and 200% of the median national income\u2014across OECD countries fell from 64% in the mid-1980s to 61% in the mid-2010s."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Face Value and a Bond\u2019s Price?","response":"A bond\u2019s face value is fixed, often issued in $1,000 denominations. By contrast, its price fluctuates in response to market interest rates, time to maturity, and the issuer\u2019s credit rating. A bond may be priced above par, or below par based on these conditions. For example, if interest rates increase, bond prices will decline, trading at a discount to face value in the secondary market."}
{"prompts":"What Is Household Expenses Ratio?","response":"A household expenses ratio, used for budgeting, is different from a housing expense ratio, which is focused on the cost of housing compared to your income and is used by lenders. In contrast, a household expense ratio includes daily living costs like groceries, utilities, and other necessary expenses. Ideally, your household expense ratio should be lower than 50%."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Nonbank Financial Companies?","response":"There are many types of NBFC. Some of the most familiar are:Casinos and card clubsSecurities and commodities firms (e.g., brokers\/dealers, investment advisers, mutual funds, hedge funds, or commodity traders)Money services businesses (MSB)Insurance companiesLoan or finance companiesOperators of credit card systems"}
{"prompts":"What Companies Use EBITDAR?","response":"Instead of using EBITDA, EBITDAR is used by companies that recently underwent restructuring. The goal of EBITDAR is to eliminate these one-time restructuring costs to allow management an easier opportunity to analyze financial performance. EBITDAR is also used by casinos, restaurants, or other businesses that typically pay rent. Companies that want to strictly look at financial performance relating to more controllable aspects of operations may choose to internally eliminate rent for better analysis."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Banks Keep Their Reserves?","response":"Some of it is stashed in a vault at the bank. Reserves also may be kept in the bank's account at one of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks. Some small banks keep part of their reserves at larger banks and tap into them as needed. This flow of cash between vaults peaks at certain times, like during holiday seasons when consumers withdraw extra cash. Once the demand subsides, the banks ship off some of their excess cash to the nearest Federal Reserve Bank."}
{"prompts":"What Does KPI Mean?","response":"KPI is an abbreviation for key performance indicator: data that has been collected, analyzed, and summarized to help decision-making. KPIs may be a single calculation or value that summarizes a period of activity, such as \u201c450 sales in October.\u201d By themselves, KPIs do not add any value to a company. However, a company can use this information to make more informed decisions about business operations and strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Fixed-Income and Equity Securities?","response":"Fixed-income securities are debt instruments that pay interest to investors along with the return of the principal amount when the bond matures. Equity, on the other hand, is issued in the form of company stock and represents a residual ownership stake in the firm, and not a debt. Equity does not have a maturation date, and while it may pay a dividend makes no guaranteed payments to investors. In general, equity is a higher-risk\/higher-return security than a company's bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Information Ratio and Tracking Error?","response":"An information ratio will inform an investor if the portfolio manager or investment is generating enough returns in comparison to the risk taken. A tracking error will inform how much the investment's returns deviate from the benchmark."}
{"prompts":"Do Mortgage Bonds Still Exist?","response":"Yes, mortgage bonds still exist. While mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) had a bad image after the financial crisis in 2008 due to many MBSs consisting of subprime loans, MBSs are an important aspect of the financial markets. They provide liquidity, free up the balance sheets of banks, support the housing market, and provide investors the ability to invest in home real estate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quota for a Job?","response":"A job or workplace quota refers to the number of jobs allocated to underrepresented members of certain groups. For example, a company may decide it wants a workforce that mirrors the community or customers it serves. As a result, it may institute a quota to hire a certain number of women or a certain number of persons with disabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Role Does High-Frequency Trading (HFT) Play in Arbitrage?","response":"HFT has a large role in modern arbitrage strategies. HFT involves the use of sophisticated algorithms to execute a large number of orders at extremely high speeds. For arbitrage, HFT allows traders to capitalize on fleeting price discrepancies that may exist only for fractions of a second across different exchanges or between different securities. These algorithms can analyze market conditions, execute orders, and then exit those positions within the blink of an eye, often before the market has had the chance to correct these inefficiencies."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Accept Repudiation?","response":"If you believe your party on a contract has repudiated the contract, you can terminate the contract as an acceptance of the repudiation, or you may simply continue with the contract."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Monetary Tools of the Federal Reserve?","response":"The Federal Reserve's three primary monetary tools are reserve requirements, the discount rate, and open market operations. The reserve requirement stipulates the amount of reserves that member banks must have on hand, the discount rate is the rate at which banks can borrow from the Federal Reserve, and open market operations is the Fed's buying or selling of U.S. Treasuries."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do You Have to Answer a Margin Call?","response":"Brokerage firms typically give customers two to five days to come up with the cash after a margin call, according to FINRA."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a Certified Information Systems Auditor?","response":"To become a CISA, you must pass an exam hosted by the ISACA, meet application requirements, and earn continuing education credits upon achieving certification. In addition, you must act in accordance with the ISACA's ethical and professional standards."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Components of ERP?","response":"The components of an ERP system depend on the organization's needs. However, there are key features that each ERP should include. Generally, packages include finance, human resource, logistics and manufacturing, supply chain management, and customer relationship management."}
{"prompts":"Which Markets Do Firms Use to Raise Capital?","response":"Companies that raise equity capital can seek private placements via angel or venture capital investors but are able to raise the largest amount through an initial public offering when shares list publicly on the stock market for the first time. Debt capital can be raised through bank loans or via securities issued in the bond market."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Deposit Multiplier?","response":"Take the Federal Reserve's reserve requirement for banks. Divide that figure into 1. The result is the amount of new money that could be created. So, say the Fed's reserve requirement is 18%. The deposit multiplier would be 1\/.18, or 5.55. That means for every $1 in bank reserves, $5.55 could be added to the money supply. The lower the reserve requirement, the greater the amount of money that can be created (because more money is available to be lent)."}
{"prompts":"How Can Alternative Investments Be Useful to Investors?","response":"Some investors seek out alternative investments because they have a low correlation with the stock and bond markets, meaning that they may maintain their values in a market downturn. Also, hard assets such as gold, oil, and real property are effective hedges against inflation. For these reasons, many large institutions such as pension funds and family offices seek to diversify some of their holdings into alternative investment vehicles."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Indifference Curve Explain?","response":"An indifference curve is used by economists to explain the tradeoffs that people consider when they encounter two goods that they wish to buy. Because people are constrained by a limited budget, they cannot purchase everything. Instead, a cost-benefit analysis must be considered. Indifference curves visually depict this tradeoff by showing which quantities of two goods provide the same utility to a consumer (i.e., where they remain indifferent)."}
{"prompts":"Can Tax Liens Be Purchased?","response":"In many localities and states, public tax debt can be sold through auctions known as \"tax lien sales.\" At auctions, third parties can bid on liens and buy them from munipalities and states. After such a transfer occurs, the property owner will owe unpaid taxes and interest to the third-party purchaser of their lien going forward. A good understanding of tax lien investing and the local real estate market is important."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Assets Depreciated Over Time?","response":"New assets are typically more valuable than older ones for a number of reasons. Depreciation measures the value an asset loses over time\u2014directly from ongoing use through wear and tear and indirectly from the introduction of new product models and factors like inflation. Writing off only a portion of the cost each year, rather than all at once, also allows businesses to report higher net income in the year of purchase than they would otherwise."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quasi Contract in Simple Words?","response":"A quasi contract is an obligation between two parties created by a court order rather than an agreement between the parties to prevent enrichment."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Prepare a Trend Analysis?","response":"To prepare a trend analysis as a trader, you will typically need to follow these steps:Identify the security or market you want to analyze: Decide which security or market you want to analyze in order to identify trends that could inform your trading decisions. This could be a specific stock, bond, currency, commodity, or other financial instrument, or it could be a broader market index or sector.Gather the data: Collect data on the security or market you have identified. This may involve accessing financial statements, downloading market data, or accessing databases or other sources of data.Organize the data: Organize the data in a way that makes it easy to analyze. This could involve creating spreadsheets, charts, or graphs to visualize the data.Analyze the data: Use your chosen method of analysis to identify trends in the data. This could involve looking for patterns in the data, calculating statistical measures such as averages or standard deviations, or using graphical tools such as charts to identify trends.Interpret the results: Once you have identified trends in the data, interpret the results to determine what they mean for your trading decisions. This could involve making predictions about the future direction of the security or market, identifying risks or opportunities, or making recommendations for buying, selling, or holding the security.Use the results to inform your trading decisions: Use the insights gained from your trend analysis to inform your trading decisions. This could involve adjusting your portfolio, placing trades, or making other decisions based on the trends you have identified."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Horizontal Integration and Vertical Integration?","response":"Horizontal integration is the strategy of acquiring other companies that reside along a similar area of the supply chain. For example, a manufacturer may acquiring a competing manufacturing firm to better enhance its process, labor force, and equipment.Vertical integration occurs when a company acquires a company outside of their current position along the supply chain. For example, a manufacturer may acquire a retail company so that the manufacturer can not only control the process of making the good but also selling the good as well."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Factors Affecting Insurance Premiums?","response":"Insurance premiums depend on a variety of factors, including the type of coverage being purchased by the policyholder, the age of the policyholder, where the policyholder lives, the claim history of the policyholder, and moral hazard and adverse selection. Insurance premiums may increase after the policy period ends or if the risk associated with offering a particular type of insurance increases. It may also change if the amount of coverage changes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Life Annuity?","response":"A life annuity is an insurance contract that provides a guaranteed income for life, typically in return for a lump-sum payment."}
{"prompts":"What if you think you\u2019re a beneficiary of a death benefit?","response":"Try to find out from the policyholder whether or not you\u2019re named as a beneficiary\u2014don\u2019t rely on the insurance company to tell you. You can request information from the National Association of Insurance Commissioners\u2019 Life Insurance Policy Locator Service about whether you are a beneficiary on a life insurance policy. To claim a benefit, beneficiaries must submit death claim forms with a copy of a death certificate to insurers."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Activate My Debit Card PIN?","response":"To activate a debit card PIN, you often must enter your card at an ATM or use it in a transaction. You may be prompted to enter the debit card number, then you can follow the instructions to set your PIN. In other cases, you may be given a phone number to call to verify and activate your card. As part of that phone call, you may be asked to establish a PIN."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Income Levels of Countries?","response":"The World Bank breaks down countries as a classification based on their gross national income (GNI) per capita. Its four main categories are low income, low-middle income, upper-middle income, and high income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Annual Gift Exclusion for 2022?","response":"The annual exclusion for gifts is $16,000 for 2022 and $17,000 in 2023. That means you can give up to $16,000 or $17,000 tax-free to as many people as you wish without using any of your lifetime gift and\u00a0estate tax exemption."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Cafeteria Plan?","response":"A cafeteria plan refers to a suite of fringe benefits that allow employees to choose among them. Often, these benefits will come out of pre-tax dollars and may include insurance plans, and retirement benefits. The name cafeteria is used because it is akin to a menu of benefits that can be selected or passed over, such as at a cafeteria buffet."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Lawyer Retainer Fee in the US?","response":"Retainer fees vary by specialty, ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars depending on what they are retained for."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Passive Income?","response":"Passive income is defined by the IRS as any earnings from a rental property, limited partnership, or other business in which a person is not actively involved in the business. Common forms of passive income include rents, royalties, interest, dividends, and capital gains."}
{"prompts":"What Does the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Do?","response":"The Department of Housing and Urban Development is responsible for administering programs that provide housing and community development assistance, while also ensuring access to fair and equal housing for all. \u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word for Remuneration?","response":"Compensation is a fair synonym for remuneration. It implies total payments. Salary or wages may be only one part of remuneration."}
{"prompts":"What Was JCPenney\u2019s Failed Blue Ocean Strategy?","response":"In 2011, JCPenney made a spectacular strategic blunder under its new CEO, Ron Johnson, who attempted to pivot the company towards a blue ocean strategy. At the time, JCPenney had some financial struggles but was still regarded as an industry leader for value shopping. Johnson attempted to differentiate JCPenney to a more upscale clientele, with in-store boutiques and exclusive merchandise. At the same time, he did away with the clearance racks and coupons that attracted the company's most loyal customers.To make matters worse, rather than testing the changes on a small group of experimental stores, Johnson implemented them in all 1800 JCPenney stores. After less than 18 months at the helm, JCPenney fell out of the S&P 500 Index and Johnson was fired."}
{"prompts":"How are NOL carryforwards accounted for?","response":"NOL carryforwards are recorded as an asset on the company\u2019s general ledger. A deferred tax asset is created for the NOL carryforward, which is offset against net income in future years. The deferred tax asset account is drawn down each year, not to exceed 80% of net income in any one of the subsequent years, until the balance is exhausted."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Negative Feedback?","response":"One example of a negative feedback loop that occurs constantly is the body's method of maintaining its internal temperature. The body senses an internal change (such as a spike in temperature) and activates mechanisms that reverse, or negate, that change (the activation of the sweat glands)."}
{"prompts":"What Changes Require Additional Undewriting?","response":"If you increase the death benefit amount, the insurance company may require additional underwriting before approving the change. Substantial face amount increases may require a medical exam and full medical underwriting."}
{"prompts":"Which States Allow Credit Card Surcharges?","response":"Credit card surcharging is a fee structure that allows credit card companies to charge consumers to process transactions. Although surcharging isn't illegal across the United States, there are certain jurisdictions where companies can't impose these fees on their customers, including Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Puerto Rico. Anti-surcharging laws are limited or cannot be enforced in California, Florida, Kansas, Maine, New York, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah."}
{"prompts":"What Is Compound Probability?","response":"Compound probability looks to determine the likelihood of two independent events occurring. Compound probability multiplies the probability of the first event by the probability of the second event. The most common example is a coin flipped twice and finding if the second result will be the same as the first."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Allocational Efficiency and Distributive Efficiency?","response":"Allocational efficiency is the optimal distribution of goods in an economy that meets the needs and wants of society. Distributive efficiency occurs when goods and services are consumed by those who need them most and focuses on the equitable distribution of resources."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bank Identification Code?","response":"A bank identification code, which is also known as a bank identifier code, is a special code made up of eight to 11 digits. It is an international standard that identifies a bank or non-financial institution whenever someone makes an international purchase or transaction. A BIC can be connected or non-connected. The former is part of the SWIFT network and is called a SWIFT code, while the latter is generally used for reference only."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Brokerage Firm Work?","response":"A broker is essentially a middleman. Brokers match buyers with sellers, complete the transaction between the two parties, and pocket a fee for their service.If you use an online brokerage to buy stock, there's no human standing between you and the transaction. The brokerage software makes the match.If you use a full-service brokerage, the process is much the same, except that someone else is pressing the keys on the keyboard. However, the full-service brokerage may have identified a good investment opportunity, discussed it with the client, and acted in the client's behalf in making the transaction."}
{"prompts":"Why is the term \u2018first world\u2019 contentious?","response":"\u201cFirst world\u201d is a problematic term because it is outdated. First coined during the Cold War, it referred to countries that were allies of the United States\u2014mostly other westernized countries, as opposed to countries that aligned with the former Soviet Union. Because the economic indicators used to define the first world vary by their perspective, the first world can represent an opaque concept of a country\u2019s economic stature. For instance, despite Saudi Arabia having per capita income that is nearly equal to Portugal\u2019s, it is often considered a second world nation."}
{"prompts":"Was Keynes a Socialist?","response":"It is difficult to pigeonhole Keynes as a socialist.On the one hand, he showed an interest in socialist regimes and advocated the presence of government in economic affairs. He emphatically did not believe in letting business cycles go through boom and bust without intervention\u2014or in letting private enterprise operate unfettered.On the other hand, Keynes stopped short of advocating that governments actually take over and run industries. He wanted central authorities to stimulate, but not necessarily control, methods of production.There is also evidence that he was returning to more traditional free-market capitalism towards the end of his life, as he was considering ways to get post-war Britain out of an economic hole. Shortly before his death in 1946, he told his friend, Henry Clay, that he found himself relying more on a solution he had \u201ctried to eject from economic thinking twenty years ago\": Adam Smith\u2019s invisible hand (the natural tendency of a free-market economy to self-correct via the laws of supply and demand)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements for an Implied Contract?","response":"Requirements for an implied contract differ based on the type of implied contract that is assumed. Neither are formed orally or in writing. For an implied-in-fact contract, there must be an offer, an acceptance of the offer, mutual agreement, and consideration. The terms and execution of the agreement will be evidenced by the behavior of the parties involved. For an implied-in-law contract, circumstances form the contract, rather than intent. When services or goods are not gratuitously provided to one party, the receiver is expected to offer consideration. There cannot be an imbalance of benefit between the parties, meaning the receiver cannot be unfairly enriched."}
{"prompts":"What Counts As an Incidental Expense?","response":"Incidentals are costs related to other, larger business costs. These include expenses such as fees and tips to hotel staff, transportation between your hotel and a meal, and the cost of mailing a business-related gift."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Quorum for the U.S. Senate?","response":"The U.S. Constitution requires that at least 51 senators be present to do business."}
{"prompts":"Is a property manager worth it?","response":"It depends. Managing property can be costly and take a lot of time. If the cost of a property manager is less than the opportunity cost of managing properties yourself, it\u2019s probably a good investment. However, this is an equation that every investor will have to work through for themselves."}
{"prompts":"What Is a License Holder Business?","response":"This term implies that a business has applied for and holds a valid license, obtained from the proper authority, to legally operate or do business in a certain location or locations."}
{"prompts":"Should I Look Into Buying a Cash Value Life Insurance Policy?","response":"Those looking to build a nest egg over a time horizon of several decades may want to consider cash value life insurance as a savings option, alongside a retirement plan like an IRA or 401(k). Be aware that cash values often don't begin accruing until two to five years have passed. And you may have to wait several years to access the cash value, or pay a penalty."}
{"prompts":"Are Back-to-Back Letters of Credit Irrevocable?","response":"Typically, both letters of credit are irrevocable letters of credit. Each letter can't be canceled or modified without all participants' explicit agreement. Amendments can be complicated with a back-to-back letter of credit situation, as the second letter depends on the first."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does NAIFA Membership Cost?","response":"Membership in NAIFA is $565 annually, which includes local, state, and national dues."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula or Model for Trend Analysis?","response":"There is no one formula for trend analysis, as the specific methods used to analyze trends can vary depending on the data being analyzed and the goals of the analysis. However, there are several statistical measures that are commonly used in trend analysis to identify patterns and trends in data.Here are a few examples of statistical measures that might be used in trend analysis:Moving averages: A moving average is a statistical measure that is used to smooth out fluctuations in data over time. A simple moving average (SMA) is calculated by taking the average of a set of data points over a given period of time, such as the past 10 days or the past 50 weeks. Moving averages can be used to identify trends by smoothing out short-term fluctuations in data and highlighting longer-term patterns.Linear regression: Linear regression is a statistical method that is used to model the relationship between two variables. It can be used to identify trends by fitting a line to the data and determining the slope of the line, which can indicate the direction and strength of the trend.Correlation: Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. A positive correlation means that the variables are moving in the same direction, while a negative correlation means that they are moving in opposite directions. Correlation can be used to identify trends by analyzing the relationship between two variables over time.It's important to note that these are just a few examples of statistical measures that might be used in trend analysis, and there are many other methods and measures that could also be used depending on the specific needs of the analysis."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of C2C Companies?","response":"In e-commerce, some big names in C2C include eBay, Etsy, Craigslist, Ali Express, and Amazon Marketplace. Some C2C payments companies include Venmo, Paypal, and Zelle."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns the Federal Reserve?","response":"The Federal Reserve System is not owned by anyone. It was created in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act to serve as the nation's central bank. The Board of Governors is an agency of the federal government and reports to and is directly accountable to Congress."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of Break-Even Analysis?","response":"Break-even analysis assumes that the fixed and variable costs remain constant over time. Costs may change due to factors such as inflation, changes in technology, or changes in market conditions. It also assumes that there is a linear relationship between costs and production. Break-even analysis ignores external factors such as competition, market demand, and changes in consumer preferences."}
{"prompts":"Is Kanban Agile or Lean?","response":"Kanban bridges both agile and lean frameworks. It is agile in that processes are visually depicted in advance of occurring. This means changes can be made in advance of issues. In addition, kanban is a pull system in that work is pulled through a process when each prior step is completed. Instead of having inventory pile up from one stage to another, kanban aims to have just enough inventory working its way through a manufacturing process."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Long-Term Consequences of Banking Sector Hysteresis?","response":"The banking sector's hysteresis, arising from financial crises, can lead to persistent cautious lending practices even after the crisis abates. This ongoing prudence in lending may contribute to a prolonged credit squeeze, making it tough for consumers and businesses to get loans."}
{"prompts":"What Are Economic Profits?","response":"Economic profits are the theoretical profits that result when company management subtracts all expenses plus the costs of lost opportunities from revenue earned in a particular period of time."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Lean Six Sigma Important?","response":"Many consider it important for the measurable and consistent improvements in operations and business results that companies achieve using it. It also might be considered important because it combines the significant process streamlining of the Lean methodology of the 1940s with the Six Sigma data-driven approach of the 1980s."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a VEBA and an HSA?","response":"Health Savings Accounts (HSAs) allow you to save for qualified medical expenses on a tax-advantaged basis. These accounts are associated with high-deductible health plans. The main difference between a VEBA and an HSA is how they\u2019re funded. VEBAs are funded only by the employer in most cases, while HSAs can be funded with employer and employee contributions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quid vs. a Pound?","response":"Quid is a slang term for the pound sterling issued by the United Kingdom. The pound is the name of the currency issued by the U.K., like the \"dollar\" is for the currency issued by the United States."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of fidelity bonds?","response":"The most common type of fidelity bond is the so-called business services bond, which is designed to protect against losses when an employee is on a customer\u2019s premises. For example, if a window repair worker is sent to a home that was damaged by a storm and steals jewelry from the residence, the company may have exposure concerning their employee\u2019s actions. Likewise, if a dog sitter were to use their access to a client\u2019s home to steal money, or if a home health provider took clothes or a laptop from a client, then a fidelity bond tailored for such circumstances could provide the company with the coverage it needs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Vendor Take-Back Mortgage?","response":"A vendor take-back mortgage allows people to buy property that they would not otherwise be able to afford, a transaction that works to the benefit of both buyer and seller."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a Trade Line?","response":"A trade line is automatically created for you when a new line of credit is started. For example, when you sign up for a new credit card, a new trade line is created specific to that individual line of credit. As you incur purchases on the card and pay off debt balances, a record of history is created."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers an Estate Tax Return?","response":"An estate that pulls in more than $600 in annual gross income must file Form 1041, U.S. Income Tax Return\u00a0for Estates and Trusts. The estate may also have to pay quarterly estimated taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Forms of Depreciation Can Use the Half-Year Convention?","response":"The half-year convention can be used with any depreciation methods. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System (MACRS) consists of two depreciation systems, the General Depreciation System (GDS) and the Alternative Depreciation System (ADS), which typically has to be elected by the taxpayer unless required by the IRS.MACRS allows for three depreciation methods under GDS and one under ADS. The 200% declining balance, 150% declining balance, and straight line method can be used under GDS, but only the straight line can be used under ADS."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Franchisor Make Money?","response":"Typically, a franchise agreement includes three categories of payment to the franchisor. First, the franchisee must purchase the controlled rights, or trademark, from the franchisor in the form of an upfront fee. Second, the franchisor often receives payment for providing training, equipment, or business advisory services. Finally, the franchisor receives ongoing royalties or a percentage of the operation's sales."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Cost Method of Accounting for Treasury Stock?","response":"The cost method of accounting values treasury stock according to the price the company paid to repurchase the shares, as opposed to the par value. Using this method, the cost of the treasury stock is listed in the stockholders' equity portion of the balance sheet.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Has Anyone Ever Won an Eminent Domain Case?","response":"Many people have won eminent domain cases in the sense that their fair market value claim was awarded. The claimant, in this case, would be an aggrieved property owner who can sue for a higher value than what the government assessed, although these cases are lengthy and extremely expensive to pursue. Most private property owners find it is easier to just accept the value and move on with their lives. It is nearly impossible to halt an eminent domain case, although it is possible to pursue further compensation."}
{"prompts":"What Should You Do if Your Social Security Number Is Stolen?","response":"Identity thieves are everywhere. Contact the Social Security Administration if you suspect that your number is stolen. The agency can help fix problems related to income. If you have problems with your credit, you must contact your financial institution and the credit reporting agencies (Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion). You can also file complaints with IdentityTheft.gov, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Internet Crime Center to report any suspicious activity."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in the Nasdaq Composite Index?","response":"No, you can't invest in the Nasdaq Composite Index. But you can invest in a security that mimics its performance. There are assets like mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that are composed of the same stocks with the same weightings that try to at least match the index's performance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Index Funds for Retirement?","response":"The best index funds for retirement offer growth potential and solid risk management that aligns with your time to retirement and risk tolerance. For long-term growth, consider broad-market equity index funds like the Vanguard Total Stock Market Index Fund (VTSAX) or the Fidelity 500 Index Fund (FXAIX). For diversification and income, bond index funds like the Fidelity Total Bond Fund (FTBFX) can be a good choice. Target-date retirement funds, which automatically adjust their allocation as your retirement approaches, can also be a convenient option for retirement planning."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Wire Transfer Done?","response":"A wire transfer is most often used to transfer funds from one bank or financial institution to another. No physical money is transferred between banks or financial institutions when conducting a wire transfer. Instead, information is passed between banking institutions about the recipient, the bank receiving account number, and the amount transferred.The sender first pays for the transaction upfront at their bank. The sending bank sends a message to the recipient's bank with payment instructions through a secure system, such as Fedwire or SWIFT. The recipient's bank receives all the necessary information from the initiating bank and deposits its own reserve funds into the correct account.The two banking institutions then settle the payment on the back end (after the money has already been deposited)."}
{"prompts":"Is a Kellogg MBA Worth It?","response":"Kellogg's MBA is recognized globally and is in demand by many large or notable corporations and businesses. If you want to work for one of these companies, the program might be worth the cost, as you can recover the expenses within a few years. However, you can get a good business education at many other schools\u2014but if you want one of the best educations around, the Kellogg MBA is worth it."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Buying on Margin Risky?","response":"Margin trades allow larger gains than regular investments, but also higher losses. These gains can be enticing in bull markets, but when the trades fail, an investor can owe more money than they originally had to trade with."}
{"prompts":"What is business forecasting?","response":"Business forecasting tries to make informed guesses or predictions about the future state of certain business metrics such as sales growth or economy-wide predictions such as gross domestic product (GDP) growth in the next quarter. Business forecasting relies on both quantitative and qualitative techniques to improve accuracy. Managers use forecasting for internal purposes to make capital allocation decisions and determine whether to make acquisitions, expand, or divest. They also make forward-looking projections for public dissemination such as earnings guidance."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies as an Intangible Asset?","response":"An intangible asset is something of value that is not physical in nature. Classic examples include brands, goodwill, and intellectual property. These things are worth a lot to companies but cannot be held or touched and are sometimes more difficult to value."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Gentlemen\u2019s Agreement of 1907?","response":"In 1907, U.S. negotiators settled on a gentlemen's agreement that restricted immigration to America by Japanese nationals. In return, President Roosevelt agreed\u00a0to cancel a San Francisco statute whereby Japanese children were segregated from white students."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Section 1245 Property and Section 1231 Property?","response":"Section 1245 and section 1231 concern the same types of business property. The difference between them is that section 1245 properties have been depreciated or amortized. Once the tax on that depreciation or amortization has been recaptured, the property is considered section 1231 property."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Net Income and Gross Income?","response":"Gross income is the total amount earned. Net income is gross income minus expenses, interest, and taxes. Net income reflects the actual profit of a business or individual."}
{"prompts":"Is Buying a Put Similar to Short Selling?","response":"Buying puts and short selling are both bearish strategies, but there are some important differences between the two. A put buyer\u2019s maximum loss is limited to the premium paid for the put, while buying puts does not require a margin account and can be done with limited amounts of capital. Short selling, on the other hand, has theoretically unlimited risk and is significantly more expensive because of costs such as stock borrowing charges and margin interest (short selling generally needs a margin account). Short selling is therefore considered to be much riskier than buying puts."}
{"prompts":"What's a Married Put Option?","response":"A married put option is a put option purchased at the same time an investor buys the underlying asset. It's also known as a protective put option."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Broker and Why Do I Need One?","response":"A broker is an intermediary between those who want to make trades and invest and the exchange in which those trades are processed. You need a broker because stock exchanges require that those who execute trades on the exchange be licensed. Another reason is a broker ensures a smooth trading experience between an investor and an exchange and, as is the case with discount brokers, usually won't charge a commission for normal trades."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Small-Cap Subindexes of the Russell 2000?","response":"There are a number of subindexes within the Russell 2000. The Russell 2000 Value Index tracks the performance of companies with\u00a0lower price-to-book ratios, which shows a company\u2019s market price relative to its balance sheet. The Russell 2000 Growth Index is a subset of companies with higher price-to-value ratios, or those expected to have higher growth values in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Capital?","response":"Any financial asset that is being used may be capital. The contents of a bank account, the proceeds of a sale of stock shares, or the proceeds of a bond issue all are examples. The proceeds of a business's current operations go onto its balance sheet as capital."}
{"prompts":"What Is Witching and Why Is It Triple?","response":"In folklore, the witching hour is when evil things may be afoot. Derivatives traders have colloquially applied this to the hour of contract expiration, frequently on a Friday at the close of trading. It's triple for the three types of contracts expiring simultaneously: listed index options, single-stock options, and index futures."}
{"prompts":"Is a Cup and Handle Pattern Bullish?","response":"As a general rule, cup and handle patterns are bullish price formations. The founder of the term, William O\u2019Neil, identified four primary stages of this technical trading pattern. First, approximately one to three months before the \u201ccup\u201d pattern begins, a security will reach a new high in an uptrend. Second, the security will retrace, dropping no more than 50% of the previous high creating a rounding bottom. Third, the security will rebound to its previous high, but subsequently decline, forming the \u201chandle\u201d part of the formation. Finally, the security breaks out again, surpassing its highs that are equal to the depth of the cup\u2019s low point.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a C-Suite Executive?","response":"C-suite executives are the executive-level managers within a company. C-suite executives include the chief executive officer (CEO), the chief financial officer (CFO), the chief operating officer (COO), and the chief information officer (CIO)."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use the Available Balance in My Checking Account?","response":"Your available balance is the amount that your bank currently authorizes you to use or withdraw. In these days of electronic transactions, it should be up to the minute.Be careful though. If you used a paper check yesterday, it may not have passed through the bank yet. Or, if you know you'll need $200 tomorrow, and your bank doesn't know that, leave at least $200 in your available balance. Also, keep an eye on any automated payments you have scheduled. If your utility payment is going through tomorrow morning, you want to make sure your balance is adequate."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret Income Elasticity of Demand?","response":"Income elasticity of demand describes the sensitivity to changes in consumer income relative to the amount of a good that consumers demand. Highly elastic goods will see their quantity demanded change rapidly with income changes, while inelastic goods will see the same quantity demanded even as income changes."}
{"prompts":"What is tulipmania?","response":"Tulipmania is the story of a major commodity bubble, which took place in the 17th century as Dutch investors began to madly purchase tulips, pushing their prices to unprecedented highs."}
{"prompts":"Is a Controller the Same As CFO or VP of Finance?","response":"A controller is not the same as a CFO or VP of Finance. A CFO or VP of Finance are often higher-level positions that are on the executive team. Meanwhile, a controller is usually a lower-level position that is less involved in strategic planning or external affairs and mostly involved in internal reporting."}
{"prompts":"What are some current liabilities listed on a balance sheet?","response":"The most common current liabilities found on the balance sheet include accounts payable; short-term debt such as bank loans or commercial paper issued to fund operations; dividends payable; notes payable\u2014the principal portion of outstanding debt; the current portion of deferred revenue, such as prepayments by customers for work not yet completed or earned; current maturities of long-term debt; interest payable on outstanding debts, including long-term obligations; and income taxes owed within the next year. Sometimes, companies use an account called other current liabilities as a catch-all line item on their balance sheets to include all other liabilities due within a year that are not classified elsewhere."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Short Sellers Have to Borrow Shares?","response":"Since a company has a limited number of outstanding shares, a short seller must first locate shares. The short seller borrows those shares from an existing long and pays interest to the lender. This process is often facilitated behind the scenes by a broker. If a small amount of shares are available for shorting, then the interest costs to sell short will be higher."}
{"prompts":"How Are Multiple Regression Models Used in Finance?","response":"Any econometric model that looks at more than one variable may be a multiple. Factor models compare two or more factors to analyze relationships between variables and the resulting performance. The Fama and French Three-Factor Mod is such a model that expands on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) by adding size risk and value risk factors to the market risk factor in CAPM (which is itself a regression model). By including these two additional factors, the model adjusts for this outperforming tendency, which is thought to make it a better tool for evaluating manager performance."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Undergo a Reverse Stock Split?","response":"Reverse splits are usually done when the share price falls too low, putting it at risk for delisting from an exchange for not meeting certain minimum price requirements. Having a higher share price can also attract certain investors who would not consider penny stocks for their portfolios."}
{"prompts":"What Causes a Company to Become Overcapitalized?","response":"A number of factors can lead to a company becoming overcapitalized. A company may become overcapitalized if it buys assets that are priced too high or acquire assets that fit into its operations. Other reasons include poor corporate management, higher-than-expected startup costs (which often appear as assets on the balance sheet), and a change in the business environment. Underutilizing funds can also lead to overcapitalization."}
{"prompts":"Which Industries Have High Barriers to Entry?","response":"Industries requiring heavy regulation or high upfront capital often have the highest barriers to entry. Telecommunications, transport (i.e. car or airplane), casinos, parcel delivery services, pharmaceutical, electronics, oil and gas, and financial services often all require substantial initial investments. Each of those industries is also heavily regulated or requires substantial oversight from governing bodies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Taxpayers Relief Act of 1997?","response":"The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 was ratified into law and contained various tax reductions to help stimulate the American economy. Among the items were reduced tax rates and tax credits like the Roth IRA and tax credits for children."}
{"prompts":"Is Wharton Better Than Harvard?","response":"Wharton's MBA program is ranked better than Harvard's by U.S. News & World Report: number three and number five, respectively; however, for undergraduate purposes, Harvard is a better-ranked school that offers a variety of more subjects for students while Wharton is business focused."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Net Capital Gain?","response":"The IRS defines a net capital gain as the amount by which net long-term capital gain (long-term capital gains minus long-term capital losses and any unused capital losses carried over from prior years) exceeds net short-term capital loss (short-term capital gain minus short-term capital loss). A net capital gain may be subject to a lower tax rate than the ordinary income tax rate."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Net of Tax?","response":"The easiest way is to subtract what you've paid in taxes from what you've earned."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Warranty?","response":"Imagine you purchase a new television. In the box with the instructions, you find a document that explains what the manufacturer will do if you experience specific issues within a certain time frame."}
{"prompts":"Is a Credit Analyst a Good Job?","response":"Yes, a credit analyst can be a good job if you have an interest in accounting or finance, along with a desire to help companies and consumers make decisions regarding the extension of credit and the reduction of financial risk. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the estimated wage range for credit analysts in 2020 was $44,250 to $146,690. The mean annual wage for credit analysts was $86,170.The top-paying industries for credit analysts are monetary authorities (central banks); securities, commodities, and financial investment companies; insurance carriers; and business support firms. The states with the highest employment levels for credit analysts are California, New York, Texas, Florida, and Illinois."}
{"prompts":"Does a Tax Lien Hurt Your Credit?","response":"Having a tax lien against you doesn't necessarily hurt your credit. The three major credit bureaus do not include tax liens from consumer credit reports. Be mindful that property tax liens may be public record and widely available to the general population that you owe an outstanding tax bill."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Record the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts?","response":"You record the allowance for doubtful accounts by debiting the Bad Debt Expense account and crediting the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts account. You'll notice the allowance account has a natural credit balance and will increase when credited."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Measure KPIs?","response":"It depends on the actual KPI being measured. Generally speaking, businesses measure and track KPIs through business analytics software and reporting tools. This includes everything from the collection of data via reliable sources, the safe storage of information, the cleaning of data to standardize its format for analysis, and the actual number crunching. Finally, KPIs are often reported using visualization or reporting software."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Out If Your Information Is on the Dark Web?","response":"Your personal information, such as banking, social media, and email accounts, along with your Social Security number, may be up for sale on the dark web. If you want to see if any of your information is floating around the dark web, try running a scan of the dark web. Alternatively, you can sign up for a dark web monitoring service. These tools warn you whenever they find any of your information."}
{"prompts":"Do Incumbents Win Re-Election More Often?","response":"Yes, incumbents win re-election more often. In 2023, 94% of incumbents across the nation won re-election in general elections. In fact, the incumbent win rate was at 90% or above in all states except for Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Ohio."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Improve Its Working Capital?","response":"A company can improve its working capital by increasing its current assets. This includes saving cash, building higher inventory reserves, prepaying expenses especially if it results in a cash discount, or closely considering which customers to extend credit to (in an attempt to reduce its bad debt write-offs).A company can also improve working capital by reducing its short-term debts. The company can avoid taking on debt when unnecessary or expensive, and the company can strive to get the best credit terms available. The company can be mindful of spending both externally to vendors and internally with what staff they have on hand."}
{"prompts":"Have Any of Today\u2019s Big-Name Companies Been Accused of Violating the Sherman Act?","response":"Many household names have been hit with antitrust suits based in part on the Sherman Act. Other than Google, in recent years Microsoft and Apple have both faced complaints, with the former accused of seeking to create a monopoly in Internet browser software and the latter of unethically raising the price of its e-books and, in later years, exploiting the market power of its app store."}
{"prompts":"What Are KYC Documents?","response":"Account owners generally must provide a government-issued ID as proof of identity. Some institutions require two forms of ID, such as a driver's license, birth certificate, social security card, or passport. In addition to confirming identity, the address must be confirmed. This can be done with proof of ID or with an accompanying document confirming the address of the client."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can a Landlord Charge a Renter for Paying Late?","response":"The amount a landlord can charge a renter for paying late depends on the laws in the state. Some states impose no limits other than that the late fee be \"reasonable.\" Others limit it to some percentage of the rent, a dollar figure, or a combination of both."}
{"prompts":"What U.S. Senator Championed TEFRA in Congress?","response":"Sen. Bob Dole's name is inextricably linked with TEFRA. The Kansas Republican served in the U.S. Senate for 30 years, including three years as Senate Majority Leader.As the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Dole was the legislator most responsible for shaping TEFRA and pushing it through the Senate. This outraged many conservatives. Then-freshman House Rep. Newt Gingrich, for instance, called Dole \"the tax collector for the welfare state.\"His association with \"the biggest tax increase in U.S. history\" would come back to haunt him in 1995, when he ran unsuccessfully for the presidency."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good EBIDA?","response":"As a baseline, a company's EBIDA must be positive if it hopes to achieve positive cashflow. Even then, EBIDA adds back in depreciation and amortization, so it is possible for a company to have a positive EBIDA and yet still lose money each period. A company should strive to have an EBIDA high enough to sustain company growth as well as tracking what competitive company EBIDA's are to make sure their own is comparable."}
{"prompts":"What Is Exposure at Default?","response":"Exposure at default is the predicted amount of loss a lender may incur if a debtor defaults on their loan. It is the realized value of what the bank may lose if one of its borrowers is unable to satisfy their debt obligation."}
{"prompts":"Is a Wrap Fee Worth It?","response":"Whether it's worth it to pay a wrap fee depends on how much service you demand from your investment advisor and how often. If you are confident that your money is in good hands and you don't need to revisit your investment decisions regularly, you may not need a wrap fee.The wrap fee generally covers professional advice and research services, trading fees, and related administrative costs. If you aren't using all of those services frequently, you may be better off with the standard pay-as-you-go plan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Sales Tax in California?","response":"California has a statewide sales tax of 7.25%. In addition, some municipalities may impose local sales taxes."}
{"prompts":"What was the Glass-Steagall Act?","response":"Spurred by the failure of almost 5,000 banks during the Great Depression, the Glass-Steagall Act was passed by the U.S. Congress as part of the Banking Act of 1933. Sponsored by Sen. Carter Glass, a former Treasury secretary, and Rep. Henry Steagall, chair of the House Banking and Currency Committee, it prohibited commercial banks from participating in the investment banking business and vice versa.\u00a0The rationale was the conflict of interest that arose when banks invested in securities with their own assets, which of course were actually their account holders\u2019 assets. Simply put, the bill\u2019s proponents argued that banks had a fiduciary duty to protect these assets and not to engage in excessively speculative activity."}
{"prompts":"What Is Beta?","response":"In finance, beta is a measure of volatility of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole. Tracking beta over time can provide investors with a useful risk profile for the asset compared to a major index."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Time Value of Money?","response":"The time value of money takes several things into account when calculating the future value of money, including the present value of money (PV), the number of compounding periods per year (n), the total number of years (t), and the interest rate (i). You can use the following formula to calculate the time value of money: FV = PV x [1 + (i \/ n)]\u00a0(n x t)."}
{"prompts":"What is the percentage of small to midsize businesses in the United States?","response":"The most recent U.S. Census data for SMEs found that there were 6.1 million employer firms in the U.S. Firms with fewer than 500 employees made up 99.7% of those businesses. Companies with fewer than 100 employees made up 98.1%."}
{"prompts":"Is MACD a Leading Indicator or a Lagging Indicator?","response":"MACD is a lagging indicator. After all, all the data used in MACD is based on the historical price action of the stock. Because it is based on historical data, it lags the price. However, some traders use MACD histograms to predict when a change in trend will occur. For these traders, this aspect of MACD might be viewed as a leading indicator of future trend changes."}
{"prompts":"Are Target-Date Funds Expensive?","response":"In general, a target-date fund will have somewhat higher expense ratios compared to a standard mutual fund. This is because the target-date fund, even if it is an index target-date fund, is essentially a fund-of-funds that invests in other mutual funds. Moreover, the fund has to rebalance its portfolio regularly to match the glide path so it is more active than a standard index fund. That said, many target-date index funds available today have low expense ratios of 0.10% or lower."}
{"prompts":"Is the Petroyuan in Sight?","response":"Oil exporters are free to accept payment in a currency of their choosing. Accepting Chinese currency would be most useful for investment in, and purchases from, China. Chinese capital markets are much smaller and less liquid than those in the U.S., and Chinese currency is not widely accepted outside China."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Double Taxation in Two States?","response":"In some cases, individuals may need to file tax returns in multiple states. This can occur if they work or perform services in a different state from where they reside. Luckily, most states have provisions in their tax codes that can help individuals avoid double taxation. For example, some states have forged reciprocity agreements with others, which streamlines tax withholding rules for employers. Others may provide taxpayers with credits for taxes paid out-of-state, reducing their total obligations and avoiding double taxation. How exactly one can avoid double taxation depends on a wide range of factors, including how income is earned and which states are in question."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Stop-Limit Orders Last?","response":"Stop-limit orders can be set as either day orders\u2014in which case they would expire at the end of the current market session\u2014or good-\u2019til-canceled (GTC) orders, which carry over to future trading sessions. Different trading platforms and brokerages have varying expiries for GTC orders, so check the time period when your GTC order will be valid."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Downside to the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act?","response":"As the assets in a UGMA account are owned by the minor, this can reduce the amount of financial aid they may receive. If the balance of the UGMA account is too high, it may disqualify them completely from any financial aid. This is true even if they haven't reached the age of majority and can't access the account until a certain date.]"}
{"prompts":"How Often Should You Invest With Dollar-Cost Averaging?","response":"With regard to actually using the strategy, how often you use it may depend on your investment horizon, outlook on the market, and experience with investing. If your outlook is for a market in flux that will eventually rise, then you might try it. If a persistent bear market's at work, then it wouldn't be a smart strategy to use. If you're planning to use it for long-term investing and wonder what interval for buying makes sense, consider applying some of every paycheck to the regular purchases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Disbursement and a Payment?","response":"A disbursement is a payment from a fund. The word disbursement implies a payment that has been finalized. That is, it has been properly recorded as a debit on the payer's side and a credit on the payee's side."}
{"prompts":"Can Anybody Invest in an IPO?","response":"Oftentimes, there will be more demand than supply for a new IPO. For this reason, there is no guarantee that all investors interested in an IPO will be able to purchase shares. Those interested in participating in an IPO may be able to do so through their brokerage firm, although access to an IPO can sometimes be limited to a firm\u2019s larger clients. Another option is to invest through a mutual fund or another investment vehicle that focuses on IPOs."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Interest Rates and Bond Prices Move in Opposite Directions?","response":"As interest rates fall, bond prices rise, and vice versa. New bond issues must also have higher rates to satisfy investor demand for lending the issuer their money. The price of bonds returning less than that rate will fall as there would be very little demand for them as bondholders will look to sell their existing bonds and opt for bonds, most likely newer issues, paying higher yields."}
{"prompts":"What Happend to FTX?","response":"LedgerX was purchased by FTX and rebranded as FTX U.S. Derivatives in 2021. FTX filed for bankruptcy in November 2022, and its founder, Sam Bankman-Fried, stepped down as CEO. After FTX declared bankruptcy in 2022, the exchange was purchased and rebranded back to LedgerX."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Use Kanban?","response":"Kanban strives to save companies time, money, and other resources by ensuring there is minimal downtime between tasks. In addition, kanban attempts to target bottlenecks before they occur, ensuring that steps can be taken in advance to avoid having work in process sit idly back while problems are fixed."}
{"prompts":"Can an Investment Objective Change?","response":"As financial circumstances or goals change, it may be helpful for an investor to complete an investment objective questionnaire again and reallocate the investments in a portfolio."}
{"prompts":"What Does IBES Stand for?","response":"In the financial markets, IBES (or I\/B\/E\/S) stands for the Institutional; Brokers' Estimate System, a financial database containing equity analysts' estimates and reports on most publicly-traded companies."}
{"prompts":"What Responsibilities Did the Seller Have in a DES Transaction?","response":"The seller's responsibilities in a DES transaction included delivering the goods to the named port of destination, covering transportation costs, and assuming risks until the goods arrive at the port. However, the seller was not obligated to unload the goods or clear them through customs at the destination."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion for 2022?","response":"For 2022, the foreign earned income exclusion is $112,000. For 2023, the amount is $120,000. Any earned income below these amounts for an individual will not be taxed."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of counterparty risk?","response":"Counterparty risk refers to the likelihood that a transactor might default on its contractual obligation. In the case of a lender like a bank, one example of counterparty risk would be the borrower\u2019s credit score."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Churn Rate?","response":"To calculate the churn rate, divide the total number of subscribers lost by the total number of subscribers acquired in the same time period. Then multiply by 100 to find the percentage.You can also calculate the churn rate by dividing the number of subscribers lost in a period by the total number of subscribers at the beginning of that period."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of the Modern Portfolio Theory?","response":"The modern portfolio theory can be used to diversify a portfolio in order to get a better return overall without a bigger risk.Another benefit of the modern portfolio theory (and of diversification) is that it can reduce volatility. The best way to do that is to choose assets that have a negative correlation, such as U.S. treasuries and small-cap stocks.Ultimately, the goal of the modern portfolio theory is to create the most efficient portfolio possible."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Revolving Personal Credit?","response":"Revolving credit accounts are quite common. Some examples include credit cards, personal lines of credit, or home equity lines of credit."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Type II Error Be Minimized?","response":"It is not possible to fully prevent committing a Type II error; but, the risk can be minimized by increasing the sample size. However, doing so will also increase the risk of committing a Type I error instead."}
{"prompts":"What Is Severance of Unity?","response":"\"Severance of unity\" is one of the items that the owner of a landlocked property must prove when trying to obtain an easement by necessity. It proves that the initial owner of the land subdivided the property and part of the division was transferred to the claimant."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Value of M2 Now?","response":"The M2 was $20.8 trillion in March 2024. That's how much cash Americans had in their wallets, checking accounts, and short-term savings accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Has Been Causing the Decline in the Japanese Yen?","response":"Currency traders have been betting the Bank of Japan will keep its policy rate near zero despite rising inflation. The BoJ had acquired more than half of Japan's government bonds outstanding by June 2022 in an effort to cap long-term interest rates in order to promote growth."}
{"prompts":"Is a Car a Liquid Asset?","response":"It depends on the car. For the most part, vehicles in good condition may be desired in the open market, prompting a quick sale. There's a few things to keep in mind, though.First, the price you offer for your may impacts the liquidity of it. You will be more likely to sell your vehicle for less and may find it difficult to find buyers for your top dollar quote. Second, the condition of the car matters. Better quality assets will usually be more liquid.Last, a car's liquidity depends on the broad car market. How are economic conditions and interest rates? What is the demand for your specific make, model, and year? Is your car rare, expensive, or custom (in which sellers may be disinterested)? There are many factors to contribute, although most cars can generally be sold quickly."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Default and Delinquency?","response":"Debt becomes delinquent when you have failed to make a single on-time payment. Default occurs after a series of delinquent payments, the number of which can vary by type of loan and lender. Both are best avoided, but default has worse consequences for your credit history."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Redeem a CD Before It Matures?","response":"Typically, early withdrawal results in a financial penalty of months of interest already earned. The earned\u00a0interest is usually inaccessible to the account holder until the CD matures. Some issuers do offer a penalty-free CD that allows for the early withdrawal of funds. However, the interest rate is likely to be lower than CDs that do not\u00a0provide this option."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Ultimate Objective of Strategic Financial Management?","response":"The goal of strategic financial management is to ensure that long-term goals are properly planned for and ultimately met."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of CapEx?","response":"When a company acquires a vehicle to add to its fleet, the purchase is often capitalized and treated as CapEx. The cost of the vehicle is depreciated over its useful life, and the acquisition is initially recorded on the company's balance sheet.This is treated differently than OpEx, such as the cost to fill up the vehicle's gas tank. The tank of gas has a much shorter useful life to the company, so it is expensed immediately and treated as OpEx."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Russell 2000 Annual Reconstitution Important?","response":"The Russell 2000 announces changes to the small-cap index between May and June of each year. Because it is closely followed by mutual funds managers and individual investors, speculation as to which companies will be added can cause a jolt in short-term demand."}
{"prompts":"What Purpose Does a Custodian Financial Institution Serve?","response":"A custodian financial institution keeps the securities owned by individuals and organizations safe. This serves an important purpose since financial securities must be cleared and settled properly, with various regulatory and accounting procedures met. These are often far too complex or time consuming for investors or traders."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Ad Valorem Tax Levy?","response":"An ad valorem tax is levied on the assessed value of a piece of property, usually real estate or a vehicle. The phrase \"ad valorem\" means \"according to value,\" so these tax burdens are distributed among the community according to the value of each taxpayer's property. These taxes are a source of revenue for local governments and school districts."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Components of a Neural Network?","response":"All neural networks have three main components. First, the input is the data entered into the network that is to be analyzed. Second, the processing layer utilizes the data (and prior knowledge of similar data sets) to formulate an expected outcome. That outcome is the third component, and this third component is the desired end product from the analysis."}
{"prompts":"Do non-cash contributions require an appraisal to prove their worth?","response":"Only in certain circumstances. Art pieces valued at $20,000 or more need a written appraisal from a qualified appraiser. A household good that is not in good or better condition must have an appraisal. Jewelry and gems almost always require an appraisal.On the other hand, all publicly traded securities and intellectual property are among the items that do not need an appraisal."}
{"prompts":"Are Contributions to a TFSA Tax Deductible?","response":"No. You make contributions with money that's already been taxed. Therefore, they aren't deductible up front and can't reduce your taxable income. However, with few exceptions, all withdrawals from a TFSA are completely tax free."}
{"prompts":"What Are the U.S. Fair Lending Laws?","response":"Fair lending laws prohibit lenders from discriminating based on specific protected classes during any aspect of a credit transaction. Several statutes comprise federal fair lending laws and regulations, including the:Fair Housing Act of 1968Equal Credit Opportunity Act of 1974Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975Community Reinvestment Act of 1977"}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Potential Drawbacks of Horizontal Mergers?","response":"Horizontal mergers can lead to reduced competition, which may result in higher prices, decreased innovation, and fewer choices for consumers. Additionally, integrating two companies with different corporate cultures and operations can pose social challenges, and there may be regulatory scrutiny to ensure the merger does not harm competition."}
{"prompts":"What are the Benefits of Hypothesis Testing?","response":"Hypothesis testing helps assess the accuracy of new ideas or theories by testing them against data. This allows researchers to determine whether the evidence supports their hypothesis, helping to avoid false claims and conclusions. Hypothesis testing also provides a framework for decision-making based on data rather than personal opinions or biases. By relying on statistical analysis, hypothesis testing helps to reduce the effects of chance and confounding variables, providing a robust framework for making informed conclusions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Business Ethics and Example?","response":"Business ethics guide executives, managers, and employees in their daily actions and decision-making. For example, consider a company that has decided to dump chemical waste that it cannot afford to dispose of properly on a vacant lot it has purchased in the local community. This action has legal, environmental, and social repercussions that can damage a company beyond repair."}
{"prompts":"Is Stockholders\u2019 Equity Equal to Cash on Hand?","response":"No. Since equity accounts for total assets and total liabilities, cash and cash equivalents would only represent a small piece of a company's financial picture."}
{"prompts":"Who Calculates Credit Scores?","response":"There are three major credit bureaus in the United States: Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. They each calculate your FICO score in different ways using the same information. Credit bureaus collect, analyze, and disburse information about consumers in the credit markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of All Risk?","response":"All risk is a type of insurance product that requires a risk to be explicitly stated for it to not be covered. For example, if the contract does not state \"tree damage\" as an omitting risk, then if a tree were to fall on the insured property under an all risk policy, since the tree was not explicitly mentioned, the damage would be covered."}
{"prompts":"Are a Company's Earnings the Same As Its Income?","response":"A company's earnings are its profit in a given time period. This is the same as the net income. Earnings are different, however, than gross income, which is income before taxes and other expenses are deducted."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Learn Finance?","response":"As college students, undergraduate majors in finance will learn the ins and outs. A masters degree in finance will hone those skills and expand your knowledge base. An MBA will also provide some basics for corporate finance and similar topics. For those who already have graduated without a finance degree, the chartered financial analyst (CFA) self-study program is a rigorous series of three difficult exams that culminates in a globally-recognized credential in finance. Other, more specific industry standards also exist such as the certified financial planner (CFP)."}
{"prompts":"What Industries Use Balloon Loans?","response":"Balloon loans are popular in the construction industry and for home flippers. Contractors or real estate investors use the low initial payments to complete work on a project, hoping to sell it before the balloon payment comes due."}
{"prompts":"How Are Statistics Used in Economics and Finance?","response":"Economists collect and look at all sorts of data ranging from consumer spending to housing starts to inflation to GDP growth. In finance, analysts and investors collect data about companies, industries, sentiment, and market data on price and volume. The use of inferential statistics in these fields is known as econometrics. Several important financial models, from CAPM to Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) and the Black-Scholes options pricing model, rely on statistical inference."}
{"prompts":"Can Fund Flow Predict Market Behavior Reliably?","response":"Not necessarily, although in past years apparently it did a pretty good job. Morningstar has found that net outflows happen even when a market is strong. If fund flow were an accurate indicator, both flow and behavior would probably match more often than they do."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Main Types of Sensitivity Analysis?","response":"The two main types of sensitivity analysis are local sensitivity analysis and global sensitivity analysis. Local sensitivity analysis assesses the effect of a single parameter at a time while holding all other parameters constant, while global sensitivity analysis is a more broad analysis used in more complex modeling scenarios such as Monte Carlo techniques."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Assets to Trade with the Three White Soldiers Chart Pattern?","response":"The three white soldiers chart pattern is a versatile technical indicator that could be applied across various asset classes. However, its effectiveness may vary depending on the asset's liquidity, volatility and market conditions. Some asset classes where this pattern is commonly used are stocks, forex, commodities, ETFs, futures and options."}
{"prompts":"Is IRS Schedule K-1 Income Considered Earned Income?","response":"It varies, depending on the individual's participation and status. For trust and estate beneficiaries, limited partners, and passive investors, Schedule K-1 income is more akin to unearned income. For general partners and active owners in a business or pass-through business entity, the income can be considered earned income, and they may owe self-employment tax on it."}
{"prompts":"How Did MiFID II Affect Investment Banks?","response":"For banks that provide asset management or investment services, MiFID II requires financial instruments to be traded only in multilateral and regulated trading platforms, or those that adhere to the transparency requirements of OTC trading. These rules are intended to protect investors and eliminate dark trading of securities."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Financial Accounting?","response":"Public companies are required to perform financial accounting as part of the preparation of their financial statement reporting. Small or private companies may also use financial accounting, but they often operate with different reporting requirements. Financial statements generated through financial accounting are used by many parties outside of a company, including lenders, government agencies, auditors, insurance agencies, and investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bank Draft and a Certified Check?","response":"With a bank draft, the funds are withdrawn from your bank account and then the check is made out from the bank, which guarantees it. Your funds are placed into the bank's reserve account. With a certified check, the money is also guaranteed by the bank, but your funds are not withdrawn until the check is cashed. Instead, they are placed on hold."}
{"prompts":"What Are Permanent Open Market Operations?","response":"The term \"permanent open market operations\" refers to outright purchases or sales of securities by a central bank (that won't be reversed in the short-term) to adjust the money supply. Permanent OMOs are the opposite of temporary open market operations, which involve repurchase and reverse repurchase agreements that are designed to temporarily add reserves to the banking system or drain reserves from it."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Magic Formula?","response":"The key metrics for investing with the magic formula method are the earnings yield and return on capital. Earnings yield is determined by dividing each company's earnings before interest and taxes by the total value of the enterprise. Return on capital is determined by dividing the company's EBIT by the sum of its net fixed assets and working capital."}
{"prompts":"What Are IRS \"Safe Harbor\" Rules?","response":"\u201cSafe harbor\u201d rules allow you to not pay a penalty or to pay a reduced penalty if you meet certain conditions. An underpayment penalty with the IRS can be avoided if you owe less than $1,000 or pay more than 90% of your tax obligation for the year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between DDP and DDU?","response":"In the world of shipping, delivered duty unpaid (DDU) simply means that it's the customer's responsibility to pay for any of the destination country's customs charges, duties, or taxes. These must all be paid in order for customs to release the shipment after it arrives.On the other hand, delivered duty paid (DDP) means it's the shipper's responsibility to pay any of the customs charges, duties, and\/or taxes required to send the product to the destination country."}
{"prompts":"What is universal life (UL) insurance, and how does it work?","response":"UL insurance policies are a form of permanent life insurance with flexible premiums. Unlike term life, UL policies can accumulate interest-bearing funds like a savings account. Also, policyholders can adjust their premiums and\u00a0possibly their death benefit, and those paying extra toward their premium receive interest on that excess."}
{"prompts":"What Are Reasonable Travel Expenses?","response":"Reasonable travel expenses, from the viewpoint of an employer or the IRS, would include transportation to and from the business destination, accommodation costs, and meal costs. Certainly, business supplies and equipment necessary to do the job away from home are reasonable. Taxis or Ubers taken during the business trip are reasonable.Unreasonable is a judgment call. The boss or the IRS might well frown upon a bill for a hotel suite instead of a room, or a sports car rental instead of a sedan."}
{"prompts":"What Is Late Stage Investing?","response":"Late-stage financing has become more popular because institutional investors prefer to invest in less-risky ventures, as opposed to early-stage companies where the risk of failure is higher."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Rolling Quorum?","response":"A rolling quorum is one in which all required members need not be at the same location at the same time to meet the requirements for the quorum. For example, some members may be in person, while some may be on the phone\/conference call."}
{"prompts":"Do Investors Have to Hold Gilts to Maturity?","response":"No, investors do not have to hold a Gilt until it reaches its maturity date. They can sell Gilts to other investors on the secondary market."}
{"prompts":"Is Moore\u2019s Law Coming to an End?","response":"According to some, Moore's Law will end sometime in the 2020s. If components continue to shrink, physical limits will be reached during this decade because it's unlikely that transistors smaller than atoms can be printed. There is only 1.5nm of space left to print on, depending on the element."}
{"prompts":"Is Tencent an H-Share Company?","response":"Yes, Tencent is an H-share company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange available for foreign investors. Tencent is also listed on the Nasdaq as an American depository receipt (ADR)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Zacks Mutual Fund Rank?","response":"The Zacks Mutual Fund Rank is a rating that is applied to mutual funds, in the same way that Zacks Ranks are assigned to individual stocks. Each quarter, the Zacks Quantitative Research Department calculates a rating for 19,000 different mutual funds, based on the average Zacks Rank of the stocks held by each fund, as well as other quantitative factors."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Features of Retail Banking?","response":"Retail banking is intended to help consumers manage their money by giving them access to basic banking services,\u00a0a source of credit, and financial advice. The general public can access a variety of services through a retail bank, including checking and savings accounts, mortgages, credit cards, foreign currency and remittance services, and automobile financing."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Indian Rupee Symbol?","response":"The currency symbol \u20b9 is used to represent the Indian rupee (INR). It was selected through a public contest and approved by the government of India in 2010."}
{"prompts":"Do Wirehouses Still Use Telephone and Telegraph Wires?","response":"No. Wirehouses don't use telephone and telegraph wires any longer. They use the internet, just like the rest of us. They don't even have those noisy machines that pumped out streams of stock prices printed on ticker tape and ready-made for tossing out the windows during parades. That was a telegraph technology, too."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to a ULIP After Maturity?","response":"Once a ULIP has matured, the policy is paid out to the policyholder. The total amount paid out is the sum of the amount insured plus the amount invested. Note that should the policyholder have passed away, a nominee may be elected to receive the distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Main Types of Business Risk?","response":"The four main types of risk that businesses encounter are strategic, compliance (regulatory), operational, and reputational risk. These risks can be caused by factors that are both external and internal to the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between FDI and FII?","response":"\"FDI\" refers to \"foreign direct investment,\" which is the investment made into a foreign country, usually an investment in a foreign company. \"FII\" refers to \"foreign institutional investor,\" which is a person or institution that invests in a foreign market, usually the stock market of another country."}
{"prompts":"Is Gap Insurance Mandatory?","response":"Gap insurance isn't mandatory, but it might be required by your financing agreement. It's a good idea to carefully review the terms of your car loan to see if you need gap insurance. If you're leasing a car, you may be required to buy gap insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Causes of Unemployment?","response":"There are many reasons for unemployment. These include recessions, depressions, technological improvements, job outsourcing, and voluntarily leaving one job to find another."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Make up North Africa?","response":"The countries of Northern Africa typically include Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan,\u00a0Tunisia, and Western Sahara. This term may also be extended to include certain East African countries such as Djibouti and Somalia."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Assign Without Recourse?","response":"Loans are often sold or transferred among lenders. When a loan is assigned to a new lender, neither the borrower nor the new loan holder can hold the first loan originator liable for any loan-related issues."}
{"prompts":"When Was a National Currency Established in the United States?","response":"On February 25, 1863, President Lincoln signed The National Currency Act into law which established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), charged with responsibility for organizing and administering a system of nationally chartered banks and a uniform national currency."}
{"prompts":"Which Indicators Work Best with Bollinger Bands\u00ae?","response":"Many technical indicators work best in conjunction with other ones. Bollinger Bands\u00ae are often used along with the relative strength indicator (RSI) as well as the BandWidth indicator, which is the measure of the width of the bands relative to the middle band. Traders use BandWidth to find Bollinger Squeezes."}
{"prompts":"Will Forbearance Affect Your Credit Rating?","response":"Forbearance doesn't adversely affect your credit rating. However, missing payments before contacting the lender and setting up the forbearance terms will most likely have a negative impact. Forbearance assistance offered to mortgage borrowers affected by COVID-19 is reported by lenders to credit bureaus as required by the CARES Act. However, in certain situations, lenders are required to report your mortgage account as \"current,\" thus protecting your credit score."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Called an Intrapreneur?","response":"Intrapreneurs are employees of a company who are assigned to work on a special idea or project. They are given the time and freedom to develop the project as an entrepreneur would."}
{"prompts":"Can you have a HELOC and a home equity loan simultaneously?","response":"Yes. You can have both a HELOC and a home equity loan at the same time, provided you have enough equity in your home, as well as the income and credit to get approved for both."}
{"prompts":"What Is a FedEx Reference Number?","response":"While many customers will track a FedEx (FDX) package with a tracking number, a reference number provides an alternative way for customers to locate their packages. Examples of a FedEx reference number include a purchase order (PO) number, customer account number, invoice number, and bill of lading number. Having access to one or more of these numbers helps customers track the status of their shipment and verify delivery."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Direct Market Access Rule?","response":"The Market Access Rule is Rule 15c3-5, which requires institutions with market access or that provide market access to clients to \"appropriately control the risks associated with market access so as not to jeopardize their own financial condition, that of other market participants, the integrity of trading on the securities markets, and the stability of the financial system.\""}
{"prompts":"What's the Benefit of the Comprehensive Income Statement?","response":"It provides a comprehensive view for company management and investors of a company's profitability picture. It's also a way for a company to record more than simply net income. The statement shows net income as well as other comprehensive income."}
{"prompts":"What Is Income Earned on an Investment?","response":"Income earned on an investment is any gains made on a principal amount. The gains become income when they are realized\u2014sold for a profit or withdrawn from the account they are in."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Indefinite Delivery, Indefinite Quantity Contract?","response":"The term indefinite delivery, indefinite quantity contract refers to a type of contract for goods and services that expires within a certain time frame. These types of contracts streamline the speed and delivery when the quantity of services can't be determined."}
{"prompts":"When Was the HMRC Established?","response":"The HMRC was established by an act of Parliament in 2005."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quanto Option?","response":"A quanto option is an options contract that is denominated in a different currency than the underlying asset. When the option matures, any payoff is received in foreign currency at a fixed exchange rate. This is useful for traders who wish to gain exposure to foreign options markets but who do not want to expose themselves to exchange rate risk."}
{"prompts":"Where Is the Best Place to Buy Japanese Yen?","response":"Some of the best places to buy Japanese yen are at a large branch of a national bank such as Chase, Bank of America, or Wells Fargo. You can also buy foreign currency including JPY at airports, although exchange outlets there are likely to feature wider buy\/sell spreads as the price of the convenient location."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an LLC and a Limited Partnership?","response":"Both LLCs and LPs offer flexibility in how they structure responsibilities, share profits, and pay taxes.An LP allows certain investors (limited partners) to invest without having a management role or any personal liability, while the general partners carry all the liability.With an LLC, the owners can shield themselves from personal liability, but all generally have management roles. An LP must have at least one limited partner.LLCs have greater flexibility for tax reporting. Often, the general partner of an LP will be structured as an LLC to help provide personal liability protection, as LLC managers are typically not held personally responsible for the businesses\u2019 liabilities.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Did James Clark Invent?","response":"While working as a Stanford associate professor, Clark and some of his graduate students created the Geometry Engine computer chip, which instantly processed 3-D images."}
{"prompts":"What's a Family Office?","response":"A family office is a private wealth management firm established by an ultra-high-net-worth family that provides that family with a selection of personalized services that include investment management, financial planning, estate and tax planning, philanthropic investing, concierge services, and more."}
{"prompts":"Can you carry over ordinary losses?","response":"Ordinary losses are fully deductible in the year losses were incurred and cannot be carried forward to subsequent years. Capital losses exceeding the maximum deductible amount can be carried forward into future years."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Operating Costs and Startup Costs?","response":"Operating costs are the expenses a business incurs in its normal day-to-day operations. Startup costs, on the other hand, are expenses a startup must pay as part of the process of starting its new business. Even before a business opens its doors for the first time or begins production of a new product, it will have to spend money just to get started.For example, the business may need to spend money on research and development, equipment purchases, a lease on office space, and employee wages. A startup often pays for these costs through business loans or money from private investors. This contrasts with operating costs, which are paid for through revenue generated from sales."}
{"prompts":"Can You Go to Jail for Not Paying a Loan?","response":"No, you cannot go to jail for not paying a loan. No type of consumer debt that is unpaid entails an individual going to jail. Not paying a loan will impact your credit score and will be a part of your credit history, hurting your chances of obtaining loans or loans with good rates in the future, but no type of unpaid debt results in the borrower receiving jail time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the RWA Ratio?","response":"RWA stands for \"risk-weighted asset\" and it is used in the risk-adjusted capital ratio, which determines a financial institution's ability to continue operating in a financial downturn. The ratio is calculated by dividing a firm's total adjusted capital by its risk-weighted assets (RWA)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Digital Asset Management?","response":"Digital asset management, or DAM, is a process of storing media assets in a central repository where they can be accessed as necessary by all members of an organization. This is usually used for large audio or video files that need to be worked on by many teams of employees at once."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Base Year Chosen?","response":"A base year is determined depending on the analysis being performed. For example, a company established in 2021 could use that year to measure sales growth moving forward."}
{"prompts":"Did Reagan Ever Say Trickle Down?","response":"While there is no record of President Reagan using the phrase \"trickle-down,\" his economic philosophy was closely aligned with the idea that business-friendly policies would ultimately benefit the entire economy. By reducing taxes on the wealthy, Reagan hoped the benefits would \"trickle down\" in the form of increased employment and business activity."}
{"prompts":"How Are Withdrawals from Qualified Retirement Plans Taxed?","response":"Withdrawals, or distributions, from qualified retirement plans must be included in the taxpayer\u2019s income for that year and are taxed at the same rate as their ordinary income, such as a salary. Roth-type accounts, however, are eligible for tax-free withdrawals, in part because the income that was used to fund them has already been taxed."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Best CD Rates?","response":"Shopping for the best CD rate takes a lot of research but Investopedia has done the hard work for you and maintains lists of the best rates available no matter what length of time you're looking for:Best CD RatesBest 3-Month CD RatesBest 6-Month CD RatesBest 1-Year CD RatesBest 2-Year CD RatesBest 3- Year CD RatesBest 4-Year CD RatesBest 5-Year CD RatesBest 10-Year CD RatesBest Jumbo CD RatesBest Bank CD Rates"}
{"prompts":"How Are Pips Used?","response":"They are a part of a currency pair's exchange rate market quote. Pips represent the change in the quote and value of a position in the market you may have taken. Say, hypothetically, you bought a currency pair for 1.1356 and sold it for 1.1360. You made four pips on your trade. You'd have to then calculate the value of a single pip and multiply that by your lot size for the dollar value of your profit."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Velocity of Money So Low?","response":"The velocity of money in the United States fell sharply during the first and second quarters of 2020, as calculated by the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank. While there is no definitive explanation, the fall is likely due to the diminished activity incurred during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as an increase in consumer savings due to economic uncertainty."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World's Largest Asset Manager?","response":"The largest private asset manager is BlackRock, which holds about $10 trillion in assets under management as of 2022. Note that most of these assets are held in the name of BlackRock's clients; they are not owned by BlackRock itself."}
{"prompts":"Is a 401(k) Better or an IRA?","response":"Generally, a 401(k) is better because it has higher contribution limits, no income qualifications like a Roth IRA, and most employers offer a matching contribution. However, 401(k)s are only offered by employers and not all offer them. If you don't have access to a 401(k), then an IRA is a great alternative. Keep in mind that you can contribute to both a 401(k) and an IRA."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Build Guanxi in China?","response":"Building guanxi is usually a long-term process. Several techniques can help do so. You can begin by gaining knowledge about China's history and culture. Seeking formal introductions to individuals with whom you want to do business is also helpful to start relationships, especially where you make a conscious effort to create trust and social contact. Finally, gifts and entertaining, especially dinners, are traditional Chinese methods of building social capital."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Debt Have a Cost?","response":"Lenders require that borrowers pay back the principal amount of debt, as well as interest in addition to that amount. The interest rate, or yield, demanded by creditors is the cost of debt\u2014it is demanded to account for the time value of money (TVM), inflation, and the risk that the loan will not be repaid. It also involves the opportunity costs associated with the money used for the loan not being put to use elsewhere."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Interest Rate Differential Used in the Housing Market?","response":"It's used in the housing market to illustrate the difference in rating between the stated interest rate and a bank's posted rate when it comes to prepayment dates for mortgages.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Buy and Sell Agreement?","response":"A buy and sell agreement assures a smooth transition of ownership and business continuity in the event of a departure of a partner or large equity owner. The agreement is a legally-binding contract that establishes how the departing owners' shares will be obtained by the remaining partners. Without such an agreement, there can be legal battles and contestation. For instance, if a partner dies without an agreement, their shares may be passed automatically to their spouse, who may decide to keep them. Or, the spouse may want to sell them, but the remaining partners do not have the funds available to buy the shares."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Crowding Out Important to Understand?","response":"It's important to understand because it contradicts the well-understood theory that government spending boosts private sector spending and supports a vibrant economy."}
{"prompts":"Is an IPO a Good Investment?","response":"IPOs tend to garner a lot of media attention, some of which is deliberately cultivated by the company going public. Generally speaking, IPOs are popular among investors because they tend to produce volatile price movements on the day of the IPO and shortly thereafter. This can occasionally produce large gains, although it can also produce large losses. Ultimately, investors should judge each IPO according to the prospectus of the company going public as well as their financial circumstances and risk tolerance."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Dividend Yield?","response":"A dividend-paying stock generally pays 2% to 5% annually, whether in cash or shares. When you look at a stock listing online, check the \u201cdividend yield\u201d line to determine what the company is paying out."}
{"prompts":"What Does PIIGS Stand For?","response":"The derisive acronym \"PIIGS\" stands for five countries at the periphery of the Eurozone economy: Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece, and Spain."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility?","response":"The law of diminishing marginal utility is a law of economics that states that as your consumption increases, the satisfaction you derive from each individual unit decreases. This is why consumers are willing to pay the most for the first unit of something they buy, but after a point, they often will not buy additional units without a decrease in price."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Government Accountability Office Do?","response":"The Government Accountability Office is the audit agency of the U.S. government.It evaluates the effectiveness of U.S. programs and proposed programs. For example, one of its ongoing reviews examined the effectiveness of $4.8 trillion in federal spending related to the COVID-19 pandemic and made recommendations for changes to prevent misuse of funds, fraud, and errors in relief payments. Interestingly, the agency's own reporting indicates that only 33 of the proposed 209 recommendations for improvement were \"fully adopted\" as of the end of October 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Does Year to Date Mean on a Pay Stub?","response":"On a pay stub, your YTD figure shows the total of your wages or earnings from the start of the current calendar year up to and including the most recent pay period. Most pay stubs show a running total of YTD earnings that includes gross wages, net pay, or both. They may also provide a YTD tally of your FICA taxes, income taxes, and other deductions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can You Contribute to a Defined Contribution Plan?","response":"Plan participants under 50 can contribute up to $22,500 a year to a 401(k) in 2023 and up to $7,500 in catch-up contributions if they are over age 50."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of FIIs?","response":"The benefits of FIIs to countries are that FIIs bring in foreign capital, which boosts the economy of a nation. This spurs growth and shores up foreign reserves. It also helps the FIIs as it allows for greater diversity and exposure to foreign markets."}
{"prompts":"Is MIGA Part of World Bank?","response":"Yes, MIGA is part of World Bank Group. World Bank Group's stated mission is to end extreme poverty and promote prosperity; the four other institutions that comprise World Bank Group are the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ADR and a GDR?","response":"ADRs provide a listing to foreign shares in one market. U.S. Global Depositary Receipts (GDRs), on the other hand, give access to two or more markets (most frequently the U.S. and Euro markets) with one fungible security. GDRs are most commonly used when the issuer raises capital in the local market as well as in the international and U.S. markets. This can be done either through private placement or public offerings."}
{"prompts":"Are Swaps Regulated?","response":"Today, many swaps in the U.S. are regulated by the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and sometimes the SEC, even though they usually trade over-the-counter (OTC). Due to the Wall Street reforms in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Act, swaps in the U.S. must use a Swap Execution Facility (SEF), which is an electronic platform that allows participants to buy and sell\u00a0swaps\u00a0pursuant to regulation. The regulation of swaps is aimed at ensuring that these financial instruments are traded in a fair and transparent manner, and to reduce the risk of systemic financial failure (since swaps were blamed, in part, for the 2008 financial crisis). The specific regulations that apply to swaps internationally vary by jurisdiction."}
{"prompts":"What's the Relationship Between GDP and Aggregate Demand?","response":"GDP (gross domestic product) measures the size of an economy based on the monetary value of all finished goods and services made within a country during a specified period. As such, GDP is the aggregate supply. Aggregate demand represents the total demand for these goods and services at any given price level during the specified period. Aggregate demand eventually equals gross domestic product (GDP) because the two metrics are calculated in the same way. As a result, aggregate demand and GDP increase or decrease together."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Efficient Markets Theory?","response":"The efficient markets theory\u2014also known as the efficient markets hypothesis\u2014maintains that all the information that is known about a particular stock at a given time is already reflected in its share price or will be in short order. For that reason, adherents of the theory say it is all but impossible for any investor to consistently outperform the market. Efficient markets theory is often cited as a major argument for investing through index funds.As Princeton economist Burton C. Malkiel, author of the influential book A Random Walk Down Wall Street wrote in a 2003 paper, \"Many of us economists who believe in efficiency do so because we view markets as amazingly successful devices for reflecting new information rapidly and, for the most part, accurately.\""}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Federal Reserve Conduct Open Market Operations?","response":"Open market operations are used by the Federal Reserve to move the federal funds rate and influence other interest rates. It does this to stimulate or slow down the economy. The Fed can increase the money supply and lower the fed funds rate by purchasing, usually, Treasury securities. Similarly, it can raise the fed funds rate by selling securities from its balance sheet. This takes money out of circulation and pressures interest rates to rise."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Trade Deficit Calculated?","response":"To calculate a trade deficit, subtract the total value of exports from the total value of imports for a specific period. The resulting figure represents the net trade balance, with a negative value indicating a trade deficit."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Endorsement with Respect to Insurance?","response":"In insurance, an endorsement is also known as a rider and is an amendment that adds to or modifies the original policy."}
{"prompts":"What is asset backing?","response":"Asset backing refers to the total value of a company\u2019s shares in relation to its assets. Specifically, it refers to the total value of all the assets that a company has, divided\u00a0by the\u00a0number\u00a0of outstanding\u00a0shares\u00a0that the company has\u00a0issued.In terms of investments, asset backing refers to a security with value deriving from a single asset or a pool of assets; these holdings act as collateral for the security\u2014\u201cbacking\u201d it, in effect."}
{"prompts":"What Is William Cavanaugh III Best Known for?","response":"Although not necessarily a household name, William Cavanaugh III is known in the energy industry. He worked with several energy companies, including Carolina Power & Light Company. The company later became known as Progress Energy and was acquired by Duke Energy in July 2012. Cavanaugh protested the deregulation of the energy industry, helping his company avoid many problems that other, larger energy companies faced."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to Keep Physical Copies of Documents, or Are Digital Copies Acceptable?","response":"It is generally acceptable to maintain digital copies of documents for tax purposes. However, it is important to be able to prove the authenticity of these digital records, especially in the context of a potential audit. Also, ensure that digital copies are stored securely, remain unaltered, and can be readily accessed when needed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Progressive Tax?","response":"Progressive taxes exist so that the burden of paying for government services, oversight, and infrastructure doesn't fall disproportionately on those earning lower incomes. With a progressive tax system, those who earn less are taxed less. Those who earn more are taxed more. Since the top earners are taxed more and on larger sums of money, a progressive tax also increases the amount of tax revenue coming in."}
{"prompts":"What Is Contribution Margin?","response":"The contribution margin can be stated on a gross or per-unit basis. It represents the incremental money generated for each product\/unit sold after deducting the variable portion of the firm's costs. Basically, it shows the portion of sales that helps to cover the company's fixed costs. Any remaining revenue left after covering fixed costs is the profit generated. So, for a business to be profitable, the contribution margin must exceed total fixed costs."}
{"prompts":"Why Do People Get Tax Refunds?","response":"You get a refund if you overpaid your taxes the year before. This can happen if your employer withholds too much from your paychecks (based on the information you provided on your W-4). If you\u2019re self-employed, you may get a refund if you overpaid your estimated quarterly taxes. Refundable tax credits, such as the EITC, can also lead to refunds."}
{"prompts":"Is Skewness Normal?","response":"Skewness is commonly found when analyzing data sets, as there are situations where skewness is simply a component of the data set being analyzed. For example, consider the average human lifespan. As most people tend to die after reaching an elderly age, fewer individuals pass away when they are younger. In this case, skewness is expected and normal."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Types of Stratified Random Sampling?","response":"There are two main types of stratified random sampling: proportionate and disproportionate sampling. Proportionate sampling takes each stratum in the sample as proportionate to the population size of the stratum. In disproportionate sampling, the analyst will over- or under-sample certain strata based on the research question or study design being employed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Seven Characteristics of Entrepreneurs?","response":"Seven primary characteristics among entrepreneurs include versatility, resilience, flexibility, money-savviness, business smarts, focus, and having strong communication skills."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine a Head and Shoulders Stock Pattern?","response":"A head and shoulders pattern can be determined if prices fall below the neckline after the third peak. This is considered confirmation that a reversal is in progress, and most analysts will predict further declines."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Widow Maker Stock?","response":"A widow maker stock is a stock that has high risk and high returns. The stock would have the potential of causing a large loss to an investor. Typically, a widow maker would not refer to a specific stock but rather a type of trade that could result in a loss."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Guaranteed Lifetime Withdrawal Benefit (GLWB)?","response":"A guaranteed lifetime withdrawal benefit (GLWB) is a rider that you may be able to add to your variable annuity contract. It guarantees a minimum payout level, even if market losses reduce the cash value of the contract. Most riders also allow you to make withdrawals from your cash value as needed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Bid and the Ask Price?","response":"A bid price is the most a buyer will pay. An ask price is the least the seller will accept for the stock. The difference is known as the \u201cspread.\u201dBonds with high levels of liquidity, such as Treasurys, generally have spreads of a few pennies between the bid and the ask price in a full quote. The spreads on corporate bonds with lower levels of liquidity can exceed $1. A full quote on an illiquid corporate bond could list a last trade of $98, with a bid of $97 and an ask price of $99."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt-to-EBITDA?","response":"It depends on the industry in which the company operates. Anything above 1.0 means the company has more debt than earnings before accounting for income tax, depreciation, and amortization. Some industries might require more debt, while others might not. Before considering this ratio, it helps to determine the industry's average."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Bonus Usually?","response":"There is no set amount for bonuses in the United States, as they can vary widely depending on the industry, the size of the company, and the employee's job title and performance. Bonuses can range from a few hundred dollars to several thousand dollars or more, depending on the circumstances.In some cases, bonuses are a fixed amount that is determined in advance, such as a signing bonus for a new hire or a retention bonus to encourage an employee to stay with a company. In other cases, bonuses are based on performance and would depend on an employee's individual contributions or the success of the company."}
{"prompts":"Is the Nasdaq a U.S. Stock Market?","response":"The Nasdaq is a U.S. stock exchange based in New York City. It officially opened for business in February 1971. There are more than 5,000 companies that trade on the exchange, including domestic and international firms. It was the first automated exchange in the world."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Do With a Custodial Account When Your Child Turns 18?","response":"The account is transferred to the child once they reach the age of majority, which is either 18 or 21, depending on the state."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Closed-End Fund?","response":"Shares of a closed-end fund trade throughout the day on a stock exchange, and that market-driven price may differ from its NAV. This can provide opportunities for profiting from higher or lower values."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good VIF Value?","response":"As a rule of thumb, a VIF of three or below is not a cause for concern. As VIF increases, the less reliable your regression results are going to be."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Qualify for Life Insurance?","response":"To qualify for life insurance, you need to submit an application. But life insurance is available to almost anyone. However, the cost or premium level can vary greatly based on your age, health, and lifestyle. Some types of life insurance don't require medical information but generally have much higher premiums and involve an initial waiting period before the death benefit is available."}
{"prompts":"What Are Inventory Financing Costs?","response":"Inventory financing allows companies to borrow to pay for products that they plan to sell at a later date. This inventory is used as collateral for short-term loans or lines of credit. The costs associated with this type of financing include interest rates, origination fees, and prepayment fees if the loan is paid off earlier than expected. Other charges include late payment charges and late payment fees, if any."}
{"prompts":"What Are Real-Time Quotes for Stocks?","response":"Real-time quotes for stocks are the same as other quotes but are usually updated in \"real-time\" by sophisticated trading platforms. They are most commonly used by day traders who engage in high-frequency trading (HFT). However, some criticize this style of trading because it will favor companies and individuals who have the most powerful tech."}
{"prompts":"Is a Morning Star Pattern Bullish?","response":"Yes, a morning star pattern is bullish. It signals a weakness in a downtrend that may result in a trend reversal, which would be the start of an increase in an asset's price."}
{"prompts":"What Leadership Positions Did James M. Buchanan Jr. Hold?","response":"Buchanan served as a member of the Board of Advisors of the Independent Institute, a member and former president of the Mont Pelerin Society, and a Distinguished Senior Fellow of the Cato Institute."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Companies Divesting From Israel?","response":"In 2002, archbishop Desmond Tutu launched a campaign calling on international investors to divest from Israel over the country's alleged colonization of the West Bank and other occupied Palestinian territories. Several high profile institutions, including universities and church groups, have reduced or eliminated investments in Israeli companies and businesses."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Dividends?","response":"Dividend-paying companies have several options when it comes to the type of dividend they offer shareholders. They can pay dividends in cash, which is the most common type, or they can offer stock dividends, give shareholders additional (existing) shares in the company. Other, less common types of dividends are the scrip dividend, property dividend, and special dividend."}
{"prompts":"How Much Key Person Insurance Do You Need?","response":"The amount of key person insurance needed for a business will vary depending on the business and the type of role the key person plays. Purchasing key person insurance that is eight to 10 times the key person's salary is often recommended or the monetary value of the key person. The latter option can be difficult to value, but methods include the amount of revenues\/profits associated with the key person or the costs required to replace the key person, which includes recruitment, training, and the loss of revenue in the time it takes to replace the individual."}
{"prompts":"Can You Take a Loan from a 403(b) Plan?","response":"You may be able to take a loan from your 403(b) plan if your employer allows it. Keep in mind that plans aren't required to provide loans from tax-sheltered annuities. If you need to take a loan from your TSA, check with your plan administrator about your rights and responsibilities."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Launch an Online Business?","response":"Starting an online business involves some of the same steps as a traditional business, with a few exceptions.You still need to do your market research and develop a business plan before anything else. Once that's done, choose a name and structure for your business, then file any paperwork to register your organization.Rather than finding a physical location, choose a platform and design your website. Before launching your business, you should find a way to build up your target market, whether that's through traditional marketing means or more creative ways like social media."}
{"prompts":"What Does Real GDP Measure?","response":"Real GDP is an inflation-adjusted measurement of a country\u2019s economic output over the course of a year. The U.S. GDP is primarily measured based on the expenditure approach and calculated using the following formula: GDP = C + G + I + NX (where C=consumption; G=government spending; I=Investment; and NX=net exports)."}
{"prompts":"How Recent Should the Proof of Funds Document Be?","response":"The freshness requirement for proof of funds documents can vary, but generally documents no older than 90 days are considered acceptable. Be mindful that certain circumstances may call for documents no older than 30 days. For example, when closing on a mortgage, your mortgage lender will often require proof of funds documentation from the most recent month available."}
{"prompts":"What Is China's Largest Stock Exchanges?","response":"The largest stock exchange in China is the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE). It is also the country's oldest exchange. The SSE was founded in 1891 as the Shanghai Stock and Sharebrokers Association. As of January 2024, the SSE had a market cap of $6.52 trillion (USD) with 2,263 listed companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EPS and Adjusted EPS?","response":"Adjusted EPS is a type of EPS calculation in which the analyst makes adjustments to the numerator. Typically, this consists of adding or removing components of net income that are deemed to be non-recurring.For instance, if the company\u2019s net income was increased based on a one-time sale of a building, the analyst might deduct the proceeds from that sale, thereby reducing net income. In that scenario, adjusted EPS would be lower than basic EPS."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Choose an NFO?","response":"Investors can research new launches of funds either by monitoring various investment companies' press releases or by checking NFO-related news aggregate sites such as the Closed-End Fund Center."}
{"prompts":"I Think I Have Unclaimed Money Out There. What Do I Do?","response":"The National Association of Unclaimed Property Administrators (NAUPA) has a free search tool that can help you track down unclaimed property in all 50 states, some Canadian provinces, and other geographies worldwide like Puerto Rico and Kenya.There are other commercial and governmental unclaimed property search services, online and off. However, note that NAUPA is a nonprofit association of state administrators who actually have custody of all that unclaimed money and want to return it to the rightful owners."}
{"prompts":"Who Was John Maynard Keynes?","response":"John Maynard Keynes was a ground-breaking British economist who is considered the father of modern\u00a0macroeconomics. His book, The General Theory of Unemployment, Interest, and Money, was published in 1936 and is the foundation for Keynesian economics."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Main Types of Robotic Process Automation?","response":"Traditional RPA relies on hard-coding routine tasks for automation. This is still the most common form of RPA today. More and more, however, machine learning and AI techniques are being merged with RPA to allow it to do more sophisticated tasks, such as recognizing images, text, or speech; or to analyze unstructured data sets."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Debt-to-Income Ratio Important?","response":"The debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is the percentage of your gross monthly income that goes to paying your monthly debt payments and is used by lenders to determine your borrowing risk. A low debt-to-income (DTI) ratio demonstrates a good balance between debt and income. Conversely, a high DTI ratio can signal that an individual has too much debt for the amount of income earned each month. Typically, borrowers with low debt-to-income ratios are likely to manage their monthly debt payments effectively. As a result, banks and financial credit providers want to see low DTI ratios before issuing loans to a potential borrower."}
{"prompts":"How Are Venture Capitalists Compensated?","response":"Venture capitalists make money from the carried interest of their investments, as well as management fees. Most VC firms collect about 20% of the profits from the private equity fund, while the rest goes to their limited partners. General partners may also collect an additional 2% fee."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become an Insurance Agent?","response":"The first step in becoming an insurance agent is deciding what kind of insurance agent you want to be, as the type depends on the path to becoming one. You can choose to be either a captive insurance agent or an independent insurance agent. From there, you will need to decide what insurance products you would like to sell to clients.The next step is becoming licensed in your state. The products that you decide you would like to sell will depend on the type of license you will need. You will take your licensing exam and from there you will have to submit a background check and license application to your state's licensing department. Once this is complete, you will need to find an insurance company to work with."}
{"prompts":"Are Fannie Mae and HUD the Same Thing?","response":"Fannie Mae is a government-sponsored enterprise that is a leading source of conventional mortgage financing in the U.S. This entity is separate from HUD and performs a different function within the mortgage market."}
{"prompts":"What are some other types of greenwashing?","response":"One common form of greenwashing is to include misleading labeling or bury environmentally unsound practices in the fine print. This can include use of terminology such as \u201ceco-friendly\u201d or \u201csustainable,\u201d which are vague and not verifiable. Imagery of nature or wildlife can also connote environmental friendliness, even when the product is not green. Companies may also cherry-pick data from research to highlight green practices while obscuring others that are harmful. Such information can even come from biased research that the company funds or carries out itself."}
{"prompts":"What Does Uncollected Mean?","response":"It refers to the fact that the funds relating to a bank deposit made by an accountholder have not yet been received\u2014collected\u2014from the bank that issued the check for deposit. Movement of money, even electronically, must be verified, or cleared, by financial institutions before that money can be made available to customers."}
{"prompts":"What are the advantages of systematic sampling?","response":"Systematic sampling is simple to conduct and easy to understand, which is why it\u2019s generally favored by researchers. The central assumption, that the results represent the majority of normal populations, guarantees that the entire population is evenly sampled.Also, systematic sampling provides an increased degree of control compared to other sampling methodologies because of its process. Systematic sampling also carries a low risk factor because there is a low chance that the data can be contaminated."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Golden Rule for Marginal Analysis?","response":"The golden rule of marginal analysis is that an activity should be performed as long as marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Activities that have marginal costs higher than marginal revenue provide negative net benefit to a company."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Hire Purchase Agreements?","response":"There are two types of hire purchase agreements. Consumer hire purchase agreements are designed for individual consumers purchasing personal products. Industrial hire purchase agreements are for businesses, such as a company purchasing machinery."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Stockholders' Equity?","response":"Every company has an equity position based on the difference between the value of its assets and its liabilities. Positive equity indicates the company has a positive worth. A company's share price is often considered to be a representation of a firm's equity position."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Lower Average Collection Period Better?","response":"Companies prefer a lower average collection period over a higher one as it indicates that a business can efficiently collect its receivables.The drawback to this is that it may indicate the company's credit terms are too strict. Stricter terms may result in a loss of customers to competitors with more lenient payment terms."}
{"prompts":"How Much Assets Are Invested in Funds of Funds?","response":"According to the SEC, Total net assets in mutual funds that invest primarily in other mutual funds reached over $2.54 trillion in 2019.\u00a0\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does the Economics Calendar Work?","response":"An economics calendar shows scheduled events, news releases, and other regularly released data that tend to affect trading and investing."}
{"prompts":"What Was America's First Windfall Tax?","response":"During World War I, before the U.S. entered the war in 1917, U.S. Steel and DuPont's annual profits increased by more than 1,000% each and pressure grew for a \"war efforts profit tax.\" Instituted in October, 1917, the tax raised nearly $7 billion in revenue\u2014nearly 40% of all funds raised for the war\u2014and was the largest source of wartime taxation. As larger companies found ways around the tax, smaller companies were more affected. The tax was abolished in 1921."}
{"prompts":"What Is Rational Choice Theory?","response":"The key premise of rational choice theory is that people don\u2019t randomly select products off the shelf. Rather, they use a logical decision-making process that takes into account the costs and benefits of various options, weighing the options against each other.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is a Car Real Property?","response":"A car is tangible personal property, not real property, as the car can be moved. Unlike most other tangible personal property, a car can be used to secure a loan. A car loan is secured by the vehicle just as a mortgage is secured by a house."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Basic Accounting Equation?","response":"The basic accounting equation is used to calculate how much a company is worth, based on the amount of money that has already been invested and the cost of any obligations. The formula for the basic accounting equation is as follows:Assets = Liabilities + Owner\u2019s\u00a0Equity"}
{"prompts":"How Big Can a Restructuring Charge Be?","response":"As big (or small) as the associated expenses dictate it needs to be. For instance, in early 2023, the company Meta (which owns Facebook) announced a $4.2 billion restructuring charge relating to its plan to terminate office leases, make severance payments to laid-off workers, and more."}
{"prompts":"How Long Before a Bank Account Is Considered Abandoned?","response":"That depends on your state's escheatment laws and unclaimed property program. But normally, it's three to five years of inactivity."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses LDIs?","response":"In addition to pension funds, other investors that use them include foundations, endowments, insurance companies, and even individual investors who want to ensure guaranteed income for their retirement and manage investment risk."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies As a HENRY?","response":"There are no universal rules for qualifying as a HENRY, but most analysts will describe individuals with income between $250,000 and $500,000 with minimal savings as HENRYs."}
{"prompts":"What Does Counterparty Mean?","response":"A counterparty is simply the other participant in a transaction\u2014for every buyer, there is a seller.\u00a0Every transaction requires at least two parties, whether it be buying stocks or purchasing groceries at a local supermarket."}
{"prompts":"Where Did the Term \"Race to the Bottom\" First Appear?","response":"Scholars believe that the term \"race to the bottom\" first appeared in a 1933 Supreme Court ruling in the case of Liggett vs. Lee. Justice Louise Brandeis, writing his opinion on the case, argued that in order to gain a competitive advantage, firms are incentivized to undercut one another while governments are incentivized to deregulate."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better AAMS or CFP?","response":"The AAMS is more for entry-level advisors or those that enjoy advising clients about personal finances, investments, and asset management. A CFP professional helps clients plan their finances throughout their lifetimes, advising them on everything from savings to retirement funds to investment portfolios."}
{"prompts":"Is a W-9 Used for Self-Employed Individuals?","response":"Yes, a W-9 is most often used for individuals who are self-employed. If a worker is an independent contractor, freelancer, or self-employed, Form W-9 must be provided to those whom you have earned over $600 from without having been hired as an official employee."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)?","response":"The distinction of being the first exchange-traded fund (ETF) is often given to the SPDR S&P 500 ETF (SPY) launched by State Street Global Advisors on Jan. 22, 1993. There were, however, some precursors to the SPY, notably securities called Index Participation Units listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) that tracked the Toronto 35 Index that appeared in 1990."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Commercial and Investment Bank?","response":"A commercial bank, where most people do their banking, is a type of financial institution that accepts deposits, offers checking account services, makes business, personal, and mortgage loans, and offers basic financial products like certificates of deposit (CDs) and savings accounts to individuals and small businesses. Investment banks specialize in providing services designed to facilitate business operations. This might include raising money through financing and equity offerings, including initial public offerings (IPOs). They also commonly offer brokerage services for investors, act as market makers for trading exchanges, and manage mergers, acquisitions, and other corporate restructurings."}
{"prompts":"What Is Requisitioned Property?","response":"Requisitioned property is property taken by the government, such as with eminent domain. In the U.S., the Fifth Amendment requires the government to compensate the owner of seized property for the property's full market value."}
{"prompts":"What Signals Market Saturation?","response":"A saturated market often includes a handful of major suppliers who all sell a specific product or products with potentially low-profit margins that make entering the market less enticing to new companies."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid Paying Taxes on an Inherited IRA?","response":"Some of the strongest tax-avoidance strategies for an inherited IRA are executed before the original owner passes away. In many cases, it's best for the individual to convert a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA (to potentially minimize the tax burden, especially after their passing). In addition, individuals inheriting IRAs can choose to not take non-qualifying distributions that would otherwise be taxable."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Consumer Price Index Used?","response":"The CPI Index is an inflation indicator closely watched by policymakers and financial markets. A related CPI measure is used to calculate cost-of-living adjustments for federal benefit payments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Indicators Used in the Human Development Index (HDI)?","response":"The Human Development Index (HDI) measures each country\u2019s social and economic development by focusing on the following four factors: mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and gross national income (GNI) per capita."}
{"prompts":"Is an Irrevocable Beneficiary a Primary Beneficiary?","response":"Irrevocable beneficiaries will always be primary beneficiaries. They take priority over revocable beneficiaries, forcing those others into secondary or tertiary status. It would be extremely rare for an irrevocable beneficiary to take second place."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Legal Definition of Debt?","response":"In terms of consumer debt, 15 U.S. Code Section 1692a defines it as \"any obligation or alleged obligation of a consumer to pay money arising out of a transaction in which the money, property, insurance, or services which are the subject of the transaction are primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, whether or not such obligation has been reduced to judgment.\""}
{"prompts":"Do Individual Tenants Have to Worry About Paying Net Lease Obligations on an Apartment?","response":"Net leases are most commonly used in\u00a0commercial real estate and not for residential units. Residential tenants may be required to pay some or all of their utilities, and will often be encouraged to purchase their own renter's insurance. A residential landlord, however, would typically pay for the property and liability insurance and real estate taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Pareto Analysis?","response":"Pareto analysis enables an entity to be more efficient with its resources. By quickly identifying a major issue or capitalizing on a major business success, the company can spend less time and resources focusing on less impactful aspects of the company."}
{"prompts":"How is \"consensus\" defined when using the Delphi method?","response":"Although the Delphi method seeks to pinpoint an area of mutual agreement among the pool of experts, it is unlikely that the participants will be in complete agreement on all issues\u2014even after several rounds of questionnaires and opportunities for reassessment. Researchers applying the Delphi method may have different thresholds for exactly what constitutes a consensus, and some critics of the method point to the subjective nature of this determination as a shortcoming."}
{"prompts":"Is Fractional Reserve Banking Legal?","response":"Yes. Most countries use fractional reserve banking because it is currently the only financial system model that allows banks to earn a reliable profit. Without the ability to earn money on their assets, banks would have to fund their operations by charging extremely high deposit fees."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Overhead Cost Important?","response":"Overhead cost is important because it is the cost to run your business. Understanding and managing your overhead well, particularly how it relates to your business output, will help ensure your business is profitable and to obtain the best margins you can on your sales."}
{"prompts":"How Risky Is an Uncovered Call Option?","response":"Uncovered or naked call options are very risky. The profit potential is limited, while the loss potential is unlimited; the price can only drop to zero, but it could rise almost infinitely."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Senkou Spans Used in Ichimoku Clouds?","response":"The Senkou Spans form the \"cloud\" of the Ichimoku cloud.\u00a0Senkou Span A takes the average of the Tenkan Sen and the Kijun Sen plotted 26 periods ahead of the current price action.Senkou Span B averages the highest high and the lowest low taken over the past 52 time periods and then plotted 26 periods ahead."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Book-to-Bill Ratio?","response":"A book-to-bill ratio greater than 1 is typically considered to be a good sign of high demand in an industry. However, it is important to know which performance indicator you are interested in. If you need to know whether a business has enough supply to cover demand, a book-to bill ratio of exactly 1 means it is meeting its customer's demand in a timely manner."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Actuary?","response":"An actuary assesses and manages the risks of financial investments, insurance policies, and other potentially risky ventures. Actuaries assess particular situations financial risks, primarily using probability, economic theory, and computer science.\u00a0Most actuaries work at insurance companies, where their risk-management capabilities are particularly applicable in determining risk levels and premium prices for\u00a0a given insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Responsible for Export Clearance Under FCA?","response":"Under FCA shipping terms, the seller is responsible for export duty, taxes, and custom clearance. The buyer is responsible for importing items."}
{"prompts":"How much ordinary loss can you claim on taxes?","response":"An ordinary loss is fully deductible from taxable income. There are no limits on how much can be deducted."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks Use DLT?","response":"Banking ledgers have historically been centralized. However, DLT solutions allow for banking practices (i.e. saving value, entering into transactions, etc.). If a financial institution has implemented a cryptocurrency, digital currency, or other means of recording on a digital ledger, that financial institution can theoretically enter into all of the same transactions as a traditional bank through the use of smart contracts. This can range from recording transactions, KYC information, or settling securities."}
{"prompts":"My Nominal Rate of Return Is 12%, Inflation is 8.5%, and My Applicable Tax Rate Is 15%. What Is My After-Tax Real Rate of Return?","response":"Your after-tax real rate of return is calculated by, first, figuring your after-tax pre-inflation rate of return, which is calculated as Nominal Return x (1 - tax rate). That would be 0.12 x (1 - 0.15) = .102 = 10.2%To calculate the after-tax real rate of return, divide 1 plus the figure above by 1 plus the inflation rate. That would be [(1 + .102) \/ (1 + .085) - 1 ] = 1.0157 - 1 = .0157 = 1.57% after-tax real rate of return. As you can see, the high inflation rate has a substantial impact on the after-tax real rate of return for your investment."}
{"prompts":"Are Funds of Funds Regulated by the SEC?","response":"Yes, like all other pooled investment products, FOF are also overseen by the SEC. In particular, SEC Rule 12d1-4, updated in 2020, sets out procedures that provide a consistent framework for fund of funds arrangements. The SEC also requires FOFs to disclose their fees in a transparent manner."}
{"prompts":"Is loan servicing the same as debt servicing?","response":"While they sound similar, loan servicing and debt servicing are two different things. Loan servicing refers to administrative work performed by lenders or by other companies they hire, such as sending out monthly statements to borrowers and processing their payments. Debt servicing refers to the process of a borrower paying down a loan or other debt."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Ticker and an ISIN?","response":"A stock ticker is an abbreviation for certain stocks or securities that are listed in the order books for an exchange, usually limited to three letters or fewer. An ISIN is a unique twelve-digit code that identifies any public security in the world. Unlike the ISIN, ticker symbols are not unique: the same company can have a different ticker symbol on each exchange where it is traded, and two companies can use the same ticker symbol if they trade in different markets. However, a given security can only have one ISIN and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"How Is Discounted Cash Flow Calculated?","response":"There are three steps to calculating the DCF of an investment:Forecast the expected cash flows from the investment.Select an appropriate discount rate.Discount the forecasted cash flows back to the present using a financial calculator, a spreadsheet, or a manual calculation."}
{"prompts":"Does FINRA Provide Services to Investors?","response":"Yes. Beyond its regulatory services, FINRA's Investor Education Foundation provides investors with a variety of personal finance and investment information, courses, research, and tools (like BrokerCheck and Fund Analyzer). These can help investors better understand the roles that finance and investing can play in their lives."}
{"prompts":"Does QQQQ Pay Dividends?","response":"Yes, it does. In fact, QQQ's target index's growth in dividends measured 433% over the 10 years from 12\/31\/2011 to 12\/31\/2021."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Typical Retention Bonus?","response":"Retention bonuses are generous but the specifics are unique to the company and the position.Most retention bonuses will be around 10%-15% of an employee's annual compensation. Senior employees and those with highly specialized skills and knowledge may receive higher terms."}
{"prompts":"What are some other examples of vicarious liability?","response":"There are many different circumstances where you may be held vicariously liable. If you loan your car to someone and they cause a traffic accident, you could be held vicariously liable. There have also been cases of vicarious liability where police departments were held liable when duty weapons had been used in crimes after weapons were left unsecured during off-duty periods."}
{"prompts":"What Percent of Income Is Taxed?","response":"The percent of your income that is taxed depends on how much you earn and your filing status. In theory, the more you earn, the more you pay. The federal income tax rate ranges from 10% to 37%."}
{"prompts":"What Are Interest Rate Futures and Bond Futures?","response":"Interest rate futures are contracts that have an underlying interest-bearing asset. Bond futures are examples of interest rate futures."}
{"prompts":"Are Most C-Suite Executives Men?","response":"Yes. Historically, only men occupied top management positions in firms. Over the past few decades, this has changed a bit. Still, a 2021 McKinsey & Company report found that women hold less than 25% of C-Suite positions. Among Fortune 500 companies, 10.4% of CEOs are women."}
{"prompts":"Does the Liquidity Trap Exist?","response":"When defined strictly, a liquidity trap renders central bank policies ineffective. However, research by economists at the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) suggests that alternative monetary policy tools like quantitative easing and negative interest rates can be effective when less drastic measures fail.A BIS working paper aptly titled \"Does the Liquidity Trap Exist?\" showed that in the U.S., Japan, and the Eurozone, liquidity traps were easily managed through such alternative measures. The paper argues that \"In such a view, the central bank's inability to lower the short-term interest rate is irrelevant, provided that it can ramp up credit supply and if at least some non-financial economic agents are credit-constrained.\""}
{"prompts":"Did Double-Spending Happen?","response":"There have been occasions where double-spending attempts have been reported and stopped. The attacks where it could happen generally lead to theft rather than double-spending."}
{"prompts":"Is MACD a Leading or Lagging Indicator?","response":"The moving average convergence\/divergence (MACD or MAC-D) is a lagging technical indicator that is used in investing. It shows the relationship between two exponential moving averages for a security's price. Because this price information is historical data, MACD is a lagging indicator."}
{"prompts":"Is Unemployment Income Taxed?","response":"Unemployment benefits are treated as\u00a0ordinary income\u00a0by the federal government, but not all states tax unemployment income. Unemployment compensation is taxed based on the program paying the benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant By the Normal Distribution?","response":"The normal distribution describes a symmetrical plot of data around its mean value, where the width of the curve is defined by the standard deviation. It is visually depicted as the \"bell curve.\""}
{"prompts":"How Does Escrow Work?","response":"Escrow required by mortgage lenders involves making monthly payments for property taxes and homeowners insurance into an escrow account held by a third party. If escrow is required by the lender (or requested by the borrower), the monthly payment will include principal and interest for the loan, as well as amounts for property taxes and homeowners insurance. The lender will keep the amounts for taxes and insurance in the escrow account. Then, when the bills come due, they will make the appropriate payments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Median Weekly Pay in the U.S.?","response":"The median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers in the U.S. was $1,118 in the third quarter of 2023, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. That was an increase of 4.5% over a year earlier."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Descriptive Statistics?","response":"Descriptive statistics are informational and meant to describe the actual characteristics of a data set. When analyzing numbers regarding the prior Major League Baseball season, descriptive statistics including the highest batting average for a single player, the number of runs allowed per team, and the average wins per division."}
{"prompts":"Do All Socialist Countries Have a Planned Economy?","response":"While socialist economies are typically associated with central planning, several socialist countries incorporated market price signals or private enterprise into their economic systems. Examples include market socialism in the former Yugoslavia, the Socialist Market Economy in Vietnam, or the economic reforms in China under Deng Xiaoping."}
{"prompts":"Can You Get Six Sigma Certification Online?","response":"Yes, many of the universities and organizations that offer Six Sigma certification have both classroom and online offerings."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Surety Limit?","response":"A surety bond protects an obligee against losses, up to the limit of the bond. The bond amount is the monetary limit up to which the obligee requires the bond to be issued."}
{"prompts":"How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) affect NOL carryforwards?","response":"For tax years 2018 and later, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) removed the previously allowed two-year carryback provision, except for certain farming losses, but allowed for an indefinite carryforward period. The carryforwards are now limited to 80% of each subsequent year\u2019s net income. If a business creates NOLs in more than one year, they are to be drawn down completely in the order in which they were incurred before drawing down another NOL. The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act suspended the changes made by the TCJA for tax years 2018, 2019, and 2020; however, the new rules apply for 2021 and onward."}
{"prompts":"Can I Spend My Ledger Balance?","response":"You can only spend your available balance and not your ledger balance. If the ledger balance is greater than the available balance, you can only spend up to the available balance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of MMAs?","response":"Potential disadvantages include limited transactions, fees, withdrawal restrictions, and minimum balance requirements.\u00a0Banks and credit unions generally require customers to deposit a certain amount of money to open an account and to keep their account balance above a certain level. Many will impose monthly fees if the balance falls below the minimum. While some MMAs offer attractive rates, most will not be able to compete with other higher-yielding alternatives. Banks and credit unions offer many types of accounts, some with features that can make them competitive with\u2014or superior to\u2014money market accounts. Although the Federal Reserve amended withdrawal restrictions, banks may limit the amount of times that depositors can take money out of their MMAs."}
{"prompts":"Is Spread Betting Gambling?","response":"While spread betting can be used to speculate with leverage, it can also be used to hedge existing positions or make informed directional trades. As a result, many who participate prefer the term spread trading. From a regulatory and tax standpoint it may be considered a form of gambling in certain jurisdictions since no actual position is taken in the underlying instrument."}
{"prompts":"How do \"black swan\" events relate to risk management, and how can investors prepare for them?","response":"\"Black swan\" events are rare, unpredictable, and high-impact occurrences that can have significant consequences on financial markets and investments. Due to their unexpected nature, traditional risk management models and strategies may not adequately account for these events. To prepare for black swan events, investors must understand their bias that things will remain the same and consider implementing stress testing, scenario analysis, or other techniques that focus on assessing the portfolio's resilience under extreme market conditions. Additionally, maintaining a well-diversified portfolio, holding adequate cash reserves, and being adaptable to evolving market conditions can help investors better navigate the potential fallout from black swan events."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mycoremediation?","response":"Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation that relies on fungi rather than bacteria or other microbes to decontaminate affected areas."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gross Debt Service Ratio?","response":"The gross debt service ratio is a measure of housing costs versus a borrower's gross income. Specifically, this ratio tells lenders how much of a homebuyer's gross income goes toward housing costs. The GDS ratio helps determine how much home a buyer can afford when qualifying them for a mortgage loan."}
{"prompts":"Are owner draws an expense?","response":"No. Owner draws are for personal use and do not constitute a business expense. This means, among other things, that they are not tax deductible."}
{"prompts":"Are Study Abroad Programs Available to Freshman at the Marshall School of Business?","response":"Marshall's\u00a0Global Leadership Program\u00a0(GLP) and\u00a0Learning About International Commerce\u00a0(LINC) programs were the first of their kind available to freshman students."}
{"prompts":"When does the yearly enrollment period on the Marketplace begin?","response":"The Health Insurance Marketplace is available for new enrollment on Nov. 1, and information is available on the government website."}
{"prompts":"What causes counterparty risk?","response":"Despite best intentions, defaults do occur. For individuals who have borrowed money, for instance, a loss of a job or unexpected costs might contribute to an increase in the likelihood of defaulting on that loan. For businesses, internal factors like operations issues or external factors like a downturn in the economy might contribute. There are a wide variety of factors that may lead to counterparty risk."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need Your Spouse\u2019s Income for Married Filing Separately?","response":"It\u2019s not necessary for married couples to declare their spouse\u2019s income\u00a0when filing separately\u2014unless they live in a community property state."}
{"prompts":"Is day trading considered speculation?","response":"Yes, day trading is considered a form of speculation. Day trading involves buying and selling financial instruments, such as stocks, currencies, or commodities, within the same trading day, with the aim of profiting from short-term price fluctuations. Day traders typically close all their positions before the market closes to avoid overnight risks. Since day trading focuses on short-term market movements rather than long-term fundamental value, it is considered speculative in nature. It's important to note that day trading carries significant risks and requires a high level of discipline, knowledge, and experience."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a Credit Analyst?","response":"To become a credit analyst you will usually be required to have a minimum of a bachelor's degree in finance, accounting, or a related field. A potential employer may look to see if you have completed courses in statistics, economics, financial statement analysis, and risk assessment. They may also require some previous on-the-job experience in accounting, banking, or finance.Industry certifications can also help you land a job as a credit analyst or advance your career in the field. Common certifications for credit analysts include credit risk certification (CRC), credit business associate (CBA), credit business fellow (CBF), professional certificate in credit, and certified credit executive (CCE). Some credit analysts have chartered financial analyst (CFA) or certified risk analyst (CRA) certifications."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Equity Fund and Does it Still Exist?","response":"The first modern equity fund was the Massachusetts Investors Trust, established in Boston in 1924 by Edward G. Leffler and Ashton L. Carr. The fund was designed to allow smaller individual investors to pool resources and invest in diversified portfolio of stocks, which was previously only available to wealthy individuals or institutions. The Massachusetts Investors Trust still exists and operates under the name MFS Massachusetts Investors Trust and is managed by MFS Investment Management."}
{"prompts":"What Assumptions Does Black-Scholes Model Make?","response":"The original Black-Scholes model assumes that the option is a European-style option and can only be exercised at expiration. It also assumes that no dividends are paid out during the life of the option; that market movements cannot be predicted; that there are no transaction costs in buying the option; that the risk-free rate and volatility of the underlying are known and constant; and that the prices of the underlying asset follow a log-normal distribution."}
{"prompts":"Is Intangible Property Taxable?","response":"Intangible personal property has no physical shape and, as such, has no assigned value. This makes it hard to account for and properly evaluate them. But there are certain forms of intangible personal property that are subject to capital gains taxes. This happens when they are sold at a higher price than when they were purchased. An asset's value and, therefore, any capital gains that result from its sale are based on its physical attributes and intellectual content. Things like music compositions are assets that have great value and may result in capital gains when\/if they are sold. Some assets may be taxed as ordinary income, such as patents or other forms of intellectual property."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate GDP Per Capita?","response":"The formula to calculate GDP per capita is a country's gross domestic product divided by its population. GDP per capita reflects a nation's standard of living."}
{"prompts":"Do Debit Cards Have Purchase Protection?","response":"Purchase protections on debit cards vary depending on the issuer. Generally, debit cards do not offer as much purchase protection as credit cards. You can be responsible for up to $50 of fraudulent purchases made with a debit card or credit card, but many credit card companies extend this protection to zero liability."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Jobseeker's Allowance in the U.K.?","response":"If you qualify for the Jobseeker's Allowance in the U.K., you may be eligible for up to \u00a367.20 per week if you are 18 to 24 or \u00a384.80 per week if you are 25 and over. The exact amount will depend on various factors."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Hubris in Greek Mythology?","response":"Hubris was not the name of the spirit but rather \"Hybris,\" whose name changed over time to what it is now. Hubris was not a person but Hybris, the Greek goddess, personified insolence, hubris, violence, reckless pride, and arrogance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of EBIT?","response":"Depreciation is included in the EBIT calculation and can lead to varying results when comparing companies in different industries. If an investor is comparing a company with a significant amount of fixed assets to a company that has few fixed assets, the depreciation expense reduces net income or profit. Also, companies with a large amount of debt will likely have a high amount of interest expense. EBIT removes the interest expense and thus inflates a company's earnings potential, particularly if the company has substantial debt."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Other Measures of U.S. Unemployment?","response":"American unemployment rates utilize five measures in addition to the headline U-3 figures: U-1, U-2, U-4, U-5, and U-6. Each of these incrementally considers additional groups of individuals and labels them as unemployed (e.g., those underemployed or working part-time but seeking full employment, etc.) The U-6 number is sometimes referred to as the real unemployment rate since it is the most comprehensive."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Unemployment and Underemployment?","response":"Underemployment is a measurement of the number of laborers in an economy who are unwillingly working in low-skill and low-paying jobs, in addition to those only working part-time who are unable to secure full-time jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Does IFRS Define as Hyperinflation?","response":"According to IFRS, hyperinflation is when prices, interest, and wages linked to a price index rise 100% or more cumulatively over three years."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Highest Income to Qualify for SNAP?","response":"To qualify for SNAP, a household's income must meet certain limits. One of those limits is the net income level. For a family of four, net household income must be equal or less than 100% of the poverty level. Net income is total income, minus certain allowable deductions, such as medical expenses, dependent care, and shelter costs."}
{"prompts":"Is the Franchise Tax Board the Same as the IRS?","response":"The Franchise Tax Board operates similarly to the IRS, but operates at the state level, rather than the federal. For example, the California Franchise Tax Board states that its mission is to \"help taxpayers file tax returns timely, accurately, and pay the correct amount to fund services important to Californians.\""}
{"prompts":"How Often Should I Review My Beneficiaries?","response":"Some financial planners, including insurance companies themselves, recommend that you review your beneficiaries annually. That might be unnecessary, especially if you have named irrevocable beneficiaries. However, whenever a major life change occurs\u2014marriage, divorce, the birth of a child, or death\u2014you definitely should look over your beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"Should I Buy When RSI Is Low?","response":"Some traders consider it a buy signal if a security\u2019s RSI reading moves below 30. This is based on the idea that the security has been oversold and is therefore poised for a rebound. However, the reliability of this signal will depend in part on the overall context. If the security is caught in a significant downtrend, then it might continue trading at an oversold level for quite some time. Traders in that situation might delay buying until they see other technical indicators confirm their buy signal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Limit of Transactions With All Affiliates?","response":"All affiliate transactions may not exceed 20% of the institution's held capital."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called the Quick Ratio?","response":"The quick ratio looks at only the most liquid assets that a company has available to service short-term debts and obligations. Liquid assets are those that can quickly and easily be converted into cash in order to pay those bills."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Receive Documents After Filing a Form 4506 or 4506-T?","response":"If you use the \"Get Transcript\" option on the IRS website, you can download your forms immediately. If you request a transcript by mail, it could take 5 to 10 calendar days for it to arrive at your address on file with the IRS. If you fill out Form 4506 to request an exact copy of your tax return, you can expect it to take up to 75 calendar days."}
{"prompts":"How Does One Legally Prove Embezzlement?","response":"To legally prove embezzlement, the claimant must prove that the perpetrator had a fiduciary responsibility to the victim and that the embezzled asset was acquired through that relationship and conveyed to the accused intentionally. The key to spotting embezzlement is that it involves a betrayal of trust or duty. While this looks different in every state, generally, these four factors must be present:There must be a fiduciary relationship between the two parties. That is, there must be a reliance by one party on the other.The defendant must have acquired the property through that relationship,\u00a0The defendant's actions must have been intentional, and not the result of an error;The defendant must have taken ownership of the property (at least temporarily), transferred the property to someone else, or destroyed or hidden the property."}
{"prompts":"Can Head and Shoulders Turn Bullish?","response":"An inverse head and shoulders, also called a \"head and shoulders bottom,\" is\u00a0similar to the standard head and shoulders pattern but inverted, with the head and shoulders top used to predict reversals in downtrends.\u00a0It is a bearish-to-bullish indicator."}
{"prompts":"What Does Quality Control Mean?","response":"Quality control means how a company measures product quality and improves it if need be. Quality control can be done in many ways, from testing products, reviewing manufacturing processes, and creating benchmarks. This is all done to monitor significant variations in a product."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if You Can't Pay Your Balloon Payment?","response":"Defaulting on your balloon payment is the same as defaulting on any loan\u2014it can lead to foreclosure and repossession of property. Defaulting will ruin your credit rating, making it harder to borrow in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Market Risk Premium and Equity Risk Premium?","response":"The market risk premium (MRP) broadly describes the additional returns above the risk-free rate that investors require when putting a portfolio of assets at risk in the market. This would include the universe of investable assets, including stocks, bonds, real estate, and so on.The equity risk premium (ERP) looks more narrowly only at the excess returns of stocks over the risk-free rate. Because the market risk premium is broader and more diversified, the equity risk premium by itself tends to be larger."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Low Days Sales of Inventory Indicate?","response":"A low DSI suggests that a firm is able to efficiently convert its inventories into sales. This is considered to be beneficial to a company's margins and bottom line, and so a lower DSI is preferred to a higher one. A very low DSI, however, can indicate that a company does not have enough inventory stock to meet demand, which could be viewed as suboptimal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Dividend Yield and Dividend Growth?","response":"Dividend yield is the amount that a company pays out in dividends compared to its stock price. Dividend growth is the increase in the value of dividends that a company pays out over a period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is Lacking in the Laffer Curve?","response":"Actual numbers are missing from the curve, so the actual suggested tax rates and the percentage increase in revenue generated are missing, leaving policymakers to guess which rates work and support Laffer's theory."}
{"prompts":"What States Have Homestead Exemptions?","response":"Most states have homestead exemptions. New Jersey\u00a0and Pennsylvania do not but Massachusetts and Rhode Island have set their exemption limits at $500,000. Some states have general homestead laws instead, such as provisions that protect surviving spouses from creditors."}
{"prompts":"When Should an Engagement Letter Be Sent?","response":"Engagement letters need to be presented to the client at the beginning of the relationship before work commences. They should also periodically be reissued, especially when the scope of services changes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Grandfather Clause?","response":"A grandfather clause exempts people, businesses, and other entities from adhering to new legal rules or laws governing their behavior."}
{"prompts":"How Do Inverse ETFs Work?","response":"Inverse ETFs use various derivatives like futures, swaps, and options contracts to take short positions in the underlying index. They also rebalance daily to maintain the inverse relationship as markets move each trading day."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Penalties for Violating the Sherman Act?","response":"Those found guilty of violating the Sherman Act can face a hefty punishment. It is also a criminal law, and offenders may serve prison sentences of up to 10 years. Beyond that, there are also fines, which can be up to $1 million for an individual and up to $100 million for a corporation. In some cases, heftier fines could also be issued, worth twice the amount the conspirators gained from the illegal acts or twice the money lost by the victims."}
{"prompts":"How Does Liquidity Preference Theory Help Understand Financial Crises?","response":"Liquidity preference theory can shed light on liquidity dynamics and its effect on financial stability. During financial crises, the heightened preference for liquidity can exacerbate market conditions. For instance, a sudden rush for liquidity can lead to fire sales of assets, plummeting asset prices, and a tightening of financial conditions. By understanding the principles of liquidity preference, policymakers, and financial institutions can better anticipate and mitigate the adverse effects of financial crises and devise strategies to enhance financial stability."}
{"prompts":"What Was John R. Hicks' IS-LM Model?","response":"Hicks' IS-LM Model is designed to show the relationship between the market for economic goods and loanable funds, which is also known as the money market. The former is called IS (or investment savings) while the latter is known as LM. The model is depicted on a graph where the IS and LM intersect at the point where between the short-run equilibrium and the interest rates and output. It is often used to highlight how market preference changes affect the balance of interest rates and GDP."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Check on the Status of My Tax Refund?","response":"You can use the IRS\u2019s Where\u2019s My Refund? tool to check the status of your most recently filed tax return within the past two tax years. You can start checking Where\u2019s My Refund? 24 hours after the IRS receives your electronically filed tax return or four weeks after you mail a paper tax return."}
{"prompts":"What Is Replacing LIBOR?","response":"There are several alternative indexes that have been proposed to replace the USD LIBOR. One of them, Ameribor, reflects the average borrowing costs for thousands of banks and financial institutions in the United States. Another is the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), based on the Treasury repo rate. In 2022, the U.S. Congress passed legislation to make SOFR the official replacement for LIBOR in the United States."}
{"prompts":"How Many Currencies Make Up an SDR?","response":"The value of an SDR is made up of five currencies, which are the U.S. dollar, euro, Chinese renminbi, Japanese yen, and pound sterling."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Manufacturing Overhead?","response":"Manufacturing overhead is the total indirect cost associated with manufacturing. This includes expenses like employee wages, asset depreciation, rent, leases, and utilities. Costs like materials are not included. To calculate your manufacturing overhead, take your monthly overhead expenses and divide that total by your monthly sales. You can multiply the result by 100 to get the total percent of monthly overhead."}
{"prompts":"What Are the First Signs of Identity Theft?","response":"Some early signs of identity theft are unfamiliar charges on your credit card or debit card statements, new cards that you did not apply for, incorrect items on your credit report, medical bills for doctor's visits that you did not have, and collection notices for purchases that you did not make."}
{"prompts":"What Is Needed to Satisfy the Revenue Recognition Principle?","response":"The five steps needed to satisfy the updated revenue recognition principle are: (1) identify the contract with the customer; (2) identify contractual performance obligations; (3) determine the amount of consideration\/price for the transaction; (4) allocate the determined amount of consideration\/price to the contractual obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when the performing party satisfies the performance obligation."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If UBTI Tax Isn't Paid?","response":"An exempt organization may be subject to interest and penalty charges if it fails to pay a tax when the tax is due, it underpays its tax liability, doesn't file a return, or files a late return."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find My Win Probability With the Kelly Criterion?","response":"Unlike gambling, there is no truly objective way to calculate the probability that an investment will have a positive return. Most investors using the Kelly Criterion try to estimate this value based on their historical trades: simply check a spreadsheet of your last 50 or 60 trades (available through your broker) and count how many of them had positive returns."}
{"prompts":"What Specific Actions Support Cross Culture Success?","response":"Some actions include learning about another country's language and manner of communicating; observing what you learn by maintaining rules of etiquette; listening carefully when others speak; showing respect for different behaviors and activities; taking part in those activities when invited to do so."}
{"prompts":"What are the causes of shrinkage?","response":"Shrinkage is caused from the loss of inventory due to shoplifting, administrative error, employee theft, vendor fraud, and broken items, among other reasons."}
{"prompts":"Can Descriptive Statistics Be Used to Make Inference or Predictions?","response":"No. While these descriptives help understand data attributes, inferential statistical techniques\u2014a separate branch of statistics\u2014are required to understand how variables interact with one another in a data set."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Dow Differ from the S&P 500?","response":"The S&P 500 and DJIA are the two most-watched stock indexes in the U.S.. However, these two benchmarks are very different:The Dow Jones Industrial Index tracks 30 large-cap stocks while the S&P 500 tracks the largest 500 stocks in the U.S. market.The Dow Jones index is price-weighted while the S&P 500 is market-cap weighted.The stocks in the Dow are chosen by a committee. The stocks in the S&P 500 are added according to a formula.The Dow Jones uses a divisor; the S&P 500 is expressed versus a base year."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of EPS?","response":"When looking at EPS to make an investment or trading decision, be aware of some possible drawbacks. For instance, a company can game its EPS by buying back stock, reducing the number of shares outstanding, and inflating the EPS number given the same level of earnings.Changes to accounting policy for reporting earnings can also change EPS. EPS also does not take into account the price of the share, so it has little to say about whether a company's stock is over or undervalued."}
{"prompts":"Can Owner Financing be Used for Commercial Properties?","response":"Yes, owner financing can be used for commercial properties as well. It offers similar benefits to both buyers and sellers in the commercial real estate market."}
{"prompts":"What Is in the Producer Price Index?","response":"The Producer Price Index \"measures the average change over time in the selling prices that domestic producers receive for their output. The prices included in the PPI are from the first commercial transaction for many products and some services.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Exponential Growth?","response":"Common examples of exponential growth in real-life scenarios include the growth of cells, the returns from compounding interest from an investment, and the spread of a disease during a pandemic."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Net Income and Net Operating Income?","response":"Net operating income is revenue less all operating expenses while net income is revenue less all expenses, including operating expenses and non-operating expenses, such as taxes."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Transfer Price Used?","response":"Transfer prices are used when individual entities of a larger multi-entity firm are treated and measured as separately run entities. While it is common for multi-entity corporations to be consolidated on a financial reporting basis, they may report each entity separately for tax purposes. When these entities report their own profits a transfer price may be necessary for accounting purposes to determine the costs of the transactions.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Cash Ratio?","response":"The cash ratio will vary between industries as some sectors rely more heavily on short-term debt and financing (i.e. sectors that rely on quick inventory turnover). In general, a cash ratio equal to or greater than 1 indicates a company has enough cash and cash equivalents to entirely pay off all short-term debts. A ratio above 1 is generally favored, while a ratio under 0.5 is considered risky as the entity has twice as much short-term debt compared to cash."}
{"prompts":"Do Activist Investors Create Value?","response":"Activist investors have been effective at times in addressing the agency problem faced by shareholders whose interests don't always coincide with those of entrenched management teams. They've certainly created value for themselves and other shareholders. Activist investing can't easily be pigeonholed as good or bad, however. Activist investors look out for themselves and realize the lion's share of the value they unlock. Their relatively short-term focus on strategies likely to lift the share price, such as return of capital to shareholders in the form of dividends or share buybacks, can prevent companies from making needed long-term investments."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Speculative\" Mean in Bond Ratings?","response":"A bond is considered \"speculative\" if it has a rating of BBB- or lower from Standard and Poor's, or a rating of Baa3 or lower from Moody's. These ratings indicate a relatively high degree of credit risk, and borrowers must pay higher interest rates to accomodate the higher risk."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If an Employee with a Deferred Profit Sharing Plan (DPSP) Dies?","response":"If an employee with a deferred profit sharing plan (DPSP) dies, their surviving spouse or common-law partner can roll over the vested balance into a registered retirement plan of their own, while still keeping the account\u2019s tax-deferred status. Other types of heirs will have to take the funds in cash and pay tax on them."}
{"prompts":"What Does FCF Indicate?","response":"Free cash flow indicates the amount of cash generated each year that is free and clear of all internal or external obligations.In other words, it reflects cash that the company can safely invest or distribute to shareholders.While a healthy FCF metric is generally seen as a positive sign by investors, it is important to understand the context behind the figure. For instance, a company might show high FCF because it is postponing important CapEx investments, in which case the high FCF could actually present an early indication of problems in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to Kenneth Chenault?","response":"Upon his retirement as CEO of American Express, Kenneth Chenault accepted a position as chair and managing partner of venture capital firm General Catalyst. He also became a board member for several major companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tangible Asset and Intangible Asset?","response":"Tangible assets can be touched, while intangible assets can\u2019t. Many intangible assets are conceptual (i.e. goodwill), while tangible assets are items that actually have a physical presence and use in the real world (i.e. a company car). While it may be easier to store, protect, and transfer intangible assets, tangible assets may have a real world application and need."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Thrift Banks and Commercial Banks?","response":"Thrift banks operate similarly to traditional banks, but they are designed to serve consumers rather than businesses. In other words, thrifts primarily offer consumer accounts and loans, while commercial banks also offer financial services to businesses. Thrifts\u00a0are generally smaller, local institutions and don't have the reach and resources of large banks with branches nationwide. However, thrift banks are increasingly offering the same services as commercial banks, creating less of a distinction between the two."}
{"prompts":"Do You Have to Pay Back Pell Grants?","response":"Grants, like scholarships, generally represent money that doesn't have to be repaid. However, there are circumstances when you might have to repay some or all of your Pell Grant. Those include dropping out of the program of study for which you were awarded the grant, changing your attendance from full-time to part-time, or receiving other scholarships or grants that reduce your eligibility for federal aid. If any of this happens, the school should let you know how much you owe and how to repay it."}
{"prompts":"Which US Corporation had the Largest Buyback of 2022?","response":"Apple (AAPL) at $21.7 Billion in stock buybacks in Q2 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quantitative Analysis Used for in Finance?","response":"Quantitative analysis is used by governments, investors, and businesses (in areas such as finance, project management, production planning, and marketing) to study a certain situation or event, measure it, predict outcomes, and thus help in decision-making. In finance, it's widely used for assessing investment opportunities and risks. For instance, before venturing into investments, analysts rely on quantitative analysis to understand the performance metrics of different financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives. By delving into historical data and employing mathematical and statistical models, they can forecast potential future performance and evaluate the underlying risks. This practice isn't just confined to individual assets; it's also essential for portfolio management. By examining the relationships between different assets and assessing their risk and return profiles, investors can construct portfolios that are optimized for the highest possible returns for a given level of risk."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Financial Instrument a Cash Equivalent?","response":"Financial instruments are defined as cash equivalents if they are highly liquid products that have active marketplaces, are without liquidation restrictions, and are easily convertible to cash. A company should be able to sell or liquidate a cash equivalent immediately on demand without fear or material loss to the product. Cash equivalents are extremely low risk assets without meaningful price fluctuations."}
{"prompts":"How Much Voluntary Term Life Insurance Do I Need?","response":"While you may want or need a larger death benefit, voluntary term life is usually limited by an employer to either 1x-2x the amount of your annual compensation. Other companies will set a cap at between $50,000 - $250,000 in coverage."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Candlestick?","response":"A candlestick is a type of price chart used in technical analysis. It displays the high, low, open, and closing prices of a security over a specific period of time. The wide part of the candlestick is called the \"real body\" and tells investors whether the closing price was higher or lower than the opening price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Strict Definition of Unemployment?","response":"The official unemployment definition comes from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, which states that \"people are classified as unemployed if they do not have a job, have actively looked for work in the prior four weeks, and are currently available for work.\""}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Identify Emerging Risks?","response":"Emerging risks can be challenging to identify, as they often involve novel or rapidly changing situations. Companies can employ various strategies to detect and monitor emerging risks, such as:Keeping up-to-date on industry trends, news, and research to identify potential risks on the horizon.Engaging in scenario planning to consider possible future developments and their implications for the organization.Utilizing big data analytics and artificial intelligence tools to analyze large datasets and identify patterns or trends that may signal emerging risks.Encouraging a culture of open communication and collaboration, enabling employees to share insights and concerns about potential risks.Establishing a dedicated risk management team responsible for monitoring and responding to emerging risks."}
{"prompts":"What Areas of Economics Influenced James M. Buchanan Jr.?","response":"Buchanan explored several different economic schools of thought, including libertarianism and free-market thinking."}
{"prompts":"Which State Has the Highest Income Tax?","response":"California has the highest income tax of any state, with a rate as high as 13.3% for the top earners as of 2021. Hawaii and New Jersey also have double-digit income taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of LLCs?","response":"LLCs are more common than many realize. Alphabet, the parent company of Google, is an LLC, as are PepsiCo Inc., Exxon Mobil Corp., and Johnson & Johnson.LLCs can include sole proprietorship LLCs, family LLCs, and member-managed LLCs.Many physicians' groups are registered as LLCs. This helps protect the individual doctors from personal liability for medical malpractice awards."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate the burn rate?","response":"There are two kinds of burn rates: gross and net. The gross burn rate is simply the total amount of money spent each month. The net burn rate is the amount of money lost each month and takes into account any possible company revenue. It is calculated using the following formula: (Monthly Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold) - Gross Burn Rate = Net Burn Rate."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Empirical Rule Used?","response":"The empirical rule is applied to anticipate probable outcomes in a normal distribution. For instance, a statistician would use this to estimate the percentage of cases that fall in each standard deviation. Consider that the standard deviation is 3.1 and the mean equals 10. In this case, the first standard deviation would range between (10+3.2)= 13.2 and (10-3.2)= 6.8. The second deviation would fall between 10 + (2 X 3.2)= 16.4 and 10 - (2 X 3.2)= 3.6, and so forth."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Uninsured Motorist Coverage Required?","response":"UM coverage is required in Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia. It's also required in New Hampshire and Virginia if you choose to purchase car insurance. You'll need it in Rhode Island if you choose a liability coverage limit higher than the state minimum, too. New Jersey requires UM coverage if you choose a standard auto policy, but not a basic policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Licensee of a Property?","response":"A licensee is one who has been given limited permission to use or occupy a property (physical or intellectual property). The licensee will pay or compensate the actual owner of the property for its use, the terms of which will be spelled out in a licensing agreement. As such, the tenant of a rented apartment may be construed as a licensee of sorts."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sentiment Indicator?","response":"A sentiment indicator is designed to provide insight on how a group feels about the market or economy. Economists and investors are always on the lookout for signals of what could occur in the markets or larger economy over the months ahead. The general idea is that market performance will often move in line with public sentiment. Some analysts also believe that recent performance could be used as a gauge for how a group of investors is feeling and would therefore expect the performance to continue."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Financial Performance Analysis?","response":"Financial analysis\u00a0refers to the process of studying and assessing a company\u2019s financial statements\u2014a collection of data and figures organized according to recognized accounting principles. The aim is to understand the company's business model, the profitability (or loss) of its operations, and how it's spending, investing, and generally using its money\u2014summarizing the company by the numbers, so to speak.A financial performance analysis examines the company at a specific period in time\u2014usually, the most recent fiscal quarter or year. The balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement are three of the most significant financial statements used in performance analysis.Financial performance analysis can focus on different areas. Types of analysis can include a specific examination of a firm:Working\u00a0capital: the difference between\u00a0a company\u2019s\u00a0current assets, such as cash, accounts receivable (customers\u2019 unpaid bills), and inventories of raw materials and finished goods, and\u00a0its\u00a0current liabilities\u00a0Financial\u00a0structure: the mix of debt and\u00a0equity\u00a0that a company uses to finance its operations\u00a0Activity\u00a0analysis: the factors involved in the cost and pricing of goods and services\u00a0Profitability\u00a0analysis: how much money the business clears, after expenses and taxes"}
{"prompts":"What Is Socioeconomic Well Being?","response":"Socioeconomic well-being means the mix of social and economic factors that produce the best outcomes for a person's health and well-being. Although a high income is not strictly necessary, a sufficient level of financial security is a significant factor in mental and physical health as well as educational outcomes."}
{"prompts":"Can I Cancel My Renters Insurance at Any Time?","response":"es, you can cancel your renters insurance at any time by notifying your insurance provider. Keep in mind that you may lose coverage for any future incidents if you cancel before the policy term expires. In addition, you can enter into coverage during any time of the month."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Bioremediation?","response":"In general, there are three types of bioremediation:Biostimulation - Microbes are stimulated to begin the remediation process via chemicals or nutrients that activate them.Bioaugmentation - Used mainly in cleaning up soil contamination, this process adds bacteria to the surface of the affected area, where they are then allowed to grow.Intrinsic Bioremediation - Vonverts toxic materials into inert ones using the native microbiome to the affected area."}
{"prompts":"How are actuarial tables used?","response":"Typically they're used by life insurance companies to calculate the remaining life expectancy for people at different ages and stages, and the probability of surviving a particular year of age."}
{"prompts":"Can I Trade Futures on Coinbase?","response":"Coinbase Advanced Trade customers can trade crypto futures contracts on the exchange."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher Payback Period Better Than a Lower Payback Period?","response":"A higher payback period means it will take longer for a company to cover its initial investment. All else being equal, it's usually better for a company to have a lower payback period as this typically represents a less risky investment. The quicker a company can recoup its initial investment, the less exposure the company has to a potential loss on the endeavor."}
{"prompts":"What Is My Tax Domicile?","response":"Your tax domicile is your permanent home where you pay your state income tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Positive Statement in Economics?","response":"In economics, a positive statement is one that attempts to assess an objective reality without making a value judgment. For example, a study on rental costs would be an example of positive economics. A study that claims that the rent is too high is an example of normative economics."}
{"prompts":"What are the Differences Between ALAE and ULAE?","response":"Allocated loss adjustment expenses (ALAE)\u00a0are costs attributed to the processing of a specific insurance claim. ALAE\u00a0is part of an insurer\u2019s expense reserves. Expenses associated with unallocated loss adjustment are more general and may include overhead, investigations, and salaries."}
{"prompts":"Is a Taxpayer Identification Number the Same as a Social Security Number?","response":"A Social Security number is an example of a TIN. It allows individuals to seek employment in the United States, to obtain credit with banks and other lenders, and file income tax returns."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret an Incidence Rate Ratio?","response":"The incidence rate ratio refers to the ratio of two different rates of incidence. Both are required to have the same time period when calculating them individually."}
{"prompts":"Is Federal Home Loan Bank a Government Agency or Bank?","response":"The Federal Home Loan Bank System in its entirety was created to act as a government-sponsored entity designed to support community investments and mortgage lending. It is not an agency but it was created by the Federal Home Loan Bank Act."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps in Creating a Contingency Plan?","response":"To create a contingency plan, first, identify the key risks to your business and order them in regard to the likelihood of occurring and severity. Next, conduct a business impact analysis (BIA). From there, start shaping your plan, which should include preventive controls, an incidence response plan, a disaster recovery plan, and a business continuity plan. Make sure to provide training to employees, frequent testing, and updating of your plan."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Valuation?","response":"There are many ways to calculate valuation and will differ on what is being valued and when. A common calculation in valuing a business involves determining the fair value of all of its assets minus all of its liabilities. This is an asset-based calculation."}
{"prompts":"How Does the U.S. Labor Force Participation Rate Compare With Those of Other Countries?","response":"According to the World Bank's most recent data from 2023, the U.S. falls in the middle of the pack at 62% and ahead of the world rate of 61%. The highest rate was held by Qatar, at 89%, and the lowest by Djibouti, at 32%."}
{"prompts":"Are Qualified Retirement Plans Federally Insured?","response":"Many defined-benefit plans, or traditional pensions, are insured by the federal Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. up to certain limits. Defined-contribution plans, on the other hand, are not insured."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Major Players in the Secondary Market?","response":"The key participants in the secondary market are the broker-dealers who facilitate trades, investors who initiate buy and sell activity, as well as any intermediaries, such as banks, financial institutions, and advisory service companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Syndicated Mortgage?","response":"A syndicated mortgage is a loan that is secured by a mortgage. This type of loan involves multiple lenders. This can range from a fairly simple loan with three parties or very complex situations involving multiple lenders who fund a very large real estate transaction. Syndicated mortgages commonly finance most of the initial phases of real estate development like planning and zoning."}
{"prompts":"What Causes an Inflationary Gap?","response":"An inflationary gap, when the demand for goods and services exceeds production, can be caused by high levels of employment, increased trade activities, or greater government expenditure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Activity-Based Costing Method?","response":"Activity-based costing (ABC) is a method of assigning overhead and indirect costs\u2014such as salaries and utilities\u2014to products and services.\u00a0Doing this helps to get a better grasp on costs, allowing companies to form a more appropriate pricing strategy and churn out higher profits."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Out Who Owns a Property?","response":"Locating the owner of a property can be done through an online search on a county assessor's website, with a court clerk, by soliciting the help of a real estate broker or attorney, or by a general online search."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Layers of Fundamental Analysis?","response":"When conducting an analysis, you start with economic analysis, then analyze the industry, then the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is Perfect Collinearity?","response":"Perfect collinearity exists when there is an exact 1:1 correspondence between two independent variables in a model. This can be either a correlation of +1.0 or -1.0."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Reverse Repo?","response":"In a reverse repo, a party in need of cash reserves temporarily sells a business asset, equipment, or even shares in another company, with the stipulation that it will buy the assets back at a premium. Like other types of lenders, the buyer of the assets in a repo agreement earns money for providing a cash boost to the seller, and the underlying collateral reduces the risk of the transaction."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Follow-on Offering and an Initial Public Offering?","response":"An initial public offering (IPO) is when a private company goes public, listing its shares on an exchange for the first time for the public to purchase. A follow-on offering is when an already existing public company (one that has completed an IPO) sells more shares to the public to raise additional capital."}
{"prompts":"How Hard Is the Series 24 Exam?","response":"The Series 24 is a very hard exam. Although there are no official pass rates or figures, a quick search will bring up forums of those who have taken and the general consensus is that it is one of the hardest financial exams and requires a serious time commitment to studying and a deep understanding on the knowledge required to achieve the required 70% passing grade."}
{"prompts":"Why Should Taxes and Fees Be Included in a Break-Even Analysis?","response":"A gross break-even point is often not entirely correct for figuring out exactly where you would break even on a trade, investment, or project. This is because taxes, fees, and other charges are often involved that must be taken into account. For instance, if you sell a stock for a $10 profit subject to long-term capital gains tax, you will have to pay $1.50 in taxes. If the commission was $1 for the trade, that also must be noted. Inflation, too, is something to consider, especially for long-term holdings."}
{"prompts":"Are All Factors of Production Equally Important?","response":"Depending on the context, some factors of production might be more important than others. For example, a software company that relies primarily on the labor of skilled software engineers might see labor as its most valuable factor of production. Meanwhile, a company that makes its money from building and renting out office space might see land and capital as its most valuable factors. As the demands of a business change over time, the relative importance of the factors of production will also change accordingly."}
{"prompts":"Is the Sharpe Ratio Based on CAPM?","response":"Yes, the Sharpe ratio is based on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The Sharpe ratio is one of the indexes derived from CAPM, which investors use to determine an investment's return in relation to its risk."}
{"prompts":"Is Triangular Arbitrage Illegal?","response":"Buying and selling currency is legal. As long as all funds, information sources, and other practices are not against any laws, there is nothing illegal about the triangular arbitrage trading strategy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between CapEx and OpEx?","response":"The key difference between capital expenditures and operating expenses is that operating expenses recur on a regular and predictable basis, such as in the case of rent, wages, and utility costs. Capital expenses, on the other hand, occur much less frequently and with less regularity. Operating expenses are shown on the income statement and are fully tax-deductible, whereas capital expenditures only reduce taxes through the depreciation they generate."}
{"prompts":"How Do Banks Make Money on Mortgage Bonds?","response":"Banks make money on mortgage bonds by selling the mortgages they originate to mortgage aggregators or other investors. These mortgage aggregators bundle the mortgages into mortgage-backed securities and sell them to investors. Now that these mortgages are off the balance sheets of the banks, they can originate new mortgages to new lenders."}
{"prompts":"What Does Floating Mean in Banking?","response":"In banking, float refers to payments that have not yet cleared, and so is essentially money that is counted twice. Bank float is highly regulated today, and manipulations or misuse of it can amount to fraud."}
{"prompts":"Who Left OPEC?","response":"Countries that left OPEC include Ecuador, which withdrew from the organization in 2020, Qatar, which terminated its membership in 2019, and Indonesia, which suspended its membership in 2016."}
{"prompts":"Is the FOMC the Same as the Fed?","response":"No, the FOMC is not the same as the Fed. The FOMC is a committee within the Fed, the Federal Open Market Committee, and is responsible only for open market operations. The Fed's Board of Governors set the discount rate and the reserve requirements."}
{"prompts":"How Was the European Monetary System Established?","response":"The EMS was established through the introduction of the European Currency Unit in 1979. The ECU served as a basket currency, representing a weighted average of member currencies."}
{"prompts":"What Does the VIX Tell Us?","response":"The CBOE Volatility Index (VIX) signals the level of fear or stress in the stock market\u2014using the S&P 500 index as a proxy for the broad market\u2014and hence is widely known as the \u201cFear Index.\u201d The higher the VIX, the greater the level of fear and uncertainty in the market, with levels above 30 indicating tremendous uncertainty."}
{"prompts":"What Is the National Debt Per Capita of the U.S.?","response":"The national debt of the U.S. is about $34 trillion as of the start of 2024.The population of the U.S. is about 332 million.That makes the national debt per capita of all Americans about $102,409."}
{"prompts":"Who Are Morningstar\u2019s Competitors?","response":"Morningstar's main competitors include Bloomberg, L.P.; Thomas Reuters Corp., and MarketWatch Inc. Bloomberg is a New York-based media company founded by Michael Bloomberg. Bloomberg provides financial news, market data, and other related content via its news outlet, radio, television, and the Internet. Thomas Reuters Corp. is a Canadian-based media company that provides financial information, market data, and related content to help professionals make informed decisions and operate businesses more efficiently. MarketWatch Inc. is a web-based company that provides financial and market information and analysis."}
{"prompts":"What Should I Do With a Head and Shoulders Stock?","response":"In technical analysis, a head and shoulders pattern is considered a bearish sign, indicating that the asset may continue to lose value. However, it is not a foolproof indicator, and most analysts will examine other factors for confirmation."}
{"prompts":"What Makes Stock Prices Rise in a Bull Market?","response":"Bull markets often exist alongside a strong and growing economy. Stock prices are informed by future expectations of profits and the ability of firms to generate cash flows. A strong production economy, high employment, and rising GDP all suggest profits will continue to grow, and this is reflected in rising stock prices. Low interest rates and low corporate tax rates also are positive for corporate profitability."}
{"prompts":"Is Series 6 or 7 Exam Harder?","response":"The FINRA Series 7 exam is generally considered to be more difficult than the Series 6 exam. The Series 7 exam covers a broader range of topics and requires a deeper understanding of the securities industry and financial markets."}
{"prompts":"Is Insurtech Better than Traditional Insurance?","response":"Some customers may prefer face-to-face interactions with a dedicated insurance agent they've gotten to know for years. Other customers may prefer to self-select their own policy that can be canceled using an app. Insurtech simply offers a different method of delivering insurance coverage that traditional insurance may not have been able to offer. Whether one is better than the other is simply a matter of consumer preference."}
{"prompts":"What are leveraged buybacks?","response":"Leveraged buybacks are a form of stock repurchase in which a corporation repurchases a quantity of its shares by leveraging its own debt."}
{"prompts":"Is Predatory Pricing Illegal?","response":"Predatory pricing is illegal but it's difficult to prove. Predatory pricing violates antitrust laws in the U.S. and other countries that are intended to ensure fair competition. The prosecutors have to prove that the accused company did not just intend to compete but intended to eliminate the competition."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Mr. Market?","response":"First coined by Benjamin Graham, \u201cMr. Market\u201d represents a hypothetical investor that is prone to sharp mood swings of fear, apathy, and euphoria. \u201cMr. Market\u201d represents the consequences of emotionally reacting to the stock market, rather than rationally or with fundamental analysis. As an archetype for behavior, \u201cMr. Market\u201d speaks to the price fluctuations inherent in markets, and the emotions that can influence these on extreme scales, such as greed and fear."}
{"prompts":"What Can VUL Policies Invest In?","response":"The exact investment options will vary among insurance companies, but almost all VUL policies allow investments in\u00a0stocks, bonds, money market securities, ETFs, and mutual funds, as well as a guaranteed fixed-interest option."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Loan Shark?","response":"A loan shark is a slang term for predatory lenders who give informal loans at extremely high interest rates, often to people with little credit or collateral. Because these loan terms may not be legally enforceable, loan sharks have sometimes resorted to intimidation or violence in order to ensure repayment."}
{"prompts":"Is Costco a Retailer or a Wholesaler?","response":"Costco, just like Walmart, is a retailer. Costco sells goods to consumers for final consumption. Costco is not a middleman business that buys items in bulk to sell to retailers. It is the retailer that sells items in bulk that consumers purchase."}
{"prompts":"How do you register as an RIA?","response":"A firm can register as an RIA by filing Form ADV with the SEC. Within 45 days of the filing, the SEC must either grant registration or begin proceedings to deny it. In addition, RIAs are also required to abide by the \u201cbrochure rule,\u201d which requires them to inform clients with information about their practice, educational, and business backgrounds. RIAs must also maintain accurate books and records, subject to examination by the SEC."}
{"prompts":"Is Water a Raw Material?","response":"Yes, water can be thought of as a raw material that is used in a wide range of products and production processes, from beverages to agriculture to industrial uses."}
{"prompts":"How Are Time Series Used in Data Mining?","response":"Data mining is a process that turns reams of raw data into useful information. By utilizing software to look for patterns in large batches of data, businesses can learn more about their customers to develop more effective marketing strategies, increase sales, and decrease costs.\u00a0Time series, such as a historical record of corporate filings or financial statements, are particularly useful here to identify trends and patterns that may be forecasted into the future."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Out Your Account Number?","response":"You can find your bank account number on your bank statements, printed at the bottom of a paper check, or by logging on to the bank's website. If you can't find it in these ways, try visiting a bank branch in person."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Cost to Make a Will?","response":"According to Investopedia\u2019s estimates, the cost of making a will can be as little as $10 or so if you use a do-it-yourself kit. If you engage a lawyer (often a good idea), expect to pay anywhere from $150 for a simple will to $1,000 and up for a more complicated one."}
{"prompts":"What Is the HODL Coin?","response":"HODL ($HODL) is a cryptocurrency that was named based on the popularity of \"HODL\" as an expression in the crypto community. The HODL token operates using the Binance Smart Chain, and HODL token owners can earn Binance Coin rewards."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses IFRS?","response":"IFRS is required to be used by public companies based in 167 jurisdictions, including all of the nations in the European Union as well as Canada, India, Russia, South Korea, South Africa, and Chile. The U.S. and China each have their own systems."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Probability Distribution Valid?","response":"There are two steps to determining whether or not a probability distribution is valid. In step 1, the analysis should determine whether or not each probability is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1. In step 2, determine if the sum of all the probabilities is equal to 1. If both step 1 and step 2 are true, then the probability distribution is valid."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Digital Divide?","response":"As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, many areas within the United States have limited or no internet broadband access, creating a digital divide within the country. Included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) of 2021 is funding to ensure every American has access to reliable high-speed internet."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by a Run on the Bank?","response":"This happens when people try to withdraw all of their funds for fear of a bank collapse. When this is done simultaneously by many depositors, the bank can run out of cash, causing it to become insolvent."}
{"prompts":"What Is BATNA?","response":"BATNA is another acronym from the world of business, meaning best alternative to a negotiated agreement. It refers to the next course of action a negotiator may take if a negotiation fails to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion. Veteran negotiators often go into a negotiation knowing what their likely BATNA would be, just in case."}
{"prompts":"How Does a VIE Work?","response":"VIEs are legally contractual obligations between a beneficiary firm and some third-party. Because the nature of the association between the two entities is contractual, is it not considered to be a form of ownership. This allows the VIE structure to circumvent various rules and regulations around reporting and in some cases, taxation."}
{"prompts":"How Old Do You Need to Be to Join AARP?","response":"Though the mission of AARP focuses on serving and advocating for the needs of those ages 50 and above, adults 18 years and older are eligible for membership. All members can access AARP benefits except those that are legally or contractually restricted by age, such as age-restricted insurance plans."}
{"prompts":"Who Funds the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?","response":"Funding for the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is provided by contributions from member states, as well as through various trusts, donations, and partnership agreements. The organization also makes money from certain commercial activities, such as selling books or hosting conferences."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Lessee in a Lease Agreement?","response":"A lessee is the person or legal entity leasing the asset provided by the lessor. A lessee in a lease agreement is responsible for making a payment or payment to the lessor for using the asset named in the lease agreement, such as an apartment or a storefront."}
{"prompts":"What is the Main Limitation of Annualizing?","response":"The primary drawback of annualizing a return is that it can change over time due to outside factors and market conditions. Stock market volatility, a company's financial performance, and macroeconomic conditions can all significantly impact yearly returns."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know My Domicile?","response":"You will know your domicile because it will be the state and location you consider your permanent home. It's the location where you probably maintain your social, economical, and family ties. Your domicile is also the place where you pay taxes, vote, and have a driver\u2019s license."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Covered by Workers\u2019 Comp Coverage?","response":"Generally, all employees are covered by workers' compensation. All non-military, federal employees are covered by the Federal Employment Compensation Act (FECA). Employees working for private companies are generally covered as most states require coverage. It is important to check with your employer and state to determine what kind of coverage you have."}
{"prompts":"Is 24-Hour Trading for Stocks Going to Be a Reality Soon?","response":"The 24-hour trading that is a feature of the foreign exchange and cryptocurrency markets may come to equity markets within the next few years. 24 Exchange, a Bermuda-based crypto and foreign exchange trading platform, aims to bring the round-the-clock trading of the digital currency realm to the stock market. In October 2021, 24 Exchange filed forms with the Securities and Exchange Commission in hopes of receiving a license to commence operating a 24-hour exchange in 2022."}
{"prompts":"How Does DTCC and DTC Monitor for Money Laundering?","response":"DTCC, and its subsidiary DTC, employ a KYC Program to provide a risk-based approach for the collection of sufficient information and documentation to know its customers and the customers of its subsidiaries, as required by U.S. and international AML regulations."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Go to a Mortgage Broker?","response":"Mortgage brokers may be a good fit for you when seeking out a mortgage because they can provide you with access to various lenders that you'd otherwise not learn about. They can help you with the large amount of paperwork you'll need to provide and your loan application. Also, some lenders only work through mortgage brokers."}
{"prompts":"How Does Quantitative Easing Stimulate the Economy?","response":"When central banks like the U.S. Federal Reserve opt to engage in quantitative easing, they buy securities from the market to increase the money supply. This means that banks have more reserves on hand, and the increased liquidity revitalizes lending and investing."}
{"prompts":"What are the 3 types of tax credits?","response":"Tax credits can be nonrefundable, refundable, or partially refundable. Refundable tax credits are the most beneficial because once they reduce tax liability to $0, the taxpayer receives a refund for any remaining amount of the tax credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is a HRA in Health Insurance?","response":"A health reimbursement arrangement (HRA) is an employer's plan to cover employee medical expenses. It pays employees in tax-free money to reimburse for medical costs."}
{"prompts":"Is Crowdfunding Legal in Australia?","response":"Yes. In 2017, the Australian government amended the 2001 Corporations Act to provide a legislative framework for crowd-sourced funding."}
{"prompts":"How Do Rights Offerings Affect a Company's Stock Price?","response":"Rights offerings dilute the value of existing shares because more shares have been released through the rights offering. This can harm the stock price, as well as the fact that a rights offering can be associated with companies that are struggling financially, so investor confidence is diminished, reducing the stock price."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements of a QTIP Trust?","response":"A QTIP is required to pay all of its income to the spouse beneficiary. There can also be no other beneficiaries until that spouse passes away."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Coupon Rate and Par Value?","response":"The coupon rate, the periodic interest payments made to bondholders as compensation for loaning the issuer the money, and the market interest rates determine whether a bond will trade at, below, or above its par value. If the coupon rate equals the interest rate, the bond will trade at its par value. If interest rates rise, the price of a lower-coupon bond must decline to offer the same yield to investors, causing it to trade below its par value. If interest rates fall, then the price of a higher-coupon bond will rise and trade above its par value since its coupon rate is more attractive."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quanto Swap?","response":"A quanto swap is an options contract to exchange interest rates in two distinct currencies. The parties pay each other in one of the two currencies.A quanto swap may also be called a guaranteed exchange rate swap or a rate differential swap (abbreviated \"diff swap.\")"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Environmental Economics and Ecological Economics?","response":"Environmental and ecological economics are both sub-fields of economic thought that study the interactions between human activity and the natural environment. The difference is that environmental economics studies the relationship between the environment and the economy, while ecological economics considers the economy to be a subsystem of the wider ecosystem."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Inorganic Growth?","response":"Consider that Company A is looking to leverage an inorganic growth strategy. Company A acquires a software startup that provides a new technology that its competitors don't yet provide. In doing so, Company A now offers its customers new technologies and gains access to new markets that were established by the acquired company."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Personal Holding Company?","response":"A personal holding company is a company where 50% of the ownership stake is controlled by five or fewer individuals, and at least 60% of the company's income comes from passive sources."}
{"prompts":"What Rights Do Property Owners Have During a Lien Sale?","response":"Property owners typically have certain rights during a lien sale process. These may include receiving clear and timely notices, having a redemption period to settle debts and reclaim the property, and the ability to contest the sale under certain circumstances."}
{"prompts":"Is the Education Required for Licensing Tax Deductible?","response":"For education costs to be tax deductible, you must already be working in that field and show either that the education maintains or improves required skills for your profession or is required by regulations. Education expenses that are necessary to meet the minimum requirements of your present procession aren't tax deductible."}
{"prompts":"When Do I Get a Closing Disclosure?","response":"The law requires that you receive your Closing Disclosure at least three days prior to closing. Closing Disclosures are not applicable for reverse mortgages or mortgages before Oct. 3, 2015."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money With Robo-Advisors?","response":"Yes, as with any investment you can lose money with robo-advisors if investments lose value or costs outpace portfolio returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Holding Company?","response":"A holding company is a financial vehicle for owning and controlling other assets, such as real estate, stocks, or companies. Using a holding company creates legal separation between the assets and the owners, and reduces the liability for the owners if one of the holdings encounters financial trouble."}
{"prompts":"Is There an Online Aptitude Test?","response":"While some aptitude tests may still be given using test booklets and bubble sheets, many aptitude tests are administered online. You can find free and paid versions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Core Competencies?","response":"Core competencies in business often relate to the type of product delivered to a customer or how that product is delivered. For instance, the main types of core competencies include having the lowest prices, best reliable delivery, best customer service, friendliest return policy, or superior product."}
{"prompts":"Is UBS a US Bank?","response":"While UBS is based in Switzerland, it also operates as a licensed U.S. bank, headquartered in New York City and registered in Utah, known as UBS Bank USA."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies as a High-Deductible Health Plan for an HSA?","response":"You can combine your HDHP with an HSA, which is a tax-advantage health care plan. In order to qualify for an HSA, you must be enrolled in an HDHP and not have any other type of health insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Are Pretax Profits?","response":"Pretax profits are a company's income after all expenses other than tax have been deducted from sales. Investors prefer to look at profits before tax because the tax rates companies pay aren\u2019t uniform."}
{"prompts":"What Is Risk-Adjusted CAGR?","response":"To compare the performance and risk characteristics among various investment alternatives, investors can use a risk-adjusted CAGR. A simple method for calculating a risk-adjusted CAGR is to multiply the CAGR by one minus the investment\u2019s standard deviation. If the standard deviation (i.e., its risk) is zero, then the risk-adjusted CAGR is unaffected. The larger the standard deviation, the lower the risk-adjusted CAGR will be."}
{"prompts":"What Assumptions Does Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis Make?","response":"The reliability of CVP lies in the assumptions it makes, including that the sales price and the fixed and variable cost per unit are constant. The costs are fixed within a specified production level. All units produced are assumed to be sold, and all fixed costs must be stable. Another assumption is all changes in expenses occur because of changes in activity level. Semi-variable expenses must be split between expense classifications using the high-low method, scatter plot, or statistical regression."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can I Hold a Futures Contract?","response":"Futures contracts have an expiration date. When the contract expires, the buyer of the contract pays the agreed-upon price for the underlying asset, and the seller must deliver it. If you own a futures contract, you may hold it for as long as you'd like up to the expiry. Investors can often roll over the contract to the next month to avoid the costs related to settling the futures contract."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Strategic Alliances Important?","response":"Strategic alliances are important because it enables a company to further benefit in areas it would not because of its personal lack of resources. Whether it is forming an alliance to gain entry into a market, labor from skilled workers, or resources from limited sources, successful companies work with other companies. This is important as it allows a company to personally benefit by leveraging the assets of another company."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Product Elastic?","response":"If a price change for a product causes a substantial change in either its supply or its demand, it is considered elastic. Generally, it means that there are acceptable substitutes for the product. Examples would be cookies, luxury automobiles, and coffee."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of Acquisition Costs?","response":"The main components of acquisition costs typically include the purchase price of the asset, any transportation or shipping costs associated with acquiring the asset, installation or setup fees, legal and administrative expenses, and any additional costs necessary to bring the asset into use."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Worst Financial Crisis Ever?","response":"Arguably, the worst financial crisis in the last 90 years was the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, which sent stock markets crashing, financial institutions into ruin, and consumers scrambling."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Passive Activity?","response":"Under U.S. tax law, a passive activity is one that produced income or losses that did not involve any material participation by the taxpayer. For example, if you own farmland but rent it out to a farmer who does all the work, you're making passive income.Passive losses cannot be used to offset earned income. They can only be used to offset other passive income."}
{"prompts":"Are Any Retirement Accounts Not Tax-Deferred?","response":"Contributions made to designated Roth accounts are not tax-deferred. You pay taxes on this money in the year you earn it and you can't claim a tax deduction for these contributions. But Roth accounts aren't subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs) and you can take the money out in retirement, including its earnings, without paying taxes on it. Some rules apply."}
{"prompts":"Can I Contribute to Both a Traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?","response":"Yes, you can contribute to both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA. There are no restrictions on contributing to both; however, the total amount you contribute to both cannot be over the overall limit for IRAs set by the IRS, which is $6,500 in 2023 and $7,000 in 2024, with an additional $1,000 allowed in both years if you're 50 and over."}
{"prompts":"What Effect Does a Spinoff Have on Parent Company Shares?","response":"Initially, a spinoff will cause the price of the parent company stock to drop as the assets now owned by the spinoff are removed from the parent company's financials, lowering the company book value. Parent company shareholders should see that together, both share prices should approximate the parent company's pre-spinoff stock price."}
{"prompts":"What Does the FTC Regulate?","response":"The FTC can regulate trade by outlining deceptive and unfair practices in the marketplace. It also enforces antitrust and consumer protection laws."}
{"prompts":"Who Requests a Receivership?","response":"A secured creditor can request a receivership as a way to obtain funds or protect a borrower's assets until a court resolves the creditor's claim against the borrower."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Fiscal Quarters?","response":"A fiscal quarter is a three-month period in which a company reports its financial results. As its name suggests, there are four quarterly periods in a year, meaning a publicly-traded company would issue four quarterly reports per year. Companies and investors alike use fiscal quarters to keep track of their financial results and business developments over time. These quarters are often referred to as Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4.A company can choose how to divide a calendar year into these four quarters. Companies will often end a quarter at the end of March, June, September, and December. A company can elect to have its fiscal year-end anytime, thereby impacting how its quarters are divided."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Impact Supply?","response":"Supply is usually most directly related to price; as the price of a good increases or decreases, producers may be more or less inclined to produce that good based on anticipated profit margins. For a similar reason, the cost of production and a company's ability to incur expenses related to increasing supply also impact supply amounts.Supply may be externally influenced by outside factors such as government policy. Consider how environmental laws place constraints on how much oil may be drilled."}
{"prompts":"What Does a D\/E Ratio of 1.5 Indicate?","response":"A D\/E ratio of 1.5 would indicate that the company in question has $1.50 of debt for every $1 of equity. To illustrate, suppose the company had assets of $2 million and liabilities of $1.2 million. Because equity is equal to assets minus liabilities, the company\u2019s equity would be $800,000. Its D\/E ratio would therefore be $1.2 million divided by $800,000, or 1.5."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Largest Producer of Oil?","response":"As of 2022, the United States was the largest producer of crude oil, producing 11.89 million barrels per day. Saudi Arabia was the second-largest producer, producing 10.64 million barrels per day."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Demand?","response":"This is a fundamental economic principle that holds that the quantity of a product purchased varies inversely with its price. In other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded. And at lower prices, consumer demand increases.The law of demand works with the law of supply to explain how market economies allocate resources and determine the price of goods and services in everyday transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Beneficiary?","response":"A beneficiary is a person or organization that has been named to receive property belonging to another in the event of their death. Often, the benefits received are financial ones related to financial accounts owned by the benefactor."}
{"prompts":"Is Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 the Same?","response":"Web 2.0 and Web 3.0 use many of the same technologies (AJAX, JavaScript, HTML5, CSS3). Web 3.0 is more likely to leverage even more modern technologies or principles in an attempt to connect the information to drive even greater value."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Covariance of 0 Mean?","response":"A covariance of zero indicates that there is no clear directional relationship between the variables being measured. In other words, a high value for one stock is equally likely to be paired with a high or low value for the other."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Lowest Dependency Ratio?","response":"As of 2022, the country with the lowest dependency ratio is United Arab Emirates, with a ratio of 20.57. The country with the highest dependency ratio at 105.13 is Niger. The United States has a dependency ratio of 54.05."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Quid Pro Quo?","response":"There are many examples of quid pro quo, from bartering arrangements to gift giving. An example of an illegal quid pro quo would be a case of sexual harassment, where work outcomes or compensation are linked to sexual favors."}
{"prompts":"Can MAGI and AGI Be the Same?","response":"Yes, MAGI and AGI can be the same. For many people, the list of deductions that need to be added back to AGI to calculate MAGI will not be relevant. For instance, those who did not earn any foreign income would have no reason to use that deduction and would have none of those earnings to add back to their AGI."}
{"prompts":"Is Uphold a Wallet or an Exchange?","response":"Uphold is a multi-asset exchange\u2014not just a digital wallet. As such, it is a platform that allows users to exchange and transfer fiat currencies, precious metals, cryptocurrencies, and certain stocks."}
{"prompts":"How Much Insurance Does CIP Require?","response":"The seller must take out 110% of the contract value in insurance. If the buyer wishes to have more insurance, arranging and paying for it is their responsibility."}
{"prompts":"What Is the LME Official Settlement Price?","response":"The LME Official Settlement Price is the last cash offer price at which all LME futures are settled. The daily official settlement price is published between 12:30 and 1:25 GMT."}
{"prompts":"What Is Export Policy?","response":"Export policy is the government legislation that dictates how, what, when, and with whom a country exports goods. Export policy defines the tariffs, customs requirements, and limitations on international trade for each country."}
{"prompts":"What Is UTXO in Blockchain?","response":"UTXOs are small, unspent chunks of cryptocurrency leftover from transactions in certain cryptocurrencies. They are recorded in the UTXO database and used in later transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between NYSE and NYSE Arca?","response":"The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is a physical and electronic stock exchange, while NYSE Arca is an electronic communications network (ECN) used for matching orders."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Go for Private Placements?","response":"There are many benefits that would make a company choose a private placement. These include a faster process to selling shares than an IPO, having to meet fewer regulatory requirements than an IPO would require, having to meet fewer regulatory obligations on an ongoing basis than being public would require, and the ability to retain more control of the company."}
{"prompts":"When Does Disintermediation Occur?","response":"Disintermediation occurs whenever a step in the supply chain is eliminated. A consumer calls a hotel directly to make a reservation rather than booking through a website or a travel agent. A retailer orders directly from a manufacturer rather than a sales representative for a distributor.Or, on a vastly larger scale, Amazon builds up its shipping network in order to deliver directly to consumers rather than relying on FedEx or UPS."}
{"prompts":"What Caused Black Monday 1929?","response":"Black Monday often refers to Oct. 28, 1929, when stocks\u00a0fell by 12.82%. A few days earlier, on Black Thursday, stocks had already experienced a decline of 11%. This precipitated the\u00a0stock market crash of 1929. Other causes of the crash were low wages, increasing debt, a struggling agricultural sector, and an excess of large bank loans that could not be liquidated."}
{"prompts":"What Does Capitalization Mean in Accounting?","response":"Capitalization is an accounting rule used to recognize a cash outlay as an asset on the balance sheet\u2014rather than an expense on the income statement. The cost of fixed assets, such as computers, cars, and office buildings, are recorded on the general ledger as the historical cost of the asset and not expensed in full against earnings in the current accounting period. These costs are said to be capitalized, not expensed."}
{"prompts":"Does Correlation Imply Causation?","response":"Correlation does not require causation, and it is a common logical fallacy to believe otherwise. When two variables are positively correlated, that does not necessarily mean that one variable causes changes in the other. Both variables may be influenced by an unknown third factor, or the apparent relationship between the variables might be a coincidence."}
{"prompts":"Does random walk theory imply that it\u2019s impossible to make money in stocks?","response":"No. According to random walk theory, it is impossible to consistently outperform the market over the long term through stock picking or market timing. However, it is still possible to profit in the stock market by buying and holding a diversified portfolio of stocks, such as with an index fund."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Tools of Kaizen?","response":"The kaizen methodology uses different tools depending on the goal. For instance, the 5S tool is often used in lean manufacturing and to ensure that workplaces are efficient, productive, and safe. JIT and Kanban are used for inventory control. The five whys (what, when, where, why, and who) is a tool used to reveal the root cause of a problem. Value stream mapping is an analytic tool that is used to identify places to eliminate waste. Follow-up events are tools used to sustain improvements."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Corporate Governance Important?","response":"Corporate governance is important because it creates a system of rules and practices that determines how a company operates and how it aligns with the interest of all its stakeholders. Good corporate governance fosters ethical business practices, which lead to financial viability. In turn, that can attract investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is Title IV of the HEA?","response":"Title IV authorizes and funds scholarships, low-interest loans, and work-study programs for students at eligible colleges and universities. Its best-known programs include Pell Grants and Stafford loans."}
{"prompts":"Can a Senior Citizen Get Term Life Insurance?","response":"It depends on their age. Insurance companies seta maximum age limit for term life insurance policies. This is usually 80 to 90 years old, but may be higher or lower depending on the company. The premium also rises with age, so a person aged 60 or 70 will pay substantially more than someone decades younger."}
{"prompts":"Are There Exemptions From Regulation W Requirements?","response":"Yes, Regulation W allows the Federal Reserve Bank to permit exemptions, but certain exemptions also require approval from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)."}
{"prompts":"What is good about a wealth tax?","response":"Proponents view the wealth tax as a way to boost the government\u2019s public spending coffers by taking extra money from those who don\u2019t really need it. Such a tax generally only applies to the wealthiest, and it can be argued that the money it will cost them will have zero impact on their quality of life."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Title Search Tell Me?","response":"A title search tells you the name of the legal owner of a property and if there are any outstanding claims or liens against the property. Liens may be filed by lenders and other financial institutions, contractors, tax collectors, and any other entity that has a financial and legal claim against the property."}
{"prompts":"What Does it Take to Succeed as a Real Estate Agent?","response":"To have success as a real estate agent, you need good communication skills, the ability to network, be adept at technology, and have an in-depth knowledge of the relevant housing market. Good real estate agents should also be skilled at setting goals, creating a marketing plan, maintaining connections with past clients, and staying resilient in the face of challenges, given the volatility in the industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is Basel II?","response":"Basel II is a set of international banking regulations established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, based in Basel, Switzerland. Basel II was released in 2004, with the goal of being phased in over a series of years."}
{"prompts":"Does Ethereum Classic Have a Future?","response":"Ethereum Classic has weathered ups and downs since it forked from Ethereum. It continues to be developed and has a consistent base of traders, investors, and users. Whether it has a future depends on its ability to maintain its position as an attractive cryptocurrency and blockchain."}
{"prompts":"How Has the Sensex Performed?","response":"As of Dec. 29, 2023, the 10-year annualized return for the Sensex is 14.52%. Its five-year annualized return is 16.28%."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits and drawbacks of an FMS?","response":"The main benefit of an FMS is that it makes production more efficient. Delays are reduced, as production doesn\u2019t have to be shut down to set up for a different product.Drawbacks include higher up-front costs and the greater time required to design the system specifications for a variety of future needs. There is also an additional cost for the specialized technicians who work the FMS.Nevertheless, the system\u2019s automation generally leads to an overall reduction in labor costs."}
{"prompts":"Are Solvency Ratios the Same for Every Company?","response":"No. Solvency ratios vary from industry to industry. While companies should always strive to have more assets than liabilities, the margin for their surplus can change depending on their business."}
{"prompts":"What Insurance Does Walmart Vision Center Take?","response":"Walmart's vision center takes its own Walmart Vision Plan and it is an out-of-network provider for many vision plans, including Cole Managed Vision, EyeMed, and Davis Vision, In order to find out if Walmart Vision Center takes your insurance, you must visit its website because it varies by state and location."}
{"prompts":"Has Josef Ackermann Taught As a Professor?","response":"Josef Ackermann has been a visiting professor of Finance at the\u00a0London School of Economics and the\u00a0Johann Wolfgang Goethe University."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Hysteresis Relevant to Financial Markets?","response":"Hysteresis in financial markets takes various forms, including credit market hysteresis, investor sentiment towards inflation, or manufacturing output."}
{"prompts":"What Is an ACAT Out Fee?","response":"Some brokers charge existing customers a fee to ACAT assets out of their account to a new brokerage. This fee can be as high as $100 or more per transfer. Brokerage firms charge this fee to make it more costly to close the account and move assets elsewhere. Not all brokerages charge these fees, so check with yours before initiating a transfer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Brand Loyalty and Customer Loyalty?","response":"Brand loyalty is perception-based (image and experience); customer loyalty is money-based (prices and discounts). Brand-loyal customers believe that a certain brand represents higher quality and better service than any competitor\u2014and price does not matter. Customer loyalty requires offering low prices and regular discounts to maintain best-deal-on-the-market status."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tier 1 Capital Ratio Formula?","response":"In order to calculate an institution's tier 1 capital ratio, divide the tier 1 capital by the total risk weighted assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Timeframe to Use the Three White Solders Chart Pattern?","response":"The effectiveness of the three white soldiers chart pattern can vary depending on the timeframe used for analysis. The best timeframe largely depends on the trader's style and risk tolerance. Generally, the three white solders pattern is often considered more reliable on longer timeframes such as the daily or weekly charts."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Bank Spread?","response":"Net income rate spread is sometimes called bank spread. If Bank A averaged 5.25% interest on interest-earning assets and 1.25% on interest-bearing liabilities, the bank spread would be 4.0%."}
{"prompts":"What are average assets?","response":"A company's balance sheet will often report the average level or value of assets held over an accounting period, such as a quarter or fiscal year. It is often calculated as beginning assets less ending assets divided by two. This is done because on any given day, a firm's actual level of assets will fluctuate in the course of doing business. The average, therefore, provides a better metric."}
{"prompts":"Is a Rising Wedge Pattern Bullish or Bearish?","response":"Usually, a rising wedge pattern is bearish, indicating that a stock that has been on the rise is on the verge of having a breakout reversal, and therefore likely to slide."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Earnings Before Tax (EBT), EBIT, and EBITDA?","response":"EBIT and EBITDA add additional layers of comparability by adding back more stuff. Whereas EBT just adds tax expenditures to net income, EBIT adds back interest expenses as well. And EBITDA goes another step further by also adding back depreciation and amortization. Why is that? Because interest and depreciation and amortization, like taxes, are expenses that don\u2019t necessarily reflect a company\u2019s ability to generate earnings from its operations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of QQQQ?","response":"Some of the benefits of QQQ include targeted and convenient diversification, the potential for greater returns compared to those offered by less transformative industries and companies, and the greater liquidity offered by an actively traded security."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Organizational Structure Example?","response":"An example of an organizational structure is a decentralized structure, which gives individuals and teams high degrees of autonomy without needing a core team to regularly approve business decisions. A good example of this decentralized structure is Johnson & Johnson. With thousands of products and lines of business, the company structures itself so each business unit operates as its own company with its own president."}
{"prompts":"How Can Rollover Risk Be Minimized?","response":"Interest rate changes are out of our individual control, so it is difficult to minimalize rollover risk. Institutional traders can use interest rate derivatives to hedge this type of exposure, but this is largely unavailable to ordinary individuals."}
{"prompts":"Why should you be cautious of conditionally-renewable policies?","response":"Conditionally-renewable policies allow the insurer to raise your premiums, modify benefits, or cancel your coverage if the company decides the risk of insuring you has become too high. This can put you at risk of losing coverage when you cannot afford to give it up, such as right after a serious injury or illness."}
{"prompts":"Where Do You Send Form 1040-X?","response":"If you e-filed your annual return, you can now e-file a 1040-X using commercial tax preparation software. That's the fastest way to get your money back if you're owed any. You can send it in the mail if you prefer. The IRS lists four separate addresses for use by residents of different regions and for Americans living abroad."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between RSI and Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD)?","response":"RSI and moving average convergence divergence (MACD) are both momentum measurements that can help traders understand a security\u2019s recent trading activity. However, they accomplish this goal in different ways.In essence, the MACD works by smoothing out the security\u2019s recent price movements and comparing that medium-term trend line to a short-term trend line showing its more recent price changes. Traders can then base their buy and sell decisions on whether the short-term trend line rises above or below the medium-term trend line."}
{"prompts":"What Is Market Segmentation?","response":"Market segmentation is a marketing strategy in which select groups of consumers are identified so that certain products or\u00a0product lines can be presented to them in a way that appeals to their interests."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Altman Z-Score Calculated?","response":"The Altman Z-score, a variation of the traditional z-score in statistics, is based on five financial ratios that can be calculated from data found on a company's annual 10-K report. The formula for Altman Z-Score is 1.2*(working capital \/ total assets) + 1.4*(retained earnings \/ total assets) + 3.3*(earnings before interest and tax \/ total assets) + 0.6*(market value of equity \/ total liabilities) + 1.0*(sales \/ total assets)."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Highest Prime Rate Ever Recorded in the United States?","response":"The highest prime rate ever recorded in the U.S. was 21.5%, which was reached in December 1980.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Is the Interest Rate Differential Used in the Carry Trade?","response":"In carry trade investing, an investor would borrow money in a low-interest rate currency and then convert the amount that was borrowed into a higher-yielding currency. The IRD is the difference between the two interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What are the disadvantages of systematic sampling?","response":"The main disadvantage of systematic sampling is that the size of the population is needed. Without knowing the specific number of participants in a population, systematic sampling does not work well. For example, if a statistician would like to examine the age of homeless people in a specific region but cannot accurately obtain how many homeless people there are, then they won\u2019t have a population size or a starting point. Another disadvantage is that the population needs to exhibit a natural amount of randomness to it or else the risk of choosing similar instances is increased, defeating the purpose of the sample."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to the Economy During Periods of Disinflation?","response":"Past periods of disinflation have caused recessions\/economic slowdowns that resulted in higher unemployment and lower corporate earnings."}
{"prompts":"What are some different types of duration?","response":"A bond\u2019s duration can be interpreted in several ways.Macaulay duration is the weighted average time to receive all the bond\u2019s cash flows and is expressed in years. A bond\u2019s modified duration converts the Macaulay duration into an estimate of how much the bond\u2019s price will rise or fall with a 1% change in the yield to maturity.Dollar duration measures the dollar change in a bond\u2019s value to a change in the market interest rate, providing a straightforward dollar-amount computation given a 1% change in rates.Effective duration is a\u00a0duration\u00a0calculation for bonds that have embedded options."}
{"prompts":"How Does Distribution Management Impact Business?","response":"Distribution management is a key leg in the business cycle for both distributors and wholesalers, with company sales and\u00a0ongoing profitability impacted by how quickly and efficiently a company can sell and distribute their products."}
{"prompts":"How Is Paid-In Capital Calculated?","response":"Paid-in capital is the total amount received by a company from the issuance of common or preferred stock. It is calculated by adding the par value of the issued shares with the amounts received in excess of the shares' par value."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Net Exposure of Market-Neutral Funds?","response":"A market-neutral fund uses offsetting long and short positions to have a net exposure of close to zero. Instead, market-neutral funds seek to make money off of relative mispricings between trading pairs."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Average Collection Period Calculated?","response":"In order to calculate the average collection period, divide the average balance of accounts receivable by the total net credit sales for the period. Then multiply the quotient by the total number of days during that specific period.So if a company has an average accounts receivable balance for the year of $10,000 and total net sales of $100,000, then the average collection period would be (($10,000 \u00f7 $100,000) \u00d7 365), or 36.5 days."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Deal With Grunt Work?","response":"If you're assigned grunt work, start be acknowledging that it may be very important to your company, despite being potentially boring. Then, plan to handle it during the day when you can get the most done without interruptions. Let the accomplishment of your grunt work inspire your other efforts. In addition, keep the big picture in mind\u2014handling grunt work can lead to more rewarding job responsibilities and higher-paying positions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Home Equity Line of Credit?","response":"A home equity line of credit (HELOC) is similar to a credit card, acting as a revolving line of credit based on your home's equity. HELOC funds can be used when you need them, paid back, and used again. Often there is a 10-year draw period, where you can access your credit as needed, with interest-only payments. After the draw period, you enter the repayment period, where you must repay all the money you borrowed, plus interest."}
{"prompts":"What is an indirect rollover?","response":"An indirect rollover is a transfer of money from a tax-deferred plan or account to another tax-deferred retirement account, such as an IRA, in which the funds are paid to you directly.You must redeposit the full distribution amount into another qualified retirement account within 60 days to avoid taxes and penalties."}
{"prompts":"To What Economic School of Thought Does Ben Bernake Belong?","response":"Ben Bernake belongs to the Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz school of thought. Bernake subscribed to the principle that the Federal Reserve Board could reduce inflation and revitalize the economy by increasing the money supply at the same rate as the gross national product (GNP)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of E-commerce?","response":"There are three distinct types of e-commerce:Business-to-business (B2B) is the direct sale of goods and services between businesses.Retail is the sale of goods and services directly to consumers.Consumer to consumer is the sale of goods and services between individuals, as on eBay or Facebook Marketplace."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Warren Buffett?","response":"Warren Buffett is a world famous business owner and investor. He's renowned not only for the jaw-dropping success of Berkshire Hathaway, the holding company of which he's been in charge since 1964. Buffett is also celebrated for his winning approach to investing, which has created great wealth for many shareholders. His frugal lifestyle, despite being one of the world's wealthiest individuals, and his easy-going manner have earned him fans across the globe."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Balance Sheet Important?","response":"The balance sheet is an essential tool used by executives, investors, analysts, and regulators to understand the current financial health of a business. It is generally used alongside the two other types of financial statements: the income statement and the cash flow statement.Balance sheets allow the user to get an at-a-glance view of the assets and liabilities of the company. The balance sheet can help users answer questions such as whether the company has a positive net worth, whether it has enough cash and short-term assets to cover its obligations, and whether the company is highly indebted relative to its peers."}
{"prompts":"Can Auditors Reduce Inherent Risk?","response":"If inherent and control risks are considered high, an auditor can keep the overall audit risk at a reasonable level by lowering the detection risk. This can be achieved by targeted audit selections or increased sample sizes."}
{"prompts":"Which Corporations Repatriate the Most Money?","response":"Some of the largest American corporations repatriate the most money. For instance, Apple was considered to have the largest amount of cash held overseas. Following the passing of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, the company said it would repatriate as much as $250 billion held in foreign countries back to the United States."}
{"prompts":"Are the First Mile and the Last Mile Problems the Same?","response":"The first mile problem is generally used in the context of public transit systems. The first\/last mile is the distance between a traveler\u2019s origin or destination and a transit station. Reducing this distance is considered to be the solution to both the first mile and the last mile problem."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret P-Values and Confidence Interval?","response":"A p-value is a statistical measurement used to validate a hypothesis against observed data that measures the probability of obtaining the observed results, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. In general, a p-value less than 0.05 is considered to be statistically significant, in which case the null hypothesis should be rejected. This can somewhat correspond to the probability that the null hypothesis value (which is often zero) is contained within a 95% confidence interval."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Working for a Startup?","response":"The benefits of working at a startup include greater opportunities to learn, increased responsibility, flexible work hours, a relaxed work environment, increased employee interaction, good workplace benefits, and innovation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)?","response":"What represents a \"good\" weighted average cost of capital will vary from company to company, depending on such factors as whether it is an established business or a startup, its capital structure, and the industry in which it operates. One way to judge a company's WACC is to compare it to the average for its industry or sector. For example, according to Kroll research, the WACC for companies in the consumer staples sector was 8.4%, on average, in June 2023, while it was 11.4% in the information technology sector."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of an Initial Public Offering?","response":"An initial public offering allows companies to go to the market to raise money by issuing shares to investors. By selling shares, the company agrees to cede ownership to shareholders in exchange for the capital. The money raised by selling shares allows the business to remain operating and fund its growth plans. The company may also be able to delay having to assume (more) debt to keep itself afloat."}
{"prompts":"Is Mental Accounting a Behavioral Bias?","response":"Yes. Behavioral biases can be described as\u00a0irrational beliefs or behaviors that unconsciously influence our decision-making. And mental accounting can be described as resulting in illogical ways of viewing and managing our money."}
{"prompts":"What Caused the Dotcom Crash?","response":"The dotcom crash was triggered by the rise and fall of technology stocks. The growth of the Internet created a buzz among investors, who were quick to pour money into startup companies. These companies were able to raise enough money to go public without a business plan, product, or track record of profits. These companies quickly ran through their cash, which caused them to go under."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Prevent Delinquency?","response":"There are several ways to prevent delinquencies. Some options include automatic payments, which help individuals who have a difficult time keeping up with payment schedules. Sign up for e-billing so you receive email invoices rather than paper copies from your lenders. You can also ask your lender to move due dates closer to your pay dates."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Outputs of an MRP System?","response":"Using required inputs, the MRP calculates what materials are needed, how much is needed to complete a build, and exactly when materials are needed in the build process.This allows businesses to use just-in-time (JIT) production, scheduling production based on material availability. This minimizes inventory levels and businesses can move materials through the manufacturing process efficiently."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Reporting Requirements for Vostro Accounts?","response":"Banks holding vostro accounts are required to maintain detailed records of transactions, monitor compliance with regulatory obligations, and provide regular reporting to the local regulatory authorities to ensure transparency and prevent money laundering or illegal activities."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Trading on Margin?","response":"When investing on margin, the investor is at risk of losing more money than what they deposited into the margin account. This may occur when the value of the securities held declines, requiring the investor to either provide additional funds or incur a forced sale of the securities."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Investors Care About Quarterly Revenue Growth?","response":"Investors expect companies to keep growing over time, and so they look to quarterly revenue trends to make sure this is happening. In addition, revenue growth projections into the future are used by managers and investors to make investment decisions today."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Least Squares Method?","response":"The least squares method is a mathematical technique that allows the analyst to determine the best way of fitting a curve on top of a chart of data points. It is widely used to make scatter plots easier to interpret and is associated with regression analysis. These days, the least squares method can be used as part of most statistical software programs."}
{"prompts":"How Can Policymakers Design Tax Policies to Minimize Deadweight Loss?","response":"Policymakers can minimize deadweight loss by designing tax policies that consider the elasticity of demand and supply, setting tax rates at optimal levels, broadening tax bases, and minimizing administrative and compliance costs. Government officials who draft tax legislation updates often keep this all in mind when proposing changes, as all implications must be considered before decisions can be made."}
{"prompts":"Why Are There Zombie ETFs?","response":"Zombie ETFs are no longer a rarity. The broadest and most popular ETFs, such as the\u00a0SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY),\u00a0have filled much of the market demand, leaving few gaps left to capitalize on.Against this competitive backdrop, providers are coming up with increasingly quirky ideas to stand out from the crowd, increase market share, and broaden their lineup of offerings.This has resulted in a number of hyper-focused ETFs investing in niche areas of the market. Consider the Global X Millennials Thematic ETF (MILN), an ETF that focuses on companies that make products that are relevant to young Americans.\u00a0While these funds might have good or even great returns, they're not obvious picks for investors looking to diversify their portfolios across sectors.The real issue is whether or not a fund fits a strategic need in enough investors' portfolios."}
{"prompts":"Wouldn\u2019t Consumers Be Better Off If Everybody Paid the Same Price?","response":"In many cases, no. Different customer segments have different characteristics and different price points that they are willing to pay. If everything were priced at say the \"average cost,\" people with lower price points could never afford it. Likewise, those with higher price points could hoard it. This is what is known as market segmentation. Economists have also identified market mechanisms whereby fixing static prices can lead to market inefficiencies from both the supply and demand sides."}
{"prompts":"What are the 7S Factors?","response":"The seven factors are: strategy; structure; systems; shared values; skills; style; and staff."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Supply Shock Look Like?","response":"A supply shock occurs when an unpredictable event happens that suddenly either decreases or increases the supply of a product or commodity. The former causes a price rise, while the latter results in a price decrease."}
{"prompts":"What Is Clearing in the Banking System?","response":"Clearing in the banking system is the\u00a0process\u00a0of settling transactions between banks. Millions of transactions occur every day, so bank clearing tries to minimize the amounts that change hands on a given day. For example, if Bank A owes Bank B $2 million in cleared checks, But Bank B owes Bank A $1 million, Bank A only pays Bank B $1 million."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Buy a Call Option?","response":"Investors will consider buying call options if they are optimistic\u2014or \"bullish\"\u2014about the prospects of its underlying shares. For these investors, call options might provide a more attractive way to speculate on a company's prospects because of the leverage they provide. After all, each options contract allows one to buy 100 shares of the company in question. For an investor who is confident that a company's shares will rise, buying shares indirectly through call options can be an attractive way to increase their purchasing power."}
{"prompts":"How Do High-Income Earners Reduce Taxes?","response":"There are many ways to reduce taxes that are not only available to high-income earners but to all earners. These include contributing to retirement accounts, contributing to health savings accounts (HSAs), investing in stocks with qualified dividends, buying muni bonds, and planning where you live based on favorable tax treatments of a specific state."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Basic EPS and Diluted EPS?","response":"Analysts will sometimes distinguish between basic and diluted EPS. Basic EPS consists of the company\u2019s net income divided by its outstanding shares. It is the figure most commonly reported in the financial media and is also the simplest definition of EPS.Diluted EPS, on the other hand, will always be equal to or lower than basic EPS because it includes a more expansive definition of the company\u2019s shares outstanding. Specifically, it incorporates shares that are not currently outstanding but could become outstanding if stock options and other convertible securities were to be exercised."}
{"prompts":"Is a Home With an Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU) Owner-Occupied?","response":"Yes. If you, as the owner, are living in either the main home or the accessory dwelling unit (ADU), then a home with an ADU qualifies as owner-occupied."}
{"prompts":"What Exactly Does a Broker Do?","response":"A broker facilitates trades between individuals\/companies and the exchanges where the broker is licensed. Depending on the nature of the trade and marketplace, a broker can either be a human being who is processing the trade themselves or a computer program that is only monitored by a human. Typically, stock trades are computerized whereas something like real estate requires a more personal touch."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Soft Skill and a Hard Skill?","response":"Hard skills are the measurable skills acquired through training, education, and practice. They are the abilities needed to perform a specific task or job. Soft skills are behavioral and interpersonal skills that relate to how effectively people interact with others and handle situations."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Boilerplate Project?","response":"A boilerplate project is a standard template that can be easily adapted to create new projects. The basic structure is adaptable. For example, an eBay seller may create a boilerplate for a store with a basic design that is ready to be filled in with new text for each product."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Prove Repudiation?","response":"An unconditional reusable is the reputation of a contract. If one party refuses to perform what a contract promises, it is a breach of contract. So, if you are in a contract and the second party does not follow the outline of the contract, you could take them to court for a breach of contract.The courts recognize three forms of repudiation: an unconditional refusal to follow the contract agreement, taking an action that makes it impossible for the contract to stand or the second party to perform, or the transference of property that is the subject of a contract, for example, in the sale of a home promised to another buyer."}
{"prompts":"How Does Accrual Accounting Differ From Cash Basis Accounting?","response":"Accrual accounting measures a company's performance and position by recognizing economic events regardless of when cash transactions occur, whereas cash accounting only records transactions when payment occurs. Accrual accounting presents a more accurate measure of a company's transactions and events for each period. Cash basis accounting often results in the overstatement and understatement of income and account balances."}
{"prompts":"Can Robo-Advisors Make You Money?","response":"Yes, you can make money with a robo-advisor, as you can with any other financial advisor."}
{"prompts":"What GMAT Score Do You Need to Get Into UCLA Anderson?","response":"The average GMAT score for the UCLA Anderson School of Management's Class of 2023 was 714. The middle 80% GMAT range was 670-750."}
{"prompts":"Can I Contribute to a 401(k), a Traditional IRA, and a Roth IRA?","response":"Yes, you can contribute to a 401(k), a traditional IRA, and a Roth IRA. You must ensure that you only contribute the legally allowed amount per year. If you invest in both a traditional IRA and a Roth IRA, you cannot contribute more than the overall maximum allowed for an IRA."}
{"prompts":"What is a capital gain?","response":"Capital gain refers to the increase in the value of a\u00a0capital asset\u00a0when it is sold. Put simply, a capital gain occurs when you sell an asset for more than what you originally paid for it.Almost any type of asset you own is a capital asset. This can include a type of investment (like a stock, bond, or real estate) or something purchased for personal use (like furniture or a boat). Capital gains are\u00a0realized\u00a0when you sell an asset by subtracting the original purchase price from the sale price. In certain circumstances, the\u00a0Internal Revenue Service (IRS) taxes individuals on capital gains."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EBIT and EBITDA?","response":"EBIT and EBITDA remove the cost of debt financing and taxes, while EBITDA adds depreciation and amortization expenses back into profit. Since\u00a0depreciation is not captured in EBITDA, it can lead to\u00a0profit distortions for\u00a0companies\u00a0with a sizable\u00a0amount of\u00a0fixed assets and substantial depreciation expenses. The greater the depreciation expense, the more it will boost EBITDA.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a National Insurance Number?","response":"A National Insurance number in the U.K. is a unique identifier assigned to one particular individual. The number is used to administer the country's National Insurance system and is similar to a Social Security number in the United States. A person's NI number ensures that National Insurance contributions are recorded against their name. Individuals can also use it to reference issues with the social security system."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Objective and a Deliverable?","response":"An objective includes all items outside of a project, such as the outcome and the benefits of a project. The deliverables are the tangible results of the project that allow for the objectives to be achieved."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Basis Point?","response":"Basis point is a term used in finance to refer to changes in values or interest rates. One basis point equals 0.01%. Put differently, 1\/100th of 1%, 0.01%, and 0.0001 all express the same thing: one basis point. For example, five basis points could be expressed as 0.05%. Likewise, if an interest rate increased from 5.00% to 5.25%, it moved up by 25 basis points."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Qualified Distribution From a 401(k)?","response":"It is a withdrawal made when the account holder is at least 59\u00bd years old. Any withdrawal taken prior to that age will face taxes on the withdrawn amount as well as a 10% tax penalty."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Fees Associated with Receiving Paper Account Statements?","response":"Some financial institutions may charge fees for providing paper account statements. Electronic statements are often offered as a free alternative or may have lower associated costs. Check with your bank for their specific fee structure and any incentives for switching to electronic statements."}
{"prompts":"How Are Intangible Assets Disclosed on a Company's Balance Sheet?","response":"Most intangible assets appear as long-term assets on corporate balance sheets. The value is determined based on the purchase or acquisition price along with their amortization schedules. Some intangible assets, such as goodwill, don't appear on corporate balance sheets. That's because their value cannot be spread out over time."}
{"prompts":"Did Taxation Without Representation End After the American Revolution?","response":"Yes and no. While the states in the newly formed country had representation, federal districts like Washington, D.C., and territories like Puerto Rico still lack the same representation on the federal level in the modern era."}
{"prompts":"Are There Advantages to Filing Chapter 11?","response":"The biggest advantage is that the entity, usually a business, can continue operations while going through the reorganization process. This allows it to generate cash flow that can aid in the repayment process. The court also issues an order that keeps creditors at bay. Most creditors are receptive to Chapter 11 as they stand to recoup more, if not all, of their money over the course of the repayment plan than if the company simply went out of business."}
{"prompts":"Is Nonfarm Payrolls a Leading or Lagging Indicator?","response":"The nonfarm payroll report is\u00a0not a leading indicator but provides a snapshot of incidents that affect the overall economy."}
{"prompts":"Why Would PIK Debt Be Attractive to Some Firms?","response":"PIK securities are attractive to companies preferring not to make cash outlays. In most cases, PIK notes compromise a fraction of a company's total outstanding debts, and the financier structures these notes so they mature later than the company's other debts. This allows the company to focus on repaying traditional debts or debts tied to cash dividends more quickly, PIK debt is often used in leveraged buyouts."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between a Dragonfly Doji and a Hammer?","response":"While both the Dragonfly Doji and the Hammer are known for their bullish reversal patterns that appear at the bottom of downtrends, their structure is different. The Dragonfly Doji has its open and close prices at the same level, while the Hammer has a small body at the top of the trading range, and its open and close prices can be slightly different. These patterns should be used in conjunction with other indicators for better results."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Be Delisted?","response":"When a company is delisted, it could be good news or bad news for investors.A company can be delisted because it no longer meets the standards of the stock exchange that lists it. That usually means that the company is failing and its stock has dropped below $1 or so a share.These companies often are headed for bankruptcy. Their outstanding issues may trade as penny stocks in the over-the-counter market but more often are worthless.A notorious current example is Sears Holding Corporation, owner of the moribund Sears and KMart department store chains. Delisted from the Nasdaq in 2018, it is now sold over-the-counter under the symbol SHLDQ. As of March 11, 2022, its share price was 0.0190 and it had a market capitalization of $3.07 million.A company also can be delisted when a private equity firm or other buyer buys up its shares for a merger, a takeover, or a private equity buyout. In some cases, the goal may be to revamp the company and then go public again.For example, Dell Computers went public in 1988 and then delisted in 2013, when its founder Michael Dell and his partners acquired a controlling interest and paid off its remaining shareholders. Dell (DELL) returned to public trading in August 2016."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Production Possibility Frontier Called the Opportunity Cost Curve?","response":"The PPF identifies the options when making a decision. When you decide on one action, you lose the opportunity the other action provides. Thus, there is an opportunity cost; the PPF curve plots this."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Time Limit on Adverse Possession?","response":"The time limit varies by jurisdiction, ranging from three years (Arizona) to 30 years (Louisiana and New Jersey). The typical time threshold is 10-15 years."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Tier 1 Capital and Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) Capital?","response":"CET1 is the main component of Tier 1 capital. It represents the strongest form of capital, which can be quickly liquidated to absorb unexpected losses. It comprises common stock and stock surplus, retained earnings, qualifying minority interest, and certain other income. Tier 1 includes CET1, as well as certain other instruments, such as preferred stock and related surplus."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Types of Human Resources?","response":"There are numerous important human resources functions carried out by an HR department. Five well-known types of responsibilities are:Recruiting, hiring, and onboarding new employeesHandling employee compensation and benefitsOffering employee job\/career developmentAddressing work-related issues of individual employeesDeveloping policies that affect a working environment company-wide"}
{"prompts":"Does Every Deposit Made to a Bank Earn Interest?","response":"Not all deposits to a bank account earn interest. Interest is determined by the terms of the account. Many checking accounts do not provide interest, while most savings accounts and certificates of deposit (CDs) do."}
{"prompts":"What Role Does Public Debt Hysteresis Play in Fiscal Sustainability?","response":"Public debt hysteresis occurs when high levels of public debt limit a government's fiscal flexibility. The need to service debt may lead to prolonged periods of hysteresis as the government may not have the ability to spend in other critical areas in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Most Common Types of Natural Monopolies?","response":"The most common types of natural monopolies include those found in the telecommunications center, the utility industry, oil and gas companies, and the railroad industry."}
{"prompts":"Should I Buy In the Money (ITM) or Out of the Money (OTM) Puts?","response":"It really depends on factors such as your trading objective, risk appetite, amount of capital, etc. The dollar outlay for in the money (ITM) puts is higher than for out of the money (OTM) puts because they give you the right to sell the underlying security at a higher price. But the lower price for OTM puts is offset by the fact that they also have a lower probability of being profitable by expiration. If you don\u2019t want to spend too much for protective puts and are willing to accept the risk of a modest decline in your portfolio, then OTM puts might be the way to go."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Involved in the WorldCom Scandal?","response":"Several key individuals and entities were involved in the WorldCom scandal. Some of the most notable names include its CEO Bernie Ebbers, CFO Scott Sullivan, and the company's auditing firm, Arthur Andersen. Wall Street analyst Jack Grubman also played a role in providing the telecom company with positive ratings.Cynthia Cooper was a key player in bringing attention to the company's financial inconsistencies. Together with auditor Gene Morse, Cooper investigated and reported WorldCom's questionable accounting practices. She was named a Person of the Year by Time in 2002."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Social Responsibility?","response":"Social responsibility includes companies engaging in environmental preservation efforts, ethical labor practices, philanthropy, and promoting volunteering. For example, a company may change its manufacturing process to reduce carbon emissions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Okun\u2019s Law Equation?","response":"There are several versions of Okun's law, and the equation is slightly different for each. One of the simplest forms uses the formula: U = a + b x GWhere U represents the change in the unemployment rate between one quarter and the next, G represents the growth in real GDP for that quarter, and b represents Okun's coefficient, or the slope of the relationship between GDP growth and unemployment."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Make a Digital Currency?","response":"Most digital currencies are created by issuing them on Ethereum or another blockchain capable of running smart contracts. The issuer must first decide how many tokens to issue, and any special rules that limit transactions or ownership. Once these choices are coded into the smart contract, the issuer pays a small amount of cryptocurrency to pay for the computational cost of issuing the tokens."}
{"prompts":"What Is the BNB Coin Used for?","response":"Beyond the Binance exchange, Binance Coin has several uses, including the ability to:Make credit card paymentsPay for travel arrangements (on select websites)Buy virtual giftsProcess paymentsMake investmentsMake loans and transfersDonate to charity"}
{"prompts":"Why Did Congress Increase Taxes in 1982?","response":"Public concern over the size of the federal budget deficit tends to wax and wane over time. In the early 1980s, concern was high. Oddly, the deficit was not all that high, historically speaking, although it did decline after the passage of TEFRA."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Sectors of the Oil and Gas Industry?","response":"In addition to upstream and downstream, the midstream sector is involved with the transportation of oil and gas extracted from the earth via pipelines, ships, trucks, or trains to the refineries."}
{"prompts":"Is a CFO an Accountant?","response":"Generally, no, a CFO is not the same as an accountant. Accountants handle bookkeeping tasks and tax filings. Meanwhile, a CFO focuses on the company's financial future, creating forecasts."}
{"prompts":"What Global Stock Exchanges Operate Similarly to BSE?","response":"In addition to the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), other major international stock exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Nasdaq, and London Stock Exchange (LSE)."}
{"prompts":"How Does Budgeting Help a Business?","response":"Just like budgets help people, corporate budgeting helps businesses stay on track. This way, they don't stray very far from what they've projected. They also help business leaders make very important (investment) decisions, manage and meet goals and objectives, and identify any hurdles that come their way."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Largest Fast-Moving Consumer Goods Companies?","response":"Nestl\u00e9, Procter & Gamble, and Coca-Cola are among the world\u2019s largest fast-moving consumer goods companies. Swiss-based Nestl\u00e9, for instance, operates over 2,000 brands that cover everything from vitamins to frozen foods. Notably, the competition for market share is high within the fast-moving consumer goods industry. In response, companies focus heavily on packaging to attract customers and preserve the product's shelf life and integrity."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Sum of Squares?","response":"In order to calculate the sum of squares, gather all your data points. Then determine the mean or average by adding them all together and dividing that figure by the total number of data points. Next, figure out the differences between each data point and the mean. Then square those differences and add them together to give you the sum of squares."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the S&P 500 and MSCI?","response":"The S&P 500 Index is a market value-weighted index of 500 stocks that generally represent the broader U.S. stock market. The MSCI All Country World Index is a market capitalization-weighted index that measures market performance in both developed and emerging markets."}
{"prompts":"How Can One Find a Bottleneck in a Business Process?","response":"Having a clear schematic of a production process allows you to monitor each step to look for bottlenecks. If there is a slowdown, parts can accumulate at the end of one specific step. Today, these can be identified by automated systems that monitor and report on production. Once identified, they can try to be resolved."}
{"prompts":"Can Zoning Laws Stop Me From Building on My Property?","response":"Yes. You may own the land on which you want to build, but you still will have to abide by zoning laws that may say you can\u2019t build a building of a certain size, or for a certain purpose, or any number of other regulations."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Grace Period When Repaying Loans?","response":"A grace period is a set time after the due date when a payment can be received without penalty. Not all loans offer grace periods, and terms can vary among lending institutions and the loan type. If a loan has a grace period, making a payment within this window can help you avoid late fees, although interest may still accrue. This is not to be confused with a loan moratorium, which is a more extended period, like deferment or forbearance, when your lender allows you to stop making payments while you get your financial house in order."}
{"prompts":"Which of the 5 Cs refers to an individual\u2019s credit history?","response":"Character refers to the composition of a borrower\u2019s financial history and financial health. Character incorporates a borrower\u2019s payment history, credit score, credit history, and relationship with prior debtors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quanto Contract?","response":"Like any options contract, a Quanto contract is an agreement between two parties to complete a transaction on a specific future date at a specific price.The unusual aspect of a Quanto contract is its specification that the settlement will be made in a currency other than the one that the investment is valued in."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Products Can You Save on During a Tax Holiday?","response":"The most common items subject to tax holidays in the U.S. include clothing, footwear, school supplies, and computers. Some states single out other products such as firearms and ammunition (Mississippi), generators and air conditioners (Texas), or sports equipment (West Virginia)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Treasury Securities?","response":"Treasury securities are debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury department to raise money for the government. Since they are backed by the government, these bonds are considered very low-risk and highly desirable for risk-averse investors."}
{"prompts":"How Did Tim Cook Use Inventory Management at Apple?","response":"Tim Cook is known as an inventory genius. \u201cInventory is like dairy products,\u201d Cook is quoted saying. \u201cNo one wants to buy spoiled milk.\u201d For this reason, inventory management can save a company millions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Ground Lease?","response":"Some of the disadvantages of ground leases include the possibility of property loss, loss of higher income due to market changes if rent increases aren't built into the agreement, and tax drawbacks, such as depreciation and other expenses that can't offset income."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Good Residual Value?","response":"Residual value is often used in the context of leases for cars. The residual value is the\u00a0value\u00a0of the\u00a0car\u00a0at the end of the lease term. A good residual value is 55%-65% of the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP).For other assets, companies aim to have a residual value as high as possible. This means that not only do they get to utilize the asset over its useful life, they also get to recover funds for the asset when they are done using it."}
{"prompts":"Can I Do a Multiple Regression by Hand?","response":"It's unlikely as multiple regression models are complex and become even more so when there are more variables included in the model or when the amount of data to analyze grows. To run a multiple regression you will likely need to use specialized statistical software or functions within programs like Excel."}
{"prompts":"What Services Does Wholesale Banking Offer?","response":"Wholesale banking offers a range of services, including corporate banking, investment banking, treasury management, trade finance, risk management, and capital market solutions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Are the IMF Grants?","response":"IMF grants are given to charities in Washington, D.C., and member countries. The grants are meant to foster economic independence through education and economic development. The average grant size is $15,000."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Branch Manager Do?","response":"Most financial institutions, such as banks, have operations in more than one location, known as branches. A branch manager is any individual that oversees the operations of one specific branch. Areas that a branch manager oversees include managing employees, ensuring sales targets are met, staff training, marketing, and administration."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Economies of Scale Important?","response":"Economies of scale are important because they can help provide businesses with a competitive advantage in their industry. Companies will therefore try to realize economies of scale wherever possible, just as investors will try to identify economies of scale when selecting investments. One particularly famous example of an economy of scale is known as the network effect."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Baumol-Tobin Model?","response":"The theory developed by William Baumol and James Tobin studies the tradeoff between the\u00a0value of the liquidity\u00a0provided by holding cash versus the value of the interest\u00a0lost by keeping money liquid."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 12 Ethical Principles?","response":"Business ethics is an evolving topic. Generally, there are about 12 ethical principles: honesty, fairness, leadership, integrity, compassion, respect, responsibility, loyalty, law-abiding, transparency, and environmental concerns."}
{"prompts":"How Are Green Bonds Different From Blue Bonds?","response":"Blue bonds are sustainability bonds used to finance projects that protect the ocean and related ecosystems. They might support sustainable fisheries, protection of coral reefs and other fragile ecosystems, or reducing pollution and acidification. All blue bonds are green bonds, but not all green bonds are blue bonds."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Modern Economies Favor Fiat Money?","response":"Prior to the 20th century, most countries utilized some sort of gold standard or backing by a commodity. As international trade and finance grew in scale and scope; however, the limited amount of gold coming out of mines and in central bank vaults could not keep up with the new value that was being created, causing serious disruptions to global markets and commerce.Fiat money gives governments greater flexibility to manage their own currency, set monetary policy, and stabilize global markets. It also allows for fractional reserve banking, which lets commercial banks multiply the amount of money on hand to meet demand from borrowers."}
{"prompts":"Can I Claim the AOTC If I Get a Grant?","response":"Yes. However, you need to subtract the grant amount from your qualified education expenses before claiming the tax credit. So, if you have $5,000 in costs and a $4,000 grant, you would be able to claim $1,000 of qualified education expenses with the AOTC. For the purposes of the AOTC, grants include:Tax-free parts of scholarships and fellowshipsPell Grants and other need-based education grantsEmployer-provided assistanceVeterans\u2019 educational assistanceAny other tax-free payments that you receive for educational aid (excluding gifts and inheritances)"}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Increase Growth?","response":"A company has many different ways to increase growth. A CEO could give a keynote speech that drives customers. The company could do a product rollout designed to maximize sales, or a company could increase growth by cutting costs such as dividends or unprofitable divisions."}
{"prompts":"Who Created the True Strength Index?","response":"The true strength index was created by author and trader William Blau. It was introduced in the Stocks & Commodities magazine in November 1991. Blau commented on how it was \"a smooth momentum indicator stripped of high-frequency noise useful for expressing the direction of market trends.\""}
{"prompts":"Can the Negative Effects of a VAT on Lower-Income People Be Fixed?","response":"Yes, to some extent. A government can exclude certain basic household goods, food products, or medicines from the VAT, or it can charge a substantially lower VAT rate. It can also provide rebates or credits to low-income citizens to offset the effects of the tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Price Elasticity of Demand?","response":"Knowing the price elasticity of demand for goods allows someone selling that good to make informed decisions about pricing strategies. This metric provides sellers with information about consumer pricing sensitivity. It is also key for makers of goods to determine manufacturing plans, as well as for governments to assess how to impose taxes on goods."}
{"prompts":"Is a General Ledger Part of the Double-Entry Bookkeeping Method?","response":"Yes, a company that uses a double-entry bookkeeping method uses the general ledger method of storing company financial data. Specifically, double-entry bookkeeping is when each transaction impacts at least one debit and one credit transaction. In other words, each transaction appears in two columns, a debit column and a credit column, whose totals must balance. Under this balancing rule, the following equation applies:Assets - Liabilities = Stockholders\u2019 Equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Harmonic Mean and Arithmetic Mean?","response":"The harmonic mean is calculated by dividing the number of observations, or entries in the series, by the reciprocal of each number in the series. In contrast, the arithmetic mean is simply the sum of a series of numbers divided by the count of numbers in that series. The harmonic mean is equal to the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals."}
{"prompts":"What Affects the Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio?","response":"The accounts receivable turnover ratio is comprised of net credit sales and accounts receivable. A company can improve its ratio calculation by being more conscious of who it offers credit sales to in addition to deploying internal resources towards the collection of outstanding debts."}
{"prompts":"What is Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)?","response":"Analysis of Covariance combines ANOVA and regression. It can be useful for understanding within-group variance that ANOVA tests do not explain."}
{"prompts":"What Did David Ricardo Contribute to Economics?","response":"David Ricardo's contributions to economics are immeasurable, but he is highly regarded for his contributions to major theories like the law of diminishing returns, comparative advantage, theory of rents, and the labor theory of value. With the law of diminishing returns theory, Ricardo and other economists suggest that after an ideal point in production, adding an additional unit will result in smaller increases in output. Ricardo suggests, in the comparative advantage theory, that nations fare better when they focus on producing goods with the lowest production opportunity costs. The labor theory of value states that the value of a good is measured by the labor hours it took to produce it, not how much is paid for the labor. Ricardo is also widely known for the introduction of the concept of rents. In his theory of rents, he asserted that asset owners reap accrued benefits only because of their ownership rights."}
{"prompts":"Is the TIAA a Nonprofit Organization?","response":"No, however, they are owned by a not-for-profit company and have a charter to operate without profit. Such an organization came into being after Congress stripped the TIAA of its tax-exempt status in the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Perpetuity Last?","response":"Forever. Or, presumably, until the end of the world as we know it."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Dual Listing and a Secondary Listing?","response":"A dual listing primarily relates to listings on two or more exchanges when the exchanges differ greatly, particularly in regards to geography and requirements. A secondary listing is when the requirements and geography of the different exchanges hone more closely to one another."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Turkey Not in the Arab League?","response":"Turkey\u00a0has expressed interest in having an observer status in the League, but has been refused for several reasons. Those include opposition from Iraq, whose Kurdish citizens Turkey has frequently battled with, and from Syria, which still claims Turkey's Hatay Province. The League has also condemned Turkey's military interventions in Libya and other countries."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio?","response":"Accounts receivable turnover ratio calculations will widely vary from industry to industry. In addition, larger companies may be more wiling to offer longer credit periods as it is less reliant on credit sales. In general, a higher accounts receivable turnover ratio is favorable, and companies should strive for at least a ratio of at least 1.0 to ensure it collects the full amount of average accounts receivable at least one time during a period."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Register as Unemployed in the U.K.?","response":"To receive benefits from the Jobseeker's Allowance program or the Universal Credit program in the U.K., you do have to register with Jobcentre Plus."}
{"prompts":"What Is ProShares S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats?","response":"ProShares S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats is an exchange-traded fund (ETF) issued by ProShares that seeks to replicate the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats Index. It allows individuals seeking returns in the index to be able to invest in it without having to outright purchase the separate shares of each company in the index."}
{"prompts":"Is Negative Working Capital Bad?","response":"It depends. Generally, it is bad if a company's current liabilities balance exceeds its current asset balance. This means the company does not have enough resources in the short-term to pay off its debts, and it must get creative in finding a way to make sure it can pay its short-term bills on time. A short-period of negative working capital may not be an issue depending on a company's place in its business life cycle and if it is able to generate cash quickly to pay off debts."}
{"prompts":"What Does Total Quality Management Do?","response":"TQM oversees all activities and tasks that are necessary to maintain a desired level of excellence within a business and its operations. This includes the determination of a quality policy, creating and implementing quality planning and assurance, and quality control and quality improvement measures."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for Exemption From Withholding?","response":"Employees with no tax liability for the previous year and who expect no tax liability for the current year can use Form W-4 to instruct their employer not to deduct any federal income tax from their wage. This exemption is valid for a calendar year."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Controller Important?","response":"A controller is important to finance as they control the risk and reporting aspect of the company. A controller is the point person for making sure the financial reporting is done correctly. They are also the person to understand why inaccuracies may exist, what changes must be put in place, and how those changes will impact future reports."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Biggest Japan ETF?","response":"The largest Japan ETF is the iShares MSCI Japan ETF (EWJ), with $14.6 billion in assets under management as of January 2024. The fund invests in 225 leading Japanese companies, with the goal of tracking the MSCI Japan Index."}
{"prompts":"What are the principles of the 5 Cs of credit that banks operate on?","response":"The main principle behind the five Cs is to gauge the risk of extending credit to a borrower. A lender needs to evaluate who they are lending money to, why the borrower is asking for money, and the likelihood of recovering loan proceeds.Another principle of the five Cs is to determine how credit is priced. Borrowers with more favorable five Cs may get better terms, lower rates, and lower payments. Borrowers who are riskier with poorer five Cs may face unfavorable terms.A lender also relies on the five Cs to determine whether they want to conduct business with a borrower. If a borrower\u2019s five Cs are poor, then the lender may decline to extend credit."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Holder of an Easement in Gross?","response":"The holder of an easement in gross is the person or entity that benefits from that easement. This type of easement generally cannot be transferred, although there are exceptions. For example, in a merger between two utility companies, the new company may inherit any easements belonging to its predecessors."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Financial Performance Important?","response":"A company's financial performance tells investors about its general well-being. It's a snapshot of its economic health and the job its management is doing\u2014providing insight into the future: whether its operations and profits are on track to grow and the outlook for its stock."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine If Something Is a Security?","response":"The U.S. Supreme Court uses the Howey Test to determine whether certain transactions qualify as \"investment contracts.\" If transactions qualify as \"investment contracts\" under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, those transactions are considered securities."}
{"prompts":"Does After-Hours Trading Affect Opening Price?","response":"It certainly can. Since a great deal of trading may be taking place after hours, prices of securities can change from their levels when the regular market previously closed."}
{"prompts":"Is a Cash Advance a Good Solution for Emergency Funding?","response":"A cash advance comes with hefty interest rates and fees, so you may want to consider other less expensive alternatives, if possible. In an extreme situation, a cash advance is fast and accessible; just make sure you have a plan to pay it back quickly."}
{"prompts":"What Disputes Does Agency Theory Address?","response":"Agency theory addresses disputes that arise primarily in two key areas: A difference in goals or a difference in risk aversion. Management may desire to expand a business into new markets, focusing on the prospect of short-term profitability and elevated compensation. However, this may not sit well with a more risk-averse group of shareholders, who are most concerned with long-term growth of earnings and share price appreciation.There could also be incompatible levels of risk tolerance between a principal and an agent. For example, shareholders in a bank may object that management has set the bar too low on loan approvals, thus taking on too great a risk of defaults."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Other Chart Patterns Like the Bearish Engulfing Pattern?","response":"Several other chart patterns are like the bearish engulfing pattern, each with its subtleties and implications for trading. These include the bearish harami, dark cloud cover, the evening star, the shooting star, the three black crows, the tweezer top, the double top, and the head and shoulders chart patterns."}
{"prompts":"Are Audits a Bad Thing?","response":"The term audit conjures up negative feelings for a lot of people because they're usually associated with tax agencies that want to review tax returns. People often believe they'll be responsible for a hefty tax bill after an audit.Being audited isn't necessarily a bad thing. Most agencies just want to ensure that you're following the law and taking tax credits and deductions that you're entitled to claim.In the corporate world, audits help companies remain compliant by reviewing financial statements to ensure that they accurately represent their financial positions."}
{"prompts":"How Does Factoring Work?","response":"A company that has accounts receivables is waiting on payment from its customers. Depending on the company's finances, it may need that cash to continue operating its business or funding growth. The longer it takes time to collect the accounts receivables, the more difficult it is for a business to run its operations. Factoring allows a company to sell off its receivables at one time rather than having to wait on collecting from customers. The receivables are sold at a discount, meaning that the factoring company may pay the company with the receivables 80% or 90%, depending on the agreement, of the value of the receivables. This may be worth it to the company in order to receive the influx of cash."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a BDC?","response":"Business development companies provide investors with higher yields and returns."}
{"prompts":"How Is an ETF Different From an Index Fund?","response":"An index fund usually refers to a mutual fund that tracks an index. An index ETF is constructed in much the same way and will hold the stocks of an index, tracking it. However, the difference between an index fund and an ETF is that an ETF tends to be more cost-effective and liquid than an index mutual fund. You can also buy an ETF from a broker who will execute the trade throughout the trading day, while a mutual fund trades via a broker only at the close of each trading day."}
{"prompts":"Are There Different Types of Lockbox Banking Services?","response":"Yes, there are different types of lockbox banking services available to meet varying business needs. Some common types include wholesale lockbox for high-value payments, retail lockbox for lower-value payments, and electronic lockbox for digital payment processing."}
{"prompts":"Can You Use Either Calls or Puts to Be Delta Neutral?","response":"Yes. If you own shares of stock you can buy puts or sell calls. You can also create delta-neutral positions from options alone, such as being long an at-the-money straddle, where you would buy one +0.50 delta call and one -0.50 delta put."}
{"prompts":"Is an initial coin offering (ICO) legal?","response":"Initial coin offerings (ICOs) are legal. However, the ICO is illegal if the project and coin don\u2019t pass the Howey Test used by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to determine if an offering is an investment instrument. This action might take place by the developers issuing a simple agreement for future tokens (SAFT)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the LCR for a SIFI?","response":"A systemically important financial institution (SIFI) is a bank, insurance, or other financial institution that U.S. federal regulators determine would pose a serious risk to the economy if it were to collapse. Currently, these are defined as banking institutions that have more than $250 billion in total consolidated assets or more than $10 billion in on-balance sheet foreign exposure. They are required to maintain a 100% LCR, which means holding an amount of highly liquid assets that are equal or greater than its net cash flow, over a 30-day stress period."}
{"prompts":"Is Coinsurance or a Copay Better?","response":"Both coinsurance and copay have their pros and cons. Because you pay a set amount at the time of each service or purchase, copay plans make it easier to anticipate your health-care expenses. You'll always pay the copay, regardless of whether you've met your deductible or not. Coinsurance only kicks in after your deductible's been met. On the other hand, once it starts applying, coinsurance may mean lower outlays overall. Also, coinsurance goes toward meeting your policy out-of-pocket maximums."}
{"prompts":"Is the Poisson Distribution Discrete or Continuous?","response":"Because it measures discrete counts, the Poisson distribution is also a discrete distribution. This can be contrasted with the normal distribution, which is continuous."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Guaranteed Investment Certificate?","response":"Not to be confused with a guaranteed investment contract, with which it shares the acronym GIC, a guaranteed investment certificate is a financial product in Canada. Guaranteed investment certificates are sold by Canadian banks, credit unions, and trust companies, often to individuals for their retirement accounts. The Canadian GIC is more like a U.S. CD than a U.S. GIC."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Dividend Growth Rate?","response":"A good dividend growth rate can be different for every investor. Generally, investors should seek out companies that have provided 10 years of consecutive annual dividend increases with a 10-year dividend per share compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5%."}
{"prompts":"What's the Impact of an Aging Population?","response":"If a region's population is aging overall, that region's working-age population will decline. Businesses will struggle to fill jobs because there are fewer workers. Aging residents also require more resources, such as healthcare services and pension payments, but with fewer workers to support those costs."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Sports Agent?","response":"To become a sports agent you will need to obtain a sports license and register with the state. Not all states require this. The sport or league that you will want to join will require certification as well. Typically, a bachelor's degree is required before becoming a sport's agent, and advanced degrees, such as law, help in becoming one so that you can understand the legal language of the contracts of the clients you manage. Once you have been certified and received your license, you will need to join a sports agency and from there start building a client base."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Correspondent Bank and an Intermediary Bank?","response":"Correspondent banks and intermediary banks both serve as third-party banks and are used by beneficiary banks, or receiving banks, to execute international fund transfers and transaction settlements. The main variance between correspondent banks and intermediary banks is often the number of currencies in use in a transaction, with correspondent banks handling more than one currency and intermediary banks generally working in one currency."}
{"prompts":"What Does Average Propensity to Consume Mean?","response":"Average propensity to consume is an economic measurement of how much income a specific entity spends. That entity may be an individual or a country. If an entity has a higher average propensity to consume, it means a higher proportion of their income is used to buy things as opposed to save for the future."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Federal Funds Rate Work?","response":"The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other to borrow or lend excess reserves overnight. The law requires that banks must have a minimum reserve level in proportion to their deposits. This reserve requirement is held at a Federal Reserve Bank. When a bank has excess reserve requirements, it may lend these funds overnight to other banks that have realized a reserve deficit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to the Bloomberg Terminal?","response":"While the Bloomberg Terminal remains the dominant technology platform in the financial world for market data, analysis, and breaking headlines, several other competitors exist. According to Investopedia's own reviewing, among the best include:Best Overall:\u00a0FactSetBest Free Terminal:\u00a0KoyfinBest for Financial Data and Analytics:\u00a0Refinitiv EikonBest for Live Chat:\u00a0SymphonyBest for Data Visualization:\u00a0YChartsBest for Market Research:\u00a0AlphaSense"}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate the Transfer Tax?","response":"To calculate the transfer tax, you'll first need to know the tax rate in your state or local municipality, then work the math. You may see the tax expressed as a percentage, or as a dollar amount.For a simple 1% tax, for example, you'd multiply the value of the property by 0.01% to find the tax. For a tax that is listed as, say, $1 for every $1,000 in value, you'd divide the property value by $1,000 (1,000 x 1 = 1,000). Likewise, if the tax was $1.50 for every $1,000 in value, you'd multiply 1,000 x 1.5 to get 1,500, then divide the property value by 1,500. If you need help, there are online tax calculators you can use to estimate the transfer tax as well."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Data Mining Used?","response":"Data mining applications have been designed to take on just about any endeavor that relies on big data. Companies in the financial sector look for patterns in the markets. Governments try to identify potential security threats. Corporations, especially online and social media companies, use data mining to create profitable advertising and marketing campaigns that target specific sets of users."}
{"prompts":"What Is Counterparty Risk?","response":"Counterparty risk is the risk that the other party in the transaction will not honor the agreement and fulfill its side of the deal. Fortunately, in financial markets this often isn\u2019t an issue as counterparty risk is transferred to clearinghouses."}
{"prompts":"What Do Companies Hope to Gain From a Glass Cliff?","response":"The glass cliff effectively maintains the status quo because it can reinforce the harmful idea that women and people of color can't lead. When women or minorities are promoted to leadership positions without the support they need and are not successful, the assumption is that women and minorities are not good leaders."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Credit Ratings Important?","response":"Credit ratings important and useful because they indicate the credit risk that potential investors in the debt issued by an institution may face. Credit ratings project how likely it is that bond investors will be repaid in full and on time for their loans."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an ISO Standard?","response":"Some examples of ISO standards include the calibration of thermometers, food safety regulations, and the manufacturing of wine glasses. ISO standards also cover shoe sizes, musical pitches, security management, and environmental management."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Nominal and Real GDP?","response":"In short, nominal GDP measures the economic production at current market prices, whereas real GDP measures the economic production factoring in any prices changes in the market (deflation or inflation)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Financial Advisor?","response":"To become a financial advisor, one first needs to complete a bachelor's degree. A degree in finance or economics is not needed, but this does help. From there, you would look to be hired by a financial institution, most often joining through an internship. It is recommended to work at an institution as it will sponsor you for the industry licenses you need to complete before being able to practice as a financial advisor. You can do these on your own; however, it is easier to do through a company. An internship or entry-level job will also help you understand the industry and what is required for the career. The licenses you will need to complete may include Series 7, Series 63, Series 65, and Series 6. Once you obtain the licenses, you can work as a financial advisor."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Synthetic Short Forward?","response":"A synthetic short forward is a financial derivative strategy replicating a short forward contract using other financial instruments, typically options. The aim is to benefit from the expected decline in the price of an underlying asset without actually shorting the asset itself."}
{"prompts":"How Much Has Been Spent on Pork Barrel Projects","response":"It's challenging to estimate the amount that has been spent on pork barrel projects because the term isn't officially defined, nor do all forms of wasteful spending get classified as pork barrel spending. According to CAGW, the fiscal year 2022 saw 7,396 earmarks costing around $26.1 billion. This is just one organization's estimate, and not necessarily definitive."}
{"prompts":"Is a Flat Tax the Same As a Regressive Tax?","response":"Yes, a flat tax is the same as a regressive tax because the proportion of taxes paid per individual decrease as an individual's income increases. Note that a proportional tax has a flat tax rate, not flat tax dollar amount. A proportional tax (with its fixed rate) is not a regressive tax."}
{"prompts":"How Do ESOs Differ From Listed Options?","response":"ESOs differ from exchange-traded or listed options\u00a0in many ways. As they are not traded, their value is not easy to ascertain. Unlike listed options, ESOs do not have standardized specifications or automatic exercise. Finally, ESO holders must be cognizant of counterparty risk and concentration risks."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Central Limit Theorem Useful?","response":"The central limit theorem is useful when analyzing large data sets because it allows one to assume that the sampling distribution of the mean will be normally-distributed in most cases. This allows for easier statistical analysis and inference. For example, investors can use central limit theorem to aggregate individual security performance data and generate distribution of sample means that represent a larger population distribution for security returns over a period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Legal Consequences of Not Dissolving a Business?","response":"If you do not legally dissolve a business, you can incur taxes and penalty fees. These taxes and fees can be incurred even if your business is not operating or earning any revenue\/income. When a business has determined it will no longer operate and it has wound up operations, it must legally dissolve."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Real Economic Growth Rate?","response":"There are two ways to calculate the real economic growth rate. Real GDP can be calculated by taking the difference between the most recent year's real GDP and the prior year's real GDP. Then, divide this difference by the prior year's real GDP. Alternatively, real GDP can be determined if nominal GDP and the prevailing inflation rate are known. Real GDP is calculated as nominal GDP less inflation."}
{"prompts":"When Were ARMs First Offered to Homebuyers?","response":"ARMs have been around for several decades, with the option to take out a long-term house loan with fluctuating interest rates first becoming available to Americans in the early 1980s.Previous attempts to introduce such loans in the 1970s were thwarted by Congress due to fears that they would leave borrowers with unmanageable mortgage payments. However, the deterioration of the thrift industry later that decade prompted authorities to reconsider their initial resistance and become more flexible."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Trade Lines Last?","response":"Trade lines may show up on your credit report as soon as 15 days after the time of purchase. Alternatively, a trade line may be delayed on showing on your report up to 45 days depending on the timing of the purchase.Each credit reporting agency may have varying terms on how long a trade line is maintained. In general, a trade line is often maintained on your account 10 years after the trade line has been closed. Trade lines with a negative history are generally closed between seven to 10 years.Trade lines for fraudulent or erroneous reports can be disputed. After credit bureau agencies receive valid proof, these trade lines are often removed within 30 days of review."}
{"prompts":"Why does the LM curve slope upward?","response":"The LM curve slopes upward because a higher gross domestic product (GDP) causes greater demand to hold money for transactions. This, in turn, raises interest rates, so that money supply and liquidity can stay in equilibrium."}
{"prompts":"What Is Equitable Estoppel?","response":"Equitable estoppel is a legal doctrine that prevents a party from taking a position that is contrary to their previous position, if doing so harms the other party. This rule prevents someone from going back on their word in a court of law."}
{"prompts":"What Are the IRA Limits?","response":"The IRA contribution limits for 2023 are $6,500 ($7,000 in 2024). If you are aged 50 and over, you may contribute an additional $1,000 in both 2023 and 2024. These limits are for both traditional IRAs and Roth IRAs."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of the American Dream?","response":"Examples of the American Dream include owning your own house, starting a family, and having a stable job or owning your own business."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Do If Your Information Is on the Dark Web?","response":"You can take a number of steps to help protect your information. Make sure you change all your passwords, check your credit reports for any discrepancies, and inform your bank(s). You can also put a freeze on your credit to prevent it from being compromised any further."}
{"prompts":"Will a Credit Billing Dispute Affect Your Credit Score?","response":"No. Filing a dispute has no impact on a consumer's credit score. However, the card issuer may report the dispute to one or more of the three major credit bureaus while its investigation is in progress and that information may show up in the consumer's credit report."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Research and Development Important?","response":"Given the rapid rate of technological advancement, R&D is important for companies to stay competitive. Specifically, R&D allows companies to create products that are difficult for their competitors to replicate. Meanwhile, R&D efforts can lead to improved productivity that helps increase margins, further creating an edge in outpacing competitors. From a broader perspective, R&D can allow a company to stay ahead of the curve, anticipating customer demands or trends."}
{"prompts":"Does UCLA Have an Online MBA Program?","response":"UCLA's Anderson School of Management offers a hybrid MBA program, both in-class and online. Though classes are offered online, there is an in-person requirement of four campus visits per quarter, which comes out to one weekend every three weeks."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Hindsight Bias Important in Psychology?","response":"It is important because it clouds our ability to learn from experiences and make future decisions."}
{"prompts":"Can Money Laundering Be Stopped?","response":"Aggressive AML enforcement can at best aim to contain money laundering rather than stop it entirely. Money launderers never seem to run short of funds, accomplices, technologies, and creative tactics for workarounds, though AML measures certainly make their lives harder."}
{"prompts":"Which Is More Important: Net Debt or Gross Debt?","response":"Gross debt is the nominal value of all of the debts and similar obligations a company has on its balance sheet. If the difference between net debt and gross debt is large, it indicates a large cash balance along with significant debt, which could be a red flag.\u00a0 Net debt removes cash and cash equivalents from the amount of debt, which is useful when calculating enterprise value (EV) or when a company seeks to make an acquisition. This is because a company is not interested in spending cash to acquire cash. Rather, the net debt will give a better estimate of the takeover value."}
{"prompts":"How Much Income Can You Earn in Investments and Still Take the EITC?","response":"For the 2023 tax year, the maximum investment income you can earn from investments rose to $11,000. For 2024, the maximum investment income is $11,600."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Type I Error and a False Positive?","response":"A type I error is often called a false positive. This occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected even though it's correct. The rejection takes place because of the assumption that there is no relationship between the data sets and the stimuli. As such, the outcome is assumed to be incorrect."}
{"prompts":"What Is Maritime Law and Why Is it Important?","response":"Maritime law is the body of rules that govern everything that goes on in the sea and open waters. These rules help clear up various disputes that can occur and ensure that the people and organizations that work on the water behave correctly and are protected."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Hard and Soft Money?","response":"Hard money is money that is based on a valuable commodity, such as gold or silver. Since the supply of these metals is limited, these currencies are less susceptible to inflation than soft money such as printed banknotes. With no guarantee that extra notes will not be printed, soft money may be considered risky by some."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Financial Accounting?","response":"A public company\u2019s income statement is an example of financial accounting. The company must follow specific guidance on what transactions to record. In addition, the format of the report is stipulated by governing bodies. The end result is a financial report that communicates the amount of revenue recognized in a given period.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is the U.S. an Optimal Currency Area?","response":"Not as a whole, but regionally, yes, the U.S. is an optimal currency area. Though the U.S. is one country and utilizes one currency, some regions are specifically integrated enough that the U.S. could use different currencies in these regions for optimization. These regions have similar business cycles and would respond similarly to economic issues."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Inflation and Economic Growth?","response":"Moderate inflation can be a sign of a healthy, growing economy. However, high or volatile inflation can erode purchasing power, create uncertainty, and hinder economic growth by reducing consumer and investor confidence."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Firms Care About Their Marginal Profit?","response":"In order to maximize profits, a firm should produce as many units as possible, but the costs of production are also likely to increase as production ramps up. When marginal profit is zero (i.e., when the marginal cost of producing one more unit equals the marginal revenue it will bring in), that level of production is optimal. If the marginal profit turns negative due to costs, production should be scaled back."}
{"prompts":"What Causes ROE to Increase?","response":"ROE will increase as net income increases, all else equal. Another way to boost ROE is to reduce the value of shareholders' equity. Since equity is equal to assets minus liabilities, increasing liabilities (e.g., taking on more debt financing) is one way to artificially boost ROE without necessarily increasing profitability. This can be amplified if that debt is used to engage in share buybacks, effectively reducing the amount of equity available."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Creative Destruction a Good Thing?","response":"While creative destruction can cause short-term pain and job losses, it is generally seen as a positive force for long-term economic growth and progress. Creative destruction is driven by innovation, which is a key driver of economic growth. \u00a0Creative destruction also encourages competition, which helps to keep prices low and quality high.\u00a0Last, it may help the economy become more resilient by breaking up monopolies and reducing reliance on outdated industries or technologies."}
{"prompts":"How does Regulation E protect me if my debit card is stolen?","response":"Regulation E limits your liability if your debit card is lost or stolen. The sooner that you report a lost or stolen debit card, the lower your maximum liability is if unauthorized charges are made with the card. The longer that you wait to report a lost or stolen debit card, the higher your personal liability will be if the card is used for unauthorized charges.A guide to consumer liability for lost or stolen debit cards can be found here."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Exponential Moving Average?","response":"The longer-day EMAs (i.e. 50 and 200-day) tend to be used more by long-term investors, while short-term investors tend to use 8- and 20-day EMAs.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does Ceteris Paribus Help Find?","response":"Ceteris paribus helps determine what variables impact outcomes. By holding one variable constant or assuming that only one variable changes, it is inferred that any corresponding change is directly correlated to that single variable. Ceteris paribus may help drive metrics on customer taste, customer preference, consumer spending, the price of goods, market expectations, or government policy."}
{"prompts":"Why Are They Called Zombie Foreclosures?","response":"Because a zombie foreclosure occurs after a homeowner receives a notice of default. This paperwork is the beginning of foreclosure. If the mortgage holders leave the home before the bank forecloses, the home may stay vacant for a length of time, often falling into disrepair."}
{"prompts":"Does the Base Year Change?","response":"For purposes of calculating inflation, the base year does change. The base year changes to adjust for changes in the economy over time. When that happens, all the information is recalculated back to the new base year for consistent reporting."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Future Trends and Innovations in Financial Inclusion?","response":"The future of financial inclusion is likely to be shaped by advancements in fintech, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, and digital currencies. Additionally, greater emphasis on data privacy and security, along with regulatory developments, will influence the trajectory of financial inclusion initiatives worldwid"}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Good Project Plan?","response":"Communication is key to a good project plan. Each team's responsibilities should be detailed with a goal, a time frame, and resources available, for example. Visual explanations such as Gantt charts also are helpful. These are bar graphs that can show each stage of a project and, for example, the time when that stage will take place. This is just one example as the best way to outline a plan for those involved depends on the scope and details of the plan."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Zero-Coupon Bond Differ From a Regular Bond?","response":"Payment of interest, or coupons, is the key differentiator between a zero-coupon and regular bond. Regular bonds, which are also called coupon bonds, pay interest over the life of the bond and also repay the principal at maturity. A zero-coupon bond does not pay interest but instead trades at a deep discount, giving the investor a profit at maturity when they redeem the bond for its full face value."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Average Pay of Food Service Workers?","response":"The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported in September 2023 that the 2022 median pay for food service and related workers was $13.52 per hour. Secretaries and administrative assistants earned $21.19 per hour that same year. Both types of workers may deal with the public in the course of their jobs, but food service workers tend to do so to a much greater extent.\"Median\" means that half of all workers were paid more than this amount and half earned less."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Present Value Interest Factor of an Annuity Table?","response":"It is a simple table that features the PVIFAs of common combinations of rates and terms. For example, each column might feature a different rate while each row features a different term. The corresponding cell for each rate\/term is the PVIFA."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called \u2018Book Value\u2019?","response":"Book value gets its name from accounting lingo, where the accounting journal and ledger are known as a company\u2019s \u201cbooks.\u201d In fact, another name for accounting is bookkeeping."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become Financially Literate?","response":"Becoming financially literate involves learning and practicing a variety of skills related to budgeting, managing and paying off debts, and understanding credit and investment products. Basic steps to improve your personal finances include creating a budget, keeping track of expenses, making timely payments, being prudent about saving money, periodically checking your credit report, and investing for your future."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a W-8BEN-E Required?","response":"The W-8BEN-E is used for businesses, unlike the W-8BEN, which is only for individuals. The W-8BEN-E is required, as foreign businesses are subject to the same withholding tax rate as individuals\u201430%. However, businesses, like individuals, may also qualify for a reduced tax rate. The W-8BEN-E helps establish eligibility for reduced rates."}
{"prompts":"When Was the First Bitcoin Block?","response":"The first Bitcoin block is believed to have been mined on Jan. 3, 2009, as it contains a message with that date, and the blockchain recorded it as such."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Truth in Lending Act Do?","response":"The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) helps protect consumers from unfair credit practices by requiring creditors and lenders to pre-disclose to borrowers certain terms, limitations, and provisions\u2014such as the APR, duration of the loan, and the total costs\u2014of a credit agreement or loan."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Change in the Prime Rate Signal?","response":"A significant change in the prime rate often signals that the Federal Reserve has changed the federal funds rate. It increases the federal funds rate to bring inflation under control. It decreases the rate to encourage economic growth.The goal of the Federal Reserve is to encourage or discourage borrowing by businesses and consumers. Higher rates discourage borrowing while lower rates encourage it."}
{"prompts":"How Is Work-in-Progress Calculated?","response":"In accounting, inventory that is work-in-progress is calculated in a number of different ways. Typically, to calculate the amount of partially completed products in WIP, they are calculated as the percentage of the total overhead, labor, and material costs incurred by the company. A construction company, for example, may bill a company based on various stages of the project, where it may bill when it is 25% or 50% completed, and so forth."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Face Value and Market Value?","response":"While face value is the original price of a stock as set by its issuer, market value is influenced by external supply-and-demand forces. Market value is the price that the market will bear, and it can differ significantly from a stock\u2019s initial price. For example, the face value of Apple shares is $0.00001, while the market value of its shares can fluctuate above $100.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Do wire houses still use dedicated telephone and telegraph lines?","response":"No. The internet and cloud computing have done away with any vestige of the past technology used by wirehouses. The use of wirehouse to refer to a full service broker-dealer is virtually non-existent, and is mostly supplanted by terminology such as broker-dealer, brokerage, or investment bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is Form 1095-A?","response":"Form 1095-A is a form that is sent to Americans who obtain health insurance coverage through a Health Insurance Marketplace carrier. It includes information such as the effective date of the coverage, the premium amounts paid monthly, and any advance payments of the premium tax credit or subsidy."}
{"prompts":"What Do the Four Ps Mean in a Marketing Strategy?","response":"The four Ps are product, price, promotion, and place. These are the key factors that are involved in the marketing of a good or service. The four Ps can be used when planning a new business venture, evaluating an existing offer, or trying to optimize sales with a target audience. It also can be used to test a current marketing strategy on a new audience."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Claims That Are Protected by Warranty Deeds?","response":"A buyer, or new owner, will be protected from previous owner's fines issued because of code violations, or if a previous owner failed to pay HOA fees."}
{"prompts":"What does normal distribution mean?","response":"Normal distribution is a term for a probability bell curve. It is also called the Gaussian distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is Capitalization in Finance?","response":"In finance, capitalization is the company's capital structure. It is the book value cost of capital, or the total of a company's long-term debt, stock, and retained earnings. A company that is said to be undercapitalized does not have the capital to finance all obligations. Overcapitalization occurs when outside capital is determined to be unnecessary as profits were high enough and earnings were underestimated.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Become a CVA?","response":"To become a CVA an individual must study for and pass the exam; however, to become a CVA, an individual must meet certain prerequisites. These include having a bachelor's degree in business management and\/or an MBA, two or more years of experience in business valuation or related fields, and having performed 10 or more business valuations. The time to complete the above prerequisites will vary from individual to individual."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Trend-Following and Mean Reversion?","response":"Trend-following and mean reversion operate on different premises. The objective of trend-following is to capitalize on assets moving strongly in a particular direction. The objective of mean reversion is to capitalize on price deviations from an established mean or average."}
{"prompts":"Why is the 10-year to 2-year spread important?","response":"Many investors use the spread between the yields on 10-year and two-year U.S. Treasury bonds as yield curve proxy and a relatively reliable leading indicator of a recession in recent decades. Some Federal Reserve officials have argued that a focus on shorter-term maturities is more informative about the likelihood of a recession."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to Fiat Money?","response":"Virtually every country today has legal tender that is fiat money. While you can buy and sell gold and gold coins, these are rarely used in exchange or for everyday purchases and tend to be more of a collectible or speculative asset.Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, emerged over the past decade as a challenge to the inflationary nature of fiat currencies, but despite increased interest and adoption, these virtual assets do not seem to approach being \"money\" in the traditional sense."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Characteristics of Special Economic Zones?","response":"Special economic zones are designed to create and boost economic growth. One of their main goals is to capitalize on foreign direct investment. SEZs are specially designated areas that are clearly defined with physical barriers and management is done by a single authority. Users and investors within SEZs can take advantage of certain benefits, including favorable regulations and taxation."}
{"prompts":"What Are 12b-1 Fees?","response":"These fees are commonly charged to mutual funds. They cover the costs of marketing and shareholder services and they can even pay for employee bonuses. The good news is that they usually can't be more than 1% of the assets you hold."}
{"prompts":"Are Value Stocks Better Than Growth Stocks?","response":"Depending on a number of variables, such as an individual's investment goals, risk tolerance, and market conditions, value stocks or growth stocks may be preferable. Value and growth stocks each have advantages, and each investment strategy might perform differently depending on the market conditions.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Workplace Synergy?","response":"Workplace synergy is when employees work together to create a more productive working experience. This can include areas such as feedback, clearly defined goals, performance-based compensation, and overall teamwork to tackle problems that would be more impactful than if done alone."}
{"prompts":"Who Founded Rational Choice Theory?","response":"Adam Smith, who proposed the idea of an \"invisible hand\" moving free-market economies in the mid-1770s, is usually credited as the\u00a0father of rational choice theory. Smith discusses the invisible hand\u00a0theory\u00a0in his book \u201cAn Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations,\u201d which was published in 1776."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Wrap Account?","response":"Wrap accounts got their name because all the fees you usually pay in an investment account are wrapped into a single, easier-to-understand expense."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Black Market?","response":"A black market refers to an illegal exchange or marketplace where transactions occur without the knowledge or oversight of officials or regulatory agencies. They tend to spring up when there is a shortage of specific goods and services in an economy or when supply and prices are state-controlled. Transactions tend to be undocumented and cash-only, all the better to be untraceable."}
{"prompts":"Can a Delisted Company Get Re-Listed?","response":"Yes, it is possible for a delisted company to get re-listed. A lot depends on the circumstances of being delisted. Those forced to leave often find it difficult to get their affairs back in order and bounce back, especially without the funding opportunities that the stock market provides. There are a few success stories, though."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Dragonfly Doji Used for?","response":"The dragonfly doji is used to identify possible reversals and occurs when the open and closing print of a stock's day range is nearly identical."}
{"prompts":"Is burn rate the same as expenses?","response":"Yes, if you are calculating the gross burn rate. However, if you want the net burn rate, you must also factor in whatever revenue the company may be generating."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications for Sweat Equity in a Business?","response":"The IRS considers sweat equity to be a form of income. This means that if an employee receives part of their compensation in sweat equity, that equity must be included in the employee's gross income and can be taxed as such."}
{"prompts":"When Was the Industrial Revolution?","response":"The first Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the mid-to-late 1700s when innovation led to goods being produced in large quantities due to machine manufacturing. This spread around the globe, and the Second Industrial Revolution began in the U.S. in the late 1800s that saw further advancements in technology that drove greater efficiency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Non-Physical Assets?","response":"Non-physical or intangible assets provide an economic benefit even though you cannot physically touch them. They are an important class of assets that include things like intellectual property (e.g., patents or trademarks), contractual obligations, royalties, and goodwill. Brand equity and reputation are also examples of non-physical or intangible assets that can be quite valuable."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Improve Your Credit Score?","response":"Whether it's a FICO score or a VantageScore, the best ways to improve your credit score\u2014and keep it in good shape\u2014 are to pay your credit bills on time every month and to keep your credit utilization ratio as low as possible. As a general rule that's under 30%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Covered Interest Rate Parity?","response":"The covered interest rate parity is a theoretical occurrence where a pair's spot and forward currency prices are equal, representing no arbitrage opportunity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Online Bank?","response":"The best online bank for you will depend on your banking service needs and priorities. Investopedia's choice for best online bank overall is Ally bank. Our top choice for savings is Synchrony Bank and our top choice for checking is Discover."}
{"prompts":"Can You File Separately After Filing Jointly?","response":"Yes, married couples are permitted to file jointly one year and separately the next year."}
{"prompts":"Do Long-Term Investors Need Stop-Loss Orders?","response":"Probably not. Long-term investors shouldn't be overly concerned with market fluctuations because they're in the market for the long haul and can wait for it to recover from downturns. However, they can and should evaluate market drops to determine if some action is called for. For example, a downturn could provide the opportunity to add to their positions, rather than to exit them."}
{"prompts":"How Are Vouchers Helpful?","response":"Vouchers are critical when an audit is done. They serve as a key source of evidence as they document that the goods and services posted to the financial statements truly exist. They also corroborate the firm\u2019s cash payments to outside parties, such as vendors. Additionally, vouchers also act as a check-and-balance tool and reduce the risk of employee theft."}
{"prompts":"What Is Middle Market Banking?","response":"Middle market banking refers to an area of commercial banking that provides services to local governments, nonprofits, and companies with around $50 million to $1 billion of total revenue. In order to serve these clients, middle-market investment banks may need to specialize in specific areas of expertise."}
{"prompts":"What Does Cash Back Mean?","response":"Cash back usually refers to a rewards program that returns a percentage of each purchase to the buyer. It can also refer to certain types of debit cards that allow cardholders to withdraw cash from their accounts at a merchant point of sale."}
{"prompts":"Who Enforces Restrictive Covenants?","response":"If you live in a planned community, the homeowners association (HOA) and the individual lot owners have the right to enforce covenants. However, violations can become unenforceable through laches\u2014the loss of a right through undue delay or failure to assert it. For example, say you build a fence that violates the restrictive covenants. If the HOA doesn't try to enforce it until several years later, they could lose their rights to enforce through laches\u2014meaning, you get to keep your fence."}
{"prompts":"Is E&O Insurance the Same as General Liability Coverage?","response":"No, they are not the same thing. A general liability policy covers claims by customers and other third parties for bodily injury or property damage that occurs on your premises, is caused by your product, or arises from your business operations. E&O insurance covers claims by clients for mistakes you made or faulty advice you gave when providing a professional service."}
{"prompts":"Can I get a better rate if I turn a property into my primary residence?","response":"If, after not occupying the property for a long time, you decide to live in it as your primary residence, you may be able to refinance to get a different rate. Keep in mind that every refinance has closing costs, so make sure that you will have a tangible net benefit from refinancing. An example of this would be someone who owns a cabin where they like to vacation who then moves into the cabin full time after retirement. That individual could refinance to get a better rate on their cabin."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Long Straddle?","response":"A long straddle is an options strategy that an investor makes when they anticipate a particular stock will soon be undergoing volatility. The investor believes the stock will make a significant move outside the trading range but is uncertain whether the stock price will head higher or lower.To execute a long straddle, the investor simultaneously buys an at-the-money call and an at-the-money put with the same expiration date and the same strike price. In many long straddle scenarios, the investor believes that an upcoming news event (such as an earnings report or acquisition announcement) will push the underlying stock from low volatility to high volatility. The objective of the investor is to profit from a large move in price. A small price movement will generally not be enough for an investor to make a profit from a long straddle.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Winding Up and Dissolution?","response":"Winding up and dissolution are both steps in the closing of a business. Winding up comes before dissolution. Winding up refers to closing the operations of a business, selling off assets, paying off creditors, and distributing any remaining assets to the owners. Once the winding-up process is complete, the dissolution step comes into play. This is when the company formally under law ceases to exist. Documentation is prepared to officially end the business as a legal entity."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Buy a Forward Rate Agreement?","response":"The main reason to buy a forward rate agreement (FRA) is to hedge against future increases in interest rates. By locking in an interest rate to be paid at a specified date in the future, FRA purchasers provide themselves with a measure of protection should market rates rise."}
{"prompts":"How Do Gilt Values Change With Interest Rates?","response":"Gilts see their market values change as market rates change. Generally, when interest rates rise, the value of existing bonds falls. When rates fall, bond values rise."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Pip and a Pippette?","response":"In the context of the foreign exchange market, a pip is a standard unit of measure for changes in an exchange rate, representing a move of 0.0001 (1\/10,000). This is the smallest price change increment for most currency pairs.A pipette equals 1\/10 of a pip and represents a fraction of 1\/100,000.A pip, therefore, relates to movement in the fourth decimal place, while a pipette is used to measure movement in the fifth decimal place."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Gini Index of 50 Mean?","response":"The Gini index ranges from 0% to 100%, with 0 representing perfect equality and 100 representing perfect inequality. A national Gini of 50 marks the halfway point and can be viewed as a nation where income is not fairly distributed.Only 14 countries in the world have a Gini of 50 or more as of 2024."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to Pay to Get My Taxes Done?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service says that almost all individual taxpayers, regardless of income, can now file their federal tax returns electronically free of charge using the IRS.gov website or the IRS2Go app.Through an agreement with the IRS, taxpayers with income below certain levels can use any of a number of tax return software programs.(State taxes are a separate matter, and state rules apply.)"}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better: Term Life Insurance or Whole Life Insurance?","response":"It depends on your family's needs. Term life insurance is a relatively inexpensive way to provide a lump sum to your dependents if something happens to you. If you are young and healthy, and you support a family, it can be a good option. Whole life insurance comes with substantially higher monthly premiums. It is meant to provide coverage for as long as you live. As the coverage matures, the policy grows in value and the policyholder can make withdrawals for any purpose. Thus, it can serve as an investment product as well as an insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate My Effective Tax Rate?","response":"You can easily calculate your effective tax rate as an individual taxpayer. Do this by dividing your total tax by your taxable income. To get the rate, multiply by 100. You can find your total tax on line 24 of Form 1040 and your taxable income on line 15 of the form."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main ETF That Trades the Japanese Yen?","response":"The Invesco CurrencyShares Japanese Yen Trust (FXY) is the most common yen ETF which holds physical yen in its account. ProShares also offers two yen ETFs\u2014the ProShares Ultra Yen ETF (YCL) and ProShares UltraShort Yen ETF (YCS). These two options, though, are levered. YCL provides 2x long exposure and the YCS provides 2x inverse exposure to the yen."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Hyperledger Better Than Ethereum?","response":"Ethereum is designed to be a global public virtual machine that anyone can create applications for. Hyperledger is designed as a permissioned (private) blockchain for business and enterprise uses. So, which is better depends on who is using it and the purpose they have for doing so."}
{"prompts":"Is Labor an Asset?","response":"No. Labor is the work carried out by human beings, for which they are paid in wages or a salary. Labor is distinct from assets, which are considered to be capital."}
{"prompts":"How Often Is the AFR Determined?","response":"The AFR is released monthly with updated interest rates based on the market interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Day Trader?","response":"A day trader is a trader who makes multiple trades in a single day, rarely (if ever) holding a position overnight. Day traders try to take advantage of intraday price movements and market inefficiencies to make money. They tend to use technical analysis to help them time their market entries and exits. Day trading requires focus, dedication, and discipline."}
{"prompts":"How Do Risk Reversals Work?","response":"Risk reversals work by establishing a position in the options market that is either skewed towards bullish or bearish sentiments. For instance, in a bullish risk reversal, an investor might buy a call option. This position would benefit from upward price movement. At the same time, the investor could sell a put option."}
{"prompts":"What Is Rule 10b-5?","response":"This rule covers insider trading and lays out various ways in which insiders can manipulate securities in their favor and against the general investing public. It also provides ways for insiders to rightfully transact in their own company\u2019s stock, creating a trading plan that serves as an affirmative defense to insider trading rules."}
{"prompts":"How Is Unsystematic Risk Measured?","response":"Unsystematic risk\u2014when it comes to investing in stocks\u2014can be measured by the unsystematic variance. That is calculated by subtracting systematic variance from the total variance."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Agency Problem?","response":"In 2001, energy giant Enron filed for bankruptcy. Accounting reports had been fabricated to make the company appear to have more money than what was actually earned.\u00a0These falsifications allowed the company\u2019s stock price to increase during a time when executives were selling portions of their stock holdings. When Enron declared bankruptcy, it was the largest U.S. bankruptcy at that time. Although Enron's management had the responsibility to care for the shareholder\u2019s best interests, the agency problem resulted in management acting in their own best interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Appraised Value and Market Value?","response":"In real estate, the appraised value of a property is the price estimate calculated by a professional appraiser, based on sales of comparable properties. The market value is the actual price that the property will sell for. This may be higher or lower than the appraised value, depending on market conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Ceteris Paribus in Economics?","response":"Ceteris paribus in economics is a reference to how one isolated variable may change an economic environment assuming all other variables remain the same. In economics, ceteris paribus is often highly hypothetical as national economics and macroeconomic conditions are highly intricate and complex. However, ceteris paribus is the practice of seeing how a single economic concept (i.e. inflation) can impact broader concepts."}
{"prompts":"What Affects Quantity Demanded?","response":"Quantity demanded is affected by the price of the product. If the price goes up, the demand will go down. If the price goes down, demand will go up. Price and demand are inversely related in this way."}
{"prompts":"When Should Interest Be Capitalized?","response":"The timing of interest being capitalized will greatly vary depending on the interest itself. For student loans, interest is capitalized as part of the loan agreement and type of loan. This may also depend on the type of education (undergraduate vs. graduate) being pursued. On the other hand, interest is often capitalized during construction when an asset's development is underway."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Factors of the Model?","response":"The Fama and French model has three factors: the size of firms, book-to-market values, and excess return on the market. In other words, the three factors used are SMB (small minus big), HML (high minus low), and the portfolio's return less the risk-free rate of return. SMB accounts for publicly traded companies with small market caps that generate higher returns, while HML accounts for value stocks with high book-to-market ratios that generate higher returns in comparison to the market."}
{"prompts":"When Would You Use an RFP?","response":"Businesses large and small tend to have just enough resources to maintain current operations. If they want to take on a new project they have neither the resources nor the expertise on hand to add it to the workload.In such cases, the RFP gives the business an efficient way to recruit the expertise they need to get the project done."}
{"prompts":"How Does Credit Spread Affect Bond Price?","response":"The credit spread is the result of the difference in risk. Corporate bonds come with more risk than U.S. Treasury bonds, so they need to offer higher yields in order to attract investors. The price you pay for either bond may be the same, but you are assuming a higher risk with corporate bonds, which means you have the potential to earn more."}
{"prompts":"Does the Series 65 License Expire?","response":"No, the Series 65 license does not expire as long as you are actively working in the financial services industry. If you leave the industry for more than two years, your new employer may require you to pass the Series 65 exam again."}
{"prompts":"What is a gift card?","response":"A gift card is a prepaid card that can be used to make purchases and execute other types of financial transactions. Gift cards be open loop or closed loop, which can determine where and how the card can be used."}
{"prompts":"How Does an ACATS Transfer Work?","response":"An ACATS transfer is initiated by a brokerage customer at the receiving institution by submitting a Transfer Information (TI) record. The TI contains all of the information needed to identify the customer's existing brokerage account and where it will be delivered. The delivering firm must respond to the output within one business day, by either adding the assets that are subject to the transfer or by rejecting the transfer.\u00a0Before delivery is made, a review period is opened during which the sending and receiving firm can confirm the assets to be transferred."}
{"prompts":"Can You Withdraw Money From a Custodial Account?","response":"Yes, money can be withdrawn from custodial accounts, as long as it is used \"for the benefit of the minor,\" a vague term\u00a0that includes, but is not limited to educational costs."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy Ukrainian War Bonds?","response":"Ukrainian citizens and residents can buy war bonds through a Ukraine-licensed broker or bank. Although overseas institutional investors can also buy war bonds, it is not clear if they will be available to foreign retail investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the AMT?","response":"It's a tax that applies to high-income individuals who otherwise (under the standard U.S. tax system) might pay little or even no taxes. Essentially, it involves an alternate tax system that is used in addition to the standard system. Each calculates tax owed. The taxpayer pays whichever is greater."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Frictional and Cyclical Unemployment?","response":"Cyclical employment is the natural ebb and flow of the economy. As the economy develops, more jobs are created and more workers are employed. As the economy cools, those jobs may be eliminated and cyclical unemployment occurs. On the other hand, frictional unemployment occurs usually when the economy is doing well. Frictional unemployment is when workers voluntarily seek out other opportunities to better their lives and careers."}
{"prompts":"How Does Social Media Influence Market Sentiment?","response":"Social media has become a significant factor in shaping market sentiment. Platforms like Reddit can amplify market sentiment and the opinions of a few contrarians, often leading to rapid, sentiment-driven moves in stock prices. For instance, a trending hashtag or a viral post about a company can quickly sway public perception, impacting its stock performance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Bills of Exchange?","response":"A bill of exchange issued by a bank is referred to as a bank draft. The issuing bank guarantees payment on the transaction. A bill of exchange issued by individuals is referred to as a trade draft. If the funds are to be paid immediately or on-demand, the bill of exchange is known as a sight draft. In international trade, a sight draft allows an exporter to hold title to the exported goods until the importer takes delivery and immediately pays for them. However, if the funds are to be paid at a set date in the future, it is known as a time draft which gives the importer a short amount of time to pay the exporter for the goods after receiving them."}
{"prompts":"Is Estate Planning Only for the Wealthy?","response":"There is a myth that estate planning is only for high-net-worth individuals. But that's not true. In fact, estate planning is a tool that everyone can use. Estate planning makes it easier for individuals to determine their wishes before and after they die. Contrary to what most people believe, it extends beyond what to do with assets and liabilities. In fact, estate planning can also answer questions about the guardianship of minor children and pets, what to do when it comes time for your funeral, and what charities you want to support after you die."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Qualify For a Non-Recourse Loan?","response":"Because non-recourse debt poses a greater risk to the lender, a borrower may need\u00a0high credit scores\u00a0and a low loan-to-value ratio. The interest rates on non-recourse loans may also be higher to compensate for the risk."}
{"prompts":"Did Subprime Lending Cause the 2008-09 Financial Crisis?","response":"Most experts agree that subprime mortgages were an important part of the financial crisis. When it comes to the subprime mortgage part of the crisis, there was no single entity or individual at whom one could point the finger. Instead, this crisis involved the interplay between the world's central banks, homeowners, lenders, credit rating agencies,\u00a0underwriters, and investors."}
{"prompts":"How Do Cost of Debt and Cost of Equity Differ?","response":"Debt and equity capital both provide businesses with the money they need to maintain their day-to-day operations. Equity capital tends to be more expensive for companies and does not have a favorable tax treatment. Too much debt financing, however, can lead to creditworthiness issues and increase the risk of default or bankruptcy. As a result, firms look to optimize their weighted average cost of capital (WACC) across debt and equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Stock Dividend?","response":"If a company issues a 5% stock dividend, it would increase the number of shares by 5%, or one share for every 20 shares owned. If a company has one million shares outstanding, this would translate into an additional 50,000 shares. A shareholder with 100 shares in the company would receive five additional shares."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Sharpe Ratio Calculated?","response":"To calculate the Sharpe ratio, investors first subtract the risk-free rate from the portfolio\u2019s rate of return, often using U.S. Treasury bond yields as a proxy for the risk-free rate of return. Then, they divide the result by the standard deviation of the portfolio\u2019s excess return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Arm\u2019s Length Transaction and Other Sales?","response":"The term \u201carm\u2019s length transaction\u201d refers to transactions that are conducted between parties who are acting independently from one another and are not associated with one another outside of the transaction in question.By contrast, a transaction would not be \u201carm\u2019s length\u201d if the buyer and seller are personally related\u2014such as family members or personal friends. Transactions between related businesses, such as those made between a parent company and its subsidiary, would also not be arm\u2019s length."}
{"prompts":"What Does Monetization Mean?","response":"Monetization literally means to convert something into money. In practice, this means turning things into revenue-generating activities, services, or assets."}
{"prompts":"Can Trade Lines Hurt Your Credit?","response":"Yes, trade lines communicate to lenders your prior creditworthiness and details how much debt you have, what your current minimum monthly payments are, and what your historical payment delinquencies are."}
{"prompts":"How Was the Risk of Loss or Damage Handled in DES?","response":"The risk of loss or damage in a DES transaction is borne by the seller until the goods are delivered to the named port of destination. Once the goods arrive at the port, the risk transferred to the buyer."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Money Market Instruments?","response":"The money market is composed of several types of securities including short-term Treasuries (e.g. T-bills), certificates of deposit (CDs), commercial paper, repurchase agreements (repos), and money market mutual funds that invest in these instruments. The money market funds typically have shares that are always priced at $1."}
{"prompts":"Is the GBP Still Considered a Reserve Currency?","response":"The British pound was a dominant currency and considered the primary reserve currency in which other nations held excess cash. However, with the declining influence of the British Empire following World War I and World War II, the U.S. dollar (USD) assumed the reserve currency status that the pound previously held. By the early 21st century, the dollar was the world\u2019s leading reserve currency, followed by the euro (EUR). According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the pound has settled into fourth place, trailing the Japanese yen (JPY)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Typical Term for an NCD?","response":"NCDs are short-term investments with terms ranging from a week up to a year on average."}
{"prompts":"What Is the H-Share Index?","response":"The H-share Index is the Hang Seng China Enterprises Index (HSCEI), which is a stock exchange index that tracks the H-shares in China. The H-shares are mainland Chinese companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange available to foreign investors. There are over 300 Chinese companies that have H-shares."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications of Guaranteed Payments to Partners?","response":"These can get rather complicated, but basically a guaranteed payment to a partner is treated as ordinary income of the partner and taxed as such. The partnership can either take a guaranteed payment as a tax deduction or capitalize it."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Scrip Dividend?","response":"A scrip dividend is when a company gives its shareholders the option of receiving a dividend in either cash or company stock. Receiving a dividend in stock allows the shareholder to grow their holdings without having to buy the shares on the open market, while also allowing the company to reinvest the extra capital into its operations. There may also be tax advantages to receiving a non-cash dividend."}
{"prompts":"Can You Use a 203(k) Loan for All Improvements?","response":"No. Anything considered extravagant or luxurious\u2014such as a tennis court, gazebo, or a new swimming pool\u2014is not allowed. However, most repairs and upgrades do qualify, including rehabbing an existing swimming pool."}
{"prompts":"What Are 10 Current Assets?","response":"Current assets generally fall under one of six sub-accounts in the Current Assets account: Cash and Cash Equivalents, Inventory, Accounts Receivable, Marketable Securities, Prepaid Expenses, and Other Liquid Assets. However, other current asset accounts are specific to industries and businesses, such as Non-Trade Receivables, Restricted Cash, Net Receivables, or Current Deferred Assets."}
{"prompts":"What Are Selling Expenses?","response":"Selling expenses include both indirect and direct business costs:Indirect selling expenses include advertising and marketing costs, the company's telephone bills and travel costs, and the salaries of its sales personnel. Such expenses occur throughout the manufacturing process and even after the product is finished.Direct selling expenses are incurred only when the product is sold and are related to the fulfillment of orders. They include the costs of shipping and shipping supplies, delivery charges, and the payment of sales commissions."}
{"prompts":"Why Can Stocks Be So Volatile in After-Hours Trading?","response":"Lower trading volume and less liquidity results when fewer traders and investors are in the market. This causes wider bid-ask spreads and, in turn, greater stock price volatility. This is the challenging trading environment that can exist in after-hours trading."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Bank Guarantees?","response":"Two key types of bank guarantees include a tender bank guarantee (bid bond) and a performance guarantee. The tender bank guarantees to reimburse the buyer (who has already supplied some funding) if you, the supplier, don't sign a contract or fulfill conditions. Performance-based guarantees are for obligations laid out in a contract, such as particular tasks."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Consignment Only\" Mean?","response":"This is a phrase used by many second-hand shops. Consignment only refers to an arrangement where goods are placed in the care of store until the item is bought by a buyer. The owner of the goods \u2014 the consignor \u2013 retains ownership of the items until they sell."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an HMO and Health Insurance?","response":"Coverage under an HMO is generally pretty restrictive and comes at a lower cost to insured parties. Traditional health insurance, on the other hand, charges higher premiums, higher deductibles, and higher co-pays. But health insurance plans are much more flexible. People with health insurance don\u2019t need to have a primary care physician (PCP) to outline treatment. Health insurance also pays some of the costs for out-of-network providers."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Difference Between a Jobber and a Broker?","response":"A stockjobber functioned like a market maker in stocks, buying and selling shares for their own account, and earning money from the bid-ask spread. A stockbroker instead facilitates orders on behalf of customers, earning a commission. A broker may have bought or sold securities from a jobber for their clients."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Measure Economic Utility?","response":"While there is no direct way to measure the utility of a certain good for an individual consumer, it is possible to estimate utility through indirect observation. For example, if a consumer is willing to spend $1 for a bottle of water but not $1.50, economists can safely state that a bottle of water has economic utility somewhere between $1 and $1.50. However, this becomes difficult in practice because of the number of variables that are present in a typical consumer's choices."}
{"prompts":"Is a Transcript Sufficient for My Mortgage Lender?","response":"Transcripts can typically be used as a substitute for an exact copy of a return by mortgage lending agencies. In fact, they were created specifically to supply mortgage lenders with the tax return information of their borrowers."}
{"prompts":"How Big was Enron?","response":"With shares trading for around $90\/each, Enron was once worth about $70 billion. Leading up to its bankruptcy, the company employed over 20,000 employees. The company also reported over $100 billion of company-wide net revenue (though this figure has since been determined to be incorrect)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an OCIP and Wrap-Up Insurance?","response":"OCIP (Owner Controlled Insurance Program) and wrap-up Insurance are both types of insurance policies used in construction projects. The main difference lies in who obtains and controls the insurance coverage. In an OCIP, the project owner purchases and manages the insurance, while with wrap-up coverage, the general contractor or project sponsor obtains and oversees the policy. The coverage provided and the parties covered may vary in each type of insurance."}
{"prompts":"Which Tax Triggered the Rebellion Against Great Britain?","response":"The Stamp Act of 1765 angered many colonists as it taxed every paper document used in the colonies. It was the first tax that the crown had demanded specifically from American colonists."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Supplemental Security Income and Social Security?","response":"Supplemental Security Income (SSI) provides monthly cash payments to help elderly or disabled people who have little to no income meet basic needs. This program is separate from the retirement and disability benefits under Social Security."}
{"prompts":"How Are Intentionally Defective Grantor Trusts Taxed?","response":"IDGTs are not taxed when assets are sold into them or if they appreciate because there is no recognition of capital gains. However, the grantor pays income taxes if there is income from the IDGT."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bank\u2019s Living Will?","response":"A bank's living will is a legal report filed annually by companies instructing how the business will be liquidated in the event of insolvency. Banks with at least $50 billion in assets are required to file a living will with regulators."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Endorse a Check Without Recourse?","response":"Endorsing a check and adding \"without recourse\" to the signature means that\u00a0the endorser assumes no responsibility if the check bounces for insufficient funds."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Zero-Sum?","response":"The term \"zero-sum\" comes from the fact that some situations require winners to gain at the expense of losers, such that the net value of the system remains unchanged. For example, a winner with +3 would result in, say, two losers, one with -1 and one with -2. The sum is zero (3 - 2 - 1)."}
{"prompts":"Is Being a Bookie Illegal in the U.S.?","response":"No, not necessarily. In 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court opened the door for sports betting throughout the country if states decide in favor of it. Some 33 states have since moved to legalize sports betting, effectively ending the need for bookies to operate illegally in those states. It is still fully illegal in 17 states.However, that isn\u2019t to say that all bookmakers are law-abiding. Betting is still illegal in some states, and some bookies may prefer to conduct business under the table to avoid facing obstacles and paying taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is Symmetric vs. Asymmetric Data?","response":"Symmetric data is observed when the values of variables appear at regular frequencies or intervals around the mean. Asymmetric data, on the other hand, may have skewness or noise such that the data appears at irregular or haphazard intervals."}
{"prompts":"If I Own an ADR, Is It the Same As Owning Shares in the Company?","response":"ADRs are U.S. dollar-denominated certificates that trade on American stock exchanges and track the price of a foreign company's domestic shares. ADRs represent the prices of those shares but do not grant you ownership rights as common stock typically does."}
{"prompts":"How Can Whipsaws Hurt Traders?","response":"Whipsaws can cause losses for traders by triggering closing trades, only to be reversed in short order. Traders are often stopped out when a market\u00a0whipsaws, or moves sharply in one direction before returning to its original state. For example, a stock may whipsaw during an earnings announcement or other market moving event. This can execute stop-loss orders that close out positions, even as the stock subsequently rebounds."}
{"prompts":"When Are Franchise Taxes Due?","response":"Franchise tax deadlines vary by state. In Delaware, the franchise tax deadline is March 1 of each year."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Primary Underlying Assets?","response":"The most common underlying assets are stocks, commodities, bonds, and currencies. However, there are also derivatives with more abstract underlying values, such as interest and benchmark rates."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Find Out if Someone Is Using My Social Security Number?","response":"There's no easy way to check and see whether your Social Security number has been compromised. Many people don't find out until it's too late. However, there are a few ways you can keep up-to-date with any unusual activity that may be related to someone else using it. You can monitor your credit reports and bank accounts, verify your income with the Social Security Administration, and request tax transcripts with the IRS."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Mail Form 1310?","response":"You'll mail Form 1310 to the same Internal Revenue Service Center where the original tax return was filed."}
{"prompts":"Does EFTA Require Withdrawal Limits?","response":"Yes. The EFTA requires banks to limit the amount of money that can be withdrawn from your account during any given time period. Most banks set the limit at $200 or $300 each day, meaning you cannot electronically withdraw more than this amount in cash within a 24-hour period."}
{"prompts":"What are Common Forms of Inorganic Growth?","response":"Based on a survey of 1,300 CEOs by PwC, 40% said they were planning on targeting a joint venture to boost revenues, 37% were considering a merger or acquisition, 32% were planning on working with startups, and 14% were planning on selling a business."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Measuring Real GDP Important?","response":"Countries with larger GDPs will have a greater amount of goods and services generated within them, and will generally have a higher standard of living. For this reason, many citizens and political leaders see GDP growth as an important measure of national success, often referring to GDP growth and economic growth interchangeably.GDP enables policymakers and central banks to judge whether the economy is contracting or expanding, whether it needs a boost or restraint, and if a threat such as a recession or inflation looms on the horizon. By accounting for inflation, real GDP is a better gauge of the change in production levels from one period to another."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Triple Bottom Line Important?","response":"A company's triple bottom line is important because it de-prioritizes the importance of financial performance. This alternative reporting metric encourages companies to set social, environmental, philanthropic, and non-financial goals instead of purely making decisions on what will maximize profit. In addition, triple bottom line is important for investors considering what companies invest in. Some may elect to invest in companies that may be reporting less financial profit but yielding stronger philanthropic results."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Profit From a Value Stock?","response":"You can profit from a value stock by buying the equity and holding it. As opposed to attempting to swing trade or look for quick appreciation of capital, value stocks may take longer to appreciate in value as the market comes to fully realize its value. In addition, you can make money from value stocks as they generally issue dividends, allowing for cash proceeds during this holding period."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Invest in Oil ETFs?","response":"The easiest way to invest in an oil ETF is through a brokerage like Fidelity or TD Ameritrade. Search for the ticker symbol of the ETF you want or use the brokerage's screener to search for \"oil ETFs.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is the Lemons Theory?","response":"The basic tenet of the lemons principle is that low-value cars force high-value cars out of the market because of the asymmetrical information available to the buyer and seller of a used car. This is primarily because a seller does not know the value of a used car and, therefore, is unwilling to pay a premium on the chance that it might be a lemon. Premium-car sellers are not willing to sell below the premium price, so only lemons are sold."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Margin of Safety in Accounting?","response":"To calculate the margin of safety, determine the break-even point and the budgeted sales. Subtract the break-even point from the actual or budgeted sales and then divide by the sales. The number that results is expressed as a percentage."}
{"prompts":"What Is KYC in the Banking Sector?","response":"KYC in the banking sector requires bankers and advisors to identify their customers, beneficial owners of businesses, and the nature and purpose of customer relationships. Banks must also review customer accounts for suspicious and illegal activity and maintain and ensure the accuracy of the customer accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Does Goodness-of-Fit Mean?","response":"Goodness-of-Fit is a statistical hypothesis test used to see how closely observed data mirrors expected data. Goodness-of-Fit tests can help determine if a sample follows a normal distribution, if categorical variables are related, or if random samples are from the same distribution."}
{"prompts":"Are ESOs Worthless at First?","response":"Although ESOs have no intrinsic value when granted, they are not worthless. Because of their lengthy time to expiration compared to listed options, ESOs have a significant amount of time value that should not be frittered away through early exercise."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can You Eat Food Past Its Expiration Date?","response":"Here's some advice from the U.S. Department of Agriculture:Canned goods will last for years if they're not opened and the can isn't damaged, no matter what the \"best by\" date is.Packaged foods like cereal and pasta are safe well past any \"best by\" date, but may eventually acquire a stale or \"off\" taste.Meat will keep for months in the freezer, but may eventually lose some of its flavor. It will not be unsafe. Bacteria doesn't grow in freezers.The USDA also has a chart indicating the shelf life of many food products."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for a TIAA-CREF Retirement Plan?","response":"These plans are available to workers in the nonprofit sector in academic, research, medical, government, and cultural fields. TIAA was originally started in 1918 to provide pensions for professors."}
{"prompts":"Is the Norwegian Krone a Safe Haven?","response":"The Norwegian Krone is generally considered a safe currency, in that its value is not likely to be affected by failures in other markets. Although it is occasionally affected by domestic troubles, the Norwegian economy is relatively stable and the currency is unlikely to see any sharp changes in value."}
{"prompts":"Is a Money Purchase Plan an Employer Sponsored Retirement Plan?","response":"A money purchase plan is considered\u00a0an employer-sponsored retirement plan that requires companies to contribute a specific percentage of an employee's salary each year, regardless of the company's profitability."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade on a Gravestone Doji?","response":"The gravestone doji shows up in a series of candlestick patterns. The opening, closing, and high prices may be equal or nearly the same. When this happens, the possibility of a trend reversal is likely with a new bearish trend on the horizon. In order to take advantage of the trade, make sure you confirm there's a trend reversal on the way after you identify the pattern. Then, enter your position once the next candle closes below the closing price of the candlestone doji. Set your stop-loss at the highest point of the candle and be prepared to take your profit. You can also enter the trade above the closing price. Just be sure you set your stop-loss at the lowest point of the gravestone candle before you take your profit."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Find Out if Your Credit Card Uses the Average Daily Balance Method?","response":"The credit card agreement you received when you signed up for the card will tell you what method the issuer uses to determine your finance charges, along with other information. If you no longer have a copy you can request one from the issuer. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, \"By law, the issuer must make your agreement available to you upon request.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Qualitative Data?","response":"Qualitative data can take many forms. Common types include transcripts generated from one-on-one interviews, free text responses on surveys, narratives, quotations, text documents, images, or observations taken down in a notebook or research journal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a K-1 and Form 1065?","response":"A K-1 document is prepared for each partner, shareholder, or beneficiary. A partnership then files Form 1065, the partnership tax return that contains the activity found on each partner's K-1."}
{"prompts":"What Is ECR for Banks?","response":"The earned credit rate is an interest rate many banks give their institutional customers on their balances."}
{"prompts":"What Is Behavioral Finance?","response":"Behavioral finance combines psychological theories with conventional economics and finance to explain why people make irrational financial decisions. It challenges the traditional assumption that investors should be rational and markets are ultimately efficient. Instead, behavioral finance suggests that various cognitive biases, emotions, and other psychological factors can significantly influence investor behavior and market outcomes. The field examines how these factors can lead to anomalies in financial markets, and the January effect has long been seized upon as an example that deviates from logical, profit-maximizing behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Is the FOREX?","response":"The forex market, or foreign exchange market, allows banks, funds, and individuals to buy, sell or exchange currencies. The market operates 24 hours, 5.5 days a week, and is responsible for trillions of dollars in daily trading activity as traders look to profit by betting that a currency's value will either appreciate or depreciate against another currency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Clean and Dirty Prices?","response":"Clean and dirty prices are used when discussing the Gilt price on the secondary market. The clean Gilt price is its price without accrued interest. The dirty price is the total price you must pay to buy a Gilt, equal to its clean price plus any accrued interest since its last interest payment date."}
{"prompts":"What Securities Can Be Traded in the Pre-Market Session? Options?","response":"Generally, only listed stocks can be traded in the pre-market session. Not all stocks, though. Stocks such as those that have a limited float or are not widely held, or small-cap stocks, may not have sufficient volumes to make pre-market trading a viable proposition. Options cannot be traded in the pre-market session."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Similarities Between ADTV and Open Interest?","response":"ADTV and open interest are similar in some ways. Both are used to measure trading activity, can be used to assess liquidity, and can be employed to identify trends. Also, ADTV and open interest can be used to identify trends as well as support and resistance levels."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Variable Cost-Plus Pricing?","response":"The variable cost-plus pricing method is calculated by adding a markup to the per-unit costs of producing each additional good. For example, if the materials, labor, and transportation for each bottle of Pepsi add up to $1.00, the total price might be marked as $1.20. Although this model does not include fixed costs, such as facilities and utilities, it is assumed that the markup is sufficiently high to cover these costs."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Loans Are Eligible for Modification?","response":"Although many loans may have options for modification, mortgages are the most commonly modified loans. Your loan holder may have a specific program in place for times of need."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Poison Pill Defense?","response":"A poison pill defense is a strategy employed by a company to prevent a hostile takeover. It is used when a potential acquirer owns a large portion of a company's outstanding shares. A poison pill strategy allows existing shareholders (but not the potential acquirer) to purchase additional shares at a discounted price, thereby diluting the value of the potential acquirer's shares.To control a significant portion of the company again, the potential acquirer would have to spend more money purchasing shares, making the attempted takeover more expensive."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Earnings Listed on a Financial Statement?","response":"Earnings are often referred to as a company's \"bottom line\" because they are listed on the literal bottom line of the financial statement. They are often labeled \"net income\" (or \"net losses\")."}
{"prompts":"Can Stocks Go to Zero?","response":"Yes, any stock can go to zero. While it is highly unlikely that a stock will go to zero, it is possible, particularly if a company goes bankrupt. If you owned the stock and it fell to zero, you would lose the entire amount you invested in the stock."}
{"prompts":"Is the CFP Exam Hard?","response":"The CFP exam requires a lot of preparation and covers a wide range of topics in depth. The best way to ensure you pass the CFP exam is by preparing for it well in advance and sticking to a study schedule."}
{"prompts":"Did the Altman Z-Score Predict the 2008 Financial Crisis?","response":"In 2007, Altman's Z-score indicated that the companies' risks were increasing significantly. The median Altman Z-score of companies in 2007 was 1.81, which is very close to the threshold that would indicate a high probability of bankruptcy. Altman's calculations led him to believe a crisis would occur that would stem from corporate defaults, but the meltdown, which brought about the 2008 financial crisis, began with mortgage-backed securities (MBS); however, corporations soon defaulted in 2009 at the second-highest rate in history."}
{"prompts":"Does the Qualified Domestic Trust Eliminate Estate Taxes?","response":"No, it simply defers them until after the death of the surviving spouse."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Start a PAC?","response":"Individuals and groups can set up nonconnected committees, which may accept contributions from the general public. Corporations, labor unions, and trade associations can establish separate segregated funds, which can only accept contributions from their members."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt-to-Income Ratio?","response":"As a general guideline, 43% is the highest DTI ratio a borrower can have and still get qualified for a mortgage. Ideally, lenders prefer a debt-to-income ratio lower than 36%, with no more than 28%-35% of that debt going towards servicing a mortgage. The maximum DTI ratio varies from lender to lender. However, the lower the debt-to-income ratio, the better the chances that the borrower will be approved, or at least considered, for the credit application."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cluster Sampling?","response":"Cluster sampling is a form of probability sampling. When researchers conduct cluster sampling, they divide the population into smaller groups. They then select individuals randomly from these groups to form their samples and conduct their studies. This kind of sampling is used when both the overall population and sample size is too large to handle."}
{"prompts":"What Is Price Insensitive?","response":"Price insensitive is the opposite of price sensitive. It means demand remains the same when the price goes up or down."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Human Resource Planning Important?","response":"Human resource planning (HRP) allows a business to better maintain and target the right kind of talent to employ\u2014having the right technical and soft skills to optimize their function within the company. It also allows managers to better train the workforce and help them develop the required skills."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Letter of Credit and Letter of Guarantee?","response":"A letter of credit is like a letter of guarantee, assuring that a borrower can pay what they owe. Typically, letters of credit are more commonly used in international trade, while letters of guarantee are used for domestic purposes, such as real estate contracts."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Cash Advance?","response":"A cash advance is considered a short-term loan and can be taken from a credit card, if you have enough balance on your account, or as a payday loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Name for an A-B Trust?","response":"A-B trusts are also known as bypass trusts or credit shelter trusts. The goal of these trusts is to reduce estate taxes between married couples."}
{"prompts":"How Can Mental Accounting be Prevented?","response":"The key to dealing with mental accounting and not succumbing to it is to treat money as interchangeable and not give it labels. Don\u2019t consider certain money less important because it came from an unexpected source or continue to park money in a savings account paying little to no interest when you have debts to repay with much higher borrowing costs."}
{"prompts":"What Does Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) Mean for Tax Payments?","response":"Adjusted gross income (AGI) is essentially your income for the year after accounting for all applicable tax deductions. It's an important number that's used by the IRS to determine how much you owe in taxes. AGI is calculated by taking your gross income from the year and subtracting any deductions that you're eligible to claim. Your AGI will always be less than or equal to your gross income."}
{"prompts":"Who Urged Congress to Pass the Civil Rights Act as Part of His Vision for a Great Society?","response":"Before his untimely death, President John Kennedy\u00a0asked Congress in 1963 for a comprehensive civil rights bill. When Lyndon B. Johnson became the president after Kennedy's death, he urged Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act as part of his (and the late Kennedy) vision for a \"Great Society.\""}
{"prompts":"How Do I Spot a Zombie ETF?","response":"Look at the numbers. A low number for assets under management (AUM) indicates a fund that is not currently attracting strong interest from investors. A low trading volume indicates the same.It's not a question of whether it is a good or a bad ETF. If it's not attracting enough interest, it's headed toward zombie land."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Home Office Defined by the IRS?","response":"The term \"home\" for purposes of tax deduction includes a house, apartment, condominium, mobile home, or boat. It also includes structures on the property like an unattached garage, studio, barn, or greenhouse."}
{"prompts":"What Is Non-Operating Income?","response":"In contrast to operating income, non-operating income is the portion of an organization's income that is derived from activities not related to its core business operations. It can include items such as\u00a0dividend\u00a0income, interest, gains or losses from investments, as well as those incurred in foreign exchange and asset write-downs."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Price of My Bond Different From Its Face Value?","response":"A bond's face or par value will often differ from its market value. This has to do with several factors including changes to interest rates, a company's credit rating, time to maturity, whether there are any call provisions or other embedded options, and if the bond is secured or unsecured. A bond will always mature at its face value when the principal originally loaned is returned."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Commercial and Residential Real Estate?","response":"Residential real estate is used exclusively for private living quarters. Commercial real estate refers to any property used for business activities. Types of commercial real estate include hospitals, assembly plants, storage warehouses, shopping centers, office spaces, or any other location for a business enterprise."}
{"prompts":"How Many Bitcoins Are Left?","response":"The total number of bitcoins in existence was 19.64 million on Feb. 24, 2024. The number left to be mined was about 1.36 million."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Code of Ethics?","response":"An example of a code of ethics would be a business that drafts a code outlining all the ways the business should act with honesty and integrity in its day-to-day operations, from how its employees behave and interact with clients, to the types of individuals it does business with, including suppliers and advertising agencies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a 401(k) and a Deferred Compensation Plan?","response":"A deferred compensation plan is generally an addition to a company 401(k) plan and may be offered only to a few executives and other key employees as an incentive.Deferred compensation plans are not strictly regulated. They are \"non-qualified,\" meaning that they don't have to stick strictly to federal regulations regarding retirement plans.Financial advisors usually suggest\u00a0using a deferred compensation plan only after having made the maximum possible contribution to a 401(k) plan\u2014and only if the employer is very solid financially."}
{"prompts":"Is a Parent a Guarantor?","response":"A parent can act as a guarantor and often does for a child for their child's first rental property, as the child's income is usually not high enough at a young age."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Examples of Interactive Media?","response":"You most likely engage in interactive media repeatedly all day. You've done so when you check in to your Instagram, X, or Facebook account, or when you tap into your Uber phone app to arrange for a ride home. Maybe you take care of some personal finance issues on your smartphone as well. All these are examples of interactive media."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Suit To Quiet Title Cost?","response":"A quiet title action will typically cost between $1,500 to $5,000 or more, depending on what state the action takes place in and the complexity of the claim."}
{"prompts":"What can I do if I\u2019m being harassed by a debt collector?","response":"If you feel that a debt collector has violated the FDCPA, you may contact the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) or your state\u2019s attorney general."}
{"prompts":"What Does Secular Headwinds Mean?","response":"In finance, a headwind refers to forces that act to slow or limit growth. A \"secular headwind\" refers to long-term factors that act as a dampener to market growth during the upswing of the business cycle."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use a Target-Date Fund in My 401(k) or Individual Retirement Account?","response":"Yes. Most plan providers today offer access to target-date funds. However, for these to work properly be careful to only use a target-date fund for nearly all of your allocations. This is because if you allocate money to other investments it may defeat the purpose of the glide path provided in the target-date fund."}
{"prompts":"Is a High GDP Good?","response":"Most people perceive a higher GDP to be a good thing because it is associated with greater economic opportunities and an improved standard of material well-being. It is possible, however, for a country to have a high GDP and still be an unattractive place to live, so it is important to also consider other measurements.For example, a country could have a high GDP and a low per-capita GDP, suggesting that significant wealth exists but is concentrated in the hands of very few people. One way to address this is to look at GDP alongside another measure of economic development, such as the Human Development Index (HDI)."}
{"prompts":"What's the Main Benefit of Fundamental Analysis in Business?","response":"Investors can use fundamental analysis to get insights into a company's value, risk, and growth potential, and thus make informed decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Stock Event?","response":"A stock event is when a company's stock undergoes a change, such as a stock split, reclassification, dividend payment, stock combination, or any other event that impacts shareholders."}
{"prompts":"Do REITs Have to Pay Dividends?","response":"By law and IRS regulation, REITs must pay out 90% or more of their taxable profits to shareholders as dividends. As a result, REIT companies are often exempt from most corporate income tax. An increasing number of REITs offer the reinvestment of shareholder dividends. Shareholders of REITs who receive dividends are taxed as ordinary dividends."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of an Acqusition?","response":"Acquiring other companies can serve many purposes for the parent company. First, it can allow the company to expand its product lines or offerings. Second, it can cut down costs by acquiring businesses that feed into its supply chain. It can also acquire competitors in order to maintain market share and reduce competition."}
{"prompts":"How Many Members Are in the NFA?","response":"As of June 30, 2022, the NFA has 3,107 members."}
{"prompts":"Is Overdraft Protection Mandatory?","response":"Overdraft protection is optional; it is only the service that is automatic for bank customers who choose to opt in for overdraft protection on their checking or savings accounts."}
{"prompts":"Can I Hold Onto a Target-Date Fund After the Target Date?","response":"Yes. However, it may behave differently depending on the type of target-date fund you have. A \"through fund\" will continue adjusting its asset allocation toward more conservative holdings as time passes; a \"to-fund\" will retain its final asset allocation as of its maturation date indefinitely."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Nominal GDP Higher Than Real GDP?","response":"Nominal GDP is higher than real GDP because it takes current market prices into consideration. Conversely, real GDP is lower than nominal GDP because it takes market price changes into consideration."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate DSO for 3 Months?","response":"During the last three months of the year, Company A made a total of $1,500,000 in credit sales and had $1,050,000 in accounts receivable. The time period covers 92 days. Company A\u2019s DSO for that period is calculated as follows:1,050,000 divided by 1,500,000 equals 0.7.0.7 multiplied by 92 equals 64.4.The DSO for this business in this period is 64.4."}
{"prompts":"How Is Workers\u2019 Comp Calculated?","response":"Compensation is commonly based on the average weekly wage. The calculation involves multiplying the daily wage of the employee by the number of days worked in a full calendar year. The resulting number is then divided by 52 (weeks) to arrive at the average weekly wage."}
{"prompts":"Where does the word \"imprest\" come from?","response":"The word is derived from the early Italian or medieval Latin\u00a0imprestare, which meant to lend. Thus, an imprest now means a small advance of funds used for incidentals, and which must be replenished after use."}
{"prompts":"How do you draw a Fibonacci retracement?","response":"Fibonacci retracements are trend lines drawn between two significant points, usually between absolute lows and absolute highs, plotted on a chart. Intersecting horizontal lines are placed at the Fibonacci levels."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Use Sweat Equity to Reduce Taxes on Your Home?","response":"If you make significant improvements to your home, you can itemize these expenses and deduct them on Schedule A of Form 1040. When you sell the home, you may be able to exclude any profit that can be attributed to sweat equity, such as construction, plumbing, or electrical work."}
{"prompts":"When Was the London Stock Exchange Established?","response":"The LSE was formed in 1801 as London's first regulated exchange."}
{"prompts":"Is Hubris Positive or Negative?","response":"Hubris is a negative trait. Those exhibiting or imbued with hubris will be seen as extremely arrogant and usually out of touch."}
{"prompts":"How Many Companies Are Listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange?","response":"As of February, 2024, there were 3,930 listed companies on the Tokyo Stock Exchange. They have a combined market capitalization of 977 trillion yen ($6.6 trillion)."}
{"prompts":"How Are Closed-End Funds Different From Open-End Funds?","response":"An open-end mutual fund issues new shares whenever an investor chooses to buy into it and repurchases them when they're available. A closed-end fund issues shares only once. Closed-end funds also tend to use leverage, or borrowed money, to boost their returns to investors. That means higher potential rewards in good times and higher potential risks in bad times."}
{"prompts":"Should the Government Be Getting Involved With the Economy?","response":"One of the biggest obstacles facing policymakers is deciding how much direct involvement the government should have in the economy and individuals' economic lives. Indeed, there have been various degrees of interference by the government over the history of the United States. For the most part, it is accepted that a certain degree of government involvement is necessary to sustain a vibrant economy, on which the economic well-being of the population depends."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fixed Rate vs. Variable Rate Bond?","response":"Fixed-rate bonds pay the same interest rate over their entire maturity. These can be contrasted with floating or\u00a0variable rate\u00a0bonds, which periodically reset the interest rate paid based on prevailing rates in the market."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the difference between a perpetual inventory system and a periodic inventory system?","response":"A perpetual inventory system uses point-of-sale terminals, scanners, and software to record all transactions in real time and maintain an estimate of inventory on a continuous basis. A periodic inventory system requires counting items at various intervals\u2014i.e., weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually."}
{"prompts":"What Did Enron Do That Was So Unethical?","response":"Enron used special purpose entities to hide debt and mark-to-market accounting to overstate revenue. In addition, it ignored internal advisement against these practices, knowing that its publicly disclosed financial position was incorrect."}
{"prompts":"Who First Said HODL?","response":"The true identity is unknown of the person who inadvertently coined the term \"HODL\". The original misspelling of the word occurred in a post by the user \"GameKyuubi\" on the Bitcointalk.org online forum, at 10:03 a.m. UTC on Dec. 18, 2013."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Important Profitability Ratios?","response":"The profitability ratios often considered most important for a business are gross margin, operating margin, and net profit margin."}
{"prompts":"What Is Josef Ackermann's Business Relationship With Donald Trump?","response":"Donald Trump relied on Deutsche Bank for financing and Josef Ackermann allegedly approved Trump's financing even after Trump had defaulted on loans in 2004 and 2008. However, Ackermann did not recall his involvement in the approvals."}
{"prompts":"How Does Fiscal Policy Affect People?","response":"Often, the effects of fiscal policy aren't felt equally by everyone. Depending on the political orientations and goals of the policymakers, a tax cut could affect only the middle class, which is typically the largest economic group. In times of economic decline and rising taxation, this same group may have to pay more taxes than the wealthier upper class.Similarly, when a government decides to adjust its spending, its policy may affect only a specific group of people. A decision to build a new bridge, for example, will give work and more income to hundreds of construction workers. A decision to spend money on building a new space shuttle, on the other hand, benefits only a small, specialized pool of experts and firms, which would not do much to increase aggregate employment levels."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Use the Basic Accounting Equation?","response":"The basic accounting equation is used to provide a simple calculation of a company's value, based on a comparison of equity and liabilities. For a more specific breakdown of the components of equity, use the expanded equation instead."}
{"prompts":"What Is a U.S. Treasury Yield Curve?","response":"The U.S. Treasury yield curve refers to a line chart that depicts the yields of short-term Treasury bills compared to the yields of long-term Treasury notes and bonds. The chart shows the relationship between the interest rates and the maturities of U.S. Treasury fixed-income securities. The Treasury yield curve is also called the term structure of interest rates."}
{"prompts":"Is Getting Terminated the Same as Getting Fired?","response":"You are terminated from your employment if you are fired. The reason for your termination depends and your employer should let you know why they let you go. You may be fired for misconduct, poor performance, or because you're not a good fit for the position or company."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Good Return on an Investment?","response":"A good return on investment is generally considered to be about 7% per year, which is also the average annual return of the S&P 500, adjusting for inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quasi-Public Good?","response":"Quasi-public goods have elements of both public and private goods. A public bridge is available to all but\u00a0loses some of its value when it becomes congested during rush hour. A public museum is open to all, and may even receive some public funds, but it may still charge an entrance fee to adequately finance its operation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Enterprise Resource Planning?","response":"Enterprise resource planning software offers single-system solutions that integrate processes across the business. These applications allow users to interact within a single interface, share information, and enable cross-functional collaboration. They increase productivity, collaboration, and efficiency."}
{"prompts":"How can an individual invest in a special purpose acquisition company (SPAC)?","response":"Most retail investors cannot invest in promising privately held companies. However, SPACs are a way for public investors to now partner with investment professionals and venture capital firms. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in SPACs have emerged, and these funds typically include some mix of companies that recently went public by merging with a SPAC and SPACs that are still searching for a target to take public. As with all investments, depending on the specific details of a SPAC investment, there will be different levels of risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside to Closed-End Funds?","response":"One of the significant downsides to closed-end funds is that no new shares are issued. So, to gain access to a closed-end fund, you'd have to find someone willing to sell shares at a premium or wait until some open up on the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Hindsight Bias and Confirmation Bias?","response":"Confirmation bias is when you look for information to support your beliefs, while hindsight bias is the belief that you predicted an event in the past."}
{"prompts":"Who Is a Creditor and Who Is a Debtor?","response":"Creditors are individuals or entities that have lent money to another individual or entity. They typically charge interest and the money is owed back to them. For example, a bank lending money to a person to purchase a house is a creditor. A debtor is an individual or entity that borrows money from another individual or entity and needs to pay that money back within a certain time frame, with interest. For example, a person who borrows money from a bank to buy a house is a debtor."}
{"prompts":"What Is Interpolation vs. Extrapolation?","response":"Interpolation estimates unknown values that fall between two or more known data points, filling in the blanks. Extrapolation instead extends known data points outward."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Money Market Accounts?","response":"Some of the benefits of MMAs include higher interest rates, insurance protection, check-writing, and debit card privileges.\u00a0The lure of higher interest rates than savings accounts is one of the main attractions of MMAs. They are able to offer higher interest rates because they're permitted to invest in certificates of deposit, government securities, and commercial paper, which savings accounts cannot do. These accounts also offer easy access to funds as well as the flexibility to transfer funds between multiple accounts at the same institution. And unlike savings accounts, many MMAs offer some check-writing privileges and also provide a debit card with the account, much like a regular checking account."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Causes of Contago?","response":"Contango can be caused by several factors, including inflation expectations, expected future supply disruptions, and the carrying costs of the commodity in question. Some investors will seek to profit from contango by exploiting arbitrage opportunities between the futures and spot prices."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914?","response":"The Federal Trade Commissions Act of 1914 created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and bestowed full power to the U.S. government to address unscrupulous acts among businesses."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get My W-8BEN?","response":"Form W-8BEN is sent by the company making payments to the individual. The form should be returned to the company or entity that sent the form W-8BEN, not the IRS. It's also not meant to be filed with a tax return. Typically, the form should be submitted before the first payment is made."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Stock Tickers?","response":"Here are some examples of popular ticker symbols:Apple Inc. (AAPL)Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL)Microsoft Corporation (MSFT)Amazon.com, Inc. (AMZN)Meta (formerly Facebook) Inc. (META)Tesla Motors (TSLA)The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (GS)The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)The S&P 500 Index (SPX)The NASDAQ Composite Index (COMP)"}
{"prompts":"How do government spending and monetary policy affect a currency\u2019s value?","response":"When governments spend, implement policies that keep taxes low, subsidize the price of staple goods, or use other methods that effectively put more money in people\u2019s pockets, consumers have more money to spend. As most economies rely at least partly on imports for many goods and services, this increased spending creates demand for foreign currency (usually U.S. dollars), as importers have to sell local currency and buy foreign currency to pay for imports.Demand for foreign currency (and selling of local currency to buy it) increases exponentially when those policies also promote heavy investment in infrastructure, new businesses, and other economic projects. As more local currency is offered for sale on foreign exchange markets, its value goes down, unless there is a corresponding demand to buy it (say, by exporters selling foreign currency that they earn from exports)."}
{"prompts":"How Often Does Monetary Policy Change?","response":"The Federal Open Market Committee of the Federal Reserve meets eight times a year to determine changes to the nation's monetary policies. The Federal Reserve may also act in an emergency as was evident during the 2007-2008 economic crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Invest for 6 Months?","response":"Common short-term investment vehicles include six-month CDs, money market accounts, high-yield savings accounts, government bonds, and Treasury bills."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps to Take in the Tender Process?","response":"The tender process steps generally include the call for submissions, the bid submission, the selection process, and the formation of the contract. Once these steps are all complete, the contractor starts the project and sees it through completion."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From Compound Interest?","response":"Compound interest benefits investors across the spectrum. Banks benefit from compound interest lending money and reinvesting interest received into additional loans. Depositors benefit from compound interest receiving interest on their bank accounts, bonds, or other investments."}
{"prompts":"What's a Major Challenge When Buying Green Bonds?","response":"When buying green bonds, you might have several challenges. Transparency and reporting can create a bit of homework, as you'll want detailed information about the use of proceeds and the environmental impact of funded projects. Also, the green bond market is still developing, and some bonds may have lower liquidity than traditional ones, making it harder to buy or sell at desired prices and times. The lack of a universal standard in the green bond market can create confusion about what qualifies as a green bond, and there are no binding regulations for the nongovernmental standards often used."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Tier 1 and Tier 2 Capital?","response":"Tier 1 capital refers to a financial institution's core capital. This is the capital it requires to run its day-to-day operations. Tier 2 capital is any additional capital that it holds in its reserves. Both tiers include different assets that are held by banks. While tier 1 capital includes shareholders' equity and retained earnings, tier 2 capital is comprised of funds that don't appear on a bank's financial statements, subordinated term debt, and hybrid capital instruments among other things."}
{"prompts":"What Is an NDA Template?","response":"An NDA template is a template of a non-disclosure agreement that an individual or company can follow to create their own NDA. The template will have the general legal information and blanks that can be filled in to create a unique NDA between two or more parties that apply to their relationship.NDA templates are easily found online through an Internet search. Many sites offer NDA templates for use."}
{"prompts":"What Information Does a Derivative Contract Include?","response":"Generally, a contract will detail such things as the asset involved, the dollar value or amount (e.g., face amount or lot size) of the security, the settlement date and process, trading hours, price quotation, and the contract expiration date."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Point of Cryptocurrency?","response":"Cryptocurrencies are a new paradigm for money. They promise to streamline existing financial architecture to make it faster and cheaper. In addition, their technology and architecture decentralize existing monetary systems and make it possible for transacting parties to exchange value and money independently of intermediary institutions such as banks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Franchise Tax Board?","response":"The Franchise Tax Board is usually a state-operated tax agency for both personal and business taxes."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Sampling Used to Gather Population Data?","response":"Sampling is a way to gather and analyze information about a larger group. It is done because researchers aren't able to study entire populations due to the sheer volume of subjects involved. As such, not everyone in the larger group can be included as it may take too long to study and analyze the data. It allows entities like governments and businesses to make important decisions about the future, whether that means investing in an infrastructure project, social service program, or new product."}
{"prompts":"Are Cottage Industries Scalable?","response":"Cottage industries are generally not scalable by definition. That is, if they scale up, they are no longer cottage industries.The definition of success is different. Most cottage industries are intended to provide a decent income for a single individual or family.There is the occasional breakout star, like Burt's Bees, which got its start when a fed-up photojournalist decided to move to rural Maine and become a beekeeper. But even Burt needed a partner with bigger ambitions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Widow's Exemption on Taxes?","response":"A widow's exemption is a tax deduction offered after your spouse dies."}
{"prompts":"What Does Per Capita Mean in Latin?","response":"In Latin per capita means \"by heads\" or \"for each head\"."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Value of Sweat Equity in a Business?","response":"New businesses generally determine their valuation based on the sale of equity capital. For example, if an investor provides $1 million for a 20% equity stake, the company would be worth $5 million. Valuing a company can be more complicated without equity funding, in which case accountants will use the company's existing assets, brands, and the value of similar companies to estimate the total value of a company's equity."}
{"prompts":"Who Are Backstop Purchasers?","response":"If the underwriting bank or investment banking syndicate cannot or do not want to back stop a new issue, third-party backstop purchasers may be called upon to step in and buy any unsubscribed portion of a securities issue. These purchasers may provide a bid substantially below the issue price and\/or may demand fees as compensation. They would then often try to sell off the holdings over time at a profit."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Whitewash Resolution Work?","response":"A whitewash resolution is commonly used by financially distressed companies that want to avoid becoming insolvent. Instead, they seek out a buyer that ensures that promises its shareholders it will remain financially viable for at least 12 months after it gives the acquirer financing. Doing so allows the target to pay off its debts rather than having its assets and finances being exploited by the acquirer."}
{"prompts":"Is Insurance an Asset?","response":"Depending on the type of life insurance policy and how it is used, permanent or variable life insurance could be considered a financial asset because it can build cash value or be converted into cash. Simply put, most permanent life insurance policies have the ability to build cash value over time."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Single Life Settlement Option?","response":"In a single life settlement, any payments agreed upon will cease upon the death of the annuitant or beneficiary. In contrast, a joint life settlement will continue paying out until the annuitant's spouse also passes away (assuming they survive the annuitant)."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Command Economy Differ From a Free-Market Economy?","response":"In a free-market economy, private enterprises determine their levels of production in response to the law of supply and demand.In a command economy, the decision is dictated by government.Few free-market economies today operate entirely on the principle of laissez-faire. A government may use public policies and regulations to encourage the production of a product, such as fuel-efficient cars.And some command economies have loosened their control. China's economic boom did not begin until it created its own blend of socialist ideology and capitalist enterprise."}
{"prompts":"Are Binary Options Considered High Risk?","response":"Binary options are considered high-risk because of their all-or-nothing payouts, their short-term speculative nature, their volatility, and the leverage involved in the product.Approach binary options with caution, fully understanding the risks involved, and have a trading strategy with risk management measures in place. Using a regulated and reputable broker to mitigate some of these risks is essential."}
{"prompts":"What Is Permanent Policy Life Insurance?","response":"Permanent life insurance is a life insurance policy that doesn't expire until the death of the policy holder. It usually comes with a cash value savings component."}
{"prompts":"How Old Is the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University?","response":"Indiana University's business school is more than 100 years old. It was established in 1920 as the School of Commerce and Finance but later grew to become the Kelley School of Business."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report Form 1099-R on Form 1041?","response":"Form 1041 is used to report income taxes for an estate or trust. In the event that a death benefit or retirement distribution is paid out to a trust or estate, this income is recorded on Line 8: Other Income. In addition, a copy of the form 1099-R should be attached to the 1041 that it is being applied to."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Leading Indicator?","response":"One of the most famous examples is the Consumer Confidence Index (CCI). This is a survey regularly performed by The Conference Board to determine how optimistic or pessimistic consumers are about their expected future financial situation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment?","response":"Foreign portfolio investment is the addition of international assets to the portfolio of a company, an institutional investor such as a pension fund, or an individual investor. It is a form of portfolio diversification, achieved by purchasing the stocks or bonds of a foreign company. Foreign direct investment instead requires a substantial and direct investment in, or the outright acquisition of, a company based in another country, and not just their securities.FDI is generally a larger commitment, made to enhance the growth of a company. But both FPI and FDI are generally welcome, particularly in emerging nations. Notably, FDI involves a greater responsibility to meet the regulations of the country that hosts the company receiving the investment."}
{"prompts":"Does the S&P 500 Pay Dividends?","response":"As the S&P 500 is an index, you cannot invest directly in it. You can, however, invest in funds that track the index, such as the SPDR S&P 500 ETF. When you invest in these funds, they pay out the dividends to you."}
{"prompts":"Should I be concerned that I\u2019ve been flagged as a pattern day trader?","response":"Not necessarily, but you will face certain account restrictions or requirements. Under Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) rules, customers designated \u201cpattern day traders\u201d by their broker must have at least $25,000 in their accounts and can only trade in margin accounts. If the account falls below that requirement, then the pattern day trader will not be permitted to day trade until the account is restored to the $25,000 minimum equity level. The margin rule applies to day trading in any security, including options."}
{"prompts":"What Assets Can Use the Half-Year Convention?","response":"The half-year convention can be applied to all property except residential rental property, nonresidential real property, railroad gradings, and tunnel bores, unless the mid-quarter convention applies."}
{"prompts":"How do I annualize my income for the annualized income installment method?","response":"Unlike our scenario above, in real life, you will not already know your full annual tax payment when your quarterly estimated tax payment is due. Instead, you will have to estimate your annual tax payment by annualizing your income from the beginning of the year until the end of the period in which you are paying taxes. Because the \"quarters\" do not always fall on actual calendar quarters, year-to-date (YTD) income through May 31 is annualized by multiplying by 2.4, through Aug. 31 YTD by 1.5, and through Dec. 31 YTD by 1."}
{"prompts":"What Does %K Represent on the Stochastic Oscillator?","response":"On a stochastic oscillator chart, %K represents the current price of the security, represented as a percentage of the difference between its highest and lowest values over a certain time period. In other words, K represents the current price in relation to the asset's recent price range."}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Overcome the Challenge of the Law of Large Numbers?","response":"Companies often strive to overcome the challenge of the law of large numbers by acquiring smaller growth companies that can infuse scalable growth. They also attempt to become more efficient and utilize their size for manufacturing, ordering, or distribution benefits. Last, companies can be more attentive to dollar goals as opposed to percent goals."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Child Tax Credit and Additional Child Tax Credit?","response":"The Child Tax Credit is a non-refundable tax credit that may reduce the tax liability of certain taxpayers down to $0. The Additional Child Tax Credit is a refundable credit that returns a portion of the unused credit amount up to a set limit indexed to inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Capital Budgeting Decision?","response":"Capital budgeting decisions are often associated with choosing to undertake a new project that will expand a company's current operations. Opening a new store location, for example, would be one such decision for a fast-food chain or clothing retailer."}
{"prompts":"How Does Expansionary Policy Affect Inflation?","response":"Expansionary policy often has the unintended consequence of creating (or increasing) inflation. The Federal Reserve usually has to choose between combatting unemployment and inflation; any policies set forth to battle one usually increases the other. This is because expansionary policy usually means people have more money at their disposal. Due to greater demand for products, more consumers are able to purchase goods at higher prices."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Unlevered Free Cash Flow Preferred in Discounted Cash Flows (DCF) Analysis?","response":"Because debt and financing charges are not included in UFCF, it provides a more accurate picture of a company's enterprise value (EV), a measure of a company's total value viewed as a more comprehensive alternative to\u00a0equity\u00a0market capitalization. This makes it easier to conduct discounted cash flow analysis (DCF) across different investments in order to make like comparisons."}
{"prompts":"What Did Jan Tinbergen Do?","response":"Jan Tinbergen was a Dutch economist who won the Nobel Prize in economic sciences. His contributions of dynamic models to economic processes greatly expanded the understanding of economic policy as a tool."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Journal Entry for Accruals?","response":"In general, the rules for recording accruals are the same as the rules for recording other transactions in double-entry accounting. The specific journal entries will depend on the individual circumstances of each transaction."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Main Goal of NAFTA?","response":"NAFTA aimed to create a free trade zone between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Its goal was to make doing business in Mexico and Canada less expensive for U.S. companies (and vice versa), and to reduce the red tape needed to import or export goods."}
{"prompts":"Can I Have Two Mortgages at the Same Time?","response":"It's possible to have two mortgages at the same time. A first mortgage can go toward purchasing a home, either as a primary residence or as an investment property. A second mortgage or home equity loan can go toward making upgrades or improvements to the property."}
{"prompts":"How Does a BDC Make Money?","response":"BDCs make money by lending capital to and purchasing equity or bonds from the companies in their portfolio."}
{"prompts":"How Are Current Assets Different From Fixed (Noncurrent) Assets?","response":"In accounting, assets are categorized by their time horizon of use. Current assets are expected to be sold or used within one year. Fixed assets, also known as\u00a0noncurrent assets, are expected to be in use for longer than one year. Fixed assets are not easily liquidated. As a result, unlike current assets, fixed assets undergo\u00a0depreciation."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Ensure a Representative Sample?","response":"In order to ensure that their are sampling an accurate cross-section of the population, researchers will sometimes use systematic or stratified sampling methods to ensure that the sample resembles the known features of the population. For example, if the subject population is 55% male and 45% female, they will deliberately choose a sample that is 55% male. Note that this method requires the researchers to have a certain level of certainty about the population being sampled."}
{"prompts":"What Are 3 Types of Consumer Goods?","response":"The three main consumer goods categories are durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. Durable goods, such as furniture or cars, last at least three years. Often, economists will watch durable goods spending to track the economy's health. Nondurable goods are items with a shelf life of under three years and are consumed rapidly. Fast-moving consumer goods fall within this category. Finally, services include intangible services or products, such as haircuts or car washes.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is a Costless Collar Really Costless?","response":"Buying and selling the option make the collar costless, although additional fees and costs might be associated with the trade."}
{"prompts":"What Are Raw Materials in Food?","response":"Raw materials in food can be standalone items like meats, milk, fruits, and vegetables. They can also refer to the ingredients that go into a food item or recipe. For instance, milk is a raw material used in the production of cheese and yogurt."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays for Student Loan Forgiveness?","response":"The U.S. government (and ultimately the nation's taxpayers). Most student loan lenders are huge institutions, such as commercial banks or the government (specifically, the Department of Education). Until 2010, student loans were usually originated by a private lender but guaranteed by the government. The\u00a0Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 ended the practice, replacing such guarantees with direct lending from the federal government."}
{"prompts":"Why Would an Investor Make a Short Sale Transaction?","response":"The two most common reasons an investor might want to short sell a security are:To hedge another investmentTo profit from a predicted price decline"}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Borrower Breaks a Negative Pledge Clause?","response":"The loan agreement will specify the type of recourse that is available to a lender if the borrower sells or otherwise encumbers property protected by a negative pledge clause. This will usually allow the lender to sue the borrower, or accelerate the loan's repayment schedule. However, the lender cannot pursue action against any third party, only the borrower."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of USDA Streamlined Refinancing?","response":"Streamlined refinancing offers a hassle-free way to refinance a USDA mortgage. The main benefit is lower loan payments."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If the Appraisal Comes in Too Low?","response":"If a home appraisal comes in below what the buyer has agreed to pay, there are several options they could choose from. The first is to ask the seller to renegotiate the home's price so that it aligns with the home's appraisal value. The next option is to pay the difference between the appraisal value and the asking price out of pocket. Buyers could also use a piggyback mortgage to make up the difference between the home's value and its sales price."}
{"prompts":"How Does Material Participation Impact Taxes?","response":"A taxpayer who is materially participating in an activity is allowed to deduct the total amount of losses on their taxes.\u00a0Under passive activity rules, a taxpayer who is passively participating in an income-generating activity is limited in the\u00a0deductibility of losses."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Supply Shocks Last?","response":"Supply shocks can be either temporary, such as those caused by the global financial crisis of 2009, or permanent, such as the introduction of fracking technology, which resulted in the U.S. becoming a net energy exporter in 2019, the first time this had happened since 1952. According to the World Bank in 2020, permanent shocks accounted for 47% of price variability, with temporary ones mounting up to 53%."}
{"prompts":"What Affects the Equity Multiplier?","response":"A company's equity multiplier varies if the value of its assets changes, and\/or if the level of liabilities changes. If assets increase while liabilities decrease, the equity multiplier becomes smaller. That's because it uses less debt and more shareholders' equity to finance its assets."}
{"prompts":"Is Operating Income the Same As Profits?","response":"Not exactly. Operating income is what is left over after a company subtracts the cost of goods sold (COGS) and other operating expenses from the sales revenues it receives. However, it does not take into consideration taxes, interest or financing charges."}
{"prompts":"Who sets accounting principles and standards?","response":"Various bodies are responsible for setting accounting standards. In the United States, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are regulated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). In Europe and elsewhere, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are established by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Secondary Market Important?","response":"The secondary market is where securities are traded after they go through the primary market. It is a key part of the financial system, providing liquidity to the market. It also allows traders with a centralized location where they can make trades. Investors who deal with large and small volumes of trades have the ability to participate in the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Unilateral Contract?","response":"A unilateral contract is a one-sided agreement in which the party making the offer agrees to pay only after the party that accepts the offer has completed a task. This differs from a bilateral contract in which both parties must abide by the agreement.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Who Provides the Air Waybill?","response":"Air Waybills are IATA documents signed by both the shipper and the carrier. The IATA is a trade association that represents more than 80% of all air traffic, including many major airlines and major parcel services such as FedEx and UPS."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of Lead Time?","response":"The main factors that make up lead time are preprocessing, processing, waiting, storage, transportation, and inspection. The factors are often compiled into the three main stages of an order: the before (pre-processing), the during (processing), and the after (shipping)."}
{"prompts":"Does a Gentlemen's Agreement Stand Up In Court?","response":"A gentleman's agreement can be enforceable when it meets the criteria of an \"oral contract, although some types of contracts, such as for a real estate transaction, must always be in writing."}
{"prompts":"What Are Investing Business Activities?","response":"Investing business activities are those that are capitalized over more than one year and usually appear as the second section of the cash flow statement. The purchase of long-term assets is recorded as a use of cash in this section. Likewise, the sale of real estate is shown as a source of cash. The line item \"capital expenditures\" is considered an investing activity and can be found in this section of the cash flow statement."}
{"prompts":"Is Foreign Aid a Unilateral Transfer?","response":"Some foreign aid is considered to be a unilateral transfer, such as when the U.S. or another nation provides humanitarian support to a nation without expectation of anything in return. But some forms of foreign aid are bilateral, such as when a country provides military aid in exchange for certain agreements of cooperation or allyship.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does Brand Mean in Marketing?","response":"A brand is a product or service that has a unique and immediately recognizable identity that distinguishes itself from others in its industry. The consumer associates the product name, label, and packaging with particular attributes such as value, quality, or tastefulness.A cough drop is just a cough drop. But when you go to buy a bag of them, you choose Ricola, Luden's, or Beekeeper's Naturals at least in part based on the brand message that you have received."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reporting Company?","response":"Reporting company is essentially another name for a public company. These companies must meet the same reporting requirements with the SEC as public companies. A reporting company does not necessarily have to undergo an IPO, however. It can register its class of securities with the SEC instead."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Organizational Behavior Important?","response":"Organizational behavior describes how people interact with one another inside of an organization, such as a business. These interactions subsequently influence how the organization itself behaves and how well it performs. For businesses, organizational behavior is used to streamline efficiency, improve productivity, and spark innovation to give firms a competitive edge."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Mudarabah and Musharakah?","response":"Musharakah is a type of joint partnership in which all partners participate in both the investment and the profits. Profits are shared proportionately based on the size of each partner's investment. Mudarabah is another type of Islamic financing structure in which one partner provides the capital investment and the other provides labor or expertise. Profits are then shared according to a ratio that has been agreed on in advance."}
{"prompts":"How can you protect your level death benefit policy against inflation?","response":"Over time, rising inflation rates will slowly reduce the real value of the death benefit for a level death benefit policy. Many carriers offer options available to counteract inflation, including buying inflation protection riders and planned face-amount increases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Opposite of Free Market?","response":"The opposite of a free market is a planned economy or a command economy. In such an economic system, the government controls most or all of the means of production and distribution of wealth. The government may also dictate prices of goods, services, and labor."}
{"prompts":"How Does Positive Pay Work?","response":"Positive pay is a check fraud prevention tool. Checks are matched and cross-referenced with a list provided by the client, including the date, check number, dollar amount, and account number. Any suspicious items are verified with the client."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Primary and Secondary Beneficiary?","response":"The primary beneficiary is the first named to receive benefits as stated in a will. If the primary either can't or is\u00a0unwilling to accepts the assets, the secondary beneficiary, also called the contingent beneficiary, would be next to\u00a0receive assets."}
{"prompts":"What are some key shareholder rights?","response":"Shareholders have the right to inspect the company\u2019s books and records, the power to sue the corporation for the misdeeds of its directors and\/or officers, and the right to vote on critical corporate matters, such as naming board directors. In addition, they have the right to decide whether or not to green-light potential mergers, the right to receive dividends, the right to attend annual meetings, the right to vote on crucial matters by proxy, and the right to claim a proportionate allocation of proceeds if a company liquidates its assets."}
{"prompts":"How Do You List an Honors Degree on a Resume?","response":"An honors degree is often listed directly after your degree, separated by a comma. If you include your major or field of study, it could come after that: B.A. in History, magna cum laude. If it is a Latin title, like summa cum laude, the honors degree should be in lowercase letters and italics."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Correspondent Bank Add Value?","response":"In transactions that require their use, the\u00a0correspondent bank\u00a0adds value in two ways. It alleviates the need for the domestic\u00a0bank\u00a0to establish\u00a0a\u00a0physical presence abroad and saves the work of setting up direct arrangements with other financial institutions around the world."}
{"prompts":"What's Other Comprehensive Income?","response":"Contrary to net income, other comprehensive income is income (gains and losses) not yet realized. It reflects income that cannot be accounted for by the income statement. Some examples of other comprehensive income are foreign currency hedge gains and losses, cash flow hedge gains and losses, and unrealized gains and losses for securities that are available for sale."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Pick the Number of Periods for a Donchian Channel?","response":"Selecting the right number of periods for Donchian channels is crucial and should match your trading strategy, your trading horizon, and the market\u2019s volatility. Fewer periods will be more responsive to price moves, which is better for short-term trading. A higher number of periods gives you a wider overview of market trends, which is better for long-term trading strategies. You should also consider the asset or market involved, the range in price for the market or asset over time, and your risk tolerance when setting the number of periods."}
{"prompts":"What Are Tax Deduction Examples?","response":"Examples of common tax deductions include mortgage interest, contributions towards retirement plans, student loan interest, charitable contributions, certain health expenses, gambling losses, and HSA contributions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Statutory Lien?","response":"A statutory lien is a type of lien that is based on legal statutes rather than common law or a contractual agreement. Two common examples are mechanic's liens and tax liens."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Pay Out-of-Pocket or Use Health Insurance?","response":"It is tempting to get a high-deductible plan, choosing to pay out-of-pocket for routine healthcare in return for lower monthly premiums.That can work if you don't have considerable medical expenses. It could get expensive if you unexpectedly need substantial medical care."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Impact-Investing Firm?","response":"An impact-investing firm is an investment fund that specifically seeks to support beneficial social or environmental outcomes, in addition to generating financial returns. Some impact funds invest in causes that they believe will generate strong returns; others consider profits to be a secondary consideration."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Brokerage Account Differ From a Bank Account?","response":"Brokerage accounts hold securities such as stocks, bonds, and mutual funds and some cash. A bank account only holds cash deposits. A bank account lets you write checks and use a debit card. Some brokerage accounts also provide a debit card and allow you to write checks. Many bank accounts are FDIC-insured for up to $250,000. Brokerage accounts usually have SIPC protection, which can help recover some value of such accounts if a brokerage goes under."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Point of Inflection?","response":"A point of inflection is the location where a curve changes from sloping up or down to sloping down or up; also known as concave upward or concave downward. Points of inflection are studied in calculus and geometry. In business, the point of inflection is the turning point of a business due to a significant change. This turning point can be positive or negative."}
{"prompts":"What Rights Do Bondholders Have?","response":"There are two inherent rights associated with being a bondholder. The first is to be repaid the full principal amount once the bond matures. The second is for the bond issuer to pay the bondholder interest at the agreed-upon interval, whether that's annually, quarterly, or another period."}
{"prompts":"Does random walk theory apply only to stocks?","response":"No. While it is most commonly applied to the stock market, it can also be applied to other financial markets such as the bond, forex, and commodities markets, among others."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Federal Reserve Use Reverse Repos?","response":"When the Federal Reserve uses a reverse repo, the central bank initially sells securities and agrees to buy them back later. In these cases, the Fed borrows money from the market, which it may do when there is too much liquidity in the system. Regular repurchase agreements (repos), in which the Fed plays the role of the lender by buying securities and then selling them back, are a more common central bank measure to inject additional reserve balances into the banking system. The Fed is not the only central bank to use this liquidity-maintaining method. The Reserve Bank of India also uses repos and reverse repos as they work to stabilize the economy through the liquidity adjustment facility."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Various Professional Designations for Financial Professionals?","response":"There are more than 200 designations available to financial professionals, but a few of the most common acronyms are enough for most of us:Certified financial planner (CEP) is a formal designation awarded by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards to professionals who pass its initial exams and participate in its annual ongoing educational programs. Professionals who have this credential can advise individuals on a broad range of financial issues from budgeting to long-term savings and investing.Certified public accountant (CPA) is a license awarded by a state's Board of Accountancy after the applicant passes a rigorous examination. Not all accountants are CPAs, and CPAs often wind up in executive positions.Chartered financial analyst (CFA) is a professional designation given by the CFA Institute, which certifies the competence and integrity of financial analysts. CFAs are candidates for positions as portfolio managers or investment analysts.Chartered financial consultant (ChFC) has completed a study program offered by the American College of Financial Services. The designation indicates the person's ability to offer advice on the full range of financial issues. It is similar to the CFP designation, and opinions vary on which credential is better."}
{"prompts":"Is Net of Tax Before or After?","response":"Net of tax is what remains after all taxes have been subtracted from your gross pay or income."}
{"prompts":"Can You Actually Trade After Hours?","response":"Yes, provided your brokerage authorizes you to do so. You'll first want to make sure you clearly understand how after-hours trading works and the risks involved in it. Your brokerage may ask that you meet with a investment representative to make sure you know the difficulties posed by after-hours and premarket trading."}
{"prompts":"What is the point of a POD account?","response":"The primary benefit of designating a beneficiary for a bank account such as savings or a CD is to avoid a probate court deciding how to distribute the proceeds to any heirs in the event of the death of the account holder. Probate court incurs costs that must be paid by the estate of the deceased and often dilute the value of any financial assets that otherwise might be passed to beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should Engagement Letters Be Updated?","response":"To play it safe, companies generally require their engagement letter to be updated and signed on an annual basis. A new one should always be issued if the scope of services changes. However, even if the agreement remains the same, it can still be wise to redraft an engagement letter to increase the legal standing of the document."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cash Surrender Value?","response":"Cash surrender value applies to the savings element of whole life insurance policies. This value is payable before death.Overall, it\u2019s the accumulated portion of a permanent life insurance policy\u2019s cash value that is available to the policyholder upon surrender of the policy. Depending on the age of the policy, the cash surrender value could be less than the\u00a0actual cash value."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Token Warrant and an SAFT?","response":"A warrant is an investing instrument that gives the purchaser the right but not the obligation to purchase an underlying asset from the issuer at a specific price and date. A token warrant is an instrument that gives the purchaser the right (but no obligation) to purchase cryptocurrency at a specified date and price from the issuer."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Factors That Impact the Current Account?","response":"A country's trade balance (exports minus imports) is generally the biggest determinant of whether the current account is a surplus or a deficit. During an economic expansion, import volumes typically increase, creating a current account deficit. However, during a recession, the current account will be a surplus if imports decline and exports increase. Exchange rates are another variable that can impact the current account."}
{"prompts":"How Does Income Elasticity of Demand Differ From Price Elasticity of Demand?","response":"Price elasticity of demand measures the change in percentage of demand caused by a percent change in price, rather than a percent change in income."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to WorldCom?","response":"WorldCom was a telecommunications company that provided discount long-distance services to its customers. The company was embroiled in one of the largest accounting scandals in the United States, which led to an equally large bankruptcy filing. The company used questionable accounting practices to cover up its losses by making itself look more profitable than it was. Several individuals were concerned about fraudulent financial transactions and reported the inconsistencies to authorities. Its bankruptcy helped the company restructure, rebranding itself as MCI. This new entity was sold to Verizon in 2006."}
{"prompts":"Is Financial Spread Betting Legal In the U.S.?","response":"The majority of U.S.-based brokers do not offer spread betting, as it may be illegal or subject to overt regulatory scrutiny in many U.S. states. As a result, spread betting is largely a non-U.S. activity."}
{"prompts":"Are We in a Bull Market As of 2023?","response":"The S&P 500 entered a bull market on June 8, 2023, after rising 20% from its October 2022 lows. The index had been in a bear market since June 2022. The Dow Jones Industrial Average and Nasdaq had been in bull markets since Nov. 30 and May 8, respectively."}
{"prompts":"What Can Prevent Tax Cuts from Stimulating Economic Growth?","response":"Tax cuts and their effect on the economy depend on the timeline for growth, availability of an underground economy, availability of tax loopholes, and the economy's productivity level."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Financial Performance?","response":"A company's financial performance can be improved in several ways. Of course, trying to identify any roadblocks or friction points\u2014and the source of these problems\u2014is the first step. Other strategies include:Improving cash flow: keep better track of income\/outgoes, step up collection of accounts receivable, adjust payment options and prices if necessarySelling unwanted\/unused assetsRevamping budgetsReducing expensesConsolidating or refinancing current debt; applying for government loans or grantsAnalyzing financial statements and performance indicators, ideally with a professional's help"}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Guarantor Cannot Pay?","response":"If a guarantor cannot pay, both they and the tenant are liable for the obligations. The lender will begin collection proceedings against both the guarantor and the tenant, which will adversely impact the credit profile of both."}
{"prompts":"What Does a CMA Include?","response":"A CMA generally compares a home's location, size, age, style, materials, and condition against similar homes sold within the last six months to arrive at an estimated price."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Reasons For Getting Fired?","response":"Employers may fire their employees for misconduct, poor job performance, violating company policy(s), theft, damage to company property or the use of company materials for personal matters, insubordination, too many sick days without justification, or consistent lateness.Some employers may build moral clauses into their employment contracts, which hold employees to a certain standard in and outside the workplace. As such, social media activity that goes against these standards may be reason enough to fire an employee."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Utility Company?","response":"Globally, the largest utility is NextEra Energy, a provider of electricity-related services and a market capitalization of $158B as of July 2022. Its principal subsidiary, FPL, is a rate-regulated utility engaged primarily in the generation, transmission, distribution, and sale of electric energy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Technical Efficiency and Economic Efficiency?","response":"Technical efficiency refers to how effectively a company or system maximizes production based on a limited number of inputs. A company is said to be technically efficient if it cannot produce more goods without increasing the number of inputs used in production, such as labor or raw materials. In contrast, economic efficiency seeks to minimize the number of costs per unit. This may be a similar goal to technical efficiency, but they are not always the same."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Price-to-Book Ratio?","response":"What counts as a \u201cgood\u201d price-to-book ratio will depend on the industry in question and the overall state of valuations in the market. An investor assessing the price-to-book ratio of a stock might choose to accept a higher average price-to-book ratio, as compared to an investor looking at a the stock of a company in an industry where lower price-to-book ratios are the norm."}
{"prompts":"Who Can See Your Credit Report?","response":"Under the Fair Credit Reporting Act, businesses and other parties need a legally permissible reason to request your credit report. That list can include lenders, insurance companies, employers, landlords, and government agencies. In the case of employers, you must give your permission in writing."}
{"prompts":"Are Any Countries Still on the Gold Standard?","response":"Currently, no country uses the gold standard. Countries have abandoned the gold standard for fiat money. Countries, however, do still maintain gold reserves."}
{"prompts":"How many Americans are underinsured?","response":"According to The Commonwealth Fund, 21% of U.S. adults had inadequate health insurance coverage in 2020."}
{"prompts":"Who Buys Unsubscribed Shares?","response":"When an IPO is unsubscribed, there are shares that remain unsold. In this case, the issuing company may require the underwriting bank(s) to purchase any or all of the portion of unsubscribed shares."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies for HRA Reimbursement?","response":"Examples of medical and dental expenses considered necessary might be an annual check-up, prescriptions, or substance abuse treatment."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Asset Manager Do?","response":"An asset manager is responsible for creating a client's portfolio, overseeing it from day to day, making changes to it as needed, and communicating regularly with the client about those changes."}
{"prompts":"What's the Opposite of a Gravestone Doji?","response":"The opposite of a gravestone doji is a dragonfly doji. Where the gravestone doji is an inverted T with a long upper shadow, the dragonfly doji is a T with a longer lower shadow. In an uptrend, it means that the bearish pattern may be getting stronger while a dragonfly doji that appears in a downtrend indicates the opposite trend. Keep in mind that this pattern isn't one that occurs very frequently."}
{"prompts":"What are three effective techniques for managing student loan debt?","response":"There are several ways to better manage student debt. Three particularly useful strategies include paying off loans with the highest interest rates first, paying down extra principal whenever possible, and exploring operations for debt forgiveness."}
{"prompts":"How Does Natural Law Affect Business?","response":"Natural law is seen in the concept of ethical business practices, especially the principle that a firm should not defraud its customers or other stakeholders. For instance, the marketing of drugs should be made with full disclosure of potential harms and not be sold as \"snake oil.\""}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Open Houses Last?","response":"The length of an open house event varies depending on the property, the broker, and the seller. It could be as short as one hour or an entire morning or afternoon. Open houses are not typically held all day, but some brokers prefer to have them. It is not atypical for a broker to hold several open house events when selling a home."}
{"prompts":"Can I Pause or Stop My SIP Investments?","response":"Yes, investors have the flexibility to pause or stop their SIP investments at any time. They can choose to discontinue the SIP or pause it temporarily and resume later based on their financial circumstances or investment goals."}
{"prompts":"When Is Form 1120-S Due?","response":"Form 1120-S is the annual tax return for S corporations. It must be filed with the IRS by the 15th of the third month following the end of the corporation's tax year. So if a company's tax year runs from Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, the company's tax return is due on March 15. On the other hand, a company whose tax year runs between July 1 and June 30 must complete and file Form 1120-S by Sept. 15."}
{"prompts":"How much should I have in an emergency fund?","response":"The amount varies according to your living expenses, but the general rule of thumb is to eventually save three to six months of living expenses."}
{"prompts":"How does IFRS differ from GAAP?","response":"IFRS is a standards-based approach that is used internationally, while GAAP is a rules-based system used primarily in the U.S. IFRS is seen as a more dynamic platform that is regularly being revised in response to an ever-changing financial environment, while GAAP is more static.Several methodological differences exist between the two systems. For instance, GAAP allows companies to use either first in, first out (FIFO) or last in, first out (LIFO) as an inventory cost method. LIFO, however, is\u00a0banned under IFRS."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if You Don't Pay a Collection Agency?","response":"If the collection agency has a court order against you, you could be arrested if you don't comply. As part of a lawsuit, you might be required to provide financial information or to testify. Failing to do so could also lead to a warrant for your arrest."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Due Diligence Checklist?","response":"A due diligence checklist is an organized way to analyze a company. The checklist will include all the areas to be analyzed, such as ownership and organization, assets and operations, the financial ratios, shareholder value, processes and policies, future growth potential, management, and human resources."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Allocate Earnings When Recharacterizing IRA Contributions?","response":"If you opt to recharacterize an IRA contribution, you have to transfer the contribution plus any earnings related to those funds\u2014or less any losses. If the IRA is composed entirely of the contribution and earnings that you want to recharacterize\u2014for instance, it\u2019s a new IRA to which you\u2019ve made only one contribution\u2014then you can transfer the entire IRA. This is called a full recharacterization.Conversely, if you want to transfer part of your IRA, it\u2019s considered a partial recharacterization. In this case, you have to determine how much of the IRA\u2019s earnings are attributable to the contribution that you want to recharacterize. You can skip the math by asking your IRA provider to calculate this amount for you."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Wire Transfer?","response":"A wire transfer is the electronic movement of money from one party to another without the exchange of cash. Wire transfers are conducted between financial institutions on behalf of clients and facilitate funds transfers across different regions."}
{"prompts":"What Does the HHS Do?","response":"The HHS is responsible for promoting and enhancing the health of the citizens of the United States of America. It has over 100 programs that focus on health, science, care, social services, prevention, and wellness, all aimed to ensure the well-being of the American people."}
{"prompts":"How Does Depreciation of a Capital Good Affect a Company?","response":"Capital goods that a business does not consume within a single year of production cannot be entirely deducted as business expenses in the year of their purchase. Instead, they must be depreciated throughout their useful lives, with the business taking partial tax deductions spread over the years that the capital goods are in use. This is done through accounting techniques such as depreciation. Depreciation accounts for the annual loss of the tangible asset\u2019s value during its useful life."}
{"prompts":"What Are Capital Expenses?","response":"CapEx includes costs related to acquiring or upgrading capital assets such as property, plant, and equipment. These expenses, unlike operating expenses, can be capitalized for tax purposes. The IRS has guidelines related to how businesses must capitalize assets, and there are different classes for different types of assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Base Effect in an Economy?","response":"The base effect in an economy is commonly used to understand inflation. If inflation is compared on a monthly or yearly basis, the information can become distorted, so choosing a base point, or base year, that is a point earlier in time, can help smooth the changes in inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Unbanked and Underbanked?","response":"Underbanked households have a bank account but regularly use alternative financial services. Unbanked households, on the other hand, do not even have a checking\u00a0or savings account."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Type II Errors?","response":"A type II error is commonly caused if the statistical power of a test is too low. The highest the statistical power, the greater the chance of avoiding an error. It's often recommended that the statistical power should be set to at least 80% prior to conducting any testing."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Remittance and a Payment?","response":"Although a remittance can be a payment sent in response to receiving a bill, it's a term that's also used to describe funds sent internationally. For instance, when money is sent by someone in the U.S. to family or friends in another country, they are sending a remittance."}
{"prompts":"Are Loan Origination Fees Tax-Deductible?","response":"In most cases, loan origination fees are not tax-deductible. However, some points paid as part of the loan origination process may be tax-deductible if they meet certain conditions. It's essential to consult with a tax advisor or tax professional to understand the tax implications specific to your situation."}
{"prompts":"How Is Correlation Calculated?","response":"Correlation is first calculated by finding the covariance of each of the variables. Then, the correlation coefficient is determined by dividing the covariance by the product of the variables' standard deviations."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use a Car as Collateral for a Loan?","response":"You can use a car as collateral for some personal loans. You must have equity in the car, or value that is paid off. If you have trouble getting a personal loan due to bad credit, you may consider using your card as collateral. However, if you cannot make the payments, the lender will be able to repossess your car to pay off the loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balance of Payments (BOP) Example?","response":"Funds entering a country from a foreign source are booked as credit and recorded in the BOP. Outflows from a country are recorded as debits in the BOP. For example, say Japan exports 100 cars to the U.S. Japan books the export of the 100 cars as a debit in the BOP, while the U.S. books the imports as a credit in the BOP."}
{"prompts":"What are the leading wirehouses today?","response":"The leading banks throughout the world are typically registered as broker-dealers to enable them to conduct all manner of securities transactions in various jurisdictions. In the US, some of the largest wirehouses are Bank of America\/Merrill Lynch, Goldman Sachs, Wells Fargo, and JP Morgan Chase, just to name a few."}
{"prompts":"What Is Macro Environment Analysis?","response":"Macro environment analysis is part of a company's strategic management that enables it to analyze and identify potential opportunities and hazards that might impact the business. The goal is to prepare management in advance with information that assists them in making operational decisions.Some companies will employ analysts trained to evaluate macro-environmental factors and provide recommendations based on their research. These analysts will review broad macro-environmental forces related to such factors as politics, the economy, demographics, and technology."}
{"prompts":"Why should I use average cost method?","response":"Average cost method is a simple inventory valuation method, especially for businesses with large volumes of similar inventory items. Instead of tracking each individual item throughout the period, the weighted average can be applied across all similar items at the end of the period."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Capital Account Important?","response":"A capital account is important because it shows the flow of investment (both public and private) in and out of a country. If more investment is flowing out of a country, the capital account is in deficit; if more is flowing in, it is a surplus. Ideally, a country would prefer a surplus, as it shows that foreign nations are investing more in the domestic nation, which is better for the domestic nation's economy."}
{"prompts":"What is recency in the RFM model?","response":"The recency factor is based on the notion that the more recently a customer has made a purchase with a company, the more likely they will continue to keep the business and brand in mind for subsequent purchases. This information can be used to remind recent customers to revisit the business soon to continue meeting their purchase needs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Rules for a Traditional IRA?","response":"There are several rules for a traditional IRA. The maximum contribution amount is set every tax year, and the IRS requires individuals to begin taking money out of their traditional IRA beginning April 1 the year after they turn 73 (on or after Jan. 1, 2023) and 72 (if they reach age 70\u00bd between Jan. 1, 2020, and Dec. 31, 2022).The traditional IRA is subject to income taxes and a 10% penalty if unqualified withdrawals occur before 59\u00bd years old. Lastly, your annual contribution to a traditional IRA can be at most what you earned in the contribution year."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Use EMT for Money Transfers?","response":"Most email money transfers are completed by clients of the big five banks in Canada along with other financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Use Relationship Management?","response":"Companies use relationship management for many reasons. Relationship management refers to a strategy that helps them establish new and maintain existing relationships with customers and suppliers. Doing so allows them to increase brand loyalty, find and deal with inefficiencies, attract new relationships, and increase profitability. It also helps them mitigate risks by identifying weaknesses in supply chains."}
{"prompts":"How Do Origination Points Differ from Discount Points?","response":"Discount points are upfront payments that \"buy down\" the interest rate on a mortgage, lowering its monthly payments. Origination points are instead used to cover overhead costs for the loan. Origination and discount point fees are both paid at closing. Discount points may be tax-deductible, but origination points are not."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Automated Bid Strategy in Google Ads?","response":"Google Ads has an automated bid strategy that automatically places bids on a company's advertisements based on how likely they are to receive a click by someone online. Advertisers may have different goals based on the type of ad, including increasing visits by individuals to their websites and increasing their visibility by showing ads at the top of pages within Google search results."}
{"prompts":"How Can We Fix Income Inequality?","response":"To reduce income inequality, governments and private sectors must address its various causes, including discrimination, unfair taxation, wage stagnation, and more that lead to large imbalances in compensation."}
{"prompts":"What Is Predatory Lending?","response":"Predatory lending is defined by the FDIC as \u201cimposing unfair and abusive loan terms on borrowers.\" Predatory lenders charge unreasonably high interest rates and require significant collateral."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Macroeconics Important?","response":"Macroeconomics helps a government evaluate how an economy is performing and decide on actions it can take to increase or slow growth."}
{"prompts":"What you should be careful of when opening a linked savings account?","response":"Linking accounts may trigger additional fees. Often, banks will automatically transfer funds from one account to the other to maintain a particular balance or when you have insufficient funds to cover a payment. Such transactions often may have fees for each instance. This practice can become especially problematic if it causes your savings account to fall below the minimum balance, which could cause other fees to kick in. Linking might also add another step if you decide to close one of the accounts or change banks."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between IRS Form 706 and IRS Form 709?","response":"IRS Form 706 is filed by the executor of an estate on behalf of someone who has died to determine what taxes are owed, while IRS Form 709 is filed by an individual to report to the government any gifts that have surpassed the annual limit."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements for a Dividend to Be Considered Qualified?","response":"Stock shares that pay dividends must be held for at least 61 days within a 121-day period that begins 60 days before the ex-dividend date."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Do a Dividend Discount Model?","response":"The calculation for the dividend discount model is Intrinsic Value = Sum of Present Value of Dividends + Present Value of Stock Sales Price."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Revenue Deficit Different From Fiscal Deficit?","response":"A revenue deficit records the difference between the projected amount of income and what the income actually was. A fiscal deficit is when a government is spending beyond its means, or there is a shortfall in income compared with spending."}
{"prompts":"How do YRT premiums differ from other types of insurance?","response":"Yearly renewable term provides coverage for one year at a time, with premiums rising annually based on the insured's current age. Other policies do not increase the premium as frequently. A 10-year renewable term policy, for example, carries the same premium through its 10-year term, and then can be renewed with new premiums based on your older age. Whole life policies generally charge a set premium throughout the life of the policy that never increases."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bait and Switch in Politics?","response":"In politics, \"bait and switch\" can refer to a number of things. Politicians may be accused of a bait and switch if they campaign on one platform but then pursue a different agenda. It may also refer to so-called \"caption bills,\" which are small pieces of legislation with generic titles, but whose wording actually makes substantial changes to the law. The bait is the title and generic nature of the packaging; the switch is the legislative content."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Uphold Located?","response":"Uphold is a digital financial platform that allows individuals to trade and transfer various assets, including currencies, precious metals, and cryptocurrencies. The company is based in New York."}
{"prompts":"What Are Different Types of Taxes?","response":"Taxes can be classified in different ways. Some taxes may be incurred on transactions (i.e. sales taxes or tariffs). Other taxes are incurred on net financial results (i.e. individual income taxes or corporate income taxes). There are also taxes that occur due to one-time or non-recurring events (i.e. estate taxes, capital gains taxes)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Domains of Hersey and Blanchard?","response":"The four maturity levels are low, moderate-low, moderate-high, and high maturity. Depending on the employee's maturity, a manager can choose from four styles of leadership\u2014telling, selling, participating, and delegating."}
{"prompts":"What Can Shareholder Equity Tell You?","response":"Savvy investors look beyond today's market prices when they consider buying or selling stock. Shareholder equity helps them determine the real return that a company is generating for its investors versus the total amount that those investors have paid for its stock.For example, a ratio like return on equity (ROE), which is a company's net income divided by its shareholder equity, is used to measure how well a company's management is using its equity from investors to generate profits.Positive shareholder equity means the company has enough assets to cover its liabilities. Negative shareholder equity means that the company's liabilities exceed its assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Brand Personality and Imagery?","response":"A company's brand personality should not be confused with its imagery. A company's imagery is a series of creative assets that communicate the tangible benefits of its brand. Conversely, a firm's brand personality directly creates an emotional association in the mind of an ideal consumer group. Imagery is one part of how a company communicates its brand personality."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Four Key Elements of an Income Statement?","response":"(1) Revenue,\u00a0(2) expenses, (3) gains, and (4) losses. An income statement is not a balance sheet or a cash flow statement."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find a List of Fees Attached to My Mortgage Before Closing?","response":"Mortgage fees, some of which are considered unnecessary or predatory by consumer advocates, are part of the costs that appear on every HUD-1 settlement statement. In the past, that statement was a separate, itemized form that federal law required a lender to provide\u00a0a borrower at closing. Since 2015, it's been consolidated into the Closing Disclosure."}
{"prompts":"What Are Three Types of Identity Theft?","response":"Three common types of identity theft are medical identity theft, financial identity theft, and child identity theft."}
{"prompts":"What is the Best Way to Measure Liquidity Risk?","response":"Two of the most common ways to measure liquidity risk are the quick ratio and the common ratio. The common ratio is a calculation of a corporation's current assets divided by current liabilities."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Operating Cash Flow?","response":"Using the indirect method, net income is adjusted to a cash basis using changes in non-cash accounts, such as depreciation, accounts receivable, and accounts payable (AP). Because most companies report the net income on an accrual basis, it includes various non-cash items, such as depreciation and amortization. Operating Cash Flow = Operating Income + Depreciation \u2013 Taxes + Change in Working Capital."}
{"prompts":"How do cluster sampling and systematic sampling differ?","response":"Cluster sampling and systematic sampling differ in how they pull sample points from the population included in the sample. Cluster sampling divides the population into clusters and then takes a simple random sample from each cluster. Systematic sampling selects a random starting point from the population, then a sample is taken from regular fixed intervals of the population depending on its size.\u00a0Cluster sampling is susceptible to a larger sampling error\u00a0than systematic sampling, though it may be a cheaper process."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bear Hug Letter?","response":"A bear hug is an ambitious tactic that companies use to acquire other companies. In some cases, they will send a letter to the target company's board and\/or management team or publicly along with the offer, especially if the target is unreceptive to an offer. This is called a bear hug letter. Sending a bear hug letter can be a smart move, especially if the offer comes at a significant premium, as the board has a fiduciary duty to shareholders."}
{"prompts":"How do you control shrinkage?","response":"To help prevent shrinkage, businesses can conduct inventory audits, install surveillance cameras, thoroughly review vendors, and set up theft prevention training for employees."}
{"prompts":"Are All Bonds Quoted in the Same Way?","response":"No, bond quotes can differ across various types of bonds like corporate, treasury, and municipal bonds because of their different features and market behavior. For instance, Treasury bonds are typically quoted in terms of yield only, while corporate and municipal bonds may be quoted by either price or yield."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Agency Cost of Debt?","response":"The agency cost of debt is the conflict that arises between shareholders and debtholders of a public company when debtholders place limits on the use of the firm\u2019s capital if they believe that management will take actions that favor equity shareholders instead of debtholders. As a result, debtholders will place covenants on the use of capital, such as adherence to certain financial metrics, which, if broken, allows the debtholders to call back their capital."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Group Term and Voluntary Term Life Insurance?","response":"Voluntary life insurance and group life insurance are often used interchangeably."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Intangible and Tangible Personal Property?","response":"Intangible personal property is any type of asset that has value but isn't physical in nature. Examples of intangible personal property are copyrights, patents, intellectual property, and investments. Assets that can be represented with social or reputational capital also qualify as intangible personal property. Tangible personal property, on the other hand, refers to assets that can be touched and have an assigned value, such as jewelry, art, machinery, and electronics."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Financial Leverage Important?","response":"Financial leverage is important as it creates opportunities for investors and businesses. That opportunity comes with high risk for investors because leverage amplifies losses in downturns. For businesses, leverage creates more debt that can be hard to pay if the following years present slowdowns."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Around a Non-Compete Agreement?","response":"If you've signed a non-compete and break the agreement, you could, in theory, be sued. State laws (which differ) set the enforceability (or not) of non-compete agreements."}
{"prompts":"Is Workers\u2019 Comp Taxable?","response":"No, the benefits that employees receive as part of workers' compensation are not taxable. The only time that workers' compensation benefits might be taxable is if you are also receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) and a portion of those benefits have been offset by the benefits from workers' compensation coverage."}
{"prompts":"Does the Japanese Yen Forex Rate Use Pips?","response":"Yes, it does. However, the yen is an exception. A quote for the yen normally extends two decimal places past the decimal point. So, a single whole unit pip is .01 rather than the .0001 used in other currency pairs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Codicil to a Last Will and Testament?","response":"A codicil is an\u00a0addendum\u00a0of any kind to a will. It is a separate document that references and amends the will. Codicils allow one to change, add to, or remove provisions in a will. These changes can be made to keep a will and testament up to date, especially as personal circumstances change over time. Codicils can only be created by the original creator of the will."}
{"prompts":"How Do Market Makers Earn a Profit?","response":"Market makers earn a profit through the spread between the securities bid and offer price. Because market makers bear the risk of covering a given security, which may drop in price, they are compensated for this risk of holding the assets. For example, consider an investor who sees that Apple stock has a bid price of $50 and an ask price of $50.10. What this means is that the market maker bought the Apple shares for $50 and is selling them for $50.10, earning a profit of $0.10."}
{"prompts":"Why Was BRICS Created?","response":"BRICS was created by Goldman Sachs as an analytical grouping of emerging market countries that experienced strong economic growth and were poised to dominate the world economy by 2050. These countries now operate as an informal organization that seeks to further economic ties with each other."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Common Stock Called an Equity?","response":"Common stock represents a residual ownership stake in a company, the right to claim any other corporate assets after all other financial obligations have been met. A company maintains a balance sheet composed of assets and liabilities. Assets include what the company owns or is owed, such as its property, equipment, cash reserves, and accounts receivable. On the other side of the ledger are liabilities, which are what the company owes. These include payables, debts, and other obligations. If a company is healthy, the total assets will be larger than the total liabilities. The residual amount left to the owners is known as shareholders' equity and is represented by a company's shares."}
{"prompts":"Why Might a Participating Policy Not Be for You?","response":"Participating policies may cost more at first. Non-participating policy premiums are usually lower than those for participating\u00a0policies because of the dividend expense: The insurer charges more with the intent of returning the excess.\u00a0That's why life insurance dividends are tax free. The IRS classifies payments made by the insurance company as a return on excess premium, not as a dividend payout."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Brand Equity Important?","response":"Brand equity is important for a number of reasons. One reason is increased customer loyalty. A strong master brand equity can lead to increased customer loyalty, as consumers are more likely to choose a brand they know and trust. This can lead to repeat purchases and a more stable customer base. Another reason is higher perceived value. Brands with strong equity are often able to command higher prices for their products or services, as consumers perceive them as having greater value. A strong brand can also give a company a competitive advantage in the market, as consumers are more likely to choose a familiar brand over a lesser-known one. This can help the company gain a greater market share, as consumers are more likely to choose a trusted brand over competitors. Additionally, brands with strong equity often have a positive reputation and are able to provide high-quality products or services, which can lead to greater customer satisfaction."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Canadian Version of EDGAR?","response":"The System for Electronic Document Analysis and Retrieval (SEDAR) is an electronic reporting tool used by Canadian public companies and securities issuers. This is the Canadian equivalent to EDGAR, maintained by the Canadian Securities Authority (CSA)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Personal Finance?","response":"Personal finance is the knowledge, instruments, and techniques used to manage your finances. When you understand the principles and concepts behind personal finance, you can manage debt, savings, living expenses, and retirement savings."}
{"prompts":"What Are Anti-Money Laundering Rules Used in Banking?","response":"Many companies, especially those involved in finance and banking, have anti-money laundering (AML) rules in place to detect and prevent money laundering. For banks, compliance starts with verifying the identity of new clients, a process sometimes called\u00a0Know Your Client (KYC) and customer due diligence detects\u00a0money laundering strategies\u00a0like breaking up large money laundering transactions into smaller ones to evade reporting limits and avoid scrutiny."}
{"prompts":"Does the Fed Print U.S. Money?","response":"Money is printed by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The Federal Reserve controls the amount of money circulating by implementing monetary policy. You may also hear that the Fed \"prints\" or creates money through its operations. However, this is untrue. Depository institutions and lenders are the ones who \"print\" money through fractional reserve banking."}
{"prompts":"Can a Great Depression Happen Again?","response":"The United States dodged another Great Depression in 2008-2009. There's a good chance that it could do so again using some of the same costly but powerful fiscal and monetary measures that it deployed at that time. These included huge loans to the banks and the auto industry; tax cuts for the public; increased government infrastructure spending, and lower interest rates.Keep in mind, too, that the covid pandemic caused only a brief recession in 2020. That, too, was met with a targeted array of fiscal and monetary actions that might have prevented a far more severe downturn."}
{"prompts":"When Does Allocative Efficiency Happen?","response":"The state of allocative efficiency happens when a firm produces the output for which the price is equal to the marginal cost of production."}
{"prompts":"Does the Pareto Principle Always Work?","response":"The Pareto Principle or 80\/20 Rule is generally considered to be valid. But this is not through scientific analysis. Rather, its validity comes from anecdotal evidence. As such, the principle is an observation and not considered a firm law."}
{"prompts":"Do Gift Letters Get Reported to the IRS?","response":"The IRS often requires written substantiation for charitable contributions. These letters are often issued relating to donations or items given away for free without any return considerations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Endorse a Check?","response":"Simply by signing it on the back. That's the short answer to how to endorse a check.That said, there are several variations on the check-endorsement theme. If you just scrawl your signature on the reverse, it's known as a blank endorsement, and anyone can present the check for payment. If you add the words \"for deposit only\" beneath your signature\u2014a special endorsement\u2014it limits the check funds to being put into an account.If you further add an account number\u2014a restrictive endorsement\u2014it limits the check from going to a specific account. In this era of digital banking, many institutions require checks to be marked as mobile deposits when you endorse them, for further security."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stakeholders in a Business?","response":"Stakeholders in a business include any entity that is directly or indirectly related to how a company operates, whether it succeeds, or if it fails. First the owners of the business. These can include actively-involved owners as well investors who have passive ownership. If the business has loans or debts outstanding, then creditors (e.g., banks or bondholders) will be the second set of stakeholders in the business. The employees of the company are a third set of stakeholders, along with the suppliers who rely on the business for its own income. Customers, too, are stakeholders who purchase and use the goods or services the business provides."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Want Debt Financing?","response":"With debt, either via loan or a bond, the company has to make interest payments to creditors and ultimately return the balance of the loan. However, the company does not give up any ownership control to those lenders. Moreover, debt financing is often cheaper (due to a lower interest rate) since the creditors can claim the firm's assets if it defaults. Interest payments of debts are also often tax-deductible for the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Gross National Product?","response":"Consider a country that has a gross national product that exceeds its gross domestic product. This indicates that its citizens, businesses, and corporations are providing net inflows to the country through their overseas operations. Consequently, this higher gross national product may signal that a country is increasing its international financial operations, trade, or production."}
{"prompts":"What Nation Has a Very High PDI?","response":"Russia has a very high PDI of 93. Power holders are remote from the people. Political and financial power are highly centralized in Moscow. Any business interactions are expected to take a top-down approach."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks in the U.S. Issue Bank Guarantees?","response":"Banks in the U.S. often do not issue bank guarantees. Instead, they issue standby letters of credit serving the same purpose."}
{"prompts":"What Is VIF Used for?","response":"VIF measures the strength of the correlation between the independent variables in regression analysis. This correlation is known as multicollinearity, which can cause problems for regression models."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Mean by Cost Driver?","response":"Cost drivers are the activities that trigger business expenses."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Go FHA or Conventional?","response":"A conventional loan is often better if you have good or excellent credit because your mortgage rate and private mortgage insurance (PMI) costs will decrease. But an FHA loan can be perfect if your credit score is in the high 500s or low 600s. For lower-credit borrowers, FHA is often the cheaper option. However, it\u2019s worth checking both options because the best way to borrow can depend on many factors."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Annuity Period?","response":"An annuity period is when the annuity starts making payments to the investor. This is different from the accumulation period of an annuity, which is when the investor is making payments on the annuity."}
{"prompts":"What Are Fitch Ratings?","response":"Fitch Ratings are a system of creditworthiness ratings that gauge the ability of a country or business to pay off its debts."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Health Insurance Cost?","response":"The cost of health insurance varies widely based on the scope of coverage, the type of plan you have, the deductible, and your age when you sign up. Copays and coinsurance also add to your expenses. You can get a good sense of the costs of plans by looking at the four levels of coverage offered by the federal Health Insurance Marketplace. It categorizes plans as bronze, silver, gold, or platinum, with each category priced according to the level of coverage provided and their corresponding costs to the user."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Different Types of Tokens That Reside on Blockchains?","response":"Blockchain tokens include reward, utility, security, governance, and asset tokens."}
{"prompts":"Who Was the CEO of FTX?","response":"John J. Ray III, who led the\u00a0restructuring of Enron, became CEO of FTX in November 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Price-to-Earnings Ratio?","response":"The answer depends on the industry. Some industries tend to have higher average price-to-earnings ratios. For example, in February 2024, the Communications Services Select Sector Index had a P\/E of 17.60, while it was 29.72 for the Technology Select Sector Index. To get a general idea of whether a particular P\/E ratio is high or low, compare it to the average P\/E of others in its sector, then other sectors and the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is Walras\u2019s General Equilibrium Theory?","response":"Walras's General Equilibrium theory seeks to show that all markets tend towards equilibrium in the long run as opposed to partial equilibrium, where only some markets in an economy reach equilibrium. The key aspect of the theory is not that all markets reach equilibrium but that they tend towards equilibrium."}
{"prompts":"Are ESOPs Good for Employees?","response":"Yes, ESOPs can generally be considered a benefit for workers. These programs tend to be adopted by companies that don\u2019t chop and change staff frequently and often result in a bigger payout and greater financial compensation for employees."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Success Rate of a Double-Top Pattern?","response":"Any chart pattern's success rate depends on a number of variables.Market conditions, timescale, the degree of pattern formation, and the presence of confirming signs or signals all affect the success rate.It's crucial to remember that chart patterns, like the double top pattern, don't always accurately forecast future price alterations. They can produce false signals or unsuccessful patterns, but they are useful for spotting possible trends and reversals."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Rule of 72?","response":"Here's how the Rule of 72 works. You take the number 72 and divide it by the investment's projected annual return. The result is the number of years, approximately, it'll take for your money to double.For example, if an investment scheme promises an 8% annual compounded rate of return, it will take approximately nine years (72 \/ 8 = 9) to double the invested money. Note that a compound annual return of 8% is plugged into this equation as 8, and not 0.08, giving a result of nine years (and not 900).If it takes nine years to double a $1,000 investment, then the investment will grow to $2,000 in year 9, $4,000 in year 18, $8,000 in year 27, and so on."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Gig Economy?","response":"Examples of a gig economy are those jobs that individuals discover and access through online platforms that list such jobs. These jobs are often one-time or short-term contract jobs. These include driving for a ride-sharing service, painting someone's house, freelance work, coaching, fitness training, and tutoring. The job is exchanged for cash and there are no other benefits, such as health insurance."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of non-operating expenses?","response":"Interest payments, the costs of disposing of property or assets not related to operations, restructuring costs, inventory write-downs, lawsuits, and other one-time charges are common examples."}
{"prompts":"What Is Joseph Schumpeter\u2019s Innovation Theory of Profit?","response":"Schumpeter believed that the was to introduce successful, well, innovations. The innovation theory of profit claims that the main function of an entrepreneur is to introduce, well, innovations\u2014which Schumpeter defined\u00a0as any new policy that reduces the overall cost of production\u00a0or\u00a0increases the demand for products. Any profit an entrepreneur receives from these efforts is a form of reward for their performance. Creating innovations was the first step on the path to success and economic profits for entrepreneurs."}
{"prompts":"Is Kin Worth Anything?","response":"Kin's market value on Jan. 24, 2024 was $0.00001372 and had a market cap of $40.28 million."}
{"prompts":"Can You Sell Warrants?","response":"You can sell a warrant as long as it's detachable. Detachable warrants are those that can be removed from the underlying asset, such as a stock. Once detached, they can be traded on their own. If you do this, it means that you claim the asset itself but sell (or trade) the warrant itself on the secondary market\u2014usually over-the-counter or through a broker."}
{"prompts":"How Are Companies Classified Under GICS?","response":"Every company is assigned a GICS classification at the sub-industry levelaccording to its primary business activity. MSCI and S&P Dow Jones Indices use revenues and earnings to determine a company's principal business."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Federal Excise Tax?","response":"A federal excise tax is charged on certain goods and services by the federal government. It may or may not be included by the merchant into the price. This means that consumers don't pay these taxes directly as they would any other type of tax, such as income taxes. Federal excise taxes are commonly imposed on things like fuel, airline tickets, tobacco, and alcohol."}
{"prompts":"Are Power of Attorney and Attorney-in-Fact the Same Thing?","response":"Absolutely not. An attorney-in-fact is someone whom you designate to act on your behalf in business, financial, or personal matters. A power of attorney is a legal document that names and transfers power to your attorney-in-fact.\u00a0When making decisions on your behalf, the attorney-in-fact is usually required to show the power of attorney as proof of their authority."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Biggest Credit Card Dump to Date?","response":"In terms of the number of customers exposed, the largest credit card dump so far was a hack on credit bureau Equifax in September of 2017, which exposed personal data of more than 147 million customers, including credit card details."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Lis Pendens?","response":"Lis pendens is a legal means for serving notice to anyone concerned with a piece of real estate that there is a claim and pending legal action against the property. It is important because it notifies potential buyers that another party has a claim to the property. If that party wins a lawsuit, a new buyer can lose the property or be held responsible for the claim."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Intrinsic Value Useful to Know?","response":"It's useful because it can help an investor understand whether a potential investment is overvalued or undervalued. Meaning, if the market price of stock of a particular company is currently $125 and the intrinsic\u2014or true\u2014 value is calculated at $118, then an investor may decide the stock is too expensive at this time and not worth purchasing."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Interest Rate Floor Apply to My Loan?","response":"An interest rate floor impacts your loan by creating a minimum interest rate. Even if prevalent market rates drop to 0%, you will still be subject to a rate equal to at least the floor. If your loan has an interest rate floor, you will always be assessed interest on the outstanding principal."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Histogram in Simple Terms?","response":"A histogram is a graph that shows the frequency of numerical data using rectangles. The height of a rectangle (the vertical axis) represents the distribution frequency of a variable (the amount, or how often that variable appears). The width of the rectangle (horizontal axis) represents the value of the variable (for instance, minutes, years, or ages)."}
{"prompts":"What Does Predatory Pricing Mean?","response":"Predatory pricing is the lowering of prices by one company for the purpose of driving rivals out of the business. At that point, the company can raise prices, and in fact, must raise prices in order to recoup losses and survive. The practice is illegal because, if successful, it creates a monopoly and eliminates choice."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Pareto Chart Different From a Standard Vertical Bar Graph?","response":"A vertical bar graph is a type of graph\u00a0that visually displays data using\u00a0vertical bars\u00a0going up from the bottom. In a vertical bar graph, the lengths are proportional to the quantities they represent. Vertical bar graphs are typically utilized when one axis cannot have a numerical scale.A Pareto chart is a type of chart that contains both bars and a line graph, where individual values are represented in descending order by bars, and the cumulative total is represented by the line. A Pareto chart is different from a vertical bar graph because the bars are positioned in order of decreasing height, with the tallest bar on the left."}
{"prompts":"Why Are BIN Numbers Important?","response":"BINs allow merchants to accept multiple payments at the same time. They also make payment processing much faster.BINs help banks and financial institutions identify cards that have been compromised or stolen because it provides information about the type of card being used, the type of bank, and other information about the issuing company and cardholder."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of Creating a Data Warehouse?","response":"There are at least seven stages to the creation of a data warehouse, according to ITPro Today, an industry publication. They include:Determining the business objectives and its key performance indicators.Collecting and analyzing the appropriate information.Identifying the core business processes that contribute the key data.Constructing a conceptual data model that shows how the data are displayed to the end-user.Locating the sources of the data and establishing a process for feeding data into the warehouse.Establish a tracking duration. Data warehouses can become unwieldy. Many are built with levels of archiving, so that older information is retained in less detail.Implementing the plan."}
{"prompts":"What Are Related-Parties?","response":"Related parties include parent companies, subsidiaries, associate firms, joint ventures, or a company or entity that is controlled or significantly influenced or managed by a person who is a related party."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Zacks Stock Screener Cost?","response":"Zacks Premium Screens are available with a premium membership, priced at $249 per year. This product is also available for higher tiers, with prices ranging as high as $2995 per year."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marketing?","response":"Marketing is a division of a company, product line, individual, or entity that promotes its service. Marketing attempts to encourage market participants to buy their product and commit loyalty to a specific company."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Claim My Money From a Dormant Account?","response":"Your first step is to contact the bank or other financial institution where you had the account. You'll need proper identification and you should have some proof that it's your money, such as a bank statement.If the bank has deemed the account inactive but has not yet transferred the money to the state, the account should be simply reactivated.If the money is in the state's hands, you need to go to the state treasury department to get it back. The department should have a website devoted to claiming unclaimed property."}
{"prompts":"What Are General Compensatory Damages?","response":"General compensatory damages cover all non-monetary damages when referencing an injury claim, such as for pain and suffering."}
{"prompts":"Who Files Form 1120-S?","response":"Form 1120-S is filed by S corporations. The form must be filed only after the IRS accepts the election of an S corporation filed by a business with fewer than 100 shareholders. The form may be prepared by a member of the corporation or a tax professional and must be filed electronically or by mail."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find a Company's S&P Credit Rating?","response":"You can find a company's S&P rating by going to the S&P Global Ratings website. Once you register for free with S&P Global Ratings' website, you can then look up a company."}
{"prompts":"What Does Inflection Point Mean in Common Usage?","response":"In common usage, an inflection point is simply the point at which a significant change occurs. The change may be a positive one or negative one depending on how the inflection point impacts the subject at hand."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Goal of Ultra ETFs?","response":"The primary goal of ultra ETFs is to provide traders with the opportunity to capitalize on short-term market movements and amplify potential gains. These ETFs are typically used for tactical trading and often not for long-term investment strategies."}
{"prompts":"What's the Benefit of a Fixed Interest Loan?","response":"There are a few benefits to taking out a loan with a fixed interest rate. Fixed rates provide some degree of predictability. Because your interest rate is locked in, you know exactly how much you'll have to pay each month. This allows you to budget for other expenses. You also benefit during low interest rate environments because you lock your rate for the life of the debt."}
{"prompts":"What Does Web 2.0 Mean?","response":"Web 2.0 describes how the initial version of the web has advanced into a more robust, capable system. After the initial breakthrough of the initial web capabilities, greater technologies were developed to allow users to more freely interact and contribute to what resides on the web. The ability for web users to be greater connected to other web users is at the core of Web 2.0."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Liquidate Money?","response":"To liquidate means to convert assets into cash. For example, a person may sell their home, car, or other asset and receive cash for doing so. This is known as liquidation. Many assets are assessed based on how liquid they are. For example, a home is not very liquid because it takes time to sell a house, which involves getting it ready for sale, assessing the value, putting it up for sale, and finding a buyer. On the other hand, stocks are more liquid as they can be easily sold and cash received from the sale (if they have appreciated)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Inferior Goods?","response":"Typical examples of inferior goods include \u201cstore-brand\u201d grocery products, instant noodles, and certain canned or frozen foods. Although some people have a specific preference for these items, most buyers would prefer buying more expensive alternatives if they had the income to do so. Therefore, when incomes rise, demand for these items tends to decrease accordingly."}
{"prompts":"How Are Accounts Receivable Different From Accounts Payable?","response":"Accounts receivable represent funds owed to the firm for services rendered, and they are booked as an asset. Accounts payable, on the other hand, represent funds that the firm owes to others\u2014for example, payments due to suppliers or creditors. Payables are booked as liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Demand Account?","response":"A demand account is a checking account. It's a place to stash your cash until you demand it, whether you do that by withdrawing money from an ATM or paying a bill online. In the financial world, money in a checking account is the equivalent of cash. It can be withdrawn by the account holder at will.By contrast, if you put your cash in a six-month certificate of deposit (CD), you can withdraw it in an emergency but you'll probably pay a penalty for breaking the agreement.You'll get zero interest on a demand account. You'll get interest on a CD."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Types of Endowments?","response":"In general, the three types of endowments are true endowments, also known as permanent endowments, quasi-endowments, also known as Funds Functioning as Endowments (FFE), and term endowments."}
{"prompts":"Where Did the Name Millennial Come From?","response":"Millennials are so named due to them being the first generation to come of age in the new millennium, according to the Pew Research Institute. The term Generation Y (Gen Y) is also used in reference to this generation, due to them following Generation X (Gen X)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Economic Sustainability?","response":"Economic sustainability refers to a company's ability to continue its operations over a long-term horizon. In order to be economically sustainable, a company must be able to ensure that it will have adequate resources, workers, and consumers for its products into the distant future."}
{"prompts":"What Can You Invest in With Little Money?","response":"Individuals with only a little bit of cash have a lot of options. They can put the money in any investments that don't require a minimum balance, such as certain savings accounts, fractional shares of an index fund, or even cheaper stocks, bonds, and CDs."}
{"prompts":"What Is Onshore and Offshore?","response":"Onshore means that business activity, whether that's running a company or holding assets and investments, takes place in your home country. Going offshore, on the other hand, means these activities take place in another country, location, or jurisdiction."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Lucrative Jobs?","response":"Examples of lucrative jobs include doctors, lawyers, financial traders, dentists, IT managers, engineers, computer programmers, and financial managers. Lucrative jobs are considered to be so due to the high salaries they pay."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an LLC and a C Corporation?","response":"A limited liability company, or LLC, is another business structure that shields its owners from the liabilities of the business entity. However, an LLC is more suited to a small business or sole proprietorship. Unlike a C corporation, the profits of an LLC are not taxed directly but are passed on directly to the company's members."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Surrender Period?","response":"The surrender period is the amount of time an investor must wait before they can withdraw funds from an annuity without facing a penalty. Withdrawals made before the end of the surrender period can result in a surrender charge, which is essentially a deferred sales fee. This period generally spans several years."}
{"prompts":"How Does Capitalized Interest Work?","response":"Capitalized interest is simply an interest assessment charged against an outstanding principal balance. However, instead of expensing the charge right away, the interest is capitalized as part of the cost of creating a long-term asset. Companies recognize capitalized interest by including it in the cost basis of the asset being generated and depreciating the asset over time."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Valuation Clauses Important?","response":"Valuation clauses are provisions that insurers put into insurance contracts. They inform the insured party how much they receive if they file a claim. These clauses can range in type from the actual cash value to the replacement cost value among others.In areas other than insurance, they indicate the value of assets that are described in a contract. For instance, a buyer may outline the amount of money they are willing to pay to the seller of property and equipment."}
{"prompts":"What Is \"Hard Money\" Government Funding?","response":"Hard money is a term used to describe an ongoing funding stream originating from a government agency or other organization. The flow of funds represents a reliable series of payments rather than a one-time grant. Hard money can describe government daycare subsidies or annual scholarships to post-secondary students."}
{"prompts":"Why are the 5 Cs important?","response":"Lenders use the five Cs to decide whether a loan applicant is eligible for credit and to determine related interest rates and credit limits. They help determine the riskiness of a borrower or the likelihood that the loan\u2019s principal and interest will be repaid in a full and timely manner."}
{"prompts":"Is the PATH Act a Good Thing?","response":"The PATH Act had several provisions that addressed issues for lower-income taxpayers and created steps to protect taxpayers from fraudulent activity. Other provisions addressed separate tax issues that have generally been accepted as positive changes."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Uniform Commercial Code Article 2 and 2A Cover?","response":"Uniform Commercial Code Article 2 covers the sale of goods, excluding real estate and service contracts. Article 2a covers leases of personal property."}
{"prompts":"Are Veblen goods high- or low-utility goods?","response":"Veblen goods have high utility, because people are purchasing them to feel good about themselves. They are paying a premium for the privilege of owning something of high quality that is out of reach for ordinary people."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Capitalized Interest?","response":"Capitalized interest is calculated the same way as any other type of interest. The prevailing rate of interest is multiplied by the prevailing principal balance of debt for a given period, and considerations are made for the number of days outstanding. This balance is then added to the original principal balance amount, so it may be wise to sometimes track the original principal balance and the balance of interest that has accumulated."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If There Is Full Employment?","response":"In the United States, the Bureau of Labor Statistics considers full employment to be happening when\u00a0the unemployment rate is equal to the NAIRU, there is no cyclical unemployment, and the country's GDP is at its potential. For many countries, these conditions are met when the unemployment rate is at 5% or lower."}
{"prompts":"What is static vs. dynamic gap analysis?","response":"These two terms often refer to analyzing the performance and risks associated with banks or financial firms. Static gap analysis looks at the firm\u2019s sensitivity to changes in interest rates. Dynamic gap analysis looks at the firm\u2019s discrepancy between its assets and liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What is a direct rollover?","response":"A direct rollover is when a distribution from a retirement account is not paid directly to you. Instead, the financial institution or plan sponsor holding your existing retirement funds makes the transfer directly to your new individual retirement account (IRA). A direct transfer is the easiest way to avoid taxes and early withdrawal penalties."}
{"prompts":"What Are Fast Moving Consumer Goods?","response":"Fast-moving consumer goods include nondurable goods like food and drinks that move rapidly through the supply chain from producers to distributors and retailers to consumers. Companies and retailers like this segment as it offers high shelf-space turnover opportunities."}
{"prompts":"When Did Cyber Monday Start?","response":"Cyber Monday, the Monday following the Thanksgiving weekend, was launched in 2005 by Shop.org, an online arm of the National Retail Federation."}
{"prompts":"How Does Advertising Affect Economic Efficiency?","response":"Advertising can increase economic efficiency by supporting competition between different companies in the same market. As businesses compete for consumers, they may rely on advertisements to inform buyers of the best bargains and products. If a business successfully attracts more customers through advertising, it may be able to reduce its costs due to economies of scale. However, advertising can also have negative effects, such as persuading consumers to buy overpriced products."}
{"prompts":"How Long Should You Hold Stock for Long-term Capital Gains?","response":"If you hold stock or other assets for more than one year, it is taxed at the long-term capital gains rate, which is generally lower for all but the wealthiest investors. For short-term trades, you are taxed at your ordinary income level."}
{"prompts":"How Do Social Entrepreneurs Make Money?","response":"Social entrepreneurs raise capital for their enterprises by connecting with other members in the community. \"Community\" does not necessarily need to mean physical location, as some enterprises may collaborate around the world for a common social cause. A social entrepreneur may collect grants, upfront donations from major donors (in exchange for public recognition), or use personal capital."}
{"prompts":"Is rent seeking illegal?","response":"In general, competition for rents is legal, regardless of any harm it may do to an economy. However, various rent-seeking behaviors are illegal, such as the forming of cartels or the bribing of politicians."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Double Spending Attacks?","response":"Several variations of attacks could allow miners with bad intentions to double spend. Included are the Finney attack, race attack, 51% attack, and unconfirmed transaction attacks."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Standard Error?","response":"Standard error measures the amount of discrepancy that can be expected in a sample estimate compared to the true value in the population. Therefore, the smaller the standard error the better. In fact, a standard error of zero (or close to it) would indicate that the estimated value is exactly the true value."}
{"prompts":"How Does Devaluation Affect International Trade?","response":"Devaluation causes a shift in international trade, changing the balance of trade in favor of the devaluing country. Revising how much one currency is worth relative to another means the relative cost of goods from each country also changes."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From Fast Fashion?","response":"Consumers who enjoy the latest fashion with the convenience of low prices benefit, but the primary beneficiaries are investors, owners, and other stakeholders who profit from the practice."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of an HMO?","response":"The main benefits are cost and quality of care. People who purchase HMO plans benefit from lower premiums than traditional forms of health insurance. This allows insured parties to get a higher quality of care from providers who are contracted with the organization. HMOs typically come with low or no deductibles and charge relatively low co-pays. HMO participants also don\u2019t need referrals to get specialty services such as mammograms."}
{"prompts":"Is a Bitcoin a Block?","response":"A block is an encrypted record of all transactions within that block. Bitcoin is the cryptocurrency rewarded for solving the hash\u2014the encrypted hexadecimal number that stores the previous block's information."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Other Technical Indicators Similar to the Hanging Man?","response":"There are several technical analysis indicators and candlestick patterns that are similar to the hanging man in terms of signaling potential market reversals. These patterns tend to be watched by traders for signs of changes in market direction. These include the shooting star, the doji and the inverted hammer."}
{"prompts":"Is Wholesaling Products Profitable?","response":"There are many factors to consider when determining if a business can be profitable and managing it in a way to make it profitable. Generally, wholesaling can be a profitable business because you are buying items in bulk at a discount. Because you are buying these items at a discount, you can sell them to retailers for more than you purchased them for and the demand will be there. The process of buying in bulk at a discount is the key component that can make a wholesaling business profitable."}
{"prompts":"What Does Days Payable Outstanding Mean in Accounting?","response":"As a financial ratio, days of payable outstanding (DPO) shows the amount of time that companies take to pay financiers, creditors, vendors, or suppliers. The DPO may indicate a few things, namely, how a company is managing its cash, or the means for a company to utilize this cash towards short-term investments that in turn may amplify their cash flow. The DPO is measured on a quarterly or annual term."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Purpose of the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance?","response":"The CFDA provided information about federal grants, loans, scholarships, counseling, and other forms of assistance offered by the U.S. government. It aimed to make it easier for these recipients to find and access the support they needed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Four Types of Entrepreneurs?","response":"Four types of entrepreneurs include builders, opportunists, innovators, and specialists."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Loss Ratio Different From the Combined Ratio?","response":"The loss ratio is calculated by dividing the total incurred losses by the total collected insurance premiums. It does not include underwriting and loss adjustment expenses, as is the case with the combined ratio."}
{"prompts":"Should I Agree to a Waiver of Subrogation?","response":"Waivers of subrogation vary per contract or agreement, as well as their benefits and risks. Therefore, it is best to consult the advice of an attorney or your insurer regarding a waiver of subrogation. Some insurers prohibit their insureds from signing waivers of subrogation as they put them more at risk. Understanding the associated risks will help you make an informed decision."}
{"prompts":"Will a Zombie Foreclosure Impact My Credit?","response":"A zombie foreclosure will impact your credit because when you walk away from your mortgage, you are defaulting on loan."}
{"prompts":"Is the Gig Economy Worth It?","response":"To the individuals working in the gig economy, it is worth it. Studies show that 79% of individuals who work in the gig economy are more satisfied than when they were working traditional jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Personal Service Corporation?","response":"The potential benefits to operating as a personal service corporation include tax savings, liability protection for employee-owners, and the ability to take advantage of corporate tax deductions, including business expenses, employee benefits, and capital expenditures.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are Horizontal Levels in Technical Analysis?","response":"Horizontal levels in technical analysis are price points where resistance or support previously occurred. They allow traders to determine entry and exit points on their trades."}
{"prompts":"What Are Different Types of Overhead?","response":"Broadly speaking, overhead can be organized into three main types. Fixed overhead includes expenses that are the same amount consistently over time. These can include rent and depreciation on fixed assets. Variable overhead expenses include costs that may fluctuate over time such as shipping costs. Semi-variable costs are a blend of the two. Utilities are an example of a semi-variable cost.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"If Partners Don't Have Limited Liability Why Set Up a Partnership?","response":"Partnerships have several benefits. They are often easier to set up than LLCs or corporations and do not involve a formal incorporation process through a government. This has the added benefit of not being subject to the same rules and regulations that apply to corporations and LLCs. Partnerships also tend to be more tax-friendly."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Time Series?","response":"A time series can be constructed by any data that is measured over time at evenly spaced intervals. Historical stock prices, earnings, gross domestic product (GDP), or other sequences of financial or economic data can be analyzed as a time series."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Abbreviation for New Zealand Currency?","response":"The abbreviation for the New Zealand currency is \"NZD.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Insurtech a Component of Fintech?","response":"Insurtech and fintech are often considered two different industries. Both rely on modern solutions to change how traditional services are performed. However, there are many differences between the financial sector and insurance sector. Therefore, insurtech companies are not likely to offer financial services in addition to insurance coverage."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides to Guanxi?","response":"Because it is so dependent on relationships, guanxi taken to its extremes can cause cronyism, nepotism, and corruption. On occasion, illegal acts result from misapplied guanxi. Further, guanxi often ignores the qualification or merit of the individual favored. In other words, guanxi can lead to the less qualified person obtaining a position or deal, leading to a less productive situation for the business."}
{"prompts":"What Are Large Block Trades?","response":"Institutional investors perform block trades, where large volumes of shares are bought or sold. Level III quotes provide these traders with detailed market information to execute these transactions efficiently."}
{"prompts":"Is There an ETF That Tracks the Dogs of the Dow?","response":"There isn't an ETF that specifically invests in the Dogs of the Dow strategy by investing in the top 10 dividend-performing companies in the Dow; however, there are ETFs that invest in a similar strategy with a dividend focus on the Dow, such as the Invesco Dow Jones Industrial Average Dividend ETF (DJD) and the ALPS International Sector Dividend Dogs ETF (IDOG)."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers an Insider Trading Investigation?","response":"A variety of activities can trigger an insider trading investigation by the SEC. This usually occurs around some large news event, such as before a merger or acquisition, where the SEC or other regulatory agencies look for unusual movement in a specific security."}
{"prompts":"What Happens in a Spinoff?","response":"A parent company distributes shares in a division or subsidiary to parent company shareholders and creates a wholly separate business entity."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Chart of Accounts Important?","response":"It is a very important financial tool that organizes a lot of financial transactions in a way that is easy to access. Because transactions are displayed as line items, they can quickly be found and assessed. This is crucial for providing investors and other stakeholders a bird's-eye view of a company's financial data."}
{"prompts":"What Is Below the C-Suite?","response":"The organizational structure of a company will vary, but typically the level below the C-Suite will feature top managers such as managing directors, senior vice presidents (SVPs), and division heads."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Curated Stock Watchlist?","response":"A curated stock watchlist is a watchlist that has been created by a broker or trading platform for the benefit of its clients. These watchlists have the added convenience of automatic maintenance, so the end-user does not need to add or remove stocks that no longer fit the list criteria."}
{"prompts":"What Constraints Exist Regarding the Flexibility in Using Surplus Funds in Pension Plans?","response":"While overfunded pension plans provide flexibility, constraints exist regarding the use of surplus funds. Legal and contractual obligations may impose restrictions on how surplus assets can be utilized. For example, there may be limitations on distributing surplus funds to shareholders or repurposing them for non-pension-related purposes."}
{"prompts":"Are Accounts Payable Business Expenses?","response":"No. Some people mistakenly believe that accounts payable refer to the routine expenses of a company\u2019s core operations, however, that is an incorrect interpretation of the term. Expenses are found on the firm's income statement, while payables are booked as a liability on the balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Nominal GDP?","response":"Nominal GDP measures the economic production in an economy and includes the current prices of goods and services in its calculation. There are different ways to calculate nominal GDP:The expenditure approach accounts for the changes in quantity and the current market prices and it's a suitable way to measure nominal GDP.The GDP deflator approach uses the real GDP level and the change in price in its calculation. When multiplying both elements, the result is the nominal GDP."}
{"prompts":"Are There Exceptions for Enforcing Void Contracts?","response":"Void contracts are unenforceable because they have some fundamental flaws. However, certain jurisdictions allow for \u201cseverability,\" where the problem parts of a contract are removed and the remaining sections are enforceable. This is more likely to be the case if the flawed aspects of the agreement are easily separable from the rest."}
{"prompts":"Can Income Elasticity of Demand Be Negative?","response":"Yes, for example with certain \"inferior\" goods, the more money people have the less likely they are to buy cheaper products in favor of higher quality ones."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Executive Summary in a Marketing Plan?","response":"The executive summary of a marketing plan provides a brief overview of the entire marketing plan. The executive summary will contain the key findings of the market research, the company's objectives, marketing goals, an overview of the marketing trends, the description of the product or service being marketed, information on the target market, and how to financially plan for the marketing plan."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Consumer Discretionary Companies?","response":"Some of the companies in consumer discretionary industries include Amazon.com Inc., Starbucks, Ford Motor Company, eBay, Tractor Supply Company, McDonald's, The Home Depot, Marriott International, and Domino's Pizza."}
{"prompts":"What Laws Protect PII?","response":"Various federal and state consumer protection laws protect PII and sanction its unauthorized use; for instance, the Federal Trade Commission Act\u00a0and the Privacy Act of 1974."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 2024 Capital Gains Tax Rate?","response":"Your long-term capital gains can be taxed at 0%, 15%, 20%, or 25% These are the same rates as in 2023. The rate at which your gains are taxed will depend on your income, filing status, and the type of asset. Short-term capital gains are taxed at your ordinary income tax rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Ceded Loss Ratio?","response":"The loss ratio is a key metric for the insurance industry. It is the ratio of losses paid out to premiums paid in and is expressed as a percentage. It is a high-level snapshot of an insurance company's profitability.Ceded loss ratio, also called ceded reinsurance leverage, is an indication of how much of its risk (and how much of its premiums) an insurance company is passing off to reinsurers."}
{"prompts":"What Does Assumable Mean?","response":"Assumable refers to when one party takes over the obligation of another. In terms of an assumable mortgage, the buyer assumes the existing mortgage of the seller. When the mortgage is assumed, the seller is often no longer responsible for the debt."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between Short Interest and the Short Interest Ratio?","response":"Short interest refers to the total number of shares that have been sold short in a specific security that has not been covered or closed out. Investors use the metric as a measure of bearish sentiment. Short interest can be expressed as a percentage of the total shares outstanding or as a ratio of the total shares that a company has available for trading. By comparison, the SIR takes the number of shares held short in a stock and divides the figure by the stock's average daily trading volume. Investors use this metric to determine how many days it would take to cover all short positions in a stock."}
{"prompts":"What Time Does Wall Street Open and Close?","response":"The major U.S. stock markets, including the NYSE and the Nasdaq, are normally open 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern time, Monday through Friday. However, there are also extended-hour sessions earlier and later.Pre-market trading typically occurs between 8:00 a.m. and\u00a09:30 a.m., though it can begin as early as 4 a.m. EST.After-hours trading starts at 4 p.m. and can run as late as 8 p.m. EST."}
{"prompts":"Can Owner Financing Include a Down Payment?","response":"Yes, owner financing often includes a down payment, typically negotiated between the buyer and seller. The down payment helps reduce the amount financed and provides security for the seller."}
{"prompts":"Who Counts As Immediate Family for Bereavement Pay?","response":"Federal law does not require companies to offer bereavement pay, so each company may have its own definition for which family members count. Generally speaking, one's legal children and parents will almost always count for bereavement leave. Siblings, step-children, and step-parents are also likely to be included."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does the Series 65 Exam Cost?","response":"The cost for sitting for the Series 65 exam is currently $187. You'll need a passing score of 72%, but if you fail you can pay the exam fee again and retake the test after 30 days."}
{"prompts":"What is generational wealth?","response":"Generational wealth are the assets passed down to successive, familial generations."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Calculate Income Tax?","response":"To calculate income tax, you\u2019ll need to add up all sources of taxable income earned in a tax year. The next step is calculating your adjusted gross income (AGI). Once you have done this, subtract any deductions for which you are eligible from your AGI."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Eminent Domain in the Fifth Amendment?","response":"Eminent domain is in the Fifth Amendment to ensure that the U.S. government is able to acquire assets that benefit the public good. An example of this would be if a town needed water, and the only possible way to bring water to that town was through the property of a private landowner. The landowner may not want pipes running through their property, but since it benefits the public, the government will pursue it."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Freeze?","response":"A credit freeze allows you to stop third parties, with some exceptions, from looking at your credit report. You can request a freeze for free but must contact each credit bureau separately to do so."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Common Reversal Patterns?","response":"Some of the most common chart patterns that technical traders use to mark major shifts in underlying trends are: double bottom, double top, triple bottom, triple top, head-and-shoulders, cup-and-handle. Reversal patterns typically have a V, W, or U shape."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Free Trade Area?","response":"A free trade area is a group of countries that have agreed to mutually lower or eliminate trade barriers for trade within the area. This allows participating countries to benefit from reduced tariffs, while maintaining their existing protections for trade with countries outside of the area."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Fair Debt Collection Practice Act?","response":"A creditor often seeks repayment through the process outlined in the loan agreement. The Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) protects the debtor from aggressive or unfair debt collection practices and establishes ethical guidelines for the collection of consumer debts."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Called the \u201cWitching Hour\"?","response":"In folklore, the \u201cwitching hour\u201d refers to a time at night (usually midnight) associated with supernatural events, when witches, demons, and ghosts are thought to be most powerful.The name \u201cwitching hour\u201d was likely chosen in the financial context because of the heightened volatility and increased trading volume, which often occurs at heightened levels before the stock markets\u2019 version of midnight, the end of the trading day. As these derivatives reach their expiration, traders are often scrambling to close, roll out, or fulfill their option and futures contracts, leading to a flurry of activity and sometimes unpredictable market moves, much like the chaos in store for some during the \u201cwitching hour\u201d of folklore."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Choose the Appropriate Discount Rate?","response":"The discount rate used depends on the type of analysis undertaken. When considering an investment, the investor should use the opportunity cost of putting their money to work elsewhere as an appropriate discount rate. That is the rate of return that the investor could earn in the marketplace on an investment of comparable size and risk.A business can choose the most appropriate of several discount rates. This might be an opportunity cost-based discount rate, its weighted average cost of capital, or the historical average returns of a similar project. In some cases, using the risk-free rate may be most appropriate."}
{"prompts":"Does Freddie Mac Have a 3% Down Program?","response":"Freddie Mac does have a program in which you can put 3% down on a home. You must qualify for this program, called HomeOne, which serves first-time buyers or cash-out refinance borrowers. You can use this loan to buy a single-family home, townhome, or condo."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Nations That Have Net Exports?","response":"Examples are many. Saudi Arabia, for instance, is a net exporter, largely because of its exports of crude oil. Australia is a net exporter, mostly because it is rich in metals and ore."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Additional Paid-in Capital Useful?","response":"APIC is a great way for companies to generate cash without having to give any collateral in return. Furthermore, purchasing shares at a company's IPO can be incredibly profitable for some investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Major Reason for a Breach of Utmost Good Faith?","response":"Reasons for breaches of utmost good faith include withholding relevant information and lying, both of which would void a contract of utmost good faith."}
{"prompts":"Is Cryptocurrency Money?","response":"Cryptocurrency has many of the properties of money and is sometimes used as a medium of exchange for transactions. Many governments consider cryptocurrency to be a taxable asset, but very few give it the same legal treatment as a foreign currency. Some jurisdictions, notably El Salvador, have embraced cryptocurrency."}
{"prompts":"Is Wharton Considered Ivy League?","response":"Wharton is a school within the University of Pennsylvania, which is one of the eight universities that make up the Ivy League (University of Pennsylvania, Columbia, Harvard, Dartmouth, Yale, Cornell, Brown, and Princeton)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Common Stock and Paid-In Capital?","response":"Common stock is a component of paid-in capital, which is the total amount received from investors for stock.On the balance sheet, the par value of outstanding shares is recorded to common stock, and the excess (that is, the amount the market price adds to par value) is recorded to additional paid-in capital.The sum of common stock and additional paid-in capital represents the paid-in capital."}
{"prompts":"Why Do LBOs Happen?","response":"Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) are commonly used to make a public company private or to spin off a portion of an existing business by selling it. They can also be used to transfer private property, such as a change in small business ownership. The main advantage of a leveraged buyout is that the acquiring company can purchase a much larger company, leveraging a relatively small portion of its own assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is Non-Industrial?","response":"Non-industrial may be most often seen in zoning regulations or discussions regarding zoning regulations.This is a wide category that may include everything except manufacturing activities and manufacturing sourcing such as mining.Non-industrial land use includes retail and services businesses, entertainment and recreation sites, parking lots, and residential neighborhoods."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Construct a Frequency Distribution?","response":"To construct a frequency distribution, first, note the specific classes determined by intervals in one column then sum the numbers in each isolated category based on how many times it shows up. The frequency can then be noted in the second column."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Groupthink Often Bad?","response":"Groupthink causes people to ignore or silence opposing viewpoints, creating the illusion that members of the group are in agreement. This may cause them to ignore potential dangers or take excessive risks. In military or political situations, groupthink can sometimes result in disasters or unethical actions because there is high pressure to agree with the group's consensus."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 8 Components of ERM?","response":"The COSO framework for ERM identifies eight components: internal environment, objective setting, event identification, risk assessment, risk response, control activities, information & communication, and monitoring. These eight core components drive a company's ERM practices."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cost Per Click Important?","response":"Cost per click is significant because it shows you how much you're paying for your advertising and how effective your campaign is."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between a forward auction and a reverse auction?","response":"Forward auctions are the opposite of a reverse auction. In a forward auction, the auction is initiated by the seller and the buyers bid the price up."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Withdraw Money From My Retirement Accounts?","response":"When you are 59\u00bd you may begin withdrawing money from your retirement accounts without penalty. Note that for tax-advantaged plans, such as traditional IRAs and 401(k)s, you will need to pay taxes on the amounts withdrawn. Aside from that fact, you just need your account information to be able to begin withdrawing and receiving your funds in the manner of your choosing."}
{"prompts":"Are Contingent Value Rights Guaranteed?","response":"Contingent value rights are not guaranteed. The acquired company must meet certain performance metrics and\/or targets for shareholders to receive the benefit. If the CVR expires before this happens, no benefit is granted."}
{"prompts":"Where Do You Find Amortization of Intangibles on a Company's Financial Statements?","response":"Amortization of intangibles (or amortization for short) appears on a company's profit and loss statement under the expenses category. This figure is also recorded on corporate balance sheets under the non-current assets section."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Issue an LOI?","response":"A third party generally writes a LOI, promising to compensate one party to a contract for any losses related to the other party. Frequently, large institutions like insurance companies and banks take on this role."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Key Person Insurance?","response":"Key person insurance financially protects a company against the death or incapacitation of its key person. The money from the insurance helps a company replace the key person and the costs associated with doing so. It can also be used to pay off debts, pay back investors, or cover any other financial costs the company may incur when losing its key person."}
{"prompts":"Which Type of Ombudsman Do I Need?","response":"If seeking the services of an ombudsman, the type you need is dependent on the nature of your grievance and the institution which has aggrieved you. If the complainee is a member of an organization, seek an ombudsman dedicated to resolving issues for that organization and likewise for other entities.If in the UK, Ireland; or British Crown Dependencies or Overseas Territories, the Ombudsman Association is a great starting point for finding an ombudsman for your particular situation. In the U.S., the United States Ombudsman Association provides a list of websites for public ombudsmen in the United States and parts of Canada."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Web 2.0 Applications?","response":"The most commonly cited examples of Web 2.0 applications include Facebook, X, Instagram, or Tiktok. These sites allow users to interact with web pages instead of simply viewing them. These types of websites extend to sites like Wikipedia, where a broad range of users can help form the information that is shared and distributed on the web."}
{"prompts":"How Can SG&A Be Useful to a Business Manager?","response":"SG&A is both critical to the success of a business and vulnerable to cost-cutting. Cutting the cost of goods sold (COGS) can be tough to do without damaging the quality of the product. Cutting operating expenses can be less damaging to the core business. SG&A costs are typically reduced after a company merger or acquisition, which makes it possible to reduce redundancies."}
{"prompts":"What Does the PCE Data Show Us?","response":"The PCE data for February 2024 showed an increase in personal consumption expenditures to just over $19.1 trillion, which is an increase of 0.8%. The PCE Price Index increased by 0.3%."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Risks Associated With Inventory Financing?","response":"Inventory financing tends to be fairly risky, which is why interest rates tend to be higher compared to other kinds of loans. These loans are short-term and thus, must be paid back sooner. Another key risk is that the borrower may not sell some or all of the goods that serve as the collateral for the loan, which means they may end up in default."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Nominal GDP and Real GDP?","response":"Nominal GDP measures a nation's annual production of goods and services using actual market prices or values. Real GDP measures goods and services by adjusting for inflation. Both measurements are useful for evaluating a nation's financial health, though real GDP is generally a more accurate representation of underlying economic activity."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Medicaid Waiver?","response":"A medicaid waiver is a waiver that is signed by the state that can waive certain Medicaid eligibility requirements. This would result in care being offered to people who may not have otherwise been eligible for Medicaid. The waivers can be limited in certain ways and could be limited to certain medical diagnoses, or enact geographic limitations."}
{"prompts":"Which State Has the Lowest Income Tax?","response":"There are seven states with no personal income tax, as of 2023. They are: Wyoming, Texas, Tennessee, South Dakota, Nevada, Florida, and Alaska. In addition, New Hampshire has a tax on interest and dividend income, but not wages, and Washington has a tax on the capital gains of high-income earners only."}
{"prompts":"Does a Revolving Line of Credit Have a Higher Interest Rate Than Non-Revolving?","response":"Typically, non-revolving forms of credit, such as installment loans, will have lower interest rates than revolving lines of credit."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Risk Management Important In Business?","response":"Businesses face a great deal of uncertainty in their operations, much of it outside their control. This uncertainty creates risk that can jeopardize not both a company's short-term profits and long-term existence. Because risk is unavoidable, risk management is an important part of running a business. When a business has a thorough and carefully created risk management plan in place, and when they are able to iterate on that plan to deal with new an unexpected risks, the business is more likely to survive the impact of both internal and external risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Liquidation of a Company?","response":"The liquidation of a company happens when company assets are sold when it can no longer meet its financial obligations. Sometimes, the company ceases operations entirely and is deregistered. The assets are sold to pay back various claimants, such as creditors and shareholders. Not all assets will sell at 100% of their value, so the business and bankruptcy courts will determine an estimated recovery value of the property to distribute to creditors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the M1 and M2 Money Supplies?","response":"The term money supply refers to the total amount of currency and liquid assets in a country's economy. It includes any money found in circulation as well as any bank deposits that can be converted to cash. The money supply is divided into categories based on the type of currency. For instance, M1 is classified as any physical money (banknotes and coins) as well as money held in liquid vehicles like bank accounts. M2 is a broader category that includes everything in M1 as well as money market funds and short-term time deposit, such as a certificate of deposit (CD)."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Get Raw Materials?","response":"Companies are often very strategic in how they obtain raw materials. For many, it makes most financial sense to work closely with a reliable third-party that collects and distributes the raw materials. In other cases, it may be more efficient for companies to establish production facilities that directly collect the raw materials. The former path incurs ongoing operating expenses, while the latter path results in arguably less operating costs but greater upfront capital investment."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Current Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve?","response":"A maximum of seven governors can serve on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The members of the current Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve are Jerome H. Powell, Michael S. Barr, Lael Brainard, Michelle W. Bowman, Lisa D. Cook, Philip N. Jefferson, and Christopher J. Waller."}
{"prompts":"What Is Beta?","response":"Simply put, beta (\u00df) is a measure of market risk. More precisely, it is a measure of the volatility\u2014or systematic risk\u2014of a security or portfolio compared to the market as a whole. In statistical terms, it is the slope of the coefficient for a security (stock) regressed against a benchmark market index (S&P 500). Each of these data points represents an individual stock's returns against those of the market as a whole. So, beta effectively describes the activity of a security's returns as it responds to swings in the market."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Gift Someone Tax-Free?","response":"You can give someone up to $17,000 for the 2023 tax year and 18,000 in 2024. Anything above those amounts will decrease your lifetime gift allowance ($12.92 million in 2023 and $13.61 million in 2024), which, if exhausted, will trigger the gift tax. There is no limit to the number of individuals you can gift to in this manner."}
{"prompts":"Is an IQ Test an Aptitude Test?","response":"An IQ test tries to measure your intelligence, while an aptitude test measures your ability to apply your intelligence."}
{"prompts":"How Is Overhead Calculated?","response":"Since overhead is often considered a general expense, it is accumulated as a lump sum. This is then allocated to a specific product or service. There are a number of different ways of calculating overhead, however, the general rule is the following: Overhead rate = Indirect costs\/ Allocation measure. The indirect costs are the overhead costs, while the allocation measure would include labor hours, or direct machine costs, which is how the company measures its production."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Famous Ponzi Scheme?","response":"The most famous modern Ponzi scheme was orchestrated by Bernie Madoff. His firm defrauded thousands of investors out of billions of dollars over decades. The scheme unraveled when he was unable to meet an unexpectedly high level of withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"Do I Get Dividends From Index Funds?","response":"Certain index funds pay dividends as the fund receives dividends from the stocks they hold in the fund. Others will reinvest the dividends into their fund and although the investor who holds shares in the index fund won't receive an actual dividend, the reinvestment will be apparent in the appreciation of the fund's share price."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Revolving Letter of Credit?","response":"A revolving letter of credit is one that provides a sum of credit that can be used over a series of transactions. It is often useful when a buyer and seller (such as an importer and an exporter) have an ongoing relationship. With a revolving letter of credit, the buyer doesn't have to get a new letter of credit each time."}
{"prompts":"What Do Behavioral Economists Do?","response":"Behavioral economists work to understand what consumers do, why they make the choices they do and assist markets in helping consumers make those decisions. Behavioral economists may work for the government to shape public policy to protect consumers. Other times, they may work for private companies and assist in fostering sales growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is SaaS Marketing?","response":"SaaS marketing utilizes standard marketing practices to promote and acquire leads for cloud-based software applications and information services."}
{"prompts":"How Do PPO Deductibles Work?","response":"A health insurance deductible is an amount you must pay out of pocket for medical services each year; after you've met it, your insurance coverage kicks in. PPO plans may have two different annual deductibles. One applies to providers in the PPO network, the other\u2014usually a larger sum\u2014to providers outside the network. The latter is larger because the PPO wants to encourage you to stay in network, using its preferred providers."}
{"prompts":"How Fast Is a Quantum Computer?","response":"A quantum computer is many times faster than a classical computer or a supercomputer. Google\u2019s quantum computer in development, Sycamore, is said to have performed a calculation in 200 seconds, compared to the 10,000 years that one of the world\u2019s fastest computers, IBM's Summit, would take to solve it. IBM disputed Google's claim, saying its supercomputer could solve the calculation in 2.5 days. Even so, that's 1,000 times slower than Google's quantum machine."}
{"prompts":"Do Credit Cards Have Floating Rates?","response":"Yes, the majority of credit cards have floating, or variable, rates. The rates typically fluctuate according to the prime rate. Then, the credit card company adds a percentage on top of that to determine the card's interest rate. For example, if the prime rate is 8% and the added amount is 12%, then the credit card rate is 20%."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Customers Never Pay What\u2019s Due?","response":"When it becomes clear that an account receivable won\u2019t get paid by a customer, it has to be written off as a\u00a0bad debt expense or a one-time charge. Companies might also sell this outstanding debt to a third party\u2014known as accounts receivable discounted or as AR factoring."}
{"prompts":"When Would a Company Use Penetration Pricing?","response":"A company uses penetration pricing when it does not have a presence in a given market. Whether it is a brand new company or an old company introducing a new product, most penetration pricing strategies occur when new products are introduced and a company wants to steal market share from existing companies."}
{"prompts":"Who Licenses Insurance Companies?","response":"Insurance companies are licensed by the states, as are insurance brokers and insurance agents."}
{"prompts":"What Are Index Futures?","response":"Index futures are futures contracts that allow traders to buy a sell a contract that is based on the value of a stock market index at a predetermined date. Traders use these futures to speculate on the future movements of market indexes."}
{"prompts":"Why Would I Want to Annualize My Income?","response":"If your income varies drastically throughout the year, calculating your annualized income helps you budget sensibly. If, for example, you grow Christmas trees for a living, most or all of your income will come at the end of the year but you have to cover your monthly expenses for the entire 12 months. Annualizing gives you a good estimate of how much you'll have to spend.Similiarly, some people have side gigs or seasonal income sources that add substantially to their incomes. Calculating annualized income tells them how much extra income they'll have year round."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to Payday Loans or Loan Sharks?","response":"If you need money quickly, consider asking a family member for help or taking out a personal loan. Even if you have bad credit, you may still qualify for a personal loan, which should have lower interest rates and more reasonable repayment terms."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Order Management System Do?","response":"For businesses, an order management system is a digital way of tracking an order from the order entry to its completion. An order management system will record all of the information and processes that occur through an order's lifecycle. This includes order entry, pathways, inventory management, order completion, and after-order follow-up\/services."}
{"prompts":"Does Net Means Including or Excluding?","response":"\"Net\" refers to the amount left over after reducing (including) a specific amount in the calculation. Net of taxes means income after taxes."}
{"prompts":"Can a Void Contract Become Valid If It's Corrected?","response":"No, a void contract can't be made valid merely by mutual agreement to correct the problems that made it void in the first place. Once a contract is deemed void, it's like it never existed as a matter of law."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Blockchain?","response":"Although David Chaum first proposed a blockchain-like protocol in his 1982 dissertation Computer Systems Established, Maintained, and Trusted by Mutually Suspicious Groups, the first decentralized blockchain was conceptualized by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Double Declining Depreciation an Accelerated Method?","response":"Accelerated depreciation is any method of\u00a0depreciation\u00a0used for accounting or income tax purposes that allows greater depreciation expenses in the early years of the life of an asset. Accelerated depreciation methods, such as double declining balance (DDB), means there will be higher depreciation expenses in the first few years and lower expenses as the asset ages. This is unlike the\u00a0straight-line depreciation\u00a0method, which spreads the cost evenly over the life of an asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of E&O Insurance?","response":"Medical malpractice insurance is a type of E&O coverage that protects doctors and other medical practitioners against claims by patients for professional negligence. It covers claims against healthcare professionals for negligence, medical errors, or accidental oversights. State laws may require some medical practitioners to buy malpractice insurance before they can get a license to practice."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Buyback Done?","response":"A company can make a tender offer, at a premium over the current market price, to shareholders where they have the option to submit all or a portion of their shares within a given time frame.Alternatively, a company may have an outlined share repurchase program that purchases shares on the open market at certain times or at regular intervals over an extended time. A company can fund its buyback by taking on debt, with cash on hand, or with the cash flow from operations."}
{"prompts":"How Is the HGB Enforced, and What Are the Consequences for Non-Compliance?","response":"Like other codification, the HGB is enforced through legal means, including civil lawsuits, administrative enforcement, and potentially criminal charges. Non-compliance can result in fines, penalties, compensation claims, and other legal consequences."}
{"prompts":"What Is the BNB Coin?","response":"BNB Coin is a cryptocurrency that is used primarily to pay transaction and trading fees on the Binance exchange."}
{"prompts":"Are Futures and Forwards the Same Thing?","response":"These two types of derivatives contract function in much the same way, but the main difference is that futures are exchange-traded and have standardized contract specifications. These exchanges are highly regulated and provide transparent contract and pricing data. Forwards, in contrast, trade over the counter (OTC) with terms and contract specifications customized by the two parties involved."}
{"prompts":"Am I Eligible for an Earned Income Tax Credit for a Qualifying Relative?","response":"Someone who only meets the \u201cqualifying relative\u201d test is never eligible to be claimed for purposes of the EITC. The relative must be a child, stepchild, eligible foster child, adopted child, brother, sister, half-sibling, stepsibling, or descendant of any of these individuals."}
{"prompts":"Should I Use Money Weighted or Time Weighted?","response":"The MWRR allows you to see how your changes affect your investment, eliminating its usefulness as a comparison tool but letting you see how your decisions affected it. TWRR lets you see how your investment performs without your changes, which lets you compare it to similar investments. Which you use depends on what you want to view."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Horizontal Analysis?","response":"Horizontal analysis is valuable because analysts assess past performance along with the company\u2019s current financial position or growth. Trends emerge, and these can be used to project future performance. Horizontal analysis can also be used to benchmark a company with competitors in the same industry."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Prepaid Expenses?","response":"Common examples of prepaid expenses include leases, rent, legal retainers, advertising costs, estimated taxes, insurance, salaries, and leased office equipment."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do Full-Service Brokers Charge?","response":"The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicates that the base fees connected to an investment portfolio handled by a full-service broker can range from 0.25% up to 1%. This may not sound like a lot but the fees are paid annually so your cost will grow in tandem with the value of your investments."}
{"prompts":"What is eligible to be considered a qualified charitable organization?","response":"The list is expansive and includes organizations operated exclusively for the following purposes: religious, charitable, scientific, literary, educational purposes, testing for public safety, the prevention of cruelty to animals or children, and the development of amateur sports. The various types include charities, philanthropic groups, certain religious and educational organizations, nonprofit veterans\u2019 organizations, fraternal lodge groups, cemetery and burial companies, and certain legal corporations. Federal, state, and local governments can qualify if the donation in question is intended strictly for a charitable cause."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Dividend Yield Important?","response":"Some investors, such as retirees, are heavily reliant on dividends for their income. For these investors, the dividend yield of their portfolio could have a meaningful effect on their personal finances, making it very important for these investors to select dividend-paying companies with long track records and clear financial strength. For other investors, dividend yield may be less significant, such as for younger investors who are more interested in growth companies that can retain their earnings and use them to finance their growth."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Initiate an Insurance Claim?","response":"If you hold an insurance policy and have experienced damages covered by it, you can initiate a claim by contacting your insurer. This can be done by phone, and increasingly online. Once the claim has been started, the insurer will collect relevant information from you and may ask for evidence (such as photos) or supporting documentation. The insurer may also send an adjuster to interview you and evaluate the merits of your claim."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Country Increase the Value of Its Currency?","response":"Currencies are affected by a variety of factors. Some ways that a country can improve its currency is by purchasing its own currency and selling foreign exchange assets to do so. It can also raise interest rates, reduce inflation, and implement supply-side economic policies, such as increasing competitiveness."}
{"prompts":"Does Car Insurance Cover Vandalism?","response":"If you have comprehensive insurance for your car, it will cover deliberate acts of vandalism such as slashed tires, broken windows or taillights, or damaged paint. The exact level of coverage will depend on your provider and your deductible."}
{"prompts":"What Does Capitalization Mean in Finance?","response":"In finance, capitalization is a quantitative assessment of a firm's capital structure. Here it can refer to the book value cost of capital, which is the sum of a company's long-term debt, stock, and retained earnings. The alternative to the book value is the market value or market capitalization."}
{"prompts":"Does the MSCI ACWI Include China?","response":"Yes, the MSCI ACWI index does include shares from China. In 2019, MSCI decided to increase its index weights in China."}
{"prompts":"What Are Long-Term and Short-Term Liabilities?","response":"Long-term liabilities are typically due more than a year in the future. Examples of long-term liabilities include mortgage loans, bonds payable, and other long-term leases or loans, except the portion due in the current year. Short-term liabilities are due within the current year. Examples of short-term liabilities include accounts payable, accrued expenses, and the current portion of long-term debt."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Orphaned Bitcoin?","response":"Bitcoin is the cryptocurrency awarded for opening a new block in the blockchain. Blocks can become orphaned, but a bitcoin cannot. Orphaned (stale) blocks are discarded."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Advantage of Using Interactive Media?","response":"Interactive media allows the user and a business to interact and communicate much more seamlessly. As a consumer, you can communicate with the business and get your questions answered. As a business owner, you can more easily identify and address your clients' or customers' needs and concerns."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of Average Annual Growth Rate?","response":"AAGR may overestimate the growth rate if there are both positive and negative returns. It also does not include any measure of the risk involved, such as price volatility\u2014nor does it factor in the timing of returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Elective Deferral Limit?","response":"An elective deferral is money that your employer contributes to your retirement plan. Your employer is effectively giving you this money but it's not included in your taxable income. The IRS therefore sets limits as to how much you can receive, usually toward 401(k), 403(b), SARSEP and\/or SIMPLE IRA plans.The 2023 elective deferral limit for these plans is $22,500. This increases to $23,000 in 2024. Anything in excess of these amounts is included in your taxable income for that year. The limit increases by $7,500 if you're age 50 or older."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify Financial Risks?","response":"Identifying financial risks involves considering the risk factors a company faces. This entails reviewing corporate balance sheets and statements of financial positions, understanding weaknesses within the company's operating plan, and comparing metrics to other companies within the same industry. There are several statistical analysis techniques used to identify the risk areas of a company."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Correlation Important?","response":"Correlation is important because it is often an indicator of portfolio risk. When a collection of securities is negatively correlated, they pose less risk because when one security falls in value, another often increases. Investors may also actively seek out greater risk in exchange for greater potential returns; using this strategy, correlation is important because they may want to maximize correlation to yield the greatest risk and reward."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Sensex Calculated?","response":"The Sensex is calculated using a free-float capitalization method. This method is similar to the market-capitalization weighting method, in which companies are weighted according to their share of the total market capitalization of the index. As such, the Sensex gives more weight to the largest companies within its index. But unlike the market-capitalization method, the free-float capitalization method only takes into account shares that are freely available to be traded, as opposed to restricted shares or those held by company insiders."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Net Debt in Excel?","response":"To calculate net debt using\u00a0Microsoft Excel, find the following information on the company's balance sheet: total short-term liabilities; total long-term liabilities; and total current assets. Enter these three items into cells A1 through A3, respectively. In cell A4, enter the formula \"=A1+A2\u2212A3\" to compute net debt."}
{"prompts":"Is Uphold Safe?","response":"Uphold is a safe trading platform to use. The company has industry standard checks and balances in place, including Know Your Client (KYC) verification. It also uses two-factor authentication. Other security measures include third-party due diligence, a bug bounty program, staff background checks, and routine auditing and system testing."}
{"prompts":"Are ULIPs High Risk?","response":"Broadly speaking, ULIPs do have an investment component that subjects them to the risk of loss of investment capital. ULIPs often allow an investor to select from a variety of equity and debt instruments, so the underlying risk of the plan does hinge on the investments selected and subsequent market performance."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Geometric Mean Between Two Numbers?","response":"To calculate the geometric mean of two numbers, you would multiply the numbers together and take the square root of the result."}
{"prompts":"What Is Voluntary AD&D Insurance?","response":"Voluntary accidental death and dismemberment (VAD&D) insurance is an optional financial protection plan typically sold in the workplace that covers the same situations that regular AD&D insurance does. It is often purchased by workers in occupations that come with physical risk."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Limit Order Work?","response":"A limit order is placed with your broker. That limit order states the security, the quantity, the price, and whether you are in a buy or sell position. The order is not triggered until the specific desired market price is achieved. Even then, execution of the limit order is not guaranteed, especially in highly volatile markets or regarding highly volatile securities with low liquidity."}
{"prompts":"Why Might Decreasing Term Life not be the Best Fit for Me?","response":"The main drawback is the death benefit declining over time, which is of course why it costs less than standard term life or other policies. Also, should something happen down the road, decreasing term life may not provide the coverage needed. Saving a few dollars in the short term may leave you uncovered should a future event occur."}
{"prompts":"Who Should Have an Investment Thesis?","response":"An investment thesis is important for anyone who wants to invest their money. Individual investors can use a thesis to decide whether to purchase stock in a particular company and what strategy they should use, whether it's a buy-and-hold strategy or one where they only have the stock for a short period of time. A company can craft its own investment thesis to help weigh out whether an acquisition or growth strategy is worthwhile."}
{"prompts":"What Were Some of the Programs of the Great Society?","response":"Project Head Start, the National Endowment for the Arts, Medicare, and Medicaid, are all programs that were part of the Great Society initiatives."}
{"prompts":"Is a Mortgage the Same as a Home Loan?","response":"The terms mortgage and home loan are often used interchangeably, but they don\u2019t exactly mean the same thing. A mortgage is a loan that\u2019s used to buy a piece of property that\u2019s secured by the property itself. A home loan is a type of mortgage that\u2019s used specifically to purchase a house."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Calculate My Overall Return on an Investment?","response":"Calculate your return on investment (RO!) by subtracting the initial cost of your investment from its final value. Divide the result by the overall cost of the investment, adding in fees, commissions, and mark-ups. Multiply this result by 100 to get a percentage."}
{"prompts":"What Is an MBA Good for?","response":"An MBA is good for two primary purposes. First, business professionals that obtain an MBA undergo a rigorous set of classes that improve the candidate's skillset. At the end of an MBA program, the MBA candidate should have learned new skills, expanded their network, better understand how to strategically approach problems, and be a more competent professional.In turn, the second primary benefit of an MBA is a higher degree of desirability with one's employer. Armed with a greater skillset, MBA candidates often have an advantage during job searches and may command higher pay. In general, possessing an MBA often makes an employee more desirable for a company to hire and retain."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Qualifications Needed to Be a Branch Manager?","response":"Branch managers will typically need a bachelor's degree. Management degrees are often helpful in becoming a branch manager. Having an understanding of financial terms and experience in operational management will also help. A potential bank manager candidate will need at least five to seven years of work experience to be considered for such a role and to have developed the appropriate skills for the role. An individual will need good organizational, financial, problem-solving, and team-management skills to be a good branch manager."}
{"prompts":"When Can You Start to Take In-Service Withdrawals?","response":"You can begin taking in-service withdrawals from a retirement account if you are still employed at age 59\u00bd. If you take it out sooner, you will be subject to a 10% early-withdrawal penalty (in addition to any deferred taxes due)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Ethereum's Ommer (Uncle) Rate?","response":"The ommer rate (previously the uncle rate) was the rate at which the network produces ommer blocks. The rate changed daily and depended on the number of transactions occurring. There is no longer an Ommer block rate on the Ethereum main blockchain."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Take to Become a Notary?","response":"To become a notary, you need to meet your state's requirements, then go through a learning and application process. You also may be required to take an exam. Once you pass, you're sworn into office as a notary."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Acquire More Capital Assets?","response":"There's two ways a company usually acquires capital assets. First, capital assets require a lot of money, something new companies tend to not have. Therefore, capital assets may be acquired using initial equity via investments. The idea here is an investor puts money into a business, the business uses that money to buy capital assets, the capital assets help drive operating income, and that operating income is returned to the investor.The other way capital assets may be financed is through operations, creating a cycle of asset usage. If a company self-funded the capital assets (perhaps via debt), it can now use those assets to generate income that can be used to buy new, other capital assets in the future."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have To Pay U.S. Taxes on Foreign Income?","response":"Yes, as a U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien, you must pay taxes on all foreign earned income regardless of your place of residency; however, you may qualify for foreign earned income exclusions or foreign income tax credits."}
{"prompts":"Can Beginners Do Affiliate Marketing?","response":"Becoming successful through affiliate marketing takes time, skill, and experience. However, it may suit beginners a bit better than alternative platforms since you do not have to invest in physical merchandise or inventory at the start."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current Portion of Long-Term Debt?","response":"The current portion of long-term debt is the portion of a long-term liability that is due in the current year. For example, a mortgage is long-term debt because it is typically due over 15 to 30 years. However, your mortgage payments that are due in the current year are the current portion of long-term debt. They should be listed separately on the balance sheet because these liabilities must be covered with current assets."}
{"prompts":"Did Friedman Say that Greed Is Good?","response":"Friedman did not say that \u201cgreed is good\u201d\u2014 that is a line from the 1987 movie \u201cWall Street\u201d\u2014but he did write a famous article in The New York Times in 1970: The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Profits. That article has been called the inspiration for the greed-is-good excesses of activist investors who push companies to create shareholder value at all costs\u2014and to the exclusion of all other considerations, including investing in employees and delivering value to customers."}
{"prompts":"Is Exponential Moving Average Better Than Simple Moving Average?","response":"The EMA focused more on recent price moves, which means it tends to respond more quickly to price changes than the SMA."}
{"prompts":"Are Transaction Costs Legal?","response":"Yes, transaction costs charged for buying and selling goods are often legal. Because there are intermediaries that facilitate the transfer of a good or service from one party to the other, these fees often are paid to the party that helped make the exchange occur. Government entities or regulatory bodies also may impose transaction costs to help the facilitation of future goods. However, those same governments and regulatory bodies may impose limits on the type or size of transaction costs that can be charged within an industry."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate CWT in Cattle?","response":"In the U.S., cattle and all other commodities are weighed in pounds. A hundredweight equals 100 pounds in North America. So, the total weight of the cattle divided by 100 equals the number of hundredweight of cattle."}
{"prompts":"How Is Null Hypothesis Used in Finance?","response":"In finance, a null hypothesis is used in quantitative analysis. A null hypothesis tests the premise of an investing strategy, the markets, or an economy to determine if it is true or false. For instance, an analyst may want to see if two stocks, ABC and XYZ, are closely correlated. The null hypothesis would be ABC \u2260 XYZ."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good EPS?","response":"What counts as a good EPS will depend on factors such as the recent performance of the company, the performance of its competitors, and the expectations of the analysts who follow the stock. Sometimes, a company might report growing EPS, but the stock might decline in price if analysts were expecting an even higher number.Likewise, a shrinking EPS figure might nonetheless lead to a price increase if analysts were expecting an even worse result. It is important to always judge EPS in relation to the company\u2019s share price, such as by looking at the company\u2019s P\/E or earnings yield."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Graham's Number?","response":"Graham's number will always present a maximum stock price given a company's EPS and BVPS. As a result, any stock price below that figure should signal a good buy for a value investor."}
{"prompts":"Is a Stock Dividend a Good or Bad Thing?","response":"Dividends are always good, whether they're in shares or cash. However, if you're buying dividend-paying stocks to create a regular source of income, you might prefer the money."}
{"prompts":"How Do Banks Use Tier 1 Capital?","response":"Tier 1 capital represents the strongest form of capital, consisting of shareholder equity, disclosed reserves, and certain other income. Under the Basel III standards, banks must maintain the equivalent of 6% of their risk-weighted assets in Tier 1 capital. This allows them to absorb unexpected losses and continue operating as a going concern."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Biggest Stock Market in Asia?","response":"As of January 2024, China's stock exchange was the largest equity market in Asia, with an $8.5 trillion market capitalization. On Jan. 22, 2024, India's stock market overtook Hong Kong's to become the fourth-largest stock market in the world, with a market cap of $4.3 trillion."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Don't Pay My NSF Fees?","response":"Customers don't have an option to avoid paying NSF fees, as the bank automatically deducts them from the account."}
{"prompts":"Is the Digital Dollar Going to Happen?","response":"Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are digital currencies backed by a government and regulated by its agencies. There has been discussion about a digital dollar for several years, but it seems unlikely to happen in the U.S. soon."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Automated Clearing House Transaction?","response":"An Automated Clearing House or ACH transaction is an electronic transaction that requires a debit from an originating bank and a credit to a receiving bank. Transactions go through a clearinghouse that batches and sends them to the recipient's bank. Transactions usually are executed on the same day as long as they are done before 5 p.m."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative PEG Ratio Indicate?","response":"A negative PEG can result from either negative earnings (losses), or a negative estimated growth rate. Either case suggests that a company may be in trouble."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Use Inventory Financing?","response":"Inventory financing is a form of short-term borrowing. Companies tend to use it as a way to pay their suppliers before selling their products. It is often used by small or mid-sized businesses that may not be established or have a credit history. It also allows these businesses to access financing without having to put up their business or personal assets for collateral."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Loan Disbursement?","response":"A loan is disbursed when the agreed-upon amount is paid into the borrower's account and is available for use. When the loan is disbursed, the cash has been debited from the lender's account and credited to the borrower's account."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Top-Down Marketing Strategy?","response":"A top-down marketing strategy is a traditional marketing strategy. This is where a business determines who it should sell to and how, and the customer base is largely passive and spurred to take action once they hear the advertisement. For example, a top-down marketing strategy would include ads on radio or television. Top-down marketing strategies are usually determined by the executives of a firm. It usually consists of what a firm desires to do and then determining a way to do it."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Horizontal Integration Important?","response":"Horizontal integration is important because it allows a company to grow, expand, diversify, and gather a larger market presence. Horizontal integration further enhances a company's current position in the market and, instead of transitioning to widely different aspects of the supply chain, it allows a company to become more competitive in the space it was already operating in."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Nigerian Romance Scam?","response":"In a romance scam\u2014which is a type of catfishing\u2014a criminal adopts a fake online identity to gain a victim's trust and affection. The scammer uses the guise of a romantic relationship to manipulate and\/or steal from the victim. The criminal may propose marriage and make plans to meet in person, but that never happens. Eventually, the scammer asks for money. According to a study from tech and cybersecurity company TechShielder, Nigeria is the second-most-notorious country worldwide for romance scams, behind only the Philippines."}
{"prompts":"How Does Regulation CC Protect Me?","response":"When you deposit cash or checks into your checking or savings account at a bank, Regulation CC specifies how soon you can have access to your deposited funds. Additionally, Regulation CC requires that your bank discloses to you the schedule of when your funds will be available for withdrawal.For example, cash deposits must be available for withdrawal no later than the business day after the business day on which it was deposited. Government checks and some other types of checks also have similar rules. The bank must notify you of the schedule of when your deposits will be available."}
{"prompts":"How Does MRP Benefit a Business?","response":"MRP ensures that materials and components are available when they're needed, inventory levels are optimized, manufacturing efficiency is improved, and customer satisfaction increases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tax Treatment of Unearned Income for a Child?","response":"According to the IRS, there are two possibilities that affect the reporting of a child's unearned income. For 2023, any unearned income above $2,500 ($2,600 for 2024) may be subject to an unearned income tax. This is known as the kiddie tax. Alternatively, interest and dividend income of less than $12,500 for 2023 ($13,000 for 2024) may be included on the parent's return rather than that of the child."}
{"prompts":"Who Investigates Wire Fraud?","response":"The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), U.S. Secret Service, and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security are some of the organizations that investigate claims of wire fraud."}
{"prompts":"What Does 30% Coinsurance Mean?","response":"Coinsurance is an insured individual's share of the costs of a covered expense (it usually applies to health-care insurance). It is expressed as a percentage. If you have a \"30% coinsurance\" policy, it means that, when you have a medical bill, you are responsible for 30% of it. Your health plan pays the remaining 70%."}
{"prompts":"What Is David Tepper's Interest in Sports?","response":"David Tepper showed an interest in baseball and football at a young age. He had a penchant for memorizing baseball statistics. In 2009, he purchased a share of the NFL team, the Pittsburgh Steelers. He bought another NFL team, the Carolina Panthers, in 2018."}
{"prompts":"How Quickly Are Renewable Energy Resources Growing?","response":"Renewable energy resources are expected to grow from 12% of the US energy mix as of 2021 to 39% by 2030, according to Morgan Stanley."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a General Ledger Entry?","response":"Consider the following example where a company receives a $1,000 payment from a client for its services. The accountant would then increase the asset column by $1,000 and subtract $1,000 from accounts receivable. The equation remains in balance, as the equivalent increase and decrease affect one side\u2014the asset side\u2014of the accounting equation.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Average Return on a REIT?","response":"There is no average return measurement for REITs primarily because they operate in different sectors. For example, a REIT with broad exposure to all commercial real estate may fare better if there was a dip in mortgage income. In this scenario, a broader REIT would outperform a REIT invested in residential mortgages."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Topping Fee?","response":"A topping fee is a percentage of the difference between the winning bid and the stalking horse bid that must be paid to the stalking horse bidder. This differentiates it from a breakup fee, which is a set amount."}
{"prompts":"What Do My Federal Tax Expenses Include?","response":"Your annual tax return reports your income for the year and the taxes you owe in a number of categories including:Earned income including salary, wages, tips, and commissionsUnearned income such as capital gains on the sale of stock or interest on bondsThe FICA payroll tax, which is deducted from your paycheck"}
{"prompts":"How Are Liabilities Paid For a Recourse Loan?","response":"After collateral has been seized, a deficiency judgment may levy the borrower's bank accounts or garnish wages to repay the debt balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Personal Finance?","response":"One of the key ideas behind personal finance is not to spend more than you make. For instance, if you make $50,000 a year but spend $65,000, you'll end up with debt that continues to compound because you'll be spending more than you make to pay for past expenses."}
{"prompts":"How Do Market News and Events Impact Impulse Wave Patterns?","response":"Market news and events can influence the formation and disruption of impulse wave patterns. Unexpected developments may lead to shifts in sentiment, impacting the expected wave patterns. Traders should consider both technical analysis and external factors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dual Income Household?","response":"A dual income household is one in which two adults are earning money and sharing their financial resources. They also share responsibilities for expenses. This financial situation often results in more disposable income they can use for spending or saving more."}
{"prompts":"What Does Vandalism Mean in Insurance?","response":"For insurance purposes, vandalism means intentional damage and destruction of property, without theft. For example, a person deliberately breaking a home's windows for the purpose of destroying property could be considered vandalism, but if they broke in for the purpose of burglary it would not be considered vandalism."}
{"prompts":"Can a Private Company Issue Restricted Stock?","response":"Yes, private companies can offer restricted stock to their employees. However, because the company is private, it could be more difficult for those employees to sell their shares when the restricted stock vests."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a First Notice of Loss?","response":"Let\u2019s say you crash your car into a tree. For your collision insurance to pay for the damage, you\u2019ll need to first file a claim. Insurance companies offer several ways to file a claim, which can vary by carrier. Regardless of how you make the initial contact about the accident and losses, this first contact constitutes the FNOL. It\u2019s the first step in filing a claim. If the policy covers the loss, the FNOL will start the process for receiving an insurance settlement payment."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Expansionary Monetary Policy?","response":"The Federal Reserve often tweaks the Federal funds reserve rate as its primary tool of expansionary monetary policy. Increasing the fed rate contracts the economy, while decreasing the fed rate increases the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the First Step to Performing Marginal Analysis?","response":"Though not required, a first step to performing marginal analysis is often to consider the fixed and variable components of an activity. If all costs are fixed, there will be little to no marginal costs as expenses will not change as units produced changed. On the other hand, if all costs are variable, there will be considerable expenses to factor in.The same, though less applicable, can be said about the benefit received. Because benefit often varies from the units consumed, it is hardly ever fixed. However, you can slowly advance to a full marginal analysis by considering how marginal benefit (and cost) change from one unit to the next."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Sinking Fund?","response":"The disadvantage of a sinking fund is that it limits the availability of cash on hand for a business. This limited cash reduces the ability to invest, and therefore, earn a return. It can be argued that this is not necessarily a disadvantage as the money in a sinking fund is used to pay off the debt that was raised to facilitate the needs of the business, so a sinking fund is just a measure to prudently manage finances."}
{"prompts":"What Is the US Equivalent of MiFID?","response":"According to the World Bank, the\u00a0federal rules most comparable to MiFID are the following:The 1934 Securities Exchange Act: This act established the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and granted it broad authority over the securities industry, including the power to register, regulate, and oversee brokerage firms, securities, and exchanges.The 1998 Regulation Alternative Trading System: This specified rules for alternative trading systems, requiring them to register with the SEC and adhere to certain regulations.The 2005 Regulation National Market System: Designed to modernize and strengthen the U.S. system for equity trading, its key components include rules that promote fair access to market data, protect investors from executing trades at inferior prices, and increase transparency."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Rising Terms of Trade Indicate?","response":"An increasing TOT ratio indicates that a country is exporting relatively more goods than it is importing. Over time, this can lead to a trade surplus. The opposite would be true if TOT were decreasing."}
{"prompts":"What Does Consignment Mean?","response":"Consignment is an arrangement in which goods are left in the possession of an authorized third party to sell. A consignment shop, for example, will sell items produced or supplied by someone else, and pay them a portion of the profit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Natural Law In Systems of Government?","response":"In the U.S. Constitution, the right of citizens to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness is a motto based on natural law. In the penal code, certain crimes are almost universally accepted as punishable, including murder and rape. These types of crimes are seen as damaging both the humanity of the victim and the social fabric of society."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Government Create a Barrier to Entry?","response":"Governments create barriers to entry for varying reasons. In some cases, such as consumer protection laws, these barriers are intended to protect public safety but have the unintended effect of favoring incumbent businesses. In other cases, such as broadcasting licenses or commercial airlines, the barriers are due to the inherent scarcity of the public resources needed by these industries. In some cases, the government may impose barriers to entry explicitly to protect favored industries."}
{"prompts":"What Is Distributed Ledger Technology Used for?","response":"Distributed ledger technology is used to securely store data so that it is unaltered, transparent, synchronized, and accurate. This can be extended to counting votes, recording transactions (financial or non-financial), or reporting activity across all users of a single DLT solution."}
{"prompts":"Why Trade Futures Instead of Stocks?","response":"Trading futures instead of stocks provides the advantage of high leverage, allowing investors to control assets with a small amount of capital. This entails higher risks. Additionally, futures markets are almost always open, offering flexibility to trade outside traditional market hours and respond quickly to global events."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called the Endowment Effect?","response":"The term endowment effect was first used by the economist Richard Thaler. It was used in reference to the inertia related to consumer choices when goods included in their endowment were more highly valued than goods that were not."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Check the Turnover Ratio for My Mutual Fund?","response":"You should find turnover ratio (or turnover rate) in the issuing company's latest financial statement on the mutual fund.For example, Vanguard lists the turnover rate for its Vanguard Health Care Fund Investor Shares as 19.1% as of January 31, 2023. It is an item in its \"Fundamental\" list for the fund."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Find Options Prices and Their Expiration Dates?","response":"Options prices and their respective dates can be accessed through brokerage platforms, financial websites, and trading apps. They frequently have detailed quotes for options on stocks and other underlying assets. The quote will typically include the current price or premium for the option, the strike price, the expiration date, and other details like the option's Greeks. You should only use trustworthy and up-to-date sources when weighing options trading since prices and available options can fluctuate rapidly because of market conditions."}
{"prompts":"Can Collaborations Within the Same Corporate Group Involve Price-Fixing?","response":"Collaborations within the same corporate group may involve internal agreements on pricing strategies, which are generally legal. However, these collaborations should not harm external competition."}
{"prompts":"What is an emergency fund for?","response":"As simple as the answer seems, it is important to make sure that you can distinguish between what is an emergency and what isn\u2019t. An emergency is an unexpected bill that you can\u2019t pay\u2014not money to go to a movie or for some other nonessential expense."}
{"prompts":"What is a quid pro quo contribution?","response":"A quid pro quo contribution is a charitable donation for which the donor is rewarded with something of value by the charity in question."}
{"prompts":"Can a Business Claim an NOL Carryforward on Its State Taxes?","response":"State laws on NOL carryforwards can vary. Some follow the federal rules, while others set different dollar caps or time limits for carryforwards. Similarly, state laws on capital loss carryforwards can differ from the federal ones."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Disadvantage of the Double-Entry Accounting System?","response":"The primary disadvantage of the double-entry accounting system is that it is more complex. It requires two entries to be recorded when one transaction takes place. It also requires that mathematically, debits and credits always equal each other. This complexity can be time-consuming as well as more costly; however, in the long run, it is more beneficial to a company than single-entry accounting."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Are in the S&P 500?","response":"The S&P 500 consists of the 500 largest\u00a0publicly-traded companies in the U.S. Many are highly familiar names: Microsoft, Apple, Exxon Mobile, Bank of America, Visa, and Coca-Cola.To qualify for the S&P 500 Index, a company must have at least 10% of its shares outstanding in the public market and have a market capitalization of at least $14.6 billion."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Penalties Associated With SEPP Plans?","response":"There are generally no penalties associated with SEPP plans. But you will be on the hook for penalties and interest if you decide to cancel the plan before you reach the minimum five-year holding period or before you turn 59\u00bd\u2014whichever comes later."}
{"prompts":"Are Keltner Channels or Bollinger Bands a Better Metric?","response":"Both metrics are useful but produce different signals. Like Bollinger Bands, Keltner Channel signals are produced when the price action breaks above or below the channel bands. Here, however, as the price action breaks above or below the top and bottom barriers, a continuation is favored over a retracement back to the median or opposite barrier."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EAD and LGD?","response":"EAD is exposure at default and represents the value of a loan that a bank is at risk of losing at the time a borrower defaults on their loan. Loss given default is the value of a loan that a bank is at the risk of losing, after taking into proceeds from the sale of the asset, represented as a percentage of total exposure."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Exempt from the Beneficial Ownership Rule?","response":"Certain types of entities do not need to provide identifying information under the beneficial ownership rule. These include sole proprietorships, certain trusts, non-account ownership, and (in the case of credit cards) authorized users who are not the actual owners of the cards."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of the Issuing Bank in an Irrevocable Letter of Credit?","response":"The issuing bank is the financial institution that issues the ILOC on behalf of the buyer. It undertakes the obligation to pay the beneficiary upon presentation of compliant documents. The issuing bank's creditworthiness and reputation are crucial factors influencing the acceptability of the ILOC."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of the Price-to-Sales (P\/S) Ratio?","response":"The P\/S ratio doesn\u2019t take into account whether the company makes any earnings or whether it will ever make earnings. Comparing companies in different industries can prove difficult as well. For example, companies that make video games will have different capabilities when it comes to turning sales into profits when compared to, say, grocery retailers. In addition, P\/S ratios do not account for debt loads or the status of a company\u2019s balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"Does America Have a Regressive Tax System?","response":"Certain aspects of taxes in the United States relate to a regressive tax system. Sales taxes, property taxes, and excises taxes on select goods are often regressive in the United States. However, there are other forms of taxes (see below) that are prevalent within America today."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sharia in Finance?","response":"Sharia is a set of Islamic religious laws. As well as religious rituals, these laws govern many day-to-day activities for Muslims. This includes the areas of finance, banking, and investments. For example, Sharia prohibits investing in tobacco- and alcohol-based businesses, as well as collecting interest."}
{"prompts":"What can an inverted yield curve tell an investor?","response":"Historically, protracted inversions of the yield curve have preceded recessions in the United States. An inverted yield curve reflects investors\u2019 expectations for a decline in longer-term interest rates as a result of a deteriorating economic performance."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Barter?","response":"A barter transaction could occur, say, between a plumber and a copywriter. In this example, the plumber goes to the writer\u2019s house to fix some leaking pipes and then rather than asking for payment asks the writer to help pen some promotional materials for the plumber\u2019s business instead. What we are witnessing here is one service (plumbing work) being exchanged for another (writing) without any money changing hands."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Levied Equally?","response":"Flat taxes are those which are levied at the same rate for all payers. This is the inverse of the ability-to-pay principle, also known as a regressive tax system."}
{"prompts":"What types of insurance offer level death benefits?","response":"Level death benefits are commonly found on term life and whole life policies (although each offers optional provisions that can increase the death benefit over time). For universal life and variable life policies, you can choose either a level or increasing death benefit option at issue, with the ability to flip between the two options throughout the life of the policy. You can also have the flexibility to increase or decrease the death benefit if your needs change in the future."}
{"prompts":"How Are Graduated Payments Calculated?","response":"Graduated payments are calculated using the mortgage loan amount, the interest rate, the annual graduation rate, and the number of graduations applied. You can calculate monthly payments for a graduated mortgage using an online loan calculator."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Net Operating Income Percentage?","response":"NOI is not a percentage but rather a number that takes into consideration the revenues and expenses of a property. It can be compared to the entire value of the property if that property had been paid fully in cash. In this case, the higher the net operating income to property price percentage, the better."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Inventory Turnover?","response":"Inventory turnover measures how efficiently a company uses its inventory by dividing its cost of sales, or cost of goods sold (COGS), by the average value of its inventory for the same period. It is an especially important efficiency ratio for retailers."}
{"prompts":"What Are Current and Non-Current Assets?","response":"Current Assets\u00a0is an account where assets that can be converted into cash within one\u00a0fiscal year\u00a0or operating cycle are entered. Non-Current Assets is an account where assets that cannot be quickly converted into cash\u2014often selling for less than the purchase price\u2014are entered."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Premiums Higher for Permanent as Opposed to Term Insurance?","response":"Premiums are higher for permanent insurance like whole life policies than term life for two primary reasons. The first is that the policy covers the insured for their entire life, and the second reason is that a portion of a permanent life premium is paid into the policy as cash, and can be drawn upon while the policy owner is still alive."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Reduce My Credit Exposure?","response":"If you're a lender and want to reduce your credit exposure, consider the types of loans you're offering and who you are loaning to. Riskier, longer-term loans will increase your credit exposure as there is often a greater chance of default.To minimize your exposure at default, consider shorter-term loans, loans substantiated by operating cash flow, loans to higher creditworthy customers, and conduct more thorough due diligence prior to issuing a loan."}
{"prompts":"I owed $500 when I filed my tax return. Do I need to file Form 2210?","response":"No, there is no underpayment penalty if the difference between your total tax on your return and the amount of tax you paid through withholding is less than $1,000.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for 2024?","response":"For tax year 2024, the standard deduction is $14,600 if you file as single or married filing separately. It's $21,900 for heads of household and $29,200 for married filing jointly or qualifying widow(er) taxpayers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ICO and SAFT?","response":"An initial coin offering is a cryptocurrency sale, where investors receive the coins when they give developers capital. A Simple Agreement for Future Tokens is a contract for tokens before they are released or issued."}
{"prompts":"What Does a CEO Do?","response":"CEOs are responsible for managing a company. This may include delegating and directing agendas, driving profitability, managing company organizational structure and strategy, and communicating with the board."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of EXIM in the United States?","response":"The Export-Import Bank of the United States (EXIM) is an independent Executive Branch agency backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. whose mission is to support American jobs by supporting the export of U.S. goods and services.\u00a0\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Not PII?","response":"Personal data is not classified as PII and non-personal data such as the company you work for, shared data, or anonymized data."}
{"prompts":"How Many Countries Signed the Kyoto Protocol?","response":"After becoming a signatory in 2013, Afghanistan became the 192nd and last signatory of the Kyoto Protocol."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Kinds of Economic Equilibrium?","response":"In microeconomics, the term refers to the balancing of supply and demand; in macroeconomics, it refers to\u00a0a state in which the aggregate supply and demand are in balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Wealth Management and Investment Banking?","response":"Wealth management and investment banking are two common career paths in the financial sector. The main difference is their clients: wealth managers help individual clients invest their savings, while investment bankers serve corporate clients."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between 1231 and 1250 Property?","response":"Section 1231 applies to all depreciable business assets owned for more than one year, while section 1250 (and also 1245) provides guidance on how different asset categories are taxed when sold at a gain or loss. All property used in a trade or business is considered section 1231 property and, for taxation purposes, either section 1245 or 1250 applies, depending on the property\u2019s characteristics."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Escrow of a House?","response":"Escrow relating to buying a house is an account (called the escrow account) in which money from the potential homebuyer is deposited. Required escrow is generally 1% to 3% of the asking price for a home. The money is required to ensure the buyer is seriously considering the home and has the funds to make the purchase. In return, the seller will usually take the property off the market and allow the potential buyer access to the home for inspections."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Angel Investing to an Entrepreneur?","response":"The entrepreneur is giving up a share of the company and its future profits in return for angel investing. Many angel investors want some control over the development of the product as well. They often want a seat on the board or its equivalent."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Stages of Oil and Gas?","response":"The oil and gas industry is generally broken down into three segments: upstream, midstream, and downstream. The first phase is upstream, which is when companies initially explore and then start drilling and extracting oil and natural gas. It is then followed by midstream, which refers to the transportation of crude or refined petroleum products, and finally downstream, which is the final stage and consists of processing the oil into usable products and marketing them."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a Business?","response":"There are several steps you need to hurdle to start a business. This includes conducting market research, developing a business plan, seeking capital or other forms of funding, choosing a location and business structure, picking the right name, submitting registration paperwork, obtaining tax documents (employer and taxpayer IDs), and pulling permits and licenses. It's also a good idea to set up a bank account with a financial institution to facilitate your everyday banking needs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Scenario Analysis?","response":"The biggest advantage of scenario analysis is that it acts as an in-depth examination of all possible outcomes. Because of this, it allows managers to test decisions, understand the potential impact of specific variables, and identify potential risks."}
{"prompts":"What Is Jim Walton's Interest in Charter Schools?","response":"Through the Walton Family Foundation, Jim and his sister Alice have spearheaded a project established as the Charter Impact Fund to provide long-term, fixed-rate loans to high-performing charter schools around the country."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Home Office in Reference to a Corporation?","response":"The term \u201chome office\u201d can refer to the administrative headquarters of a large corporation with locations in different parts of the country or around the world."}
{"prompts":"Is Pump Priming a Fiscal Policy?","response":"Pump priming can refer to both monetary and fiscal policies. When a central bank like the U.S. Federal Reserve chooses to cut interest rates to stimulate spending, this is both a form of pump priming and a monetary policy. On the other hand, if Congress chooses to set money aside to fund stimulus checks, this would be an example of pump priming that is also a fiscal policy."}
{"prompts":"Is a Home's Market Value the Same As Its Selling Price?","response":"A home's fair market value is not the same thing as its selling price. Fair market value is the property's worth as estimated by a real estate professional. This estimate is usually based on factors such as the age of the house, its condition, location, and the value of similar homes in that location. Selling price is what someone is willing to pay for it in a sale, which can be higher or lower than the fair market value."}
{"prompts":"Is a Money Purchase Plan a Defined Contribution Plan?","response":"A money purchase plan is a defined contribution plan\u00a0where employer contributions are based on a fixed percentage of an employee's annual compensation or salary."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cross-Broder Labor Mobility Controversial?","response":"Encouraging geographic mobility across national borders is often a point of controversy.Opponents argue that migrant workers are usually hired because they will accept lower wages. That effectively takes jobs from citizens. In extreme cases, it can lead to the overpopulation of certain areas, straining public services and pushing up the local cost of living. This can fuel hostility and spur social unrest.Others argue that migrant workers take low-paying, low-skilled work that nobody else wants, or would accept without significantly higher wages.A growing population usually corresponds with economic growth and prosperity."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Blue Chip Stocks Get Their Name?","response":"The term \"blue chip\" comes from the game of poker, where blue chips are usually the most valuable ones on the table. It was first used by Oliver Gingold, an employee at Dow Jones, who observed that certain stocks reliably traded above $200 per share. Nowadays, some blue chips trade in the thousands per share."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Someone Sell Call Options?","response":"Investors who believe that the price of a security is going to fall might sell calls on that security simply for income. In other words, they'll profit just from the premium they received for selling the option. However, for the strategy to succeed, the option has to expire unexercised by the buyer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Notional and Market Value?","response":"Notional value refers to the value of the underlying asset\u2014say, $5,000 worth of stock bought on the open market. It\u2019s also known as the face value of a holding. Market value is what the current position is worth in the open market."}
{"prompts":"What Are Price Controls in Economics?","response":"Price controls in economics are restrictions imposed by governments to ensure that goods and services remain affordable. They are also used to create a fair market that is accessible by all. The point of price controls is to help curb inflation and to create balance in the market."}
{"prompts":"Do Beneficiaries Have to Pay Taxes on Inheritance?","response":"Whether beneficiaries have to pay taxes on inheritance depends on their familial relationship to the deceased and on the state where the decedent lived or owned property. Only estates or property located in one of six states that impose inheritance taxes may be subject to them.Surviving spouses are always exempt from inheritance taxes. Other immediate relatives, like the deceased's parents, children, and siblings, are exempt to varying degrees, depending on the state. Inheritance taxes mainly affect more distant relatives and unrelated heirs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a High-Beta Index?","response":"A high-beta index is made up of volatile stocks. They're generally riskier but they can be enticing for investors who are willing to gamble a little to achieve better returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ASIC Mining and GPU Mining?","response":"ASIC mining machines are developed for mining a specific cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin or Litecoin. GPU mining involves using a graphics processing unit (GPU) such as those sold by NVIDIA or AMD for mining. GPUs are significantly cheaper than the equipment required for ASIC mining. However, they are slower and much less efficient for mining cryptocurrencies than ASIC miners."}
{"prompts":"Is Kin a Good Crypto?","response":"Kin was the token for the social app Kik. It was eventually abandoned in 2023, although it is still available on a few decentralized exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What inventory costing methods are allowed by GAAP?","response":"Along with the lower of cost or market (LCM) method being required by GAAP reporting, other inventory costing methods allowed by GAAP are:First in, first out (FIFO)Last in, first out (LIFO)Weighted average valuation"}
{"prompts":"When Can I Withdraw From an IRA?","response":"The best time to withdraw from an IRA is at age 60 and beyond. If you withdraw before age 59\u00bd, you will incur a 10% early withdrawal penalty in addition to taxes on the withdrawal. There are some exceptions to this penalty for medical expenses, disabilities, first-time home purchases, and other unusual life events. Generally speaking, the longer you can wait before taking distributions, the more time that money has to grow."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basel Accords?","response":"The Basel Accords are a series of three sequential banking regulation agreements (Basel I, II, and III) set by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision (BCBS). The BCBS is a group of 45 representatives from major global financial centers. The Committee provides recommendations on banking and financial regulations, specifically, concerning capital risk, market risk, and operational risk. The accords ensure that financial institutions have enough capital on account to absorb unexpected losses. The liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) is a chief takeaway from the Basel Accord.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Does Restructuring Mean Layoffs?","response":"Generally, when a company restructures, it lays off some of its employees. This is typically so because a restructuring involves downsizing, which can include closing some groups, merging others, and generally looking to become more efficient and cut costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the History of the Fortune 100?","response":"In 1955, Fortune magazine established the Fortune 500 list. At the time, General Motors ranked at the top of the list with revenues in excess of $9.8 billion. This was a position that it continued to hold for the next three decades. Along with General Motors, many of the largest companies by revenue in 1955 are names that still exist today\u2014including Chrysler, Exxon, and General Electric.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Descriptive Stats?","response":"Descriptive statistics is a means of using summaries of a data sample to describe features of a larger data set. For example, a population census may include descriptive statistics regarding the ratio of men and women in a specific city."}
{"prompts":"Do Brokers\/Dealers File an SEC Form ADV?","response":"Yes. Anyone who provides investment services to their clients is expected to file SEC Form ADV. This includes investment firms or individual advisers. It serves as a registration form with the Securities and Exchange Commission and it must also be filed with one or more state securities authorities."}
{"prompts":"Why are HOA fees higher in some areas?","response":"Since HOA fees pay for the amenities and maintenance in a community, those prices will vary from place to place. In high-cost-of-living cities like New York City, even basic maintenance will be more expensive than in low-cost-of-living cities because of higher minimum wages, power costs, and\/or taxes. HOA fees may also be higher in condominiums than they are in single-family houses since the fees will pay for electricity, heating, cooling, etc. in common areas. In a recent survey, New York City was listed as the second highest median HOA cost in the nation behind Honolulu, with monthly fees of $410. On the other end of the spectrum, Harrisburg-Carlisle, Pa., had a median of $120."}
{"prompts":"What Is Repudiation of a Credit Default Swap?","response":"The repudiation of a credit default swap is when one party disputes the validity of a contract between a creditor and borrower."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Money Market Important?","response":"The money market is crucial for the smooth functioning of a modern financial economy. It allows savers to lend money to those in need of short-term loans and allocates capital towards its most productive use. These loans, often made overnight or for a matter of days or weeks, are needed by governments, corporations, and banks in order to meet their near-term obligations or regulatory requirements. At the same time, it allows those with excess cash on hand to earn interest."}
{"prompts":"What are a few exceptions?","response":"Misstating age or gender permits the insurance company, in most states, to adjust\u00a0death benefits to reflect the policyholder\u2019s true status. A\u00a0life insurance company can\u00a0refuse to pay benefits if a policyholder was so unwell when they\u00a0applied for coverage that they\u00a0died before the contestability\u00a0period was over. In some states, an insurer can void a\u00a0policy if deliberate\u00a0fraud is\u00a0proven."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Benefit of a CMBS?","response":"For investors, the main benefit of a CMBS is a reliable cash flow based on a fixed interest rate. Moreover, prepayment penalties help discourage borrowers from early payments, ensuring that the cash flow will continue for the full term of the loan."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Merchants Pay Higher Fees for Online Transactions?","response":"According to credit card companies, online transactions involve more financial risk than in-person transactions, where both the customer and their physical card are on hand. The higher merchant discount rates for online transactions are said to reflect that. In credit industry jargon, these are often referred to as \"card present\" vs. \"card-not-present\" transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Ex Works Mean in Incoterms?","response":"Ex Works is a term used in shipping arrangements where the seller is only required to deliver goods at a predetermined location, and the buyer bears responsibility for shipping costs. Along with these costs, the buyer assumes responsibility for the related risks of the goods, which may include anything from customs regulations to loading and transferring to other ships. Ex Works falls under the Incoterms (International Commercial Terms), a standard framework of 11 terms designed to clarify various trade contracts."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Circular Flow Model?","response":"The economy often moves in a circle as money flows from one sector to another. Households spend money and businesses use that money to create new, better products for the households to buy in the future. Meanwhile, the businesses pay households for their time in helping develop those products. After adding in governments, investors, and foreign markets, the circular flow model depicts how cashflow moves money from one sector to the next in a systematic, organized way."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Customers Never Pay What\u2019s Due?","response":"When it becomes clear that an account receivable won\u2019t get paid by a customer, it has to be written off as a\u00a0bad debt expense or a one-time charge. Companies might also sell this outstanding debt to a third party\u2014known as accounts receivable discounted or as AR factoring."}
{"prompts":"Is Racketeering a Felony?","response":"Racketeering activity covers a range of crimes that involve committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or intentionally aiding, soliciting, coercing, or intimidating another person to commit a specified list of crimes. Among these, felonies include gambling activities, extortion, drug offenses, weapons offenses, murder, assault, prostitution, hazardous waste violations, securities violations, coercion, money laundering, arson, bribery, and forgery."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Dividend Payout Ratio?","response":"It\u00a0is commonly calculated on a per-share basis by dividing annual dividends per common share by earnings per share."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Active Listings on the NCDEX?","response":"While these are subject to change, the most active products on the NCDEX are currently contracts on currently contracts on guar seed, guar gum, and castor oil."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Fill out a 1099-MISC Form for an Independent Contractor?","response":"Form 1099-MISC is available on the IRS website for anyone who needs it. There are 18 boxes to fill out on the form, plus you must include the payee's name, address, a tax identification number for both the payee and recipient, plus the recipient's name and address. In addition, the IRS provides step-by-step instructions on how to fill it out."}
{"prompts":"How Is Expense Ratio Calculated?","response":"The expense ratio is calculated by dividing a fund's net expenses by its net assets."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When One of the Tenants in Common Dies?","response":"The ownership share of the deceased tenant is passed on to that tenant\u2019s estate and handled in accordance with the deceased tenant\u2019s will. Any surviving tenants continue owning and occupying the property."}
{"prompts":"Who Came Up With the Rule of 72?","response":"The Rule of 72 dates back to 1494 when Luca Pacioli referenced the rule in his comprehensive mathematics book called Summa de Arithmetica. Pacioli makes no derivation or explanation of why the rule may work, so some suspect the rule pre-dates Pacioli's novel."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Depository Financial Institution?","response":"A non-depository institution is a type of financial institution that does not primarily rely on customer deposits for its main income. Instead, it acts as a third party to financial transactions. One example of a non-depository institution is a life insurance company. Insurance companies accept payment for insurance products, but they do not typically hold funds for safekeeping, as a depository does."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Current Account and Financial Account?","response":"The current account records imports and exports; the movement of goods in and out of a country, measuring the transfers between U.S. residents and foreign residents. A financial account measures the change in a country's ownership of international assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Group of 10 Economics?","response":"The Group of 10 in economics is a group of 10 nations, which later became 11 nations, that participate in the General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB). GAB allows for a supplementary borrowing arrangement to be enacted if the IMF's resources are below a member's needs. The 11 members of the group are Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Is a HENRY Millennial?","response":"Similar to a traditional \"HENRY\", a millennial HENRY are those in the their early 30's earning a six-figure salary. These individuals, especially if they live in a high cost of living area, may leave them struggling to make ends meet or pay current bills despite having a very large income."}
{"prompts":"Which UPI Systems Can You Use in India?","response":"The UPI systems that you can use in India consist of many banking\/payment apps that allow you to use UPI. These include PhonePe, Google Pay, Axis Pay, and BHIM."}
{"prompts":"Does the Receiver of a Gift Pay Tax?","response":"The person receiving a gift usually is not required to pay gift tax. The recipient can opt to do so, though, especially if the amount would put the donor over their lifetime gift tax exclusion."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Differences Between an N.V. and B.V?","response":"There are several things that set an N.V. apart from a B.V., namely their structures, sizes, and minimum requirements. An N.V. is a public limited company while a B.V. is a private limited company. An N.V. is reserved for larger entities and they require a greater minimum startup capital requirement of at least \u20ac45,000 compared to \u20ac0.01 for a B.V."}
{"prompts":"What is a special maintenance requirement?","response":"The same maintenance requirements are not uniformly applied to everyone and everything. Some securities can carry higher maintenance requirements because they are deemed riskier. That's usually the case with more volatile or less liquid investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is 1095-C Form Used for?","response":"Form 1095-C provides information about the health coverage offered by your employer and about whether you enrolled in this coverage. You can use Form 1095-C to help determine your eligibility for the premium tax credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Corporation vs. a Business?","response":"Many businesses are corporations, and vice versa.A business may seek to incorporate to establish its existence as a legal entity separate from its owners. This means that the owners cannot be held responsible for the debts of the corporation. It also means that the corporation can own assets, sue or be sued, and borrow money."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Information Ratio Range?","response":"A good information ratio starts at 0.5. Information ratios above signify progressively better results. Information ratios of 1 and above would be considered excellent."}
{"prompts":"What Is Excess Kurtosis?","response":"Excess kurtosis compares the kurtosis coefficient with that of a normal distribution. Most normal distributions are assumed to have a kurtosis of three, so excess kurtosis would be more or less than three; however, some models assume a normal distribution has a kurtosis of zero, so excess kurtosis would be more or less than zero."}
{"prompts":"When Are Letters of Guarantee Used?","response":"When someone buys from a new supplier, the supplier may request a letter of guarantee because they lack familiarity with the customer. Startup companies may also use letters of guarantee to prove they can afford large purchases despite a limited operating history."}
{"prompts":"Is Ethereum Classic a Good Buy?","response":"It depends on your outlook, proferences, and risk tolerance."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered Collateral?","response":"Collateral is any item that can be taken to satisfy the value of a loan. Common forms of collateral include real estate, automobiles, jewelry, and other items of value."}
{"prompts":"Can Schedule D Be Completed Without Form 8949?","response":"No, a taxpayer with capital gains or losses to report must file both Form 8949 and Schedule D. Form 8949 displays a list of every transaction, including its cost basis, its sale date and price, and the total gain or loss. The total short-term and long-term gains or losses are then used on Schedule D to determine the total amount of capital gains taxes owed."}
{"prompts":"How much does workers\u2019 compensation cost?","response":"The cost of workers\u2019 compensation insurance varies by state, as do the mandated benefits. There also are different rates depending on whether the employees covered are performing low-risk or high-risk jobs.The fees for the insurance are based on the company\u2019s payroll numbers. Just as examples:In California, workers\u2019 comp costs an average of 40 cents for every $100 in payroll for low-risk workers and $33.57 for high-risk jobs.In Florida, the average is 26 cents per $100 for low-risk jobs and $19.40 for high-risk jobs.In New York, the average is 7 cents per $100 for low-risk jobs and $29.93 per $100 for high-risk jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Can I Do With a CUSIP Number?","response":"As an ordinary investor, CUSIP numbers are not of much use. Instead, these are used primarily by brokerage and clearing firms to ensure that transactions are properly settled and recorded."}
{"prompts":"What Does Yield Represent?","response":"Yield measures the realized return on a security over a set period of time. Typically, it applies to various bonds and stocks and is presented as a percentage of a security\u2019s value. Key components that influence a security\u2019s yield include dividends or the price movements of a security. Yield represents the cash flow that is returned to the investor, typically expressed on an annual basis."}
{"prompts":"What Were Freedom Dues for Indentured Servants?","response":"After serving their time as servants and paid with meals and housing, indentured servants were given \"freedom dues\" which often included a piece of land and supplies."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fisher's Equation of Exchange?","response":"Fisher's equation of exchange is MV=PT, where M = money supply, V = velocity of money, P = price level, and T = transactions. When T cannot be obtained, it is often substituted with Y, which is national income (nominal GDP)."}
{"prompts":"Is Vision Insurance Separate From Health Insurance?","response":"Vision insurance is usually sold as an add-on to health insurance from your employer or you can purchase it separately."}
{"prompts":"What Happens To My Cash Balance Pension if I Quit?","response":"Your cash balance pension is portable, so you can take the vested portion with you when you quit and roll it into another retirement account."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Present Value?","response":"Present value is calculated by taking the future cash flows expected from an investment and discounting them back to the present day. To do so, the investor needs three key data points: the expected cash flows, the number of years in which the cash flows will be paid, and their discount rate. The discount rate is a very important factor in influencing the present value, with higher discount rates leading to a lower present value, and vice-versa. Using these variables, investors can calculate the present value using the formula:Present\u00a0Value=FV(1+r)nwhere:FV=Future\u00a0Valuer=Rate\u00a0of\u00a0returnn=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\\begin{aligned} &\\text{Present Value} = \\dfrac{\\text{FV}}{(1+r)^n}\\\\ &\\textbf{where:}\\\\ &\\text{FV} = \\text{Future Value}\\\\ &r = \\text{Rate of return}\\\\ &n = \\text{Number of periods}\\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bPresent\u00a0Value=(1+r)nFV\u200bwhere:FV=Future\u00a0Valuer=Rate\u00a0of\u00a0returnn=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\u200b"}
{"prompts":"How Do Economic Changes Affect Asset Allocation Strategies?","response":"Economic cycles of growth and contraction greatly affect how you should allocate your assets. During bull markets, investors ordinarily prefer growth-oriented assets like stocks to profit from better market conditions. Alternatively, during downturns or recessions, investors tend to shift toward more conservative investments like bonds or cash equivalents, which can help preserve capital."}
{"prompts":"What Country Has the Highest Gini Index?","response":"South Africa, with a Gini coefficient of 63.0%, is currently recognized as the country with the highest income inequality.The World Population Review attributes this massive inequality to racial, gender, and geographic discrimination, with white males and urban workers in South Africa earning much better salaries than everyone else."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Scrip?","response":"Scrip is a type of alternative or substitute currency that can only be redeemed at a certain company. Rewards points, gift cards, and coupons are all familiar examples of scrip that can be used in place of legal tender."}
{"prompts":"Are My Stock and Mutual Fund Holdings Protected by the FDIC?","response":"No. FDIC insurance doesn't cover or offer loss reimbursement for mutual funds, stocks, annuities, life insurance policies, or bonds."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Get Six Sigma Certification?","response":"You can receive Six Sigma certification through private companies, associations, and some colleges. Keep in mind, though, that there is no single governing body that standardizes the curriculum. This means that courses can vary based on where you take them."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is $1 U.S. in Nepal?","response":"In Nepal, $1 U.S. is worth 130.6 Nepalese rupees as of Oct. 2, 2022. It is approximately 127 rupees to one euro."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Common Misconception About Confidence Intervals?","response":"The biggest misconception regarding confidence intervals is that they represent the percentage of data from a given sample that falls between the upper and lower bounds. In other words, it would be incorrect to assume that a 99% confidence interval means that 99% of the data in a random sample falls between these bounds. What it actually means is that one can be 99% certain that the range will contain the population mean."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Supply?","response":"Supply is influenced by prices and consumer demand. The number of suppliers available, the level of competition, the state of technology, and the presence of government support or restriction will play important roles. For certain products like agricultural commodities, supply is also impacted by factors such as weather and crop yields."}
{"prompts":"Does a Voluntary Lien Affect Your Credit?","response":"When you have a voluntary, or consensual, lien against your property, your credit score will not be directly affected as long as you abide by the loan terms. Creditors will be aware of the lien, so you won't be able to use that asset as collateral for other loans."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Warehouse Lenders?","response":"For a small bank, cash flow can be an issue. Borrowing from a warehouse lender allows smaller banks to do a higher volume of mortgage lending, without depleting their cash reserves. Since they quickly sell the loans after closing, it also means they don't have to service the loans for their term length."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Notary Do?","response":"A notary is a public official trusted by a state government to witness signatures and verify that transactions occurred or that something documented actually happened."}
{"prompts":"What Is Active Income vs. Passive Income?","response":"Active income is earned through producing or helping to produce a product or service. Passive income is received without any substantial effort. Active income and passive income are both taxable, usually at the same rate. However, the difference is important when a taxpayer has losses in passive income. In such cases, the passive activity loss rules forbid taxpayers from using passive losses to reduce active or earned income."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Downstream\" Mean?","response":"In extractive industries, \"downstream\" refers to the last stages of operation, just before products are sold to consumers. In petrochemical industries, this can include refining and transportation to the final destination."}
{"prompts":"Where Is the Asian Development Bank Headquartered?","response":"The Asian Development Bank has its headquarters in Manila, Philippines."}
{"prompts":"How Do Nonfarm Payrolls Impact the Financial Market?","response":"The report contains data and statistics regarding the employment situation in the United States, which can identify trends in economic growth, inflation, housing starts,\u00a0and gross domestic product, all of which affect the movement of financial markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Strike Price?","response":"A strike price is the price designated by an options contract as the price at which an investor has the right to buy (with a call option) or sell (with a put option) the contract's underlying security."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Real Estate Agent?","response":"To become a real estate agent, you need to obtain a real estate agent license. There are a few qualifications for this, and they can vary from state to state. In general, a person needs to be 18 years of age, be a legal resident of the U.S., complete the required relicense education, and pass the real estate exam. Individuals can enroll in relicensing courses before taking the real estate exam."}
{"prompts":"What Is Market Share?","response":"Market share shows the size of a company, a useful metric in illustrating a company\u2019s dominance and competitiveness in a given field. Market share is calculated as the percentage of company sales compared to the total share of sales in its respective industry over a period. A company\u2019s market share can influence its operations significantly, namely, its share performance, scalability, and prices that it asks for its products or services."}
{"prompts":"Are Mutual Fund Distributions Taxable?","response":"Almost always. The exception is the exempt-interest dividends that are paid to shareholders of mutual funds that invest some or all of their assets in tax-exempt municipal bonds.The amount of taxable distributions and any tax-exempt distributions that you have received from a mutual fund will be recorded in the IRS Form 1099-DIV that you receive from the fund company after the end of the calendar year."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Substantially Identical Security and How Does It Affect Tax-Loss Harvesting?","response":"The investor cannot violate the IRS' wash sale rule by selling an asset at a loss and buying a substantially identical asset within 30 days before or after that sale. Doing so will invalidate the tax loss write-off. A substantially identical security is defined as a security issued by the same company or a derivative contract issued on the same security."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tenkan Sen and Kijun Sen?","response":"The Japanese terminology for the moving average lines used in the Ichimoku cloud are called the Tenkan and Kijun Sen.The\u00a0Tenkan Sen is the average of the highest high and the lowest low calculated over the previous nine periods.The\u00a0Kijun Sen is the average of the highest high and the lowest low over the past 26 periods."}
{"prompts":"What Is Economics?","response":"Economics is a branch of the sciences that seeks to understand the way a population functions by studying the way its economy functions. Every group of people develops a survival plan based on shared labor and resources. How they do that, and how well they succeed at it, is the study of economics."}
{"prompts":"What Is Days to Cover, and Is It Useful for Identifying Short Squeeze Targets?","response":"Days to cover, also known as the short interest ratio, is calculated by taking a stock\u2019s total number of shares sold short and dividing that number by the stock\u2019s average daily trading volume. For example, if a stock has one million shares sold short and its average daily trading volume is 100,000 shares, then the days to cover would be 10 days. That is, it would take 10 days for short sellers to cover their entire short position based on the average daily volume of shares traded.In general, the higher a stock\u2019s days-to-cover figure, the more susceptible it may be to a short squeeze. If days to cover for stock A and stock B are two days and 20 days, respectively, then stock B may be more vulnerable as a short squeeze target."}
{"prompts":"Who Performs Gray Box Testing?","response":"Both developers and security testers can conduct gray box testing. White box testing is conducted by developers and testers who are very familiar with the code used to write the software. Black box testing is conducted by testers who don't need to know the software's code. Gray box testing is a hybrid of the two and can be conducted by experts who conduct both white box and black box testing."}
{"prompts":"What Are Detective Internal Controls?","response":"Detective internal controls attempt to find problems within a company's processes once they have occurred. They may be employed in accordance with many different goals, such as quality control, fraud prevention, and legal compliance. Here, the most important activity is reconciliation, which compares data sets. Other detective controls include internal and external audits."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basel Accords?","response":"They are a trio of regulatory agreements formed by the Basel Committee on Bank Supervision. The Committee weighs in on regulations that concern a bank's capital risk, market risk, and operational risk. The purpose of the agreements is to ensure that banks (and other financial institutions) always have enough capital to deal with unexpected losses."}
{"prompts":"What Determines How Far Apart Strike Prices Are?","response":"For listed options, strike prices are set by criteria established by the OCC or an exchange, typically with $2.50 distance for strikes below $25, $5 increments for those trading from $25 through $200, and $10 increments for strikes above $200. In general, the strikes will be wider for stocks with higher prices and with less liquidity or trading activity. New strikes may also be requested to be added by contacting the OCC or an exchange."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Receivables?","response":"A receivable is created any time money is owed to a firm for services rendered or products provided that have not yet been paid. This can be from a sale to a customer on store credit, or a subscription or installment payment that is due after goods or services have been received."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Diluted EPS Tell Shareholders?","response":"Diluted EPS considers what would happen if dilutive securities were exercised. Dilutive securities are securities that are not common stock but can be converted to common stock if the holder exercises that option. If converted, dilutive securities effectively increase the weighted number of shares outstanding, which decreases EPS, thereby devaluing a shareholder's existing equity stake."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Large Numbers in Psychology?","response":"Similar to other examples above, the law of large numbers in psychology translates to how a larger number of trials often leads to a more accurate expected value. As more trials are performed, the closer the projection is to being a correct medical assessment."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the True Strength Index?","response":"You can use the following steps to calculate the TSI:Record price and absolute price changes to calculate an exponential moving average for both values.Calculate the price change 25-period EMA and the absolute price change 25-period EMA.Apply a 13-period EMA to each to smooth them."}
{"prompts":"How Are Index Futures Priced?","response":"The price of index futures tracks the value of the underlying index but won't be precisely the same as it. Things that impact the price of a futures contract include how much time remains until the contract expires, the date, the current value of the index, and the interest rate charged by the broker."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Receive Form 1095-A?","response":"You should receive a Form 1095-A by mid-January of the year following the coverage year, either by mail or in your HealthCare.gov accounts. If you don't receive your form, or there is a mistake on it, you can contact HealthCare.gov directly."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Acceptance Rate of Cambridge Judge Business School?","response":"The Cambridge Judge Business School has an acceptance rate of approximately 31%. This rate will fluctuate slightly from year to year."}
{"prompts":"What Does RFP Mean?","response":"A request for proposal (RFP) is an open request for bids to complete a new project proposed by the company or other organization that issues it. It is meant to open up competition and to encourage a variety of alternative proposals that might be considered by the project's planners."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Trend Trading Strategies?","response":"Trend trading strategies attempt to isolate and extract profit from trends by combining a variety of technical indicators along with the financial instrument's price action. Typically, these include moving averages, momentum indicators, and trendlines, and chart patterns.Moving averages strategies involve entering into long, or short, positions when the short-term moving average crosses above, or below, a long-term moving average. Momentum indicator strategies involve entering into positions when a security is exhibiting strong momentum and exiting when that wanes. Trendlines and chart pattern strategies involve entering long, or short, positions when a security is trending higher, or lower, and placing a stop-loss below, or above, key trendline support levels to exit the trade."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Lenders Sell Whole Loans?","response":"While closing whole loans generates fast cash, sometimes a lender would rather originate loans as opposed to servicing them. By selling them to another company, the original lender secures funds it can use to originate more loans."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret Days Sales of Inventory?","response":"DSI estimates how many days it takes on average to completely sell a company's current inventories."}
{"prompts":"Is High Correlation Better?","response":"Investors may have a preference on the level of correlation within their portfolio. In general, most investors will prefer to have a lower correlation as this mitigates risk in their portfolios of different assets or securities being impacted by similar market conditions. However, risk-seeking investors or investors wanting to put their money into a very specific type of sector or company may be willing to have higher correlation within their portfolio in exchange for greater potential returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Liquidity Trap?","response":"A liquidity trap happens when individuals hold onto their money rather than spend or invest it. People anticipate that prices will remain stagnant or fall, so they prefer the safety of holding onto their money. This can hamper efforts by central banks to boost economic activity. It can also happen when yields fall so low that people hesitate to buy bonds. As a result, changes in the money supply have little effect on changing economic behavior, leaving an economy stuck in a period of slow growth and low inflation or even deflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Delta of a Share of Stock?","response":"Being long a share of stock is always +1.0 delta, and being short stock a delta of -1.0."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Characteristics of a Telegraphic Transfer?","response":"Telegraphic transfers provide a level of security as well as a set of standards and regulations to control how the transfers take place. Generally, the TT is complete within two to four business days, depending on the origin and destination of the transfer, as well as any currency exchange requirements. TTs are also usually fairly expensive\u2014the price one pays for the rapid service."}
{"prompts":"What GPA Is Required for Harvard's MBA Program?","response":"Though Harvard does not say it requires a specific GPA for its MBA program, the class of 2024 had an average GPA of 3.70."}
{"prompts":"What is considered high risk for life insurance?","response":"High-risk activities are a concern for life insurers because they can cause an untimely death for someone who is insured, earlier than actuarial models would otherwise predict. Such activities may include piloting aircraft, paragliding, bungee jumping, scuba diving, racing cars, off-roading, and so on. The exact activities will vary by insurer."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of private finance initiative (PFI) projects?","response":"Private finance initiatives (PFIs) typically include major government projects such as highways, public transport, airports, bridges, and tunnels. Other examples of private finance initiatives include hospitals, arenas, prisons, and public schools."}
{"prompts":"Are Round Lots More Common Than Odd Lots?","response":"Round lots are among the most common large trading orders as they incur the lowest trading fees. But odd lots are becoming more common among traders and brokers. That's because automated and electronic trading makes it easier to execute these trades at lower costs."}
{"prompts":"Did NAFTA Help the U.S. Economy?","response":"Whether NAFTA helped the U.S. economy is a matter of some debate. Trade between the United States and its North American neighbors more than tripled, from roughly $290 billion in 1993 to more than $1.1 trillion in 2016. Cross-border investments also surged, and U.S. GDP overall rose slightly.But economists find it's been tough to target the deal\u2019s direct effects from other factors, including rapid technological change and expanded trade with countries such as China. Meanwhile, debate persists regarding NAFTA\u2019s effect on employment, which was badly hit in certain industries, and wages, which largely remained stagnant."}
{"prompts":"Why is it called \u2018interest rate swap\u2019?","response":"An interest rate swap occurs when two parties exchange (i.e., swap) future interest payments based on a specified principal amount. Among the primary reasons why financial institutions use interest rate swaps are to hedge against losses, manage credit risk, or speculate. Interest rate swaps are traded on over-the-counter (OTC) markets, designed to suit the needs of each party, with the most common swap being a fixed exchange rate for a floating rate, also known as a vanilla swap."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Drawbacks of Make to Stock?","response":"In order for make to stock to be an effective strategy accurate forecasts are a must. An inaccurate forecast can result is excess inventory or the inability to meet demand."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Price-to-Sales (P\/S) Ratio Useful to Investors?","response":"The P\/S ratio, also known as a sales multiple or revenue multiple, is a key analysis and valuation tool for investors and analysts. The ratio shows how much investors are willing to pay per dollar of sales. It can be calculated either by dividing the company\u2019s market capitalization by its total sales over a designated period (usually twelve months) or on a per-share basis by dividing the stock price by sales per share. Like all ratios, the P\/S ratio is most relevant when used to compare companies in the same sector. A low ratio may indicate the stock is undervalued, while a ratio that is significantly above the average may suggest overvaluation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between CME and CBOT?","response":"CME is the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and trades similarly to the NYMEX, that is to say, that it trades in commodities and futures and includes energy, metals, etc. CBOT is the Chicago Board of Trade and while it is now under the CME umbrella, before the merger in 2006 the CBOT used vastly different rules, regulations, trading engines, and traded with different offerings."}
{"prompts":"What is the Best Timeframe for the Inverse Head and Shoulders Pattern?","response":"The best timeframe largely depends on the trader's investment objectives. Day traders may tend to use intraday charts such as the 1-minute, 5-minute or 15-minute charts. Swing traders trend to use hourly charts. Position traders and long term investors would tend to focus on daily, weekly or monthly timeframes."}
{"prompts":"Which Extensions of Credit Does Regulation O Cover?","response":"Regulation O covers insider loans, where there is any sort of indebtedness upon which an insider may be liable as guarantor. Examples would include extensions of credit by a member bank to an executive officer, director, or principal shareholder of the member bank; a bank holding company of which the member bank is a subsidiary; and any other subsidiary of that bank holding company."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Interest Coverage Ratio Calculated?","response":"The ratio is calculated by dividing\u00a0EBIT (or some variation thereof) by\u00a0interest on debt expenses (the cost of borrowed funding) during a given period, usually annually."}
{"prompts":"Can You Negotiate Money Factor?","response":"The negotiability of the money depends on the dealer. Some dealers may explicitly state the money factor is not negotiable, while others are open to negotiating the money factor to align to current market interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Role Does the Marginal Propensity To Consume Have in Economics?","response":"In Keynesian macroeconomic theory, the marginal propensity to consume is a key variable in showing the multiplier effect of economic stimulus spending. Specifically, it suggests that a boost in government spending will increase consumer income, and in turn, consumer spending will rise. On a macro level, this increase in investment will lead to a higher aggregate level of demand."}
{"prompts":"Who Invests in Structured Notes?","response":"Structured notes are considered complicated investments because of the intricacies involved. Since they involved both a debt obligation and a derivative, it's important for investors to understand how these two elements work. Having said that, investment banks typically create structured notes for more sophisticated investors like hedge funds and institutional investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is an E-commerce Website?","response":"An e-commerce website is any site that allows you to buy and sell products and services online. Companies like Amazon and Alibaba are examples of e-commerce websites."}
{"prompts":"What is a section 8 housing voucher?","response":"The Housing Choice Voucher Program, also known as Section 8 housing, is a federal program that helps low-income or disabled families obtain affordable private housing. Eligible families can use their vouchers toward any sort of home and are not limited to subsidized housing projects or apartment units."}
{"prompts":"What Does Bicameral Mean?","response":"Bicameral literally means \"two chambers,\" and in practice refers to a government structure involving two houses, or two legislative bodies, that are separate in deliberation from one another."}
{"prompts":"What Was the 1973 Oil Embargo?","response":"An oil crisis began in October 1973 when the members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo, a ban on the trade of oil. The embargo was targeted at nations that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War and included Canada, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen nearly 300% and caused an oil crisis, or \"shock\", with many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Shield Example?","response":"A common example of a tax shield is mortgage interest. A person buys a house with a mortgage and pays interest on that mortgage. That interest is tax deductible, which is offset against the person's taxable income. This then reduces their overall tax burden."}
{"prompts":"How Much of Your Net Worth Should You Spend on a Vacation Home?","response":"Financial advisers may suggest no more than 10% to 15% of one's net worth should be tied to a vacation property. Another aspect to consider is ongoing, stable income. Make sure any vacation property investment expenses can be covered by monthly cash inflows whether via income, government benefits, or retirement savings."}
{"prompts":"How Does Winsorized Mean Impact Hypothesis Testing?","response":"Winsorized mean can affect the results of hypothesis testing by reducing the impact of extreme values on statistical tests. In cases where outliers might lead to erroneous conclusions, winsorized mean can provide more reliable test outcomes, making it a useful tool in hypothesis testing with non-normal or skewed data."}
{"prompts":"Who Supervises the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)?","response":"The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) writes rules to implement ECOA and supervises institutions (e.g., banks and lending companies) to ensure they follow the law. Several other federal agencies share the job of supervising for compliance, including the:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)National Credit Union Administration (NCUA)Federal Reserve Board (FRB)Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC)The CFPB enforces ECOA with the agencies listed above, the Department of Justice, and the Federal Trade Commission."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of the 4 Ps of Marketing?","response":"Place refers to where consumers buy your product, or where they discover it. Today's consumers may learn about products and buy them online, through a smartphone app, at retail locations, or through a sales professional.Price refers to the cost of the product or service. Properly determining product price includes an analysis of the competition, the demand, production costs, and what consumers are willing to spend. Various pricing models may be considering, such as choosing between one-time purchase and subscription models.The product a company provides depends on the type of company and what they do best. For example, McDonald's provides consistent fast food in a casual setting. They may expand their offerings, but they wouldn't stray far from their core identity.Promotion refers to specific and thoughtful advertising that reaches the target market for the product. A company might use an Instagram campaign, a public relations campaign, advertising placement, an email campaign, or some combination of all of these to reach the right audience in the right place."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Is Invested in Green Funds?","response":"Estimates of the total portfolio value of green funds vary widely, due to the subjective meaning of the term. According to the Forum for Sustainable and Responsible Investment, there were $3.1 trillion in assets managed by registered investment companies with ESG criteria, such as mutual funds and index funds, in 2020."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate DSO?","response":"Divide the total number of accounts receivable during a given period by the total dollar value of credit sales during the same period, then multiply the result by the number of days in the period being measured."}
{"prompts":"How Is Inheritance Tax Calculated?","response":"Inheritance tax rules vary by state. Most states divide beneficiaries into different classes, depending on their family relationship to the deceased (immediate, lineal, unrelated), and set exemptions and tax rates based on those categories. Most states only apply tax to an inheritance above a certain amount. They then charge a percentage of this sum, either as a flat rate or graduated."}
{"prompts":"Is It Safe to Pay With E-Checks?","response":"Although e-checks are as vulnerable as any other online bank transaction, they can be considered safer than traditional paper checks, which are riskier because they are tangible, physical documents\u2014which can be stolen and forged."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Value Investing Metrics?","response":"Along with analyzing a company\u2019s price-to-earnings ratio, which can illustrate how expensive it is in relation to its earnings, common metrics include the price-to-book ratio, free cash flow (FCF), and debt-to-equity ratio (D\/E)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 'Broad' or 'Narrow' Tax Base?","response":"A tax base may be broad or narrow depending on the number of people within a tax jurisdiction who are subject to a tax. A luxury tax, for example, may be levied only on those who buy yachts or high-end cars, making it a narrow tax base.Most state sales taxes are a narrow base. They omit necessities like food and medicine to avoid over-taxing the poorest residents, who pay a disproportionately high sales tax on goods as a percentage of their income."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do Corporations Put in Tax Havens?","response":"In 2022, U.S. companies shifted a collective $800 billion in profits to overseas jurisdictions, $369 billion of that to countries considered tax havens. Worldwide, multinational corporations shifted nearly a trillion dollars of profits to tax havens."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start an E-commerce Business?","response":"Make sure you do your research before you start your business. Figure out what products and services you're going to sell and look into the market, target audience, competition, and expected costs.Next, come up with a name, choose a business structure, and get the necessary documentation (taxpayer numbers, licenses, and permits if they apply).Before you start selling, decide on a platform and design your website (or have someone do it for you).Remember to keep everything simple at the beginning and make sure you use as many channels as you can to market your business so it can grow."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Invest in Qatar?","response":"Foreign investors are allowed to own up to 100% of Qatari companies; however, for most investors, accessing such holdings is difficult. Instead, U.S. investors can look to the iShares MSCI Qatar ETF (QAT), which tracks the country's stock market."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications of Owning Leveraged ETFs?","response":"LETFs have unique tax implications because of their frequent trading and rebalancing. They can generate higher short-term capital gains inside the fund, which are taxed at a higher rate than long-term capital gains. Also, the use of derivatives and other financial instruments in these ETFs can lead to complex tax situations in certain cases. It's advisable to consult a tax professional for guidance specific to your circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What Was Listed on the OTCBB?","response":"Securities that were listed on the OTCBB included those that traded on the OTC market, such as stocks, warrants, units, and ADRs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Speculator in Real Estate?","response":"A speculator buys properties because they have reason to believe that the market or some factor in the economy will increase in value, sometimes in a short period. The goal is to \"flip\" the property and sell it as soon as this occurs, reaping a profit. Unlike a speculator, an investor anticipates more of a long-term profit due to factors other than or in addition to market volatility."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Types of Tranches?","response":"Pooled financial securities are generally broken into three tranches: senior, mezzanine, and junior. Each tranche has a different level of risk and, therefore, a different level of return. Senior tranches have the least risk and the lowest returns while junior tranches have the highest risk and the highest returns. Mezzanine tranches sit between the two."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Bid on Government Contracts?","response":"There are a few different ways to bid on government contracts. You may have to register your company with the appropriate agency or website in order to compete for these jobs. Most government contracts are open for bids through a sealed-bid process, which means you can't see how your competition is bidding.You can bid for the contract yourself through government bidding portals, which can often take a lot of time. You can also use a bidding service, which can provide you with information on various government contracts available in your area."}
{"prompts":"Are Pensions Taxed?","response":"Yes, your pension income is taxed and you will be taxed at your ordinary income at the time you receive your pension money."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Tax Bases?","response":"Different tax bases include income, assets, and economic activity (such as sales or purchases). In terms of tax systems, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) defines these three tax types:A progressive tax takes a larger percentage of income from high-income groups than from low-income groups.A proportional tax takes the same percentage of income from all income groups.A regressive tax takes a larger percentage of income from low-income groups than from high-income groups.By these definitions, the U.S. has a progressive federal income tax system. Its Social Security tax and property tax systems are regressive.Sales taxes are also regressive, since everyone pays the same percentage of tax for purchases, regardless of income."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can Deferment on Student Loans Last?","response":"Deferment on a federal student loan can last up to three years."}
{"prompts":"Why Were LIBID and LIBOR Phased Out?","response":"The London Interbank Offer Rate (LIBOR) and Bid Rate (LIBID) were reference rates that were used to measure the cost of lending and borrowing money between British banks. However, the validity of LIBOR was questioned in the 2012 rate-fixing scandal, when it was discovered that some bankers were colluding to manipulate the reference rate. The two rates were slowly phased out starting in 2021; the final LIBOR was published in 2023."}
{"prompts":"How Is AUM Used as a Tool by Investment Companies?","response":"Investment companies use assets under management as a marketing tool to attract new investors. AUM helps investors determine the size of a company's operations relative to its competitors."}
{"prompts":"Why Did Banks Offer NINJA Loans?","response":"Prior to the financial crisis, banks became greedy in profiting from writing home loans. NINJA loans were originally designed for borrowers who had difficulty producing the necessary paperwork to verify their income and assets, such as prior tax returns because they derived their income from untraditional sources where such documentation is unavailable (e.g., tips or a personal business). Lenders often extended these loans to borrowers based purely on their credit scores, without any further documentation of the individual\u2019s ability to make payments."}
{"prompts":"How do I get group universal life insurance?","response":"This form of permanent life insurance is typically offered by an employer as a benefit to employees. One of the biggest advantages is that the cost is much lower for the customer than if they had purchased the policy on their own."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Make Money If Your Video Goes Viral?","response":"To make money on a viral video, you must monetize it, generally by requiring subscribers to pay to view it or by allowing companies to advertise to your audience in exchange for a fee. Companies either pay the creator to mention their products or services or run company-created ads before, during, or after their videos.There are other ways to make money from a viral video other than the ones mentioned. For example, creators can license their videos, allowing third parties to use their content."}
{"prompts":"Do Implied Contracts Hold Up in Court?","response":"Implied contracts are legally enforceable and can be held up in court. However, proving that there is or was a contract could be challenging compared to ones formed orally or in writing. Courts will often review, among other things, the relationship between parties, whether previous agreements were established, and duties performed."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do You Need to Start a Factoring Company?","response":"Depending on the type of factoring company you wish to start, your start-up costs will range from $1,135 to $23,259."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get an IBAN?","response":"You can request an IBAN if you are a customer of a bank in an IBAN region. Note that an IBAN can only be used to receive payments, and is not used when making withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"What Universal Idea Is the Uncle Sam Poster Meant to Represent?","response":"Uncle Sam is a personification of the U.S. government. He is meant to represent the ideas of the government as opposed to other aspects of the nation, such as liberty and freedom, though the personification in some uses does represent the U.S. as a whole. The famous Uncle Sam poster that points at the viewer stating \"I Want YOU\" is meant to encourage enlistment in the U.S. military and was prominently used during World War I as well as to encourage the general population to support U.S. entry into the war."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Substantially Equal Periodic Payment Program?","response":"A substantially equal periodic payment program allows individual taxpayers to withdraw from their retirement accounts before they turn 59\u00bd without facing any penalties. Withdrawals can be made from individual retirement accounts or employer-sponsored plans like a 401(k) as long as you are no longer employed with the company. Payments or distributions are made from the account either for five years or until you turn 59\u00bd\u2014whichever comes later."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Gift Left in a Will Called?","response":"A gift left in a will is known as a bequest or a legacy."}
{"prompts":"What Is Free Cash Flow and Why Is It Important?","response":"Free cash flow is left over after a company\u00a0pays for\u00a0its\u00a0operating expenses\u00a0and\u00a0CapEx. It is the remaining money after items like payroll, rent, and taxes. Companies are free to use FCF as they please."}
{"prompts":"What types of life insurance can be sold by viators?","response":"VSPs buy virtually any type of policy, including term, whole life, or universal. Since viators are terminally ill with a life expectancy, VSPs are willing to buy even temporary term life insurance policies."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Improve Relationship Management?","response":"There are several ways companies can improve their relationship management. These include establishing and outlining clear goals. Companies can also use special tools and software to analyze data and provide\/invite feedback to customers and suppliers. Training and developing staff is also a key driver to improve relationship management. But perhaps the most obvious choice is to hire a relationship manager who is responsible for analyzing inputs, communicating with those on both sides, and delegating tasks."}
{"prompts":"Can Employees Deduct Listed Property?","response":"According to the IRS, employees \"can claim a depreciation deduction for the use of your listed property (whether owned or rented) in performing services as an employee only if your use is a business use.\" In addition, the use must be for the employer's convenience and required as a condition of employment."}
{"prompts":"Are All Assets Marked to Market?","response":"Marking to market is the standard for the financial industry. It is used primarily to value financial assets and liabilities, which fluctuate in value. The accounting thus reflects both their gains and their losses in value.Other major industries, such as retailers and manufacturers, have most of their value in long-term assets, known as property, plant, and equipment (PPE), as well as assets like inventory and accounts receivable. Not all of these assets will recoup 100% of their value. They are recorded at historic cost and then impaired as circumstances indicate. Correcting for a loss of value for these assets is called impairment rather than marking to market."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do I Need to Join a REIG?","response":"The amount of money you need largely depends on the group. REIGs often have bylaws which each member must follow. Each group sets its capital requirements and fees, which could be due annually or more frequently. Minimum investments often range from $5,000 to $50,000."}
{"prompts":"What Are Lemon Laws?","response":"Lemon laws help provide a solution and protection for purchasers of cars and other goods. They implement compensation programs for buyers when the products fail to meet quality and performance standards."}
{"prompts":"How Can One Start a Career That Ends in the C-Suite?","response":"There isn\u2019t a standard road map for reaching the C-suite. For some, being proactive and thoughtful about formulating your career path will be essential, while others may get by simply by being aggressive and rubbing elbows with the right people. Most will start out as junior staff members in the bullpen of a company. In any case, hard work and a skilled track record are a must, and there\u2019s no room for complacency. Having proper credentials, such as an MBA from a top business school, is also a plus."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Being a Victim of a Credit Card Dump?","response":"Unfortunately, since credit card dumps involve security breaches of companies that you may shop at, having your card numbers stolen may be out of your hands. If you are aware of a breach, contact your credit card issuer immediately to put a freeze on your account and cancel & replace your cards.Another, newer, innovation is the use of virtual credit card numbers. Many banks and card companies today allow you to generate a temporary credit card number online that can be used for online shopping. This number, however, would not be able to be used again for subsequent purchases."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become an IAR?","response":"You can become an IAR by creating an account with the IARD. Once your account is open, your firm can submit Forms ADV and U4 with the SEC and states, if applicable."}
{"prompts":"What Is Basel II?","response":"Basel II is the second of the three Basel Accords, aimed to create international standards for bank regulation and reduce risk in the banking system. It built upon Basel I, clarifying some of its rules and adding new ones. Basel II led to Basel III, which aims to address the inadequacies of the two earlier accords."}
{"prompts":"Is a doji bullish or bearish?","response":"A doji formation generally can be interpreted as a sign of indecision, meaning neither bulls nor bears can successfully take over. Of its variations, the dragonfly doji is seen as a bullish reversal pattern that occurs at the bottom of downtrends. The gravestone doji is read as a bearish reversal at the peak of uptrends."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Plain Vanilla Strategy?","response":"A plain vanilla strategy is an investment strategy that is straightforward without any complex additions. A plain vanilla strategy might be holding a bond till maturity or purchasing a stock with a long-term view. It may also include passive investing."}
{"prompts":"Do Deferred Tax Assets Carry Forward?","response":"Yes. Beginning in 2018, taxpayers could carry deferred tax assets forward indefinitely. They never expire and companies use them when it's most beneficial to do so."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Equity Multiplier of 5 Mean?","response":"An equity multiplier of 5.0x would indicate that the value of its assets is five times larger than its equity. In other words, assets are funded 80% by debt and 20% by equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Horizontal Merger?","response":"A horizontal merger is when competing companies merge\u2014companies that sell the same products or services. The T-Mobile and Sprint merger is an\u00a0example of a horizontal merger. Meanwhile, a vertical merger is a merger of companies with different products, such as the AT&T and Time Warner combination."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Globalization?","response":"A simple example of globalization would be a car manufactured in the U.S. that sources parts from China, Japan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. The car is then exported to Europe, where it is sold to a driver who fills the car's gas tank with gasoline refined from Saudi oil."}
{"prompts":"Where Should I Place My Stop-Loss Order?","response":"You can use a financial stop (how much money am I prepared to lose on this position?) or a technical S\/L (what significant technical level will need to be breached for your trade scenario to be invalidated?). Not every trade is a winner, so you need to have a strategy in place before you enter a position, knowing where you'll limit your losses and take your profits."}
{"prompts":"What is Title V of HERA?","response":"Title V of HERA mandates nationwide standards for licensing and registration of mortgage loan originators. This provision is designed to ensure that homebuyers are dealing with credible originators and lenders when seeking mortgage loans."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for Tax Year 2023?","response":"For tax year 2023, the standard deduction is $13,850 for single and married filing separately taxpayers, $20,800 for heads of household, and $27,700 for married filing jointly filers and surviving spouses. For tax year 2024, those figures are $14,600, $21,900, and $29,200."}
{"prompts":"What If I Lie About Being an Accredited Investor?","response":"It is both your responsibility to represent yourself truthfully when opening a financial account, as well as the financial company itself to do its complete due diligence to ensure you are telling the truth (e.g., asking for tax returns or bank\/brokerage statements to verify income or assets)."}
{"prompts":"Why Do You Need a Certificate of Origin?","response":"Certificates of origin serve several purposes. Above all, they satisfy custom requirements in the country where the items are heading and determine the amount of duty to pay. Certain goods may qualify for tariff reductions or exemptions if they originate from a certain country or are of a certain type."}
{"prompts":"What Is KYC Verification?","response":"The Know Your Client (KYC) verification is a set of standards and requirements used in the investment and financial services industries to ensure brokers have sufficient information about their clients, their risk profiles, and their financial position."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Tight Job Market Mean?","response":"Job markets are often referred to as being \"tight.\" This means that there are more positions available than unemployed individuals willing to take them on. Conversely, when the unemployment rate is high but there are few job vacancies, the job market can be described as \"slack\" or \"loose.\""}
{"prompts":"Does the United States have a wealth tax?","response":"The United States imposes property and estate taxes but does not have a general wealth tax. However, that could soon change. U.S. Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) and some of her peers are trying to push through a bill that would see households and trusts worth over $50 million get taxed a percentage of their net worth (either 2% or 3%) each year."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Liabilities of Being an Attorney-in-Fact?","response":"As an attorney-in-fact, you are legally responsible for carrying out the duties and responsibilities assigned to you by the principal. This means that you have a legal obligation to act in the best interests of the principal and to follow the instructions and guidelines set forth in the power of attorney. If you fail to fulfill your duties as an attorney-in-fact, you may be held liable for any damages or losses that result from your actions or inactions. For example, if you make a financial decision on behalf of the principal that results in a loss of money, you may be held financially responsible for that loss.Additionally, you may be held liable for any actions you take on behalf of the principal that are outside the scope of the power of attorney. For example, if the power of attorney specifically states that you are not authorized to sell the principal's property, but you go ahead and sell it anyway, you could be held liable for any losses that the principal incurs as a result of the sale. To avoid potential liability, it's important to carefully review the power of attorney and make sure you fully understand your responsibilities as an attorney-in-fact. You should also seek legal guidance if you have any questions or concerns about your duties as an attorney-in-fact."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Check Injured Spouse Refund Status?","response":"If an injured spouse files Form 8379 and does not hear back, they can call the Bureau of Financial Services' TOP Center at\u00a0800-304-3107."}
{"prompts":"What Emerges From Creative Destruction?","response":"Creative destruction can give rise to entirely new industries that did not exist before. For example, the rise of the internet has created new industries, such as e-commerce, social media, and digital marketing. This also means that existing products and services are replaced by new innovations which can lead to brand new business models. Last, each of these items mentioned above can result in new jobs or employment sectors."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Benefits of a Subsidiary?","response":"A company with multiple subsidiaries can use the losses of one subsidiary to offset the profits of another, thereby reducing its overall tax bill.Moreover, non-profit entities can establish for-profit subsidiaries without endangering their tax-exempt status."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit?","response":"In order to qualify for the earned income tax credit, a taxpayer must be a U.S. citizen or resident alien for the entire tax year, with a social security card that was issued before they file their tax return. In addition, they must have worked and had an earned income that was lower than the EITC income threshold for the tax year. Investment income must also be below a certain limit, and the taxpayer cannot claim foreign earned income that year. Members of the military, clergy, and dependents with disabilities also have special rules."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a SIC Code?","response":"SIC code 6500 represents the entire real estate industry. SIC code 6510 identifies real estate operators, while SIC code 6512 further refines the classification to nonresidential buildings while 6513 further refines the classification to operators of apartment buildings."}
{"prompts":"Who Should Itemize Deductions?","response":"You have the option to take the standard deduction or itemize your deductions. If the value of expenses you can itemize is greater than the standard deduction, then it likely makes sense to itemize."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can a Landlord Raise the Rent?","response":"The amount a landlord can increase the rent depends on local laws. In areas without rent control, rent increases vary by state. For example, in California, the Tenant Protection Act of 2019 provides a rent cap increase for areas within California that do not have a rent control in place."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top Performing ETFs?","response":"In 2023, the top-performing oil ETF was the Brent Oil Fund LP (BNO). However, the United States Oil Fund (USO) had the lowest fees and the highest liquidity."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cost of Revenue Important?","response":"Cost of revenue is important because it allows a company to best understand all of the costs it incurs to generate income. This goes beyond just the cost of goods sold; this extends to other types of expenses needed to sell and distribute a good. With this knowledge, companies can more strategically deploy capital as they have a better sense of what capital is needed to raise certain amounts of revenue."}
{"prompts":"Is Cross-Selling Ethical?","response":"Cross-selling is a valid and ethical business practice to bring in more business. Cross-selling isn't meant to trick a customer; it is meant to inform them of alternative goods that may fit a different need. It's simply good business practice is discuss winter coat sales with a sporting enthusiast who is out shopping for new skis."}
{"prompts":"How do I cancel my loan agreement?","response":"The right of recission procedure should be explained to you in the paperwork that the lender is obligated to send you as part of the loan. Generally, you will need to reveal your intention to cancel the loan in writing and then send it off to the lender or the closing agent before the deadline passes."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers an MEC?","response":"An MEC is triggered if the amount of cash in a permanent life insurance policy exceeds the legal limits for it to be classified as insurance. The IRS uses a seven-pay test to determine MEC status. It looks at whether the premiums paid during the first seven years of the policy would exceed the amount for the policy to be paid up after seven years."}
{"prompts":"What Are Dividend Aristocrats?","response":"A dividend aristocrat is a stock that increases its dividend for at least 25 consecutive years. Examples include AT&T, ExxonMobil, Caterpillar, 3M, and IBM, among others."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Lawyer to Get a Loan Modification?","response":"Some loan companies may have programs in place to help with modifications, but a lawyer may help the process go more smoothly. However, you are not required to have a lawyer to apply for a loan modification."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Underwriter?","response":"An underwriter is a person or organization that takes on another party's financial risk through a mortgage, loan, insurance, or other financial transaction. The underwriter often makes money through interest payments. Underwriters can also make money through the difference between what they pay for a new investment or security issuance and the price at which it is eventually sold to the public."}
{"prompts":"How Many Federal Reserve Districts Are There?","response":"There are 12 districts, with Alaska and Hawaii included in district 12."}
{"prompts":"What Is Market Breadth and Depth?","response":"Market breadth studies the strength or weakness of moves in a major index. Market depth, on the other hand, is a market's ability to handle relatively large orders without significantly impacting the price of a security."}
{"prompts":"What Happens at the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium?","response":"The Jackson Hole Economic Policy Symposium is an annual gathering of individuals to discuss central banking policies. The symposium brings together people from across the economic, financial, and governmental fields, to discuss the most pressing matters facing global economics."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Inflation Adjustment Important?","response":"Prices rise and that affects purchasing power. For example, $50 in April 2013 has the same buying power as $65.23 in April 2023. The same applies to money invested. A return on a $5,000 investment may be advertised as 70% over the course of 10 years. However, in reality, if you account for inflation, the actual return, or profit you make, is lower."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of an Initial Public Offering?","response":"An IPO is essentially a fundraising method used by large companies, in which the company sells its shares to the public for the first time. Following an IPO, the company\u2019s shares are traded on a stock exchange. Some of the main motivations for undertaking an IPO include: raising capital from the sale of the shares, providing liquidity to company founders and early investors, and taking advantage of a higher valuation."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in P-Notes?","response":"P-notes are issued by local Indian investors, known as foreign institutional investors (FIIs), to international investors seeking access to Indian markets. The P-notes are sold directly to investors and are not traded on an exchange. International investors do have to go through a due diligence process when they open an account with a registered foreign institutional investor (FII)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Green Stocks To Buy?","response":"While there is no surefire way to predict a stock\u2019s future earnings, some of the most successful green investments have been in the field of renewable energy generation and storage. For example, Tesla\u2019s share price grew more than tenfold from 2018 to the middle of 2021. In the same period, China\u2019s LONGi Green Energy Technology saw its market capitalization rise from $11 billion to nearly $70.5 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Are Control Securities and Why Are They Subject to Rule 144?","response":"Control securities are owned by corporate insiders or others with significant influence or control over the issuer of the securities.Such individuals or entities are known as affiliates (or affiliate persons), and their ownership of control securities is subject to additional restrictions and requirements under SEC regulations."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Change the Beneficiary on a Life Insurance Policy?","response":"In the case of a life insurance policy that has one or more revocable beneficiaries, the owner of the policy can change the beneficiary designations at any time. This is something that may be necessary if a beneficiary passes away or if the primary beneficiary is a spouse and the marriage ends in divorce.If irrevocable beneficiaries are named to a life insurance policy, then the policy owner would need the consent of the beneficiary and any contingent beneficiaries to make a change. For that reason, it\u2019s important to think carefully when choosing policy beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Perpetuity Valued?","response":"At first glance, it may seem as though an instrument that offers an infinite stream of cash flows would be almost infinitely valuable, but this is not the case. Mathematically speaking, the value of a perpetuity is finite, and its value can be determined by discounting its future cash flows to the present using a specified discount rate.This procedure, known as discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, is also widely used to value other types of securities, such as stocks, bonds, and real estate investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Short Sale and a Foreclosure?","response":"In a short sale, the process is initiated by the homeowner to get out of financial trouble. The owner must prove the extent of the financial distress through documents submitted to the lender. If the lender agrees to move forward, the homeowner is responsible for finding a buyer.In a foreclosure, the lender initiates the process, seizing the home and, if necessary, evicting the owner who has failed to make payments. The foreclosure process is generally faster than a short sale, as the lender seeks to liquidate the asset as quickly as possible.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Gross Working Capital?","response":"Gross working capital is calculated in the same way as total current assets. It is the sum of current assets including cash, cash equivalents, receivables to be collected within one year, inventory (also assumed to be sold within a year), and other short-term assets."}
{"prompts":"What Happened If You Broke the One-Child Policy?","response":"Violators of China's one-child policy could be fined, forced to have abortions or sterilizations or lose their jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Russell 2000's Top Holdings?","response":"As of Oct. 31, 2023, the top 10 holdings in the Russell 2000 Index by market capitalization included:Super Micro Computer (SMCI)Matador Resources (MTDR)Chord Energy (CHRD)Light & Wonder (LNW)Murphy Oil (MUR)Weatherford International (WFRD)Comfort Systems USA (FIX)Selective Insurance Group (SIGI)Championx (CHX)Healthequity (HQY)"}
{"prompts":"Can I Produce My Own Certificate of Origin?","response":"Only exporters can issue a certificate of origin. Contact your local chamber of commerce (or similar authority) to learn more about the process and what is needed for approval."}
{"prompts":"Should I Ever Move My Stop-Loss Order?","response":"You should move your stop-loss order only if it's in the direction of your position. For example, imagine you're long XYZ stock with a stop-loss order $2 below your entry price. If the market cooperates and moves higher, you can raise your S\/L to further limit your loss potential or lock in profits."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Hostile Takeover?","response":"A hostile takeover is a type of acquisition that occurs when a company tries to gain control over another without the approval of the target's board. The target firm, which doesn't want to be purchased, may do what it can to prevent being acquired. This includes using defensive strategies, such as white knights and poison pills, or rejecting any offers outright. The acquirer, on the other hand, may try to purchase a controlling interest in the company. If unsuccessful, the acquirer may circumvent the target's board and go public with its offer to try to get the word out to investors and force the board to consider its offer."}
{"prompts":"Are there Initial Public Offerings on the HSX?","response":"Yes. The first time a star or a movie is added to the HSX, it is called an initial public offering or IPO. Most of the time, the price of an IPO MovieStock or StarBond will remain the same for the first day of trading."}
{"prompts":"How Do Arbitrageurs Mitigate Risk?","response":"Arbitrageurs face the risk that the expected price convergence between the two assets won't come about or will take longer than expected, potentially leading to losses. There's also execution risk, where delays or failures in executing trades can erode profit margins. In addition, arbitrageurs face the liquidity risk of not quickly buying or selling assets at the expected prices because of thin trading volumes. To mitigate these perils, arbitrageurs often spread their investments across different arbitrage opportunities to avoid heavy losses in any area. They also use sophisticated risk management tools and techniques, including real-time monitoring systems and stop-loss orders, to limit potential losses. Many arbitrageurs engage in hedging strategies to offset potential losses from market movements."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Types of Market Failures?","response":"Types of market failures include negative externalities, monopolies, inefficiencies in production and allocation, incomplete information, and inequality."}
{"prompts":"How long do private finance initiative projects last?","response":"Private finance initiative projects usually take decades to complete. Contracts\u00a0typically last\u00a020 to\u00a030 years."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate EBITDAR?","response":"EBITDAR is calculated by subtracting interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and restructuring\/rent costs from earnings. Because EBIT and EBITDA are commonly used measurements as well, a company can calculate EBITDAR by manipulating either of those two measurements. For example, a company can simply subtract depreciation, amortization, and restructuring\/rent costs from EBIT."}
{"prompts":"Why Should a Company Implement CSR Strategies?","response":"Many companies view CSR as an integral part of their brand image, believing customers will be more likely to do business with brands they perceive to be more ethical. In this sense, CSR activities can be an important component of corporate public relations. At the same time, some company founders are also motivated to engage in CSR due to their convictions."}
{"prompts":"Which Investors Are Most Vulnerable to Value Traps?","response":"Some value investors are particularly susceptible to value traps because they look for fundamentals and follow companies before investing. It can become tempting for them to overlook failure indications when watching a company for a time, optimistic it will recover because it has in the past."}
{"prompts":"Why Are So Many People Underbanked?","response":"There are lots of possible explanations. An obvious one is that traditional financial services are not always accessible to everyone. For example, banks may have deposit minimums or fees that are a barrier. Or they may have stringent loan criteria, whereas payday loan operators are generally more lenient. Moreover, banks may not advertise their services much, or at least not as aggressively as alternative sources do."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Breach of Utmost Good Faith?","response":"An example of a breach of utmost good faith is any time one party in a contract does not disclose all material information; information that would otherwise change the nature of the contract. For example, if you are applying for health insurance and do not disclose that you are a regular smoker, which would increase the risk for the insurance company, this is a breach of utmost good faith."}
{"prompts":"Who Offers SDIRAs?","response":"You can open an SDIRA at virtually any bank or financial institution that allows them. However, if you want to invest in nontraditional assets (e.g., real estate and precious metals), you must find a firm specializing in alternative assets. Of course, you should perform your due diligence before opening an account\u2014and seek a financial advisor\u2019s help to ensure that an SDIRA is right for you."}
{"prompts":"Can a Delisting Be Good for a Company?","response":"Delisting isn\u2019t always as bad as people make it out to be. Many household names have chosen to delist their shares and go private for good reason. And some, such as Dell, prospered from the benefits of being private."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Revoke a Power of Attorney That I've Given to Someone?","response":"Power of attorney can be terminated if you expressly revoke it. It may also have a set termination date or duration of time for which it's in force. A POA will also end if you become mentally incapacitated unless it is a durable power of attorney. All powers of attorney cease if you die."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Breakeven of a Strangle?","response":"A long strangle can profit from the underlying moving either up or down. There are, therefore, two breakeven points. These are calculated as the cost of the strangle plus the call strike and the cost of the strangle minus the put strike."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Problems that Organizational Behavior Tries to Solve?","response":"Organizational behavior can be used by managers and consultants to improve the performance of an organization and to address certain key issues that commonly arise. These may include a lack of direction or strategic vision for a company, difficulty getting employees on board with that vision, pacifying workplace conflict or creating a more amenable work environment, issues with training employees, poor communication or feedback, and so on."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Business Plans Fail?","response":"A business plan is not a surefire recipe for success. The plan may have been unrealistic in its assumptions and projections to begin with. Markets and the overall economy might change in ways that couldn't have been foreseen. A competitor might introduce a revolutionary new product or service. All of this calls for building some flexibility into your plan, so you can pivot to a new course if needed."}
{"prompts":"Is Buying a Call Bullish or Bearish?","response":"Buying calls is bullish because the buyer only profits if the price of the shares rises. Conversely, selling call options is bearish because the seller profits if the shares do not rise. Whereas the profits of a call buyer are theoretically unlimited, the profits of a call seller are limited to the premium they receive when they sell the calls."}
{"prompts":"How Is Capital Allocation Line (CAL) Related to CML?","response":"The capital allocation line (CAL) makes up the allotment of risk-free assets and risky portfolios for an investor. CML is a special case of the CAL where the risk portfolio is the market portfolio. As an investor moves up the CML, the overall portfolio risk and returns increase. Risk-averse investors will select portfolios close to the risk-free asset, preferring low variance to higher returns. Less risk-averse investors will prefer portfolios higher up on the CML, with a higher expected return, but more variance.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Kind of Ideas Get Angel Investor Financing?","response":"It may be most closely associated with the Silicon Valley tech industry but some angels look far afield for good ideas to bankroll.Ask for Funding, a site for entrepreneurs, lists recent ideas that have gotten backing from their members. They include a plan to build a franchise of archery facilities, a quick-dissolving tablet created by an anaesthesiologist, and a developer of carriers for electronic instruments.However, many of the pitches were from business owners and would-be business owners seeking to establish or expand a business. A New York marijuana dispensary wants to expand its reach. A UPS worker wants to open a franchise."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does Capitulation Last?","response":"There's no set criteria for the length of a capitulation period, and some markets may take longer to recover than others. For example, the Great Recession of 2008 lasted 18 months, but it took several years for the economy to recover completely."}
{"prompts":"Is Ethereum a Cryptocurrency?","response":"The Ethereum platform has a native cryptocurrency, known as ether, or ETH. Ethereum itself is a blockchain technology platform that supports a wide range of decentralized applications (dApps), including cryptocurrencies. The ETH coin is commonly called Ethereum, although the distinction remains that Ethereum is a blockchain-powered platform, and ether is its cryptocurrency."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Positive Correlation?","response":"One example of positive correlation is the relationship between employment and inflation. High levels of employment require employers to offer higher salaries in order to attract new workers, and higher prices for their products in order to fund those higher salaries. Conversely, periods of high unemployment experience falling consumer demand, resulting in downward pressure on prices and inflation."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher or Lower Pretax Margin Better?","response":"The higher the pretax margin, the better. The bigger the profit, the more money the company gets to keep to reinvest in the business or filter back to investors. Like any metric, though, consistency is key. One good quarter means nothing. To be deemed a high margin business, one of the best badges of honor a company can have, it must prove that it can regularly turn a decent portion of sales into earnings."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside of Being Tax-Exempt?","response":"Administratively, there may be additional requirements a company must meet such as annual reporting and meeting stipulated criteria. To become and maintain its status as tax-exempt, there is an additional burden to an organization from a time and labor standpoint. Outside of this reporting and filing requirement, there are often little to no downsides to becoming tax-exempt."}
{"prompts":"Which Regulatory Body Oversees OTC Markets?","response":"In the United States, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is responsible for oversight and regulation of the over-the-counter market, and the broker-dealers who trade on it."}
{"prompts":"What Is a White Collar Crime?","response":"White-collar crime is a nonviolent crime committed for monetary gain. Examples of white-collar crimes include securities fraud, embezzlement, corporate fraud, and money laundering."}
{"prompts":"What's the Minimum Capital Adequacy Ratio Allowed?","response":"According to the Basel II agreement, the minimum is 8%. With the Basel III agreement, and an added conservation buffer of 2.5%, it is 10.5%. The U.S.'s Federal Deposit Insurance Company (FDIC) calls for an 8% minimum ratio for total capital to total risk-weighted assets."}
{"prompts":"Can You Break a Lease?","response":"Either party can break a lease. But doing so isn't advisable as there may be consequences involved. Tenants may be responsible to pay the landlord early release charges and\/or the remaining balance to pay off the lease. In some cases, breaking a lease may even hurt a tenant's credit score. Landlords may have to provide tenants with alternate living spaces while others may face civil or legal challenges if they break their leases without cause. Regardless of whether you're a tenant or landlord, it's always a good idea to talk to the other party involved to avoid any negative consequences and end the lease amicably. Certain protected groups, such as active military members or victims of domestic violence, may break their leases without any consequences as long as they are able to provide some proof."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good EBITDAR Margin?","response":"It is not uncommon to see an EBITDA ratio exceed 20%. The general rule of thumb is a strong EBITDA measurement is 10%; because EBITDAR may not be substantially different from EBITDA for many companies, a good EBITDAR margin will be at least double-digits."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Fund?","response":"An example of a fund is a mutual fund. Mutual funds accept money from investors and use that money to invest in a variety of assets. Mutual funds have managers that manage the fund, which they charge a fee to investors for. Investors allocate money to mutual funds in hopes of increasing their wealth."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High-Deductible Health Plan Cover?","response":"Medical expenses covered under an HDHP include preventive care, such as blood pressure screening, depression screening, diet and nutritional counseling, HIV screening, and immunizations for diseases like chickenpox, the flu, and measles. Insured individuals are not responsible for copays or coinsurance associated with any of these procedures. Non-qualified medical expenses aren't covered, such as acupuncture, dental, and vision care. Keep in mind you're allowed to establish and use an HSA in conjunction with an HDHP, which can be used to pay for qualified medical and dental expenses to help you reach your deductible. The list of qualified expenses was expanded as part of the CARES Act enacted by Congress in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Using HSA funds to pay for non-qualified medical expenses will incur income taxes and possibly a 20% penalty depending on your age."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Efficiency?","response":"Efficiency can be expressed as a ratio by using the following formula: Output \u00f7 Input.Output, or work output, is the total amount of useful work completed without accounting for any waste and spoilage.You can also express efficiency as a percentage by multiplying the ratio by 100."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Return on Capital and Return of Capital?","response":"Return on Capital is the annual return you earn from an initial investment, and it's taxable. Return of Capital is the rate at which an initial investment can be recouped."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Country Gain a Trade Surplus?","response":"Countries can shift from a trade deficit to a surplus by investing heavily in export-oriented manufacturing or extracting industries. It is also possible to move toward a trade surplus by placing tariffs on imported goods, or by devaluing the country's currency. However, each of these actions can have negative consequences for an economy. There are always trade-offs. For example, tariffs often lead to inflation and higher consumer prices. Devaluing a currency is obviously inflationary as well and wipes out people's savings. A trade deficit on its own is not necessarily a problem and doesn't need fixing for the sake of fixing."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Brand Management?","response":"The goal of brand management is to form a specific perception about a product or company. By strategically determining the font, language, style of messaging, and marketing plans, the brand management team hopes to make the public see a product or company in a specific light."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Incidence Rate of HIV in the U.S.?","response":"Experts indicate that the incidence rate of HIV in the U.S. remains stable. In 2021, t was reported to be 13.3 per 100,000 people."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Criticisms of the Dodd-Frank Act?","response":"Detractors of the Dodd-Frank Act have argued that the law could harm the competitiveness of U.S. firms relative to their foreign counterparts. In particular, critics contend that its regulatory compliance requirements unduly burden community banks and smaller financial institutions\u2014despite the fact that they played no role in causing the financial crisis. Several financial world notables have also argued that, while each institution is undoubtedly safer due to the capital constraints imposed by Dodd-Frank, the constraints also make for a more illiquid market overall."}
{"prompts":"What Is Current Balance on a Credit Card?","response":"Current balance on a credit card is the total amount that the account holder owes to the issuer of the credit card.This is not the same as the statement balance. The statement balance is the sum of all of the charges incurred and all of the payments made during the most recent monthly billing cycle as well as the total carried over from the previous billing cycle. It determines how much you owe in that billing cycle, whether you make a partial payment or pay in full.So the current balance may be larger. It's a running list that includes any new charges or payments made after the close of the last billing cycle."}
{"prompts":"What's the Formula for Put-Call Parity?","response":"Put-call parity states that the simultaneous purchase and sale of a European call and put option of the same class (same underlying asset, strike price, and expiration date) is identical to buying the underlying asset right now. The inverse of this relationship would also be true.Call Option Price + PV(x) = Put Option Price + Current Price of Underlying Asset-or-Current Price of Underlying Asset = Call Option Price - Put Option Price + PV(x)where: PV(x) = the present value of the strike price (x), discounted from the value on the expiration date at the risk-free rate"}
{"prompts":"What Does Value Mean in Real Estate?","response":"Value in real estate refers to the worth of a property, whether that be a home or land as determined by the amount that the seller and buyer agree upon. Value in real estate is only determined when the buyer and seller agree upon a price. The price may be affected by variables such as property taxes, the community, the current economic conditions, and the appraisal."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Interest Rate Parity?","response":"The two types are covered and uncovered. The difference is that the covered type uses forward or futures contracts, while the uncovered uses expected spot rates."}
{"prompts":"Does Everyone in the U.K. Make National Insurance Contributions?","response":"Individuals must meet certain eligibility criteria before they can begin making National Insurance contributions. Employees must be 16 or older and must meet minimum income thresholds. Employers generally withhold employee contributions through payroll deductions. Self-employed individuals are responsible for making their own contributions."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Hold Cash Equivalents?","response":"Cash equivalents often have slightly greater yields than cash. Even buying one-month Treasury bills may yield higher rates than what a company may get on their savings account. Cash yields also allows a company to strategically hold low-risk investments for future use while still attempting to preserve purchasing power better than holding cash directly."}
{"prompts":"How many employees are employed by small to midsize businesses?","response":"The latest U.S. Census data available states that employer firms with fewer than 500 workers accounted for 46.4% of private-sector payrolls, while companies with fewer than 100 employees accounted for 32.4%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?","response":"The purpose of the IMO is to establish intergovernmental regulations concerning maritime trade, safe shipping, and access to the seas. In addition, it also sets the rules for preventing ocean pollution and accidents."}
{"prompts":"Is BBB Investment Grade?","response":"Yes, BBB does indicate investment grade. It is the lowest S&P rating to qualify as investment grade. It means a bond or an issuer \"exhibits adequate protection parameters. However, adverse economic conditions or changing circumstances are more likely to weaken the obligor's capacity to meet its financial commitments on the obligation,\" as S&P puts it."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Roll a Futures Contract?","response":"Rolling is the practice of renewing a futures contract beyond its original expiration date, allowing the contract holder to benefit from anticipated changes in the market price. In order to roll a contract, traders must first settle the gain or loss of the original contract."}
{"prompts":"What Is n Example of a Floating Rate?","response":"A floating rate is a certain base rate (usually tied to a benchmark rate such as the U.S. prime rate or LIBOR) plus a margin above that base. So, if a certain debt instrument has a floating rate tied to the LIBOR plus a 6% margin, and LIBOR is at 6%, then the floating rate is 12%."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sponsored vs. an Unsponsored ADR?","response":"In a sponsored ADR, the depositary bank works with the foreign company and their custodian bank in their home country to register and issue the ADRs. An unsponsored ADR is issued by a depositary bank without the involvement, participation, or even the consent of the foreign company it represents ownership of. Unsponsored ADRs are usually issued by broker-dealers that own common stock in a foreign company and trade over-the-counter. Sponsored ADRs are more commonly found on exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Interest Rate Spread?","response":"Interest rate spread is the difference between interest rates charged to customers and the interest rate a bank pays other banks when they borrow money."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns the Hong Kong Stock Exchange?","response":"The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is owned by the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited, which is a publicly traded holding company. In addition to the HKG, HKEX has other subsidiaries, including the Hong Kong Futures Exchange, and the Hong Kong Securities Clearing Company."}
{"prompts":"Is Bartering Illegal?","response":"Bartering is legal in many countries in the world, provided it is carried out correctly. Issues can arise when exchanges aren\u2019t declared to local tax authorities, in which case the bartering transaction becomes illegal."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Quasi Contract Example?","response":"An example might be if Person A offers to pay Person B to help them move to a new apartment, and agrees to pay the $100 for the help. The agreement is verbal and not a formal contract. Person B commits to the job, turns down a different job, and shows up on the required day to help with the move. But when Person B shows up, Person A tells them that they are not needed after all and that the job is canceled. Person B files a civil suit to have the missing money paid and a quasi contract might be instituted, if the judge agrees that money is owed."}
{"prompts":"What Is Non-Repudiation?","response":"Nonrepudiation is often used in communications and technology fields and means that no one party can deny it sent or received messages, nor deny the authorship or authenticity of a document or signature."}
{"prompts":"How Does Personal Liability Insurance Differ From Business Liability Insurance?","response":"Personal liability insurance covers individuals against claims resulting from injuries or damage to other people or property experienced on the insured's property or as a result of the insured's actions. Business liability insurance instead protects the financial interests of companies and business owners from lawsuits or damages resulting from similar accidents but also extending to product defects, recalls, and so on."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Economies of Scale?","response":"Generally speaking, economies of scale can be achieved in two ways. First, a company can realize internal economies of scale by reorganizing the way their resources\u2014such as equipment and personnel\u2014are distributed and used within the company. Second, a company can realize external economies of scale by growing in size relative to their competitors using that increased scale to engage in competitive practices such as negotiating discounts for bulk purchases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Risk of a High Debt-to-GDP Ratio?","response":"High debt-to-GDP ratios could be a key indicator of increased default risk for a country. Country defaults can trigger financial repercussions globally."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bullish Price Action?","response":"Bullish price action is an indicator giving positive signals that a security's price is due for future increases. For exactly, one bullish trend is often defined by \"higher highs\" and \"higher lows\" forming an ascending triangle pattern. This means the price action of a security recently surpassed a high price but remained higher than a recent low price."}
{"prompts":"Can I Claim Both Retirement and Survivor's Benefits?","response":"Yes. However, do note that a spousal allowance is not a survivor's benefit. A a widow's allowance, widower's allowance, or spousal allowance is intended to fill a short-term gap, whereas a survivor's benefit, as determined by Social Security, supports a surviving family member long term. Claiming retirement is both different and compatible with claiming survivor's benefits. You can do both."}
{"prompts":"What's an actuary do?","response":"Actuaries say they are risk managers, and experts in evaluating the likelihood of future events."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Purposes of the Federal Reserve System?","response":"The three main purposes of the Federal Reserve System are:Maximum employmentStable pricesModerate long-term interest ratesThese goals were laid out in the Federal Reserve Act that created the Federal Reserve System."}
{"prompts":"Does EFTA Cover Lost Cards?","response":"Yes, but its protections are limited. EFTA limits your liability for spending on a lost or stolen card to $50 only if you notify the bank or credit union within two business days of your debit card being lost or stolen. For this and other reasons (the right to dispute undelivered\u00a0purchases, for example), consumers who shop online should use a credit card."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Net Interest Rate Spread?","response":"Banks use the yield on interest-earning assets and subtract the rate on interest-bearing liabilities to get the net interest rate spread."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of the Public Sector?","response":"The public sector consists of all companies or agencies that are government-owned or associated. Examples include federal agencies such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the U.S. Department of Labor, state services such as police and fire departments, and a variety of additional organizations that provide services to the public overall."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Backorder Take?","response":"A backorder is a specific situation relating to a direct company or product. There is no regulation or industry standards that stipulate how long a backorder will take. Some companies may publicly disclose when they believe their backorder will be resolved, while others will simply notify customers when their product is available."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Issue Preferred Stock?","response":"Selling preferred stock, like any other shares, lets a company raise money by selling a stake in the business. A company may do this to raise capital for business expansion, debt repayment, or to invest in new projects. Preferred stocks are less dilutive of company ownership since they do not come with voting rights. They offer the issuing firm other benefits, not least because being less volatile makes them appeal to different investors. The fixed dividends also stabilize the company's balance sheet, making it more attractive to additional investors. Another reason is that, for some companies, the cost of issuing preferred stock is lower than issuing bonds. Unlike interest payments on bonds, dividends on preferred stock are not mandatory and generally are not tax-deductible for the corporation. However, they might still be less costly than the higher interest rates a company might have to pay to entice bond investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Behavioral Economics?","response":"The goal of behavioral economics is to understand why humans make the decisions they do. There are usually outcomes that are the best for people and many times, people do not choose that outcome. Behavioral economics is an incredibly complex and sometimes inexplainable science of why people do things and why they choose to not be rational."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Fed's Federal Open Market Committee Do?","response":"The Federal Open Market Committee is responsible for directing monetary policy through open market operations. The group is a 12-member group that is the primary committee of the Fed affecting monetary policy. Through its decisions, it sets the Fed's short-term objective for purchasing and selling securities, which is the target level of the fed funds rate, which influences other interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Commercial Letter of Credit and a Revolving Letter of Credit?","response":"As one of the most common forms of letters of credit, commercial letters of credit are when the bank makes payment directly to the beneficiary or seller. Revolving letters of credit, by contrast, can be used for multiple payments within a specific time frame. Typically, these are used for businesses that have an ongoing relationship, with the time limit of the arrangement usually spanning one year."}
{"prompts":"Where Would I Find a Company's Operating Income?","response":"Operating income is recorded on the\u00a0income statement, and can be found toward the bottom of the statement as its own line item. It should appear next to non-operating income, helping investors to distinguish between the two and recognize which income came from what sources."}
{"prompts":"How Is CNN Business Fear & Greed Index Calculated?","response":"Seven factors are graded to establish how much fear and greed there is in the market, and an equal-weighted average is taken across them. Indicators include stock price momentum, stock price strength, stock price breadth, put and call options, junk bond demand, market volatility, and safe-haven demand."}
{"prompts":"Did Lily Ledbetter Receive Backpay?","response":"In her first trial against Goodyear, the judge ruled in her favor and awarded her backpay as well as the cost of compensatory and punitive damages. However, Goodyear appealed the case because she had not filed a complaint within 180 days, and won."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Negotiable Instrument Used For?","response":"A negotiable instrument promises a payment to a specified person or assignee. It is transferable, so it allows the holder to take the funds as cash, then use the money as they see fit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Plain Vanilla Foreign Exchange Options?","response":"Plain vanilla foreign exchange options give the holder the right to buy or sell one currency for another currency. The option details the specific amount to be exchanged. The exchange rate is also agreed upon when the option is bought. The goal of plain vanilla foreign exchange options is to protect against adverse movements in foreign exchange rates."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Tender and Tender Offer?","response":"People often confuse the terms tender and tender offer. Tender (or tendering) is mainly defined as the invitation to submit a bid for a project. Governments and other entities normally put out calls for contractors to submit proposals for projects that need to be done. They review these proposals and choose the best one for the job.A tender offer, on the other hand, is made by a public company or third party to purchase shares from another company's shareholders. The bidder is the party conducting the tender offer. Companies can offer to repurchase debt securities or bonds from holders using a debt tender offer."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write Per Stirpes in a Will?","response":"To use per stirpes correctly, you should make the gift to a person's descendants, as \"to [person's] descendants, per stirpes.\"\u00a0\u00a0In general, the person should be one person, not a class of people, and the word \"descendants\" (or \"issue\") must always appear."}
{"prompts":"When were accounting principles first set forth?","response":"Standardized accounting principles date all the way back to the advent of double-entry bookkeeping in the 15th and 16th centuries, which introduced a T-ledger with matched entries for assets and liabilities. Some scholars have argued that the advent of double-entry accounting practices during that time provided a springboard for the rise of commerce and capitalism. What would become the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) attempted\u00a0to launch the first accounting standards\u00a0to be used by firms in the United States in the 1930s."}
{"prompts":"What Are Zero Cost Materials?","response":"In many college courses, instructors may implement zero cost materials for the class. This type of course does not require a student to buy any type of course material to fulfill the course. In these classes, a study may still have a textbook but may be able to receive it for free online provided by the instructor."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Equity Risk Premium in 2023?","response":"The equity risk premium in the U.S. based on U.S. exchanges as of 2023 is 5.7%. This is the market risk premium investors will achieve by investing in the stock markets. The level has hovered between 5.3% and 5.7% since 2011."}
{"prompts":"Are There International Bond Funds for Investors?","response":"There are many international bond funds that invest in the corporate and government debt of other countries. A few of these funds include the Fidelity Global Credit Fund (FGBFX), the Templeton Global Bond Fund (TPINX), and the PIMCO Global Bond Fund Unhedged."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Four Main Categories of Retail Merchandise?","response":"There are essentially four types of retail merchandise, and most retailers specialize in one of the four classes. However, especially savvy retailers merchandise their stores with products from all four categories. Shopping products are the main class of retail merchandise, comprising products consumers want, are willing to research and comparison shop for, and are generally in demand for either a consumer or business audience.Convenience products that consumers can't live without, such as food, health, and hygiene products and basic household goods comprise the second category. The third category constitutes impulse purchases, such as candy, magazines, or drinks; these products are usually near the checkout aisle in supermarkets or so-called big-box retailers. Finally, there are specialty products, or unique, personalized, or otherwise more individualized products that are also available."}
{"prompts":"What Is BOP and Its Components?","response":"The BOP is all transactions between entities in one country and the rest of the world over some time. There are three key BOP components, including the current account, capital account, and financial account. The current account must balance the capital and financial accounts."}
{"prompts":"What is the impact of a leveraged buyback?","response":"There are many potential effects of a leveraged buyback. The earnings per share for the company may increase as a result of the overall reduction of the total number of outstanding shares. Companies can also use leveraged buybacks to fend of hostile takeovers by increasing their debt."}
{"prompts":"Are 401(k) Plans Insured by the FDIC?","response":"Most of the money in a 401(k) is not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Your plan may be eligible for FDIC insurance if it meets certain criteria. For instance, FDIC insurance applies to certain accounts that allow participants to \"direct how the money is invested.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are Forward Exchange Rates?","response":"Forward exchange rates for currencies are exchange rates at a future point in time, as opposed to spot exchange rates, which are current rates. Forward rates are available from banks and currency dealers for periods ranging from less than a week to as far out as five years and more. As with spot currency quotations, forwards are quoted with a bid-ask spread."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Kinds of Negotiable Instruments?","response":"There are two basic types of negotiable instruments: an order to pay (this covers drafts and checks) and a promise to pay (promissory notes and CDs)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Short Selling Metrics?","response":"Short-selling metrics help investors understand whether overall sentiment is bullish or bearish. The short interest ratio (SIR)\u2014also known as the short float\u2014measures the ratio of shares currently shorted compared to the number of shares available or \u201cfloating\u201d in the market. A very high SIR is associated with stocks that are falling or stocks that appear to be overvalued. The short interest-to-volume ratio\u2014also known as the days-to-cover ratio\u2014is the total shares held short divided by the average daily trading volume of the stock. A high value for the days-to-cover ratio is also a bearish indication for a stock."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Disadvantages to Automated Clearing House Transactions?","response":"ACH transactions may come with fees, depending on your bank. This means the more you do, the more you'll spend on fees. Certain banks limit the amount of money you can transfer through the system, so if you want to transfer large amounts of money to other people, you may have to do so through multiple transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Internal Rate of Return Mean?","response":"The internal rate of return (IRR) is a financial metric used to assess the attractiveness of a particular investment opportunity. When you calculate the IRR for an investment, you are effectively estimating the rate of return of that investment after accounting for all of its projected cash flows together with the time value of money. When selecting among several alternative investments, the investor would then select the investment with the highest IRR, provided it is above the investor\u2019s minimum threshold. The main drawback of IRR is that it is heavily reliant on projections of future cash flows, which are notoriously difficult to predict."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inventory Turnover Affect the Cash Conversion Cycle?","response":"A higher, or quicker, inventory turnover decreases the cash conversion cycle. Thus, a better inventory turnover is a positive for the CCC and a company\u2019s overall efficiency."}
{"prompts":"Are Nostro Accounts Similar to Traditional Demand Deposit Accounts?","response":"Nostro accounts differ from demand deposit accounts, which are held in the currency of the bank where they are located. Nostro accounts hold their balances in a foreign currency, that of the other country where the bank's nostro account is based."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Drachma Made From?","response":"The drachma was made with silver but over time it became debased as copper was introduced into the silver."}
{"prompts":"What Does Without Recourse Mean in Real Estate?","response":"Without recourse, or non-recourse debt is\u00a0a type of loan secured by collateral, such as real estate cited on a mortgage loan. If the borrower defaults, the issuer can seize the collateral but cannot seek further compensation from the borrower."}
{"prompts":"Is Earnings Management Illegal?","response":"Changing accounting techniques in itself is not illegal. However, if the SEC deems that a company is being creative to mislead investors and intentionally misrepresent its results then it may take action and issue fines."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Other Indicators That Can Be Used Instead of ADTV?","response":"There are several other indicators and metrics that traders use alongside or instead of ADTV. Some alternatives are On-Balance Volume (OBV), Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP), Money Flow Index (MFI), Relative Volume, Volume Price Trend (VPT), Advance\/Decline Line (A\/D Line), and Tick Volume."}
{"prompts":"Which is better: whole life or universal life?","response":"Both whole life and universal life are forms of permanent life insurance and provide a cash value savings component that policyholders may borrow from or cash out. Whole life offers fixed premiums, while UL premiums may start out lower but are flexible, so they may increase as you age. Depending on the amount of coverage and flexibility that you want in a permanent policy, either form may be a good choice for your situation."}
{"prompts":"How Many Times Can You Claim the Lifetime Learning Credit?","response":"There is no limit to the number of times you can claim the LCC during your lifetime. If you are eligible, you can claim it every tax year."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get an SKU for My Product?","response":"SKU numbers will typically appear on a product along with its UPC barcode. Because SKU numbers are intended for the producer to keep track of items, they are not universally standardized - they are company-specific. That means that you can make up any SKU system that fits your needs for your products. Typically, you will want to create a system that maintains a consistent logic, starting with top-level identifiers followed by more unique product- and vendor-specific codes."}
{"prompts":"What Is Not Considered Income?","response":"Certain types of payments are not included in your taxable income by the IRS. They include inheritances and gifts, alimony payments, cash rebates, child support, most healthcare benefits, qualifying adoption reimbursements, and welfare payments. Scholarship payments and life insurance benefits may be taxable, in certain situations."}
{"prompts":"Should I Offer the Full Asking Price on a House?","response":"Knowing whether or not you should offer the full asking price on a house will come down to a few factors. One of the main factors is if the property being sold is in a buyer's market or a seller's market. If it is a seller's market, you may have to offer the full asking price or above, whereas, in a buyer's market, you may be able to offer a lower price. If you need to offer the full asking price or more, it is generally recommended to offer 1% to 3% more."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Properties of Indifference Curves?","response":"Indifference curves assume that individuals have stable and ordered preferences and seek to maximize their utility. As a result, indifference curves will have these four properties:The indifference curve is downward-sloping.The slope of the indifference curve is convex.Curves plotted higher and farther to the right correspond with higher levels of utility.Various indifference curves can never cross or overlap."}
{"prompts":"How Many Types of Hyperledger are There?","response":"There are five types of Hyperledger blockchain technologies:Hyperledger FabricHyperledger SawtoothHyperledger Indy Hyperledger Iroha Hyperledger Burrow"}
{"prompts":"Is ZCash Safe?","response":"ZCash is safe in the sense that it hides and protects your information."}
{"prompts":"Have there been any recent developments in the Pink Markets?","response":"Yes, the regulatory structure of Pink Markets has been evolving. For instance, certain types of securities, such as \"dark securities,\" have been removed from the market entirely to increase transparency and reduce risk."}
{"prompts":"How Is Residual Value Calculated?","response":"To determine the residual value of an asset, you must consider the estimated amount that the asset's owner would earn by selling the asset (minus any costs that might be incurred during the disposal).Residual value is often used when referring to a leased car. The residual value of a car is the estimated value of the car at the end of the lease. The residual value of a car is calculated by the bank or financial institution; it is typically calculated as a percentage of the manufacturer's suggested retail price (MSRP)."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Buy a Life Income Fund (LIF) or a Locked-in Retirement Income Fund (LRIF)?","response":"Life income funds (LIFs) and\/or locked-in retirement income funds (LRIFs) are available from banks, credit unions, trust companies, and insurance companies. The financial institution must be on the province\u2019s approved list of institutions to accept transfers of locked-in funds."}
{"prompts":"What's the Maximum PITI?","response":"The front-end ratio compares PITI to gross monthly income. Most lenders prefer a front-end ratio of 28% or less, though a few will let borrowers exceed 30%, or even 40%. For example, the front-end ratio of a PITI totaling $1,500 to a gross monthly income of $6,000 is 25%."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should I Risk on Going with a Move That Might Be a Head Fake?","response":"By definition, a head fake is countertrend, so you need to be prepared with tight stop losses in case it is in fact a head fake. In terms of how much to risk, a quarter to a half of your usual position is conservative and reasonable to go with a potential head-fake set-up, due to the tenuous nature of the scenario. That way you're committing only a relatively small portion of your risk capital to the breakout trade and keeping tight stop-loss orders to minimize losses."}
{"prompts":"What Insights Should You Look for in an Income Statement?","response":"The income and expense components can help an investor learn what makes a company profitable (or not). Competitors can use them to measure how their company compares on various measures. Research analysts use them to compare performance year-on-year and quarter-on-quarter."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Types of Interest Rate Parity?","response":"The two main types of interest rate parity are covered and uncovered. Covered includes the use of forward or futures contracts that are intended to cover exchange rates and serve as a hedge. Uncovered does not involve these forward contracts to cover foreign exchange risk, instead using expected spot rates.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Programs Are Offered at Lancaster University Management School?","response":"Lancaster University Management School offers courses for undergraduate, graduate, and doctorate students. There are also opportunities for working professionals to continue their education while they work. Disciplines vary, ranging from accounting, finance, business administration, economics, human resources, management, cyber security, and marketing."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Derivatives Traded on an Exchange?","response":"Some exchange traded derivatives include stock options, currency futures, options and swaps, and index futures."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Credit Rating Tell an Investor?","response":"A credit rating is an educated opinion about the financial health of a business or government. It is a conclusion of the likelihood that the business or government will be able to repay its debts.Investors use that information when deciding whether to buy bonds issued by that entity and whether they will be adequately compensated for the risk involved. Investors also compare the ratings of various bonds when deciding which to buy."}
{"prompts":"What Does Floor Mean in Finance?","response":"In general, a floor in finance refers to a minimum that a certain set of criteria can not drop below. An interest rate floor means regardless of other contingent interest rates a loan may be subject to. A price floor means regardless of other market conditions, the price of an item can not contractually fall below a specific limit.A floor in finance is often set in protection of one party. For example, a lender will implement an interest rate floor to ensure their risk exposure to low rates is minimized. Even in the most unfavorable conditions, the lender can still expect minimum contract conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of BPO Companies?","response":"There are three primary types of BPO companies. These are local outsourcing, offshore outsourcing, and nearshore outsourcing. Local outsourcing is a company that is in the same country as your business. Offshore outsourcing is a company that is in another country, and nearshore outsourcing is a company that is in a country that is not too far from your country."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Rule of 70 Used In Economics?","response":"The Rule of 70 can estimate how long it would take a country's gross domestic product (GDP) to double. Instead of estimating compound interest rates, the GDP growth rate is the divisor of the rule. For example, if the growth rate for China is estimated as 10%, the Rule of 70 predicts it would take seven years, or 70\/10, for China's real GDP to double."}
{"prompts":"How Do Options Traders Use Delta?","response":"Delta is used by options traders in several ways. First, it tells them their directional risk, in terms of how much an option's price will change as the underlying price changes. It can also be used as a hedge ratio to become delta-neutral. For instance, if an options trader buys 100 XYZ calls, each with a +0.40 delta. they would sell 4,000 shares of stock to have a net delta of zero (equity options contracts represent 100 shares of stock each). If they instead bought 100 puts with a -0.30 delta, they would buy 3,000 shares."}
{"prompts":"Which Types of Securities Are Used in a Repo Agreement?","response":"High-quality debt instruments with little risk of default are most commonly used, such as government bonds, corporate bonds, or mortgage-backed securities. The collateral needs to have a predictable value, reflect the value of the loan, and be easy to sell in the event the loan isn't repaid on time. The collateral doesn't need to be debt. Other assets can be used, including, for example, equity market indexes."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of an interest rate swap?","response":"Consider that Company A issued $10 million in two-year bonds that have a variable interest rate of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus 1%. Say that LIBOR is 2%. Since the company is worried that interest rates may rise, it finds Company B that agrees to pay Company A the LIBOR annual rate plus 1% for two years on the notional principal of $10 million. In exchange, Company A pays Company B a fixed rate of 4% on a notional value of $10 million for two years. If interest rates rise significantly, Company A will benefit. Conversely, Company B will stand to benefit if interest rates stay flat or fall."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Articles of Incorporation?","response":"The purpose of the articles of incorporation is to legally form a corporation. The filing submits information to a state agency, and the state agency officially determines whether the corporation can be recognized as a formal company. Once incorporated, the business may receive a number of different benefits (mentioned below) via its status as a corporation."}
{"prompts":"Why Are They Called the Greatest Generation?","response":"\"The Greatest Generation\" was popularized by former NBC Nightly News anchor and author Tom Brokaw in his book by the same name. The term was meant as a tribute to the resilience and patriotic spirit of those who lived through the Great Depression and then fought in World War II."}
{"prompts":"When Should a Histogram Be Used?","response":"In general, a histogram can be used whenever there's a need to display a comparison of the distribution of certain numerical data in various ranges of intervals. Histogram examples can help an audience see and understand quickly and easily essential meanings and patterns related to a large amount of data. They can be a benefit to a company's or organization's process of decision-making in various departments."}
{"prompts":"Does a Master Limited Partnership (MLP) Offer Tax Advantages?","response":"Yes. For limited partners, they offer a pass-through tax structure. Distributions aren't taxed when received. Instead, they remain tax-deferred until units are sold. MLP units (up to a certain amount) can pass to heirs tax-free upon the death of the unitholder. Also, the tax reform act passed in 2017 allows investors to deduct 20% of their distribution immediately from income (until the expiration of the provision in 2025)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Main Types of Taxes?","response":"Common types of taxes include income tax, corporate tax, sales tax, property tax, and tariffs. Income tax is levied on an individual's earnings, while corporate tax is levied on a company's. Sales taxes are collected at points-of-sale, while tariffs are collected when a good or service is imported or exported. Property taxes are levied on the value of a home that someone owns."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between a Personal Service Corporation and an S Corporation?","response":"Personal service corporations and S corporations differ in many ways, including how they are taxed, restrictions on the number and type of shareholders allowed, liability protection, and the nature of services provided.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Inventory Ratio Important?","response":"The inventory turnover ratio shows how efficiently a company sells its inventory. A relatively low ratio compared to industry peers indicates a risk that inventory levels are excessively high, while a relatively high ratio may indicate inadequate inventory levels."}
{"prompts":"Can a Limit Order From Pre-Market Trading Carry Over into the Regular Session?","response":"In most cases, limit orders from pre-market trading are only valid for that particular session and if not executed, do not carry over into the regular session. However, Interactive Brokers permits limit- or stop-limit-type orders that can be active in all trading sessions including pre-market, regular trading hours (RTH), and after-market; for such orders, the attribute \"Allow Outside RTH\" needs to be added."}
{"prompts":"What Do Negative Interest Rates Mean for People?","response":"Most instances of negative interest rates only apply to bank reserves held by central banks; however, we can ponder the consequences of more widespread negative rates. First, savers would have to pay interest instead of receiving it. By the same token, borrowers would be paid to do so instead of paying their lender. Therefore, it would incentivize many to borrow more and larger sums of money and to forgo saving in favor of consumption or investment. If they did save, they would save their cash in a safe or under the mattress, rather than pay interest to a bank for depositing it.Note that interest rates in the real world are set by the supply and demand for loans (despite central banks setting a target). As a result, the demand for money in use would grow and quickly restore a positive interest rate."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Use Freemium?","response":"Many companies use freemium models, including Spotify, Dropbox, Hinge, Slack, and Asana."}
{"prompts":"Do Shares Make You Money?","response":"Common shares can make money through capital gains or buybacks. Preferred shares can make money for you through dividends or higher buyback prices."}
{"prompts":"What Does Out-of-Pocket Mean?","response":"An out-of-pocket expense is a payment you make with your own money, whether or not it is reimbursed. It could be a business expense, such as paying for a flight that is reimbursed by your employer, or a health expense that you pay before your total outlay reaches the insurance deductible."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Qualified Dependent?","response":"A dependent is a person who relies on someone else for financial support, and typically includes children or other relatives. The IRS determines who qualifies as a dependent. Only one taxpayer can claim a given dependent on their income tax return."}
{"prompts":"How Much Tax Do You Pay If You Are Self-Employed?","response":"The total tax you pay if you are self-employed is 15.3%. This is made up of Social Security tax (12.4%; both from the employer and employee's side of 6.2% each) and Medicare tax (2.9%; both from the employer and employee's side of 1.45% each)."}
{"prompts":"Is Capitalism and a Market Economy the Same Thing?","response":"Capitalism and a market economy both are used to describe a system that allows the law of supply and demand, not a central government, to determine the production and prices of goods and services. Capitalism, as a political philosophy, maintains that production must remain in private hands and be motivated by the pursuit of private profit."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR)?","response":"The CAGR is a measurement used by investors to calculate the rate at which a quantity grew over time. The word \u201ccompound\u201d denotes the fact that the CAGR takes into account the effects of compounding, or reinvestment, over time. For example, suppose you have a company with revenue that grew from $3 million to $30 million over a span of 10 years. In that scenario, the CAGR would be approximately 25.89%."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Prevent a Hostile Takeover?","response":"Certain defense strategies can be employed to prevent a hostile takeover, including a poison pill, crown-jewel defense, Pac-Man defense, and white knight. These strategies usually make it more costly, difficult, or impossible for a company to acquire the target company."}
{"prompts":"How Does Credit Quality Impact a Roll-Down Return Strategy?","response":"Credit quality plays a role but is not as significant as the duration in a roll-down return strategy. Higher credit quality bonds offer stability and lower risk but generally lower yields. Also, higher credit quality bonds like investment grade bonds are more influenced by interest rate risk than credit risk. While lower credit quality bonds can enhance returns, they introduce higher volatility and risk of loss and are more affected by credit risk than interest rate risk."}
{"prompts":"What Are Real-World Examples of Minsky Moments?","response":"The market crash and Great Depression of the 1930s and the 2008 Global Financial Crisis\/Great Recession are the most-cited examples. The 2008 crisis was triggered by the bursting of the U.S. housing bubble and subsequent failure of financial institutions overexposed to mortgage-backed securities. Another instance is the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis, starting with the collapse of the Thai baht and spreading to other East Asian economies, exacerbated by high levels of private debt."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility?","response":"Marginal utility (MU) is equal to the change in the total utility (TU) divided by the change in quantity consumed (Q). This is written as MU =\u00a0\u0394TU \/\u00a0\u0394Q."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bureaucrat?","response":"The term bureaucrat refers to someone who is a member of a bureaucracy. This can allude to someone who is a government official or someone in a position of power, such as a chief executive officer or board member of a company or another organization."}
{"prompts":"Is Bitcoin a UTXO?","response":"Unspent transaction outputs are part of the distributed database technology behind Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Bitcoin uses UTXOs, but it is not a UTXO."}
{"prompts":"What are the Drawbacks of Locking in a Forward Price?","response":"The main downside of locking in a forward price is that the asset\u2019s value could move unfavorably against the investor, resulting in a loss compared to selling at the spot price on the asset's delivery. Furthermore, a longer-dated forward price contact increases the risk of non-payment or default."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Fama and French Five Factor Model?","response":"In 2014, Fama and French adapted their model to include five factors. Along with the original three factors, the new model adds the concept that companies reporting higher future earnings have higher returns in the stock market, a factor referred to as profitability. The fifth factor, referred to as \"investment\", relates the concept of internal investment and returns, suggesting that companies directing profit towards major growth projects are likely to experience losses in the stock market."}
{"prompts":"Where can you buy carbon credits?","response":"Several private companies offer carbon offsets to companies or individuals seeking to reduce their net carbon footprint. These offsets represent investments or contributions to forestry or other projects with a negative carbon footprint. Buyers can also purchase tradable credits on a carbon exchange such as New York-based Xpansive CBL or Singapore\u2019s AirCarbon Exchange."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tier 1 Asset?","response":"Tier 1 assets, or Tier 1 capital, are the main assets of a financial institution. They consist of retained earnings (disclosed reserves) and common stock. It may also include some preferred stock. It is the capital used to fund the institution's business activities for its clients."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the DSCR Important?","response":"DSCR is a commonly used metric when negotiating loan contracts between companies and banks. For instance, a business applying for a line of credit might be obligated to ensure that their DSCR does not dip below 1.25. If it does, the borrower could be found to have defaulted on the loan. In addition to helping banks manage their risks, DSCRs can also help analysts and investors when analyzing a company\u2019s financial strength."}
{"prompts":"What Are Consumer Packaged Goods?","response":"Consumer packaged goods are the same as fast-moving consumer goods. They are items with high turnover rates, low prices, or short shelf lives. Fast-moving consumer goods are characterized by low profit margins and large sales quantities. Some products that fall within this group include soft drinks, toilet paper, and dairy products."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Financial Planner Charge?","response":"A 2023 AdvisoryHQ study found that hourly rates for financial advisors typically range from $120 to $300. The per-project cost ranges from $275 to $4,500 or more, depending on the complexity of the job. College planning \u201cpackage deals\u201d average from $275 to $1,500. Comprehensive financial planning costs $2,000 to $4,500.Commission-based financial planners earn money when their clients buy financial products that the advisor recommends. Fee-only financial planners don\u2019t receive commissions for products sold. They charge by the hour, by the project, or by assets under management (AUM)."}
{"prompts":"What Does a General Manager Do?","response":"A general manager oversees a workforce, budgets for the work that needs to be done, ensures the company is staffed, and many other higher-level business functions."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trend?","response":"A trend is the overall direction of a market during a specified period of time.\u00a0Trends can be both upward and downward, relating to bullish and bearish markets, respectively. While there is no specified minimum amount of time required for a direction to be considered a trend, the longer the direction is maintained, the more notable the trend. Trends are identified by drawing lines, known as trendlines, that connect price action making higher highs and higher lows for an uptrend, or lower lows and lower highs for a downtrend."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Effects of Contractionary Policy?","response":"A contractionary policy often results in the tightening of credit through increased interest rates, increased\u00a0unemployment, reduced business investment, and reduced\u00a0consumer spending. There is commonly an overall reduction in the\u00a0gross domestic product (GDP)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret a Coefficient of Determination?","response":"The coefficient of determination shows how correlated one dependent and one independent variable are. Also called r2 (r-squared), the value should be between 0.0 and 1.0. The closer to 0.0, the less correlated the dependent value is. The closer to 1.0, the more correlated the value is."}
{"prompts":"Is a Fixed-Rate Mortgage or a Variable Rate Mortgage Better?","response":"A fixed-rate mortgage gives you security. Your payment will never go up, no matter what happens to interest rates in the world outside. If rates go down, you can refinance.A variable rate mortgage usually has a slightly lower interest rate to start, keeping your costs low at a time when you might be squeezed for cash. That's because the bank is betting that interest rates will go up, while you're betting they'll go down.If you lose that bet, your monthly payment will go up, and you won't have the option of refinancing until they go down again."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Concern of Political Economy?","response":"The main concerns of political economy are the relationship between governments and individuals, and how public policy affects society. These are determined through the study of sociology, politics, and economics."}
{"prompts":"Are Backorders Bad for Business?","response":"Backorders may be bad for business, as customers may search for alternatives instead of waiting for their product to arrive. However, there are a few things to consider. First, some back-ordered products like the next generation of video game consoles are not easily replaceable; loyal customers are often willing to wait. Second, back-ordered goods may garner headlines regarding the popularity of the product"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Diversification?","response":"In theory, holding investments that are different from each other reduces the overall risk of the assets you're invested in. If something bad happens to one investment, you're more likely to have assets that are not impacted if you were diversified. Diversification may result in a larger profit if you are extended into asset classes you wouldn't otherwise have invested in. Also, some investors find diversification more enjoyable to pursue as they research new companies, explore different asset classes, and own different types of investments."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should I Have Saved?","response":"How much you should have saved will depend on your age, your career, your lifestyle, and your life's circumstances. Fidelity, for example, recommends having saved three times your annual salary by the time you are 40 across all of your retirement accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Mortality Rate?","response":"The mortality rate represents the number of deaths as a percentage of a total population in a given period, often one year. The most basic mortality rate, referred to as the crude mortality rate among statisticians, doesn\u2019t differentiate between men and women or according to other factors. More specialized types of mortality rates include age-specific mortality rates, sex-specific mortality rates, race-specific mortality rates, and cause-specific mortality rates, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Does PTBV Represent?","response":"PTBV represents the market value of a company's shares as a multiple against the amount it would receive if it was forced to sell off all of its hard assets."}
{"prompts":"Is an Exclusive Listing or an Open Listing Better for the Seller?","response":"The seller who offers a real estate agent an exclusive will be getting a representative who is determined to make a sale, and will spend the time and energy necessary to do it.An open listing may get the property higher visibility. Other agents who see the listing can canvass their own networks of buyers for a possible match.That said, real estate agents balk at accepting open listings. An exclusive might be the way to go at least initially. If the house fails to sell, consider the open option."}
{"prompts":"What is a Net Investment Hedge?","response":"A net investment hedge is used to hedge a company's foreign currency exposure and reduce the potential reported earnings risk that may occur upon the future disposition of a net investment in a foreign operation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of the Word Repatriation?","response":"In a general context, repatriation commonly refers to the act of anyone or anything returning home from another country. In the financial world, repatriation occurs when a taxpaying entity transfers money earned overseas back to the country where it is based. This can refer to a corporation that earns money from a foreign subsidiary or an individual who has investments, earned income, or money accumulated during travels abroad."}
{"prompts":"Where Does Impairment Show Up on My Company's Financial Statements?","response":"An impairment loss shows up as a negative value on the income statement. If you keep a contra asset account for the value of the impairment to preserve the historical cost of the asset, it would be reported directly below the asset on your balance sheet. A contra asset account has a natural balance that is opposite that of a standard asset account, a credit."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do the CFA Exams Cost?","response":"Each of the three levels of the CFA exam cost $1,250 (which is reduced to $940 if you register early). In addition, there is a one-time enrollment fee of $350. With early enrollment, you would end up paying a total of $3,170. With regular enrollment the total cost is $4,100."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate EPS Using Excel?","response":"After collecting the necessary data, input the net income into Excel,\u00a0preferred dividends,\u00a0and number of common shares outstanding into three adjacent cells, say B3 through B5. In cell B6, input the formula \"=B3-B4\" to subtract preferred dividends from net income. In cell B7, input the formula \"=B6\/B5\" to render the EPS ratio."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Net Realizable Value?","response":"Net realizable value (NRV) is is a common method used to evaluate an asset's value for inventory accounting.\u00a0It is found by determining the expected selling price of an asset and all the costs associated with the eventual sale of the asset, and then calculating the difference between these two. To put it in formulaic terms, NRV = Expected selling price - Total production and selling costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Common Characteristics of a Bureaucracy?","response":"Some of the most common characteristics of a bureaucracy include a hierarchy, rules and regulations, and specialization. The hierarchy establishes scales of power\u2014those with the most power are at the top while individuals who have the least fall at the bottom. Rules and regulations are typically formal and indicate how processes and functions are to be conducted. Specialization entails the use of training to allow people to do their jobs properly under the structure."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an Industry?","response":"The NAICS classified 'Finance and Insurance' as its own top-level sector. Within this sector, there are a variety of groups such as credit intermediaries, financial investment companies, insurance carriers, funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles. A specific NAICS industry is Commercial Banking, and it is assigned its own classification code (522110)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Investment Analysis Methods?","response":"The two main types of investment analysis methods are fundamental analysis and technical analysis. Fundamental analysis involves analyzing the fundamental aspects of a company, such as its revenues, profits, cash flows, and operating expenses. It also takes into consideration the larger economy and how it might affect a company. Technical analysis looks at the patterns of stocks or other assets and uses charts and graphs to analyze the movement of prices. Technical analysis looks at past data to inform future data."}
{"prompts":"What Has Been the Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Employment?","response":"Economists have looked at employment growth in regions with and without right-to-work (RTW) laws over the past decades. On net, they find that states with RTW laws have shown an increase in the manufacturing share of employment and increased labor participation. However, while employment levels are higher, average wages among workers also tend to be lower. Meanwhile, dividends to shareholders and executive compensation has increased post-RTW."}
{"prompts":"Is It Good to Have Revolving Credit?","response":"Revolving credit is good to have in many cases, such as when you need access to funds and you want to pay them back over time. But, if not used responsibly, revolving credit could cause financial strain."}
{"prompts":"When Were LEAP Options First Listed on the CBOE?","response":"LEAPs (Long-Term AnticiPation Securities) are long-dated options listed on exchanges, with expirations longer than one year and up to three or more years. The CBOE first introduced listed LEAP trading in 1990."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Graduated Payment Mortgage?","response":"A graduated payment mortgage is a type of home loan in which monthly payments start out at one amount then increase gradually over time. This type of mortgage is designed to help homebuyers who may have difficulty qualifying for a loan because they earn a lower income."}
{"prompts":"How Much of My Income Can Go to Wage Assignments?","response":"Every state has its own regulations, but typically 15\u201325% of your disposable income can be designated for wage assignments."}
{"prompts":"Does Enron Exist Today?","response":"As a result of its financial scandal, Enron ended its bankruptcy in 2004. The name of the entity officially changed to Enron Creditors Recovery Corp., and the company's assets were liquidated and reorganized as part of the bankruptcy plan. Its last business, Prisma Energy, was sold in 2006."}
{"prompts":"What Is VUL in Insurance?","response":"VUL stands for variable universal life. It is a variation on a standard universal life policy that allows for some of the cash value accumulated to be invested into the market and earn a return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Unit Bank and a Branch Bank?","response":"A unit bank is one, single bank that provides simple banking services to its clients, such as checking and savings accounts and small loans. A branch bank, on the other hand, is part of a larger bank that operates in multiple locations across the country or specific region through its many bank branches. Unit banks are not connected to any other financial entity in the way bank branches are connected to one another."}
{"prompts":"Why Are NBFCs Called Shadow Banks?","response":"NBFCs are often called shadow banks as they function a lot like banks but with fewer regulatory controls. Barring a few, they cannot accept deposits from people and so raise money from bonds or borrow from banks."}
{"prompts":"What Activities Occur During Distribution Management?","response":"Distribution management involves moving finished goods from a manufacturer or supplier to the so-called end user. The process includes warehousing, inventory management, packing, shipping, and delivery."}
{"prompts":"Do Executors Get Paid?","response":"Executors are often entitled to payment for their time and effort, either through the terms of the will, or under state law pertaining to reasonable compensation. This can come in the form of a percentage of the estate's value, a commission on the transactions involved in settling the estate, as an hourly rate, or a flat fee. An executor may choose to decline compensation."}
{"prompts":"Is the U.S. a Net Exporter?","response":"No, the U.S. is historically a net importer and runs a standing trade deficit.The data is tracked and reported on a monthly basis by the U.S. Census Bureau.Its report for all of 2022 indicates that the goods and services deficit increased $103 billion, or 12.2%, from the previous year. Exports increased by $453.1 billion, or 17.7%, while imports increased by $556.1 billion, or 16.3%. Overall, the U.S. trade deficit was $948.1 billion, up $103 billion from 2021.Overall, the U.S. had a trade deficit of 3.7% of GDP for 2022, up slightly from 3.6% in 2021."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Traders Need to Pay Attention to Tick Size?","response":"For active traders, tick size is crucial in determining liquidity, position sizes, and potential risks and rewards. For example, a high tick size means each tick change equals a larger profit or loss. Traders may opt for smaller position sizes if the tick size is high."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Paying Origination Points?","response":"Not all lenders charge origination points, so be sure to shop around if this is a concern you have. You might be able to negotiate points lower with your lender in order to close the deal, or request the seller or one of the brokers involved in the deal to pay them on your behalf."}
{"prompts":"What Is Disintermediation in Ecommerce?","response":"From its beginnings, the internet has been seen as an ideal platform for disintermediation. It has the potential to remove the intermediary and allow consumers and businesses to deal directly with producers and wholesalers. But it hasn't quite worked out that way. Most consumers most of the time go to new intermediaries such as Amazon in order to get a broad array of choices, customer service, and fast delivery all in one place."}
{"prompts":"What Does Grace Period Mean?","response":"A grace period is the period of time after payment is due but before late fees, interest, or other penalties start to accrue. Different contracts will have different grace periods; a monthly rental contract might have a grace period of five days, while student loan contracts have a grace period of six months after graduation."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Index Fund?","response":"An index fund is a mutual fund or ETF that seeks to replicate the performance of an index, often by constructing its portfolio to mirror that of the index itself. Index investing is considered a passive strategy since it does not involve any stock picking or active management. Studies show that over time, indexing strategies tend to perform better than stock picking strategies. Because they are passive index funds also tend to have lower fees and tax exposure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk of Tax Lien Investing?","response":"There are several downsides to tax lien investing. It may be easy to overbid on tax lien properties or not fully understanding property redemption periods. You may hold lesser claim to other, more strongly perfected liens on the property. Last, the major risk is that the property own files for bankruptcy and recognizes the realization that they will be unable to ever repay the delinquent tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Independent Contractor and Self-Employed?","response":"An independent contractor is the same thing as being a self-employed worker. An independent contractor could be a dentist who owns their own business, for example, which would be different than someone who knits hats and occasionally sells them at holiday fairs, which would be more like a freelancer, as they usually provide a good or service on a contractual basis."}
{"prompts":"Is the Minimum Wage Meant to Be a Living Wage?","response":"A living wage is the minimum income deemed necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs. The U.S. poverty level for a family of four was an income of $30,000 in 2023 which works out to $14.42 per hour, well above the minimum wage at the federal level. Critics argue that the federal minimum wage has failed to keep up with the cost of living\u00a0since the late 1960s."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Parties Involved in Loan Syndication?","response":"Loan syndication is a process that involves the borrower and two or more banks. One bank acts as the lead or the syndicate agent and is responsible for overseeing documentation and repayment. This bank then filters payments to the remaining banks."}
{"prompts":"What Is Utility Rate Decoupling?","response":"In energy regulation, decoupling is a rate adjustment mechanism that changes the relationship between a utility's revenue and the amount of income it sells to the public. This reduces the utility's incentive to increase sales as a method of raising revenue, thereby reducing the volatility of consumer energy bills."}
{"prompts":"How Does Ordinary Annuity Differ From Annuity Due?","response":"An ordinary annuity is a series of equal payments made at the end of consecutive periods over a fixed length of time. An example of an ordinary annuity includes loans, such as mortgages. The payment for an annuity due is made at the beginning of each period. A common example of an annuity due payment is rent. This variance in when the payments are made results in different present and future value calculations."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Covered and Uncovered IRP?","response":"The IRP is said to be covered when the no-arbitrage condition could be satisfied through the use of forward contracts in an attempt to hedge against foreign exchange risk. Conversely, the IRP is uncovered when the no-arbitrage condition could be satisfied without the use of forward contracts to hedge against foreign exchange risk."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Iranian Rial Exchange Rate?","response":"The best way to calculate the Iranian rial exchange rate is to use a currency converter, such as the one found on XE.com. Depending on the currency exchange rate you are interested in finding, you can choose that currency in conjunction with the rial and get the exchange rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is OTC Link?","response":"OTC Link LLC is owned by OTC Markets Group Inc., which operates OTC Link ATS, an Alternative Trading System (ATS) and electronic inter-dealer quotation system that displays quotes from broker-dealers for many over-the-counter (OTC) securities.\u00a0Broker-dealers who buy and sell OTC securities can use OTC Link ATS to publish their\u00a0bid\u00a0and\u00a0ask\u00a0quotation prices."}
{"prompts":"How Are HNWIs Categorized?","response":"The most commonly quoted figure for qualification as a high-net-worth individual is at least $1 million in liquid financial assets, excluding personal assets such as a primary residence. Investors with less than $1 million but more than $100,000 liquid assets are considered sub-HNWIs. Very-high-net-worth individuals have investable assets of at least $5 million, while ultra-high-net-worth individuals have at least $30 million."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Work Offshore?","response":"Working offshore means that you have a job outside your home country. You may get paid in the local currency and are usually subject to local labor laws. For instance, you are considered to be working offshore if your company opens an office in another country and moves you to that location."}
{"prompts":"What Do I Do If I Lost My W-2?","response":"If your W-2 is available online, you may access it as many times as you need. If you lose your password or credentials for accessing the online site, you can often request automated password recovery. If you still need help accessing your information online, or if you need to request a new paper copy, you should contact your payroll or HR supervisor."}
{"prompts":"What Can Spot and Futures Crude Oil Prices Tell an Investor?","response":"The basis, or differences, between oil futures contracts and the spot (cash) market can be indicative of the near-term expectations of oil supply and demand. When futures prices are trading higher than the spot (known as contango), it suggests that traders are willing to pay a premium for oil to be delivered at a future date and that expectations are bullish. When futures are trading below the spot (known as backwardation), it can be a bearish signal."}
{"prompts":"What Happens at the End of a Fiscal Year?","response":"At the end of a fiscal year, a company reviews its entire annual bookkeeping. It reconciles transactions, makes adjustments, verifies financial data, and calculates all of the annual financial information, such as income, expenses, revenue, investments, and more."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Life Insurance and AD&D Insurance?","response":"Accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D) coverage only pays a benefit if death results from a covered accident or upon the loss (or loss of use) of a limb. In contrast, coverage is broader with life insurance. Life insurance policies pay benefits upon the death of the insured, despite how the death occurred. (Note: Exceptions apply depending on policy terms.)"}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find REIGs?","response":"Search online for real estate investment groups or connect with investors via social networking sites and interest groups, such as LinkedIn or the National Real Estate Investors Association. As a beginner, it might be beneficial to join a local real estate group to become more closely connected with other investors and to stay informed on regional activities."}
{"prompts":"How Did Thomas Malthus Influence Charles Darwin?","response":"Darwin's theory of natural selection was influenced by Malthus' population theories. Darwin found that limited resources place competitive pressures on every species. Darwin's revelation was that a species adapted over time to improve its rate of survival."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Protect My Property From Eminent Domain?","response":"Unfortunately, there is not much you can do to protect your property from eminent domain. It is not always real estate that is seized, and it is not possible to anticipate the future needs of the public or the government. It may seem unfair, but property owners do not have many options to protect their property from seizure by the government."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know That a Company Uses Off-Balance Sheet Financing?","response":"Companies are required to be transparent about their accounting practices. And demand for more transparency from accounting and financial regulators is increasing for companies to be more forthcoming in the way they account for their financial situations. This means they should include notes in all their financial reporting. Despite this, some companies may find other ways to dress up their balance sheets so it's important to look out for wording like partnerships, rental, or lease expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Bathtub Hazard Rate Curve?","response":"The bathtub curve\u00a0is a visual representation of the\u00a0typical failure rate\u00a0of a product or group of products over time.\u00a0The bathtub image maps out three distinct periods. The initial downward slope, also known as \u201cinfant mortality,\u201d represents the timeframe when the product is first used and goes from a high failure occurrence to a low one. Next, the line levels out and becomes flat, depicting the useful life period when assets are expected to have a relatively constant failure risk. Then finally the slope moves upward, taking the form of a bathtub, as the product in question enters its wear-out period and degrades at an accelerated pace."}
{"prompts":"Are White Collar Jobs Better?","response":"What counts as a good job is subjective and depends on a myriad of personal and situational factors. That said, white-collar jobs tend to pay more than blue-collar jobs and come with more generous benefits."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Enterprise Value?","response":"To calculate market capitalization, multiply the number of outstanding shares by the current stock price. Next, total all debt on the company's balance sheet. Finally, add the market capitalization to the total debt and subtract any cash and cash equivalents from the result."}
{"prompts":"What Do Salespeople Say Is Most Important to Making a Sale?","response":"Modern thinking in marketing is that every sale should start with understanding the individual customer and identifying a problem that the customer has that this product can solve. The ABC method suggests that consumers are interchangeable, and that a certain number of them can be bullied into a sale. The alternatives involve listening to the consumer."}
{"prompts":"Who First Identified the Bandwagon Effect?","response":"The term \"bandwagon\" stems from the 1848 U.S. presidential election. During Zachary Taylor's successful campaign, a popular performance clown invited Taylor to join his circus bandwagon. Taylor received a significant amount of renown, and people started claiming that his political opponents might also want to \u201cjump on the bandwagon.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"Can a Trader Delay Meeting a Margin Call?","response":"A margin call must be satisfied immediately and without any delay. Although some brokers may give you two to five days to meet the margin call, the fine print of a standard margin account agreement will generally state that to satisfy an outstanding margin call, the broker has the right to liquidate any or all securities or other assets held in the margin account at its discretion and without prior notice to the trader. To prevent such forced liquidation, it is best to meet a margin call and rectify the margin deficiency promptly."}
{"prompts":"Is it possible to have a negative return?","response":"Yes, negative returns are indicative of a loss, while positive returns show a gain."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to File Taxes as Married Filing Jointly?","response":"Most couples find that filing jointly makes sense financially. The tax code is written to benefit married couples and families, and this status is the one that maximizes those generous tax breaks.There are exceptions when filing separately saves you more. For example, if there's a big disparity in income and the lower-earning individual has substantial itemizable deductions, filing separately can save the couple money.When in doubt, try it both ways or see a tax adviser."}
{"prompts":"How Many Countries Are in the International Maritime Organization (IMO)?","response":"There are 175 member states of the IMO, as well as three associate members that are not considered states."}
{"prompts":"Do All European Countries Use the Euro?","response":"No, some European countries have maintained their own currency and have not adopted the euro. These include the U.K., Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. Some non-EU jurisdictions such as Vatican City, Andorra, Monaco, and San Marino also have monetary agreements with the EU allowing them to issue their own euro currency under certain restrictions."}
{"prompts":"Is 1095-C Required for 2021 Taxes?","response":"You don't need to include your 1095-C with your 2021 tax return or send it to the IRS, but you may use information from the form to help complete your tax return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cost of Sales and Cost of Goods Sold?","response":"While these terms are often used there's a subtle difference between the two. COGS specifically refers to the direct costs associated with producing goods or acquiring inventory that has been sold during a particular period, COS includes not only the direct costs of goods sold but also other costs directly related to generating revenue, such as direct labor and direct overhead. Essentially, COS encompasses a broader range of expenses than COGS, as it may include additional costs associated with delivering the product or service to the customer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Zero Balance Account?","response":"A zero balance account automatically sweeps funds from a master account to pay obligations or sweeps unused funds into a master account. The account is intended to increase efficiency of how cash is used, limit risk and fraud, and streamline the banking process."}
{"prompts":"How Did TEFRA Provisions Impact the U.S. Healthcare System?","response":"TEFRA includes many changes to the Medicaid and Medicare reimbursement systems that were intended to save the government money.However, one of the most durable and significant provisions of TEFRA is known to this day as TEFRA Medicaid. This provision allows states to extend certain in-home Medicaid services to children with disabilities regardless of their family income."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Country Defaults?","response":"Sovereign default happens when a country cannot pay its debts. Unlike when an individual defaults, a country cannot be forced to pay its debts. But default can cause other economic problems. It may trigger a recession or cause the country's currency to lose value. A country that defaults may also struggle to borrow money in the future because it is seen as a bad economic risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is a DTC Clearing Number?","response":"The DTC number is a number that helps facilitate transactions between financial institutions. The DTC number is typically associated with the clearing firm that is used by your IRA custodian.\u00a0To confirm your custodian\u2019s DTC number, please contact your current IRA custodian."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use a Bank Identification Number?","response":"Consumers generally don't use BINs but it is important to know what they mean. The first digit is the major industry identifier while the remaining digits specify the issuing financial institution.When you make a purchase or transaction, the issuing institution receives a request for authorization. This request attempts to verify the legitimacy of the account and whether the funds are available. If everything checks out, the transaction is approved. If not, the institution declines it."}
{"prompts":"How Is Economic Order Quantity Calculated?","response":"Economic order quantity is an inventory management technique that helps make efficient inventory management decisions. It refers to the optimal amount of inventory a company should purchase in order to meet its demand while minimizing its holding and storage costs. One of the important limitations of the economic order quantity is that it assumes the demand for the company\u2019s products is constant over time."}
{"prompts":"Who Institutes a Voluntary Liquidation?","response":"The company\u2019s ownership or board of directors must initiate the process, but generally, the decision must be approved by a vote of those holding either two-thirds of the company\u2019s shares (U.S.) or three-fourths of them (U.K.)."}
{"prompts":"How Did the Troubled Assets Relief Program Assist Banks That Were Too Big To Fail?","response":"The EESA established the\u00a0Troubled\u00a0Assets Relief Program\u00a0(TARP) authorizing the Treasury secretary\u00a0to \"purchase, and to make and fund commitments to purchase, troubled assets from\u00a0any financial institution, on such terms and conditions as are determined by the secretary.\" Proponents believed vital to minimize the economic damage created by the sub-prime mortgage meltdown."}
{"prompts":"Is Amazon a Unicorn Company?","response":"Unicorns are typically used to describe privately-held startup companies with market caps of over $1 billion, so Amazon is not considered a unicorn company, as it is public. When Amazon went public on May 15, 1997, it raised $54 million, which gave it a market cap of $438 million, which was still well below the key $1 billion mark."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Self-Service BI?","response":"Drawbacks to self-service BI include a false sense of security in end-users, high licensing costs, a lack of data granularity, and sometimes too much accessibility."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Disbursement Fee?","response":"A disbursement fee is usually a vendor's charge to cover payments made by the vendor in the course of its work on behalf of a customer. For example, FedEx may pay duty and tax charges for a shipment on behalf of a customer, and then add a disbursement fee to its bill to the customer to cover the payments."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Unearned Income?","response":"Unearned income is income not earned from work. Examples include inheritance money, a financial prize, unemployment benefits, interest on a savings account, and stock dividends."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does an NDA Cost?","response":"The cost of an NDA can vary depending on the complexity of the agreement. The cost of creating one typically ranges from $175 to $1,500."}
{"prompts":"What Is Economic Profit?","response":"Economic profit measures how a company is faring compared with its competition. It uses both explicit and implicit costs. A company can have a positive accounting profit while maintaining a zero economic profit."}
{"prompts":"What Is Foreign Exchange (FOREX) Trading?","response":"Foreign exchange trading is the process of buying one currency and selling another to make a profit from the trade."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investment Management Firms Make Money?","response":"Investment managers charge a fee for their services. The exact fee structure depends on the manager and the client's needs: most will charge a small percentage of the client's assets, a share of the annual gains, or an annual fee. Some managers may accept a flat fee for a one-time consult."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Single COA Format?","response":"Not precisely. A company can use, create, or modify any format that it wishes. But experience has shown that the most common format organizes information by individual account and assigns each account a code and description. What's important is to use the same format over time for the consistency of period-to-period and year-to-year comparisons."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls the Federal Reserve?","response":"The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and is managed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The board is based in Washington D.C. and is made up of seven members who are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Being Done to Encourage the Use of Renewable Resources?","response":"Energy taxes place a surcharge on fossil fuels. The hope is that the prices of energy options produced by renewable resources will become more attractive and encourage consumer interest. Green mutual funds support eco-friendly and sustainable companies by investing in them and helping to promote environmental awareness."}
{"prompts":"Are Capital Markets the Same as Financial Markets?","response":"While there is a great deal of overlap at times, there are some fundamental distinctions between these two terms. Financial markets encompass a broad range of venues where people and organizations exchange assets, securities, and contracts with one another, and are often secondary markets. Capital markets, on the other hand, are used primarily to raise funding, usually for a firm, to be used in operations, or for growth."}
{"prompts":"What are the Four Key Steps Involved in Hypothesis Testing?","response":"Hypothesis testing begins with an analyst stating two hypotheses, with only one that can be right. The analyst then formulates an analysis plan, which outlines how the data will be evaluated. Next, they move to the testing phase and analyze the sample data. Finally, the analyst analyzes the results and either rejects the null hypothesis or states that the null hypothesis is plausible, given the data."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Global Depositary Receipt?","response":"A global depositary receipt is a negotiable certificate issued by a bank. The certificate represents\u00a0shares\u00a0in a foreign company traded on a local stock exchange. GDRs give companies access to greater capital and investors the opportunity to invest in the equity of foreign companies."}
{"prompts":"When Should a Two-Tailed Test Be Used?","response":"You would use a two-tailed test when you want to test your hypothesis in both directions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tangible Common Equity Ratio Used For?","response":"The tangible common equity ratio (TCE divided by tangible assets) can be used as a measure of leverage. High ratio values indicate less leverage and a larger amount of tangible equity compared to tangible assets."}
{"prompts":"What Are Well-Known Securities Fraud Cases Investigated by the FBI?","response":"Examples of cases of securities fraud are the\u00a0Enron, Tyco, Adelphia, and\u00a0WorldCom\u00a0scandals."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Law of Supply and Demand Important?","response":"The Law of Supply and Demand is essential because it helps investors, entrepreneurs, and economists understand and predict market conditions. For example, a company considering a price hike on a product will typically expect demand for it to decline as a result, and will attempt to estimate the price elasticity and substitution effect to determine whether to proceed regardless."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Main Economic Sectors?","response":"The four main sectors of an economy are:Primary sector: Represents companies that are involved in extracting natural resources and agriculture.Secondary sector: Companies involved in manufacturing, construction, and processing producing goods that use the resources obtained from companies within the primary sector.Tertiary sector: Companies that provide services such as entertainment, financial, and retailers.Quaternary sector: Involves knowledge-based activities such as information technology, research, and development, as well as consulting services and education."}
{"prompts":"What Is Better, Term or Permanent Life Insurance?","response":"Both term and permanent life insurance can help you protect your loved ones financially. You should buy the one that offers premiums you can afford. Permanent life lasts longer and has a cash value component, but its premiums are usually much higher than term life insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside of Preferred Stock?","response":"Though preferred stock often has greater rights and claims to dividends, this type of investment often does not appreciate in value as much as common stock. In addition, preferred stock holders have little to no say in the operations of the company as they often forego voting capabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Inflation Target?","response":"Governments typically set an inflation target, which is approximately 2% a year in the U.S. An inflation target allows businesses and individuals to budget for the future. It provides an indicator for companies on how much to pay their employees and how much to charge for their goods and services. It indicates to individuals how much they can expect in wages as well as how much goods and services will cost."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) Mean?","response":"The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a common measure of market concentration and is used to determine market competitiveness, often pre- and post-merger and acquisition (M&A) transactions. The closer a market is to a monopoly, the higher the market's concentration (and the lower its competition)."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From a VAT and Who Doesn\u2019t?","response":"Wealthier consumers could ultimately come out ahead if a VAT replaced the income tax. As with other flat taxes, a VAT\u2019s impact would be felt less by the wealthy and more by the poor, who spend most of their income on necessities.In short, lower-income consumers would pay a much higher proportion of their earnings in taxes with a VAT system, according to critics such as the Tax Policy Center."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion?","response":"A U.S. citizen or U.S. resident alien who is physically present in another country for 330 days or more during 12 consecutive months, a U.S. citizen who is a legal resident of a foreign country for an uninterrupted period that includes an entire tax year, or a U.S. resident alien who is a citizen or national of a country with which the United States has an income tax treaty in effect who is a legal resident of a foreign country for an uninterrupted period that includes an entire tax year, qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion."}
{"prompts":"What Does a T-Test Explain and How Are They Used?","response":"A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups. It is often used in hypothesis testing to determine whether a process or treatment has an effect on the population of interest, or whether two groups are different from one another."}
{"prompts":"How Is the System of Checks and Balances Used in International Organizations?","response":"Checks and balances are used by a wide range of global organizations that seek to check the power of different nations, organizations, and individuals within said organizations. Groups such as NATO, the UN, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Criminal Court (ICC), all employ checks and balances in their organizational structures."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Multinational Conglomerate?","response":"A multinational conglomerate is a company that owns other companies or businesses in at least one country other than its own\u2014the one where it's headquartered. Though similar to a multinational corporation (MNC), it's not quite the same, as an MNC could simply be a firm with subsidiaries, operations, or other holdings in foreign nations, as opposed to separate companies."}
{"prompts":"Is It Necessary to Use Any Type of Broker At All?","response":"No law says that you must use some type of broker although flying solo is generally not a good idea if you're not very knowledgeable about the industry. Two types of plans allow you to invest directly on your own: direct stock plans (DSPs) and dividend reinvestment plans (DRIPs). Both involve dealing directly with the company you want to invest in.There's no guarantee that these plans won't also charge fees and DRIPs don't commonly provide for selling shares."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Primary vs. Secondary Market?","response":"New capital is raised via stocks and bonds that are issued and sold to investors in the\u00a0primary capital market, while traders and investors subsequently buy and sell those securities among one another on the\u00a0secondary capital market but where no new capital is received by the firm."}
{"prompts":"Is Someone With a JD a Doctor?","response":"It is not customary in the U.S. to address individuals who hold a JD as a \"Doctor.\" In the late 1960s, the Canons of Professional Ethics issued a full ethics opinion regarding whether lawyers could ethically use the title \"Doctor.\" The organization came down against this usage, with some exceptions. It is permissible for lawyers to use the title \"Doctor\" when dealing with countries where the use of \"Doctor\" by lawyers is standard practice. In addition, lawyers are allowed the use of the title in academia as long as the school of graduation considers the JD degree a doctorate degree."}
{"prompts":"Can I Avoid Paying the Net Investment Income Tax?","response":"There are ways to avoid qualifying for the NIIT. The key is keeping your modified adjusted gross income under the threshold.Talk to a tax professional or another financial professional to see what steps you can take to decrease your tax liability when it comes to your investments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Main Purposes of the Securities Exchange Act?","response":"The SEA has two primary goals. It is intended to prevent fraud in the securities market and to create more transparency in companies' financial disclosures so that investors have the information they need to make informed decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Holding Period Mean?","response":"Holding period means the time a security was held for. It begins when the investment is purchased and ends when it is sold."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Neoliberalism?","response":"The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is one example. By this agreement, Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. agreed to remove all trade restrictions between their countries to open up trade and increase the economic benefits for each."}
{"prompts":"Can I Deduct My Car if I Use It for My LLC?","response":"If you use a car entirely for business purposes, you can deduct the related expenses.If you have a car that you use for both business and personal trips, only the costs related to its business use are deductible. That means keeping receipts and a careful log of mileage and other costs associated with the vehicle."}
{"prompts":"What Are Limitations of YTM?","response":"YTM calculations usually do not account for taxes that an investor pays on the bond. In this case, YTM is known as the gross redemption yield. YTM calculations also do not account for purchasing or selling costs. YTM makes assumptions about the future, and an investor may not be able to reinvest all coupons, the bond may not be held to maturity, and the bond issuer may default."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Valuable Skills in the Knowledge Economy?","response":"While higher education and technical training are obvious assets, communication and teamwork are also essential skills for a knowledge-based economy, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Since it is unlikely that any single knowledge worker can generate groundbreaking innovations alone, these interpersonal and workplace competencies are essential to surviving in a knowledge-based workplace."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tier 3 Capital?","response":"Tier 3 capital is tertiary capital banks use to support market risk in their trading activities. Tier 3 capital includes a greater variety of debt (short-term unsecured, subordinated debt) than tier 1 and tier 2 capital, but it's of lower quality. Tier 3 capital is being abolished under the Basel III accords."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Purpose of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930?","response":"The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930 was enacted to protect U.S. farmers from foreign competition by increasing tariffs on certain foreign goods. It was also purposed to offer protections to other industries from foreign competitors."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Free Trade Area?","response":"The advantages include greater access to low-priced, high-quality goods, lower prices overall, greater efficiency and innovation in production, increased economic development and living standards, and overall economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of an uninsured CD?","response":"While an uninsured CD carries risk, the biggest benefit is that you can earn more money. Higher interest rates over time will bring in a much higher rate of return. If you are confident in the market, an uninsured CD could make sense for you."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Financial Risk Important?","response":"Understanding, measuring, and mitigating financial risk is critical for the long-term success of an organization. Financial risk may prevent a company from successfully accomplishing its finance-related objectives like paying loans on time, carrying a healthy amount of debt, or delivering goods on time. By understanding what causes financial risk and putting measures in place to prevent it, a company will likely experience stronger operating performance and yield better returns."}
{"prompts":"What Are Industries Within the Technology Sector?","response":"There are three main industries within the technology sector. These are software and services, semiconductors and semiconductor equipment, and technology hardware and equipment. Each of these areas can be further broken down into sub-industries."}
{"prompts":"What Is Strategic Management?","response":"Strategic management is the process of setting goals, procedures, and objectives in order to make a company or organization more competitive. Typically, strategic management looks at effectively deploying staff and resources to achieve these goals. Often, strategic management includes strategy evaluation, internal organization analysis, and strategy execution throughout the company."}
{"prompts":"Is contingent liability an actual liability?","response":"Yes, when they are probable. Even though they are only estimates, due to their high probability, contingent liabilities classified as probable are considered real. This is why they need to be reported via accounting procedures, and why they are regarded as \u201creal\u201d liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Legal Powers Does an HOA Have?","response":"Individual HOAs have different levels of legal powers, depending on how they were designed. However, HOAs generally have the legal authority to create and enforce community policies, such as whether to allow smoking, pets, or rentals in the building. HOAs also decide on budgets for the building and have the authority to charge monthly or one-time fees to their members. If a member refuses to pay these fees or to comply with the community policies, HOAs can impose a range of penalties. In many cases, these penalties can include monetary fines, the restriction of community privileges, and even litigation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Accounting Policies and Principles?","response":"While an accounting principle is the standardized rule set forth by a governing body, an accounting policy is the method or guideline used by management to adhere to the rule and generate financial statements.In the United States, generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are the accounting standards accepted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Certain accounting principles allow for management discretion, and that is where accounting policies come into play."}
{"prompts":"Can Tenants Negotiate a Triple Net Lease?","response":"With a triple-net lease, almost all responsibilities fall on the tenant. The tenant is responsible for paying rent, and all overhead costs associated with owning the property: taxes, insurance, operating expenses, utilities, etc. As a result, the base rental amount can become a key negotiating term. Because the tenant is taking on the risk of the landlord's overhead, they may be able to negotiate a more favorable base rental amount."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Have a High Operating Income But Lose Money?","response":"While a good operating income is often indicative of profitability, there may be cases when a company earns money from operations but must spend more on interest and taxes. This could be due to a one-time charge, poor financial decisions made by the company, or an increasing interest rate environment that impacts outstanding debts. Alternatively, a company may earn a great deal of interest income, which would not show up as operating income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Swingline Loan?","response":"A swingline loan is a type of loan for business owners or individuals to access a large sum of credit for a brief period of time. They are often a sub-limit of a revolving line of credit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Marketable Securities?","response":"A marketable security is any type of stock, bond, or other security that can easily be bought or sold on a public exchange. For example, the shares of public companies can be traded on a stock exchange, and treasury bonds can be bought and sold on the bond market.In contrast, a non-marketable security is one that cannot be legally sold to the public. For example, shares in non-public companies can only be bought or sold in very limited circumstances."}
{"prompts":"How Does Social Responsibility Benefit Companies?","response":"In addition to potentially increasing the bottom line, companies that implement social responsibility programs can also boost their brand image. Social responsibility programs can also have a positive impact on morale among employees."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Asset Is Bad Debt?","response":"Bad debt is a contra asset, which reduces a business's accounts receivable."}
{"prompts":"What Do a Company's Funds From Operations Tell You?","response":"Funds from operations measure how much cash a real estate investment trust generates. This cash is derived from a variety of sources, including regular business activities. FFO is the way that REITs measure their operating performance. Keep in mind that FFO doesn't include the gains a REIT makes on the sale of its property(s). That's because this doesn't count as an ongoing or recurring activity."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Manage Economic Exposure?","response":"Economic exposure is managed through two overarching strategies: operational strategies and currency risk-mitigation strategies. Operational strategies include diversification in production facilities and the markets the products are sold, flexibility in sourcing raw materials, and diversifying financing sources. Currency risk-mitigation strategies include matching currency flows, currency swaps, risk-sharing agreements, and back-to-back loans."}
{"prompts":"Is a Going Concern Good or Bad?","response":"A going concern is often good as it means a company is more likely than not to survive for the next year. When a company does not meet the going concern criteria, it means that a company may not have the resources needed to operate over the next 12 months."}
{"prompts":"What are the limitations of an annualized rate of return?","response":"Annualized rate of return can be a useful tool to understand your investment outlook, but it is not a guarantee. Market volatility and other outside forces can change an investment's annualized rate of return."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Progressive Taxation Good?","response":"Proponents of progressive taxation argue that progessive taxation is a fair to ensure that a tax system is fair, especially as it can help reduce inequality in wealth and income in a society. However, critics warn that there are limitations to progressive taxation, as well, including the risk of disincentivizing work or expansion, and of incentivizing wealthy taxpayers to seek out tax loopholes."}
{"prompts":"What If I Come into Possession of MNPI and I Am Not an Employee of the Company Involved?","response":"Anyone who comes into possession of MNPI is under an obligation not to act on that information, as it could still be construed as a form of insider trading, leading to prosecution of the person acting on it."}
{"prompts":"How Do Bullish Pennant Patterns Differ from Bearish Pennants?","response":"Bullish pennant patterns occur after an uptrend and indicate a potential continuation of the upward movement. Bearish pennant patterns occur after a downtrend and suggest a potential continuation of the downward movement."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Demonetization?","response":"The chief disadvantage is the costs involved in printing and minting the new currency. Also, demonetization may not have the intended effect of reducing criminal activity as these entities might be savvy enough to hold assets in other forms other than physical currency. Finally, this process is risky as it can plunge the nation into utter chaos if not handled with the utmost of competence."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Good Portfolio Look Like?","response":"A good portfolio will depend on your investment style, goals, risk tolerance, and time horizon. Generally speaking, a good degree of diversification is recommended regardless of the portfolio type in order to not hold all of your eggs in one basket."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Syndicate Loans?","response":"Syndicated loans allow borrowers to raise money from different lenders. These lenders form a group called a syndicate and provide varying amounts of capital based on how much risk they're willing to accept. Banks syndicate loans because it allows them to lessen the risk associated with lending to a borrower. That's because one bank (usually) doesn't take the full responsibility for 100% of the loan."}
{"prompts":"Is It Normal to Pay a Brokerage Fee?","response":"Traditionally, most investors and traders had to pay fees to their brokers to execute trades and maintain their accounts. With the advent of Internet-based trading, online account management, and fierce competition among brokerage firms, today's fees on most stock and ETF trades have dropped to zero at several platforms."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Lowest GDP Per Capita?","response":"Of the countries for which the IMF publishes data, Burundi, Sierra Leone, and Malawi have the lowest GDP per capita."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Utopian Socialist?","response":"Contrary to Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx, who both believed in necessary revolution, utopian socialists believed that capitalists could be encouraged to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people through moral persuasion alone."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Vostro Account Benefit Banks?","response":"Vostro accounts allow banks to expand their global reach, offer services in foreign currencies, reduce transaction costs, mitigate currency risks, and provide convenient access to local banking infrastructure and services in foreign markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good FICO Score?","response":"A FICO Score above 670 is better than average, while scores above 740 indicate that the borrower is extremely responsible with credit. A FICO Score above 800 is considered exceptional."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Ponzi Scheme?","response":"Ponzi schemes are named after Charles Ponzi, a businessman who successfully persuaded tens of thousands of clients to invest their money in a nonexistent venture for a guaranteed high profit.Ponzi's earliest clients got their money, but it was paid out of money contributed by later investors. Ponzi made millions before his con was exposed."}
{"prompts":"When Should One Use Straight-Line Deprecation?","response":"Straight-line depreciation is the easiest method for calculating depreciation. It is most useful when an asset's value decreases steadily over time at around the same rate."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Main Types of Economic Systems?","response":"The four main types of economic systems are a pure market economy, a pure command economy, a mixed economy, and a traditional economy."}
{"prompts":"How Is GNI Calculated?","response":"To calculate GNI, compensation paid to resident employees by foreign firms and income from overseas property owned by residents is added to GDP, while compensation paid by resident firms to overseas employees and income generated by foreign owners of domestic property is subtracted. Product and import taxes that are not already accounted for in GDP are also added to GNI, while subsidies are subtracted."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Right of Survivorship and Does It Affect a Tenancy-at-Will?","response":"Two or more tenants have equal rights to a property when they have rights of survivorship. They would automatically inherit another tenant's share in equal proportions if one of them were to die.This legal arrangement is most common with property deeds that convey ownership rather than leases. A tenancy-at-will agreement would be dissolved if only one tenant resided in the property and that tenant died. Whether a roommate could effectively remain in residence would most likely be decided on a case-by-case basis depending on the relationship between the landlord and tenant and the terms of the tenancy-at-will agreement."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Double Bottom Pattern?","response":"A double bottom is a reversal pattern that is used by followers of technical analysis to mark a major shift in the price of a security. More broadly, active traders also use chart patterns such as a double bottom, or V-shape, to mark major shifts in broad market indexes and changes in economic sentiment."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate My Residual Income?","response":"If you are applying for a loan, your residual income is the amount of money you have to spend after all of your monthly obligations have been paid. This is also called discretionary income.If you are planning your long-term future, residual income takes on a different meaning. It is the amount of money you generate (or plan to generate in the future) from passive sources such as dividends and interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is Inside Sales vs. Outside Sales?","response":"Inside sales relies on an indoors salesforce to market and sell the company's products or services online or over the phone.Outside sales uses in-person techniques such as meeting clients face-to-face, knocking on doors, or setting up physical booths at conventions or conferences."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a Cover Letter?","response":"A cover letter should start with a formal greeting, preferably addressed to the hiring manager. If you do not know who will be reading your cover letter, a generic \"to whom it may concern\" is an acceptable, albeit old-fashioned, way to address a cover letter. It is also acceptable to address the letter to a title, such as \"Dear Hiring Manager,\" or \"Dear Talent Acquisition Team.\""}
{"prompts":"What Does ESG Represent?","response":"ESG stands for environmental, social, and governance, which are important factors for some investors to adhere to. Those investors look for solid management of a company and seek out those that gear toward sustainability and community improvement. In 2020, the popularity of ESG investments took off."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Lightning Network?","response":"The Lightning Network is a second layer for the Bitcoin blockchain, which serves to speed up transaction times and decreases network congestion. It is a technological solution designed to solve problems associated with the Bitcoin blockchain by introducing off-chain transactions. Its channel is a transaction mechanism between two parties, in which the each can make or receive payments from the other."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Asset in the Accounting Equation?","response":"An asset is anything with economic value that a company controls that can be used to benefit the business now or in the future. They include fixed assets, such as machinery and buildings. They may include financial assets, such as investments in stocks and bonds. They also may be intangible assets, like patents, trademarks, and goodwill."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Elements of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL)?","response":"The triple bottom line is an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions of performance: social, environmental, and financial. These three facets can be summarized as \"people, planet, and profit.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mechanic's Lien?","response":"A mechanic's lien is a type of lien often used in construction projects. It is also called a construction lien. If the property owner fails to pay a contractor for their work, the contractor can put a lien on that property until the debt is settled."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Tell If Price Is Moving in a New Direction or If It's Just a Head Fake?","response":"Head-fake trades usually only last a short period of time, perhaps an hour or a day. If the price move coincided with a break of key technical significance, and that technical level is subsequently regained, you're very likely looking at a head-fake move. That's why it's important to keep stop-loss orders tight if you have gone with the price break, so as not to get caught in a head fake, and, more important, miss the potential resumption of the prior trend."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Protect Yourself from Carding?","response":"You can protect yourself as a seller from carding by using one or more of the newly developed fraud prevention methods like CAPTCHA and CVV requirements. Individuals should be careful with their cards and be on the lookout for signs of tampering when using ATMs and gas pumps."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Oslo Stock Exchange Called?","response":"The Oslo Stock Exchange can be called the Oslo Stock Exchange, Euronext Oslo, or Oslo B\u00f8rs."}
{"prompts":"Who Enforces the FCRA?","response":"As a federal law, enforcement of the FCRA falls to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB)."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Trade Options?","response":"Yes, anyone can trade options. You do not have to work for a financial institution or other company to do this. All you need is to open your own brokerage account. However, it is not that simple. Because options are more complex than trading regular stocks and bonds, your broker will need to approve you to trade options based on multiple factors, such as your trading experience, your financial profile, and your investment goals. If you'd like to trade options, start by speaking to your brokerage to find out what is involved."}
{"prompts":"Do Other Economic Theories Build on or Challenge Liquidity Preference Theory?","response":"Yes, several contemporary economic theories challenge or build upon liquidity preferences. For instance, rational expectations and market efficiency theories often posit that markets adjust quickly to new information, which might undercut the speculative motive for liquidity preference. In addition, developing new financial instruments and technologies that enhance liquidity and manage liquidity risk can also lead to rethinking liquidity preference. However, modern monetary theory and post-Keynesian economics build upon or extend Keynesian ideas, including liquidity preference theory, to explain modern economic phenomena."}
{"prompts":"Who Should Consider a Dynasty Trust?","response":"People with significant taxable assets in the estates benefit the most from dynasty trusts. This is because a dynasty trust becomes the asset owner, so the assets are not included in the estate when the grantor passes away."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Larry Ellison a Business Legend?","response":"After dropping out of two universities in the 1960s, Ellison founded a company in 1977 that would later become Oracle. Under his leadership, Oracle has grown into a mammoth firm that employs over 135,000 people and boasted annual revenues of $40 billion in 2021. In addition to driving the massive growth of his company since its founding, Ellison has defined how the global business sector uses big data by developing and launching products used by all of the 100 largest public companies worldwide and by 430,000 customers in 175 countries."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Quantity Discount?","response":"If a company sells a product that costs $5, buying 100 of those units would cost $500. To entice buyers to purchase its product, a company may offer a quantity discount, selling 100 units for $450, which would make the per unit cost $4.50 instead of $5; a 10% discount."}
{"prompts":"Is Liar's Poker (Book) a True Story?","response":"Liar's Poker is a non-fiction, semi-autobiographical book by Michael Lewis, recounting his own experiences on Wall Street in the late 1980s."}
{"prompts":"What Is Witching and Why Is It Quadruple?","response":"In folklore, the late-night \"witching hour\" was a time of supernatural and occult doings. The appropriation of \"witching\" to denote the simultaneous expiration of stock and index options and futures contracts was meant to suggest the possibility of surprising market moves driven by the increased trading volumes associated with such quarterly events. In practice, single-stock futures had minimal market impact given the prevalence of stock options. Since single-stock futures no longer trade in the U.S., the quarterly derivatives expiration date is now often called \"triple witching.\""}
{"prompts":"How Does Immigration Affect the Labor Market?","response":"The effects of immigration are difficult to measure precisely, due to the size and complexity of the modern economy. The classical model of economics predicts that high levels of immigration may cause wages to fall due to an increased supply of labor. However, some studies suggest that immigration can also have a positive effect on aggregate demand, depending on the skillset of the new arrivals. Because new workers are also consumers, the research found that immigration can increase the demand for labor as well as the supply."}
{"prompts":"Why Were Joint-Stock Companies Important in U.S. History?","response":"Joint-stock companies played a major role in funding the settlement of the original colonies. These companies could raise money from many investors, without exposing any one investor to excessive risk. This allowed the companies to raise enough resources to launch successful settlements in the new world. One famous example was the Virginia Company of London, which funded the settlement at Jamestown."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Rank as Most Trusted for Consumer Goods in the U.S.?","response":"Nestl\u00e9, PepsiCo, LVMH Mo\u00ebt Hennessy Louis Vuitton, and Proctor & Gamble are the top four ranked companies in 2023 for consumer goods in a survey conducted by EConsumer Goods Technology and Ensemble IQ."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Continuation Pattern?","response":"When you identify a continuation pattern on a chart, it suggests that the price of the asset has a greater likelihood of emerging from the pattern in the same direction that it was moving previously. There are several continuation patterns, including the ascending triangle, that technical analysts use as signals that the existing price trend will likely continue. Other examples of continuation patterns include flags, pennants, and rectangles."}
{"prompts":"How Does Tax-Loss Harvesting Work?","response":"Tax-loss harvesting takes advantage of the fact that capital losses can be used to offset capital gains. An investor can \"bank\" capital losses from unprofitable investments to pay fewer capital gains tax on profitable investments sold during the year. This strategy includes using the proceeds of selling unprofitable investments to buy similar investments that preserve the portfolio's overall balance."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Convertible Preferred Share Differ from a Convertible Bond?","response":"Both convertible preferred shares and convertible bonds can be converted into common shares, but they differ in several key ways.Convertible bonds, like any bonds, are debts. That gives the owners of convertible preferred bonds priority over the owners of convertible preferred shares in the event of bankruptcy or liquidation. (Both have priority over holders of common stock.)Convertible preferred shares typically pay a fixed cash dividend out of a company\u2019s retained earnings. Convertible bonds pay a coupon rate, which is a periodic interest payment.Finally, most convertible bonds have a specified maturity date, while convertible preferred shares can exist as long as the company remains a going concern."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Report Income From a C Corporation?","response":"A C corporation should use IRS Form 1120 to report its corporate income taxes. The company may also have employment, Social Security, or Medicare tax liabilities and these can increase the cost of filing taxes as well compared to the other forms of companies."}
{"prompts":"Why is it called a Dutch auction?","response":"The term \u201cDutch auction\u201d stems from the auction style used in 17th century Holland\u2019s tulip markets. The bulbs were wildly popular, and the marketplace for them had been chaotic. The exchange decided that the best way to sell the tulip bulbs was to do it quickly in as few bids as possible\u2014while still getting the best price possible."}
{"prompts":"Is Employee Attrition Good or Bad?","response":"The loss of employees can be a problem for corporations because it can mean the reduction of valued talent in the workforce. However, it can also be a good thing. Attrition can force a firm to identify the issues that may be causing it. It also allows companies to cut down labor costs as employees leave by choice and they're not replaced. Eventually, it can lead to the hiring of new employees with fresh ideas and energy."}
{"prompts":"Is Shareholder Activism Dying?","response":"While some fear recently proposed SEC rule changes may put a damper on activist investing, it has not yet seemed to slow down. After taking a dip in 2020 and 2021 due to COVID19 restrictions, activist investors were seen back above 2019 levels. In fact, shareholder activism activity hit a record high in 2022. Some predict this upward trend will continue through 2023 and beyond despite regulatory roadblocks that may be put in the way, although only time will tell."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate growth rate in Excel?","response":"Since growth rate calculations follow a fairly straightforward formula, they can be easily transported into a spreadsheet program like Microsoft Excel to speed up calculations and remove the chance of human error. You will simply need to provide the beginning values, ending values, and the number of periods (if using compound annual growth rate [CAGR], for instance). Note that newer versions of Excel also have a built-in rate of return (RoR) function that can compute CAGR in one step, known as [RRI]. Still, the RRI function uses three arguments: number of periods, start value, and end value."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Do Mental Accounting?","response":"People have a natural tendency to treat money differently, depending on factors such as its origin and intended use. That way of thinking gradually makes less sense the more you think about it and ends up actually being detrimental to our finances."}
{"prompts":"What Is SEC Form ADV Part 3?","response":"This section is called the relationship summary. In June 2019, the SEC amended SEC Form ADV and turned Part 3 into a separate form called SEC Form CRS. This form must be submitted by any firm that provides retail investment services to their clients. Since it serves as a summary of both parts of SEC Form ADV, it must include any identifying information as well as client relationships, services provided, and conflicts of interest among other things."}
{"prompts":"How Are Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDO) Created?","response":"To create a collateralized debt obligation (CDO), investment banks gather cash flow-generating assets\u2014such as mortgages, bonds, and other types of debt\u2014and repackage them into discrete classes, or tranches based on the level of credit risk assumed by the investor. These tranches of securities become the final investment products, bonds, whose names can reflect their specific underlying assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Net Worth?","response":"Determining what a \"good\" net worth is will vary for every individual, according to their life circumstances, financial needs, and lifestyle. The average net worth of an individual in the U.S. was $121,700 in 2019, according to the latest data from the Federal Reserve."}
{"prompts":"How Is Percentage Change Used in Finance?","response":"Percentage change is often used in finance to track the value increase or decrease of a stock or large market indexes over time. It is also used to compare the values of different currencies.Companies also use percentage change in balance sheets to provide a comparative view of assets over different quarters or years. And they use percentage change in quarterly reports to report trends in their revenues over the same quarter in the prior year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Purpose of Capital Budgeting?","response":"Capital budgeting's main goal is to identify projects that produce cash flows that exceed the cost of the project for a company."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Main Points of the Clayton Antitrust Act?","response":"The Clayton Antitrust Act targeted four anti-competitive practices in particular:mergers,acquisitions,interlocking board directorates, andprice price discrimination"}
{"prompts":"What Is Brand Equity?","response":"Brand equity is the commercial value of a product's reputation to the company that owns it. A company's price may be determined by adding up the value of its buildings, inventory, and equipment. But its value increases if the company owns one or more brands that have attained a solid reputation with consumers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Value Engineering?","response":"Value engineering is the process of designing a product to ensure the value a customer receives is maximized. This is a careful activity of balancing the functions of the product along with the financial consideration of a product. In general, value engineering strives to maximize the benefit a consumer receives while minimizing costs."}
{"prompts":"Is Depreciation a Prime Cost?","response":"Depreciation is considered an indirect cost and is typically included in a company\u2019s overhead. For instance, manufacturing overhead may include utility costs or the depreciation expense of factory equipment.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Is Military Base Pay Calculated?","response":"A military member's monthly base pay is calculated based on their pay grade and the number of years of service. Military base pay is the military member's basic compensation excluding additional allowances. Base pay does not include other forms of compensation that the member receives, such as the basic allowance for housing (BAH), clothing, bonuses, hazard pay, and cost-of-living adjustment (COLA). Annual increases to a member's base pay are calculated by measuring the increase in private-sector wages and salaries as reflected in the employment cost index (ECI)."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Nash Equilibrium Important?","response":"Nash equilibrium is important because it helps a player determine the best payoff in a situation based on not only their decisions but also the decisions of other parties involved. Nash equilibrium can be utilized in many facets of life, from business strategies to selling a house, from war to social sciences, and so on."}
{"prompts":"When Did the FTC Ban Waivers of Exemption?","response":"Waivers of exemption have been illegal since 1985, as stated in the Credit Practices Rule."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Media Kit and Why Is It Important?","response":"A media kit is a bundle of materials and information you put together to hand out to members of the press or other media outlets. Having one is important because it gives reporters numbers to contact, establishes your brand, and promotes your amicability towards sharing information."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Consumption Function Measure?","response":"The consumption function is an economic concept that explains the relationship between income and spending. It was introduced by British economist John Maynard Keynes, who suggested that economists could use the consumption function to track and estimate total consumer spending in the economy."}
{"prompts":"How Is Deferred Tax Liability Calculated?","response":"A company might sell a piece of furniture for $1,000 plus a 20% sales tax, payable in monthly installments by the customer. The customer will pay this over two years ($500 + $500).In its financial records, the company will record a sale of $1,000.In its tax records, it will be recorded as $500 per year for two years.The deferred tax liability would be $500 x 20% = $100.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Term Loans?","response":"Term loans come in several varieties, usually reflecting the lifespan of the loan. A short-term loan, usually offered to firms that don't qualify for a line of credit, generally runs less than a year, though it can also refer to a loan of up to 18 months or so. An intermediate-term loan generally runs more than one to three years and is paid in monthly installments from a company\u2019s cash flow. A long-term loan runs for three to 25 years, uses company assets as collateral, and requires monthly or quarterly payments from profits or cash flow."}
{"prompts":"Which Businesses Are Eligible for the General Business Credit?","response":"According to the IRS, an eligible small business is any of the following:A non-publicly traded corporationA partnershipA sole proprietorshipAdditionally, the entity's average annual gross receipts during the prior three tax years can't exceed $50 million. If the business is less than three years old, base the average annual gross receipts on the period the business has existed."}
{"prompts":"What Did Kahneman and Tversky Do?","response":"Kahneman and Tversky proposed that losses have a greater emotional impact than a gain of the same amount. They said that, given choices presented two ways\u2014with both offering the same result\u2014an individual will pick the option offering perceived gains."}
{"prompts":"What is a quitclaim deed?","response":"A quitclaim deed is a document in which a grantor disclaims all interest in a parcel of real property and then conveys that interest to a grantee. Unlike grantors in other types of deeds, the quitclaim grantor does not promise that their interest in the property is actually valid."}
{"prompts":"How Did Sa\u00efd Business School Get its Name?","response":"SBS is named after Syrian-Saudi-Canadian Wafic Sa\u00efd. The businessman and philanthropist donated \u00a320 million to facilitate the construction of a building for the business school. Sa\u00efd is the chair of the Sa\u00efd Foundation, a charity that works with children in Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and Palestine. He also founded Sa\u00efd Holdings, a private investment company."}
{"prompts":"Can Payday Loan Debt Be Forgiven?","response":"In practice, it\u2019s very rare for payday loan debt to be written off. This is because payday lenders make significant sums from the interest that they charge on these loans.This means that you should try and pay off payday loans as soon as you possibly can. If you can\u2019t pay back a payday loan, the account may be sent to a collection agency, which will pursue you for the money and interest that you owe. This is not only unpleasant but also can add money to your overall debt\u2014and it will damage your credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Sensitivity Analysis and Scenario Analysis?","response":"Sensitivity analysis is the technique of taking a single event and determining different outcomes of that event. For example, a company may analyze its valuation based on several factors that may influence the calculation. On the other hand, scenario analysis relates to more broad conditions where the outcome is not known. For this example, imagine economists trying to project macroeconomic conditions 18 months from now.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Happens If You Foreclose Your Own House?","response":"If you volunteer to willingly foreclose on your home, your lender will allow you to surrender your home in exchange for canceling the mortgage debt. You must agree to leave the home in good condition and move by a specified date. When you voluntarily foreclose, your credit will take a hit but you will control the terms for leaving your home, and you may even receive money from your lender to finance your move out."}
{"prompts":"What if the Partnership\u2019s Fiscal Year Is Different From the Partner\u2019s?","response":"This can lead to an unintended income increase for the partner, as guaranteed payments made after the end of a partnership\u2019s fiscal year but before the end of the partner\u2019s fiscal year would get counted as income in the partner\u2019s following fiscal year, not the one in which it is actually made."}
{"prompts":"Does ECOA Apply to All Creditors?","response":"Yes, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act applies to all creditors. Financial institutions and other firms engaged in the extension of credit can't discriminate against an applicant based on a prohibited basis during any aspect of a credit transaction. Additionally, lending officers and employees can't do anything that would, on a prohibited basis, discourage a reasonable person from applying for a loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities?","response":"There are two common types of mortgage-backed securities: pass-through securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, known as CMOs. Pass-through securities are structured as trusts. The mortgage payments are collected and passed on to investors. CMOs are made of pools of securities, called tranches, which are given specific credit ratings and rates that are returned to investors."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Terms for Rate of Change?","response":"The rate of change may go by other terms depending on the context. When talking about speed speed or velocity, for instance, acceleration\/deceleration is the rate of change. In statistics and regression modeling, the rate of change is defined by the slope of the line of best fit. For populations, the rate of change is called the growth rate. In financial markets, the rate of change is often referred to as momentum."}
{"prompts":"What Does Marginal Benefit Mean for Producers?","response":"For manufacturers and other suppliers, the marginal benefit for a good represents the incremental profit that they can make by selling additional units of a certain good. This is not necessarily the same as the expected per-unit profit. For example, if a company decides to sell an additional 1,000 bottles of a soft drink, but expects half of them to go unsold, the marginal benefit would be half of the per-unit profit margin."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High PMI Reading Indicate?","response":"The Purchasing Managers' Index reading can range between 0 and 100. If the index reading is higher than 50, then it indicates an economic expansion. This means that the closer the reading is to 100, the higher the degree of positive economic growth. A reading below 50 indicates an economic contraction, with readings closer to 0 indicating a higher degree of contraction. A reading of 50 indicates no change in the economic environment."}
{"prompts":"How Long Must a 10b5-1 Be in Place Before It Can Be Acted Upon?","response":"The SEC has recently declared a 90-day mandatory cooling-off period before a 10b5-1 plan can be implemented. This is to avoid the appearance of potential insider trading and offers the company insider an affirmative defense once they enact their 10b5-1 trading plan."}
{"prompts":"Is a hammer candlestick pattern bullish?","response":"The hammer candlestick is a bullish trading pattern that may indicate that a stock has reached its bottom and is positioned for trend reversal. Specifically, it indicates that sellers entered the market, pushing the price down, but were later outnumbered by buyers who drove the asset price up. Importantly, the upside price reversal must be confirmed, which means that the next candle must close above the hammer\u2019s previous closing price."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Credit Utilization Ratio?","response":"Credit scores, and prospective lenders, typically favor credit utilization ratios of 30% or less, and the lower, the better."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Dividend Yield Good?","response":"Yield-oriented investors will generally look for companies that offer high dividend yields, but it is important to dig deeper in order to understand the circumstances leading to the high yield. One approach taken by investors is to focus on companies that have a long track record of maintaining or raising their dividends, while also verifying that those companies have the underlying financial strength to continue paying dividends well into the future. To do so, investors can refer to other metrics such as the current ratio and the dividend payout ratio."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Measure Producer Surplus?","response":"With supply and demand graphs used by economists, the producer surplus would be equal to the triangular area formed above the supply line over to the market price. It can be calculated as the total revenue less the marginal cost of production."}
{"prompts":"Can I Send Only My Best GRE Score to Schools?","response":"Yes, you have the option to send only your best GRE scores to schools. The ScoreSelect option allows you to choose which scores are sent to institutions, giving you control over which scores they see."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Interpret the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)?","response":"A market with an HHI below 1,500 is considered a competitive marketplace, an HHI of 1,500 to 2,500 is moderately concentrated, and an HHI of 2,500 or greater is highly concentrated. As a general rule, mergers that increase the HHI by more than 200 points in highly concentrated markets raise antitrust concerns, as they are assumed to enhance market power."}
{"prompts":"What is a good short interest?","response":"Short interest as a percentage of float below 10% indicates strong positive sentiment. Short interest as a percentage of float above 10% is fairly high, indicating significant pessimistic sentiment. Short interest as a percentage of float above 20% is extremely high."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mathematical Optimization?","response":"Mathematical optimization is a field of applied mathematics that seeks to find a combination of input variables that maximizes or minimizes the output return of a multi-variable function. When used in business, these techniques could be used to fine-tune production processes to minimize certain costs or increase per-unit output."}
{"prompts":"What Did John Nash Jr. Study?","response":"John Nash Jr. studied math at Carnegie Institute of Technology. He earned his doctorate at Princeton University in math. He graduated from Princeton at the age of 22."}
{"prompts":"Can I File an IRS Injured Spouse Form Because of a Spouse\u2019s Student Loan Debt?","response":"In most cases, an injured spouse can file Form 8379 to claim their share of a tax refund before it is used to offset their spouse's debts. However, rules are different in community property states, where the tax refund may be considered shared marital property. In those cases, the IRS will divide the return according to the state community property law."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of the Bell Curve?","response":"Although the bell curve is a very useful statistical concept, its applications in finance can be limited because financial phenomena\u2014such as expected stock-market returns\u2014do not fall neatly within a normal distribution. Therefore, relying too heavily on a bell curve when making predictions about these events can lead to unreliable results. Although most analysts are well aware of this limitation, it is relatively difficult to overcome this shortcoming because it is often unclear which statistical distribution to use as an alternative."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Survive if They Are Insolvent?","response":"Some companies can survive for a time while being insolvent. Since their assets and liabilities tend to be long-term metrics, they may be able to operate the same as if they were solvent as long as they have liquidity. Liquidity is the capital that a company has to operate their business."}
{"prompts":"Why Are They Called Venn Diagrams?","response":"They are called Venn diagrams because the diagram was developed by John Venn, an English logician."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the difference between CIF and CFR?","response":"Cost and freight (CFR) and cost insurance and freight (CIF) are similar. They both relate to transporting goods by sea and divide the responsibilities of transit between the buyer and the seller. Where they differ is that CIF requires marine insurance to be included, at the expense of the seller. With CFR, the seller is not responsible for insuring the goods until they reach the destination port."}
{"prompts":"Why are asset classes useful?","response":"Financial advisors focus on asset class as a way to help investors diversify their portfolios to maximize returns. Investing in several different asset classes ensures a certain amount of diversity in investment selections. Each asset class is expected to reflect different risk and return investment characteristics and perform differently in any given market environment."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Invisible Hand Important?","response":"The invisible hand allows the market to reach equilibrium without government or other interventions forcing it into unnatural patterns. When supply and demand find equilibrium naturally, oversupply and shortages are avoided. The best interest of society is achieved via self-interest and freedom of production and consumption."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Cash Conversion Cycle Measure?","response":"The cash conversion cycle (CCC) is one of several measures of management effectiveness. It measures how fast a company can convert cash on hand into even more cash on hand. The CCC does this by following the cash, or the capital investment, as it is first converted into inventory and accounts payable (AP), through sales and accounts receivable (AR), and then back into cash. Generally, the lower the number for the CCC, the better it is for the company."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Components of Break-Even Analysis?","response":"There are five components of break-even analysis including fixed costs, variable costs, revenue, contribution margin, and the break-even point (BEP)."}
{"prompts":"What's the Legal Precedent for Poison Pills?","response":"In Delaware, where many large, listed companies are incorporated, the courts have held that corporate boards have broad discretion in preventing the accumulation of controlling stakes, provided their response is proportional and based on a reasonable perception of a threat."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies as Head of Household?","response":"To file taxes as head of household, you must be considered unmarried, pay at least half of the household expenses, and have either a qualified dependent living with you more than half the year or a parent for whom you cover half of housing costs."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read a Stock Quote?","response":"You read a stock quote in a few different parts. If you are just curious about the price of the stock, just look at the \"quote.\" When people talk about what price a stock is trading at, it is this price. If you are trading the stock, you can check the bid price to see what sellers are selling the stock for, or the ask price to see what price buyers will pay. There is always a difference in these two numbers, and it is where market movers make their profits."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Highest GDP?","response":"The countries with the two highest GDPs in the world are the United States and China. However, their ranking differs depending on how you measure GDP. Using nominal GDP, the United States comes in first with a GDP of $25.46 trillion as of 2022, compared to $17.96 trillion in China.Many economists argue that it is more accurate to use purchasing power parity GDP as a measure of national wealth. By this metric, China is actually the world leader with a 2022 PPP GDP of $30.33 trillion, followed by $25.46 trillion in the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Worst Hyperinflation in History?","response":"Hungary experienced hyperinflation from August 1945 to Jul 1946, with a daily inflation rate of 207%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Loss Carryforward and Carryback?","response":"A loss carryforward allows a business to carryover a loss to the net operating income to reduce its tax liability. This loss can be carried forward over the next 20 subsequent years. By contrast, a loss carryback allows a firm to apply a loss to a previous year's tax return. This results in an immediate refund of the taxes paid in that year."}
{"prompts":"How does tulipmania relate to bitcoin?","response":"The bitcoin market is frequently compared with tulipmania, in that both prompted highly speculative prices for a product with little clear utility. Bitcoin prices tend to crash after significant gains, exhibiting many signs of a classic bubble."}
{"prompts":"What Does OTCM Stand for?","response":"\"OTCM\" Stands for over-the-counter market, which is a market where parties transact the buying and selling of securities with one another without a centralized exchange facilitating the process. \"OTCM\" can also refer to OTC Markets Group, which owns and operates a trading system to facilitate OTC trading."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Recessions Last?","response":"The average U.S. recession since 1857 lasted 17 months, although the six recessions since 1980 averaged less than 10 months."}
{"prompts":"What Should I Do If I Notice an Error or Discrepancy on My Account Statement?","response":"If you notice an error or discrepancy on your account statement, contact your bank immediately. Provide them with the details of the incorrect transaction, and they will initiate an investigation to rectify the issue and ensure your account is accurate."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of a Long-Term Investment Strategy?","response":"A long-term investment strategy aims to hold an investment security for a year or more. Long-term investment strategies come with a higher amount of risk due to the unpredictability of future outcomes. Furthermore, the goal is price appreciation over a long period, rather than immediately, which means riding out dips in a security's price. Long-term investments should also be part of a diversified portfolio to reduce long-term volatility."}
{"prompts":"Is PayPal Safe to Use?","response":"PayPal uses end-to-end encryption and users have the option to enable two-factor authentication to increase the security of their transactions. It's as safe as electronic transactions get these days."}
{"prompts":"Are SPAs Legally Binding?","response":"Yes, SPAs are legally binding. Often the last document furnished as part of the purchase or sale of an asset, it is signed by authorized representatives from both parties when both sides are prepared to execute the deal."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)?","response":"Cost of goods sold (COGS) is calculated by adding up the various direct costs required to generate a company\u2019s revenues. Importantly, COGS is based only on the costs that are directly utilized in producing that revenue, such as the company\u2019s inventory or labor costs that can be attributed to specific sales. By contrast, fixed costs such as managerial salaries, rent, and utilities are not included in COGS. Inventory is a particularly important component of COGS, and accounting rules permit several different approaches for how to include it in the calculation."}
{"prompts":"Who is most likely to be underinsured?","response":"People most likely to be underinsured include those struggling to make ends meet and those without a decent understanding of how these products work. Insurance, though a relatively simple concept, is often wrapped in complex jargon and pages of fine print. If not properly read and understood, this could lead to big discrepancies between what is expected and what is actually offered."}
{"prompts":"When Are Contingent Value Rights Used?","response":"CVRs are issued at the time that one company acquires another. It represents the difference in the two companies' valuation of the target and provides a benefit to its shareholders. These investors receive the benefit when the acquired company achieves a certain performance achievement."}
{"prompts":"How do derivative warrants differ from options?","response":"Both derivative warrants and options give the holder the right to buy or sell shares at a set price before a specified date. However, options are listed on an exchange and traded from investor to investor while derivative warrants are issued by the company itself."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Buy Stop-Limit Order?","response":"A buy stop-limit order combines features of a stop with a limit order. To place a buy stop-limit order, you need to decide on two price points. The first price point is the stop, which is the start of the trade's specified target price. The second price point is the limit price, which is the outside limit of the trade's price target. You must also set a time frame during which your trade is considered executable.After your stop price has been reached, your stop-limit order converts to a limit order. Your limit order will then be executed at your specified price or better. The main benefit of a buy stop-limit order is that it enables traders to better control the price at which they buy a security."}
{"prompts":"Is a Finder's Fee Always a Monetary Reward?","response":"No, it isn't. Depending on the parties involved and the business transaction that closed, the finder's fee could be a non-monetary gift selected as a simple thank-you."}
{"prompts":"Is the IS-LM model actually used?","response":"The IS-LM model has limited use as a shortcut that enables quick decision-making. Because it is too simplistic, it is not useful for formulating tax or spending policies. Even its creator, John Hicks, called it \u201ca classroom gadget\u201d and expected it to be eventually replaced by something more sophisticated."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find a Company's Stock Ticker Symbol?","response":"To find a company's ticker symbol, you can search online financial databases, check the company's website, check the stock exchange's website, or ask a financial advisor or broker.If you are having trouble finding a company's ticker symbol, it is possible that the company is not publicly traded or is listed on an exchange outside of the United States. In these cases, it may be more difficult to find the ticker symbol."}
{"prompts":"Are CFA Charterholders Paid More?","response":"Industry reports indicate that CFA charterholders are paid more than those who have not completed the program. According to test prep provider 300 Hours, a CFA charterholder earns, on average, 57% more than a Level I candidate when controlling for years of work experience."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Outsource or Keep In-House?","response":"There are benefits and disadvantages to outsourcing certain roles, as there are with keeping those operations in-house. A company has greater control over the direction and management of work by its in-house employees than it would over an outside contractor. On the other hand, outside companies may have more experience and resources with certain tasks, such as legal services. In addition, a company must pay the full salary and benefits of its in-house employees. Outsourcing those roles to another company could cost more or less than keeping those roles in-house, depending on the nature of the task."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Parties in Third-Party Insurance?","response":"For an insurance policy, the first party is the person or business that purchases the insurance (the insured). The second party is the company providing the insurance (the insurer). A third party is some outside person or business that makes a claim for damages from the first party."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gramm-Beach-Bliley Act?","response":"The Gramm-Beach-Bliley Act was introduced in 1999 to protect customers from financial firms sharing their sensitive data and information. The act repealed parts of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933, which had previously prohibited banks from offering investment, commercial banking, and insurance services. The GLBA aimed to modernize the financial industry by allowing these different types of financial institutions to merge and operate under a single holding company."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Has Been Repatriated Since 2000?","response":"Billions of dollars have been repatriated back to the United States since 2000. As much as $777 billion in cash stored overseas was repatriated by corporations back to the United States in 2018, according to the Federal Reserve. This was largely due to the passing of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which lowered the transition tax for corporations that wanted to exchange their foreign-held currency into U.S. dollars."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Chi-square Test Used for?","response":"Chi-square is a statistical test used to examine the differences between categorical variables from a random sample in order to judge the goodness of fit between expected and observed results.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Is Going Concern So Important?","response":"Going concern is important because it is a signal of trust about the longevity and future of a company. Without it, business would not offer nearly as much credit sales as suppliers, vendors, and other companies may not pay the company if there is little belief these companies will survive."}
{"prompts":"How do product portfolios differ among companies?","response":"Each product portfolio will, of course, be specific to the company in question, meaning no two portfolios are exactly alike, though they may be similar. Older companies generally have portfolios that are more greatly diversified than younger companies, having been in business longer with more opportunity to expand. As a result, they have less operational volatility than younger companies, which may rely upon the performance of fewer products, opening them up to greater risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is Scenario Analysis in Strategic Management?","response":"Scenario analysis can be applied to almost any managerial decision, particularly those related to competitive strategy. Said differently, scenario analysis allows managers to test strategic proposals\u2014for example, whether or not to acquire a smaller competitor\u2014and figure out how it will turn out under different conditions."}
{"prompts":"What are the most popular asset classes?","response":"Historically, the three main asset classes have been equities (stocks), fixed income (bonds), and cash equivalent or money market instruments. Currently, most investment professionals include real estate, commodities, futures, other financial derivatives, and even cryptocurrencies in the asset class mix."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Monthly Absorption Rate Calcuated?","response":"In order to determine a monthly absorption rate, take the total number of homes sold in the market and divide that by 12. Then, divide this monthly average number of homes sold by the total number of homes available for sale."}
{"prompts":"Which asset class has the best historical returns?","response":"The stock market has proven to produce the highest returns over extended periods of time. Since the late 1920s, the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) for the S&P 500 is about 6.6%, assuming that all dividends were reinvested and adjusted for inflation.In other words, $100 invested in the S&P 500 on Jan. 1, 1928, would have been worth about $46,833 (in 1928 dollars) by Dec. 31, 2023, without adjusting for inflation. The total would have grown to $836,206 in 2023 dollars. By comparison, the same $100 invested in five-year Treasuries would have been worth only about $7,278 in today\u2019s dollars."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Head of the Securities and Exchange Commission Chosen?","response":"The Securities and Exchange Commission is headed by five commissioners, who serve five-year terms and are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate. The president also designates one of those commissioners to be the chairman of the body."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Share Economy Differ From the Conventional Economy?","response":"The share economy has several distinct characteristics:It allows direct interaction between buyer and seller, without a retail go-between.It's a short-term commitment for one job, not a contract for ongoing services.It stretches one person's resources or skills to serve many others."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Marginal Cost Important?","response":"Marginal cost is an economics concept that plays an important role in business management since it can help businesses optimize their production levels. It refers to the incremental cost of adding one more unit of production, such as producing one more product or delivering one more service to customers. It is generally associated with manufacturing businesses, although the concept can be applied to other types of businesses as well."}
{"prompts":"What Does New Zealand\u2019s Currency Look Like?","response":"Each banknote and coin of New Zealand's currency looks different. The currency usually has a bird on one side of a banknote or coin as well as an important historical figure of New Zealand. The currency also comes in very bright colors."}
{"prompts":"Is Prepaid Expense a Current Asset?","response":"Yes, prepaid expense is recorded as a current asset. Current assets are assets that a company plans to use or sell within a year; they are short-term assets. Most often, this is where the prepaid expense line item is recorded. If any prepaid expense will not be used within a year, then it must be recorded as a long-term asset."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Laissez-Faire\" Mean Literally?","response":"Laissez-Faire, in French, literally means \"let it be.\" Legend has it that the origins of the phrase \"laissez-faire\" in an economic context came from a 1681 meeting between the French finance minister Jean-Baptise Colbert and a businessman named Le Gendre. As the story goes, Colbert asked Le Gendre how best the government could help commerce, to which Le Gendre replied \"Laissez-nous faire;\" basically, \"Let it be.\" The Physiocrats popularized the phrase, using it to name their core economic doctrine."}
{"prompts":"Is Cap and Trade Bad?","response":"Although cap and trade aims to reduce emissions and pollution, it has some drawbacks affecting the economy. When implemented it leads to an increase in the cost of energy."}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Overcome Non-Tariff Barriers?","response":"Companies can employ several strategies to overcome non-tariff barriers in international trade. Firstly, they can invest in thorough research to ets. . Additionally, companies can engage in dialogue with government authorities to advocate for trade facilitation measures and compliance support."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Financial Leverage?","response":"An example of financial leverage is buying a rental property. If the investor only puts 20% down, they borrow the remaining 80% of the cost to acquire the property from a lender. Then, the investor attempts to rent the property out, using rental income to pay the principal and debt due each month. If the investor can cover its obligation by the income it receives, it has successfully utilized leverage to gain personal resources (i.e., ownership of the house) and potential residual income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current SONIA Rate?","response":"The SONIA rate calculated, published, and set on June 15, 2023, was 4.42840%."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trade Surplus?","response":"A trade surplus occurs when the value of a country's exports exceeds the value of its imports. This indicates a positive inflow of money, shown by the balance of trade being a positive number."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Retirement Planning So Important?","response":"Retirement planning allows you to sock away enough money to maintain the same lifestyle you currently have. After all, no one wants to work right up until the end. While you may work part-time or pick up the odd gig here or there, it probably won't be enough to sustain your current lifestyle. And Social Security benefits will only take you so far. That's why it's so important to have a viable plan that allows you to get the maximum amount of money when you retire."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Refinance Your Home?","response":"There are a few reasons why one would refinance their home. The primary reason is to obtain more favorable loan terms than before. This is usually seen in a lower interest rate on your mortgage, which makes your mortgage cheaper, resulting in lower monthly payments. Other reasons to refinance your home include changing the term on the mortgage or taking out a cash value from the home's equity to use for other purposes, such as paying off debts or renovating your home."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Event Study in Economics?","response":"In economics, as well as in finance, an event study refers to whether or not a statistical relationship exists in the financial markets between a specific event and a public company's stock price or value."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Upside\/Downside Ratio?","response":"The upside\/downside ratio is a metric used by technical analysts to determine the direction change of financial assets. More specifically, it calculates the upward versus downward volume. This ratio is calculated by dividing advancing issues (volume traded that close above their opening price) by declining issues (volume traded that close below their opening price).Analysts and investors use this ratio to understand the momentum of a financial instrument, company, market, sector, or economy at any given time. This helps identify entry and exit points to maximize gains and minimize losses."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trust Receipt Transaction?","response":"When a company does not have sufficient capital to purchase merchandise, a bank may lend the company the resources to the company, but retain ownership rights, through a trust receipt transaction. Under the terms of a trust receipt agreement, the company agrees to repay the bank once the merchandise has been sold."}
{"prompts":"What Are Interest Rate Differential Calculations Used for?","response":"IRD calculations are used to demonstrate the difference in interest rates between two financial securities, usually in fixed income trading, forex trading, and lending calculations."}
{"prompts":"What Does AARP Stand for?","response":"The acronym AARP originally stood for the American Association of Retired Persons. The organization officially changed its name to AARP in 1999 as a way of recognizing that many members were not yet retired or continued to work part time."}
{"prompts":"How Is Bitcoin Cash Different From Bitcoin?","response":"Bitcoin Cash was created to allow more transactions in a single block, theoretically decreasing fees and transaction times. But in spite of the philosophical differences that led to the hard fork, Bitcoin Cash and Bitcoin share several technical similarities. They use the same consensus mechanism and have capped their supply at 21 million coins."}
{"prompts":"How Is Free Cash Flow Calculated?","response":"There are two main approaches to calculating FCF.The first approach uses cash flow from operating activities as the starting point and then makes adjustments for interest expense, the tax shield on interest expense, and any capital expenditures (CapEx) undertaken that year.The second approach uses earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) as the starting point, then adjusts for income taxes, non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization, changes in working capital, and CapEx.In both cases, the resulting numbers should be identical, but one approach may be preferred over the other depending on what financial information is available."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Black Swan Event in the Stock Market?","response":"A black swan event in the stock market is often a market crash that exceeds six standard deviations, making it exceedingly rare from a probabilistic standpoint. Some have argued that stock prices are \"fat-tailed\" and that such events are, in reality, more frequent than the statistics would let on."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EBITA and EBITDA?","response":"Each of these is a measure of profitability used by analysts: earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization (EBITA) and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA). Both are used to gauge a company\u2019s profitability, efficiency, or value. EBITDA is the more commonly used measure because it adds depreciation\u2014the accounting practice of recording the reduced value of a company\u2019s tangible assets over time\u2014to the list of factors."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between value at risk (VaR) and standard deviation?","response":"Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the potential loss that an asset, portfolio, or firm might experience over a given period of time. Standard deviation, on the other hand, measures how much returns vary over time. It is a measure of volatility in the market: The smaller the standard deviation, the lower an investment\u2019s risk, and the larger the standard deviation, the more volatile it is."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the EFTA Apply To?","response":"EFTA applies to all persons, including offices of foreign financial institutions in the United States that offer EFT services to residents of any state. It covers any account located in the United States through which EFTs are offered to a resident of a state, no matter where a particular transfer occurs."}
{"prompts":"How Long Was Michael Bloomberg Mayor of NYC?","response":"He served as the mayor of NYC from 2002 until the end of 2013. When he served as mayor, he helped push the smoking ban into effect."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Medium of Exchange?","response":"A medium of exchange works if its value is immediately recognizable, reasonably stable, and portable. It then serves its purpose as an intermediary for the exchange of goods or services between two parties."}
{"prompts":"What Are Typical Terms for Hard Money Loan?","response":"Hard money loans are a form of short-term financing, with the loan term lasting between 3 and 36 months. Most hard money lenders can lend up to 65% to 75% of the property\u2019s current value, at an interest rate of 10% to 18%."}
{"prompts":"The DJIA Is Based on the Prices of How Many Stocks?","response":"The Dow Jones Industrial Average is made up of 30 large stocks. All the stocks are based in the United States. The DJIA is also known as the Dow 30."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Natural Gas Called the Widow Maker?","response":"Natural gas is called a widow maker because investors seek to take advantage of the spread between March natural gas futures contracts (when trading hits a low due to the end of winter) and April natural gas futures contracts (when utilities resupply natural gas storage). Depending on the demand\/need for natural gas throughout winter, if investors are on the wrong side of the trade, misjudging the spread, their investments can be wiped out. The volatility of the spread causes it to be a widow maker trade."}
{"prompts":"Who Buys Preferred Stock?","response":"Preferred stock often provides more stability and cashflow compared to common stock. Therefore, investors looking to hold equities but not overexpose their portfolio to risk often buy preferred stock. In addition, preferred stock receives favorable tax treatment; therefore, institutional investors and large firms may be enticed to the investment due to its tax advantages."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cash Accounting and Accrual Accounting?","response":"Cash accounting records payments and receipts when they are received. Accrual records payments and receipts when services or good are provided or debt is incurred."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Negative Effects of an Oligopoly?","response":"An oligopoly is when a few companies exert significant control over a given market. Together, these companies may control prices by colluding with each other, ultimately providing uncompetitive prices in the market. Among other detrimental effects of an oligopoly include limiting new entrants in the market and decreased innovation. Oligopolies have been found in the oil industry, railroad companies, wireless carriers, and big tech."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Collar Protect Against Losses?","response":"The downside put places a floor below the stock price, limiting losses to the difference between the put strike price and the original stock price minus the premium received for the call. The put strike is selected based on the level of downside protection desired. Meanwhile, the short reduces the cost of the strategy but caps the upside potential as the gains in the existing shares will be offset by equivalent losses in that call option."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Demographics Matter?","response":"Demographics refers to the description or distribution of characteristics of some target audience, customer base, or population. Governments use socioeconomic information to understand the age, racial makeup, and income distribution (among several other variables) in neighborhoods, cities, states, and nations in order to make better public policy decisions.Companies look to demographics to craft more effective marketing and advertising campaigns and to understand patterns among different audiences."}
{"prompts":"How Much Gold Does a Krugerrand Contain?","response":"A Krugerrand coin contains one ounce of gold, and weighs a total of 1.09 ounces due to the trace presence of copper alloy that makes the coins more durable."}
{"prompts":"How Does Buying on Margin Work?","response":"Margin traders deposit cash or securities as collateral to borrow cash for trading. In stock markets, they can typically borrow up to 50% of the total cost of making a trade, with the rest coming from their margin collateral. They then use the borrowed cash to make speculative trades. If the trader loses too much money, the broker will liquidate the trader's collateral to make up for the loss."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Gift Causa Mortis?","response":"Causa mortis is the term used for a gift given \"because of death.\" When someone is contemplating their death, such as when they are dying, and give someone a gift with significant value, it is known as a gift causa mortis."}
{"prompts":"Why is it called \u2018hawkish\u2019?","response":"Hawks and hawkish policy are more aggressive in nature, whether in terms of monetary policy or military stance during a potential conflict. It is named after hawks, the aggressive birds of prey.The opposite are a dove and dovish policies, seen as more meek or conservative. These epitomize the peaceful symbolism of another bird, the dove."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Credit Default Swaps?","response":"Credit default swaps are beneficial for two main reasons: hedging risk and speculation. To hedge risk, investors buy credit default swaps to add a layer of insurance to protect a bond, such as a mortgage-backed security, from defaulting on its payments. In turn, a third party assumes the risk in exchange for a premium. By contrast, when investors speculate on credit default swaps, they are betting on the credit quality of the reference entity."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Make a Media Kit?","response":"How you make a media kit depends on what you do. Generally, it includes contact information, company history, mission and vision statements, biographies, client stories, and anything else you think might interest the press. It can also be as minimal as a webpage with basic information."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Do's and Don'ts of Cross-Selling?","response":"When cross-selling, consider your loyal customers who are more likely to purchase again. Build campaigns focusing on satisfied customers and promote additional products to them. Train associates to recognize satisfied customers and assess their needs.On the other hand, don't assume that customers are aware of your other offerings. Educate them, and help them understand how those products can deliver value. When speaking to a customer, do so in a personable manner; otherwise, it comes across as a sales pitch. Lastly, avoid unhappy customers as it can further the divide between them and your brand."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Monetary Policy?","response":"Monetary policy includes the policies set by a nation's central bank. The policies are generally categorized as expansionary monetary policy or contractionary monetary policy. The former is needed to spur and grow the economy when it is slow or in a recession. This involves low interest rates. A contractionary monetary policy is one where the economy needs to slow down or curb high inflation. This involves high interest rates."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Apply for an FHA Loan?","response":"You apply for an FHA loan directly with the bank or other lender that you choose. Most banks and mortgage lenders are approved for FHA loans.You can apply for pre-approval of an FHA loan with the lender you choose. The lender will gather enough financial information to issue (or deny) a pre-approval within a day or so. That will give you an idea of how much you can borrow while not committing yourself to anything.All of the above is true for any mortgage application. If you want an FHA loan you should say that upfront."}
{"prompts":"How Does USDT Differ from Other Cryptocurrencies?","response":"USDT is a pegged cryptocurrency, meaning its value is only as volatile as that of the U.S. dollar. Other examples are USD Coin (USDC), Binance USD (BUSD), and Dai (DAI).One of the benefits of tethering is that it allows investors to easily move money between cryptocurrency markets and the traditional financial system. They don't have to wait out steep declines in trading values.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Merger and an Acquisition?","response":"Mergers and acquisitions are two types of business transactions that involve the consolidation of two or more companies. A merger combines two companies together\u2014usually those of similar size and operations. This type of transaction is usually friendly, where all parties involved agree to the consolidation. An acquisition, on the other hand, occurs when one company purchases another. This transaction can be friendly or hostile. In the latter case, the target firm (the one being purchased) doesn't agree to the transaction and tries to prevent being taken over."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Derivatives?","response":"A derivative is a financial instrument whose value is tied to an underlying asset. The main types of derivatives are options, futures, forwards, and swaps."}
{"prompts":"Does an Attorney-in-Fact Need To Be a Lawyer?","response":"No. An attorney-in-fact can be anyone you wish to designate as such. Often they are a family member or close friend. That said, there is nothing to prevent you from choosing a lawyer, also known as an \u201cattorney-at-law,\u201d as your attorney-in-fact."}
{"prompts":"What Are Demand Schedules Used for?","response":"Demand schedules are used to make manufacturing plans, forecast sales, ensure appropriate resources are on hand to meet demand, and to set pricing strategies. The demand schedule summarizes the economic impact of how rising prices can influence the demand of a good (and vice versa)."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate the growth rate of a population?","response":"Like any other growth rate calculation, a population\u2019s growth rate can be computed by taking the current population size and subtracting the previous population size. Divide that amount by the previous size. Multiply that by 100 to get the percentage."}
{"prompts":"What Is Demand-Side Economics?","response":"Demand-side economics could be seen as the opposite of supply-side economics.Demand-side economics maintains that increasing the demand for goods and services is the key to economic growth.A demand-side economic policy might call for large-scale government spending on infrastructure projects in order to increase related production, purchases, and hiring.Demand-side economics may also be called Keynesian economics for John Maynard Keynes, who developed the theory and advocated its implementation as a way out of the Great Depression of the 1930s."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Investments I Can Make?","response":"Most ordinary individuals can easily make investments in stocks, bonds, and CDs. With stocks, you are investing in the equity of a company, which means you invest in some residual claim to a company's future profit flows and often gain voting rights (based on the number of shares owned) to give your voice to the direction of the company. Bonds and CDs are debt investments, where the borrower puts that money to use in a pursuit that is expected to bring in cash flows greater than the interest owed to the investors."}
{"prompts":"Is CFP\u00ae Equivalent to MBA?","response":"No, a CFP\u00ae is not equivalent to an MBA. A certified financial planner (CFP\u00ae) is qualified to advise individuals on financial planning. The holder of a master of business degree has studied the way businesses operate. The career paths differ. A CFP\u00ae works in financial consulting or wealth management. An MBA may be a business manager, portfolio manager, financial analyst, financial strategist, or even an entrepreneur."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Small Business Administration (SBA) Do?","response":"The Small Business Administration (SBA) is a U.S. government agency that provides assistance to small business owners. It has a series of tools available for new and existing entrepreneurs. Its goals include providing business owners with access to capital, developing entrepreneurial spirit, reserving contracting dollars for certain business owners, and advocating on behalf of small business owners."}
{"prompts":"Who Wrote the JOBS Act?","response":"The House Majority Leader at the time, Eric Cantor, introduced the JOBS Act to Congress. The ACT was approved with bipartisan support."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Morningstar Sustainability Rating?","response":"The higher the rating, the better. Five globes imply that the fund\u2019s investments are very ESG-friendly, whereas one globe is the worst score you can get. An average score is three globes, so four could be considered a good sustainability rating."}
{"prompts":"When Do RMDs Start?","response":"At present, individuals must start taking required minimum distributions from qualified retirement accounts at age 73. Prior to 2023, the RMD age was 72. Before 2020, it was 70\u00bd."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Biggest Difference Between a CMA and an Appraisal?","response":"A comparative market analysis can be done by agents, brokers, buyers, or sellers. An appraisal can only be done by a licensed and state-certified appraiser."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Subject to FUTA?","response":"Most businesses are subject to FUTA if they have employees. If a company pays wages of more than $1,500 to employees in any calendar quarter during the year, they are subject to FUTA. In addition, if one or more employees worked part of a day in 20 or more different weeks during the year, the company they work for is subject to FUTA."}
{"prompts":"When Should You Start a Corporation?","response":"Administratively, there are many benefits to changing a legal entity's status effective January 1; this change is the cleanest from a tax perspective. Operationally, it may make more sense to convert a company to a corporation when it is ready to raise more capital and make it easier for investors to infuse capital into the company."}
{"prompts":"Are Value Stocks High Risk?","response":"Value stocks are generally considered less risky than growth stocks. However, consider that both value stocks and growth stocks are equities which are generally more risky than other types of investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Interest Rate?","response":"An ex-ante interest rate is announced before the actual interest rate or ex-post rate is made public. The main difference between the two is that the ex-ante rate doesn't take inflation into account while the ex-post rate does account for this figure."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Inventory Turnover?","response":"What counts as a \u201cgood\u201d inventory turnover ratio will depend on the benchmark for a given industry. In general, industries stocking products that are relatively inexpensive will tend to have higher inventory turnover ratios than those selling big-ticket items. Inventory and accounts receivable turnover ratios are extremely important to companies in the consumer packaged goods sector."}
{"prompts":"At What Age Do Most Teachers Retire?","response":"Most teachers retire at the age of 58. The age at which teachers can start receiving retirement benefits will depend on the state. Many states require teachers work for a certain number of years before being eligible, regardless of their age."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Warranty Work?","response":"A warranty is a guarantee issued by a seller to a buyer that a product will meet certain specifications. If the product does not meet those specifications, the buyer can ask the manufacturer or seller to correct the problem. Certain exceptions apply, and not every defect is covered. The terms and conditions of the warranty depend on the type of warranty covering the product."}
{"prompts":"Is Penetration Pricing Ethical?","response":"Yes, penetration pricing is a valid strategy is that is used to temporarily offer lower prices to attract a customer. There is nothing unethical or illegal about it, though there are very strong considerations a company must make once a customer has been attracted. For example, once a new customer has agreed to a long-term contract, it is the company's responsibility to honor that agree even it is unprofitable and not \"bait and switch\" the customer."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Hydrocarbon and Its Uses?","response":"A hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon found in crude oil, natural gas, and coal. Hydrocarbons are highly combustible and the main energy source of the world. Its uses consist of gasoline, jet fuel, propane, kerosene, and diesel, to name just a few."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Liquidity Important?","response":"If markets are not liquid, it becomes difficult to sell or convert assets or securities into cash. You may, for instance, own a very rare and valuable family heirloom appraised at $150,000. However, if there is not a market (i.e., no buyers) for your object, then it is irrelevant since nobody will pay anywhere close to its appraised value\u2014it is very illiquid. It may even require hiring an auction house to act as a broker and track down potentially interested parties, which will take time and incur costs.Liquid assets, however, can be easily and quickly sold for their full value and with little cost. Companies also must hold enough liquid assets to cover their short-term obligations like bills or payroll; otherwise, they could face a liquidity crisis, which could lead to bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"How Do Hypothecation and a Mortgage Differ?","response":"Hypothecation is the pledging of an asset as collateral for a loan, without transferring the property's title to the lender. In a mortgage, the property purchased is used to secure the loan, but the lender holds the title."}
{"prompts":"Do QR Codes Expire?","response":"No, QR codes generally do not expire. Once created, they can be used indefinitely unless the linked information is changed or removed."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Job Requisition?","response":"A job requisition is a formal request to hire someone for a job. The requisition contains the job details, including desired candidate qualifications, role requirements, and job details. Some companies also post the target salary or salary range in the requisition."}
{"prompts":"When Is Scarcity Intentionally Created?","response":"This article is free to read and other content is easily reproduced intellectual property, including films and music, but may derive their scarcity from copyright protection. Inventors of new drugs and devices must secure patents to deter imitators. Many free goods may have an indirect or hidden cost."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Ways to Avoid a Gift Tax?","response":"One of the ways an individual can avoid a gift tax is by spreading out the gift over a number of years. This allows an individual to stay within the gift tax limit. The gift can be provided for education or medical expenses, given directly to the educational or medical facility. This would avoid the gift tax. Married couples can also gift-split, which increases the amount that can be given without incurring the gift tax."}
{"prompts":"How Many Bitcoins Are Left?","response":"As of February 2022, there are roughly 2 million Bitcoins left to be mined."}
{"prompts":"Are There Tax Implications for Owner Financing?","response":"Both buyers and sellers should be aware of the tax implications of owner financing. Sellers may need to report interest income, while buyers might be eligible for certain tax deductions related to mortgage interest. If you are considering entering an owner financing engagement, consider consulting your tax advisor."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for MIGA?","response":"Corporations and financial institutions can be eligible for MIGA coverage, as can state-owned companies and investments by non-profit organizations, as long as certain requirements are met. Companies must be incorporated in a member country or majority-owned by nationals of a member country; state-owned companies and non-profit investments must be made on a commercial basis to qualify."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Position of Subsidy Advocates?","response":"Subsidies exist in mixed economies. Proponents argue that subsidies to particular industries are vital to helping support businesses and the jobs that they create. Proponents further contend that subsidies are justifiable to provide the socially optimal level of goods and services, which will lead to economic efficiency."}
{"prompts":"How Will an Investor Know if DTC Has Issued a Freeze?","response":"When DTC chills or freezes a security, it will issue a \u201cParticipant Notice\u201d to its participants. These notices are publicly available on DTC\u2019s website. When securities are frozen, DTC provides optional automated notifications giving participants the ability to update their systems to automatically block future trading of affected securities, in addition to alerting participant compliance departments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Failure Rate and Hazard Rate?","response":"The hazard rate and failure rate are essentially the same thing. Failure rate is basically another way to say hazard rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Multilevel Marketing?","response":"Avon is an example of multilevel marketing. The company operates under a model where sales are driven through a network of salespeople, through presentations, or one-on-one settings in homes or businesses. Like a number of other multilevel marketing businesses, Avon typically does not operate a fixed retail location. The parent company, instead, provides the tools and resources to entrepreneurs to conduct their business at various locations. This type of business model is also referred to as a direct sales model.Other examples of MLM businesses include Tupperware, Rodan + Fields, Natura & Co., Vorwerk, Nu Skin, and PM International, among many others."}
{"prompts":"What's a main advantage of the variable life insurance policy?","response":"The policy owner chooses how to invest their cash value. Many policies offer a wide array of investment options ranging from a conservative approach\u00a0to an aggressive\u00a0strategy, to suit the needs of most investors. This might mean returns that surpass those of other insurance policies."}
{"prompts":"How Does DDB Differ From Declining Depreciation?","response":"Both DDB and ordinary declining depreciation are accelerated methods. The difference is that DDB will use a depreciation rate that is twice that (double) the rate used in standard declining depreciation."}
{"prompts":"Can You Be Guilty of Libel iI You Leave Disparaging or Negative Comments Online?","response":"If a defamatory or damaging statement is written and posted online, such as via a blog post or through social media, it may be considered libel. If so, the one who committed the libel could be prosecuted. While not yet common, there is increased concern that negative online reviews may end up constituting libel."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Current Tax and Deferred Tax?","response":"Current tax is tax payable, while deferred tax is intended to be paid in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Child Tax Credit Income Limits for the 2023 Tax Year?","response":"The full Child Tax Credit is available to individuals earning no more than $200,000. Couples filing jointly may have a joint income of up to $400,000. The credit phases out, so taxpayers with higher incomes may be eligible for a partial refund."}
{"prompts":"What Are Advantages of Super PACs?","response":"Unlike traditional PACs, there are no limits to how much a Super PAC can fundraise from contributors, including corporations, individuals, unions, and others. In addition, while Super PACs disclose their contributors, contributors themselves can shield their identities, such as through the use of shell corporations."}
{"prompts":"Is Bitcoin a Good Investment?","response":"Bitcoin has a short investing history filled with very volatile prices. Whether it is a good investment depends on your financial profile, investing portfolio, risk tolerance, and investing goals. You should always consult a financial professional for advice before investing in cryptocurrency to ensure it is right for your circumstances."}
{"prompts":"Do Activist Investors Ever Settle With Companies?","response":"Yes, because activist investing is not a zero-sum game. Since activist investors and incumbent managers share an interest in the company's success, they may sometimes agree to a mutually acceptable compromise. Such agreements typically grant the activist investor representation on the company board in exchange for a pledge to support management and the company's director nominees for a specified time. The agreements may also specify steps management will take at activist investors' behest, while including standstill provisions preventing the activist from increasing their stake in the company or requiring them to maintain a specified minimum stake."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade a Horizontal Channel?","response":"When the stock's price hits the top of a channel's trend line, sell your position or short a position. When the price hits the bottom of the trend line, then enter into a buy trade. When the price is in the middle of the trend line, remain neutral."}
{"prompts":"How Does Absorption Rate Apply to Accounting?","response":"In accounting, the absorption rate is when companies calculate and allocate their overhead expenses. These are the costs associated with providing goods and services to their customers, though these expenses aren't directly traceable to end products. As such, it's also often called an overhead absorption rate."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Net Interest Income?","response":"A bank calculates its net interest income by subtracting the amount of interest-bearing liabilities from its interest-bearing assets."}
{"prompts":"How Reliable Is a Head and Shoulders Pattern?","response":"The most common entry point is a breakout of the neckline, with a stop above (market top) or below (market bottom) the right shoulder. The profit target is the difference between the high and low with the pattern added (market bottom) or subtracted (market top) from the breakout price. The system is not perfect, but it does provide a method of trading the markets based on logical price movements."}
{"prompts":"What are gross return and net return?","response":"Gross return is the absolute change in price plus any income paid by the investment over some period of time. Net return takes the gross return and subtracts any commissions, management and other fees, and taxes. In other words, net return is what you are able to actually pocket from the investment. The so-called real return additionally accounts for the effects of inflation."}
{"prompts":"Who Prepares the Letter of Engagement?","response":"The engagement letter is drafted by the company rendering the service, often with the help of a lawyer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Methods of Qualitative Analysis?","response":"Qualitative research encompasses a wide range of techniques and methodologies. Among the most common include:InterviewsEthnography (participant observation)Narrative or discourse analysisFocus groupsDocument\/archival analysis"}
{"prompts":"How Do I Monetize My YouTube Videos?","response":"To start earning money on YouTube, you need to reach a large enough audience to make the ads shown on your videos add up. According to YouTube, you'll also need a minimum of 4,000 watch hours in the last 12 months and 1,000+ subscribers to access the YouTube Partner Program (YPP). Some popular YouTubers may be able to earn extra money through product placement or other forms of corporate sponsorship in their videos. YouTube also has a feature to include mid-roll ads in videos 8 minutes or longer, generating more earnings for creators."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Demand Deposits and Time Deposits?","response":"Demand deposits consist of funds the account holder can access right away, such as checking account funds. In contrast, time deposits or term deposits are locked for a certain period of time, such as certificates of deposit (CDs)."}
{"prompts":"How Much Equity Do I Have in My Home?","response":"You gain equity in your home by paying down the principal in your mortgage over time. If you used a down payment to purchase your home, you likely have some equity in it. With each mortgage payment, your equity grows. To figure out how much equity you have in your home, divide your current mortgage balance by the market or recently appraised value of your home."}
{"prompts":"What Is Capital Structure?","response":"Companies use various means to obtain the capital they need, which can include issuing bonds (debt) and shares of stock (equity). Capital structure refers to how they mix the two."}
{"prompts":"What Risks are Associated with Short Covering?","response":"Investors who cover a short position at a higher price than they initially shorted the stock for will incur a loss. The act of short covering can trigger further buying, creating a short squeeze in the stock, increasing the potential for significant losses as traders scramble to buy back shares at progressively higher prices. Before initiating a short position, investors should monitor a stock\u2019s short interest and SIR to determine the likelihood of a short squeeze occurring."}
{"prompts":"What Are Incidental Costs in Construction?","response":"Incidentals are common in the construction industry. They typically include certain expenditures related to the site purchase, grading or improvement of the site, original furnishings, equipment, machinery, or apparatus, or professional design or legal fees, insurance during construction, and general administrative costs."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Buy Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS)?","response":"You can buy TIPS directly from the U.S. Treasury\u2019s TreasuryDirect website, with a minimum purchase of $100. You can also typically buy them through your broker. There are also several mutual funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that invest in TIPS and other inflation-linked securities that you can buy and sell like ordinary shares of stock."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Economic Indicators?","response":"Leading indicators are one of the three main types of broader economic indicators. The others are lagging indicators (which reflect past activity) and coincident indicators (which reflect current activity)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Lower Middle Market?","response":"The lower middle market is a smaller subset of middle-market firms, with a total valuation between about $10 and $100 million dollars. Because of their small size, these firms tend to be more attractive for mergers and acquisitions that the rest of the middle market."}
{"prompts":"How Do Nonrenewables Differ From Renewable Resources?","response":"Since nonrenewables, by definition, will diminish in supply over time, the law of supply and demand suggests that their price will continue to rise. Renewables, by contrast, have an infinite supply. However, at the same time, the cost and time required to establish them will be lengthy. More recently, demand for renewables has grown in tandem with governmental incentives, with many of their costs decreasing over time. Solar energy is one prime example of this trend."}
{"prompts":"When Does the Lifetime Learning Credit Expire?","response":"The LLC doesn't expire. You can use it annually, for as many years as you qualify for the credit."}
{"prompts":"How do I find a viatical settlement provider?","response":"Check with your state's insurance regulator to find an approved VSP. Many states keep a list of active VSPs on their websites. Your life insurance company may also have a list of VSPs with whom they work regularly."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Marginal Tax Rate and an Effective Tax Rate?","response":"A marginal tax rate is the amount of tax that applies to each additional income level as defined by the tax brackets. In the U.S., taxpayers pay more in taxes as their income rises.\u00a0A taxpayer\u2019s effective tax rate is the single rate obtained by totaling the amounts owed as determined by the various, applicable tax brackets and then dividing that by total income."}
{"prompts":"Does a Bank Have to Notify Me in Writing?","response":"The financial institution must provide, in writing, account disclosures that reflect the legal obligation, or the contract between the parties; and these disclosures must be in a form that consumers can retain. The information must be presented clearly and conspicuously, so that consumers can understand the account terms."}
{"prompts":"What Does Political Economy Mean?","response":"The term \"political economy\" refers to a branch of social sciences that focuses on relationships between individuals, governments, and public policy. It is also used to describe the policies set by governments that affect their nations' economies."}
{"prompts":"How Much Time Do People Spend on Social Media?","response":"Internet users age 16 to 64 worldwide spent a daily average of 2 hours and 31 minutes on social media as of late 2022, according to DataReportal, which adds that \"social media now accounts for its greatest ever share of total online time, with almost four in every 10 minutes spent online now attributable to social media activities.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is the Futures Market?","response":"The futures market is the exchange in which traders buy and sell derivative financial contracts. These are agreements to buy or sell a specific commodity or financial instrument at a specific price and date. The price is locked in, and the buyer will gain or lose depending on the market price when the contract reaches maturity.Futures have long had a role in the markets for major physical commodities such as crude oil, gold, and wheat. Producers and buyers in volatile industries obtain reasonable prices in advance. Traders may be seeking a hedge against possible losses or making a speculative bet on the direction of commodity prices.There are also futures markets for stocks, indexes, and currencies, among others."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Important to Know Whether I'm a Highly Compensated Employee?","response":"If you are a highly compensated employee, the amount that the IRS allows you to contribute to your 401(k) plan is limited. If you contribute more than that amount, it would most likely be refunded to you and you'd owe taxes on it."}
{"prompts":"What Is Superannuation in Salary?","response":"Superannuation is a retirement fund offered by an employer. You and your employer contribute to this fund to help you build enough wealth to fund your retirement."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Brand Personalities?","response":"A company's brand personality elicits an emotional response in a specific consumer segment, with the intention of inciting positive actions that benefit the firm. There are five main types of brand personalities with common traits. They are excitement, sincerity, ruggedness, competence, and sophistication. Customers are more likely to purchase a brand if its personality is similar to their own.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Wage-Price Spiral?","response":"The wage-price spiral, a take on cost-push inflation, occurs when wages rise, creating more demand, which leads to higher prices. These higher prices thus incentivize workers to demand even higher wages, and so the cycle repeats."}
{"prompts":"Is Exponential Growth the Fastest Type of Growth?","response":"No, in math, exponential growth is not the fastest growth. There are faster growth models, such as factorial growth, which uses a larger number for multiplying with every new repetition. Exponential growth uses the same number for every new repetition."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the difference between market risk and specific risk?","response":"Market risk and specific risk make up the two major categories of investment risk.Market risk, also called systematic risk, cannot be eliminated through diversification, though it can be hedged in other ways and tends to influence the entire market at the same time.Specific risk, in contrast, is unique to a specific company or industry. Specific risk, also known as unsystematic risk, diversifiable risk or residual risk, can be reduced through diversification."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Lenders Require Down Payments?","response":"Downpayments reduce the risk for lenders. Not only do they reduce the amount of money that needs to be lent out; by acting as the \"cost of entry\" for a loan, but a downpayment can also be used to prove that the borrower is serious about a loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the US Debt Limit?","response":"The debt limit is the total amount of money the U.S. is authorized to borrow to meet obligations such as Social Security and Medicare benefits, military salaries, interest on the national debt, and tax refunds. To date, the U.S. government has never defaulted on its debts."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of force majeure?","response":"Events that could potentially trigger a force majeure clause include war, terrorist attacks, and a pandemic, or natural disasters that fall under the \u201cact of God\u201d category, such as a flood, earthquake, or hurricane."}
{"prompts":"Why Would You Want to Capitalize Interest?","response":"Companies may be interested in capitalizing interest if they want to defer the interest expense deduction to future periods. This is usually favorable as the company will likely have rent income from the asset being developed in the same period the interest expense could be taken. Alternatively, if all interest was expensed upfront, the company might not make the most use of the deduction as it may not have income to offset the expense against."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between an Angel Investor and a Venture Capitalist?","response":"Venture capitalists deploy vast sums of cash pooled from many investors. They have big money to spend and they tend to spend it only on existing businesses that they think have an opportunity to turn a substantially bigger profit. For example, they might buy a moribund retail chain with the goal of revitalizing it over the next two years.Angel investors are a different breed. They are individuals who are looking to put their own money into good ideas at their earliest stages of becoming successful businesses. They are committing their own money in hopes of making a good idea a reality."}
{"prompts":"Is PayPal a Digital Wallet?","response":"PayPal is a peer-to-peer payment and money exchange platform, but it has a digital wallet included in its app."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Glocalization?","response":"Glocalization is when an international corporation modifies some of its offerings in order to accommodate local consumer tastes or preferences. It is a portmanteau of the words \"globalization\" and \"localization.\""}
{"prompts":"When Do I Pay Taxes on a QLAC?","response":"When your QLAC annuity, your income, begins on the designated date in retirement, the income payments will be taxed at regular income tax rates."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do Supply Chain Management Jobs Pay?","response":"Supply chain managers across the United States had average annual salaries in the range of $109,645 to $140,513 as of December 2023, according to the website Salary.com."}
{"prompts":"When is the Best Timeframe to Use the Hanging Man?","response":"The effectiveness of the hanging man candlestick pattern, like all patterns and indicators, can vary depending on the timeframe in which it is used. The best timeframe usually depends on the strategy and goals of the trader."}
{"prompts":"Can a Homeowner Face Foreclosure With a Deed of Conveyance?","response":"Even after a homeowner has received a deed of reconveyance, they risk foreclosure by the local government if they don\u2019t make timely property tax payments. This process can be initiated by written notice and without involving the court in states that recognize a nonjudicial foreclosure process. A deed of reconveyance does not protect a homeowner with unpaid property taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Does TOD Stand for?","response":"TOD stands for transfer on death and is a legal means of ensuring specific people receive money and assets like stocks and bonds from brokerage accounts if the account owner dies. This is a straightforward and simple process. It involves filing a form naming the persons or people the account owner wishes to receive the assets. When the owner dies, the assets are transferred upon verification of death and identity."}
{"prompts":"How does Regulation E protect me?","response":"Regulation E allows you to dispute these types of errors:Unauthorized electronic funds transfers (EFTs)Incorrect EFTs to or from your accountOmission of an EFT from your bank statementComputational or bookkeeping errors made by your bank regarding an EFTReceipt of an incorrect amount of money from an automated teller machine (ATM) or other electronic terminalErrors involving pre-authorized transfersRequests for additional information or clarification concerning an EFT (citation)"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Crowd Within?","response":"The crowd within theory states that the average of two estimates made by one individual is more accurate than a single estimate made from that same person. The theory seeks to prove that the overall idea of wisdom of crowds can be achieved through the crowd within."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Use Ltd.?","response":"Businesses incorporate themselves as Ltd. (limited) to limit their liability to the capital they invest. If the business cannot pay its liabilities and declares bankruptcy, creditors can only go after business assets, not the owner's personal assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Significance of a Bond Being Quoted at a Premium vs. a Discount?","response":"A bond quoted at a premium is trading above its face value. For example, it could have a higher coupon rate than current market rates. Conversely, a bond quoted at a discount is trading below its face value, perhaps because it has lower coupon rates or the issuer's credit quality has fallen."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Net Exports?","response":"Net exports are the total value of a nation's exported goods and services that exceeds the total of its imported goods and services."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Maturity Date Affect the Interest Rate of a Bond?","response":"Bonds with longer terms tend to offer higher interest rates. This higher interest rate goes hand in hand with additional risks for investors."}
{"prompts":"Is a Pension Better Than a 401k?","response":"A pension plan is a better retirement vehicle for people who prefer have a guaranteed, defined amount of benefits when they retire. Though employees typically have less control over their money and sacrifice upside earning potential under a pension plan, it is usually a safer option, and the benefits an employee earns is paid out to them for life."}
{"prompts":"What States Allow Adverse Possession?","response":"Although all states allow adverse possession, the requirements can vary widely from state to state. The main differences involve the length of possession, the payment of taxes, and the presence of a document that claims to establish ownership (such as a deed). In general terms, states in the East do not require additional documentation, but they may require the payment of taxes on the property. States in the West tend to allow shorter periods of possession but have some additional requirements, such as the payment of taxes or a deed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Poison Pills?","response":"Poison pills can help self-serving incumbent managers and boards frustrate shareholder efforts to oust them to improve the company's performance. As a result, corporate governance advisors recommend companies limit their scope and duration, ensure that such plans address a specific goal or threat, and have a high triggering threshold."}
{"prompts":"What Financial Instruments are Considered High Risk Investments?","response":"High-risk investments include investing in options, initial public offerings (IPO), and foreign emerging markets."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies as Net Investment Income?","response":"Net investment income is any money earned from an investment vehicle. This includes interest, capital gains, royalties, rent payments, dividends, and certain payments from annuities. It may come from stocks, bonds, investment properties, mutual funds, and other investments.Taxpayers should be aware that they may incur a tax on their net investment income if their modified gross adjusted income exceeds a certain amount based on their tax filing status.The tax also applies to estates, trusts, and other entities."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Extended-Term Option?","response":"With the extended-term option, you can choose to use the cash value in a whole life insurance policy to term insurance, allowing you to stop paying premiums. The death benefit would be equal to the benefit in the original whole life insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Correlation?","response":"There are three types of correlation: positive, negative, and no correlation. There are also several types of correlation calculation methods including Pearson correlation, Kendall rank correlation, Spearman correlation, and the Point-Biserial correlation."}
{"prompts":"What Special Meanings Do the Statue of Liberty and Uncle Sam Try to Represent?","response":"Uncle Sam aims to represent the U.S. federal government. In that sense, he represents support for the government, taxation, military enlistment, and any other actions taken by the U.S. government. Lady Liberty is meant to represent the ideals of the U.S. as a nation, such as freedom, liberty, equality, and the American Dream."}
{"prompts":"Are Bonds Issued at Par Value?","response":"Bonds are not necessarily issued at their par value. They could also be issued at a premium or a discount depending on the level of interest rates in the economy. A bond that is trading above par is said to be trading at a premium, while a bond trading below par is trading at a discount."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Derivatives?","response":"Common examples of derivatives include futures contracts, options contracts, and credit default swaps. Beyond these, there is a vast quantity of derivative contracts tailored to meet the needs of a diverse range of counterparties. In fact, because many derivatives are traded over-the-counter (OTC), they can in principle be infinitely customized."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Penalty for Failing to File Form 1065?","response":"A late filing penalty is assessed against the partnership if the partnership fails to file Form 1065: U.S. Return of Partnership Income, by the due date, including the extension if requested. The penalty for returns due in 2023 is $220 for each month not filed per applicable partner."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Longest Economic Expansion?","response":"The 2009-2020 expansion was the longest on record at 128 months."}
{"prompts":"What Constitutes a UDAAP Violation?","response":"There are many examples of unfair or deceptive violations. These include failing to provide customers with promised services, using bait-and-switch tactics, and misleading consumers about costs and prices for products and services, among others."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Warm Calling and Hot Calling?","response":"Warm calling and hot calling are basically the same concept and the terms are often used interchangeably. But hot calling typically involves reaching out to and engaging with a prospect who has already actively expressed interest in your product or service. They may have called you and left a message, requesting to talk."}
{"prompts":"What Are Climate Derivatives?","response":"Climate derivatives are financial instruments used to hedge against financial losses related to adverse weather conditions, such as droughts, hurricanes, and monsoons. Climate derivatives, also known as weather derivatives, work in a similar fashion to insurance. The buyer of a climate derivative will receive a monetary payment (as stipulated by the derivative contract) by the seller of the derivative in the event a certain climate-related event occurs or if the buyer suffers any financial loss due to a climate event."}
{"prompts":"How Does Wholesale Banking Contribute to Economic Growth?","response":"Wholesale banking supports economic growth by providing capital for large-scale projects, facilitating mergers and acquisitions, enabling trade finance, and offering financial expertise and advisory services to businesses and institutions."}
{"prompts":"Is a Subsidiary Its Own Company?","response":"Yes. A subsidiary is independent, operating as a separate and distinct entity from its parent company. Often, a parent company may issue exchangable debt that converts into shares of the subsidiary. That said, the parent company, as a majority owner, can influence how its subsidiary is run and may be liable, for example, for the subsidiary's negligence and debt."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Performance Bond Cost?","response":"The cost of a performance bond depends on a variety of factors, such as the size of the project, the creditworthiness of the contractor, their license history, and the overall financial strength of the bonding party. In general, the rate usually ranges between 1.5% and 3.5% of the total value of the performance bond."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Special Warranty Deed Used For?","response":"If you are involved in a commercial property transaction, you will most likely need to use a special warranty deed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Covariance and Correlation?","response":"Covariance measures the direction of a relationship between two variables, while correlation measures the strength of that relationship. Both correlation and covariance are positive when the variables move in the same direction and negative when they move in opposite directions. However, a correlation coefficient must always be between -1 and +1, with extreme values indicating a strong relationship."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get My W-2?","response":"Your employer is required to provide you with copies of your W-2 each year if you are eligible to receive one. The deadline for companies to provide this form is typically by the end of January or early February following the tax year that just ended. W-2s may be sent by mail as a hard copy or made available online in electronic form, either through the employer directly or via their payroll provider."}
{"prompts":"What are some critiques of accounting principles?","response":"Critics of principles-based accounting systems say they can give companies far too much freedom and do not prescribe transparency. They believe because companies do not have to follow specific rules that have been set out, their reporting may provide an inaccurate picture of their financial health. In the case of rules-based methods like GAAP, complex rules can cause unnecessary complications in the preparation of financial statements. These critics claim having strict rules means that companies must spend an unfair amount of their resources to comply with industry standards."}
{"prompts":"What Causes a Bid-Ask Spread to Be High?","response":"Bid-ask spread, also known as \"spread\", can be high due to a number of factors. First, liquidity plays a primary role. When there is a significant amount of liquidity in a given market for a security, the spread will be tighter. Stocks that are traded heavily, such as Google, Apple, and Microsoft will have a smaller bid-ask spread.Conversely, a bid-ask spread may be high to unknown, or unpopular securities on a given day. These could include small-cap stocks, which may have lower trading volumes, and a lower level of demand among investors."}
{"prompts":"What Does Joint Probability Tell You?","response":"Joint probability is a statistical measure that tells you the likelihood of two events taking place at the same time. You can use it to determine"}
{"prompts":"When should the t-distribution be used?","response":"The t-distribution should be used if the population sample size is small and the standard deviation is unknown. If not, then the normal distribution should be used."}
{"prompts":"What Are the TSA PreCheck Benefits?","response":"TSA PreCheck benefits for travelers include fast passage through security at airports and fewer annoyances. PreCheck travelers do not have to pile their laptops, shoes, or overcoats in bins for separate screening. The usual restrictions on liquids and gels apply, but these can stay in the traveler's carry-on."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 30-Day Free Look Period?","response":"If a life insurance policy has a 30-day free look period, it mean you have 30 days from when your policy starts to cancel the policy with no penalties. The length of a free look period will vary by provider and by state."}
{"prompts":"How Do CoCos Differ From Convertible Bonds?","response":"Contingent convertibles (CoCos) and convertible bonds both have a price point that triggers the conversion of the bond into equity or stock. However, CoCos have several triggers while traditional convertible bonds have only one.CoCos pay higher interest rates than convertible bonds due to their risks. They have special options that help banks absorb a capital loss.Moreover, convertible bondholders have priority should the underlying business default. CoCos are secondary debts issued by banks. CoCos are used mainly by banks to improve their financial position, while corporations use convertible bonds to raise capital."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know Which Investments Are ESG?","response":"Several financial firms have ESG ratings and scoring systems. For instance, MSCI has a rating scheme covering over 8,500 companies, giving them scores and letter grades based on their compliance with ESG standards and initiatives. Several other companies, like Morningstar and Bloomberg, have also created criteria for scoring companies on the ESG objectives."}
{"prompts":"What Are Different Ways to Construct an Index?","response":"Indexes can be built in a number of ways, often with consideration to how to weight the various components of the index. The three main ways include:A market-cap, or capitalization-weighted index puts more weight in the index to those components that have the largest market capitalization (market value), such as the S&P 500A price-weighted index puts more weight to those components with the highest prices (such as the Dow Jones Industrial Average)An equal-weighted index allocates each component with the same weights (this is sometimes called an unweighted index)"}
{"prompts":"What Do Lenders Use to Determine Who Qualifies for a Loan?","response":"Credit score is one of the biggest factors. Scores of 800 or greater generally are considered excellent, while 740\u2013799 is considered very good, and 670\u2013739 qualifies as good. The lower an applicant's score, the more difficult it will be to get approved. Those with good but not excellent credit may still be approved, but they are more likely to pay higher interest rates."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Get a Small Business Loan?","response":"One good lender option for small business borrowers is the Small Business Administration (SBA), a U.S. government agency that promotes the economy by assisting small businesses with loans and advocacy. The SBA has a website and at least one office in every state."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Do a PEST Analysis?","response":"To do a PEST analysis, you must consider the different factors under each category (political, economic, social, and technological), and how these factors affect your business. For the political component, you would assess laws, regulations, government policies, and tariffs, for example. For the economic component, some of the topics you would assess would include access to financing, cost of living, interest rates, inflation, and labor costs. For the social component, you would consider consumer trends and behaviors, education, division of wealth, population growth rates, and health. For the technological component, you would assess areas such as artificial intelligence growth, innovation, research and development, social networking, and cybersecurity."}
{"prompts":"What Does Useful Life Mean?","response":"Useful life is the accounting estimate of the number of years an asset is likely to remain in service for the purpose of producing income. The IRS determines the useful life for various assets, laying out the length of time in which they can be depreciated. For example, the useful life (according to the IRS) for automobiles is five years, while residential rental properties have a useful life of 27.5 years."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Start a Roth IRA or a Traditional IRA?","response":"You can open your IRA at most banks, credit unions, online brokers, or other financial services providers. Fidelity, Charles Schwab, and E*Trade are all brokers that provide IRAs.Opening an account is as easy as visiting a bank branch or website and filling in a form."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Real Time Gross Settlement System?","response":"An example of a real-time gross settlement system would be when a customer has their bank send a transfer of funds to another bank via the RTGS and the transfer happens instantaneously. If this transfer was done via automated clearing house (ACH), the transfer may take a few days to clear."}
{"prompts":"What Does a 90% Learning Curve Mean?","response":"When a learning curve has a given percentage, this indicates the rate at which learning and improvement occur. Most often, the percentage given is the amount of time it will take to perform double the amount of repetitions. In the example of a 90% learning curve, this means there is a corresponding 10% improvement every time the number of repetitions doubles."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Glocalization?","response":"Glocalization comes in many forms. For instance, in the U.K., car producers must build vehicles with the steering wheel on the right side instead of the left. Food items are also changed in different countries to fit local tastes. McDonald's Corporation (MCD) and other fast-food chains will often serve up versions of local fare along with the core menu of hamburgers and chicken products. Brand image and marketing campaigns are also carried out in local languages and with local customs and cultural cues in mind."}
{"prompts":"What Is a \u201cPerson\u201d Under the Uniform Partnership Act?","response":"A \"person\" under the Uniform Partnership Act \"includes individuals, partnerships, limited liability companies, corporations, and other associations.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is Equilibrium Quantity?","response":"The amount supplied that exactly equals demand is the equilibrium quantity. In such a case, there will neither be an oversupply nor a shortage."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Are in the MSCI EAFE Index?","response":"There are 21 countries included in the EAFE Index. They are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK."}
{"prompts":"What Does Gilt-Edged Mean in Business?","response":"In business or financial terms, \"gilt-edged\" refers to a financial product of high quality and low risk. Typically, these are securities of the highest value. They are most commonly associated with U.K. government bonds."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report Worthless Securities?","response":"If you have a worthless security, you'll need to file IRS Form 8949. Make sure you have the dates you purchased it, the date you sold it, and the amount you paid and received available."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Adjusting Journal Entries?","response":"The main two types are accruals and deferrals. Accruals refer to payments or expenses on credit that are still owed, while deferrals refer to prepayments where the products have not yet been delivered."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sales and Purchase Agreement?","response":"A sales and purchase agreement is a legally binding agreement obligating a buyer and a seller to terms of a transaction. The SPA outlines all of the terms and conditions of the exchange and must be signed by both parties."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Mortgage-Backed Security (MBS)?","response":"Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) effectively take a pool of many mortgages and package them together into a single security. The idea is that while any single home loan may have idiosyncratic risk that the borrower will default, a portfolio of many mortgages would mute the effect of any single bad loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Components of an Oil Reserve?","response":"Petroleum reserves and resources are hydrocarbon deposits predominantly occurring in subsurface geologic formations. Reserves can be reported in the context of a reservoir, field, petroleum basin, or country as a whole."}
{"prompts":"Do You Pay Interest on a Revolving Loan Facility?","response":"Yes. A revolving loan facility is a loan, just like any other term loan. The difference is that instead of receiving borrowed money in a lump sum, the money can be used as needed, repaid, and then used again."}
{"prompts":"What Is Negative and Positive Feedback?","response":"Many believe financial markets exhibit feedback loop behavior. Positive feedback amplifies change, meaning as share prices increase, more people buy the stock, pushing prices up further. Negative feedback minimizes change, meaning investors buy stocks when prices decline and sell stocks when prices rise."}
{"prompts":"How Does Cross Elasticity of Demand Differ From the Cross Elasticity of Supply?","response":"In contrast to changes in demand of two goods in response to prices, the\u00a0cross elasticity of supply\u00a0measures the proportional change in the quantity\u00a0supplied or produced\u00a0in relation to changes in the price of a good."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Throughput Time and Lead Time?","response":"Both lead time and throughput time are important measures of operational efficiency. Lead time measures the entire period between a customer order and ultimate delivery. Throughput time, in contrast, only measures the time it takes to pass through processes to produce the good or service."}
{"prompts":"What are the three elements of force majeure?","response":"In general, for an event to trigger a force majeure clause, it must be unforeseeable, external to the parties of the contract, and serious enough that it renders it impossible for the party to perform its contractual obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Implied Contracts and How Do They Differ?","response":"Implied contracts are either implied-in-fact or implied-in-law. Implied-in-fact agreements are made when parties perform duties as if they have a contract in place. Implied-in-fact assume that parties understand the terms of the agreement and what actions must be taken. On the contrary, an implied-in-law contract is not formed by intent. This type of contract ensures that someone for whom services were provided is not unjustly enriched by the performance of another."}
{"prompts":"Is Ethereum a UTXO?","response":"Ethereum is a cryptocurrency, so it is not a UTXO. Additionally, Ethereum uses an account-based approach with account balances, so there are no UTXOs in the Ethereum Virtual Machine."}
{"prompts":"What Is Heuristic Thinking?","response":"Heuristic thinking uses mental shortcuts\u2014often unconsciously\u2014to quickly and efficiently make otherwise complex decisions or judgments. These can be in the form of a \"rule of thumb\" (e.g., save 5% of your income in order to have a comfortable retirement) or cognitive processes that we are largely unaware of like the availability bias."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Make Money?","response":"Investors make money in two ways: appreciation and income. Appreciation occurs when an asset increases in value. An investor purchases an asset in the hopes that its value will grow and they can then sell it for more than they bought it for, earning a profit. Income is the regular payment of funds from the purchase of an asset. For example, a bond pays fixed payments at regular intervals."}
{"prompts":"What Is Overshooting in Economics?","response":"In economics, overshooting refers to the tendency of some prices to overreact to changes in supply and demand. This is in contrast to classical economics, which posts that prices should eventually reach an equilibrium price. Overshooting is used to explain why exchange rates tend to be more volatile than goods prices."}
{"prompts":"Are Bank Reserves Assets or Liabilities?","response":"A bank's reserves are considered part of its assets and are listed as such in its accounts and annual reports."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cash Subtracted from Total Enterprise Value (TEV)?","response":"Because it reduces the cost of acquiring the company. Let\u2019s say a company wants to acquire another one that\u2019s valued at $100 million. If the target company were to have $20 million in cash on its books, its real purchase cost would be reduced to $80 million as acquiring it would give access to its $20 million in cash. All else being equal, a higher cash balance leads to a lower TEV, and vice-versa."}
{"prompts":"Are Stock Splits Good or Bad?","response":"Stock splits are generally done when the stock price of a company has risen so high that it might become an impediment to new investors. Therefore, a split is often the result of growth or the prospects of future growth, and it's a positive signal. Moreover, the price of a stock that has just split may see an uptick if the lower nominal share price attracts new investors."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Average Household Income and Median Household Income?","response":"Average household income is the total amount of income earned by all members of a household age 15 or older, whether they are related or not. The income of all households is then added together and divided by the total number of households, to determine the average. Median income is the income level of a household in a specific demographic area, where half the households earn more and half earn less.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Does Quantity Demanded Only Apply to Physical Goods?","response":"No. Quantity demanded can apply to service products as well. For example, if a photographer offers family portrait sessions for a lower price, they should book more sessions. If they price them higher, they will book fewer sessions."}
{"prompts":"Is Internal Sourcing Different From Internalization?","response":"It is simply a form of internalization, whereby a business sources (finds resources for) a job or business need internally rather than externally. Broadly speaking, this means it finds employees, materials, a department, or a division of its own to complete a job instead of paying an out-of-house source to do so."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does Permanent Life Insurance Last?","response":"If you pay the premiums on your policy and do not let the policy lapse or surrender it, a permanent life insurance policy will last your lifetime."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Diluted EPS Better Than a Low Diluted EPS?","response":"Higher diluted EPS figures should obtain higher valuations from the market with investors more willing to pay a premium for each share of equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Stalking Horse Candidate?","response":"In politics, a stalking horse candidate is a sham candidate put forward to conceal another candidate or divide the opposition. In a bankruptcy proceeding, a stalking horse candidate is an interested buyer of the bankrupt company that is chosen by the company and put forward for approval by the bankruptcy court. By being allowed to set the initial bid, which other interested bidders cannot go below, it does in a sense divide the opposition by perhaps making it less likely that they will bid at all if they consider the initial bid too high."}
{"prompts":"Is Management Discussion and Analysis Part of the Financial Statements?","response":"Yes, the MD&A section is a part of a company's publicly issued financial statements. This information is included in the notes to the financial statements, often indicated as note #7."}
{"prompts":"Does Trickle Down Economics Really Work?","response":"While economists remain divided into various elements of Reaganomics, the suggestion that wealth would \"trickle down\" has so far remained unrealized. On the contrary, economic studies have found that tax cuts, such as those enacted by Reagan, tend to increase economic inequality rather than reduce it."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use ATR Indicator in Trading?","response":"Average true range is used to evaluate an investment's price volatility. It is used in conjunction with other indicators and tools to enter and exit trades or decide whether to purchase an asset."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Labor Unions?","response":"Trade unions represent workers who do a particular type of job. The American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is a trade union. Industrial unions represent workers in a particular industry, such as the National Education Association (NEA). NEA is the largest labor union in the U.S."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Qualitative Analysis Used?","response":"Qualitative analysis can be applied to a wide range of research topics or practical settings. It is best used if you are interested in understanding human behavior from an informant or participant perspective to get a better understanding of what is going on in the social context around you."}
{"prompts":"What are Some Technical Analysis Chart Patterns?","response":"Technical analysis employs a variety of chart patterns to analyze price movements and predict future trends. Some reversal patterns include the head and shoulders and inverse head and shoulders, the double top and double bottom and the triple top and triple bottom.Some continuations patterns include flags and pennants, triangles and rectangles. Also, some momentum patterns include the cup and handle as well as wedges. Finally some candlestick chart patterns include the doji, hammer or hanging man and the bullish and bearish engulfing patterns."}
{"prompts":"How Do Tariffs Combat Devaluation?","response":"When imported goods become less expensive and attractive to consumers, a country may impose tariffs to increase the cost of those goods to reclaim demand for domestic products."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Blotters of Original Entry?","response":"All blotters are considered blotters of original entry as they all record new information. The different types of blotters, such as those for the receipt and delivery of securities, for the purchase and sale of securities, and the disbursements of cash, all fall under blotters of original entry."}
{"prompts":"Which Banks Are Clearing Banks in the United States?","response":"Clearing banks in the United States include the following: Bank of America; Bank of the West; Barclays; The Bank of New York Mellon; BB&T; Capital One; Citi; Citizens; Comeria; Deutsche Bank; AG Consultants, Fifth Third Bank; HSBC; JP Morgan Chase; Key Bank; M&T Bank; MUFG Union Bank; PNC; Regions Bank; Santander; State Street; SunTrust; TD Bank; UBS; U.S. Bank; and Wells Fargo."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Does a COO Make?","response":"The salary of a COO will vary greatly depending on a variety of factors, including the company they work for, their experience, and their contract. According to PayScale, as of 2023, the average COO salary is $139,156. The base salary ranges from $69,000to $249,000. On top of that, COOs are paid bonuses and profit-sharing plans."}
{"prompts":"Why Is LIFO Accounting Banned in Most of the World?","response":"LIFO is banned under the International Financial Reporting Standards that are used by most of the world because it minimizes taxable income. That only occurs when inflation is a factor, but governments still don't like it. It also can make a company's inventory valuations inaccurate. In addition, there is the risk that the earnings of a company that is being liquidated can be artificially inflated by the use of LIFO accounting in previous years."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mixed-Use Property?","response":"The term \"mixed-use\" property is sometimes used as a synonym for listed property. However, it is more common in the field of real estate, often referring to a building with both commercial and residential tenants."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Inverse ETFs Only Intended for Short Holding Periods?","response":"Since they rebalance daily, inverse ETFs often diverge from the actual inverse performance over longer periods. They also compound losses in volatile, upward-trending markets. Indeed, inverse ETFs tend to decline in value over time regardless of whether the underlying market is rising or falling. Because of this, inverse ETFs are complex products meant for active traders, not long-term buy-and-hold investments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Filing Articles of Incorporation?","response":"By filing articles of incorporation, a company can officially become incorporated. Once incorporated, the company may receive favorable tax benefits and have the ability to raise capital by issuing stock. In addition, the owners of the corporation have different liability over company debts once a corporation is formed."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Leader of the Arab League?","response":"The Arab League is headed by the Secretary-General. As of March 2024, Ahmed Aboul Gheit holds that post. He assumed it in 2016."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Stock Price Do After a Head and Shoulders Pattern?","response":"Stock prices generally fall after a head and shoulders pattern, but this is not a certainty. Technical analysts also examine trading volume, relative strength, and other metrics to gauge market sentiment."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Influence the Magnitude of Risk for Type II Errors?","response":"As the sample size of the research increases, the magnitude of risk for type II errors should decrease. As the true population effect size increases, the type II error should also decrease. Last, the pre-set alpha level set by the research influences the magnitude of risk. As the alpha level set decreases, the risk of a type II error increases."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Demand Deposit Accounts?","response":"With demand deposit accounts, the funds are always readily available. You can withdraw the funds in form of the cash or to pay for something (using a debit card or online transfer) at any time, without giving the bank notice or incurring a penalty, or paying fees. They offer the utmost convenience for getting cash or transferring funds to another account or another party."}
{"prompts":"Do Investment Funds Charge Fees?","response":"Yes, investment funds can charge fees, including ongoing management costs, transaction fees, and other one-off costs."}
{"prompts":"What is a balance sheet?","response":"The term \u201cbalance sheet\u201d refers to a financial statement that reports a company\u2019s assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity at a specific time. Balance sheets provide the basis for computing rates of return for investors and evaluating a company\u2019s\u00a0capital structure.In short, the balance sheet is a\u00a0financial statement\u00a0that provides a snapshot of what a company owns and owes, as well as the amount invested by shareholders. Balance sheets can be used with other important financial statements to conduct fundamental analyses or calculate financial ratios."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Descriptive Statistics?","response":"The main purpose of descriptive statistics is to provide information about a data set. In the example above, there are hundreds of baseballs players that engage in thousands of games. Descriptive statistics summarizes the large amount of data into several useful bits of information."}
{"prompts":"How Can Earnest Money Be Protected?","response":"To protect an earnest money deposit, prospective buyers can follow a number of precautionary steps. First, buyers can ensure that contingencies apply to defects, financing, and inspections. This protects the deposit from being forfeited in the case that a major flaw is discovered, or that financing is not secured. Second, carefully read and follow the terms of the contract. In some cases, the contract will indicate a certain date by which the inspection must be made. To prevent forfeiture, the buyer should abide by these terms accordingly. Finally, ensure the deposit is handled adequately, which means that the buyer should work with a reputable broker, title firm, escrow company, or legal firm.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Price Elasticity?","response":"Price elasticity\u00a0measures how much the\u00a0supply\u00a0or demand of a product changes based on a given change in\u00a0price."}
{"prompts":"Is PayPal a Good Choice for a Small Business?","response":"PayPal is one of a number of competitors for small business clients, but it's a big one.Its advantages to a merchant include great ease of use and access to a range of additional features that can help you run a small business.Its disadvantages include relatively high merchant fees compared to some credit card payment services. (Remember, some basic services are free to users, so merchants bear the burden.)"}
{"prompts":"How Is a Stipend Different From a Salary?","response":"A salary is compensation for work performed and is a set amount, typically per year. A stipend, on the other hand, is not considered compensation for work, but rather monetary support for a variety of possible factors, such as expenses incurred during traveling or during a training period, or to cover certain living expenses. Stipends are also typically lower in amount. As such, they are often lower than minimum wage and are not regulated by the state but provided at the discretion of the employer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Uses of Ratio Analysis?","response":"Ratio analysis serves three main uses. First, ratio analysis can be performed to track changes to a company over time to better understand the trajectory of operations. Second, ratio analysis can be performed to compare results with other similar companies to see how the company is doing compared to competitors. Third, ratio analysis can be performed to strive for specific internally-set or externally-set benchmarks."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Funds From Operations and the Cash Flow From Operations?","response":"It may be easy to confuse a REIT's funds from operations and the cash flow from operations. But the two are different from one another. The FFO represents the operating performance and takes net income, depreciation, amortization, and losses on property sales into account while factoring out any interest income and gains from property sales.The cash flow from operations, on the other hand, is reported on the cash flow statement. It's the total amount of cash that a company earns during the course of its operations. This includes working capital, revenue, and expenses."}
{"prompts":"Where Does RevPAR Fail?","response":"An increase in RevPAR does not necessarily mean better performance so using this alone to measure overall performance might lead to inaccurate results. Also, RevPAR fails to consider the size of a hotel. A hotel may have a lower RevPAR but still have more rooms that earn higher revenues. Additionally, growth in RevPAR does not mean that a hotel's profits are increasing.\u00a0This is because RevPAR does not use any profitability measures or information on profits."}
{"prompts":"Can Ethereum Classic Reach $10,000?","response":"It's difficult to predict what will happen to cryptocurrency prices. It is possible that ETC will reach $10,000, but it's just as likely it will collapse and be worthless."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between CMBS and RMBS?","response":"A residential mortgage-backed security, or RMBS, is a security backed by a bundle of residential loans for homes or apartments. A CMBS is backed by commercial real estate, such as office buildings, storefronts, malls, or other business spaces."}
{"prompts":"Is the Lehman Formula Flexible?","response":"The Lehman Formula operates by applying specific percentages to different value brackets within a stock transaction. It calculates fees accordingly, and each can be tailored to specific transaction sizes and structures."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Popular Social Media?","response":"Globally, the most popular social media site is Facebook, with close to 3 billion users, according to one recent estimate."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Regulatory Standards for Alternative Investments?","response":"Regulations for alternative investments are less clear than they are for more traditional securities. Although alternative investment vehicles are regulated by the SEC, their securities do not have to be registered. As a result, most of these investment vehicles are only available to institutions or wealthy accredited investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good CAGR?","response":"What counts as a good CAGR will depend on the context. But generally speaking, investors will evaluate this by thinking about their opportunity cost as well as the riskiness of the investment. For example, if a company grew by 25% in an industry with an average CAGR closer to 30%, then its results might seem lackluster by comparison. But if the industry-wide growth rates were lower, such as 10% or 15%, then its CAGR might be very impressive.In general, a higher CAGR is better."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hashgraph Consensus?","response":"Hashgraph consensus is a mechanism used in a hashgraph distributed ledger to validate transactions."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the NZD So Strong?","response":"The strength of a currency tends to fluctuate so the strength of the NZD may not always be so strong. However, overall, NZD is considered a stable currency due to the strength of the New Zealand economy and its outlook. Tourism is a strong economic driving force for New Zealand, so when tourism is doing well in the country, the currency will tend to be stronger. Other economic factors, such as growth rate, GDP, unemployment, and inflation are strong and, therefore, lead to a strong currency."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose All of Your Money on Margin?","response":"You can lose more than all of your money on margin. For example, if you made a trade by borrowing 50% on margin, half of the trade is funded with borrowed capital. Now say the stock you invested in lost 50%, you would have a loss of 100% in your portfolio. Add to this any commissions and fees and you've lost more than the money you put in. You've lost money you may not have."}
{"prompts":"What Should a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) Include?","response":"Business continuity plans involve identifying any and all risks that can affect the company's operations. The plan should also determine how those risks will affect operations and implement safeguards and procedures to mitigate the risks. There should also be testing procedures to ensure these safeguards and procedures work. Finally, there should be a review process to make sure that the plan is up to date."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Biggest Other Post-Employment Benefit?","response":"The most significant Other Post-Employment Benefit (OPEB) is generally medical insurance, but life insurance and and other benefits are also included in this term."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Gross Margin?","response":"Gross margin is expressed as a percentage. In order to calculate it, first subtract the cost of goods sold from the company's revenue. This figure is known as the company's gross profit (as a dollar figure). Then divide that figure by the total revenue and multiply it by 100 to get the gross margin."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Receive My Tax Refund in 2024?","response":"The IRS states that most tax refunds are distributed within 21 calendar days of filing. You'll get your refund fastest if you file early and get ahead of the procrastinators."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tenancy-at-Sufferance?","response":"A tenant at sufferance is a holdover tenant. They may legally occupy a property after their lease expires in a tenancy-at-sufferance arrangement provided that they're paying rent, the landlord is accepting the money, and the landlord has not yet issued a notice to vacate. There was a lease at one point, but that lease has reached its term and has expired."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Health Promotion?","response":"According to the World Health Organization's website, health promotion allows people to gain control of their health in a variety of social and environmental ways that are \"designed to benefit and protect individual people\u2019s health and quality of life by addressing and preventing the root causes of ill health, not just focusing on treatment and cure.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is Replacing LIBOR and LIBID?","response":"As a reference rate, LIBOR was replaced by the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR). However, a synthetic U.S. Dollar LIBOR is still being published in order to aid the transition."}
{"prompts":"When Is Open Enrollment for the Health Insurance Marketplace?","response":"Open enrollment through the health insurance marketplace begins on Nov. 1 every year. For coverage that begins on the following Jan. 1, you must enroll by Dec. 15. For coverage that begins on the following Feb. 1, you must enroll by Jan. 15."}
{"prompts":"Is the U.S. Airline Industry an Oligopoly?","response":"With just four companies controlling nearly two-thirds of all domestic flights in the U.S. as of 2021, it has been purported that the airline industry is an oligopoly. These four companies are Delta Airlines, United Airlines Holdings, Southwest Airlines, and American Airlines. According to a report compiled by the White House, \"reduced competition contributes to increasing fees like baggage and cancellation fees. These fees are often raised in lockstep, demonstrating a lack of meaningful competitive pressure, and are often hidden from consumers at the point of purchase.\" Interestingly, in 1978, The Airline Deregulation Act was imposed, which stripped away the Civil Aeronautics Board the ability to regulate the industry. Prior to this time, the airline industry operated much like a public utility, while fare prices had declined 20 years before the deregulation was introduced.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does Short Covering Work?","response":"Short covering works by closing out a short position that an investor has made by buying back shares that were initially borrowed and sold. When an investor shorts a stock, they borrow shares from a stock lender and sell them on the market, with the expectation of buying them back at a lower price in the future. If the stock goes down, the investor's short position generates a profit, but if it goes up, it results in a loss. Increased short covering has the potential to trigger a short squeeze and cause significant losses."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate BOE?","response":"One barrel of oil is standardized to have the same amount of energy content as 6,000 cubic feet of natural gas. So this quantity of natural gas is \"equivalent\" to one barrel of oil."}
{"prompts":"How Do You File Taxes As a Sole Proprietor?","response":"Filing taxes as a sole proprietor requires you to fill out the standard tax Form 1040 for individual taxes and Schedule C, which reports the profits and losses of your business. The amount of taxes you owe will be based on the combined income of both Form 1040 and Schedule C. If you have employees, there will be other forms to fill out."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Accounts Have Account Balances?","response":"Checking, savings, and brokerage accounts all have account balances. However, expenses like utility bills, mortgage loans, or credit cards also have account balances."}
{"prompts":"What are antitrust laws, and are they necessary?","response":"Antitrust laws were implemented to prevent companies from getting greedy and abusing their power. Without these regulations in place, many politicians fear that big businesses would gobble up the smaller ones. This would result in less competition and fewer choices for consumers, potentially leading to higher prices, lower quality, and less innovation, among other things."}
{"prompts":"What Are Derivatives?","response":"Derivatives are securities whose value is dependent on or derived from an underlying asset. For example, an oil futures contract is a type of derivative whose value is based on the market price of oil. Derivatives have become increasingly popular in recent decades, with the total value of derivatives outstanding was estimated at $610 trillion at June 30, 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Is APY and How Does It Work?","response":"APY is the annual percent yield that reflects compounding on interest. It reflects the actual interest rate you earn on an investment because it considers the interest you make on your interest.Consider the example above where the $100 investment yields 5% compounded quarterly. During the first quarter, you earn interest on the $100. However, during the second quarter, you earn interest on the $100 as well as the interest earned in the first quarter."}
{"prompts":"How Many Currencies Are Pegged to the Euro?","response":"Eleven currencies are pegged to the Euro (EUR), including the Croatian kuna and the Moroccan dirham."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Network Marketing Programs?","response":"Several MLM programs exist such as Tupperware, Avon products, Rodan + Fields, Amway, Herbalife, Mary Kay, among several others."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Elements of an Organizational Structure?","response":"Key elements of an organizational structure include how certain activities are directed in order to achieve the goals of an organization, such as rules, roles, responsibilities, and how information flows between levels within the company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Synonyms of Upstart?","response":"Some synonyms of upstart include arriviste, nouveau-riche, parvenu, and social climber."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Licensor and a Licensee?","response":"The licensor is the owner of some property (or the rights thereof) that grants permission to a licensee to use them, in return for compensation."}
{"prompts":"How Is a U-Shaped Recession Different from a V-Shaped Recession?","response":"Both a U- and V-shaped recession features a sharp decline followed by a somewhat symmetrical recovery. The main difference is in how long the economy remains depressed at its trough; a V shape remains there for only a short period with a quick rebound, while a U shape may remain there for far longer before eventually recovering."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cost Accounting Used?","response":"Cost accounting is helpful because it can identify where a company is spending its money, how much it earns, and where money is being lost. Cost accounting aims to report, analyze, and lead to the improvement of internal cost controls and efficiency.\u00a0Even though companies cannot use cost-accounting figures in their financial statements or for tax purposes, they are crucial for internal controls."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Dividend Payment?","response":"Suppose Company XYZ pays a $0.53 per share dividend on June 2, 2024. The payment goes to shareholders who had purchased stock before the ex-date of May 5, 2024. The company declared the dividend on Feb. 19, 2024, and the record date was set as May 6, 2024. Only\u00a0shareholders who purchased the stock before the ex-dividend date are entitled to the payment."}
{"prompts":"Are Leasehold Improvements Tax Deductible?","response":"You can't deduct leasehold improvements. But the IRS does allow building owners to account for their depreciation because any improvements made are considered to be part of the building."}
{"prompts":"What Is Indemnity in Insurance?","response":"Indemnity is a comprehensive form of insurance compensation for damage or loss. It amounts to a contractual agreement between two parties in which one party agrees to pay for potential losses or damage caused by another party."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Goal of Contractionary Policy?","response":"The purpose of a contractionary policy is to slow growth to a\u00a0healthy economic level, typically between 2% to 3% a year for the GDP. An economy that grows more than 3% creates negative consequences, including inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is Excess and Surplus Lines Insurance?","response":"Excess and surplus lines insurance, which is also called surplus lines insurance, or E&S insurance, covers financial risks that are not commonly covered by standard\u00a0insurance companies. E&S Insurance covers high risk, complicated or unusual risks and falls under the category of property and casualty insurance.\u00a0This type of insurance can by bought by an individual or by a company."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Finance a Management Buyout?","response":"There are a number of ways to finance a managed buyout. Debt financing involves going to banks and other lenders for loans. But banks may not consider financing these types of deals because of the amount of risk involved. Private equity firms, though, are more receptive to loaning money to management. Some companies may require a share in the company in addition to being repaid. Buyers can also approach owners\/sellers for loans or use a combination of debt and equity to pay for the acquisition."}
{"prompts":"Is Bitcoin a Token or a Coin?","response":"Bitcoin is a coin also known as a cryptocurrency. It can be used to trade, store value, or make purchases."}
{"prompts":"Why Do They Clap at the Opening Bell?","response":"The opening bell is an important symbol of the success of the stock market under capitalism, and the privilege of ringing it is often reserved for celebrities or VIPs. Traders often applaud when the market opens, particularly if the person ringing the bell is someone famous or highly accomplished."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Disposable Income?","response":"To calculate your disposable income, you will first need to know what your gross income is. For an individual, gross income is your total pay, which is the amount of money you've earned before taxes and other items are deducted. From your gross income, subtract the income taxes you owe. The amount left represents your disposable income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Agencies Inside the United Nations?","response":"The U.N. has a number of specialized agencies that are actually autonomous organizations working inside the United Nations. Some pre-date World War I, while others were associated with the League of Nations or arose when the U.N. was created or even later. Some of the best known of these agencies, which are headquartered all over the world, include the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which fights hunger; the World Health Organization (WHO), which is the authority on international health at the U.N.; the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which helps foster economic growth; the International Labor Organization (ILO), which sets international labor standards; the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which helps protect important cultural and historic sites across the globe; and the World Bank, which aims to reduce poverty and raise living standards around the world."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Federal Reserve Board Influence Interest Rates?","response":"The Fed influences interest rates through open market operations, where it buys or sells government securities. By adjusting the supply of money in the banking system, it can control the federal funds rate, which, in turn, impacts short-term interest rates and broader financial conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Exceptions to the Statute of Frauds?","response":"Some contracts, even when not written, may still be enforceable to protect one party that has been at a disadvantage. For example,\u00a0one exception is when a seller makes specially manufactured goods for a buyer. If the seller can't easily sell the goods to others in the normal course of business, they are protected by different rules. Another exception is when payment has already been made and received by the seller. In this case, the seller is obligated to furnish the agreed terms to the buyer since they have already received payment."}
{"prompts":"What Is a T-Test?","response":"Confidence intervals are conducted using statistical methods, such as a t-test. A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related to certain features.\u00a0Calculating a t-test requires three key data values. They include the difference between the mean values from each data set (called the mean difference), the standard deviation of each group, and the number of data values of each group."}
{"prompts":"What Impact Did the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Have?","response":"The Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act allowed women and other people being discriminated against to dispute pay disparities from any period of their career. They could contest their current salary based on their starting salary from eight years ago on the basis that their starting salary was discriminatorily low. The impact is that it allows people to contest their salary for discriminatory reasons at any point in their career, instead of within a certain time period, as was the law before."}
{"prompts":"What is the meaning of the lower of cost or market (LCM) method?","response":"The lower of cost or market (LCM) method is used to value inventory by comparing the original cost and the current market price, and recording the cost of inventory by whichever is lower. This method is typically applicable to companies that hold inventories for extended periods, when inventory has declined in cost, or if inventory has gone obsolete."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps of Manufacturing?","response":"The manufacturing process often begins with an information-gathering stage where engineers and management learn about a process. Prototypes are often created and evaluated. Then, specific designs are implemented, and commercial production begins. As goods are made, they are inspected, shipped, and delivered to the next user of the finished good."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Poverty Traps?","response":"There are several factors that make it difficult for people to escape poverty. A lack of access to capital is a major contributor to poverty traps as is poor education, infrastructure, and healthcare.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do Risk Reversals Differ from Other Option Strategies?","response":"Unlike a basic call or put purchase, a risk reversal combines elements of both bullish and bearish positions. This unique structure allows investors to tailor their exposure to market movements while managing costs."}
{"prompts":"Why Use a Fiscal Year Instead of a Calendar Year?","response":"For companies that rely on seasonal activity, using a fiscal year may be beneficial. This is because it allows revenues, expenses, and plans to align better. For instance, it is common for retail companies to end their fiscal year on Jan. 31, after the holiday season has ended. This ends the year on a high note, gives the company more starting capital to work with, and keeps it from trying to prepare financial reports during its busiest sales period."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Utilization Ratio?","response":"A credit utilization ratio refers to the amount of revolving credit a borrower is using at any given time compared with the total amount of credit they have available to them. Credit utilization ratios come into play in the calculation of credit scores. In a typical FICO credit scoring formula, for example, \"amounts owed\" (which includes credit utilization) accounts for 30% of a person's score.Scoring formulas, as well as prospective lenders, favor individuals with lower credit utilization ratios, the idea being that someone with a high ratio may already be overextended or heading there. Generally speaking it's best for individuals to keep their credit utilization ratios below 30%."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Fixed and Variable Interest Rates?","response":"Fixed interest rates remain constant throughout the lifetime of the debt. This means they aren't susceptible to changes in the economy. So if you have a mortgage with a fixed rate of 6%, it will never change until you pay off the debt. Variable interest rates, on the other hand, are privy to change based on the interest rate environment. When interest rates drop or rise, the rate on your loan will follow suit. So your loan may be come cheaper or more expensive depending on if rates drop or rise."}
{"prompts":"What Does Amortization Mean for Intangible Assets?","response":"Amortization measures the declining value of intangible assets, such as goodwill, trademarks, patents, and copyrights. This is calculated in a similar manner to the depreciation of tangible assets, like factories and equipment. When businesses amortize intangible assets over time, they are able to tie the cost of those assets with the revenue generated over each accounting period and deduct the costs over the lifetime of the asset."}
{"prompts":"What Loans Does a CLTV Ratio Include?","response":"When calculating a CLTV ratio, lenders include all secured loans on the property. This includes first mortgages, second mortgages, home equity loans, and home equity lines of credit (HELOCs)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Balance of Payments?","response":"The formula for calculating the balance of payments is current account + capital account + financial account + balancing item = 0."}
{"prompts":"What Blockchain Has Smart Contracts?","response":"Ethereum has smart contract capabilities inherent to its blockchain. The Bitcoin blockchain received smart contract abilities after its Taproot upgrade, which allowed it to communicate to layers that have smart contracts enabled on their blockchains."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Investors Choose Smart Beta ETFs?","response":"Investors may not consider over or underweighting stocks in a portfolio as the best strategy. They may prefer an ETF that weighs both small-cap and large-cap stocks equally or an ETF that follows a low-volatility strategy."}
{"prompts":"Do Interest Rate Futures Pay Interest?","response":"No, interest rate futures themselves do not pay interest. They are a bet on or hedge against the direction of interest rates."}
{"prompts":"How Do Rating Agencies Impact Investments and Borrowing Costs?","response":"Credit ratings play a significant role in investment decisions and borrowing costs. Highly-rated entities benefit from lower borrowing costs as investors perceive them as less risky. A downgrade or upgrade in a credit rating can impact an entity's ability to access capital markets and affect the pricing of bonds, loans, and other financial instruments."}
{"prompts":"What Does Harry Markowitz Think of Robo-Advisors?","response":"When asked if robo-advisors operate on MPT principles, Markowitz said that they did: \u201cThey\u2019re a way to bring advice to the masses. Robo-advisors can give good advice or bad advice. If the advice is good, great.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current U.S. Budget Deficit?","response":"The U.S. budget is running a deficit of over $421 billion as of January 2023."}
{"prompts":"What Services Do Thrift Banks Provide?","response":"Thrift banks provide simple banking services, such as checking and savings accounts, mortgage loans, personal loans, and credit cards."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Institutions Can Become Privatized?","response":"Many types of institutions and facilities typically run by public officials, or governments can and have been privatized. These include, among others: prisons; public schools & universities, hospitals; highways; airports and harbors; public utilities (e.g., water, electricity); waste disposal; mail delivery; and communications infrastructure."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Black-Scholes Model Do?","response":"The Black-Scholes model, also known as Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM), was the first widely used model for option pricing. Based on certain assumptions about the behavior of asset prices, the equation calculates the price of a European-style call option based on known variables like the current price, maturity date, and strike price. It does so by subtracting the net present value (NPV) of the strike price multiplied by the cumulative standard normal distribution\u00a0from the product of the stock price and the cumulative standard normal probability distribution function."}
{"prompts":"What Is Follow-on Financing?","response":"Follow-on financing is when a startup that has already raised capital raises additional capital through another round of funding. This is in the private space before the start up has gone public."}
{"prompts":"Is It Illegal to Access the Dark Web?","response":"Despite what the name implies, it isn't illegal to access the dark web. It actually provides individuals with privacy and anonymity that traditional websites don't offer to individuals. For instance, people can go on the dark web and post their thoughts about political activity without any fear of being reprimanded by government officials and other groups."}
{"prompts":"What Is Monetary Policy?","response":"Monetary policy is the actions that a nation's central bank takes to control the money supply in an economy with the goal of helping grow a slowing economy or to contract an economy that is growing too fast."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Chargeback or Reverse Transaction?","response":"A chargeback, sometimes referred to as a reverse transaction, is much like a refund, in that customer gets their money back, in this case by having it credited to their credit or debit card account. These transactions can be initiated willingly by the merchant or forced on them by the cardholder or card issuer. For example, if a customer claims that a product was faulty and the merchant refused to take it back, they can ask their card issuer that the charge be reversed. Merchants can also dispute a chargeback."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Advantage of APT?","response":"The main advantage of APT is that it allows investors to customize their research since it provides more data and it can suggest multiple sources of asset risks."}
{"prompts":"Can My Employer Fire Me Because of Garnishment?","response":"Generally, federal law prohibits employers from terminating employees solely because of garnishment for a single debt. However, there may be exceptions depending on state laws and company policies. It's important to consult with legal counsel if you believe your employment rights have been violated due to garnishment."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements for TSA PreCheck?","response":"The TSA PreCheck Application Program is only open to U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals, and lawful permanent residents. Applicants may be ineligible due to incomplete or false application information, violations of transportation security regulations, or\u00a0disqualifying criminal offenses.Applicants must fill out an online application and schedule an in-person interview at a regional TSA-approved office for screening. A non-refundable processing fee is required."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Social Science Important?","response":"The social sciences are important because they help people understand how to analyze not only their own behavior but also the behavior and motivations of their peers. The social sciences also give us a better understanding of how to create more inclusive and effective institutions."}
{"prompts":"Is Holding Period Return the Same as Rate of Return?","response":"Pretty much, yes. The rate of return tells us, in percentage terms, how much an investment made or lost. The holding period return does the same thing, telling us the return on an investment during the timeframe it was held."}
{"prompts":"What Causes an Economic Cycle?","response":"The causes of an economic cycle are widely debated among different economic schools of thought. Monetarists, for example, link the economic cycle to the credit cycle. Here, interest rates, which intimately affect the price of debt, influence consumer spending and economic activity. On the other hand, a Keynesian approach suggests that the economic cycle is caused by volatility or investment demand, which in turn affects spending and employment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Double Irish Dutch Sandwich Strategy?","response":"The double Irish Dutch sandwich strategy was a tax avoidance scheme practiced at one time by Google and other companies. It involved funneling profits to an Irish subsidiary, then a Dutch subsidiary, and finally to a second Irish subsidiary based in a tax haven, such as Bermuda. The result was to eliminate or indefinitely postpone any taxes due to the United States or other countries where the profits actually originated. The loopholes that made this possible were effectively closed as of 2020."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Stock Dividend?","response":"Less common than cash dividends, stock dividends instead pay shareholders with additional shares of stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is Total Shareholder Return?","response":"Total shareholder return (TSR) is a way to evaluate an investment's performance. It factors in capital gains and dividends to measure the overall returns an investor earns from a stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Widely Cited U.S. Stock Index?","response":"The Dow Jones Industrial Average is the oldest U.S. stock index, as well as the most frequently cited one; however, the S&P 500 represents a larger cross-section of the economy."}
{"prompts":"Which U.S. President First Defined and Used the Term Affirmative Action?","response":"That was President John F. Kennedy. He did so in 1961, telling federal contractors to take \"affirmative action to ensure that applicants are treated equally without regard to race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.\""}
{"prompts":"How Can You Start a Career in Tax Accounting?","response":"Tax accountants need a CPA licensure. This usually requires a bachelor's degree in an accounting-related field. Also and although it's not required by every company hiring tax accountants, CPA candidates should complete a master's program in accounting.Once the CPA licensure is obtained, tax accountants often require continuing education (CE) courses to maintain their credentials. The CE requirements and length vary by state."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Human Resources?","response":"A human resources department is focused on the recruitment and retention of employees within a company. HR typically finds, hires (and fires), and trains employees. It oversees employee relations and manages benefit programs. It\u2019s the place where an employee goes with questions about their position at the company, to address concerns, and to air grievances."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Financial Institutions Important?","response":"Financial institutions are essential because they provide a marketplace for money and assets so that capital can be efficiently allocated to where it is most useful. For example, a bank takes in customer deposits and lends the money to borrowers. Without the bank as an intermediary, any individual is unlikely to find a qualified borrower or know how to service the loan. Via the bank, the depositor can earn interest as a result. Likewise, investment banks find investors to market a company's shares or bonds to."}
{"prompts":"Who Buys Nonperforming Loans?","response":"Other banks or distressed debt investors may consider investing in nonperforming loans, as well as real estate investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Internal Rate of Return?","response":"Whether an IRR is good or bad will depend on the cost of capital and the opportunity cost of the investor. For instance, a real estate investor might pursue a project with a 25% IRR if comparable alternative real estate investments offer a return of, say, 20% or lower. However, this comparison assumes that the riskiness and effort involved in making these difficult investments are roughly the same. If the investor can obtain a slightly lower IRR from a project that is considerably less risky or time-consuming, then they might happily accept that lower-IRR project. In general, though, a higher IRR is better than a lower one, all else being equal."}
{"prompts":"Is a Refinery Upstream or Downstream?","response":"A refinery is considered to be downstream."}
{"prompts":"How does Canada\u2019s harmonized sales tax (HST) work?","response":"The HST is paid by purchasers at the point of sale (POS). Vendors collect the tax proceeds by adding the HST rate to the cost of goods and services. They then send the collected tax to the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA), the tax division of the federal government. The CRA later allocates the provincial portion of the HST to the respective province\u2019s government."}
{"prompts":"How can I nullify a quitclaim deed?","response":"The easiest way to overturn or cancel a quitclaim deed is if both parties to the transaction explicitly agree to do so. If somebody believes that a quitclaim deed was used to illegally transfer a property, it can be challenged in court."}
{"prompts":"Can an Underwriter Deny an Insurance Policy or Loan?","response":"Yes, if the riskiness of a borrower or insurance policy applicant is deemed too great, the underwriter can either recommend higher rates or else deny the application entirely - so long as they are not breaking any anti-discrimination laws and are only evaluating objective risk metrics."}
{"prompts":"What Is GAAP?","response":"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are the rules by which publicly-owned United States companies must prepare their financial statements. It is the guideline that explains how to record transactions, when to recognize revenue, and when expenses must be recognized. International companies may use a similar but different set of rules called International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Average income and Job Prospects for a CRPC?","response":"The average base salary for a person with CRPC certification is $72,000, according to Payscale. Note that many people are already working in the field when they decide to go for CRPC certification. The College for Financial Planning says those professionals report a 9% increase in their earnings after acquiring certification."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Yield Curve?","response":"The yield curve can look different depending on what investors think is in store for interest rates and the economy. Usually, it will be described as either normal, flat, or inverted."}
{"prompts":"Can a Residual Sum of Squares Be Zero?","response":"The residual sum of squares can be zero. The smaller the residual sum of squares, the better your model fits your data; the greater the residual sum of squares, the poorer your model fits your data.\u00a0A value of zero means your model is a perfect fit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Branch Banking and Chain Banking?","response":"Chain banking is a form of bank governance in which individuals or an entity takes control of at least three banks that are independently chartered. It differs from branch banking because chain banks are separately-owned and not part of the same entity."}
{"prompts":"When Is GNI Useful?","response":"For nations like the US, there is little difference between GDP and GNI. The difference between income received versus payments made to the rest of the world does not tend to be significant. For some countries, however, the difference is significant. GNI can be much higher than GDP if a country receives a large amount of foreign aid, as is the case with East Timor. Conversely, it can be much lower if foreigners control a large proportion of a country's production, as is the case with Ireland, a low-tax jurisdiction where the European and U.S. subsidiaries of a number of multinational companies nominally reside."}
{"prompts":"What Is Barrel of Oil Equivalents (BOE) in Economics?","response":"Oil is measured in barrels and natural gas is measured in cubic feet. To help facilitate like-for-like comparisons, the industry standardized natural gas production into \"equivalent barrels\" of oil."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Obtain Your Credit Reports?","response":"By law you are entitled to a free copy of your credit report from each of the three major credit bureaus at least once every 12 months. The official website for all three bureaus is AnnualCreditReport.com. Note that your credit score is not part of your credit report, so you have to obtain it separately."}
{"prompts":"What Does PITI Stand For?","response":"PITI is an acronym for principal, interest, taxes, and insurance\u2014all of the standard components of a mortgage payment. Because PITI represents the total monthly mortgage payment, it helps both the buyer and the lender determine the affordability of an individual mortgage."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Investment Bankers Work?","response":"Investment bankers often work as part of a financial institution. Examples of investment banker employers are Goldman Sachs (GS), Morgan Stanley (MS), JPMorgan Chase (JPM), Bank of America Merrill Lynch (BAC), and Deutsche Bank (DB)."}
{"prompts":"Can an NSF Fee Be Waived?","response":"Bank policies vary, but an NSF fee can often be waived through an NSF reversal after the fact, especially if it's the first time that it's been assessed. Calling the bank's customer service line and requesting a refund is the best course of action for a consumer."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Ex-Ante Interest Rate?","response":"The term ex-ante interest rate refers to the real interest rate calculated before the actual rate is revealed. The ex-ante interest rate is what lenders and bond issuers publish for loans and bonds. One of the key factors about the ex-ante interest rate is that it isn't adjusted for inflation."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Stop-Loss Order Limit Loss?","response":"A stop-loss order limits your exposure to less of a loss than you might otherwise experience by automatically closing out your position if your stock trades to an unfavorable market price level that you designate. If you use a trailing stop with your stop-loss order, that protection can move with your position even as it increases in value. So, a loss could translate to less profit rather than a complete loss."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Measure Market Share?","response":"To determine a company's market share, you divide its total sales by its industry's total sales over a given period. For example, if a company sold $2 million worth of dishwashing liquid and the industry's total sales were $15 million, the company would have a market share of 2\/15 = 13.3%"}
{"prompts":"Was Organized Labor Successful?","response":"In the United States, organized labor successfully improved the lives of millions of workers in the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. By 1979, union membership was considered a fast ticket to the middle class, and there were over 20 million union members in the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Provisions of TEFRA?","response":"TEFRA's proponents emphasized toughening tax enforcement in order to close the so-called \"tax gap.\"This was based on assumption that one in five tax dollars never made it into the government coffers due to unreported income or overstated deductions, expenses, and exemptions.Many of the provisions hit individuals, not businesses:A crackdown on underreporting of tips received by waiters and others who earn tips as part of their income.A requirement for an automatic 10% tax withholding on dividends and interest paid to individuals.A requirement for tax withholding on payments of pensions and annuities.The bill also increased penalties for non-compliance."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money on a Straddle?","response":"Yes. If an equity's price does not move larger than the comparative premiums paid on the options, a trader faces the risk of losing money. For this reason, straddle strategies are often entered into in consideration of more volatile investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Rial to Toman Exchange Rate?","response":"One toman is equal to 10 Iranian rials."}
{"prompts":"How Hard Is It to Be a Virtual Assistant?","response":"A virtual assistant has some of the same challenges as an in-person assistant, including working with a variety of programs, managing and prioritizing competing tasks and answering to an employer. What's different is that the virtual assistant is doing all of this remotely, without frequent in-person interaction, in a different location than their employer. This may be a less stressful environment for many employees. However, it's also an environment without any technical support staff on hand if there are any technological problems."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Smart Contract Cost?","response":"On the Ethereum blockchain, a smart contract deployment takes gas, which costs Gwei (a lower denomination of ether). Depending on the complexity of the contract, it can cost billions of Gwei to deploy a smart contract. Less complex contracts like a simple exchange are much cheaper."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top 10 Social Networking Sites?","response":"Some top social networking sites are Facebook, X, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram, WeChat, TikTok, Facebook Messenger, Douyin, QQ, and Sina Weibo."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Gas Fee on NFTs?","response":"A gas fee is a blockchain transaction fee, paid to network validators for their services to the blockchain. Without the fees, there would be no incentive for anyone to stake their ETH and help secure the network."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Comparative Advantage?","response":"An interesting example of comparative advantages often arises for high-powered executives, who may consider hiring an assistant to answer their emails and perform certain secretarial functions. The executive may even better at performing these duties than their assistant\u2014but the time they spend doing secretarial work could be spent more profitably by doing executive work. Likewise, even if the assistant is mediocre at secretarial work, they would likely be even more ill-suited for executive work. Together, they are ultimately more productive if they focus on their comparative advantages."}
{"prompts":"Are Salaries a Sunk Cost?","response":"Yes, any salary that has been paid to an employee is a sunk cost. As long as those wages are not recoverable, that salary represents an expense that has been incurred and can not be captured back by the company."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of the Debt-to-Income Ratio?","response":"The DTI ratio does not distinguish between different types of debt and the cost of servicing that debt. Credit cards carry higher interest rates than student loans, but they're lumped in together in the DTI ratio calculation. If you transferred your balances from your high-interest rate cards to a low-interest credit card, your monthly payments would decrease. As a result, your total monthly debt payments and your DTI ratio would decrease, but your total debt outstanding would remain unchanged."}
{"prompts":"How Can Investors Avoid REIT Fraud?","response":"The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recommends that investors be wary of anyone who tries to sell REITs that aren't registered with the SEC. It advises that \"You can verify the registration of both publicly traded and non-traded REITs through the SEC's EDGAR system. You can also use EDGAR to review a REIT's annual and quarterly reports as well as any offering prospectus.\""}
{"prompts":"Will Next of Kin Automatically Get Life Insurance and IRA Benefits?","response":"In most cases, the next-of-kin status doesn't matter. This means that the proceeds from life insurance policies and retirement accounts are transferred to the beneficiaries named by a decedent even if the decedent designates different people in their will.This changes if the decedent is married and lives in a community property state. In this case, the surviving spouse is legally entitled to an equal portion of any funds earned or accrued during the marriage, unless the spouse signs a waiver."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Buy a Warranty for My Home?","response":"Unlike homeowners insurance, you do not have to purchase a warranty on appliances in your home. However, if you purchase an older home where appliances are dated, you may want to consider replacing them or purchasing a home warranty policy ."}
{"prompts":"What Does Corporate Finance Do?","response":"Corporate finance departments in companies focus on solid decision-making for profitable financial results. Thus, corporate finance involves activities that relate to the budgeting of capital, the debt and equity used to finance operations, management of working capital, and shareholder dividends."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Inflection Point in Calculus?","response":"In calculus, the inflection point is where a graph's concavity changes from either up to down or down to up. This change may be slow or dramatic but it is regarded as the point where the slope starts to change."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides of Sweat Equity?","response":"The biggest downside of sweat equity is the risk that the final value of your equity might be worth less than the work you put in. For new companies, workers take the risk that the company might fail, making their sweat equity worthless. Likewise, homeowners who perform their own construction assume the risks of poor workmanship that would otherwise fall to their contractors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to Earn Interest?","response":"There are now many ways investors can deposit funds into alternative investments that generate interest. This also means investors must take care in selecting borrowers. The best way to earn interest is to property research the risk profile of your borrower; should they default on the loan, you may not have recourse to recover your lost principal."}
{"prompts":"When Is Open Enrollment for Medicare?","response":"Open enrollment for Medicare runs from Oct. 15 to Dec. 7 every year. Coverage takes effect on Jan. 1 of the following year and lasts through Dec. 31."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Annualized Total Return and an Average Return?","response":"The key difference between the annualized total return and the average return is that the annualized total return captures the effects of compounding, whereas the average return does not."}
{"prompts":"How Can the DMI Be Made More Reliable?","response":"Improving confidence in the DMI involves a combination of methodological adjustments and strategic integration with other analytical tools. Some ways to improve its reliability include adjusting the length of the period, using the DMI with the ADX, combining the DMI with other indicators, incorporating it into the analysis price action and chart patterns, using the DMI in suitable market conditions, and implementing risk management techniques when using it."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Benefits of Social Responsibility?","response":"Benefiting society and lessening the negative impacts on the environment are among the main benefits of social responsibility. Consumers are increasingly looking to buy goods and services from socially responsible companies, which can have a positive impact on their bottom line."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered an Asset?","response":"When looking at an asset definition, you'll typically find that it is something that provides a current, future, or potential economic benefit for an individual or company. An asset is, therefore, something that is owned by you or something that is owed to you. A $10 bill, a desktop computer, a chair, and a car are all assets. If you loaned money to someone, that loan is also an asset because you are owed that amount. For the person who owes it, the loan is a liability."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Internal Controls?","response":"Internal controls are broadly divided into preventative and detective activities. Preventative control activities aim to deter errors or fraud from happening in the first place and include thorough documentation and authorization practices.\u00a0Detective controls are backup procedures that are designed to catch items or events that have been missed by the first line of defense.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"If I Have an LLC Operating Agreement Do I Need a Business Plan?","response":"There's no legal requirement for an LLC to have a written business plan, but there are still clear advantages to having one. A well-structured business plan is an important tool to set out the goals and values of an enterprise and provides an objective way of assessing whether or not those goals are being met."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Licensing Agency?","response":"A licensing agency is a broker that brings together license owners with potential licensees and arranges licensing agreements between these parties. A licensing agent may approach the owner of a license to see if they would be interested in such an arrangement."}
{"prompts":"What Affects Your Life Insurance Premiums?","response":"Age (life insurance is less expensive)Gender (female tends to be less expensive)Smoking (smoking increases premiums)Health (poor health can raise premiums)Lifestyle (risky activities can increase premiums)Family medical history (chronic illness in relatives can raise premiums)Driving record (good drivers save on premiums)"}
{"prompts":"What Can I Deduct if I Take the Standard Deduction?","response":"You can claim above-the-line deductions including retirement plan contributions, health savings account (HSA) contributions, alimony, educator expenses, student loan interest, and health insurance premiums for individual health insurance policies if you are self-employed."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Drawbacks of Using the Run Rate?","response":"The run rate can be a very deceiving metric, especially in seasonal industries, where estimates of future performance may be incorrectly inflated. Also, since it is generally based only on the most current data, it may not properly compensate for circumstantial changes that can cause an inaccurate overall picture.\u00a0Furthermore, run rates do not account for large, one-time events which can skew projections."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to Register a Copyright for My Website?","response":"Copyright exists as a right from the moment of creation. You do not need to register your original work, such as content on your website, in order for it to be your intellectual property. However, registering a copyright provides more legal protection. If you plan to bring a lawsuit against someone for infringing on your work, you will need to have a registered copyright."}
{"prompts":"Who Creates the Articles of Association?","response":"A company's founders typically will create its articles of association. Because it is an important document addressing the company's management and finances, the creators of the document typically do so in consultation with lawyers, accountants, or both."}
{"prompts":"When Are Benefits Paid?","response":"Since the policy is taken out on an executive's life, tax-free death benefits are paid when the executive dies."}
{"prompts":"Can Americans Invest in the FTSE?","response":"Yes, Americans can invest in the FTSE. The easiest way to do this is by investing in exchange-traded funds that track these indices, such as the Vanguard FTSE 100, the Vanguard FTSE 250, the iShares 350 U.K. Equity Index Fund, and the iShares Core FTSE 100."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use a Balanced Scorecard?","response":"Balanced scorecards allow companies to measure their intellectual capital along with their financial data to break down successes and failures in their internal processes. By compiling data from past performance in a single report, management can identify inefficiencies, devise plans for improvement, and communicate goals and priorities to their employees and other stakeholders."}
{"prompts":"How Are Conventional and Islamic Banking Different?","response":"One of the primary differences between conventional banking systems and Islamic banking is that Islamic banking prohibits usury and speculation. Shariah strictly prohibits any form of speculation or gambling, which is referred to as maisir. Shariah also prohibits taking interest on loans. Also, any investments involving items or substances forbidden in the Quran\u2014including alcohol, gambling, and pork\u2014are prohibited."}
{"prompts":"What Does Escheat Mean in Law?","response":"Escheat is the right of a government to take ownership of an account if no one claims it or has a claim to it after the owner's death."}
{"prompts":"What Determines the Rate on a Variable-Rate CD?","response":"The financial institution decides which benchmark rate it will use to set the CD\u2019s rate, the frequency of change, and any other factors. For example, institutions could use the Federal Reserve Bank\u2019s federal funds target rate, the bank's prime rate, the federal funds rate upper limit, or the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate (WSJP). The interest rate is expressed as an annual percentage yield could even change daily at the institution's discretion."}
{"prompts":"What Accounting Procedures Did ZZZZ Best Fail to Follow?","response":"ZZZZ Best failed because it was a Ponzi scheme so, in essence, the company followed almost no proper accounting procedures. However, it took the company going public before the fraud was discovered so there is an argument that exists that Minkow was quite skilled with his accounting."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of a Monetary Base?","response":"A country's monetary base is the total amount of money that its central bank creates. This includes any money that is printed and in circulation as well as any money held in reserves at commercial banks. This base also includes money held in reserves by banks at the central bank."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the COLA Adjustment for 2023?","response":"The COLA adjustment for 2023 is 8.7%. An individual's annual benefit would total $10,870 if they received $10,000 in Social Security benefits in 2022. For 2024, it is 3.2%. If someone received $10,000 in Social Security benefits in 2023, their 2024 annual benefit would total $10,320."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Debt and Credit?","response":"Debt is amount of money you owe, while credit is the amount of money you have available to you to borrow. For example, unless you have maxed out your credit cards, your debt is less than your credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Card Facility?","response":"A credit card facility is different than a credit facility. The term credit card facility is often used to describe features of a credit card that a cardholder receives when a credit card is opened. For example, a credit card may come with technology allowing for transactions to be automatically paid, split into tracking categories, or transferred to other cards."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt-to-Equity Ratio?","response":"Debt-to-equity measures how much debt a company has to its shareholders' equity. Because shareholders' equity is part of total liabilities, it shows how much of a business's debt is equity financing. Lower ratios are ideal, but \"good\" depends on a business's financial structure and how other companies in the same industry structure themselves."}
{"prompts":"Does Okun\u2019s Law Still Work?","response":"Okun's law is an observation about the statistical correlation between unemployment levels and overall productivity. While there have been many times when these variables did not behave as Okun's law predicts, the rule appears to hold true overall. A 2014 review by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco finds that, despite cyclical variations, the rule \"has held up surprisingly well over time.\""}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Subscription to Morningstar Premium?","response":"Morningstar Premium offers several subscription packages. Members can pay monthly, annually, biennially (every two years), and triennially (every three years). Monthly memberships cost $34.95 per month; annual memberships cost $249, biennial memberships are $399, and triennial memberships are $499."}
{"prompts":"Is Cloud Computing Safe?","response":"Cloud security refers to efforts to protect digital assets and data stored on cloud-based services. Measures to protect this data include two-factor authorization (2FA), the use of VPNs, security tokens, data encryption, and firewall services, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Investment Instruments Can Be Used for SIPs?","response":"SIPs can be utilized to invest in various investment instruments such as mutual funds (equity funds, debt funds, hybrid funds), index funds, ETFs, and other investment products offered by financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Disadvantages of Options?","response":"The main disadvantage of options contracts is that they are complex and difficult to price. This is why options are considered to be a security most suitable for experienced professional investors. In recent years, they have become increasingly popular among retail investors. Because of their capacity for outsized returns or losses, investors should make sure they fully understand the potential implications before entering into any options positions. Failing to do so can lead to devastating losses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Sherman Antitrust Act in Simple Terms?","response":"The Sherman Antitrust Act is a law passed by Congress to promote competition within the economy by prohibiting companies from colluding or merging to form a monopoly."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some High- and Low-Profit Margin Industries?","response":"High-profit margin sectors typically include those in the services industry, as there are fewer assets involved in production than an assembly line. Similarly, software or gaming companies may invest initially while developing a particular software\/game and cash in big later by simply selling millions of copies with very few expenses.Operations-intensive businesses such as transportation, which may have to deal with fluctuating fuel prices, drivers\u2019 perks and retention, and vehicle maintenance, usually have lower profit margins. Automobiles also have low profit margins, as profits and sales are limited by intense competition, uncertain consumer demand, and high operational expenses involved in developing dealership networks and logistics."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Revocable Living Trust?","response":"A living trust is one established during one's lifetime and can be either revocable or irrevocable. A revocable living trust is often used in estate planning to avoid probate court and fights over the assets of an estate, Unlike an irrevocable trust, the revocable living trust does not confer tax or creditor protection."}
{"prompts":"Why Would My Advisor Change My Shares to Y-Shares?","response":"Advisors may upgrade to Y-shares if there is a cost savings benefit. Mutual funds, meanwhile, may change the share class of an issued fund\u2014called a reclassification\u2014if certain requirements are met."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs a Tax Identification Number?","response":"To work in the United States or file taxes with the IRS, individuals need a TIN. A taxpayer identification number allows individuals to take advantage of benefits or services offered by the government, run their day-to-day business operations, and report their taxes."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Loans Forgiven?","response":"Getting student loans forgiven has two basic parts. First, you consolidate all your loans into one debt (if you have any federal student loans that aren't direct loans). Then, you apply for forgiveness by filing a special application: Federal Student Aid\u2019s Public Service Loan Forgiveness (PSLF) & Temporary Expanded PSLF (TEPSLF) Certification & Application."}
{"prompts":"Is There Such a Thing as a Covered Put?","response":"In contrast to call options, put options grant the contract holder the right to sell the underlying (as opposed to the right to buy it) at a set price. The equivalent position using puts would involve selling short shares and then selling a downside put. This, however, is uncommon. Instead, traders may employ a married put, where an investor, holding a\u00a0long position\u00a0in a stock, purchases a put option on the same stock to protect against depreciation in the stock's price."}
{"prompts":"Which Agency Regulates Investment Banking Firms?","response":"The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees the operations of investment banks as these banks deal with securities."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Avalanche and Snowball Methods of Repayment?","response":"Avalanche and snowball are names given to different strategies of paying down your debt. The \u201cavalanche\u201d approach calls for sending in the minimum payments on all debt and putting any extra money toward those with the highest interest rates. Alternatively, the \u201csnowball\u201d method is about building psychological momentum. Again, you\u2019re paying the minimum for all your debts, but this time you use any extra funds to clear the smaller debts first. Each has pros and cons: the avalanche method reduces the interest paid over the long term, while the snowball strategy provides quicker wins to motivate you to stick with your repayment plans."}
{"prompts":"How Does Deferred Compensation Affect Your Taxes?","response":"Those making contributions to a plan enjoy a tax deduction in that year, which can in some cases be substantial enough to help a taxpayer avoid alternative minimum tax (AMT).The funds grow tax-deferred until the payout date.If you retire in a lower tax bracket or a lower-tax jurisdiction you will benefit from the tax deferral upon retirement."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Debt Consolidation?","response":"Consolidating debt could potentially lead to you paying more in the long run, particularly if you consolidate credit card debt but then continue to use the cards you paid off. There may also be a minor, short-term ding to your credit score."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Recognize Off-Balance Sheet Items?","response":"It's important to read any company's balance sheets closely, including all notes. When seeing common OBS items such as leased items or partnerships with factors that handle accounts receivables, it's a good idea to look especially closely."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ways to Avoid Becoming House Poor?","response":"If you are worried about becoming house poor, or already find yourself in this situation, there are some options. You can look to boost your income through a side job or gig work, and look to cut costs elsewhere. Refinancing a mortgage may be an option, especially if interest rates have fallen. Moreover, you can pull some cash out of your home's equity to help with other expenses. Finally, while it is not always ideal, downsizing to a more affordable home or switching to a rental are another option."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Win\/Loss Ratio Good?","response":"Generally, yes. It means that there were more trades that made money than trades that lost money. Bear in mind, though, that it says nothing about the amounts of money made or lost. For instance, you may have 15 winning trades and five losing trades for a positive win\/loss ratio of 3.0. However, those five losing trades may have cost you more than the 15 winning trades made you."}
{"prompts":"What Welfare Programs Does the United States Have?","response":"The following welfare programs are offered in the U.S.: Medicaid, Supplemental Security Income, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, Children's Health Insurance Program, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, housing assistance, and the Earned Income Tax Credit."}
{"prompts":"Is a Free Trial a Freemium?","response":"Free trials and freemiums are slightly different; free trials are typically time-bound and only allow a user to \"test out\" a few parts of a product or service. Meanwhile, freemium models allow their free users to access the full application indefinitely."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good APR?","response":"What counts as a \u201cgood\u201d APR will depend on factors such as the competing rates offered in the market, the prime interest rate set by the central bank, and the borrower\u2019s own credit score. When prime rates are low, companies in competitive industries will sometimes offer very low APRs on their credit products, such as the 0% on car loans or lease options. Although these low rates might seem attractive, customers should verify whether these rates last for the full length of the product\u2019s term, or whether they are simply introductory rates that will revert to a higher APR after a certain period has passed. Moreover, low APRs may only be available to customers with especially high credit scores."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Unsolicited and Solicited?","response":"The difference between an unsolicited bid and a solicited bid is that in a solicited bid, the target company wants to be sold and is actively seeking a buyer. An unsolicited bid is when the target company is not actively seeking a buyer and may not be interested at all in being acquired."}
{"prompts":"What Does Fully Vetted Mean?","response":"Fully vetted suggests that an option has undergone a complete analysis with an objective decision made upon its completion."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Keep Acquiring Other Companies Through M&A?","response":"Two of the key drivers of capitalism are competition and growth. When a company faces competition, it must both cut costs and innovate at the same time. One solution is to acquire competitors so that they are no longer a threat. Companies also complete M&A to grow by acquiring new product lines, intellectual property, human capital, and customer bases. Companies may also look for synergies. By combining business activities, overall performance efficiency tends to increase, and across-the-board costs tend to drop as each company leverages the other company's strengths."}
{"prompts":"Is a Backdoor Roth a Good Idea?","response":"The backdoor Roth strategy can be beneficial if you earn too much to contribute to a Roth IRA or if you've determined that a Roth IRA is better for your retirement."}
{"prompts":"How Fast Is a High-Frequency Trade?","response":"High-frequency trading is fast. It can be as fast as 10 milliseconds. In some cases, it can be even less to execute a large batch of trades."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between FATCA and FBAR?","response":"The FBAR and FATCA reporting requirements are similar, but there are several significant differences. Some assets should be disclosed on one form but not the other, and some must be disclosed on both.The Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts, or FBAR, is a form required by the IRS for expatriates and other citizens with certain foreign bank accounts. FBARs also must be filed on behalf of trusts, estates, and domestic entities with interests in foreign financial accounts.FATCA applies to individual citizens, residents, and non-resident aliens.Residents and entities in U.S. territories must file FBARs but don't need to file FATCA forms.The FATCA requires disclosure of foreign stocks and securities, partnership interests, hedge funds, and other private equity funds. FBARs are required for assets held in foreign branches of U.S. banks, accounts where the owner has signatory authority, and indirect ownership interests or beneficial interests."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Qualify for a Bridge Loan?","response":"For a real estate bridge loan, you\u2019ll need an excellent credit score. Lenders also prefer borrowers with low debt-to-income (DTI) ratios."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bank Routing Number?","response":"A routing number is made up of nine digits that identify your bank to other banks. It will typically be printed on deposit slips that come with your checkbook and it may even appear on blank deposit slips that you can pick up at your bank."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Ratio Analysis?","response":"Financial ratio analysis is often broken into six different types: profitability, solvency, liquidity, turnover, coverage, and market prospects ratios. Other non-financial metrics may be scattered across various departments and industries. For example, a marketing department may use a conversion click ratio to analyze customer capture."}
{"prompts":"How Do Authorities Detect and Investigate Price-Fixing Schemes?","response":"Authorities employ various methods, including whistleblower reports, market monitoring, and data analysis, to detect and investigate price-fixing schemes. Entities can ask internal staff to provide information (without penalty) for information as well."}
{"prompts":"Is it better to use the alpha, beta, or Sharpe ratio?","response":"All three calculation methodologies will give investors different information. Alpha ratio is useful to determine excess returns on an investment. Beta ratio shows the correlation between the stock and the benchmark that determines the overall market, usually the Standard & Poor\u2019s 500 Index. Sharpe ratio helps determine whether the investment risk is worth the reward."}
{"prompts":"What Is Black Wall Street?","response":"Black Wall Street was a nickname given to the Greenwood District of Tulsa, Oklahoma, one of the largest and most prosperous African-American business communities in the U.S. in the early 20th century. From May to June, 1921, its 35 blocks were destroyed during the Tulsa Race Riot. It was quickly rebuilt, with over 80 businesses reopening by 1922. More generally, Black Wall Street can also refer to any area of\u00a0African-American\u00a0high economic or financial activity."}
{"prompts":"Do Tax Deductions Increase Your Refund?","response":"A tax deduction lowers your taxable income, which reduces your total amount of taxes owed. That can result in a refund if you overpaid taxes during the year."}
{"prompts":"Should I Claim Single or Head of Household Status?","response":"For tax purposes, it is almost always better to be head of household. Head of household filers have a lower tax rate and higher standard deductions than single filers."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Widow's Allowance Different from a Will?","response":"A widow's allowance is determined by court or state statute, whereas a will is determined by an individual's own preferences, as stated in a legal document. Though the actual benefits\u2014that is, what a spouse receives when a loved one dies\u2014may be similar, the difference is how the benefits are determined: who decided them, and when."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Financial Statements?","response":"Financial statements show how a business operates. It provides insight into how much and how a business generates revenues, what the cost of doing business is, how efficiently it manages its cash, and what its assets and liabilities are. Financial statements provide all the details on how well or poorly a company manages itself."}
{"prompts":"Do More People Save For Retirement With QACAs?","response":"Yes, QACAS increase participation rates for company retirement plans because they are opt-out plans, meaning they employ automatic enrollment. An employee must choose to opt-out of the plan. However, many employees who participate in QACAs\u00a0still lack adequate retirement funds over the long term because they choose to just go along with the low preset\u00a0contributions of a QACA and not increase their savings."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Uses of a Balance Sheet?","response":"A balance sheet explains the financial position of a company at a specific point in time. As opposed to an income statement which reports financial information over a period of time, a balance sheet is used to determine the health of a company on a specific day.A bank statement is often used by parties outside of a company to gauge the company's health. Banks, lenders, and other institutions may calculate financial ratios off of the balance sheet balances to gauge how much risk a company carries, how liquid its assets are, and how likely the company will remain solvent.A company can use its balance sheet to craft internal decisions, though the information presented is usually not as helpful as an income statement. A company may look at its balance sheet to measure risk, make sure it has enough cash on hand, and evaluate how it wants to raise more capital (through debt or equity)."}
{"prompts":"Is Salvage Value the Selling Price?","response":"Yes, salvage value can be considered the selling price that a company can expect to receive for an asset the end of its life. In other cases, that asset may be scrapped or turned into raw materials. However, those materials may be sold. Therefore, the salvage value is simply the financial proceeds a company may expect to receive for an asset when its disposed of, though it may not factor in selling or disposal costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Balanced Scorecard Benefits?","response":"There are many benefits to using a scorecard. The most important advantages include the ability to bring information into a single report, which can save time, money, and resources. It also allows companies to track their performance in service and quality in addition to tracking their financial data. Scorecards also allow companies to recognize and reduce inefficiencies."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do Banks Need to Keep in Reserve?","response":"The reserve amount has historically ranged from zero to 10%. Since March 26, 2020, it has been zero."}
{"prompts":"What Did Marx Predict for the Future?","response":"Marx thought that the capitalistic system would inevitably self-destruct. Competition would grow so fierce that most businesses would fold and be absorbed into unwieldy monopolies. Workers would reject a system that exploited them. The oppressed workers would ultimately overthrow the owners to take control of the means of production, ushering in a classless society of shared ownership."}
{"prompts":"Who Came Up with the CAPM?","response":"The capital asset pricing model was developed by the financial economists William Sharpe, Jack Treynor, John Lintner, and Jan Mossin in the early 1960s, who built their work on ideas put forth by Harry Markowitz in the 1950s."}
{"prompts":"What Is a UPS Reference Number?","response":"A United Parcel Service (UPS) reference number is also called a UPS pickup reference number. One or more parties to the shipment will use this series of characters or numbers to help UPS Freight correctly identify the shipment. The carrier can designate the reference number from various sources, including the return authorization number."}
{"prompts":"How Do Islamic Banks Make Money?","response":"To earn money without the typical practice of charging interest, Islamic banks use equity participation systems, which are similar to profit sharing. Equity participation means if a bank lends money to a business, the business will pay back the loan without interest and instead give the bank a share in its profits. If the business defaults or doesn't earn a profit, then the bank also doesn't get paid."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of High and Low Operating Leverage?","response":"Companies with high fixed costs tend to have high operating leverage, such as those with a great deal of research & development and marketing. With each dollar in sales earned beyond the break-even point, the company makes a profit. Conversely, retail stores tend to have low fixed costs and large variable costs, especially for merchandise. Because retailers sell a large volume of items and pay upfront for each unit sold, COGS increases as sales increase. Because of this, such stores often have low operating leverage."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Unit Bank?","response":"A unit bank is a small, local bank that provides banking services to a small community in the region it is located. Unit banks stand in contrast to large, national banks that provide a vast array of services to millions of customers through different branches. A unit bank does not have any other locations or branches and is a standalone entity."}
{"prompts":"What Is Insurance?","response":"Insurance is a way to manage your financial risks. When you buy insurance, you purchase protection against unexpected financial losses. The insurance company pays you or someone you choose if something bad occurs. If you have no insurance and an accident happens, you may be responsible for all related costs."}
{"prompts":"How Many Different Industries Are There?","response":"Different classification systems will group and report industries differently. The NAICS has historically grouped companies into roughly 20 sectors, 100 subsectors, and over 1,000 six-digit NAICS industry codes."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Gross Profit?","response":"Consider the following quarterly income statement where a company has $100,000 in revenues and $75,000 in cost of goods sold. Under expenses, the calculation would not include selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) expenses. To arrive at the gross profit total, the $100,000 in revenues would subtract $75,000 in cost of goods sold to equal $25,000."}
{"prompts":"How Is YOY Calculated?","response":"YOY calculations are straightforward and usually expressed in percentage terms. This would involve taking the current year\u2019s value and dividing it by the prior year\u2019s value and subtracting one: (this year) \u00f7 (last year) - 1."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Erode Purchasing Power?","response":"Inflation is the gradual rise in the prices of a broad range of products and services. If inflation persists at a high level or gets out-of-control, it can eat away your purchasing power\u2014what you can buy with the money you have. The same product that cost $2 six months ago might now cost $4, due to inflation. This rise in prices in turn can erode people's savings and consequently, their standard of living."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of Using a Contra Account?","response":"Contra accounts are used to reduce the value of the original account directly to keep financial accounting records clean. If a contra account is not used, it can be difficult to determine historical costs, which can make tax preparation more difficult and time-consuming."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current CPI?","response":"The CPI rose 3.2% for the 12 months ending February 2024. The index rose 0.4% in February, which is slightly higher than the 0.3% increase in January 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Do Managers Decide on Capital Structure?","response":"Assuming that a company has access to capital (e.g. investors and lenders), they will want to minimize their cost of capital. This can be done using a weighted average cost of capital (WACC) calculation. To calculate WACC the manager or analyst will multiply the cost of each capital component by its proportional weight."}
{"prompts":"Why Should Investors Pay Attention to PP&E?","response":"PP&E are assets that are expected to generate economic benefits and contribute to revenue for many years. Purchases of PP&E are a signal that management has faith in the long-term outlook and profitability of its company."}
{"prompts":"How Are Cryptocurrencies Used in Money Laundering?","response":"The U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) noted in a June 2021 report that convertible virtual currencies (CVCs), or cryptocurrencies, are a currency of choice in various online illicit activities. CVCs can layer transactions and obfuscate the origin of money derived from criminal activity. Criminals use several money-laundering techniques involving cryptocurrencies, including \u201cmixers\u201d and \u201ctumblers\u201d that break the connection between an address or crypto \u201cwallet\u201d sending cryptocurrency and the address receiving it."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Marketing Mix?","response":"At its core, a marketing mix is focused on promoting a product or service to generate revenue for a company. On the whole, it integrates key marketing strategies that create brand awareness, build customer loyalty, and drive product sales."}
{"prompts":"Why might consumers want to consider a linked account?","response":"Linked savings accounts allow customers to keep the majority of their funds in a savings account, which may earn more interest, moving money into the checking or NOW account as needed. Some packaged or linked accounts may also offer incentives such as lower fees or free checking."}
{"prompts":"Does the U.S. Have a Flat Tax Income Tax System?","response":"The U.S. has a progressive income tax system where an individual's income determines various tax brackets from low income to higher income, each with a different tax rate. The taxpayer pays the rates applicable to their income in each bracket. An individual who earns $45,000 in 2024 will pay a total tax of 10% on the first $11,600 of their income and 12% on the remaining $33,400."}
{"prompts":"Can the Buyer Be Present During an Appraisal?","response":"Both buyers and sellers can ask to be present at the home appraisal with the approval of the appraiser. In lieu of attending themselves, buyers and sellers can request that their agents be allowed to attend the appraisal. But typically, only the appraiser is present as it's less common for buyers or sellers to show up."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Commercial Banking and Retail Banking?","response":"Retail banking offers deposit, access, and lending services to individuals. Commercial banking is another name for corporate banking, which offers banking services to businesses, governments, and other institutions. While retail banking offers its services to people for personal use, commercial banking serves institutions."}
{"prompts":"What If I Buy Real Estate With an Encumbrance?","response":"That depends on the encumbrance. An encumbrance on your newly purchased property may be simply a mortgage. Or it may be a financial lien placed by someone owed money for work they did for the previous owner, that wasn't paid. It could be a property tax lien placed by the county. Or it might be a zoning regulation that prohibits you from building a structure you'd hoped to have. Be sure to research all possible encumbrances before you purchase a home so you understand how you might be obligated financially or otherwise."}
{"prompts":"When Did the 4 Ps Become the 7 Ps?","response":"The focus on the four Ps\u2014product, price, place, and promotion\u2014has been a core tenet of marketing since the 1950s. Three newer Ps expand the marketing mix for the 21st century.People places the focus on the personalities who represent the product. In the current era, that means not only sales and customer service employees but social media influencers and viral media campaigns.Process is logistics. Consumers increasingly demand fast and efficient delivery of the things they want, when they want them.Physical evidence is perhaps the most thoroughly modern of the seven Ps. If you're selling diamond jewelry on a website, it must be immediately clear to the consumer that you are a legitimate established business that will deliver as promised. A professionally designed website with excellent functionality, an \"About\" section that lists the principals of the company and its physical address, professional packaging, and efficient delivery service are all critical to convincing the consumer that your product is not only good, it's real."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are in OPEC?","response":"OPEC is made up of 13 member nations. The five founding members are Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, while the other full members include Algeria, Angola, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Libya, Nigeria, and the United Arab Emirates."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Earn Before I Pay 40% Tax?","response":"Currently, there is no 40% tax bracket. For 2023, the highest earners in the United States pay a top rate of 37% federal tax on all income made above $578,125 (single filers) and $693,750 (married couples filing jointly)."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Ceteris Paribus in Economics?","response":"All things being equal, if the price of milk increases, people will buy less milk. This assumption ignores how other substitutes are behaving, how household income is behaving, or non-economic factors such as the health benefits of milk. Ceteris paribus, people will buy less of a product if the price is higher."}
{"prompts":"What Causes a Dead Cat Bounce?","response":"Reasons for a dead cat bounce include\u00a0a clearing of short positions, investors incorrectly believing the bottom has been reached, or from investors trying to find oversold assets. Ultimately, the dead cat bounce is not founded on fundamentals and so the market continues to decline soon after."}
{"prompts":"Are Binary Options Considered High Risk?","response":"Binary options are considered high-risk because of their all-or-nothing payouts, their short-term speculative nature, their volatility, and the leverage involved in the product.Approach binary options with caution, fully understanding the risks involved, and have a trading strategy with risk management measures in place. Using a regulated and reputable broker to mitigate some of these risks is essential."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Agribusiness Jobs?","response":"Agribusiness is a large industry involving many different types of farming and businesses, small and large. Those who work in the sector might be planting fields, building farm machinery, designing aquaculture tanks, and transporting animals and vegetables to the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Escrow Disbursement?","response":"An escrow disbursement is a payment made from an escrow account. With real estate, it's made by the lender on behalf of a borrower to cover property taxes and homeowners insurance."}
{"prompts":"Does the IRS Track Capital Loss Carryover?","response":"You're allowed to deduct up to $3,000 in capital losses per year, carrying over any remaining losses into the following year. So, if you've experienced $9,000 in capital losses, each year for three years you can deduct $3,000 from your income to offset the loss."}
{"prompts":"Does Group Term Life Insurance Provide Permanent Coverage?","response":"No, group term life provides temporary coverage while you work for your employer, or while you pay premiums through a membership association. Unlike permanent insurance, term life does not last your entire lifetime and does not accumulate cash value."}
{"prompts":"What Are Support and Resistance Levels?","response":"Support and resistance levels represent points on a price chart where there is a likelihood of a letup or a reversal of the prevailing trend. Support occurs where a downtrend is expected to pause due to a concentration of demand, while resistance occurs where an uptrend is expected to pause due to a concentration of supply.\u00a0In an ascending triangle pattern, the upward-sloping lower trendline indicates support, while the horizontal upper bound of the triangle represents resistance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Advantages of Options?","response":"Options can be very useful as a source of leverage and risk hedging. For example, a bullish investor who wishes to invest $1,000 in a company could potentially earn a far greater return by purchasing $1,000 worth of call options on that firm, as compared to buying $1,000 of that company\u2019s shares.In this sense, the call options provide the investor with a way to leverage their position by increasing their buying power.On the other hand, if that same investor already has exposure to that same company and wants to reduce that exposure, they could hedge their risk by selling put options against that company."}
{"prompts":"What Is Brick-and-Mortar Banking?","response":"Brick-and-mortar banking refers to the practice of depositing and borrowing money through online banking applications or websites, compared to visiting a branch in person. Many retail banks are now eliminating some of their branches to provide more services by mail, telephone, or on the web."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report Form 1099-DIV?","response":"You can report the information found on Form 1099-DIV on Schedule B or on Form 1040 directly."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quid Pro Quo?","response":"Quid Pro Quo is a Latin phrase that literally means \"something for something,\" suggesting an implied agreement to exchange one service or favor for another. This may be required in certain business contexts, since courts may strike down a contract that does not include equal considerations. Quid pro quo agreements are also common in politics, although they sometimes suggest shady or unethical business dealings."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EBIDA and EBITDA?","response":"EBIDA and EBITDA are both profitability measurements that compare a company's earnings after certain expenses have been considered. The only difference between the two is the treatment of taxes. EBIDA does not consider taxes, while EBITDA does deduct the amount of taxes owed. Therefore, EBIDA is often a higher calculation due to it consider one less corporate expense."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Predict Opportunity Cost?","response":"Any effort to predict opportunity cost must rely heavily on estimates and assumptions. There's no way of knowing exactly how a different course of action will play out financially over time. Investors might use the historic returns on various types of investments in an attempt to forecast their likely returns. However, as the famous disclaimer goes, \"Past performance is no guarantee of future results.\""}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify a Random Variable?","response":"A random variable is one whose value is unknown a priori, or else is assigned a random value based on some data generating process or mathematical function."}
{"prompts":"How Do LME Warrants Work?","response":"LME warrants are documents that represent an entitlement to a specific lot of LME-approved metal. These documents also serve as a form of insurance for owners. On March 1, 2021, the LME switched to digital-only warrants."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Quadrants of the BCG Matrix?","response":"The BCG Growth-Share Matrix uses a 2x2 grid with growth on one axis and market share on the other. Each of the four quadrants represents a specific combination of relative market share and growth:Low Growth, High Share:\u00a0Companies should milk these cash cows for cash to reinvest elsewhere.High Growth, High Share:\u00a0Companies should significantly invest in these stars as they have high future potential.High Growth, Low Share:\u00a0Companies should invest in or discard these question marks, depending on their chances of becoming stars.Low Share, Low Growth:\u00a0Companies should liquidate, divest, or reposition these pets."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Steps in HRP?","response":"HRP begins with an analysis of the available labor pool from which a company can draw. It then evaluates the firm's present and future demand for various types of labor and attempts to match that demand with the supply of job applicants."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Retention Ratio?","response":"The retention ratio, also called the plowback ratio, is the proportion of earnings kept back in the business as retained earnings. It refers to the percentage of net income that is retained to grow the business, rather than being paid out as dividends. It is the opposite of the payout ratio, which measures the percentage of profit paid out to shareholders as dividends. This metric helps investors determine how much money a company is keeping to reinvest in the company's operations. Typically, newer companies have high retention ratios as they are investing earnings back into the company to accelerate growth."}
{"prompts":"Is a Bear Trap Bullish?","response":"A bear trap is short-term bearish but long-term bullish because it usually occurs in a bullish market trend."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Impact Retail Sales?","response":"Higher inflation causes the price of most goods and services to spike. As a result, consumers tend to scale back overall spending or prioritize necessities and select inflation-proof purchases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Cause of the Gambler's Fallacy?","response":"The gambler's fallacy is a behavioral issue primarily derived from the belief in small numbers. People erroneously believe that small sample sets are always representative of larger populations or outcomes."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are in BRICS?","response":"The BRICS nations are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. In 2023, the group invited Argentina, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates to join. Full membership is expected to be granted as of Jan. 1, 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Obtain Your Credit Report?","response":"By law, you are entitled to a free copy of your credit report from each of the three major bureaus at least once a year. The official website for that purpose is AnnualCreditReport.com. You're also entitled to see your credit report free of charge if you've recently been denied credit, insurance, or employment based on the information in your report or if you've been a victim of identity theft."}
{"prompts":"What Agency Regulates Currency Trading?","response":"In the U.S,, the Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) has the primary responsibility for overseeing the commodities markets, including foreign currency trading.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Is Depreciation Recapture Treated?","response":"Depreciation recapture is treated as ordinary income and taxed as such. With real estate, it's a little more complicated. The gain beyond the original cost basis is taxed as a capital gain, whereas the part that is related to depreciation is taxed at the\u00a0unrecaptured gains section 1250 tax rate, which is capped at 25%."}
{"prompts":"Can Banks Engage in Proprietary Trading?","response":"The Volcker Rule, implemented in response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis, places restrictions against large banks using their own accounts for short-term proprietary trading of securities, derivatives, and commodity futures, along with options on these instruments. The rule is designed to shield customers by\u00a0preventing banks from making the types of speculative investments that contributed to the Great Recession."}
{"prompts":"Were OTC Stocks Publicly Traded?","response":"OTC stocks were traded without a broker or central exchange as they were generally too small to be listed on a formal exchange. Some OTC stocks were considered publicly traded, though some companies on the OTC market were private companies."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Year to Date Returns?","response":"Consider an investor who bought shares in a company on January 1 at $200 per share. In March, they are worth $202. Year to date equals ($202 \u00f7 $200) - 1, or .01. Then multiply this by 100 to arrive at 1%. The next step is to annualize these returns. Since the shares grew 1% in the first quarter of the year, that works out to an annualized growth of 4% (1% x 4)."}
{"prompts":"What are the Limitations of Hypothesis Testing?","response":"Hypothesis testing relies exclusively on data and doesn\u2019t provide a comprehensive understanding of the subject being studied. Additionally, the accuracy of the results depends on the quality of the available data and the statistical methods used. Inaccurate data or inappropriate hypothesis formulation may lead to incorrect conclusions or failed tests. Hypothesis testing can also lead to errors, such as analysts either accepting or rejecting a null hypothesis when they shouldn\u2019t have. These errors may result in false conclusions or missed opportunities to identify significant patterns or relationships in the data."}
{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Use the Break-Even Point in Break-Even Analysis?","response":"The break-even point (BEP) helps businesses with pricing decisions, sales forecasting, cost management, and growth strategies. A business would not use break-even to measure its repayment of debt or how long that repayment will take to complete."}
{"prompts":"Which States Have No Income Tax?","response":"Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming do not collect state income taxes. New Hampshire doesn\u2019t tax earned wages, but it does tax income earned from interest and dividends. At the end of 2023, New Hampshire will begin phasing out these taxes, and all personal income in the state will be tax free by 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Due Diligence Example?","response":"Examples of due diligence can be found in many areas of our daily lives. For example, conducting a property inspection before completing a purchase to assess the risk of the investment, an acquiring company that examines a target firm before completing a merger or acquisition, and an employer performing a background check on a potential recruit."}
{"prompts":"What Is Reconveyance in a Deed of Trust?","response":"In real estate law, reconveyance means the transfer of a property from a lender or trustee to a borrower. This usually happens at the end of a mortgage or other loan, when the borrower has satisfied the terms of their debt."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Lien Mean?","response":"A lien is simply the legal right of a lender to sell your property (a house or a car, for example) if don't meet your contractual obligations on the loan you took out to purchase it."}
{"prompts":"What Does Interest Rate Floor Mean?","response":"An interest rate floor is a financing mechanism to ensure the lender is able to assess interest regardless of how external variable interest rates are performing. An interest rate floor is a fixed interest rate that is triggered should interest rates drop below the floor."}
{"prompts":"What Are Collateralized Debt Obligations?","response":"A collateralized debt obligation or CDO is a complex structured finance product backed by a pool of loans and other assets that are then sold to institutional investors. CDOs are a type of derivative and played a significant role in the 2007 housing crisis."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Beneficial Owner of an Irrevocable Trust?","response":"When it comes to trusts, beneficial ownership information includes information on the settlor, trustees, protector, beneficiaries, and any other person exercising ultimate control over a trust. If a trust owns 25% or more of a corporation or legal entity, the trustee(s) of that trust are considered beneficial owners of the corporation."}
{"prompts":"What Is P-Value?","response":"A p-value is a measure of the probability that an observed difference could have occurred just by random chance. When the p-value is sufficiently small (e.g., 5% or less), then the results are not easily explained by chance alone and the null hypothesis can be rejected. When the p-value is large, then the results in the data are explainable by chance alone, and the data is deemed consistent with (while proving) the null hypothesis.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"When Would You Need an SLBC?","response":"Standby letters of credit are often used in international trade deals where the terms may be different between parties, but that is not the only use. Anytime a buyer needs to guarantee payment for goods or services, a SBLC may be in order."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Good Level of Discretionary Income?","response":"This is somewhat a matter of lifestyle; however, many experts agree that around 10-30% of your take-home (after-tax) pay should consist of discretionary income. The so-called 50-20-30 rule suggests that 50% of your net income goes towards living expenses, 20% to savings or investments, and 30% to discretionary spending."}
{"prompts":"What Responsibilities Did the Buyer Have in a DES Transaction?","response":"The buyer's responsibilities commenced upon the goods' arrival at the designated port. The buyer would of had to bear the costs associated with unloading, importing duties, and any subsequent transportation. Additionally, the buyer was responsible for securing and paying for any necessary insurance coverage."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a C Corporation and an S Corporation?","response":"C and S corporations are two types of private companies. The difference between these two entities lies in how they are taxed. A C corporation files a corporate tax return and pays federal income tax at the corporate rate. An S corporation, on the other hand, is treated as a pass-through entity. This means they do not file a federal income tax return. Instead, the corporation's profits and losses are reported on the shareholders' returns and are taxed at individual tax rates."}
{"prompts":"Which Sampling Method Is Best?","response":"The best method of sampling to use will depend on the nature of the analysis and the data being used. In general, simple random sampling is often the easiest and cheapest, but stratified sampling can produce a more accurate sample relative to the population under study."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Organized Labor?","response":"The main purpose of organized labor is to improve the conditions and economic power of the working class. Unions can negotiate on behalf of their members for higher wages, better benefits, or protection from termination. In addition, they also lobby for better labor laws with legislators and politicians."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Stratified Random Sample?","response":"A stratified random sample, in contrast to a simple draw, first divides the population into smaller groups, or strata, based on shared characteristics. Therefore, a stratified sampling strategy will ensure that members from each subgroup are included in the data analysis. Stratified sampling is used to highlight differences between groups in a population, as opposed to simple random sampling, which treats all members of a population as equal, with an equal likelihood of being sampled."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Data Warehouse and What Is It Used for?","response":"A data warehouse is an information storage system for historical data that can be analyzed in numerous ways. Companies and other organizations draw on the data warehouse to gain insight into past performance and plan improvements to their operations."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to Progress Energy?","response":"Progress Energy, which was previously known as Carolina Power & Light Company, was acquired by Duke Energy in 2012. At the time, the $26 million merger created the largest electric utility company in the U.S."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a \"Bull\" Market When Prices Go Up?","response":"The actual origin of the term \"bull\" is subject to debate. The terms \"bear\" (for down markets) and \"bull\" (for up markets) are thought by some to derive from the way in which each animal attacks its opponents. That is, a bull will thrust its horns up into the air, while a bear will swipe down. These actions were then related metaphorically to the movement of a market. If the trend was up, it was considered a bull market. If the trend was down, it was a bear market.Others point to Shakespeare's plays, which make reference to battles involving bulls and bears. In\u00a0\"Macbeth,\" the ill-fated titular character says his enemies have tethered him to a stake but \"bear-like, I must fight the course.\" In\u00a0\"Much Ado About Nothing,\" the bull is a savage but noble beast. Several other explanations also exist."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Pareto Analysis?","response":"Imagine a hypothetical example where a company is analyzing why its products are being shipped late. It comes up with 20 various reasons for what may be causing the delay.Pareto analysis holds the claim that of those 20 various reasons, roughly four of those items will be the primary cause of roughly 80% of the shipping delays. The company undertakes an analysis to track how many instances of each reason occur.Pareto analysis isn't exact; the company may find that five reasons are causing 75% of the company's delays. Still, in principle, the fact remains that only several items are the primary drivers for a majority of outcomes. The company must focus its resources on these five reasons to make the most impactful positive change to its delivery processes."}
{"prompts":"What Causes a Head-Fake Price Move?","response":"Typically a head-fake move will involve a test of important technical support or resistance, such as trendline support in an uptrend, or a test of key moving averages. These technical levels are made to be tested, and frequently stop-loss orders to buy\/sell are placed around that price level. If the price move tests or breaks these levels, stop-loss orders may be triggered, bringing in temporary buying\/selling pressure. If the technical level is regained within a short period of time (hours for day traders; days for longer-term traders), the market has likely shown its hand as a head fake, or a false break of that technical level."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ETF and a Mutual Fund?","response":"Both investments contain a basket of individual securities such as stock or bonds. However, mutual fund orders are executed once per day and all investors receive the same price at the end of the day. ETFs trade like stocks and are bought and sold on a stock exchange and experience price fluctuations throughout the trading day.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Descending Triangle Breakout?","response":"Descending triangles are a bearish pattern that anticipates a downward trend breakout. A breakout occurs when the price of an asset moves above a\u00a0resistance\u00a0area, or below a\u00a0support\u00a0area.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are You Actually Buying When You Trade Index Options?","response":"When you trade an index option, you are actually buying the right to buy or sell a futures contract on the underlying index. Since these futures are themselves derivatives, an index option can be considered a second derivative of the underlying index."}
{"prompts":"Are Cryptocurrencies Subject to Rule 144?","response":"Cryptocurrencies are not subject to Rule 144. In fact, their sale is lightly regulated by the SEC or any other government body. The SEC takes the position that the top five cryptocurrency exchanges, which are responsible for 99% of crypt trading, \"likely are trading securities\" and should be required to register with the SEC and comply with its regulations.Recent turmoil in the industry, including the collapse of FTX, is likely to increase pressure to regulate crypto trading."}
{"prompts":"Is Quantitative Easing Printing Money?","response":"Critics have argued that quantitative easing is effectively a form of money printing and point to examples in history where money printing has led to hyperinflation. However, proponents of quantitative easing claim that banks act as intermediaries rather than placing cash directly in the hands of individuals and businesses so quantitative easing carries less risk of producing runaway inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Does 'Real' Mean in Real GDP?","response":"Real GDP tracks the total value of goods and services calculating the quantities but using constant prices that are adjusted for inflation. This is opposed to nominal GDP, which does not account for inflation. Adjusting for constant prices makes it a measure of real economic output for apples-to-apples comparison over time and between countries."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Real GDP Important?","response":"Real GDP is informative of the size of the economy and the performance of recent economic activity. The real growth rate is often used as a performance indicator as it often provides better guidance on economic conditions due to actual activity as opposed to growth due to inflated prices."}
{"prompts":"What Is Offshore Trading?","response":"Offshore trading involves opening and maintaining a brokerage or trading account with an offshore investment firm. These accounts are generally opened in the name of a holding company rather than an individual. Trading this way provides investors with favorable tax treatment, which puts more money back into their pockets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Fiscal Quarter and a Calendar Quarter?","response":"Fiscal quarters do not have to line up with the calendar year. For instance, if a company chooses to have its fiscal year starting in February rather than January, then its first quarter would consist of February, March, and April. Companies sometimes choose to do this if they want their fiscal year to end in their own peak season.\u00a0Alternatively, since finishing the year often involves a lot of additional accounting work, some companies choose to end their fiscal year on a relatively calm month."}
{"prompts":"Is the BCG Matrix Used in the Real World?","response":"According to BCG, at the height of its success, the growth share matrix was used by about half of all Fortune 500 companies; today, it is still central in business school teachings on business strategy."}
{"prompts":"Where Did the Word Underwriting Come From?","response":"The term \"underwrite\" originates in the 17th century when marine vessels would be underwritten for insurance risk for overseas voyages. The insurance company would sub-scribe (literally to write underneath or under-write) the policy by signing their name at the bottom of the document and acknowledging consent that the policy is in force."}
{"prompts":"How Did the Eurozone Get the PIIGS Countries Out of Debt?","response":"During the European sovereign debt crisis, the European Union provided two bailouts to prevent the Greek economy from defaulting. While Greece accepted the first bailout, Greek voters ultimately rejected the second bailout due to required austerity measures. The European Central Bank also issued a $750 million euro rescue package, which was used to prop up Greek bonds on the secondary market. Ireland, Portugal, and Cyprus also received bailouts."}
{"prompts":"How Do Mergers Differ From Acquisitions?","response":"In general, \"acquisition\" describes a transaction, wherein one firm absorbs another firm via a takeover. The term \"merger\" is used when the purchasing and target companies mutually combine to form a completely new entity. Because each combination is a unique case with its own peculiarities and reasons for undertaking the transaction, the use of these terms tends to overlap."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Investment Manager and a Fund Manager?","response":"Investment managers focus primarily on individual securities and bond investments while fund managers work with mutual funds comprised of multiple securities and assets, often tailored to a particular market sector."}
{"prompts":"Are There Strategies Traders Can Use For Triple-Witching Dates?","response":"One strategy is to look for arbitrage opportunities from price discrepancies between the stock market and derivative markets. Also, some traders might take up a straddle strategy, holding both a put and a call option with the same strike price and expiration date, to try to profit from large price swings in either direction. However, these strategies have risks and are not recommended for less experienced traders."}
{"prompts":"What Happens After a Cup and Handle Pattern Forms?","response":"If a cup and handle forms and it is confirmed, the price should see a sharp increase in the short- to medium-term. If the pattern fails, this bull run would not be observed."}
{"prompts":"Does Underinsured Motorist Insurance Cover Hit-and-Runs?","response":"No, UIM coverage doesn't apply to hit-and-run accidents, because this type of coverage applies when the driver doesn't have enough insurance. Since a hit-and-run driver wasn't identified, they're typically classified as an uninsured motorist, and UM coverage usually applies. In some states, you may also need collision coverage. If you're not sure, check with your insurance agent."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Credit Card Dump?","response":"Card theft, scams, and black markets for personal IDs have been around since the advent of credit cards in the 1960s and '70s. The first large-scale credit card dump, however, is often attributed to the year 1984, when the New York Times reported that the password for a leading credit union, TRW, was stolen from a Sears store on the West Coast. That password unlocked the credit histories and personal information of many Sears customers that would subsequently be used to obtain their credit card numbers."}
{"prompts":"What Is Included in a Voucher?","response":"A voucher typically includes all of the supporting documents showing the money owed and any payments made for an outstanding payable. Some of the common documents are supplier invoice, supplier name, terms for payment such as the amount owed, the due date, and any discounts for paying the invoice early, company's purchase order, receipt of goods received, general ledger accounts, signatures of authorized representatives, proof of payment of invoice and date of payment."}
{"prompts":"How Has Monetary Policy Been Used to Curb Inflation In the United States?","response":"A contractionary policy can slow economic growth and even increase unemployment but is often seen as necessary to level the economy and keep prices in check. During double-digit inflation in the 1980s, the Federal Reserve raised its benchmark interest rate to 20%. Though the effect of high rates spurred a recession, inflation was reduced to a range of 3% to 4% over the following years."}
{"prompts":"Why is it called a bottleneck?","response":"A bottleneck occurs when there is not enough capacity to meet the demand or throughput for a product or service. It is called a bottleneck since the neck of a bottle narrows and tapers, restricting the amount of liquid that can flow out of a bottle at once."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Lien Waiver?","response":"A lien waiver is a waiver that forfeits a counterparty's right to place a lien on a payer's property or goods. These are common in the construction business during various stages of construction. A lien waiver is similar to a receipt and can prevent a mechanics' lien from being filed."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Gift of Equity Affect the Seller?","response":"Gifts of equity could have tax implications for the seller, depending on the size of the gift. The seller may have to pay a gift tax unless the gift of equity is lower than the annual exclusion. For 2024, that exclusion is $18,000 for single individuals and $36,000 for married couples."}
{"prompts":"What Has Been the Effect of Right-to-Work Laws on Unions?","response":"Studies show that states with right-to-work laws have seen a dramatic decrease in union membership and unionization rates. Other research suggests that RTW laws impact corporate policies by decreasing that bargaining power."}
{"prompts":"How Are Fixed Costs Treated in Accounting?","response":"Fixed costs are associated with a business's basic operating and\u00a0overhead costs. Fixed costs are considered indirect costs of production, meaning they are not costs incurred directly by the production process, such as parts needed for assembly. However, they do factor into total production costs. As a result, fixed costs are depreciated over time instead of being expensed."}
{"prompts":"How Do Operating Costs Affect Profit?","response":"Operating costs that are high or increasing can reduce a company's net profit. A company's management will look for ways to stabilize or decrease operating costs while still balancing the need to manufacture goods that meet consumer demands. If operating costs become too high, management may need to increase the price of their products in order to maintain profitability. They then risk losing customers to competitors who are able to produce similar goods at a lower price point."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Russell 2000 Index?","response":"The Russell 2000 Index is a small-cap stock market index that includes the smallest 2,000 stocks in the Russell 3000 Index."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get a Home Equity Loan?","response":"You can get a home equity loan by contacting a lender who offers these types of loans. The first step is to get a professional appraisal of your home to find out its market value. If you have enough equity in your home to take out this type of loan, a lender will also check your credit and debt-to-income ratio. If you qualify for a home equity loan, your loan funds are usually delivered in a lump sum after the closing. Home equity loans are essentially a second mortgage on your house, with fixed-rate monthly payments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an MOU and an MOA?","response":"An MOU is a document that describes very broad concepts of mutual understanding, goals, and plans shared by the parties. In contrast, an MOA (memorandum of agreement) is a document describing in detail the specific responsibilities of, and actions to be taken by, each of the parties so that their goals may be accomplished."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Legal Underpinnings of U.S. Trade Embargoes?","response":"U.S. trade embargoes are based on laws passed in Congress and executive orders signed by U.S. presidents. The U.S. Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control administers the embargoes and fields applications for exemptions."}
{"prompts":"What Did Vladimir Lenin Accomplish?","response":"Lenin led the revolutionary uprising that brought the Bolshevik faction of communism to power in Russia and across the territories of the old Russian Empire. This was one of the major events of world history in the 20th century, which would influence the course of economic, political, and strategic trends all over the world. Lenin's revolution and establishment of the Soviet Union resulted in the deaths of many millions of Russians and others, and it drove the world into a century of episodic wars and diplomatic conflicts known as the Cold War."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Inflation?","response":"Inflation, or a general rise in prices, is thought to occur for several reasons, and the exact reasons are still debated by economists. Monetarist theories suggest that the money supply is the root of inflation, where more money in an economy leads to higher prices. Cost-push inflation theorizes that as costs to producers increase from things like rising wages, these higher costs are passed on to consumers. Demand-pull inflation takes the position that prices rise when aggregate demand exceeds the supply of available goods for sustained periods of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is Delta-Gamma Hedging?","response":"Delta-gamma hedging is an options strategy. It is closely related to delta hedging. In delta-gamma hedging, delta and gamma hedges are combined to cut down on the risk associated with changes in the underlying asset. It also aims to reduce the risk in the delta itself. Remember that delta estimates the change in the price of a derivative while gamma describes the rate of change in an option's\u00a0delta\u00a0per one-point move in the price of the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Create a PERT Chart?","response":"Microsoft Excel can be used to create a PERT chart. Custom software with ready-made templates, such as Lucidchart, also are available."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good TRIN Ratio?","response":"A TRIN index below 1.0 is usually a bullish sign, indicating that the market is advancing. However, it is important to understand the peculiarities of the TRIN formula because there are some circumstances where it can generate false signals."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of a Financial Crisis?","response":"The financial crisis can be segmented into three stages, beginning with the launch of the crisis. Financial systems fail, generally caused by system and regulatory failures, institutional mismanagement of finances, and more. The next stage involves the breakdown of the financial system, with financial institutions, businesses, and consumers unable to meet obligations. Finally, assets decrease in value, and the overall level of debt increases."}
{"prompts":"Are UK and US Investment Funds Similar?","response":"Yes, U.K. investment funds are quite similar to American mutual funds, allowing investors to invest in a single fund to buy shares in a diverse portfolio of securities."}
{"prompts":"When Should Married Couples File Taxes Separately?","response":"Despite the many benefits of filing jointly, there are instances in which filing separately may be more beneficial. This may be the case, for example, if one of you has significant miscellaneous deductions or medical expenses to claim."}
{"prompts":"Is a Market Economy Good or Bad?","response":"Most economists say that a market economy system is best able to deliver a high quality of life to most of its citizens. Its benefits include increased efficiency, steady economic growth, and motivation for innovation. Its potential downsides include the risks of monopolies, exploitation of labor, and income inequality."}
{"prompts":"Why Do People Buy Mortgage Bonds?","response":"People buy mortgage bonds because they offer a higher return than government bonds. They may also provide higher yields than investment-grade corporate bonds depending on the credit rating."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Credit or Debit Card Transactions Declined?","response":"Credit and debit card transactions can be declined for a long list of reasons. For example, a credit card might not have a sufficient credit line to cover the charge or the checking account linked to a customer's debit card may lack enough cash. Transactions can also be declined if the card has expired, the customer entered an incorrect PIN or other information, or the credit card company suspects fraud, among other causes."}
{"prompts":"How Is Equity Used by Investors?","response":"Equity is a very important concept for investors. For instance, in looking at a company, an investor might use shareholders\u2019 equity as a benchmark for determining whether a particular purchase price is expensive. If that company has historically traded at a price to book value of 1.5, for instance, then an investor might think twice before paying more than that valuation unless they feel the company\u2019s prospects have fundamentally improved. On the other hand, an investor might feel comfortable buying shares in a relatively weak business as long as the price they pay is sufficiently low relative to its equity."}
{"prompts":"What Career Opportunities Are Available to Graduates With an MPA Degree?","response":"Graduates with an MPA degree can pursue a wide range of careers, mainly in the public and nonprofit sectors. Opportunities include roles such as government administrators, policy analysts, program managers, nonprofit directors, international development specialists, and urban planners."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Job of a Board of Directors?","response":"In general, a board sets broad policies and makes important decisions as a fiduciary on behalf of the company and its shareholders. Issues that fall under a board's purview include mergers and acquisitions, dividends and major investments, as well as the hiring and firing of senior executives and their compensation."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Operating Margin Important?","response":"The operating margin is an important measure of a company's overall profitability from operations. It is the ratio of operating profits to\u00a0revenues\u00a0for a company or business segment.Expressed as a percentage, the operating margin\u00a0shows how much earnings from operations is generated from every $1 in sales after accounting for the direct costs involved in earning those revenues. Larger margins mean that more of every dollar in sales is kept as profit."}
{"prompts":"What Interest Is Tax-Deductible?","response":"You can deduct several types of interest, including mortgage interest, student loan interest, investment interest, and business loan interest. You must meet specific requirements to qualify for each deduction.For example, you can deduct up to $2,500 of student loan interest, but only if your income is below $75,000 ($155,000 if you\u2019re married filing jointly) for tax year 2023, and $80,000 and $165,000, respectively, for 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret Multicollinearity Results?","response":"Data will have high multicollinearity when the variable inflation factor is more than five. If the VIF is between one and five, variables are moderately correlated, and if equal to one, they are not correlated. In technical analysis, the indicators will be generally identical."}
{"prompts":"What Is Proof-of-Stake vs. Proof-of-Work?","response":"Proof-of-Stake (POS) uses randomly selected validators to confirm transactions and create new blocks. Proof-of-Work (POW) uses a competitive validation method to confirm transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Components of Shareholder Equity?","response":"Aside from stock (common, preferred, and treasury) components, the SE statement includes retained earnings, unrealized gains and losses, and contributed (additional paid-up) capital.The retained earnings portion reflects the percentage of\u00a0net earnings\u00a0that were not paid to shareholders\u00a0as\u00a0dividends and should not be confused with cash or other liquid assets.All of these numbers should be listed on the company's earnings reports."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Centralized and Decentralized App?","response":"A centralized app has a single owner. The application software for a centralized app resides on one or more servers controlled by the owner. As a user, you'll interact with the app by downloading a copy of the app and then sending and receiving data back and forth from the company's server.A decentralized app (also known as a dApp or dapp) operates on a blockchain or peer-to-peer network of computers. Users engage in transactions directly with one another rather than relying on a central authority. The user of a dApp will pay the developer an amount of cryptocurrency to download and use the program's source code. The source code is known as a smart contract, which allows users to complete transactions without revealing personal information."}
{"prompts":"What Is M1, M2, and M3 Money?","response":"M1, M2, and M3 are classifications of money in the United States. M1 consists of all money in circulation as well as deposits in banks. M2 money includes M1 money plus savings deposits and money market funds. M3, which has been discontinued, includes M2 plus time deposits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ACTC and CTC?","response":"The ACTC is simply the refundable portion of the CTC. It refers to the amount that can be claimed by families who owe the IRS less money than their qualified CTC amount."}
{"prompts":"What term lengths are available for municipal bonds?","response":"Municipal bonds are available in a variety of terms ranging from two to 30 years."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Loans Have the Highest Delinquency Rates?","response":"Student loans have the highest delinquency rates overall, at 12% through the period of May 2021-May 2022, according to the Federal Reserve. Although the percentage has declined since reaching a high of 17% in the fall of 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Student loan delinquencies have declined throughout the pandemic as a result of the payment relief included in the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (CARES Act) and various executive orders."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Quid?","response":"A quid is a colloquial term for the British pound sterling. As of July, 2023, the value of a quid is equal to approximately $1.30 USD."}
{"prompts":"What Time Frame Is Best Used With Bollinger Bands\u00ae?","response":"Bollinger Bands\u00ae typically use a 20-day moving average."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid PFIC Status?","response":"U.S. investors who wish to diversify globally can avoid PFIC status and taxation by looking to domestic mutual funds and ETFs that hold foreign assets. For example, a U.S. mutual fund that specializes in emerging markets stocks or else in global sovereign debt."}
{"prompts":"Is Commerce the Same As Business?","response":"The word commerce is not interchangeable with business, but is rather a subset of business. Business includes sourcing, manufacturing, production, and marketing whereas commerce pertains to the distribution side of the business, specifically the distribution of goods and services.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Lean Manufacturing?","response":"Lean manufacturing is a form of production used by manufacturers that want to reduce production system time to increase efficiency. Implementing a lean manufacturing approach means that a company wants to boost productivity while eliminating as much waste as possible."}
{"prompts":"How Are Accounts Receivable Different From Accounts Payable?","response":"Accounts receivable represent funds owed to the firm for services rendered, and they are booked as an asset. Accounts payable, on the other hand, represent funds that the firm owes to others\u2014for example, payments due to suppliers or creditors. Payables are booked as liabilities."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Series 6 Good for?","response":"The FINRA Series 6 license is valid for the duration of your employment with a FINRA member firm, as long as you remain registered and in good standing with FINRA. If you leave the firm or your registration lapses, your Series 6 license will no longer be valid.After two years, an individual who holds a Series 6 license must complete a certain number of continuing education (CE) credits in order to renew their license. The number of CE credits required for renewal depends on the specific requirements of the state in which the individual is licensed. In general, continuing education is required to ensure that registered representatives stay up-to-date on the latest developments in the securities industry and maintain their knowledge and skills. Completing CE credits can also help individuals maintain their professional licenses and stay in compliance with regulatory requirements."}
{"prompts":"Can I still use Incoterms 2010 after Jan. 1, 2020?","response":"Yes, it is still acceptable to use the 2010 Incoterms. However, both buyer and seller should agree in writing to use either the 2010 or 2020 Incoterms version."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Multiple Regression Multiple?","response":"A multiple regression considers the effect of more than one explanatory variable on some outcome of interest. It evaluates the relative effect of these explanatory, or independent, variables on the dependent variable when holding all the other variables in the model constant."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Regulated Industries in the United States?","response":"The most regulated industries in the United States are:Petroleum and coal product manufacturingElectric power generation, transmission, and distributionMotor vehicle manufacturingNon-depository credit intermediationDepository credit intermediationScheduled air transportationFishingOil and gas extractionPharmaceutical and medicine manufacturingDeep sea, coastal, and Great Lakes water transportation"}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take for a Series I Bond to Mature?","response":"These bonds are issued at face value with a 30-year final maturity: a 20-year original maturity period immediately followed by a 10-year extended maturity period.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Refund Offset?","response":"If your tax refund is offset, the federal government has seized a portion of your refund to put towards a state or federal debt you owe. Unpaid child support is an example."}
{"prompts":"What Is the William H. Gross Stamp Gallery?","response":"Established in 2013 as part of the Smithsonian National Postal Museum in Washington D.C. and named after its primary benefactor, the William H. Gross Stamp Gallery is the world\u2019s largest gallery dedicated to philately. Distributed throughout the thematic areas are hundreds of pullout frames containing more than 20,000 objects, providing opportunities to view noteworthy stamps that have never been on public display."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Simple Interest \"Simple\"?","response":"\"Simple\" interest refers to the straightforward crediting of cash flows associated with some investment or deposit. For instance, 1% annual simple interest would credit $1 for every $100 invested, year after year. Simple interest does not, however, take into account the power of compounding, or interest-on-interest, where after the first year the 1% would actually be earned on the $101 balance\u2014adding up to $1.01. The next year, the 1% would be earned on $102.01, amounting to $1.02. And so one."}
{"prompts":"When Is Black Friday in 2023?","response":"Black Friday always occurs the day after Thanksgiving. In 2023, Black Friday takes place on Nov. 24."}
{"prompts":"What Does $15 CPM Mean?","response":"A CPM of $15 means it costs you an average of $15 to achieve 1,000 advertising impressions. In other words, you pay $15 for every 1,000 people who see your ad."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Wage Increases Cause Inflation?","response":"Wage increases cause inflation because the cost of producing goods and services goes up as companies pay their employees more. Companies must charge more for their goods and services to maintain the same level of profitability to make up for the increase in cost. The increase in the prices of goods and services is inflation."}
{"prompts":"Is a Living Will the Same as a Living Trust?","response":"No. A living will is a directive written by an individual granting power of attorney and other rights to a trusted other if that individual becomes incapacitated or loses the ability to communicate. A living (or intervivos) trust establishes a legal entity (the trust), which holds assets that can be distributed without probate to beneficiaries after one's death."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Make to Stock?","response":"The make-to-stock strategy might be used by companies that produce goods that tend to be particularly popular during the holiday season. For instance, a toy manufacturer would forecast consumer demand and produce products accordingly."}
{"prompts":"How Is Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) Analysis Used?","response":"Cost-volume-profit analysis is used to determine whether there is an economic justification for a product to be manufactured. A target profit margin is added to the breakeven sales volume, which is the number of units that need to be sold in order to cover the costs required to make the product and arrive at the target sales volume needed to generate the desired profit. The decision maker could then compare the product's sales projections to the target sales volume to see if it is worth manufacturing."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Grace Period of an Insurance Policy?","response":"In insurance, the grace period is the time between the payment due date and the time when insurance coverage will be revoked due to nonpayment. This may be anywhere between 24 hours and a full month after payment.If you miss a payment and later choose to reinstate coverage, your insurer may choose to inspect the property to make sure that there has been no new damage during the grace period. There may be additional penalties for late payment."}
{"prompts":"What Ratios Measure a Firm's Ability to Meet Its Current Debt Obligations?","response":"The debt ratio, which is defined as the ratio of\u00a0total debt to total assets, is often used to measure how likely a financial institution is to meet its obligations. Liquidity and solvency ratios are also commonly used for the same purpose."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between a money manager and an asset manager?","response":"As implied in their respective names, money managers manage money and asset managers manage assets. However, as assets essentially represent money, the two can largely be considered the same thing."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Using an Irrevocable Letter of Credit for Buyers?","response":"Buyers benefit from the assurance that payment will only be made upon proper documentation and compliance. An ILOC reduces the risk of non-performance by the seller and provides a level of security in international trade transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Gross Profit Measure?","response":"Gross profit, or gross income, equals a company\u2019s revenues minus its cost of goods sold (COGS). It is typically used to evaluate how efficiently a company manages labor and supplies in production. Generally speaking, gross profit will consider variable costs, which fluctuate compared to production output. These costs may include labor, shipping, and materials, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sampling Error vs. Standard Error?","response":"Sampling error is derived from the standard error (SE) by multiplying it by a Z-score value to produce a confidence interval.The standard error is computed by dividing the standard deviation by the square root of the sample size."}
{"prompts":"Can I Keep the Electricty My Solar Panels Produce If I Sell RECs?","response":"Yes, because you're not selling the electricity, but its attributes that make it clean power. If you have solar panels on your home, you produce electricity and can receive RECs for the power produced. You may still use the electricity and have it cut the amount of your electric bill while selling the REC. Selling the REC is not about electricity as such. Instead, it is selling a legal instrument that allows the buyer to claim the environmental benefits of the electricity produced."}
{"prompts":"Which Brokers Charge $0 Fees on Stock Trades?","response":"Robinhood was one of the first large online broker to offer free trading in stocks and ETFs in 2013 when its app officially launched. Since then, many brokerages have followed suit, including Charles Schwab, Fidelity, Merrill Edge, E*TRADE, Interactive Brokers, TD Ameritrade, Webull, J.P. Morgan, Vanguard, SoFi, and Ally Invest (among others).Note that many of these platforms still charge commissions for trading in OTC stocks, options, futures, or other non-stock securities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Liquid Asset and Illiquid Asset?","response":"A liquid asset is an item of future economic benefit to a company that can easily be exchanged for cash. On the other hand, illiquid assets are more difficult to sell. Consider an office building in downtown New York compared to a single share of stock of Amazon. The office building may take months to find a buyer, engage in negotiations, draft legal documentation, and finalize the deal. On the other hand, a single share of stock of publicly traded companies can usually be bought or sold online very quickly."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between TOD and Beneficiary?","response":"A transfer on death is an instrument that transfers ownership of specific accounts and assets to someone. A beneficiary is someone that is named to receive something of value."}
{"prompts":"When is it appropriate to use a quitclaim deed?","response":"Quitclaim deeds lack certain protections and promises found in other types of deed to real property. Because of this, they should only be used under certain circumstances. These include transferring real estate between close family members\u2014for example, from a parent to a child."}
{"prompts":"Why Did China Create Special Economic Zones?","response":"Special economic zones are found all around the world. But some of the most successful ones are found in China. The country started to develop SEZs in the 1980s as a way to boost economic growth in order to take advantage of global capital as foreign firms and investors showed interest in the country's economic potential. The federal government revitalized existing SEZs and established new ones in the 1990s to continue fueling this growth."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Countries in the Middle East?","response":"The Middle East is generally considered to include the countries on or near the Arabian Peninsula. According to the CIA World Factbook, the Middle East includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Gaza Strip\/Westbank, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Afghanistan and Pakistan are often grouped together with the Middle East, but they are not typically included in considerations of the MENA region."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Issues with Reverse ICOs?","response":"Reverse ICOs can be fraught with potential legal troubles. The SEC has said that reverse ICOs may constitute the sale of securities and that proper registration is required. During the height of the cryptocurrency craze, some companies used reverse ICOs or investor interest in blockchain more broadly to generate quick funding without necessarily providing an apparent business service relating to the crypto industry.For these reasons, among others, reverse ICOs have become significantly less popular in recent years."}
{"prompts":"What Did the Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor (QFII) Designation Do?","response":"Prior to 2002, investors from foreign nations were prevented from buying and selling stocks on Chinese exchanges. The QFII program lifted these tight\u00a0capital controls\u00a0and gave some foreign institutional investors the authorization to trade on the Shanghai and Shenzhen exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Measure of Efficiency in an Investments?","response":"An investment's measure of efficiency is its return on investment. This is the way investors and financial professionals measure how efficiently an investment makes a profit. This metric can also be used to compare one investment to another or multiple investments in a particular class, such as mutual funds that invest in the same asset class. ROI can be expressed as a ratio by dividing an investment's return by its cost. It can also be expressed as a percentage by multiplying the result by 100."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in Blue Chip Stocks?","response":"You can invest in blue chip stocks through a stock brokerage such as Fidelity or Charles Schwab. Simply search for the company's ticker symbol in the broker's stock screener. In addition, many asset managers also run mutual funds or index funds that specifically target blue chip securities, making it easy to invest in a basket of such companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Form 13D and Form 13F?","response":"SEC Form 13F requires institutional managers with $100 million or more in assets to disclose their holdings. Form 13D is a beneficial owner report that has to be filed when a person or group of persons acquire more than 5% of a voting class of a company's equity securities."}
{"prompts":"How Often Do Stocks Gap?","response":"The amount of times stocks gap really depends on the time frame that a trader is viewing and making trades. The shorter the time frame, the more frequent the gaps. So a daily chart would have more gaps than a monthly chart."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Jordanian Dinar So Expensive?","response":"The Jordanian dinar is expensive because its currency is pegged to the USD. The country keeps fixed exchange rates and so its currency doesn't float from changes in supply and demand. Rather, the government has a tight monetary policy that restricts the value of the currency."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use Capital Loss Carryovers to Offset Gains from Different Asset Classes?","response":"Yes, you can. Capital losses from one asset class can be used to offset capital gains from another asset class, helping to reduce your overall tax liability."}
{"prompts":"Does Taxation Without Representation Refer to Local or Federal Government?","response":"Today, the phrase refers to a lack of representation at the federal level. As an example, Puerto Rico has the same structure as a state, with mayors of cities and a governor, but instead of senators or representatives in Congress, they have a resident commissioner that represents the people in Washington, D.C. Puerto Ricans can only vote for president if they establish residency in the 50 states."}
{"prompts":"Is the Additional Child Tax Credit Refundable?","response":"Yes, the Additional Child Tax Credit is refundable. This means that even if your tax liability is reduced to $0, you may receive a part of the Additional Child Tax Credit as a tax refund. This portion is limited to $1,600 in 2023 and $1,700 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"How does annual percentage yield (APY) relate to continuous compounding?","response":"Annual percentage yield (APY) is the real rate of return on an investment, taking compounding interest into account. The APY of an account with more frequent, or continuous compounding will be higher than the APY of an account that has infrequent compounding, assuming they both have the same interest rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Partnership and an LLC?","response":"A partnership is a comparatively simple vehicle for business relationships. Unlike an LLC, there is no requirement for formal paperwork: a partnership is considered to have formed whenever two or more partners go into business together.Also, unlike an LLC, partners may be held personally liable for the partnership's business obligations\u2013meaning that creditors may seek repayment from the personal assets of individual partners. In contrast, the members of an LLC are legally distinct from their business organization."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Receipts?","response":"Common examples of receipts include packing slips, cash register tape, invoices, credit card statements, petty cash slips, and invoices. Although the format for these forms may vary, they all serve the same purpose of documenting the time and value of a business transaction."}
{"prompts":"Is Notional Value the Same as Face Value?","response":"Yes. It is the notional value or face value that investors may seek to hedge against, as it represents the full value of the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Investment Bankers?","response":"Investment banks employ people who help corporations, governments, and other groups plan and manage large projects, saving their clients time and money by identifying risks associated with the project before the client moves forward. In theory, investment bankers should be experts who have their finger on the pulse of the current investing climate. Businesses and institutions turn to investment banks for advice on how best to plan their development. Investment bankers, using their expertise, tailor their recommendations to the present state of economic affairs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Haircut and a Margin?","response":"A haircut and a margin are effectively the same things. Both items determine the value of collateral that is often less than the full amount of the collateral or loan.A haircut is often expressed as a reduction in the value of collateral. For example, a borrower may have received a 5% haircut on their $10,000 collateral. This means the borrower's collateral was only valued at $9,500.Alternatively, margin is often stated as the collateral ratio or percentage of the purchase price. Imagine a borrower opens up a trading account with a 60% margin. The borrower must deposit $10,000 to borrow $6,000."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Covered Under the General Data Protection Regulation?","response":"In theory, any individual who visits sites that are based in the European Union is protected. This includes anyone within the union itself and beyond its borders. The regulation also applies to a citizen of the EU whose data exists outside the union. And if you're a citizen of another country who lives in the EU, your data is also protected under the law."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a Business Loan?","response":"Necessary funding for a business often comes via a loan. A traditional lender or a government-backed loan, such as those offered through the Small Business Administration are two options. Prospective lenders want to see business details, especially for new start-ups. Make sure you have your business plan ready, including outlines of costs and revenue streams, and ensure you have a good credit score. You may need to put down some collateral to secure the loan if you're approved."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Demand Curve?","response":"The demand curve is the complement to the supply curve in the law of supply and demand. Unlike the supply curve, the demand curve is downward-sloping. This illustrates that the higher the price of a product, the less demand there will be for it, all else being equal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Average Disposable Income in the U.S.?","response":"The disposable income per capita in the United States was $60,326 in 2023. The average number notably does not reflect the gap between the richest and the rest. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) reports that the top 20% of the U.S. population earns almost nine times as much as the bottom 20%."}
{"prompts":"How Does Globalization Impact Society?","response":"Globalization has had a large impact on societies around the world, leading to massive migrations from rural to industrial or urban areas, leading to the rapid growth of cities and trade hubs. While this has led to an overall increase in incomes and a higher standard of living in general, it has also led to problems of urbanization including crime, domestic violence, homelessness, and poverty. Concepts of national identity, culture, and consumption patterns also change as goods from around the world become increasingly available and at low prices. The competitiveness of global capitalism may also lead to more individualistic ideals that contradict the cultural orientations of certain, more collectivist societies."}
{"prompts":"What Is Single-Entry Bookkeeping?","response":"In single-entry bookkeeping, every transaction is recorded just once (rather than twice, as in double-entry bookkeeping), as either income or an expense. Single-entry bookkeeping is less complicated than double-entry and may be adequate for smaller businesses. Companies with single-entry bookkeeping systems can perform a form of reconciliation by comparing invoices, receipts, and other documentation against the entries in their books."}
{"prompts":"In Which Part of the Business Life Cycle Does Facebook Fall?","response":"Meta (formerly Facebook) may be in the maturity phase. This means that it may be heading into decline or stability, according to various sources, including GWS Technologies."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Working Capital?","response":"Working capital is calculated by taking a company\u2019s current assets and deducting current liabilities. For instance, if a company has current assets of $100,000 and current liabilities of $80,000, then its working capital would be $20,000. Common examples of current assets include cash, accounts receivable, and inventory. Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term debt payments, or the current portion of deferred revenue."}
{"prompts":"Should You Stage an Open House?","response":"Nearly half of buyers' agents (47%) agree that some form of staging is a good idea when selling a house, according to the National Association of Realtors. Staging a house is a skill, and it involves making a home appealing to a wide pool of buyers. Fresh paint, removing clutter, and keeping it extremely clean are easy ways to stage a home. When brokers sell a newly built home, they often use stagers to set up every room."}
{"prompts":"What are the main principles of money management?","response":"The main principles of money management are generally income, investing, savings, and spending. With the right balance, these principles can help individuals to maximize their financial well-being."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Intrapreneurial Mindset?","response":"An intrapreneur has a broader vision for an established company. This vision may involve radical changes to company traditions, processes, or products. The intrapreneur typically has direct applicable skills and experience to bring to the job."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Overdraft Fee?","response":"An overdraft is a loan provided by a bank that allows a customer to pay for bills and other expenses when the account reaches zero. For a fee, the bank provides a loan to the client in the event of an unexpected charge or insufficient account balance. Typically these accounts will charge a one-time funds fee and interest on the outstanding balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Internal and External Growth Rate?","response":"Internal growth is when a company uses internal resources to grow, while external growth is when it uses resources from outside itself to grow."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Judgement Lien?","response":"A judgement lien, a type of involuntary lien, is imposed on your property as a result of a court order. They are considered a severe type of liens. Like statutory liens, judgement liens can remain on your credit report for up to seven years."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Annualized Income?","response":"The formula is simple if you have 12 months of data: Add up the monthly income received during a period of 12 months. Divide by 12. There's your annualized income.If you have less than 12 months of data, multiply the earned income figure by the ratio of the number of months in a year divided by the number of months for which the data is available. That should yield a reasonable estimate."}
{"prompts":"How Does Overdraft Protection Work?","response":"Under overdraft protection, if a client\u2019s checking account enters a negative balance, they will be able to access a predetermined loan provided by the bank and be charged a fee. In many cases, overdraft protection is used to prevent a check from bouncing, and the embarrassment that this may cause. Additionally, it may prevent a non-sufficient fund fee, but in many cases, each will type of fee will charge roughly the same amount."}
{"prompts":"Is Procurement the Same As Purchasing?","response":"While they are similar, procurement typically deals with finding suppliers and sourcing materials, whereas purchasing involves the costs and transactions related to buying those goods or materials."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Five Cs of Credit?","response":"The five Cs of credit include capacity, capital, conditions, character, and collateral. These are the factors that lenders can analyze about a borrower to help reduce credit risk. Performing an analysis based on these factors can help a lender predict the likelihood that a borrower will default on a loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Decent Hourly Wage Today?","response":"The jobs site ZipRecruiter actually has a \"Decent Jobs\" category, and it reports that $21.59 an hour is the average pay nationally in that category. Not surprisingly, there are big differences depending on the location of the job. Eight of the 10 highest average hourly pay rates were in cities in California, Hourly wages there range from $24.48 per our to $27.16 per hour."}
{"prompts":"What Is a AAA Tranche?","response":"Most pooled fixed-income investments consist of tranches, each assigned with a credit rating. Tranches assigned a AAA rating are of the best quality, meaning they are the least risky but also will have the lowest return. Sometimes a large corporation, project or sovereign government may require large amounts of funds. Banks may work together to offer funds and create pro-rata tranches. Pro-rata tranches will also have a credit rating assigned to it."}
{"prompts":"How did tulipmania affect the Dutch economy?","response":"While tulipmania and its ultimate crash didn\u2019t damage the Dutch economy as journalist Charles Mackay wrote, there still was some collateral damage. From court records, historian Anne Goldgar found evidence of reputations lost and relationships broken when buyers who promised to pay 100 or 1,000 guilders for a tulip refused to pay up. The author said those defaults caused a certain level of \u201ccultural shock\u201d in an economy based on trade and extensive credit relationships."}
{"prompts":"Can an Executor Also Be a Beneficiary?","response":"Yes, and it is not uncommon for a will's executor to also be a named beneficiary. However, this can create accusations of perceived unfairness or conflicts of interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Considered a PFIC for U.S. Tax Purposes?","response":"The IRS defines a passive foreign investment company (PFIC) as a non-U.S. entity that either earns 75% or more of its gross income from non-business operational activities (the income test); or, if it least 50% of its assets are held for generating passive income (the asset test)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balloon Payment?","response":"A balloon payment is a lump sum principal balance that is due at the end of a loan term. The borrower pays much smaller monthly payments until the balloon payment is due. These payments may be entirely or almost entirely interest on the loan rather than principal."}
{"prompts":"Does Anything Change for Me if My Loan Is Sold?","response":"Mortgages are often bought and sold. In the event that your loan is sold, you'll receive notification that your loan is owned by a new company and may have to set up a new payment portal. The terms of your loan will not change."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Vertical and Horizontal Merger or Acquisition?","response":"Horizontal integration and vertical integration are competitive strategies that companies use to consolidate their position among competitors. Horizontal integration is the acquisition of a related business. A company that opts for horizontal integration will take over another company that operates at the same level of the\u00a0value chain\u00a0in an industry\u2014for instance when Marriott International, Inc. acquired Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide, Inc.Vertical integration refers to the process of acquiring business operations within the same production vertical. A company that opts for vertical integration takes complete control over one or more stages in the production or distribution of a product. Apple, for example, acquired AuthenTec, which makes the touch ID fingerprint sensor technology that goes into its iPhones."}
{"prompts":"What Is the VIX?","response":"The VIX is the CBOE volatility index, a measure of the short-term volatility in the broader market, measured by the implied volatility of 30-day S&P 500 options contracts. The VIX generally rises when stocks fall, and declines when stocks rise. Also known as the \"fear index,\" the VIX can thus be a gauge of market sentiment, with higher values indicating greater volatility and greater fear among investors."}
{"prompts":"Where Can Investors Trade During Extended Trading Hours?","response":"Extended trading may take place on alternative trading systems operated by broker-dealers, exchanges, and other trading centers. However,\u00a0all markets are not available for extended hours of trading."}
{"prompts":"What Is a MACD Bullish\/Bearish Divergence?","response":"A MACD positive (or bullish) divergence is a situation in which MACD does not reach a new low, despite the price of the stock reaching a new low. This is seen as a bullish trading signal\u2014hence, the term \u201cpositive\/bullish divergence.\u201d If the opposite scenario occurs\u2014the stock price reaches a new high, but MACD fails to do so\u2014this would be seen as a bearish indicator and termed \u201cnegative\/bearish divergence.\u201d In both cases, the setups suggest that the move higher\/lower will not last, so investors need to look at other technical studies, like the relative strength index (RSI)."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to File a 1065 If My Partnership Did Not Have Income?","response":"Every domestic partnership must file Form 1065 unless it does not receive income or does not incur any expenditures treated as deductions or credits for federal income tax purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is in a Pro Forma Invoice?","response":"Most pro forma invoices provide the buyer with a product description, selling price, and an estimate of any commissions or fees. Although the pro forma invoice may be subject to change, it provides all transaction details so that no charges come as a surprise once the transaction is final."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Payback Period?","response":"The best payback period is the shortest one possible. Getting repaid or recovering the initial cost of a project or investment should be achieved as quickly as it allows. However, not all projects and investments have the same time horizon, so the shortest possible payback period needs to be nested within the larger context of that time horizon. For example, the payback period on a home improvement project can be decades while the payback period on a construction project may be five years or less."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Withholding Tax?","response":"The purpose of withholding tax is to ensure that employees comfortably pay whatever income tax they owe. It maintains the pay-as-you-go tax collection system in the United States. It fights tax evasion as well as the need to send taxpayers big, unaffordable tax bills at the end of the tax year."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Chief Revenue Officer?","response":"A chief revenue officer (CRO) is a senior executive in a corporation.Some companies appoint a chief revenue officer to oversee all revenue-generating functions of the business. They oversee the strategy for revenue generation over the long term. The CRO reports to the chief financial officer (CFO).This is a relatively new job title, born in Silicon Valley to maximize revenue opportunities created by digital products and services. It is particularly common in the software-as-a-service (SaaS) industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Limit Order?","response":"A limit order is a direction given to a broker to buy or sell a security at a specific price or better. It is a way for traders to execute trades at desired prices without having to constantly monitor markets. It is also a way to hedge risk and ensure losses are minimized by capturing sale prices at certain levels."}
{"prompts":"Who Named the Baby Boom?","response":"The term \u201cbaby boom\u201d goes back to at least the years immediately following World War I, when England apparently experienced one. It began to appear in U.S. newspapers toward the end of World War II and may have been given greater currency when widely read financial columnist Sylvia Porter used it in a 1950 article on the boom\u2019s economic impact.The term \u201cbaby boomer\u201d is more recent but also dates back to at least the 1970s. It got a boost in 1980, when author Landon Y. Jones published his bestselling book Great Expectations: America & the Baby Boom Generation, and it has remained with us ever since."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Convert a Japanese Yen Value Into U.S. Dollars?","response":"Divide the sum in Japanese yen by the yen's current exchange rate against the U.S. dollar. As of August 4, 2022, the USD\/JPY exchange rate was 133.25. \u00a510,000 was worth about $75.04 (10,000 divided by 136.56) at that exchange rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tobin Project?","response":"Founded in 2005, the Tobin Project is an independent, non-profit research organization based on the work of James Tobin and pioneering research on pressing problems of the 21st century focusing on institutions of democracy, government and markets, economic inequality, and\u00a0national security."}
{"prompts":"Can I Pay My Insurance Premiums with My HSA Funds?","response":"In most cases, you cannot pay for premiums with Health Savings Account (HSA) funds. HSAs can be used for most medical expenses, like doctor\u2019s appointments, prescriptions, or over-the-counter medications, but not your monthly premium. The only exception to this rule is when the funds are used to pay Medicare premiums or other healthcare continuation coverage, such as COBRA, while you\u2019re on unemployment compensation. You may also pay for long-term care insurance using your HSA."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Money?","response":"Money can be something determined by market participants to have value and be exchangeable. Money can be currency (bills and coins) issued by a government. A third type of money is fiat currency, which is fully backed by the economic power and good faith of the issuing government. The fourth type of money is money substitutes, which are anything that can be exchanged for money at any time. For example, a check written on a checking account at a bank is a money substitute."}
{"prompts":"What Does Investment Management Entail?","response":"Investment management, also known as asset management or portfolio management, is the professional management of various securities (such as stocks and bonds) and assets (such as real estate) to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors. Investment management services can be provided by individual portfolio managers, investment management firms, or financial institutions.Investment managers conduct in-depth research and analysis of various financial instruments and market trends to make informed investment decisions. They develop and implement investment strategies, allocate assets, manage risk, and monitor the performance of their clients' portfolios. They also maintain ongoing communication with their clients to ensure that the investment objectives remain aligned with the clients' financial goals and risk tolerance."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid Capital Gains Tax on My House?","response":"You can reduce capital gains tax on your home by living in it for more than two years and keeping the receipts for any home improvements you make. The cost of these improvements can be added to the cost basis of your house and reduce the overall gain that will be taxed."}
{"prompts":"What Is William T. Dillard II's management style?","response":"He is regarded as a hands-on manager, who oversees product lines before they are stocked. William T. Dillard II has a reputation for traveling to stores and surveying customers and staff."}
{"prompts":"Is Inflation Always Bad?","response":"In theory, a low amount of inflation can be a healthy sign of a growing economy. High inflation, however, can be damaging (but deflation, or declining prices, can be too). Note that inflation isn't always bad for certain groups of people. For example, borrowers at fixed interest rates tend to benefit from inflation while lenders and savers are hurt by it."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Adjudication Process?","response":"Adjudication is a formalized remedy for efficiently resolving disputes, settling legal claims, or deciding a case."}
{"prompts":"What Value Should an Investor Target to Hedge Against an Asset Exposure?","response":"Investors should focus on the notional, or face, value to hedge against exposure to an asset. For instance, say a portfolio manager has $10 million invested in 10-year U.S. government bonds. The manager likely would want to use options, and the leverage they provide, to cover the entire notional value of the investment\u2014in this case, $10 million. There will be a cost associated with the hedge (the cost of the option contracts), but it is typically a small fraction of the notional value of the asset."}
{"prompts":"What is a contingent liability?","response":"A contingent liability is a liability that may occur depending on the outcome of an uncertain future event. A contingent liability has to be recorded if the contingency is likely and the amount of the liability can be reasonably estimated. Both generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) require companies to record contingent liabilities."}
{"prompts":"How Many Stock Exchanges Operate In Mainland China?","response":"Three stock exchanges operate in mainland China. The Shanghai Stock Exchange is the largest of the three. The other two exchanges are the Shenzhen Stock Exchange and the Beijing Stock Exchange, which is owned by the National Equities Exchange and Quotations. The Hong Kong Stock Exchange operates independently outside mainland China."}
{"prompts":"What Are Good Alternatives to an HECM?","response":"There are several good alternatives to an HECM depending on your situation. If you can qualify for a single-purpose reverse mortgage through a local nonprofit, those are usually much cheaper. If you can downsize your home, you may not need the extra income from a HECM and will then be able to pass on your home to your heirs or leave it to the charity of your choice when you pass."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Asset-Backed Security (ABS)?","response":"An asset-backed security (ABS) is a type of financial investment that is collateralized by an underlying pool of assets\u2014usually ones that generate a cash flow from debt, such as loans, leases, credit card balances, or receivables. It takes the form of a bond or note, paying income at a fixed rate for a set amount of time, until maturity.For income-oriented investors, ABSs can be an alternative to other debt instruments, like corporate bonds or bond funds. For issuers, ABSs allow them to raise cash which can be used for lending or other investment purposes.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"When is the Best Time To Trade Binary Options?","response":"This largely depends on the market conditions and the events or assets involved. Optimal trading times would then relate to the volatility of the product, economic events, data releases, and market liquidity."}
{"prompts":"How Does Facebook Make Money?","response":"Facebook makes the bulk of its money through ads. The company sells ad space on its many platforms. These platforms include Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp. Facebook (Meta) also makes money by allowing users to pay to promote their pages\/posts on the various platforms, which is also a form of advertising."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Investor Buy a Security on the OTC Market?","response":"To buy a security on the OTC market, investors identify the specific security to purchase and the amount to invest. OTCQX is one of the marketplaces for OTC stocks. Most brokers that sell exchange-listed securities also sell OTC securities electronically on a online platform or via a telephone."}
{"prompts":"What GPA Is Summa Cum Laude?","response":"The GPA required by universities for summa cum laude varies, but the distinction generally also requires that the students earn grades within the highest percentage of their class or department or have achieved some other metric that the school considers worthy of the highest recognition."}
{"prompts":"Do I Get Back My Collateral?","response":"If you have any assets being used as collateral on a loan and don't miss any payments, you won't lose your collateral. However, if you fail to make payments on time and ultimately default on your loan, the collateral can then be seized and sold, with the profits being used to pay off the remainder of the loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Collateralization Ratio?","response":"The collateralization ratio is the collateral value of the loan divided by the value of the loan. Loans that are over collateralized will have a value greater than 1. Loans that are under collateralized will have a value lower than 1."}
{"prompts":"How Are Bank Reserves Calculated?","response":"A bank's reserves are calculated by multiplying its total deposits by the reserve ratio. For example, if a bank's deposits total $500 million, and the required reserve is 10%, multiply 500 by 0.10. The bank's required minimum reserve is $50 million."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Special Drawing Right Worth?","response":"The value or worth of an SDR is calculated daily and is based on the weights of the currencies that make up the SDR basket: U.S. dollar (43.38%), euro (29.31%), Chinese renminbi (12.28%), Japanese yen (7.59%), and pound sterling (7.44%). The value of the SDR is arrived at by summing up in U.S. dollars the value of these currencies."}
{"prompts":"How Do Consumers Benefit From Disintermediation?","response":"In theory, consumers get a better price for a product when a step in its supply chain is eliminated. In practice, steps in the supply chain that are necessary still have to be done by someone. Businesses and their customers benefit from disintermediation if the necessary tasks can be done as efficiently and more cheaply without the services of an intermediary."}
{"prompts":"Are There Redemption Periods in Lien Sales, and How Do They Work?","response":"Yes, redemption periods are crucial elements in lien sales. They provide debtors with a specified time frame to settle the outstanding amount and reclaim ownership of their property before it is sold at auction. The duration of the redemption period varies based on the type of lien sale and local regulations."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Workers\u2019 Comp Cost?","response":"The cost of workers' compensation varies based on factors such as the state of employment, a company's annual total payroll, the industry, the type of work done, the insurer, and the company's claims history. The average cost across the nation is $936 per employee per year, or $78 a month."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Percentage of the First Stock That Can Be Borrowed by the Customer in a Margin Account?","response":"Up to 50% of the purchase price, according to Regulation T of the Federal Reserve Board."}
{"prompts":"How Do Sweep Accounts Work?","response":"A sweep account is a type of bank or brokerage account that is linked to an investment account, and automatically transfers funds when the balance is above or below a preset minimum. Typically, this is used to sweep excess cash into a money market fund, where it will earn more interest than an ordinary bank account. Sweep accounts can also work the other way around, moving funds from an investment account to a checking account when the owner's balance falls below a set threshold."}
{"prompts":"How Much Cash Can You Deposit Without Being Questioned?","response":"A person in a trade or a business can deposit only up to $10,000 in a single transaction or multiple transactions without any issue. Some businesses may allow employees to deposit funds into their accounts using a warm card. If depositing more than $10,000, IRS Form 8300 will need to be completed."}
{"prompts":"Why Does a Credit Limit Matter?","response":"A credit limit matters because it dictates how much money you can access to pay for expenses. You need to know your credit limit when you make purchases, so you do not go over the limit and incur fees. A merchant in that situation may also refuse to accept your card. In addition, your collective credit limits can impact your credit score, which is based in part on how much of your available credit you are using at any given time."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean for a Multiple Regression to Be Linear?","response":"In multiple linear regression, the model calculates the line of best fit that minimizes the variances of each of the variables included as it relates to the dependent variable. Because it fits a line, it is a linear model. There are also non-linear regression models involving multiple variables, such as logistic regression, quadratic regression, and probit models."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get My 1098 Form?","response":"Your mortgage lender sends your Form 1098 to you, generally by the end of January of the filing year."}
{"prompts":"When Is an Acquisition Considered Vertical Integration?","response":"An acquisition is an example of vertical integration if it results in the company's direct control over a key piece of its production or distribution process that had previously been outsourced.A company's acquisition of a supplier is known as backward integration. Its acquisition of a distributor or retailer is called forward integration. In the latter case, the company is often buying a customer, whether it was a wholesaler or a retailer."}
{"prompts":"How Does Crowding Out Affect Aggregate Demand?","response":"According to the theory's effect, it should reduce aggregate demand because it discourages spending and the demand for borrowing due to higher interest rates and reduced income."}
{"prompts":"How Is MRR Calculated for a SaaS Business?","response":"Monthly recurring revenue (MRR) is an important metric for SaaS businesses that utilize a monthly subscription pricing model. The calculation of MRR is simple: multiply the average revenue per customer by the total number of accounts for that given month."}
{"prompts":"What Is Allocative Efficiency?","response":"Allocative efficiency occurs in an efficient market. This is where capital is allocated in the best way possible to benefit each party involved. It allows for the even distribution of goods and services, financial services, and other key elements to consumers, businesses, and other entities so they can be used in the best way possible. Allocative efficiency, which is also referred to as allocated efficiency, facilitates decision-making and economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Clearinghouse?","response":"An example of a clearinghouse is the London Clearing House, which is the biggest derivatives clearing house followed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Clearing firms are typically big investment banks, such as JP Morgan, Deutsche Bank, and HSBC."}
{"prompts":"What Techniques Are Used in Conducting Financial Analysis?","response":"Analysts can use vertical analysis to compare each component of a financial statement as a percentage of a baseline (such as each component as a percentage of total sales). Alternatively, analysts can perform horizontal analysis by comparing one baseline year's financial results to other years.Many financial analysis techniques involve analyzing growth rates including regression analysis, year-over-year growth, top-down analysis such as market share percentage, or bottom-up analysis such as revenue driver analysis.Last, financial analysis often entails the use of financial metrics and ratios. These techniques include quotients relating to the liquidity, solvency, profitability, or efficiency (turnover of resources) of a company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Non-Arm\u2019s Length Transactions?","response":"To illustrate, consider the case of a mother who wishes to sell her car to her son. She might choose to give her son a discount on the car, even though she could obtain a higher price if she sold it to an arms-length buyer. In this scenario, the transaction is not arm\u2019s length, because the buyer and seller are already associated as family members.Although this example is benign, other examples could be more harmful. For instance, if the founder of a publicly traded company engages in nepotism by appointing one of their family members to an important position within the company, even though other more qualified candidates were available. This decision could harm the company\u2019s shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between MiFID and MiFID II?","response":"MiFID II enhanced the transparency and reporting requirements of the older MiFID regulation. One key difference is the expansion of its scope: while MiFID applied largely to equities markets, MiFID II applies to all types of securities and derivatives."}
{"prompts":"Are rent and utilities non-operating expenses?","response":"Typically, no. These would both be directly related to a business' core operations, since without paying rent and utilities, the firm wouldn't be able to function."}
{"prompts":"Is Europe an Optimal Currency Area?","response":"Technically, Europe is not an optimal currency area because the countries are not well integrated enough to be so. Despite this, many countries in Europe operate under one currency, the euro, which turned out to be a burden for some countries during the eurozone crisis during the Great Recession."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between Veblen and Giffen goods?","response":"The main difference between Veblen and Giffen goods is that the former are luxury items, such as cars, yachts, and designer jewelry, while the latter are non-luxury essentials such as potatoes, rice, and wheat. In both cases, demand will stay high when prices rise. For Veblen goods, that is about exclusivity. For Giffen goods, it is because they are essentials, with no ready substitute."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Major Differences Between OTC and the Regular Stock Market?","response":"The main difference between OTC and public markets is the level of liquidity. OTC securities tend to have very low volume, resulting in potential slippage after large transactions. In addition, OTC markets also have much lower disclosure requirements than public markets, meaning that it can be harder to find accurate information about the securities being traded. This also makes them more susceptible to fraud."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of a reverse auction?","response":"Reverse auctions help buyers to lower purchase costs through increased competition and avoid having to individually negotiate with several different suppliers."}
{"prompts":"Which Categories of Income Are Tax-Exempt?","response":"Federal, state, and local tax laws specify certain categories of income that are not subject to income taxation. Generally, interest paid on state and local government bonds is exempt from federal income tax. Federal law also exempts interest paid on some special narrow categories of federal agency debt. State tax laws exempt interest on U.S. Treasury bonds, and some states also exempt interest on state and local bonds. In addition, distributions from Roth 401(k) plans and Roth individual retirement accounts (IRAs) are tax-free. Charities and other tax-exempt organizations do not pay tax on their income, except for income from unrelated trades or businesses. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Times-Revenue Multiple?","response":"Every company, industry, and sector will have different guidelines on what constitutes a good times-revenue valuation. Companies in higher growth industries will often sell for higher multiples due to the greater potential of future revenue. Alternatively, companies of different sizes may be valued differently due to the inherent risk of a newer business compared to an established company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Statute of Frauds?","response":"The statute of frauds is written legislation or common law that requires that certain contracts be written to be valid. In addition, that written agreement often has stipulations such as delivery conditions or what must be included in that written agreement. The idea behind the statute of frauds is to protect parties entering into a contract from a future dispute or disagreement on the terms of the deal."}
{"prompts":"What Is an E-mini S&P 500?","response":"The E-mini S&P 500 is an electronically traded futures contract that is one-fifth the size of now-delisted standard S&P futures. Its futures and options are based on the underlying S&P 500 stock index. Consisting of 500 individual stocks representing the market capitalizations of large companies, the S&P 500 is a leading indicator of large-cap U.S. equities.\u00a0The E-mini S&P 500 contract trades under the Globex code ES."}
{"prompts":"What does the Series 66 allow you to do?","response":"Passing the Series 66 exam licenses financial professionals to carry out work as an investment advisor representative (IAR) or securities agent with state-level authority. With the Series 66 license, financial professionals can legally act in the capacity of investment advisors or wealth\/asset managers."}
{"prompts":"Is Qatari Currency Pegged to Another Currency?","response":"Qatari currency is pegged to the U.S. dollar at a fixed rate of $1 to QR3.64."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Direct Market Access Order?","response":"A direct market access order is a trade placed by a trader directly with an exchange on its order books without having to go through a brokerage as an intermediary. This allows transparency, efficiency, and better pricing for the trader."}
{"prompts":"What Jobs Have the Highest Growth Rate?","response":"According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the fastest-growing jobs from 2022 to 2032 include wind turbine service technicians, nurse practitioners, data scientists, statisticians, taxi drivers, information security analysts, physician assistants, actuaries, and software developers."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is an At-the-Money Option Worth?","response":"At-the-money options are options where the strike price is the same as the market price of the underlying security. In such an instance, no money can be made by exercising the option. Thus, the option has no intrinsic value."}
{"prompts":"What Is Payment-in-Kind (PIK) Debt?","response":"Payment-in-kind also refers to a financial instrument that pays interest or dividends to its investors. It's a type of mezzanine financing with characteristics indicative of debt and equities. They tend to pay a relatively high rate of interest but are considered risky. PIK notes give the issuer a chance to delay making dividend payments in cash and return for the delay, the issuing company typically agrees to offer a higher rate of return on the note."}
{"prompts":"Does Visa Have Secured Credit Cards?","response":"Yes, some financial institutions issue secured credit cards with the Visa logo. Secured cards are a type of credit card tailored to people with poor credit or little or no credit history. To qualify for one, the individual must deposit a sum of money in a bank account, which then serves as their credit line. After they have used a secured card for a certain period\u2014and paid their bills on time\u2014they can often graduate to a regular, unsecured credit card."}
{"prompts":"Can People Sign Up for Insurance After Open Enrollment?","response":"If you missed open enrollment, you still might be able to sign up for coverage depending on your circumstances. If you qualify for Medicaid, you might be eligible for special enrollment. Another option is to sign up for short-term health insurance that runs only until the next open enrollment period."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Zero-Based Budgeting?","response":"As an accounting practice, zero-based budgeting offers a number of advantages including focused operations, lower costs, budget flexibility, and strategic execution. When managers think about how each dollar is spent, the highest revenue-generating operations come into greater focus. Meanwhile, lowered costs may result as zero-based budgeting may prevent the misallocation of resources that may happen over time when a budget grows incrementally."}
{"prompts":"What Caused the Decline of Organized Labor?","response":"In the United States, organized labor began to decline in the 1980s due to anti-union government policies and increased competition from abroad. One of the first acts of the Reagan administration was to fire all 11,300 air traffic controllers who were on strike against the Federal Aviation Administration. In the following decades, free trade agreements and globalization made it easier for companies to outsource their operations to foreign labor markets, thereby reducing the bargaining power of domestic unions."}
{"prompts":"Do Installment Loans Hurt Your Credit?","response":"You credit can be affected by an installment loan. It can hurt your credit if you do not make your payments on time. If you make all your payments on time, an installment loan can help you establish history as a responsible borrower."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 5-Year Rule for Roth IRA?","response":"The 5-year rule for Roth IRAs states that you cannot withdraw the earnings from your Roth IRA account unless it has been five years since you first contributed to your account."}
{"prompts":"Do Joint-Stock Companies Still Exist?","response":"Yes. Today's joint-stock companies in the U.S. are called corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies. While there is no legal business registration form labeled as \"joint-stock company,\" the term can be used to describe any business entity that issues stock and has shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fundamental Analysis?","response":"Fundamental analysis uses ratios gathered from data within the financial statements, such as a company's earnings per share (EPS), in order to determine the business's value. Using ratio analysis in addition to a thorough review of economic and financial situations surrounding the company, the analyst is able to arrive at an intrinsic value for the security. The end goal is to arrive at a number that an investor can compare with a security's current price in order to see whether the security is undervalued or overvalued."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Mean by Superannuation?","response":"Superannuation is an Australian retirement account with two types: one that can appreciate over time and has variable payouts depending on market conditions, and one that has a defined benefit payout system that is not susceptible to market fluctuations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Value Mortgage Servicing Rights?","response":"According to the Federal Housing Financing Agency(FHFA), the value of a mortgage servicing right is determined by the discounted present value of future cash flows, adjusted for the expected amount of prepayments."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Benefits of Receivership?","response":"There can be benefits for creditors as well as a company. Creditors can ensure that the assets that secure the loans they made to a company remain protected and of value until their claims are handled successfully. A business can get a neutral, objective professional to oversee problems that may concern management, operations, financials, and more. The receiver can help position the company to thrive once the term of receivership ends."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Show Proof of Income If You Are Self-Employed?","response":"Proof of income may be required in various instances, such as filing taxes, obtaining a mortgage or other loan, or purchasing health insurance. Ways to show proof of income if you are self-employed include tax returns, Form 1099, bank statements (both personal and of the business account), audited profit and loss statements, and official invoices."}
{"prompts":"What Counts As Unreimbursed Job Expenses?","response":"Items that count as unreimbursed job expenses include tools, education, clothing, insurance, home office costs, and any dues or fees paid."}
{"prompts":"Are Variable-Rate Certificates of Deposit (CDs) Insured by the Government?","response":"Certificates of deposit (CDs) are one of the safer ways to invest, especially as Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) protection backs most of them. The FDIC protects CDs up to $250,000 per depositor at FDIC-insured banks and savings associations."}
{"prompts":"Why is trading important in finance?","response":"There are several reasons why trading is important in finance. Trading in financial instruments produces price discovery, generates liquidity, brings out capital flows, and aids in price efficiency. Through trading, market participants converge toward the fair value of financial assets. Also, with trading, liquidity is generated, enabling the quick transfer of stocks, bonds, futures, commodities, and currencies."}
{"prompts":"Who Must File Form 1099-INT?","response":"Form 1099-INT must be filed by any entity that pays interest, such as banks, brokerages, investment firms, mutual funds, and other financial institutions. They must file the form to anyone who receives interest income of at least $10, when they withhold and pay foreign taxes on interest, and whenever the issuer withholds federal income tax without refunding it. One copy must be sent to the IRS and another to the taxpayer."}
{"prompts":"What Influences Normal Goods From Inferior Goods and Luxury Goods?","response":"Goods may be classified as normal, inferior, or luxury depending on the region or country where the item is demanded or sold."}
{"prompts":"What Does UBS Wealth Management Do?","response":"UBS Wealth Management provides a range of financial planning services for individuals and businesses. These include portfolio management, market research, retirement planning, and educational planning."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Blue Ocean Strategy Difficult to Implement?","response":"Blue ocean strategies are difficult to implement for a simple reason: if it were easy, someone probably would have already done it. Since blue ocean strategies require identifying untapped markets, and sometimes reinventing the market itself, a blue ocean strategy is a high-risk play that does not always pay off. When it succeeds, however, the rewards are considerable."}
{"prompts":"What is the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)?","response":"The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)\u00a0is a federal agency that collects and disseminates various data about the U.S. economy and labor market. Its reports include the\u00a0Consumer Price Index\u00a0(CPI) and the\u00a0Producer Price Index\u00a0(PPI), both of which are considered to be important measures of inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Are Reasons for Terminating Contractual Obligations?","response":"Contractual obligations can be legally terminated for any of the following reasons: fraud, a breach of contract, if both parties agree to end the contract due to a mutual mistake, or a legal term known as \"impossibility of performance.\""}
{"prompts":"How Does an Inflation Swap Work?","response":"An inflation swap is a contract where one party agrees to pay a fixed rate, and the other pays a floating rate based on an inflation index."}
{"prompts":"How Does Employee Attrition Differ From Customer Attrition?","response":"Employee attrition refers to a decrease in the number of employees working for a company that occurs when employees leave and aren't replaced. Customer attrition, on the other hand, refers to a shrinking customer base."}
{"prompts":"Is Duopoly a Oligopoly?","response":"A duopoly is the most basic form of oligopoly, a market dominated by a small number of companies."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Filing a Claim Increase Insurance Premiums?","response":"Sometimes, filing a claim can result in higher insurance premiums going forward. Although this is not always the case as some insurers will forgive the first accident, for example. Rate hikes following a claim are mainly due because the insurer will see you as a greater risk than before, and adjust the cost upwards accordingly. If you can prove that a claim was made where you were not at fault, you may be able to reverse such an increase. If you file too many claims over a very short period of time, the insurance company may not renew your policy regardless of fault."}
{"prompts":"What Does Return on Invested Capital Tell You?","response":"Return on invested capital (ROIC) determines how efficiently a company puts the capital under its control toward profitable investments or projects. The ROIC ratio gives a sense of how well a company is using the money it has raised externally to generate returns. Comparing a company's return on invested capital with its weighted average cost of capital (WACC) reveals whether invested capital is being used effectively."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Macroeconomic Factors?","response":"Macroeconomic factors include inflation, fiscal policy, employment levels, national income, and international trade."}
{"prompts":"What Is My Social Security Full Retirement Age?","response":"Your full retirement age is 66 years and two months if you were born in 1955. It gradually increases to age 67 for those born in 1960 or later."}
{"prompts":"Is Bad Debt an Expense or a Loss?","response":"Technically, \"bad debt\" is classified as an expense. It is reported along with other selling, general, and administrative costs. In either case, bad debt represents a reduction in net income, so in many ways, bad debt has characteristics of both an expense and a loss account."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Alternate Trading System?","response":"Alternative trading systems are platforms for matching large buy and sell transactions and are not regulated like exchanges. Dark pools and many cryptocurrency exchanges are private exchanges or forums for securities and currency trading and run within private groups."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Public and Private Limited Company?","response":"A PLC is a publicly traded company, while a private limited company is also a U.K. company, except it is private. There are other notable differences between the two, such as the fact that a private limited company only has to have one director, while a PLC must have two."}
{"prompts":"What Are Efficiency Wages?","response":"Efficiency wages are the level of wages paid to workers above the\u00a0minimum wage\u00a0to retain a skilled and efficient workforce. Efficiency wage theory posits that an employer must pay its workers highly enough that workers are incentivized to be productive and that highly skilled workers don't quit.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Management by Objectives vs. Performance Management?","response":"Somewhat similar to performance management, management by objectives (MBO) is a corporate leadership model that attempts to align employees' goals with those of an organization. It is often broken down into five basic steps: defining objectives, communicating those objectives to employees, monitoring employees' progress, evaluating their performance, and rewarding their achievements.Like performance management, MBO encourages (in theory at least) employee participation in goal-setting. However, MBO is frequently criticized as being too rigid and so focused on goals that employees and managers are driven to meet them no matter how they do so. According to an article in the January 2003 Harvard Business Review, MBO is \"an approach to performance appraisal that's gone out of fashion for the most part.\""}
{"prompts":"How Effective Are Workplace Wellness Programs?","response":"Research published in the Harvard Business Review shows that the return on investment for effective employee wellness programs can be as high as six to one."}
{"prompts":"Can Holding Period Return Be Negative?","response":"Yes. Not all investments generate a profit. Even a stock that pays a dividend could deliver a negative holding period return if it depreciated in value."}
{"prompts":"What Taxes Are Not Considered Regressive?","response":"Income taxes and estate taxes are among the most common types of progressive (non-regressive) types of taxes. Both have higher rates and higher tax liabilities for those with higher income. Be mindful that there are many ways individuals can reduce their tax liability. Therefore, although a higher earned may be in a higher tax bracket, they may also have ways to reduce their liability and pay less taxes (both dollar-wise and percent-wise) in a progressive system compared to a lower earner."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Best Ways to Shelter Money From Taxes?","response":"The best way to shelter money from taxes is to seek deductions, credits, or tax-favorable investment vehicles. These three may either reduce your taxable income and resulting tax liability, or these may defer taxes to a future period. Most often, investors can leverage their company's 401(k) plan to generate investment earnings with tax deferred (or tax free) growth."}
{"prompts":"What Roles Does the NSE Have?","response":"The roles the Indian stock exchange sees for itself are \"exchange, regulator, index provider, data and analytics, IT services, educator and market developer.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of MWRR?","response":"The MWRR allows you to view whether your investment generates a consistent return with an interest rate. If your rate is not consistent, your rate of return begins falling."}
{"prompts":"What is Utility in Microeconomics?","response":"In the field of microeconomics, utility refers to the degree of satisfaction that an individual receives when making an economic decision. The concept is important because decision-makers are often assumed to seek maximum utility when making choices within a market."}
{"prompts":"Is VBA Still In Demand?","response":"Yes, VBA is still useful and used by individuals interacting with Microsoft products. However, newer languages such as Python, C#, or R can be used to code in place of VBA. In addition, new tools such as Power Query may be able to perform tasks that could previously only be performed when using VBA."}
{"prompts":"How Is Impairment Accounted for?","response":"An accountant will write off the difference between the fair and carrying values if an impairment is present and the value of the asset decreases on the company's balance sheet.Fair value is typically the sum of an asset's undiscounted expected future cash flows and its expected salvage value, which is what the company would expect to receive from selling or disposing of the asset at the end of its useful life."}
{"prompts":"How Is Salvage Value Calculated?","response":"Salvage value can be calculated by in a few different ways. First, companies can take a percentage of the original cost as the salvage value. Second, companies can rely on an independent appraiser to assess the value. Third, companies can use historical data and comparables to determine a value."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Social Enterprise?","response":"Social enterprises are usually a blend of private and volunteer sectors. A credit union, a coffee shop that sells fair-trade beans and hires candidates from at-risk communities, or a neighborhood food co-op are all examples of social enterprises."}
{"prompts":"When Are Nonfarm Payrolls Released?","response":"The data is commonly released\u00a0on the first Friday of each month at 8:30 AM ET\u00a0and reflects the previous month's data."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Commitment Fee?","response":"A commitment fee is a charge that a lender may impose on a borrower in return for committing to make a line of credit available to them whenever they choose to access it. Commitment fees are typically based on the amount of credit the borrower has available but isn't using at the time. While lenders receive interest on outstanding balances, commitment fees compensate them for the rest of the money they have committed to lend but aren't otherwise profiting off of. Commitment fees can come in the form of flat fees or be based on a percentage of the unused balance.According to the Internal Revenue Service, business borrowers cannot deduct commitment fees as interest but may be able to deduct them as business expenses."}
{"prompts":"Is COVID-19 considered force majeure?","response":"If COVID-19 made it impossible for a party to perform its contractual obligations, then, yes, it could qualify as force majeure. Emphasis should be put on the word \u201cimpossible\u201d here. Should the party be able to perform its obligation, it would not constitute force majeure, regardless of how much more difficult or expensive honoring this commitment became in a COVID-19 environment.It\u2019s also worth noting that COVID-19 is not necessarily an unforeseeable event any longer. Several years have passed since the outbreak was first reported, and measures have been put in place to prevent the virus from spreading. Contracting parties will be expected to do everything in their power to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. It\u2019s also possible that contracts signed after the beginning of 2020 with force majeure clauses will stress that the COVID-19 pandemic does not apply."}
{"prompts":"Are U.S. Taxes Low?","response":"Generally speaking, U.S. taxes are lower than in other developed nations. In 2021, total U.S. tax revenue represented 24% of gross domestic product (GDP) according to the Tax Policy Center, whereas the average among the other 37 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) was 34%."}
{"prompts":"Does Garden Leave Exist in the United States?","response":"Yes, garden leave exists in the United States. The concept was passed into law in 2018 in Massachusetts, while it has been widely adopted in New York while also gaining traction in Illinois."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Cancel a Check?","response":"If you need to cancel a check you've written before it is cashed, you have a few options. If you still have the check in your possession, you can write \"void\" across the front of the check in large letters. If you no longer have the check, you can contact your bank to request a stop payment. Some banks will accept a stop payment request over the phone, while others will require written notice. Be sure to provide your account and routing numbers as well as the check number and amount."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant By Brand Management?","response":"Brand management is the creation and enforcement of rules surrounding how a company or product is communicated to markets. This includes dictating boundaries on advertising, language, tone, and cadence of communication with customers."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of E-commerce?","response":"An e-commerce company can sell to customers, businesses, or agencies such as the government. E-commerce can also be performed by customers who sell to businesses, other customers, or governments."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Set Up a Qualified Domestic Trust?","response":"A person with assets to protect for their non-U.S. citizen spouse can set one up. So can the surviving spouse, as long as the trust is funded before the federal estate tax return for the decedent is due. Contact a reputable estate lawyer for more information."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fixed vs. Variable Annuity?","response":"Annuities are generally structured as either fixed or variable instruments. Fixed annuities provide regular periodic payments to the annuitant and are often used in retirement planning. Variable annuities allow the owner to receive larger future payments if investments of the annuity fund do well and smaller payments if its investments do poorly.\u00a0This provides for less stable cash flow than a fixed annuity but allows the annuitant to reap the benefits of strong returns from their fund's investments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Being and Exempt Employee?","response":"The main disadvantages lie in not being eligible for overtime or qualifying for minimum wage. Depending on the mindset of your employer, you could find yourself working long hours to fulfill an overloaded work portfolio without any recourse for additional reimbursement or reducing the stress brought on by the long hours. In short, you are at the mercy of your boss."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Operating Lease?","response":"An operating lease is like renting, a business can lease assets it needs to operate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Nominal GDP?","response":"Nominal GDP represents the total market value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period, measured at current prices."}
{"prompts":"How Is Future Value Different From Present Value?","response":"Future value takes a current situation and projects what it will be worth. Alternatively, present value takes a future situation and projects what it is worth today."}
{"prompts":"Does Social Security Count as Income?","response":"Social Security benefits are not counted as gross income. However, benefits are included in your combined income, which the IRS uses to determine if you should pay taxes on your benefits. Combined income is determined by totaling your adjusted gross income (AGI), nontaxable interest, and half of your Social Security benefits. If your combined income is between $25,000 and $34,000, you may be taxed on up to 50% of your benefits. If your combined income is more than $34,000, you may be taxed on up to 85% of your benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Chapter 7 and Chapter 11?","response":"Chapter 7, also referred to as liquidation bankruptcy, is when the court appoints a trustee to oversee the sale of as many of debtor's assets as are needed to pay their creditors. Unsecured debt, such as credit card debt, is usually erased. However, Chapter 7 does not forgive any tax obligations, alimony or child support, or student loans. Filers are allowed to keep certain \"exempt\" property.By contrast, Chapter 11 is a form of bankruptcy that involves a reorganization of a debtor's financial affairs. It is most often used by companies, though it is available to some individuals, as well. The main difference is that the entity filing for bankruptcy remains in control of more of their assets as long as they comply with the agreed-upon plan."}
{"prompts":"How Are Tax Rates Imposed?","response":"A tax rate can apply to goods and services or income and is defined by a government. The rate is commonly expressed as a percentage of the value of what is being taxed."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Cross Elasticity of Demand Measure?","response":"\u00a0Cross elasticity of demand evaluates the relationship between two products when the price in one of them changes. It shows the relative change in demand for one product as the price of the other rises or falls."}
{"prompts":"What Does Value-Added Tax (VAT) Do?","response":"Value-added tax (VAT) is a flat tax levied on an item. It is similar to a sales tax in some respects, except that with a sales tax, the full amount owed to the government is paid by the consumer at the point of sale. With a VAT, portions of the tax amount are paid by different parties to a transaction."}
{"prompts":"Is Being a Sole Proprietorship the Same As Being Self-Employed?","response":"Yes, being a sole proprietor is the same as being self-employed. A sole proprietor does not work for any company or boss, so they are self-employed."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Jewelry Floater Cost?","response":"Jewelry floaters typically cost between 1% and 2% of the jewelry's value, per year. So if you have a diamond necklace worth $12,000, a jewelry floater could cost you $120 per year."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Line Graph Used for?","response":"Line graphs\u00a0are\u00a0used to\u00a0track changes over different periods of time. Line graphs\u00a0can also be\u00a0used as a tool for comparison: to\u00a0compare changes over the same period of time for more than one group."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean That the Federal Reserve Is a Central Bank?","response":"A central bank is a financial institution responsible for overseeing a nation's monetary system and policies. A central bank monitors economic changes, controls the money supply, and sets interest rates to influence price stability and employment."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Investment Is CapEx?","response":"CapEx is the investments that companies make to grow or maintain their business operations. Unlike operating expenses, which recur consistently from year to year, capital expenditures are less predictable. For example, a company that buys expensive new equipment would account for that investment as a capital expenditure. Accordingly, it would depreciate the cost of the equipment throughout its useful life.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Is an Environmental Contingency Plan Important?","response":"Businesses that are at risk for environmental accidents\u2013particularly spills of hazardous materials\u2013should always have a plan in place detailing their response actions. Being prepared can help minimize the total damage done to the environment, minimize accident-related costs, and limit liability."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Negative Externality?","response":"In economics, a negative externality is a byproduct produced by some individual, business, or industry that has a negative impact on society, but where the entity that created this byproduct does not pay for it. Instead, society pays the price. Examples include air and noise pollution, toxic runoff, and the inadvertent killing of pollinators through pesticides, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Treasuries?","response":"There are three main types of U.S. Treasuries: bonds, notes, and bills. Bills mature in less than a year, notes in two to five years, and bonds in 20 or 30 years. All are backed by the full faith of the U.S. government."}
{"prompts":"What Are U.S. Government Bond Types?","response":"The U.S. government has a variety of different Treasury securities available for purchase depending on what the investor is looking for. The different offerings of the securities are Treasury Bills, Treasury Notes, Treasury Bonds, Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS), Floating Rate Notes (FRNs), Series I Savings Bonds, and Series EE Savings Bonds."}
{"prompts":"Is LIBOR Reliable?","response":"While LIBOR was once a trusted benchmark for global interest rates, the 2012 rate-rigging scandal raised many questions about its objectivity. Many financial institutions are phasing out LIBOR in favor of other benchmarks, such as SOFR."}
{"prompts":"Can I Have a VEBA and an HSA?","response":"Yes, depending on the options offered by your employer, it is possible to have both a VEBA and an HSA. If you have both, it\u2019s important to understand the rules for contributions, withdrawals, and taxation to ensure that you\u2019re making the most of these benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Stock Benchmark?","response":"The best stock benchmark is an index that matches your portfolio or holdings the closest."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Nash Equilibrium in Game Theory?","response":"Nash equilibrium in game theory is a situation in which a player will continue with their chosen strategy, having no incentive to deviate from it, after taking into consideration the opponent\u2019s strategy."}
{"prompts":"Who Takes Davis Vision Insurance?","response":"Davis Vision insurance offers a wide range of both in-network and out-of-network providers including Walmart, Visionworks. Costco, For Eyes, and Sam's Club."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Charge an NSF Fee?","response":"Banks charge NSF fees for the cost and inconvenience of having to return declined checks. \"For many, overdraft\/NSF fees have emerged as the No. 1 generator of fee income and is one of the bank\u2019s most profitable sources of revenue,\" a Woodstock Institute report noted, quoting American Banker."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Purchasing Power Parity?","response":"The formula for purchasing power parity (PPP) is Cost of Good X in Currency 1 \/ Cost of Good X in Currency 2. This allows an individual to make comparisons of currencies and the value of a basket of goods they can buy."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Use CIF?","response":"CIF is only used when shipping goods via ocean or waterway, meaning CIF cannot be used for air freight. CIF can be easier for buyers who don't want to go through the trouble of obtaining insurance, paying freight charges, and assuming all of the responsibility for shipping internationally."}
{"prompts":"How Is an IPO Priced?","response":"When a company goes IPO, it needs to list an initial value for its new shares. This is done by the underwriting banks that will market the deal. In large part, the value of the company is established by the company's fundamentals and growth prospects. Because IPOs may be from relatively newer companies, they may not yet have a proven track record of profitability. Instead, comparables may be used. However, supply and demand for the IPO shares will also play a role on the days leading up to the IPO."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Estate Tax and an Inheritance Tax?","response":"The estate of the deceased is responsible for estate taxes while the heirs of the deceased are responsible for inheritance taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Are AAA Bonds?","response":"Bonds that are rated AAA have the highest possible rating. The issuers of these bonds have the highest creditworthiness and are expected to easily meet financial obligations. AAA bonds have the lowest risk of default."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Supply and Quantity Supplied?","response":"Supply is the entire supply curve, while quantity supplied is the exact figure supplied at a certain price. Supply, broadly, lays out all the different qualities provided at every possible price point.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Critiques of Using GDP?","response":"Many economists have argued that GDP should not be used as a proxy for overall economic success, as it does not account for the informal economy, does not count care work or domestic labor in the home, ignores business-to-business activity, and counts costs and wastes as economic activity, among other shortcomings."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Virtual Currencies?","response":"Depending on the type of network they operate in, virtual currencies can be divided into open and closed virtual currencies. The former functions in an open ecosystem and can be converted into other virtual or fiat currencies, while the use and issue of the latter are restricted to the closed ecosystem."}
{"prompts":"What Is Alan Greenspan Doing Now?","response":"After his time at the Fed, Greenspan has worked as an advisor through his company, Greenspan Associates LLC."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Trade Deficit Impact Employment?","response":"A trade deficit can have both positive and negative effects on employment. On the negative side, increased imports can lead to job losses in industries that face stiff competition from foreign producers. However, on the positive side, a trade deficit can also be associated with strong domestic demand, which can stimulate job creation in other sectors of the economy."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Federal Reserve Called a Lender of Last Resort?","response":"The Fed also serves the role of\u00a0lender of last resort, providing banks with liquidity and regulatory scrutiny to prevent them from failing and creating financial panic in the economy."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Least Squares Method Used in Finance?","response":"The least squares method is used in a wide variety of fields, including finance and investing. For financial analysts, the method can help to quantify the relationship between two or more variables, such as a stock\u2019s share price and its earnings per share (EPS). By performing this type of analysis investors often try to predict the future behavior of stock prices or other factors."}
{"prompts":"Who Has Market Power in a Competitive Market?","response":"In a non-competitive market, such as in a monopoly, a single producer or multiple producers may hold disproportional power, allowing them to set prices as they wish. In a competitive market, the opposite is true: Buyers have power, and can respond to pricing changes by taking their business where they please."}
{"prompts":"What are the 5 Cs of credit?","response":"The five Cs of credit are character, capacity, collateral, capital, and conditions."}
{"prompts":"What is a noncapital project?","response":"Most public offices set thresholds for what qualifies as a capital project. For example, in the Commonwealth of Virginia, a capital project is defined as a project that creates at least 5,000 gross square feet of building space or exceeds $3 million in total project cost.\u00a0Projects that fall under each jurisdiction\u2019s thresholds, which can also include life expectancy, may instead be called noncapital projects."}
{"prompts":"Is a Certificate of Origin the Same As a Title?","response":"COs state a product's origin with its export and import information. However, it does not provide a title in the sense of a legal transfer of ownership of the good. This is done via a separate transaction involving an invoice or similar proof of sale."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does AD&D Insurance Cost?","response":"AD&D coverage is relatively inexpensive compared to traditional (term) and whole life insurance. Costs can be as little as a few dollars per month. However, rates vary according to the type of AD&D coverage issued and the insurer."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Market Share Important?","response":"Simply put, market share is a key indicator of a company's competitiveness. When a company increases its market share, this can improve its profitability. This is because as companies increase in size, they can also scale, offering lower prices and limiting their competitors' growth.In some cases, companies may go so far as operating at a loss in some divisions to push out the competitors or force them into bankruptcy. After this point, the company may increase its market share and further increase prices. In financial markets, market share can significantly affect stock prices, especially in cyclical industries when margins are narrow and competition is fierce. Any marked difference in market share may trigger weakness or strength in investor sentiment."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Bull Call Spread Benefit You?","response":"With a bull call spread, the losses are limited, reducing the risk involved, since the investor can only lose the net cost to create the spread.\u00a0The net cost is also lower as the premium collected from selling the call helps to defray the cost of the premium paid to buy the call. Traders will use the bull call spread if they believe an asset will rise in value just enough to justify exercising the long call but not enough to where the short call can be exercised."}
{"prompts":"How Is Financial Analysis Done?","response":"Financial analysis can be conducted in both corporate finance and investment finance settings. A financial analyst will thoroughly examine a company's financial statements\u2014the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement.One of the most common ways to analyze financial data is to calculate ratios from the data in the financial statements to compare against those of other companies or against the company's own historical performance. A key area of corporate financial analysis involves extrapolating a company's past performance, such as net earnings or profit margin, into an estimate of the company's future performance."}
{"prompts":"Why Bailout a Company?","response":"A company may need a bailout if it is facing severe financial difficulties that threaten its survival, such as mounting debts, declining revenue, or a sudden downturn in the market. A bailout can provide the company with the necessary funds to continue operating, restructure its operations, and pay off its debts. Usually, a company would be bailed out only if allowing it to fail would have significant consequences for the wider economy.The benefits of a bailout are that it can prevent the collapse of a company or organization and its industry, preserve jobs, and maintain economic stability. This is especially true if a company's collapse will have ripple effects that can bring about even more corporate failures."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should You Do a Bank Reconciliation?","response":"To quickly identify and address errors, reconciling bank statements should be done by companies or individuals at least monthly. They also can be done as frequently as statements are generated, such as daily or weekly."}
{"prompts":"What Are ERISA Violations?","response":"ERISA violations occur when a fiduciary doesn't live up to their responsibility. For instance, a plan administrator who doesn't provide full disclosure about fees and plan benefits commits a violation. Someone who fails to send updated information about plans to participants, including statements, disclosures, and notices, is also guilty of violating the law."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Called a Zero-Day Attack?","response":"The term \"zero-day\" (or 0-day) is used for a software exploit or hack referring to the fact that the developer or creator of the at-risk program has only just become aware of it - so they literally have zero days to fix it."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Bernie Madoff?","response":"Bernie Madoff was an American financier and former Nasdaq chair who orchestrated the largest Ponzi scheme in history. Bernie promised investors high returns in exchange for their investments. However, rather than investing, he deposited their money into a bank account and paid, upon request, from existing and new investors' funds. During the 2008 recession, he could no longer accommodate redemption requests. His scheme came to an end after his sons turned him over to authorities. Bernie was convicted of fraud, money laundering, and other related crimes, for which he was sentenced to 150 years in federal prison. Bernie Madoff died in prison on April 14, 2021, at the age of 82."}
{"prompts":"What is the downside of a wealth tax?","response":"A wealth tax is difficult to administer, tends to encourage tax evasion, and has the potential to drive the wealthy away from countries that enforce it. These caveats, coupled with debates about how to implement it fairly, perhaps explain why so few countries in the world impose such a tax on their residents."}
{"prompts":"What Does Pari-Passu Refer to in Commercial Real Estate?","response":"In commercial real estate, pari-passu generally refers to distribution models that reference the pro-rata distribution of profits based on each investor's percentage of the initial investment.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Total Debt Service (TDS) Ratio?","response":"To calculate TDS: first, add up all monthly debt obligations; then, divide that total by gross monthly income in this percentage formula: (DEBT divided by INCOME) multiplied by 100. If you prefer to calculate in Excel, the formula looks like this: =SUM(debt\/income)*100."}
{"prompts":"How does ROAA differ return on total assets (ROTA)?","response":"ROAA is similar to ROTA, however ROAA uses net income in the numerator, whereas ROTA uses EBIT (earnings before income and taxes) in the numerator. Both use average total assets in the denominator."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Limit?","response":"A credit limit represents the maximum amount of credit that a lender (such as a credit card company) will extend (such as to a credit card holder). Once the borrower reaches the limit they are unable to make further purchases until they repay some portion of their balance. The term is also used in connection with lines of credit and buy now, pay later loans."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Required Minimum Distribution?","response":"A required minimum distribution (RMD) is the government's way of ensuring that it will eventually be paid taxes on your investments, and the IRS doesn't want to wait forever to collect its money. Federal law therefore imposes RMDs: ages by which you must begin taking money out of certain retirement accounts such as IRAs and 401(k)s and paying the taxes on the money that you didn't pay before.You must begin taking RMDs by age 72 if you were born before Dec. 31, 2022. You have until age 73 if you reach age 72 after this date."}
{"prompts":"What Are Estimators in Econometrics?","response":"An estimator is a statistic that is used to estimate some fact or measurement about a larger population. Estimators are frequently used in situations where it is not practical to measure the entire population. For example, it is not possible to measure the exact employment rate at any specific time, but it is possible to estimate unemployment based on a randomly-chosen sample of the population."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Volatility Mean?","response":"If volatility is high, it means that prices are moving (both up and down) quickly and steeply."}
{"prompts":"What Is Positive Assurance?","response":"Positive assurance identifies proof of facts during an audit. By documenting proof, an auditor can affirm no fraud has been committed. In the absence of positive assurance, negative assurance may be used."}
{"prompts":"What Political Candidates Does AARP Support?","response":"AARP is a nonpartisan organization that does not make contributions to campaigns or political parties and does not endorse candidates. The organization does advocate for voter engagement and lobby on issues that impact Americans over the age of 50. Some of these issues include legislation to regulate Social Security, Medicare, health insurance access, tax deductions, prescription drug costs, and age discrimination in the workplace."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Credit Facilities?","response":"There are several credit facilities a company can secure. A revolving loan facility allows a company to take out a loan, repay the loan, then use the same loan agreement again as long as there are principal funds available to borrow. A retail credit facility is often used to provide liquidity for cyclical companies that rely on inventory or high turnover of sales. A committed credit facility is a specifically negotiated set of terms that obligates a lender to lend money to a borrower, should the borrowing company meet specific criteria."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Acquisition?","response":"Often, a business combination like an acquisition or merger can be categorized in one of four ways:Vertical: The parent company acquires a company that is somewhere along its supply chain, either upstream (such as a vendor\/supplier) or downstream (a processor or retailer).Horizontal: The parent company buys a competitor or other firm in their own industry sector, and at the same point in the supply chain.Conglomerate: tThe parent company buys a company in a different industry or sector entirely, in a peripheral or unrelated business.Congeneric: Also known as a market expansion, this occurs when the parent buys a firm that is in the same or a closely-related industry, but which has different business lines or products."}
{"prompts":"Does Any Country Not Have National Debt?","response":"Yes. Several nations have little or no debt. They include:Norway, which has vast oil and gas reserves.Singapore, a major financial center with a prosperous population.Russia. which has avoided debt since its 1998 bankruptcy. "}
{"prompts":"Is Hyperledger Really a Blockchain?","response":"Yes, but it is different that the blockchains that get more media attention like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It is designed for enterprise uses and encorporates modules that let developers load what they need for specific business purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Should You Do When You Get Laid Off?","response":"The first step after a layoff is to carefully review your contract of employment and any severance package your former employer is offering. This may include severance payments, continuation of benefits, and healthcare insurance.Employers may attach conditions to severance agreements, such as requiring that you not claim unemployment insurance.It may be a good idea to negotiate your severance agreement and have an attorney review any paperwork before you sign."}
{"prompts":"What Does FIRE Really Mean?","response":"The acronym FIRE stands for Financial Independence, Retire Early, a term for financial independence concepts and methods that can be used to fund an early retirement."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quantum Computing in Simplest Terms?","response":"Quantum computing relates to computing made by a quantum computer.\u00a0Compared to traditional computing done by a classical computer, a quantum computer should be able to store much more information and operate with more efficient algorithms. This translates to solving extremely complex tasks faster."}
{"prompts":"Is Price to Cash Flow the Same as Price to Free Cash Flow?","response":"Price to cash flow accounts for all cash a company has. Price to free cash flow removes capital expenditures, working capital, and dividends so that you compare the cash a company has left over after obligations to its stock price. As a result, it is a better indicator of the ability of a business to continue operating."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Digital Services Tax?","response":"A digital services tax (DST) is a tax imposed by certain countries on the revenues of large multinational companies offering goods or services online. As of October 2023, 38 countries around the world had either enacted or were considering DSTs. They include Austria (with a 5% tax), France (3% tax), Italy (3% tax), Spain (3% tax), and the U.K. (2% tax). At the same time, the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) has been working on an international agreement that would provide for taxing these companies and distributing the proceeds among the various nations, eliminating the need for separate, unilateral DSTs."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Scale\" Mean in Business?","response":"To scale\u2014or scale up\u2014a business means growing it in such a way that its revenues increasingly outpace its costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Consequences of Bouncing an Outstanding Check?","response":"Bouncing an outstanding check can lead to financial consequences, such as fees imposed by the bank, damage to your credit rating, and potential legal actions from the payee. Be mindful of what outstanding checks you've written before drawing down your bank balance."}
{"prompts":"What Assets Are DDB Best Used For?","response":"DDB is ideal for assets that very rapidly lose their values or quickly become obsolete. This may be true with certain computer equipment, mobile devices, and other high-tech items, which are generally useful earlier on but become less so as newer models are brought to market."}
{"prompts":"What Does AAMS Stand for?","response":"An Accredited Asset Management Specialist is certified by the College of Financial Planning to advise clients about personal finance matters, asset management, and investments."}
{"prompts":"How High are Ethereum Gas Fees?","response":"On April 10, 2024, the average gas fee (which varies) was 27 gwei, or about $1.87."}
{"prompts":"What Are Shares in Simple Words?","response":"Shares represent a unit of ownership in the business that issued them."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Accounting Cycle Important?","response":"It's important because it can help ensure that the financial transactions that occur throughout an accounting period are accurately and properly recorded and reported. This can provide businesses with a clear understanding of their financial health and ensure compliance with federal regulations."}
{"prompts":"What Does Fama and French Three Factor Model Mean for Investors?","response":"The Fama and French Three Factor model highlighted that investors must be able to ride out the extra volatility and periodic underperformance that could occur in the short term. Investors with a long-term time horizon of 15 years or more will be rewarded for losses suffered in the short term. Given that the model could explain as much as 95% of the return in a diversified stock portfolio, investors can tailor their portfolios to receive an average expected return according to the relative risks they assume.The main factors driving expected returns are sensitivity to the market, sensitivity to size, and sensitivity to value stocks, as measured by the book-to-market ratio. Any additional average expected return may be attributed to unpriced or unsystematic risk."}
{"prompts":"Is Solvency the Same as Debt?","response":"Solvency is related to debt, as solvency is the measurement of how well a company will be able to pay off its debts. In a lot of cases, it makes sense for a company to borrow money. In other cases, it may be cheaper to take on debt rather than issue stock. In the long-run, however, it is important that a company keeps track of its future obligations and whether it will be able to pay long-term debt as it comes due. Although solvency and debt are not the same thing, they are very closely related."}
{"prompts":"Are TOD Accounts Taxable to the Beneficiary?","response":"While a transfer on death designation can help avoid the probate process, the assets are still subject to applicable estate taxes, capital gains taxes, and inheritance taxes."}
{"prompts":"How Often Do You Apply for the Federal Direct Loan Program?","response":"You must apply with a FAFSA every year that you need funding for higher education (undergraduate and graduate)."}
{"prompts":"Do Managerial Accountants Need to Follow GAAP?","response":"No, managerial accountants are not legally obligated to follow GAAP because the documents they produce are not regulated by GAAP. These documents focus on internal company metrics that focus on company performance."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Financial Exposure?","response":"Financial exposure is the potential loss of the total amount invested. For example, if an individual invests $2,000 into a stock, their financial exposure is $2,000, and if the stock drops, they could lose the entire $2,000 value."}
{"prompts":"How Do Economists Measure Externalities?","response":"Economists use two measures to evaluate an externality. First, economists use a cost-of-damages approach to evaluate what the expense would be to rectify the externality. As we may be seeing with greenhouse gas emissions, some externalities may extend beyond the point of repair.Another method of measuring externalities is the cost of control method. Instead of fixing the externality, economists measure what preemptive and preventative steps can be taken to stop the externality from occurring. Similar to how an actuary assesses a financial value to an event, economists may assign multiple financial measurements to an externality."}
{"prompts":"How Does the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Operate?","response":"The USDA employs 100,000 people at 29 agencies, in more than 4,500 locations across the United States and abroad."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Fill out a W9 as an Independent Contractor?","response":"If you are an independent contractor and hired by a company or person to perform a service, chances are they will ask you to fill out a W-9 form. You must verify information, including name, address, and tax identification number. All the pages of the W-9 are available on the IRS website, which also provides step-by-step directions on how to fill it out."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Pari-Passu and Pro Rata?","response":"While pro rata refers to proportional distribution obligations, pariipassu refers more to the seniority of those obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Leveraged Loan?","response":"A leveraged loan is a type of loan made to borrowers with high levels of debt or a low credit rating. Lenders consider leveraged loans to carry a higher-than-average risk that the borrower will be unable to pay back the loan (also known as the risk of\u00a0default). These loans generally earn higher interest rates for lenders because of the higher level of risk."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Market Cap?","response":"Market cap, or market capitalization, is calculated by taking a company's outstanding shares and multiplying them by the company's share price. For example, if a company had 50,000 shares outstanding and a share price of $10, its market cap would be $500,000."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take To Become an Actuary?","response":"For most, it may take up to a decade or longer to become an actuary. A bachelor's degree in actuarial science may take between 3 to 5 years, and it may take at least another several years to pass rigorous professional actuarial exams."}
{"prompts":"How Do Give-Up Trades Work?","response":"Give-up trades work when one party is unable to place the trade, so they entrust the trade to a third party. If John wants to buy ABC stock but is unable to place the trade with Andy, who owns the stock, John may have Mary make the trade for him, delivering the stock from Andy to John after John has paid. There can be four total parties if in this example Andy is also unable to make the trade personally. Nowadays, this is done electronically."}
{"prompts":"Should the Required Rate of Return Be High or Low?","response":"The inherent risks of an investment or project are determined through its required rate of return, and thus, a high RRR indicates higher risks while a low RRR implies minimal risks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the After-Tax Real Rate of Return and the Nominal Rate of Return?","response":"The after-tax real rate of return is figured after accounting for fees, inflation, and tax rates. The nominal return is simply the gross rate of return before considering any outside factors that impact an investment's actual performance."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get a Bank Statement?","response":"Typically, you can access your latest bank statements on your financial institution's website. Otherwise, you can request a monthly paper statement be delivered to your home."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know If Something Is a Liability?","response":"A liability is something that is borrowed from, owed to, or obligated to someone else. It can be real (e.g. a bill that needs to be paid) or potential (e.g. a possible lawsuit).A liability is not necessarily a bad thing. For instance, a company may take out debt (a liability) in order to expand and grow its business. Or, an individual may take out a mortgage to purchase a home."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Annuity?","response":"An annuity is an insurance product that promises to pay out income at a future date based on invested funds. If one purchases an annuity for a set price, the issuing company would invest the funds and hold them until they are supposed to be disbursed, generally based on the owner\u2019s age.Annuities are similar to other forms of investing in that the owner invests money with the hope that it will gain in value, but annuities also come with higher fees than most mutual funds."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Income Inequality a Problem?","response":"It's a serious problem because the lack of financial stability for large portions of a population can promote potentially destructive social and economic upheaval generally, as well as financial hardships and lower standards of living, in particular."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Trade Date Differ From the Settlement Date for Stocks?","response":"If you buy or sell shares of stock or other securities, the settlement date will often be between one and three days after the actual trade date. This is because it takes time for the post-trade processing, clearing, and settlement of the trade. Much of this has to do with older systems still in place to reconcile asset ownership and payment between exchanges, clearing firms, and brokerages."}
{"prompts":"Am I Required to Pass a Medical Exam to Apply for Group Term Insurance?","response":"Most employer-based plans provide a standard amount of coverage to all eligible employees with no medical exam. However, if you want to purchase supplemental coverage for yourself or your family members, you may be required to take a medical exam or provide additional health information when you apply."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Normal Value for the VIX?","response":"The long-run average of the VIX has been around 21. High levels of the VIX (normally when it is above 30) can point to increased volatility and fear in the market, often associated with a bear market."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Two Main Types of Stock Options?","response":"When investors trade stock options, they can choose between a call option or a put option. In a call option, the investor speculates that the underlying stock\u2019s price will rise. A put option takes a bearish position, where the investor bets that the underlying stock\u2019s price will decline. Options are purchased as contracts, which are equal to 100 shares of the underlying stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Discrete Probability Model?","response":"A discrete probability model is a statistical tool that takes data following a discrete distribution and tries to predict or model some outcome, such as an options contract price or how likely a market shock will be in the next five years."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Account Number on a Check?","response":"You can find your bank account number printed at the bottom of your paper check. This is the second sequence of numbers, printed between the nine-digit routing number and the shorter check number. This number can also be found on your account statement."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine a Bond's Maturity Date?","response":"The bond documents will include a lot of information, including the final maturity date. Typically, investors can find the final maturity date in the Authorization, Authentication, and Delivery section of the bond documents."}
{"prompts":"What Does Renewable Resource Mean?","response":"The term renewable resource refers to a resource that replenishes itself naturally over a span of time. This means that it can be used without worry that it will be depleted permanently. Renewable resources are of particular interest as sources of renewable energy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Important Factor in a Strategic Alliance?","response":"A strategic alliance is a relationship between two entities. For this reason, the most important factor in the alliance is the trust and collaboration between the two teams. There must be a mutual commitment to joint success for strategic alliances to be successful, and the alliance must be guided by clear objectives, strategic, and conversations to make sure both sides are continually on the same page."}
{"prompts":"What Does %D Represent on the Stochastic Oscillator?","response":"On a stochastic oscillator chart, %D represents the 3-period average of %K. This line is used to show the longer-term trend for current prices, and is used to show the current price trend is continuing for a sustained period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Ratios Show a Firm Is Not Liquid?","response":"In this case, a\u00a0liquidity crisis\u00a0can arise even at healthy companies\u2014if circumstances arise that make it difficult to meet short-term obligations, such as repaying their loans and paying their employees or suppliers. One example of a far-reaching liquidity crisis from recent history is the global credit crunch of 2007-09, where many companies found themselves unable to secure short-term financing to pay their immediate obligations."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Cash Management Important?","response":"Cash management is the process of managing cash inflows and outflows. This process is important for individuals and businesses because cash is the primary asset used to invest and pay any liabilities. There are many cash management options available such as using excess cash to pay down lines of credit with a credit sweep. Cash management not only provides entities with a window into their financial situations but it can also be used to improve their profitability by fixing their liquidity problems."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have the Highest Degree of Limited Government?","response":"According to the annual Human Freedom Index Report for 2023, co-published by the Cato Institute and the Fraser Institute, the highest-scoring country in terms of limited government was Switzerland. The top 10 included:SwitzerlandNew ZealandDenmarkIrelandEstoniaSwedenIcelandLuxembourgFinlandNorway"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Operating Profit Margin?","response":"The operating profit (or operating income) can be found on the income statement or calculated as:Revenue - Cost of Goods Sold\u00a0- Operating Expenses - Depreciation - AmortizationIt is the profit left after deducting the costs of running the business. Operating profit margin is calculated by dividing operating income by revenue."}
{"prompts":"How Are Options Priced?","response":"An option's price is the sum of its intrinsic value, which is the difference between the current price of the underlying asset and the option's strike price, and time value, which is directly related to the time left until that option's expiry.Nowadays, an option's price is determined by using mathematical models, like the well-known Black-Scholes-Merton (BSM). After inputting the strike price of an option, the current price of the underlying instrument, time to expiration, risk-free rate, and volatility, this model will spit out the option's fair market value."}
{"prompts":"What Is Accounting Conservatism?","response":"Accounting conservatism is a principle that requires company accounts to be prepared with caution and high degrees of verification. These bookkeeping guidelines must be followed before a company can make a legal claim to any profit. The general concept is to factor in the worst-case scenario of a firm\u2019s financial future. Uncertain liabilities are to be recognized as soon as they are discovered. In contrast, revenues can only be recorded when they are assured of being received."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get a Custodial Account?","response":"If you are under the age of either 18 or 21, depending on the state, an adult can open a custodial account for you. The person who opens the account would manage it until you reach the age of majority, at which point it is transferred over to you and you are responsible for its management."}
{"prompts":"Is a Wealth Manager the Same as a Financial Planner?","response":"While some financial professionals are both wealth managers and planners, a key difference between financial planners and wealth managers is that the letter are focused on assets and investments, while planners also consider everyday household finances, insurance needs, and so on."}
{"prompts":"What was the Fair Housing Act of 1968?","response":"The Fair Housing Act of 1968 outlaws discrimination against home renters and buyers by landlords, sellers, and lenders on account of their race, color, religion, national origin. (Later amendments added sex, disability, and familial status.) The act is enforced by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). The U.S. Department of Justice can file suit under the act if there is a\u00a0pattern or practice of discrimination or where a denial of rights to a group raises an issue of general public importance.States can enhance\u2014but cannot reduce\u2014the protections under the Fair Housing Act."}
{"prompts":"What is a Clearinghouse?","response":"A ClearingHouse is a intermediary between a buyer and a seller in the financial markets, whose job is to ensure that both parties honor their obligations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Equilibrium Price?","response":"In economics, the equilibrium price is calculated by setting the supply function and demand function equal to one another and solving for the price."}
{"prompts":"What Is Zakat in Islam?","response":"Zakat is an Islamic financial term. As one of the pillars of the faith, it requires all Muslims to donate a portion of their wealth to charity. Muslims must meet a certain threshold before they can qualify for zakat. The amount is 2.5% or 1\/40 of an individual's total savings and wealth. Zakat can be paid at any time during the lunar year. Some Islamic countries require citizens to pay zakat while others do not."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company's Cash Ratio Improve?","response":"The cash ratio is calculated by dividing cash and cash equivalents by short-term liabilities. To improve its cash ratio, a company can strive to have more cash on hand in case of short-term liquidation or demand for payments. This includes turning over inventory quicker, holding less inventory, or not prepaying expenses.Alternatively, a company can reduce its short-term liabilities. The company can begin paying expenses with cash if credit terms are no longer favorable. The company can also evaluate spending and strive to reduce its overall expenses (thereby reducing payment obligations)."}
{"prompts":"How Hard Is it to Get a Freddie Mac Loan?","response":"To get a Freddie Mac loan, you will have to meet the lender's criteria. Depending on the size of the loan, you'll need a certain income as well as credit score to qualify. You can receive a pre-qualification letter that will let you know what amount of loan you can qualify for, but this pre-qualification is not a guarantee."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Internal Audit?","response":"The role of an internal audit is to identify a deficiency or substantiate a proficiency. For example, a company may issue an internal financial audit to make sure its internal controls over accounts payable adhere to company policy. Alternatively, the company may launch an internal environmental audit to explore how environmental impact its eco-friendly changes had on the planet last year."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Correlations Important in Finance?","response":"Correlations play an important role in finance because they are used to forecast future trends and to manage the risks within a portfolio. These days, the correlations between assets can be easily calculated using various software programs and online services. Correlations, along with other statistical concepts, play an important role in the creation and pricing of derivatives and other complex financial instruments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Mechanics of an SPV?","response":"The SPV itself acts as an affiliate of a parent corporation, which sells assets off of its own balance sheet to the SPV. The SPV becomes an indirect source of financing for the original corporation by attracting independent equity investors to help purchase debt obligations. This is most useful for large\u00a0credit risk\u00a0items, such as\u00a0subprime mortgage\u00a0loans.Not all SPVs are structured the same way. In the United States, SPVs are often\u00a0limited liability corporations\u00a0(LLCs). Once the LLC purchases the risky assets from its parent company, it normally groups the assets into\u00a0tranches\u00a0and sells them to meet the specific credit risk preferences of different types of investors."}
{"prompts":"How much does a carbon credit cost?","response":"Carbon credits have different prices, depending on the location and market where they are traded. In 2019, the average price for carbon credits was $4.33 per ton. This figure spiked to as much as $5.60 per ton in 2020 before settling to an average of $4.73 in the first eight months of the following year."}
{"prompts":"Can a Joint Tenancy With Right of Survivorship Sell Their Share?","response":"A joint tenant can sell their share of the asset to someone else. Doing so nullifies the agreement, turning it into a tenancy in common."}
{"prompts":"What Is Different About Today's Joint-Stock Companies?","response":"The legal liability that shareholders must shoulder is different. In the past, any shareholder could be held totally liable for debts that a company owed and couldn't pay. Shareholders' personal property could be seized by creditors or the authorities as payment. Today, a shareholder's liability is generally limited to their investment in a company."}
{"prompts":"What Does Total Enterprise Value (TEV) Tell You?","response":"TEV breaks down the value of a company. It goes further than market capitalization by also factoring in a company\u2019s debts as well as its cash reserves. TEV can be thought of as the theoretical total price an acquirer pays to purchase a company and settle all claims against it."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Lawyer to Get a Letter of Testamentary?","response":"Typically, a lawyer or attorney is necessary to get a letter of testamentary during the probate process, particularly if there are multiple beneficiaries. However, laws can vary, depending on each state, and in some cases, a non-attorney may be allowed to manage the probate process for a deceased person."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of the Network Effect?","response":"Social media networks such as Facebook and X are great examples of the network effect. The value of these websites increases as more people sign up for accounts on the site."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Bill of Exchange and Promissory Note?","response":"The difference between a promissory note and a bill of exchange is that the latter is transferable and can bind one party to pay a third party that was not involved in its creation. Banknotes are common forms of promissory notes. A bill of exchange is issued by the creditor and orders a debtor to pay a particular amount within a given period of time. The promissory note, on the other hand, is issued by the debtor and is a promise to pay a particular amount of money in a given period."}
{"prompts":"Is a Safe Haven Worth It?","response":"It depends on what you want in an investment. A safe haven is a lower risk (lower return) investment that can help diversify a portfolio and offset to some degree the greater risk of investments that offer the potential for higher returns. Having both types of investments makes sense for many investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of an Ombudsman?","response":"An ombudsman is someone appointed to investigate complaints against an institution and seek resolutions to those complaints. Some have full authority to investigate and resolve issues, and some have limited capacity to only investigate and provide suggested resolutions to a governing authority or the institution subject to the complaint."}
{"prompts":"Is Network Marketing a Pyramid Scheme?","response":"While network and multi-level marketing programs have been accused of being pyramid schemes, there are some important differences. While those who are able to recruit more members into the program are often able to enjoy greater residual commissions, network marketing is a legitimate and legal business structure that offers real products and services sold to customers."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know When a Company Will Release Its Quarterly Earnings Report?","response":"You should be able to obtain the exact date and time for a quarterly earnings report announcement from the company's investor relations department. You can also track it on an earnings calendar through Nasdaq or your broker."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Average True Range?","response":"A good ATR depends on the asset. If it generally has an ATR of close to $1.18, it is performing in a way that can be interpreted as normal. If the same asset suddenly has an ATR of more than $1.18, it might indicate that further investigation is required. Likewise, if it has a much lower ATR, you should determine why it is happening before taking action."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need Gap Insurance?","response":"Gap insurance might be a good choice if you didn't make much of a down payment when you financed your car or if you plan to drive it in a way that might decrease its resale value quickly, such as taking many long road trips or exploring rough roads. It also might be a good option if you took out a car loan with a term longer than five years."}
{"prompts":"Are Cash Equivalents Better Than Cash?","response":"Cash equivalents have certain benefits over cash that make them better for some investors. However, both types of financial instruments are very similar and yield similarly low yields. The difference between cash and cash equivalents is minimal. Although, cash equivalents can often yield a bit more interest."}
{"prompts":"What's a Master Limited Partnership?","response":"A master limited partnership or MLP is a publicly traded limited partnership focused on the real estate or natural resources sector. Investors can buy units of an MLP on national exchanges. MLPs can offer steady income as well as a variety of tax advantages. They are not without risk, however, due to their concentrated exposure to a single industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Expat Community?","response":"When people relocate to a foreign country, they often find comfort in seeking out other foreigners, especially from their home country. Expat communities are enclaves of people from a similar national origin, often with their own school and shopping options. In many countries, English-speaking enclaves are called \"Anglo\" communities."}
{"prompts":"Can You Get Your Money Back If You're a Victim of a Wire Fraud Scam?","response":"You can try to get your money back, but you might not be successful. Contact the company you used to wire the money (such as Western Union) and ask for a reversal of the fraudulent transaction. If you sent the money through your bank, contact them right away to let them know and ask if they can reverse it."}
{"prompts":"What Does Standard Deviation Tell You?","response":"Standard deviation describes how dispersed a set of data is. It compares each data point to the mean of all data points, and standard deviation returns a calculated value that describes whether the data points are in close proximity or whether they are spread out. In a normal distribution, standard deviation tells you how far values are from the mean."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Benefits of the Long Run?","response":"Since the costs are variable in the long run, firms have the option to make adjustments to the way it operates. So when the need arises, it can increase or decrease operations. Furthermore, they can decide how best to shape their factors of production in order to reduce costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is E-commerce?","response":"E-commerce is any sale of goods and services that is finalized in a transaction on the Internet.E-commerce is an alternative to transactions that take place in brick-and-mortar stores. Today, many companies offer their customers the choice of online or in-store purchasing."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Paying OASDI Tax?","response":"There are very rare exceptions and exemptions to OASDI taxes, including clergy of certain religious groups and some types of nonresident aliens. Note, however, that these individuals are also ineligible to receive Social Security payments."}
{"prompts":"What Is a NASA SEWP Contract?","response":"A NASA SEWP contract is a type of government-wide acquisition contract. It procures and provides IT products and services for federal government agencies. The contract is initiated by NASA, which is known as the executive agent in the contract. Other agencies may sign on to receive services, which helps reduce the cost each agency has to spend."}
{"prompts":"Is the Arab League a Military Alliance?","response":"The Arab League is not a military alliance per se. But its founding members agreed to cooperate in military affairs and coordinate military defense. At the 2007 summit, the leaders of its member states decided to reactivate their joint defense and establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in South Lebanon, Darfur, Iraq, and other hot spots.At a 2015 summit in Egypt, member states agreed to form a joint voluntary military force in principle."}
{"prompts":"Can Great Brands Last Forever?","response":"Some of America's greatest brands have died. They may have failed to keep up with the times. Or the businesses that owned them may have mismanaged them.BobVila.com lists these brands, all of them once household names, that have vanished: Borders, Pan American, F. W. Woolworth, Toys R Us, Blockbuster, Tower Records, Compaq, and Oldsmobile.To be fair, Toys R Us made a comeback in 2022 as a store-within-a-store at some Macy's locations."}
{"prompts":"Why Did a Premium on Crypto Emerge in South Korea?","response":"It is difficult to move large amounts of foreign money into and out of South Korean exchanges, and banks have strict reporting requirements for moving funds in and out of the country. As a result of the crypto's popularity in the country, the prices of certain cryptocurrencies rose as high as 20% above prices elsewhere, a phenomenon that has lasted for several years."}
{"prompts":"Are NINJA Loans Still Available?","response":"NINJA loans have largely ceased to exist in the United States due to tighter lending standards put in place after the 2008 financial crisis."}
{"prompts":"Has Michael Milken Donated to Education?","response":"Education is a key focus of the Milken Family Foundation. Among other things, the foundation awards prizes to hardworking K-12 teachers and principals and offers financial support to college-bound students in need of assistance."}
{"prompts":"How Can Options Traders Profit from a Delta-Neutral Position?","response":"Options traders can profit from delta-neutral positions by selling options and collecting the time decay as time passes. By eliminating exposure to small price fluctuations, this strategy can be sharpened. Likewise, traders may bet that the underlying asset's volatility will rise or fall in the future. A delta-neutral position allows such a trader to isolate the volatility figure from the market direction."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Send My Tax Form 8379?","response":"Generally speaking, Form 8379 should be filed with the IRS Service Center for the area where you live. However, if you have already filed your tax return for the year in question, you should send Form 8379 to the same Service Center you filed your tax return, even if you now live somewhere else."}
{"prompts":"Is a Tax-Exempt Organization the Same As a 501(c)(3) Organization?","response":"A 501(c)(3) is a tax-exempt organization recognized by the IRS. However, there are other forms of organization an entity can file for and be awarded that are also tax-exempt. Therefore, while a 501(c) is tax-exempt, not all tax-exempt organizations are 501(c)(3) organizations."}
{"prompts":"What Kind of Education Do You Need to Be a Quant?","response":"Individuals pursuing a career in quantitative analysis usually have a strong educational background in quantitative fields like mathematics, statistics, computer science, finance, economics, or engineering. Advanced degrees (Master\u2019s or Ph.D.) in quantitative disciplines are often preferred, and additional coursework or certifications in finance and programming can also be beneficial."}
{"prompts":"Does the UK Have Net Neutrality?","response":"The European Union (EU) formed regulations to promote and protect an open internet, preventing internet service providers from restricting and blocking users' access to lawful content. Certain exceptions, such as the ability to slow traffic at the request of a court order, apply."}
{"prompts":"What Activities Are Included in Cash Flow From Investing Activities?","response":"The activities included in cash flow from investing actives are capital expenditures, lending money, and the sale of investment securities. Along with this, expenditures in property, plant, and equipment fall within this category as they are a long-term investment."}
{"prompts":"How Is Real Estate Used for Money Laundering?","response":"Criminals use real estate transactions, including undervaluation or overvaluation of properties, buying and selling properties rapidly, using third parties or companies that distance the transaction from the criminal source of funds, and private sales."}
{"prompts":"What Jobs Are Available in the Logistics Industry?","response":"Careers in logistics can include truck driver, customer service representative, dispatcher, freight agent, supply chain manager, transportation analyst, procurement manager, logistician, and operations manager, among others. A degree in logistics or business administration will be helpful for many roles in logistics, including logistician, a career that is expected to grow much faster than average."}
{"prompts":"What Resources Are Available to Help Determine TCO?","response":"Any information source about the operating costs of an item will be helpful. Consumer Reports is a good source for many items, including technology and automobiles. Resources like Kelley Blue Book and Edmunds are good sources for information about auto purchases."}
{"prompts":"Who Attends the Jackson Hole Economic Symposium?","response":"Prominent members from the government, academia, economics, and the financial markets attend the Jackson Hole Symposium. This includes heads of global central banks, managers of financial institutions, and professors from respectable universities such as Harvard and Stanford."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does an MLS Listing Cost?","response":"If you want to forgo the full services of a listing agent and pay only to list your home on a multiple listing service (MLS), that could cost about $100 to $500. Some real estate agencies offer a MLS listing alone for a flat fee, with additional services available a la carte. There are also online services that will simply provide an MLS listing."}
{"prompts":"What are the Risks and Limitations of Using Swaps?","response":"Swaps have counterparty risk, market risk, liquidity risk, operational risk and regulatory & legal risks. Swaps may not be readily available for all market participants and like most derivatives they are complex instruments.While swaps can offer some cost advantages, there may still be costs involved such as transaction costs, legal fees, collateral requirements, or ongoing monitoring expenses. These costs need to be considered when evaluating the overall benefits and effectiveness of using swaps."}
{"prompts":"When Does a Bank Have to Notify Me of Changes?","response":"It depends. For changes unfavorable to the consumer\u2014for example, increases in fees for bank services\u2014Regulation DD requires financial institutions to provide the consumer with at least 30 days\u2019 notice.\u00a0For changes that are favorable to the consumer\u2014decreasing or eliminating fees\u2014no notice is required on the institution's part. However, if favorable changes are temporary, the financial institution must comply with the requirements for advance notice of a change in terms.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Who Needs a SIC Code?","response":"All companies naturally have a SIC code, as there are over 1,000 total SIC codes possible. Companies that file public reports are often required to use SIC codes when reporting, as the SEC uses it as a basis for assigning review responsibility for company filing requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Objective of Ring-Fencing?","response":"The primary goal of ring-fencing is to separate one group of assets from another. This is generally done to keep core assets protected from volatility and other risks. Ring-fencing is common with banks when core retail banking segments are separated from their investment arms if they are deemed \"too big to fail.\" This layer of protection shields the taxpayer (and the government) from bearing the financial burden of bailing out banks in the event of an economic crisis."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Bloomberg Terminal Cost?","response":"The Bloomberg Terminal is only available as a subscription service and can run around $2,020 per month, or $24,240 for a year if there are two or more licenses. For a single subscription the cost is $27,660 per year. There are discounts available for academic licenses by universities for purposes of education and research."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Buy in Bulk to Resell?","response":"There are a variety of ways to buy in bulk to resell. The primary way to do so is to get in touch with the manufacturers of the goods you are trying to sell. This information is available online. You can try websites such as Wholesale Central, SaleHoo, and Doba."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Dividend Yield Tell You?","response":"The dividend yield is a financial ratio that tells you the percentage of a company\u2019s share price that it pays out in dividends each year. For example, if a company has a $20 share price and pays a dividend of $1 per year, its dividend yield would be 5%. If a company\u2019s dividend yield has been steadily increasing, this could be because they are increasing their dividend, because their share price is declining, or both. Depending on the circumstances, this may be seen as either a positive or a negative sign by investors."}
{"prompts":"Does a Single Member LLC Need an Operating Agreement?","response":"A handful of states require all LLC's to have an operating agreement, even if they have only one member. These include New York, Missouri, and California. In the other states, it is not required, but it is strongly encouraged, since they can protect the members from problems that the LLC may encounter."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Can Increase Inherent Risk?","response":"Factors that can increase inherent risk include subjective estimates, non-routine transactions, and the use of complex financial instruments. Generally, the more complicated a company\u2019s business model and transactions are, the higher the inherent risk is."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Retail Bank?","response":"U.S. Bank and Bank of America are two examples of retail banks because they provide consumer banking products like checking and savings accounts, mortgages, personal loans, credit cards, and certificates of deposit (CDs)."}
{"prompts":"What Vision Insurance Does Costco Take?","response":"Costco's website states it \"now accepts most vision insurance plans\" for its vision care services."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Transaction Fees?","response":"You can avoid transaction fees by paying for a purchase with cash. However, if you are using a credit card, there will be a per-transaction fee charged to the merchant. If the merchant does not want to pay the fee, they may raise their prices so customers would effectively be subsidizing the fee."}
{"prompts":"How Does Risk Control Differ from Risk Management?","response":"Risk control is a subset of risk management. While risk management is the overarching process of identifying, assessing, and prioritizing risks to an organization, risk control focuses specifically on implementing strategies to mitigate or eliminate the identified risks. Risk management typically involves the development of an overall risk management plan, whereas risk control addresses the techniques and tactics employed to minimize potential losses and protect the organization."}
{"prompts":"Who Helps an Investor Trade on the Stock Market?","response":"Stockbrokers act as intermediaries between the stock exchanges and the investors by buying and selling stocks. Portfolio managers are professionals who invest portfolios, or collections of securities, for clients. Investment bankers\u00a0represent companies in many different ways, such as helping private companies that want to go public via an IPO or planning for mergers and acquisitions."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Quality Control Important?","response":"Quality control ensures that defective goods do not go out to the public. Companies that have quality control methods in place often have employees who pay close attention to their work.In food and drug manufacturing, quality control prevents products that make customers sick, and in manufacturing, quality control can ensure that accidents don't happen when people use a product."}
{"prompts":"Can Stock Screeners Be Used for International Market Analysis?","response":"Yes, stock screeners can be used for international market analysis. Many platforms offer the capability to filter stocks based on global exchanges."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Choose Their Fiscal Year End?","response":"Most companies choose their fiscal year-end based on the seasonality of their business. Some businesses are seasonal while others transact the same amount of business throughout the year. Businesses generally choose their fiscal year based on the period when they receive the most profit. For example, a business that earns most of its profit after the Christmas holiday season may choose to end its fiscal year right after."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Quantitative Analysis and Fundamental Analysis?","response":"While both rely on the use of math and numbers, fundamental analysis takes a broader approach by examining the intrinsic value of a security. It dives into a company's financial statements, industry position, the competence of the management team, and the economic environment in which it operates. By evaluating factors like earnings, dividends, and the financial health of a company, fundamental analysts aim to ascertain the true value of a security and whether it is undervalued or overvalued in the market. This form of analysis is more holistic and requires a deep understanding of the company and the industry in which it operates."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Default on a Fixed-Income Security?","response":"Default is the failure to make required interest or principal repayments on a debt, whether that debt is a loan or a security. Individuals, businesses, and even countries can default on their debt obligations.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Trading Account?","response":"With a trading account, you run some risks you wouldn't encounter with regular brokerage cash accounts. For instance, trading on margin increases your risk of loss because of the leverage used, and you may encounter interest charges on your margin funds as well. Plus, you risk margin calls and securities liquidation as a day trader with a margin account."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Weighted Average Cost of Equity?","response":"A company's weighted average cost of equity measures the cost of equity proportionally across the types of equity. Instead of taking the simple average cost across all types of equity (i.e. common shares, preferred shares, etc.), the weighted average cost of equity proportionally considers the equity value of each type of equity. To calculate the weighted average cost of equity, multiple by the cost of any given specific equity type by the percentage of capital structure it represents."}
{"prompts":"What Does Insurtech Mean?","response":"Insurtech is a combination of \"insurance\" and \"technology\". It is an emerging industry that utilizes technology and modern innovations to change how traditional insurance is performed."}
{"prompts":"Is the October Effect Real?","response":"The data suggest that it isn't. But some people seem to believe in it, perhaps because many of the events that happened long ago (such as the 1987 Black Monday crash) were significant at the time. Because there is a psychological bias toward predicting a negative outcome for this month, there is potential for some investors to be fearful of an October downturn."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Times Interest Earned Ratio of 0.90 to 1 Mean?","response":"The times interest earned ratio shows how many times a company can pay off its debt charges with its earnings. If a company has a ratio between 0.90 and 1, it means that its earnings are not able to pay off its debt and that its earnings are less than its interest expenses."}
{"prompts":"How Accurate Is the Rule of 72?","response":"The Rule of 72 formula provides a reasonably accurate, but approximate, timeline\u2014reflecting the fact that it's a simplification of a more complex logarithmic equation. To get the exact doubling time, you'd need to do the entire calculation.The precise formula for calculating the exact doubling time for an investment earning a compounded interest rate of r% per period is:To find out exactly how long it would take to double an investment that returns 8% annually, you would use the following equation:T = ln(2) \/ ln (1 + (8 \/ 100)) = 9.006 yearsAs you can see, this result is very close to the approximate value obtained by (72 \/ 8) = 9 years."}
{"prompts":"Who Introduced Participatory Notes in India?","response":"Participatory notes were introduced in India in 2000 by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) to allow foreign investors (financial institutions and high-net-worth individuals) access to the Indian financial markets without having to register as a foreign institutional investor (FII)."}
{"prompts":"Are Hurricanes Usually Part of Homeowners Insurance?","response":"You may have to get separate flood insurance and windstorm insurance to cover hurricane damage. These policies may not be part of homeowners insurance, however some policies may include windstorm insurance. Most standard homeowners insurance won't cover flood damage."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should Be Saved in an Emergency Fund?","response":"Most financial experts recommend that people contribute to an emergency savings fund to cover things like mortgage\/rent payments, other bills, and basic needs in the case of a job loss, health emergency, or other crisis. While there is no consensus on exactly how much to save in an emergency fund, many advocate for at least 3-6 months' worth of living expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Types of Special Economic Zones?","response":"Some of the most common types of special economic zones are free-trade zones, export processing zones, industrial parks, and specialized zones. Many of these offer users tax incentives, such as exemption on duties and other fees, and access to foreign direct investment."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Trust Stop Someone From Squandering an Inheritance?","response":"A trust that can safeguard an inheritance is referred to as a spendthrift trust. It contains provisions that prevent a potentially spendthrift beneficiary from taking their entire inheritance at once and wasting all the money or assets. The trust apportions bequests in smaller increments, typically over a period of years. The beneficiary doesn't have a great deal of money to spend or waste at any particular time.These trusts can also offer some protection from creditors."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Drawbacks of Cost Accounting?","response":"Cost-accounting systems ,and the techniques that are used with them, can have a high start-up cost to develop and implement. Training accounting staff and managers on esoteric and often complex systems takes time and effort, and mistakes may be made early on. Higher-skilled\u00a0accountants\u00a0and\u00a0auditors\u00a0are likely to charge more for their services when evaluating a cost-accounting system than a standardized one like GAAP."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Third-Party Insurance?","response":"Third-party insurance is a form of liability insurance. It offers the insured coverage for injury or damage they have caused to another person or business. Without third-party insurance, a person or business could end up paying extremely high damages to someone they have injured, whether or not the injury was intentional."}
{"prompts":"When Did Usury Become Illegal?","response":"Usury has a long history. It has primarily become illegal to prevent individuals from predatory loan practices; situations in which people need to borrow money but are charged a high interest rate, often resulting in difficulty paying back the loan with interest and\/or financial ruin. Usury is also not permitted in many religions, which has had an impact on its legality in society."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Companies Are Attractive for LBOs?","response":"Equity firms typically target mature companies in established industries for leveraged buyouts rather than fledgling or more speculative industries. The best candidates for LBOs typically have strong, dependable operating cash flows, well-established product lines, strong management teams, and viable exit strategies so that the acquirer can realize gains."}
{"prompts":"How Are Market Segments Used?","response":"Commonly used in marketing strategies, market segments help companies optimize their products and services to suit the needs of a given segment. Market segments are often used to identify a target market."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Fiscal Year?","response":"The U.S. government's fiscal year begins on Oct. 1 and ends on Sept. 30. Companies that rely on contracts from the government also may structure their fiscal years to end in late September. Conversely, many tech companies experience strong sales volumes during the first half of the year, which can explain why, in many cases, their fiscal years will end in late June."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Ticker Symbol?","response":"Stock symbols are called tickers because they first appeared as imprints on tickertape transmitted by telegraph from stock exchanges to investors around the country. This name persisted, even after physical tickertape was replaced by more modern technologies."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a GDR?","response":"One example of a GDR is the American oil and gas company, Phillips 66 (NYSE: PSX). In addition to trading domestically, it has depositary receipts listed on exchanges in Brazil (P1SX34), France (R66), Vienna (PSXC), and London (0KHZ.L), among others."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Deposit Multiplier Relate to the Money Supply?","response":"The deposit multiplier is an indicator of how much a bank's lending activity can add to the money supply. Essentially, banks multiply deposits throughout the country by lending money to borrowers who then deposit the money in their own bank accounts. The deposit multiplier represents the amount of money that can be created based on a single unit held in reserve. The higher the Fed's reserve requirement, the smaller the deposit multiplier, and the less of an increase in deposits created through lending."}
{"prompts":"What Benefits Do HNWIs Get?","response":"HNWIs are highly sought-after clients for wealth managers. They generally qualify for personalized managed investment accounts instead of regular mutual funds.\u00a0They also qualify for estate planning and tax planning as well as portfolio management services."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Black Box Model vs. the White Box Model?","response":"In the field of artificial intelligence, a black box model uses a machine-learning algorithm to make predictions while the explanation for that prediction remains unknowable and untraceable.A white box model attempts to incorporate restraints that make the machine learning process more transparent.Transparency, or \"interpretability,\" could be an ethical and legal objective in models used in healthcare, banking, or insurance, among other industries."}
{"prompts":"Does Bitcoin Mining Actually Pay?","response":"It depends on your mining setup and the costs you've incurred to begin mining. It can take years to recoup your costs and start making a profit. However, if you're not worried about costs and profit but only about what you'll get per day, a modern high-end gaming PC can generate about $1 per day before considering electricity and other costs."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Company Defaults on Its Bonds?","response":"If a company goes bankrupt and defaults on its bonds, bondholders have a claim on that company's assets. But the type of bond, whether that's secured or unsecured, will determine the priority of a bondholder's claim. A company going through bankruptcy will also have other creditors. Ultimately, claims on the company's assets will be sifted through in bankruptcy court."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hong Kong Ranked in the Financial Market?","response":"According to the Global Financial Centres Index 34, published in Sept. 2023, Hong Kong ranks fourth in a list of the top global financial centers, behind New York, London, and Singapore."}
{"prompts":"What Steps Should Companies Take to Start a Wellness Program?","response":"Companies looking to start a wellness program should poll their employees on the perks they find most beneficial. While a younger company base may prefer wellness programs such as subsidized gym memberships, more established corporations may prefer health screenings or mental health benefits such as access to free therapy, counseling sessions, or otherwise."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Strong BATNA?","response":"A BATNA, or Best Alternative to Negotiated Agreement, is the best option in the view of one party in a negotiation if the talks break down. A strong BATNA gives that party a reasonably attractive alternative to negotiation. If an agreement cannot be reached the BATNA can be implemented with minimal disruption."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bond?","response":"A bond is a debt security, like an IOU. When you purchase a bond, you are lending money to the issuer in exchange for periodic interest payments and the return of the bond's face value when it matures."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Risky Loan-to-Deposit Ratio?","response":"Market practices would indicate that a loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) that is above 80% is risky. This signals that a bank has low liquidity and could have difficulty paying its depositors their funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is Military Base Pay?","response":"Military base pay\u2014also known as basic pay\u2014refers to the standard compensation amount received by U.S. military members. Military base pay represents the biggest part of a member's total compensation and excludes other forms of compensation, such as housing and food allowances. Active duty pay is based on the member's pay grade and their number of years of service."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Ordinary Annuity and an Annuity Due?","response":"An ordinary annuity generates payments at the end of the annuity period, while an annuity due is an annuity with the\u00a0payment expected or paid at the start of the payment period."}
{"prompts":"What Technologies Do Arbitrageurs Use?","response":"Arbitrageurs often use specialized trading software designed for algorithmic trading. This software can process real-time market data, analyze that data, and execute trades very quickly after doing so. Also, many arbitrageurs use custom-built systems tailored to their specific trading strategies. These systems often have powerful processors and high-speed internet connections to minimize trade execution time. Cloud computing and data analytics are crucial since traders often need to store, process, and analyze large datasets when looking for arbitrage prospects across global markets."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Beneficiary Taxed on IRD That's a Required Minimum Distribution?","response":"Just as the decedent would have been. For example, an RMD from a traditional IRA would have been reported by the decedent as regular income and taxed as such. The beneficiary will report the RMD in the same way and will owe tax that corresponds to their income tax bracket."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Hawk and Dove Theory in Economics?","response":"The hawk and dove theory in economics seeks to place economic policymakers into one of two buckets: doves and hawks. Doves seek an expansionary monetary policy, keeping interest rates low and pursuing a policy of quantitative easing. Hawks, on the other hand, seek a contractionary monetary policy, keeping interest rates high and avoiding quantitative easing."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Return on Investment (ROI)?","response":"Return on investment (ROI) is calculated by dividing the profit earned on an investment by the cost of that investment. For instance, an investment with a profit of $100 and a cost of $100 would have an ROI of 1, or 100% when expressed as a percentage. Although ROI is a quick and easy way to estimate the success of an investment, it has some serious limitations. ROI fails to reflect the time value of money, for instance, and it can be difficult to meaningfully compare ROIs because some investments will take longer to generate a profit than others. For this reason, professional investors tend to use other metrics, such as net present value (NPV) or the internal rate of return (IRR)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Horizontal Analysis and Vertical Analysis?","response":"The primary difference between vertical analysis and horizontal analysis is that vertical analysis is focused on the relationships between the numbers in a single reporting period, or one moment in time. Horizontal analysis looks at certain line items, ratios, or factors over several periods to determine the extent of changes and their trends."}
{"prompts":"What Is Time and Tick in Trading?","response":"Time and tick is a way to determine if a margin call should be issued. With this method, only open positions are used to calculate a day trade margin call."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Supply Curve?","response":"A supply curve illustrates the relationship between prices and supply. As the price rises for a particular good or service, the more of it producers will be motivated to provide.When a demand curve and a supply curve for a particular item are overlaid on the same graph, the point at which they intersect is referred to as the equilibrium point. That's the price at which the quantity consumers are willing to buy and the quantity producers are willing to deliver are perfectly matched."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Duopoly?","response":"The two main types of duopoly: the Cournot duopoly and Bertrand duopoly.The Cournot duopoly model states that the quantity of goods or services produced structures the competition among the two companies in an industry. According to the model, the two companies decide collaboratively to split the market between one another. If one company alters its production levels, the other company must also alter its production to maintain the equilibrium of a 50\/50 split of the market.On the other hand, the Bertrand duopoly model states that it is price and not production quantity that structures the competition between the two firms. The model posits that consumers will choose the lower-priced product when given two choices of equal quality. This implies that the two companies in the duopoly will engage in a price war to gain market share."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Defense Strategies Against Hostile Takeovers?","response":"Target firms that face hostile takeovers have different strategies available to them, including the white knight, poison pill, golden parachute, crown jewel, or a pac-man defense."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Stocks and Securities?","response":"Stocks, or equity shares, are one type of security. Each stock share represents fractional ownership of a public corporation, which may include the right to vote for company directors or to receive a small slice of the profits. There are many other types of securities, such as bonds, derivatives, and asset-backed securities."}
{"prompts":"What's a Limitation of Incremental Analysis?","response":"One aspect that companies must be aware of is the potential for cost assumptions to be wrong. Every effort must be made to make correct cost estimates so that the choice of an opportunity that a business ultimately makes doesn't affect the company negatively."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered Investment Grade?","response":"Investment grade is considered to be rated BBB- or higher for Fitch and S&P Global. Investment grade for Moody\u2019s is considered Baa3 or higher."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Labor Force Participation Rate Declining?","response":"The participation rate has steadily declined since the late 1990s, largely due to the retirement of baby boomers and other significant demographic changes. In 2020, there was a sharp drop in labor participation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which shuttered many businesses and forced many people to temporarily leave the workforce."}
{"prompts":"What Does ESG Mean for a Business?","response":"Adopting ESG principles means corporate strategy focuses on environment, social, and governance. This means taking measures to lower pollution, and CO2 output, and reduce waste. It also means having a diverse and inclusive workforce, at the entry level and the board of directors."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Request Your Credit Report?","response":"By law you're entitled to a free copy of your credit report at least once a year from each of the three major credit bureaus. The official website for all three is AnnualCreditReport.com. Note that if you find any errors in a credit report\u2014particularly ones that might be damaging to your credit score\u2014you can dispute that information with the credit bureau. It is required to investigate the matter and report back to you on its findings."}
{"prompts":"What Happens at the End of a Decreasing Term Life Policy?","response":"At the end of a decreasing term life policy, it terminates along with the death benefit coverage."}
{"prompts":"How Are Convertible Bonds Valued?","response":"A convertible bond is a debt instrument that has an embedded option that allows investors to convert the bonds into shares of the company's common stock. Convertible bond valuations take a multitude of factors into account, including the variance in underlying stock price, the conversion ratio, and interest rates that could affect the stocks that such bonds might eventually become. At its most basic, the convertible is priced as the sum of the straight bond and the value of the embedded option to convert."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Unearned Income?","response":"Unearned income includes interest from savings, certificates of deposit (CDs), or other bank accounts, bond interest, alimony,\u00a0capital gains, and dividends from stock. Income from retirement accounts, Social Security benefits, inheritances, gifts, welfare payments, rental income, and annuities are all also classified as unearned income."}
{"prompts":"Is Deferred Compensation a Good Idea?","response":"Nobody turns down a bonus, and that's what deferred compensation is.A rare exception might occur if an employee feels that the salary offer for a job is inadequate and merely looks sweeter when the deferred compensation is added in. In particular, a younger employee might be unimpressed with a bonus that won't be paid until decades down the road.In any case, the downside is that deferred compensation cannot be accessed for years, normally until the employee retires.For most employees, saving for retirement via a company's 401(k) is most appropriate. However, high-income employees may want to defer a greater amount of their income for retirement than the limits imposed by a 401(k) or IRA."}
{"prompts":"How serious is a bounced check?","response":"If you write a check for an amount that you had insufficient funds to cover, your bank will most likely charge you a non-sufficient funds (NSF) fee as well as potentially an overdraft fee. The business to which you wrote the bounced check may also levy a charge against you for the lack of payment. Other consequences of a bounced check include businesses refusing to accept your checks, a reduction of your credit score, and possibly even legal trouble."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Reconcile Outstanding Checks with My Bank Statement?","response":"To reconcile outstanding checks with your bank statement, compare the checks issued but not yet cleared with the information provided on the statement, ensuring that both records align. On your reconciliation sheet, outstanding checks are often subtracted from your balance per bank because these withdrawals have not yet happened but are simply a timing matter."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Redlining Discriminatory?","response":"Redlining is a discriminatory practice because it puts services\u2014usually financial services\u2014out of reach for residents of certain areas based on race or ethnicity. Evidence of redlining can be observed in the systematic denial of mortgages, insurance, loans, and other financial services based on location rather than on the individual\u2019s qualifications and creditworthiness. Black inner-city neighborhoods were most likely to be redlined."}
{"prompts":"What Are Positive Network Effects?","response":"A product or service exhibits a positive network effect when the value of the product or service increases as the number of users increases."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Fiduciary Duties Owed to Shareholders?","response":"Since corporate directors can be considered fiduciaries for shareholders, they possess the following three fiduciary duties:Duty of care requires directors to make decisions in good faith for shareholders in a reasonably prudent manner.Duty of loyalty requires that directors should not put other interests, causes, or entities above the interest of the company and its shareholders.Finally, duty to act in good faith requires that directors choose the best option to serve the company and its stakeholders."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Net Exports?","response":"For a given period, net exports = total exports - total imports"}
{"prompts":"Who Did Jesse L. Livermore Influence?","response":"Noting Livermore's experiences chronicled in the book, Reminiscences of a Stock Operator by Edwin Lefevre, William J. O'Neil, the founder of\u00a0\"Investor's Business Daily,\" wrote, \"in my 45 years of experience in this business, I have only found 10 or 12 books that were of any real value and Reminiscences\u00a0is one of them.\" Today, many in the market know Jesse Livermore from the\u00a0pseudonymous Twitter account\u00a0of the same name where the strategies of Jesse Livermore are discussed and advised."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Underbanked Customer?","response":"An underbanked customer is someone who has a bank account but often relies on alternative sources, such as money orders, check-cashing services, and payday loans, to manage finances."}
{"prompts":"What Is Long Straddle Using Implied Volatility?","response":"Many traders suggest using the long straddle to capture the anticipated rise in implied volatility by initiating this strategy in the period leading up to the event but closing it before the occurrence of the event. This method attempts to profit from the increasing demand for the options themselves."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word for Grace Period?","response":"Grace periods are sometimes referred to as \"forgiveness periods,\" although this is a misnomer. Debt obligations are not forgiven during grace periods, they are simply postponed for a short period of time.Grace periods should not be confused for deferments or moratoriums, which are time periods in which a lender allows the borrower to miss payments due to hardships or other reasons."}
{"prompts":"How Is Binomial Distribution Used?","response":"This distribution pattern is used in statistics but has implications in finance and other fields. Banks may use it to estimate the likelihood of a particular borrower defaulting, how much money to lend, and the amount to keep in reserve.\u00a0It\u2019s also used in the insurance industry to determine policy pricing and assess risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the European Union (EU) and the Eurozone?","response":"The European Union (EU) is a political and economic grouping of 27 countries committed to shared democratic values. Eight of these countries do not use the euro, leaving 19 nations in the so-called eurozone, who share the common currency."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Retail Sales Important?","response":"Retail sales are seen as a stand-in for consumer spending, and by extension, can be seen as a key measure of the health\u00a0of the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is Excluded From the Operating Profit?","response":"Revenue created through the sale of assets is not included in the operating profit figure, except for any items created for the explicit purpose of being sold as part of the core business. In addition, interest earned from cash such as checking or money market accounts is not included, nor does it account for any debt obligations that must be met. Finally, it does not include investment income generated through a partial stake in another company."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ad Valorem Taxes Used For?","response":"Ad valorem taxes are levied for different purposes. With property taxes, the income is generally used to fund local government projects such as schools and parks."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Penny Stocks on Robinhood?","response":"You can find penny stocks on Robinhood using the search function, and setting a filter for only those companies trading for less than $5 per share. Note that since Robinhood does not charge commissions, penny stock trades can be potentially more profitable than a commission-based broker."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Prime Loan and a Subprime Loan?","response":"Because subprime borrowers are riskier, they carry higher interest rates than prime loans. The specific amount of interest charged on a subprime loan is not set in stone. Different lenders may not evaluate a borrower\u2019s risk in the same manner. This means a subprime loan borrower has an opportunity to save some money by shopping around. Still, by definition, all subprime loan rates are higher than the prime rate."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Normal Distribution Called \"Normal?\"","response":"The normal distribution is technically known as the Gaussian distribution, however, it took on the terminology \"normal\" following scientific publications in the 19th century showing that many natural phenomena appeared to \"deviate normally\" from the mean. This idea of \"normal variability\" was made popular as the \"normal curve\" by the naturalist Sir Francis Galton in his 1889 work, Natural Inheritance."}
{"prompts":"How Does Taxation Differ for Non-Resident and Resident Aliens?","response":"The main difference lies in how non-resident and resident aliens are taxed. For example, a resident alien can use foreign tax credits, whereas a non-resident cannot. However, in general, a resident alien is subject to the same taxes as a U.S. citizen, while a non-resident alien only pays tax on domestic income that is generated within the U.S., not including capital gains. Resident aliens are required to report worldwide income from sources both within and outside the United States. Income is reported using Form 1040. Non-resident aliens, on the other hand, report domestic income using Form 1040NR or Form 1040NR-EZ."}
{"prompts":"What Is Karl Marx Best Known for?","response":"Karl Marx is best known for his theories that led to the development of Marxism. His ideas also served as the basis for communism. His books, Das Kapital and The Communist Manifesto, formed the basis of Marxism."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Rule of 70 and the Rules of 69 or 72?","response":"The Rule of 72 or the Rule of 69 may also be used. The function is the same as the rule of 70 but uses 72 or 69, respectively, in place of 70 in the calculations. The Rule of 69 is often considered more accurate when addressing continuous compounding processes, and 72 may be more accurate for less frequent compounding intervals."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Red, Green, Black, and White Candlesticks?","response":"A read candlestick is one where the price closes lower than the opening. Green, black, and white candlesticks are all the same thing, where the price closes higher than the open. The difference in colors is due to different programs, but the candlesticks mean the same thing."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Liabilities That Individuals or Households Have?","response":"Like businesses, an individual's or household's net worth is taken by balancing assets against liabilities. For most households, liabilities will include taxes due, bills that must be paid, rent or mortgage payments, loan interest and principal due, and so on. If you are pre-paid for performing work or a service, the work owed may also be construed as a liability."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate DCF?","response":"Calculating the DCF involves three basic steps. One, forecast the expected cash flows from the investment. Two, select a discount rate, typically based on the cost of financing the investment or the opportunity cost presented by alternative investments. Three, discount the forecasted cash flows back to the present day, using a financial calculator, a spreadsheet, or a manual calculation."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find an Open House?","response":"You can find listings via online real estate marketplaces, on social media, and by simply calling local realtors and asking them about upcoming open houses in your area."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Current Unemployment Rate in the United States?","response":"The unemployment rate in the United States is 3.8% as of March 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Benefits Do Credit Unions Offer?","response":"Normally, credit unions offer higher rates on interest-bearing accounts, lower rates on loans, lower fees, and a more personal touch when it comes to customer service."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Mode and Mean?","response":"The mode is the number in a set of numbers that appears the most often. The mean of a set of numbers is the sum of all the numbers divided by the number of values in the set. The mean is also known as the average."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balanced Scorecard and How Does It Work?","response":"A balanced scorecard is a strategic management performance metric that helps companies identify and improve their internal operations to help their external outcomes. It measures past performance data and provides organizations with feedback on how to make better decisions in the future."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Firms Engage in Proprietary Trading?","response":"Financial institutions engage in proprietary trading as a way of benefitting from perceived competitive advantages and maximizing their profits. Since proprietary trading uses the firm's own money rather than funds belonging to its clients, prop traders can take on greater levels of risk without having to answer to clients."}
{"prompts":"Are Electric Vehicles Considered a Part of Infrastructure?","response":"The Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) provides funding to develop the country\u2019s EV-charging infrastructure and install 500,000 publicly accessible charging stations compatible with all vehicles and technologies by 2030."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Back-End Ratio Requirements?","response":"Typically, lenders want to see a back-end ratio of at least 36%, although some lenders may allow for a higher back-end ratio. For example, some lenders may allow for a maximum back-end ratio of 43%."}
{"prompts":"What is on the horizon for leveraged buyback regulation?","response":"In the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 there is a 1% excise tax on buybacks exceeding $1 million as of Jan. 1, 2023. President Biden also announced in his Feb. 2023 State of the Union address that he would propose quadrupling the tax on corporate stock repurchases, although this is yet to be officially announced and it is unclear whether it would apply to leveraged buybacks specifically."}
{"prompts":"What Degree Do You Need to Be an Investment Banker?","response":"Educational requirements for investment bankers usually include an MBA from a top-notch institution, and some may have an advanced degree in mathematics. They may also need the chartered financial analyst (CFA) designation, which is offered by the CFA institute."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Derived Demand Significant?","response":"Demand for a good or service affects demand for a related good or service and the raw materials, labor, technology, and processed materials used to produce the related product or service. In addition, with an increased demand for raw materials, international trade may be created or boosted, and indirectly, as production increases, demand for energy increases. Companies can anticipate and plan for demand shifts when demand for a related or complimentary product or service changes."}
{"prompts":"How Do Pensions Pay Out?","response":"Pensions can pay out in a few different ways, primarily depending on what is agreed upon with your employer or what is stipulated in the legal docs. Most commonly, a pension pays out a fixed monthly sum. It is also possible to receive the entire pension as a lump sum."}
{"prompts":"How Much Did James Clark Make From Netscape?","response":"James Clark received a $1.2 billion settlement for the sale of Netscape to AOL in 1998."}
{"prompts":"What Does the HGB Regulate in the Context of Commercial Activities?","response":"The HGB regulates aspects like business formation, management, accounting, financial reporting, contracts, and liability in commercial activities, creating a legal framework for businesses to operate within."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Kiddie Tax?","response":"The kiddie tax was created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986 to stop parents from registering income-producing investments in their children\u2019s name to pay fewer taxes. Income received from investments is generally taxed at ordinary income tax rates, which is based on how much an individual earns."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Present Value and Future Value?","response":"Present value and future value simply indicate the value of an investment looking forward or looking back. The two concepts are directly related, as the future value of a series of cash flows also has a present value. For example, a present value of $1,000 today may be equal to the future value of $1,200 today.Most often, investors and analysts will know one value and try to solve for the other. For instance, if you buy a stock today for $100 that awards a 2% dividend each year, you can calculate the future value. Alternatively, if you want to have $10,000 of future value on hand for a down payment for a car next year, you can solve for the present value."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Qualify As a Guarantor?","response":"Different agreements and different lenders have different requirements for a guarantor. At the minimum, a guarantor will need to have a high credit score without any issues in their credit report. They will also have to have an income that is a certain multiple of the monthly or annual payments."}
{"prompts":"What Is Deflation vs. Value Deflation?","response":"Deflation is when prices drop in an economy, and is the opposite of inflation.Value deflation is actually a response to inflation, whereby higher costs induce producers to cut back on their offerings to customers in some way."}
{"prompts":"Is There an Ideal Payout Ratio?","response":"There is no single number that defines an ideal payout ratio because the adequacy largely depends on the sector in which a given company operates. Companies in defensive industries tend to boast stable earnings and cash flows that are able to support high payouts over the long haul while companies in cyclical industries typically make less reliable payouts, because their profits are vulnerable to macroeconomic fluctuations."}
{"prompts":"Is a Stalking Horse Bid Legally Binding?","response":"Yes. As a stalking horse bid must be approved by a bankruptcy court, it is legally binding."}
{"prompts":"What Effect Did the Emergency Banking Act Have on the Fed?","response":"It changed the dynamic of control over monetary policy because the act granted the president greater power to respond, independent of the Federal Reserve, during a financial crisis."}
{"prompts":"Does Homeowner Association (HOA) Authority Supersede My Rights as Property Owner?","response":"This depends on the state where you live and the covenants, convictions, and restrictions (CC&Rs) that you signed and agreed to when you purchased the property. The homeowner association (HOA) may have the right to impose certain penalties on you if you do not follow their rules, which can effectively restrict your rights as a property owner."}
{"prompts":"What Do T+1, T+2, and T+3 Mean?","response":"T+1, T+2. T+3 are abbreviations commonly used to denote settlement dates for certain financial transactions. The T indicates the transaction date, while the numbers refer to how many days it takes after the transaction to settle. So a T+1 transaction settles one business day after the transaction date while a T+2 and T+3 settle two and three business days later, respectively. If a transaction takes place on a Wednesday, the T+1 settlement date occurs on Thursday. A T+2 transaction initiated on a Friday settles on Tuesday since Saturday and Sunday aren't business days."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Confidence Intervals Used?","response":"Statisticians use confidence intervals to measure uncertainty in a sample variable. For example, a researcher selects different samples randomly from the same population and computes a confidence interval for each sample to see how it may represent the true value of the population variable. The resulting datasets are all different where some intervals include the true population parameter and others do not."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Start a Trust Fund?","response":"In order to set up a trust fund, you'll need to figure out which one is best suited for you, so make sure you figure out the exact purpose of the fund. Then, decide how you'll fund it. Figure out who you want to appoint as your trustee. This person may be able to help you draft up all the documents and go through the legal process. The final step is to fund the trust fund.As with any other financial venture, make sure a trust fund is the best choice for you, your beneficiary, and your financial situation. Also, the country you live in will regulate how to set up a trust and the types of trust allowed."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Impact of the Halloween Massacre?","response":"The announcement caused the value of Canadian income trusts to immediately decline by\u00a012%. The Canadian energy sector was impacted the most and lost approximately 17.85% in value during the 10 days that followed."}
{"prompts":"Is Lockbox Banking Suitable for Small Businesses?","response":"Lockbox banking can be beneficial for businesses of all sizes, including small businesses. It helps small businesses improve their cash flow by accelerating the collection and processing of payments, allowing them to focus on core operations rather than manual payment handling."}
{"prompts":"Is a Sinking Fund a Current Asset?","response":"A sinking fund is not a current asset. It is listed as an asset on a balance sheet but it is not used as a source of working capital so cannot be considered a current asset. A current asset is any asset that can be converted to cash within a year."}
{"prompts":"What Are an Employer's Obligations Under the FCRA?","response":"An employer or potential employer may request an individual's credit report for internal purposes only. The individual must have consented to such a request, and the employer must specify that it is being pulled only for employment purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Punishment for Embezzlement?","response":"A person can be held civilly and criminally responsible for embezzling. Punishments range from monetary fines and restitution to imprisonment."}
{"prompts":"What Is Moral Hazard?","response":"A moral hazard is when someone with an insurance policy is incentivized to cause loss or damage in order to collect on the insurance. For instance, somebody who is terminally ill may seek a life insurance policy knowing it will payout when they pass away soon after acquiring it. Having insurable interest helps minimize moral hazard."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Open a Savings Account?","response":"You can open a savings account by visiting a bank branch with your government-issued ID and any cash or checks you wish to deposit. You will also be asked for your address, contact information, and a Social Security number or taxpayer identification number (TIN). You may have to open a checking account as well as a savings account, and there may be a minimum deposit threshold. It is also possible to open a savings account with an online bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Correspondent Bank?","response":"A correspondent bank is a\u00a0third-party financial institution\u00a0that acts as a go-between for domestic and foreign banks that need to conduct cross-border payments with each other."}
{"prompts":"How Is ROA Used by Investors?","response":"Investors can use ROA to find stock opportunities because the ROA shows how efficient a company is at using its assets to generate profits.A ROA that rises over time indicates the company is doing well at increasing its profits with each investment dollar it spends. A falling ROA indicates the company might have over-invested in assets that have failed to produce revenue growth, a sign the company may be in some trouble. ROA can also be used to make apples-to-apples comparisons across companies in the same sector or industry."}
{"prompts":"What is the Great Gatsby Curve?","response":"The Great Gatsby Curve illustrates the relationship between\u00a0income inequality\u00a0in a country and\u00a0the potential for its citizens to achieve upward mobility. Graphs that depict these two variables suggest a strong positive correlation between inequality and a lack of upward advancement from one generation to the next.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Are the Black-Scholes Model, the Kelly Criterion, and the Kalman Filter Related?","response":"The Black-Scholes Model, Kelly Criterion, and the Kalman Filter are all mathematical systems that can be used to estimate investment returns when some key variables depend on unknown probabilities. The Black-Scholes model is used to calculate the theoretical value of options contracts, based upon their time to maturity and other factors.The Kelly Criterion is used to determine the optimal size of an investment, based on the probability and expected size of a win or loss.The Kalman Filter is used to estimate the value of unknown variables in a dynamic state, where statistical noise and uncertainties make precise measurements impossible."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Nonlinear Example?","response":"A nonlinear relationship is anything that can't be represented by an equation in the form f(x) = ax+b. An example of an equation for a nonlinear relationship is f(x) = x2."}
{"prompts":"How Does Artificial Intelligence (AI) Influence Quantitative Analysis?","response":"Quantitative analysis often intersects with machine learning (ML) and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI). ML and AI can be employed to develop predictive models and algorithms based on the quantitative data. These technologies can automate the analysis process, handle large datasets, and uncover complex patterns or trends that might be difficult to detect through traditional quantitative methods."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some High and Low Profit Margin Industries?","response":"High operating margin sectors typically include those in the services industry, as there are fewer assets involved in the production than an assembly line. Similarly, software or gaming companies may invest initially while developing a particular software\/game and cash in big later by simply selling millions of copies with very little expense. Meanwhile, luxury goods and high-end accessories often operate on high-profit potential and low sales.Operations-intensive businesses such as transportation, which may have to deal with fluctuating fuel prices, drivers\u2019 perks and retention, and vehicle maintenance, usually have lower operating margins. Agriculture-based ventures, too, usually have lower margins owing to weather uncertainty, high inventory, operational overheads, need for farming and storage space, and resource-intensive activities.Automobiles also have low margins, as profits and sales are limited by intense competition, uncertain consumer demand, and high operational expenses involved in developing dealership networks and logistics."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Performance Management and Performance Appraisal?","response":"In performance management, supervisors provide ongoing feedback to employees. Performance appraisals, on the other hand, tend to provide feedback looking back over a certain period, often a year. Companies that practice performance management can include an annual performance review as part of their process, so the two aren't mutually exclusive."}
{"prompts":"What Are Interest Rates on Federal Student Loans?","response":"Direct subsidized loans and direct unsubsidized loans for undergraduates disbursed after July 1, 2023 and before July 1, 2024 have an interest rate of 5.50%. Unsubsidized student loans for graduate students have a 7.05% interest rate. Direct PLUS loans for parents and graduate students have an interest rate of 8.05%, the highest interest rate of all the federal student loans."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Fill Out 1095-C 2021?","response":"You can find the specific instructions to file 1095-C for the 2021 tax year on the IRS website. Note, though, that the information required will be filled in by your employer."}
{"prompts":"Is a certificate of incumbency the same as a corporate resolution?","response":"A corporate resolution, according to Cornell Law School\u2019s Legal Information Institute, is \u201ca written legal document, issued by the board of directors of a corporation, documenting a binding decision made on behalf of the corporation.\u201d Thus, an incumbency certificate is an example of a corporate resolution, but not all corporate resolutions are incumbency certificates."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Find a Company\u2019s EBITA?","response":"If a company doesn\u2019t provide this metric (there\u2019s no legal requirement to do so), you find it by looking at the firm\u2019s financial statements. Look for the earnings, tax, and interest figures on the income statement; the amortization is usually found in the notes to operating profit or on the cash flow statement. A shortcut to calculating EBITA is to start with operating profit, also called\u00a0earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT), then add back amortization."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Advantage of a Monopsony?","response":"The primary advantage of a monopsony goes towards the single buyer in the market, allowing for a controlling advantage that decreases the price levels of the good or service being bought. This reduction in price allows for a reduction in costs that can be passed on elsewhere."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies as PII?","response":"Personally identifiable information is defined by the U.S. government as:\u201cInformation which can be used to\u00a0distinguish or trace an individual\u2019s identity, such as their\u00a0name, social security number, biometric records, etc.\u00a0alone,\u00a0or when\u00a0combined with other personal or identifying information\u00a0which is\u00a0linked or linkable to\u00a0a specific individual, such as date and place of birth, mother\u2019s maiden name, etc.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"Who Is Subject to Regulation B?","response":"Regulation B applies to\u00a0all persons who, in the ordinary course of business, regularly participate in the credit decision of an applicant or borrower, including setting the terms of the credit."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Parts of Industry Analysis?","response":"Performing overall industry analysis requires looking at three things: the overall appeal (or attractiveness) of an industry, both to customers and investors; the factors that determine an individual company's success or failure within an industry; and the wider economic, political, and social forces that influence an industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Under-Collateralized Loan?","response":"An under-collateralized loan is when a loan's collateral is less than its value. Many loans are under collateralized when the lender requires collateral, but that is a risk to the lender. If the borrower defaults on an under-collateralized loan, the lender may not be able to recoup the full amount owed."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Your Withholding Tax?","response":"You can use the Withholding Tax Estimator on the IRS website to determine your withholding tax liability. This tool can help you determine whether you'll get a refund or have to pay taxes, and by how much."}
{"prompts":"What are the costs associated with passive investment?","response":"Passive investing is often less expensive than active investing because fund managers are not picking stocks or bonds. Passive funds allow a particular index to guide which securities are traded, which means there is not the added expense of research analysts.Even passively managed funds will charge fees. Whenever deciding what kind of fund to invest in, investigate the associated costs."}
{"prompts":"Is Chi-Square Analysis Used When the Independent Variable Is Nominal or Ordinal?","response":"A nominal variable is a categorical variable that differs by quality, but whose numerical order could be irrelevant. For instance, asking somebody their favorite color would produce a nominal variable. Asking somebody's age, on the other hand, would produce an ordinal set of data. Chi-square can be best applied to nominal data."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Visibility Important in Business?","response":"Visibility ensures that businesses have the greatest understanding of their financial situation. It allows the business to assess both its short-term and long-term financial status in a much more accurate way, thus resulting in more accurate projections and financial models."}
{"prompts":"What Does Mutually Exclusive Mean in Finance?","response":"Typically, this involves budgeting and payments. If a company has $180 million to spend, it cannot spend that $180 million both by reinvesting in the business and offering bonuses to upper management. In this case, those two options are mutually exclusive. If the company can only retain licensing in a single country, that means they should not attempt to be licensed in two separate countries as they are mutually exclusive."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Reasons for Value Deflation?","response":"The primary reason for value deflation is the increase in production costs, but without wanting to pass these costs directly on to consumers in the form of higher prices. So, they can keep the price the same but reduce the size of the product, as in the case of shrinkflation."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Wizard of Wall Street?","response":"Julian Robertson was a billionaire who made his money in hedge funds and was nicknamed the \"wizard of Wall Street\" due to his investment acumen."}
{"prompts":"Why Is E&O Insurance So Important?","response":"If a client sues your business for errors or mistakes you made or faulty advice you gave, your general liability policy won\u2019t cover the claim. Errors and omissions claims can be very expensive, especially for a small company.\u00a0 If you don\u2019t have E&O insurance, you\u2019ll have to pay for any damages, settlements, and legal fees out of pocket. One large claim could put your company out of business."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Business-to-Consumer Company?","response":"One example of a major B2C company today is Shopify, which has developed a platform for small retailers to sell their products and reach a broader audience online.\u00a0Before the advent of the internet, however, business-to-consumer was a term that was used to describe take-out restaurants, or companies in a mall, for instance. In 1979, Michael Aldrich further utilized this term to attract consumers through television."}
{"prompts":"How Much Down Payment Is Required for a Chattel Loan?","response":"That can depend on the loan, the lender, and your credit score. With the FHA\u2019s Title I loans, for example, borrowers with a credit score above 500 are required to make at least a 5% down payment, while those with lower scores must put down at least 10%."}
{"prompts":"Can Employer Cut Your Retiree Health Benefits?","response":"If your employer provided you with health benefits in your retirement years, be aware that they could potentially cut those benefits under some circumstances. Private sector employers are not required to provide health benefits in retirement years, and if they do they may legally cut back on those benefits unless they promised in writing not to do so."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Public-Private Partnership?","response":"Public-private partnerships can be found in infrastructure projects such as in building toll roads and highways. One example is Canada's 407 Express Toll Route (407 ETR). This 67-mile stretch of highway was a PPP between the provincial government of Ontario and a private consortium that was responsible for the design, construction, financing, and maintenance of the highway with a lease term of 99 years, during which time they are permitted to collect tolls from users of the roadway. However, traffic levels and toll revenues were not guaranteed by the government)."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get a Purchase Money Security Interest (PMSI)?","response":"A PMSI is obtained when a creditor lends money to a borrower and the borrower uses that money to buy goods. In return, the borrower grants the creditor a security interest in those goods should they default on their loan. Different types of collateral or goods have different rules, but the broadest requirements state the secured party must file a UCC-1 to publicly communicate their intention to gain a secured interest in a good. The secured party also may be required to notify other potential secured parties."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between an IRA and an Annuity?","response":"Both an IRA and an annuity can be classified as a qualified account by the IRS, granting certain tax benefits. An individual retirement account (IRA) accumulates value over time and is then drawn down in retirement. An annuity instead converts a lump sum or series of payments into a guaranteed income stream in retirement, often until the death of the annuitant."}
{"prompts":"What Assumptions Does the Poisson Distribution Make?","response":"In order for the Poisson distribution to be accurate, all events are independent of each other, the rate of events through time is constant, and events cannot occur simultaneously. Moreover, the mean and the variance will be equal to one another."}
{"prompts":"What Does Merchant Services Mean on a Bank Statement?","response":"Merchant services providers are financial intermediaries between a bank and its business clients. They may help businesses handle payment processing, cash advances, online transactions, check writing and cashing, or other necessary services to maintain cash flow."}
{"prompts":"Which Philanthropist Has Donated the Most Money?","response":"According to an annual report in Forbes magazine, Warren Buffet has donated the most money, $46.1 billion, over his 91 years, as of January 2022."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Business Sometimes Called a Firm?","response":"The word 'firm' has Latin roots to the word \"signature\", indicating the word may have historically been used to describe the name of a company. In addition, the etymology of the word translates back to \"a business\" or \"a name of a business\"."}
{"prompts":"How Can Warrants Dilute Earnings Per Share (EPS)?","response":"Earnings per share (EPS) is a key metric followed by investors and analysts. It is computed as a company's net income for a certain period divided by the number of shares outstanding. Warrants, however, can have a dilutive effect in that these contracts represent potential new shares that are not yet available. Therefore, fully-diluted EPS is often preferred, which takes into account all potential new shares that could be brought about through warrants, other employee stock compensation, and convertible securities."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called \"Gilt\"?","response":"U.K. government bonds, known as \"gilts\" are termed as such because the original bond certificates had gilded edges, hence the name of \"gilt-edged\" security."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Home Inspection Cost?","response":"The cost of a home inspection can vary by location and by the size and age of the home, among other factors. The real estate website Redfin says that inspections generally cost between $200 and $500, with the average being $336."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)?","response":"There are two common types of MBSs: pass-throughs and collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO). Pass-throughs are structured as trusts in which mortgage payments are collected and passed through to investors. They typically have stated maturities of five, 15, or 30 years.\u00a0CMOs consist of multiple pools of securities which are known as slices, or tranches. The tranches are given credit ratings which determine the rates that are returned to investors."}
{"prompts":"What Is Severance Pay Taxed At?","response":"Severance pay is taxed at the same tax bracket as when you were fully employed and earning the same salary. This is the case if the severance payment is equal to what your salary was. If it is less, then you will be taxed at the appropriate tax bracket."}
{"prompts":"Is a Single-Member LLC Automatically a Disregarded Entity?","response":"Yes, a single-member LLC is automatically a disregarded entity. It can request to be taxed differently."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Purchase an NCD?","response":"NCDs are typically issued by banks and credit unions. They are also traded on the secondary market, which can be accessed through financial brokers."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Brokers Give Up Trades?","response":"The primary reason why brokers give up trades to other brokers is because when a client wants to make a trade, their regular broker is not available, and so another broker must take its place. With the advent of electronic trading and automated trading, the necessity for give-up trades has diminished as clients can make their own trades"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Limited Liability Company?","response":"A limited liability company, commonly referred to as an LLC, is a type of business structure commonly used in the U.S. LLCs can be seen as a hybrid structure that combines features of both a corporation and a partnership. Like a corporation, LLCs provide their owners with limited liability in the event the business fails. But like a partnership, LLCs pass their profits to members so that they are taxed as part of each member\u2019s personal income."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Enrolled Agent Do?","response":"An Enrolled Agent is authorized by the U.S. federal government to represent taxpayers before the IRS. They may also serve as tax advisors, planners, and preparers."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Money Supply Expand or Contract?","response":"Consider a Main Street bank as a microcosm of the economy as a whole. Local people are prospering lately, so they have more money to save. They deposit it in the bank. The bank keeps part of the deposits in a vault but lends most of it out to other individuals and businesses. The loans are repaid with interest, and the bank has more money to loan. Times are good, and the money supply is increasing.But what happens when times are not so good? Bank deposits fall because people are just getting by or, worse, losing their jobs. The bank has less money to lend. In any case, businesses and individuals shy away from big spending due to the poor economy. The money supply decreases."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy Penny Stocks on Fidelity?","response":"You can buy penny stocks on Fidelity by searching for companies that trade for less than $5 per share. Note that those trading penny stocks must first submit a form acknowledging that they understand the risks of penny stock trading."}
{"prompts":"What Is Say's Law of Markets?","response":"Say's Law of Markets is a classical economic theory that states that individuals need to produce and generate income in order to purchase goods and services. According to Say, demand occurs before any production takes place\u2014not because of the income generated. This law addresses how individuals create wealth along with how economic activity works."}
{"prompts":"How Are Cash Flows Different Than Revenues?","response":"Revenue is the income earned from selling goods and services. If an item is sold on credit or via a subscription payment plan, money may not yet be received from those sales and are booked as accounts receivable. These do not represent actual cash flows into the company at the time. Cash flows also track outflows and inflows and categorize them by the source or use."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls Monetary Policy?","response":"Monetary policy is controlled by a central bank, in the United States, this is the Federal Reserve. A central bank controls open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount window\/rate. A country's government is responsible for fiscal policy, such as setting taxes."}
{"prompts":"Does the U.S, Have a High or Low PDI?","response":"The U.S. has a PDI of 40, according to the Power-Distance Index. This relatively low score is seen as reflecting a focus on equal rights. In American business, it concludes, managers rely on individuals and teams and management is accessible to employees. Communication is \"informal, direct, and participative.\""}
{"prompts":"How Does a Reverse Morris Trust Work?","response":"A reverse Morris trust is a strategic way to divest a division tax-free, provided that all legal requirements are met. To undergo a reverse Morris trust, a company will create a new company for this division, then merge it with another company. Importantly, shareholders of the parent company must own over 50% of the newly created company."}
{"prompts":"What Is IRS Publication 946?","response":"IRS Publication 946 is a publication by the IRS that details how to depreciate property. In particular, it explains how to recover the cost of property (such as business equipment or income-producing assets) via deprecation."}
{"prompts":"What Other Factors Go Into Choosing a Bank?","response":"Bank size is another consideration. Large retail banks are often well-known, big-name banks and have locations throughout the U.S., which is convenient if you travel often for work or vacation. You would have easier access to your funds when you're away and may be able to avoid foreign ATM fees.Otherwise, you might find that a smaller bank would offer more personalized customer service and the products you prefer. A community bank, for example, takes deposits and lends locally, which could offer a more personalized banking relationship.Choose a convenient location if you are choosing a bank with a brick-and-mortar location. If you have a financial emergency, you don't want to have to travel a long distance to get cash.See if the bank you are choosing offers other services such as credit cards, loans, and safe deposit boxes. Some banks also offer smartphone apps, which can be useful.Check the fees associated with the accounts you want to open. Banks charge interest on loans as well as monthly maintenance fees, overdraft fees, and wire transfer fees. Some large banks are moving to end overdraft fees in 2022, so that could be an important consideration."}
{"prompts":"What Is More Important: Equity or Efficiency?","response":"Both are important, though they cannot always be achieved simultaneously. Most economies generally strive to get the maximum benefits from the resources at their disposal, which seems like a no-brainer. The issue is making sure those benefits are distributed fairly among all people in society.It\u2019s tricky to keep everyone happy, and opinions vary about which of the two, equity or efficiency, should take precedence\u2014assuming, of course, that they cannot co-exist harmoniously."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Deficit a Problem?","response":"Deficits are problems because they mean you are spending more than you're earning. This applies to individuals, corporations, and governments. Deficits can result in more borrowing, more interest payments, and lower reinvestment, which can be difficult to remedy and lead to lower savings and revenue."}
{"prompts":"Is a Liquidity Trap the Same as a Recession?","response":"A liquidity trap can be a contributing cause of a recession. People save their money instead of spending or investing it. Low interest rates fail to entice them to spend more. The usual monetary policymakers' tactic of lowering interest rates can't solve the problem; rates are already at or near zero. This can spiral into a recession as demand for goods and services decline and producers cut production and jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Must Be Disclosed Under Regulation Z?","response":"Federal Regulation Z requires\u00a0mortgage issuers, credit card companies,\u00a0and other lenders to provide consumers with written disclosure of important credit terms. The type of information that must be disclosed includes details about interest rates and how financing charges are calculated. Lenders are also prohibited from engaging in unfair practices, and they must respond promptly to customer complaints involving billing error disputes."}
{"prompts":"How Many FHLBanks Are There?","response":"The FHLB is not one single bank, but it is a network of 11 regional banks that provide cash to other banks that use it."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between the Effective and Marginal Tax Rate?","response":"An effective tax rate is the average tax rate for an individual or corporate taxpayer. As such, it's the percentage of taxes owed from the taxpayer's annual income. A marginal tax rate, on the other hand, is the total amount of tax levied on different levels of income. This means that a taxpayer's tax rate gets higher as their income rises. Taxpayers are divided into tax brackets under marginal tax systems where the first level of income is charged a lower rate. Any income earned above that incurs a higher rate."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Foreclosure and Pre-foreclosure?","response":"A pre-foreclosure on the house occurs when a notice of default is served after getting court approval. During this phase, a homeowner may be able to negotiate with the lender to preserve the home, usually by paying off their debts. A foreclosure occurs if the lender receives the authority to serve the delinquent borrower a foreclosure eviction notice and then proceeds to hold a public auction to sell the property."}
{"prompts":"Who developed the IS-LM model?","response":"A British economist named John Hicks developed the IS-LM model in 1936, basing it on theories published by another British economist, John Maynard Keynes, only a few months earlier."}
{"prompts":"How Does Liquidity Risk Relate to Market Risk and Credit Risk?","response":"Liquidity risk, market risk, and credit risk are distinct types of financial risks, but they are interrelated. Market risk pertains to the fluctuations in asset prices due to changes in market conditions. Credit risk involves the potential loss from a borrower's failure to repay a loan or meet contractual obligations. Liquidity risk might exacerbate market risk and credit risk. For instance, a company facing liquidity issues might sell assets in a declining market, incurring losses (market risk), or might default on its obligations (credit risk)."}
{"prompts":"Is My Money Safe at a Commercial Bank?","response":"For the most part, yes. Commercial banks are heavily regulated, and most deposit accounts are covered up to $250,000 by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Moreover, commercial and investment banking funds cannot be co-mingled by law."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ROS and Operating Margin?","response":"Return on sales and operating profit margin are often used to describe a similar financial ratio. The main difference between each usage lies in the way their respective formulas are derived. The standard way of writing the formula for operating margin is operating income divided by net sales. Return on sales is extremely similar except the numerator is usually written as earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) while the denominator is still net sales."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Cryptoccurencies Before Bitcoin?","response":"eCash, B-money, Bit Gold, and Hashcash are other early cryptocurrencies that were very influential in Bitcoin's creation."}
{"prompts":"Is a Digital Wallet the Same as a Mobile Wallet?","response":"Though digital wallets and mobile wallets are very similar, they aren't the same. Digital wallets are typically meant for online transactions, whereas mobile wallets are tied to a smartphone or wearable device. Both connect to bank accounts and credit cards for purchasing on the go."}
{"prompts":"Is an Inverted Yield Curve Good or Bad?","response":"An\u00a0inverted yield curve\u00a0occurs when short-term interest rates exceed long-term rates. This isn\u2019t usually a great sign. Historically, an inverted yield curve has been viewed as a signal of a looming recession."}
{"prompts":"What Is an at-the-Opening Order?","response":"An at-the-opening order instructs one's broker to buy or sell a security for their account right at the very beginning of the trading day. If the order cannot be executed at the opening of the market, it will be canceled."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of a Limited Liability Company?","response":"The pros of a limited liability company (LLC) include the protection of personal assets by legally separating the owner's personal assets from their business assets, pass-through taxation, and easier filing taxes. The cons include being more costly to set up and maintain than a general partnership or sole proprietorship, more difficult to transfer ownership, and typically higher taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is Financial Spread Betting?","response":"Spread betting is a way to bet on the change in the price of some security, index, or asset without actually owning the underlying instrument."}
{"prompts":"Do All Debit Cards Have a PIN?","response":"Yes, all debit cards require a PIN number. However, be mindful that not all debit card transactions require the use of a PIN number. The transaction itself, your recent purchasing history, or the vendor purchasing from may influence the security checks implemented by the issuing bank."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can I Carry Forward Capital Losses?","response":"Capital losses can be carried forward indefinitely until fully utilized or exhausted. There is no expiration date for capital loss carryovers."}
{"prompts":"How Is MICR Used in Banks?","response":"The MICR system has been in use since the late 1950s. It was a notable improvement because it allowed for the mechanization of check processing while making it more difficult to commit check fraud. Banks around the globe adopted the system.This is why the format of bank checks is so uniform. It has to be in order for the readers to read the MICR numbers."}
{"prompts":"What happens if I cannot post bail?","response":"Unfortunately, if you are unable to pose bail, you will likely remain in jail until after your case is resolved."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get My 1095-C Tax Form?","response":"Form 1095-C is provided by your employer (if it has 50 or more full-time employees.) It is also available on the IRS website."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Make a Deposit at an ATM?","response":"If you are a bank\u2019s customer, you may be able to deposit cash or checks via one of their ATMs. To do this, you may simply need to insert the checks or cash directly into the machine. Other machines may require you to fill out a deposit slip and put the money into an envelope before inserting it into the machine. Be sure to endorse the back of any checks and note \u201cFor Deposit Only\u201d to be safer."}
{"prompts":"Do Vehicles Qualify for Bonus Depreciation?","response":"Yes, businesses can deduct and depreciate 100% of the cost of a vehicle or truck under bonus depreciation rules. Note that this will be different than Section 179 rules; though a vehicle or truck is often a qualifying asset, it will be subject to a deduction up to a specific dollar amount. Also, luxury vehicles are limited by the luxury automobile limitations in depreciation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Restricted Currency?","response":"Exchange rates can differ within the same country. Some countries have restricted currencies, limiting their exchange to within the countries' borders and often there is an onshore rate and an offshore rate. A more favorable exchange rate can often be found within a country's borders versus outside its borders and a restricted currency has its value set by the government. China is an example of a country that has this rate structure and a currency that is controlled by the government. Every day, the Chinese government sets a midpoint value for the currency, allowing the yuan to trade in a band of 2% from the midpoint."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Prominent Roles in a VC Firm?","response":"Each VC fund is different, but their roles can be divided into roughly three positions: associate, principal, and partner. As the most junior role, associates are usually involved in analytical work, but they may also help introduce new prospects to the firm. Principals are higher-level and more closely involved in the operations of the VC firm's portfolio companies. At the highest tier, partners are primarily focused on identifying specific businesses or market areas to invest in and approving new investments or exits."}
{"prompts":"How Do Affiliate Marketers Get Paid?","response":"Affiliate marketers get paid a commission for referring customers to companies where they make purchases. These commissions can range from less than 1% to 20% or more, depending on the product and level of referral volume. For online campaigns, a customized link or referral code is used to track sales. In this sense, it is a source of passive income since the affiliate can continue to earn money once they have set up their campaign."}
{"prompts":"Are Wire Transfers Immediate?","response":"Most domestic wire transfers are completed within 24 hours. International wire transfers can take a few days. Certain wire transfers, such as those within the same financial institution can often be done immediately."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Research Stocks Before Buying Them?","response":"As an investor researching stocks, you should aim to collect a broad range of information about the company. This includes recent government filings, news articles, press releases, statements or activity on social media, and the company's financial statements. You can also leverage information from other analysts, as professionals may publicly give their opinion about the position of the company. This insight can be used to form your own opinion on future price movement."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for an Indifference Curve?","response":"The formula used in economics for constructing an indifference curve is:\ud835\udc48(\ud835\udc61,\u00a0\ud835\udc66)=\ud835\udc50where:c stands for the utility level achieved on the curve and is constant.t and y are the quantities of two different goods, t and y.Different values of\u00a0c\u00a0correspond to different indifference curves, so if we increase our expected utility, we obtain a new indifference curve that is plotted above and to the right of the previous one."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Give Bonuses?","response":"Companies give bonuses to employees for a variety of reasons, such as to:Encourage certain behavior: Bonuses can be used as an incentive to encourage employees to perform at their best or to achieve certain goals.Reward good performance: Bonuses can be given to recognize and reward employees for exceptional performance or for meeting certain performance targets.Show appreciation\/Boost morale: Bonuses can be given as a way for companies to show appreciation to their employees and boost morale.Retain key employees: Companies may offer retention bonuses to key employees to encourage them to stay with the company, especially during times of economic uncertainty or organizational change.Attract top talent: Companies may offer signing bonuses to top-talent candidates as an incentive to accept a job offer, especially if they are being aggressively pursued by rival firms.Share company success: In addition to rewarding employees, companies may distribute bonuses to shareholders through a special dividend or a bonus issue, which is an offer of free additional shares of the company's stock."}
{"prompts":"What 3 Things Played a Role in the Industrial Revolution?","response":"Technological changes, such as the use of iron and steel, new energy sources such as coal and steam, and the factory system, led to a division of labor and specialization, which increased efficiency."}
{"prompts":"When and Why Did Nixon End the Gold Standard?","response":"President Richard Nixon closed the gold window in 1971 in order to address the country's inflation problem and to discourage foreign governments from redeeming more and more dollars for gold."}
{"prompts":"When Did the U.S. Abandon the Gold Standard?","response":"The U.S. officially stopped using the gold standard in 1971 under President Nixon. At the time, inflation was growing and there was a gold run on the horizon. Nixon's administration ended the dollar convertibility to gold, which ended the Bretton Woods System."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Using the Equity Method?","response":"Using the equity method of accounting provides a more complete and accurate picture of the economic interest one company (the investor) has in another (the investee). This allows for more complete and consistent financial reports over time and gives a more accurate picture of how the investee's finances can impact the investor's."}
{"prompts":"Is Jobless the Same as Unemployed?","response":"According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the labor force is made up of the employed and the unemployed. Those who have jobs are employed. Those who are jobless, looking for a job, and available for work, are unemployed."}
{"prompts":"When Do I Need to File My Income Tax?","response":"For 2023 taxes, filing is due by April 15, 2024. If you need an extension, you must also request it by this date. If your extension is granted, you then have till Oct. 15, 2024, to file your taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is Price Ceiling and Price Floor?","response":"Price ceilings and price floors are the two types of price controls. They do the opposite thing, as their names suggest. A price ceiling puts a limit on the most you have to pay or that you can charge for something\u2014it sets a maximum cost, keeping prices from rising above a certain level.A price floor\u00a0establishes a minimum cost for something, a bottom-line benchmark. It keeps a price from falling below a particular level."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of an Irrevocable Trust?","response":"By placing assets into an irrevocable trust, you give up control and ownership of them. This means they will not be considered part of your estate, which helps to minimize estate tax after you die and avoid the probate process."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Nullify a Voidable Contract?","response":"A contract can be nullified if it contains terms that are considered illegal or unreasonable in a certain jurisdiction. In addition, courts may also invalidate a contract if it is found that either party was incapable of entering a legal contract at the time it was signed. For example, most legal contracts are not enforceable if the signatory has not reached the age of adulthood."}
{"prompts":"Who Approves ISO International Standards?","response":"The ISO standards are internationally agreed upon by experts in the related fields. These are people who know what their industries need, individuals such as manufacturers, sellers, buyers, customers, trade associations, users, or regulators."}
{"prompts":"What Inspired Friedman to Become an Economist?","response":"Friedman, who was born in 1912, said that the Great Depression was of one of the most important factors influencing his decision to become an economist. He\u00a0wanted to investigate the causes and consequences of such widespread economic misery."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Market Value and Intrinsic Value?","response":"Market value equates to the current price of a particular asset. For example, the market price of a share of ABC Company stock may be $50 as of yesterday's market close. It may have a market price (value) of $55 at some point today, depending on buying interest. However, intrinsic value is the true value of the company, as determined using a valuation model."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Lower Quartile of a Data Set?","response":"The best way is to use a spreadsheet and the QUARTILE function. For example, the function \"=QUARTILE(A1:A53,1)\" returns the first (lower) quartile of your dataset."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Equity Method and the Cost Method?","response":"Under the equity method of accounting, dividends are treated as a return on investment. They reduce the value of the investor's shares. The cost method of accounting, however, treats dividends as taxable income."}
{"prompts":"How Are Economic Decisions Made in a Planned Economy?","response":"In a planned economy, important economic decisions are made through a combination of political or administrative bodies. Typically, this involves local administrators communicating their capacity and needs to central authorities, who use that information to create a nationwide economic plan. This plan may go through several rounds of revision before it is submitted to the government or legislature."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in the S&P 500?","response":"The simplest way to invest in the S&P 500 Index (or any other stock market index) is to buy shares of an index fund that targets that index. These funds invest in a cross-section of the companies represented on the index, meaning that the fund's performance should mirror the performance of the index itself."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write Articles of Incorporation?","response":"Articles of incorporation are filed with your state's Secretary of State office. That department provides a form that requests a variety of information about your newly forming corporation. Upon completing the required fields, the form is submit back to the Secretary of State for review. The state agency that reviews the form will contact you should they have any clarifying questions regarding your information."}
{"prompts":"What Is Good About Reducing the Capital Gains Tax Rate?","response":"Proponents of a low rate on capital gains argue that it is a great incentive to save money and invest it in stocks and bonds. That increased investment fuels growth in the economy. Businesses have the money to expand and innovate, creating more jobs.They also point out that investors are using after-tax income to buy those assets. The money they use to buy stocks or bonds has already been taxed as ordinary income, and adding a capital gains tax is double taxation."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Funds Transfer Pricing an Important Tool for Banks?","response":"Funds transfer pricing is a tool that banks and other financial institutions use to help them determine whether their business is profitable. They can also use this tool as a way to evaluate the profitability of different parts of their companies, including product offerings. Not having a system like this in place can lead to mispricing of products and services, and can increase the risk of volatility among other things."}
{"prompts":"What exit strategies can investors use?","response":"Investors can capitalize on gains and reduce risk by using exit strategies such as the 1% rule, a percentage-based exit, a time-based exit, or selling their equity stake in a business to other investors or family members. Investors typically set an exit strategy before entering into an investment, as it helps to manage emotions and determine if there is a favorable risk-return tradeoff."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Line Graphs?","response":"A line graph may be a simple line graph, multiple line graph, or compound line graph. Each type of graph has a varying degree of dependent variables and how the user wishes to display the relationship between these variables."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the difference between tangible and intangible assets?","response":"There are two types of asset categories: tangible and intangible.Tangible assets\u00a0are typically physical assets or property owned by a company, such as computer equipment. Tangible assets are the main type of assets that companies use to produce their product and service.Intangible assets\u00a0don\u2019t physically exist, yet they have a monetary value since they represent potential revenue. A type of intangible asset could be a copyright to a song. The record company that owns the copyright would get paid a royalty each time the song is played.There are various types of assets that could be considered tangible or intangible, some of which are short-term or long-term assets."}
{"prompts":"Is a JD Higher Than a Masters?","response":"While the JD is the only degree necessary to become a professor of law or to obtain a license to practice law, it is not a research degree. However, there are two types of research degrees available to individuals who are interested in studying law. These are the Master of Laws\u00a0(LL.M.) degree, which typically requires a JD as a prerequisite before pursuing study, and the Doctor of Juridical Science\u00a0(SJD\/JSD) degree, which typically requires a Master of Laws as a prerequisite."}
{"prompts":"What Percentage of the U.S. Population Has $2 million?","response":"Surveys find different figures, but the latest information from the U.S. Census Bureau 2021 survey shows that one in 10 households (10%) have a net worth of more than $1.41 million."}
{"prompts":"Do Online Brokers Offer Pre-Market Trading?","response":"Almost all online brokers offer pre-market trading, although the hours differ from one broker to the other. Here's a sample of pre-market trading hours at select online brokers as of Dec. 21, 2021 (note that these hours may be subject to change):TD Ameritrade offers pre-market trading from 7 a.m. EST to 9:28 a.m. EST.At Charles Schwab, pre-market orders can be placed between 8:05 p.m. (on the previous trading day) and 9:25 a.m. EST, and are eligible for execution between 7 a.m. and 9:25 a.m. EST.E*TRADE offers pre-market trading from 7 a.m. EST to 9:30 a.m. EST.Interactive Brokers has pre-trading for its \"IBKR Pro\" accounts from 4 a.m. EST to 9:30 a.m. EST, and for its \"IBKR Lite\" accounts from 7 a.m. EST to 9:30 a.m. EST.At Robinhood, the pre-market trading session is from 9 a.m. EST to 9:30 a.m. EST; trades may still be executed as early as 8:58 a.m. EST.Webull allows pre-market trading from 4 a.m. EST to 9:30 a.m. EST."}
{"prompts":"Does the United States have an HST?","response":"No, the U.S. does not have a federal sales or value-added tax. Most states impose some version of these taxes, but the revenue generated is not nationally distributed."}
{"prompts":"Where Does Profit Come From?","response":"In a capitalist system where firms compete with one another to sell their goods, the question of where profits come from has been one of interest among economists. Karl Marx, for instance, argued that profits arise from surplus labor extracted from workers by business owners. Modern thinkers suggest that profits compensate for the risk that entrepreneurs take on when starting a business. Others argue that profits arise from inefficient markets and imperfect competition."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Supply?","response":"Supply may be broken into total supply, short-term supply, and long-term supply. Each measures the amount of goods available in a market differently, and different agencies may use each set of information differently."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Incidence Rate and a Prevalence Rate?","response":"The prevalence rate is the relative proportion of total cases observed in a population over some period of time.The incidence rate is the rate of new cases observed in a population over some period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Principal-Agent Problem Example?","response":"A common example of the principal-agent problem is that of C-level managers and shareholders. C-level managers may make decisions in their best interest that are not in the best interest of shareholders. This could involve enacting certain policies, making deals with politicians, and so on, that may hurt the company but benefit the manager. Tying the C-level manager's compensation to the performance of the company would be a way to overcome this conflict."}
{"prompts":"What Is Unique About a Retirement Money Market Account?","response":"Money in a retirement money market account is governed by a retirement plan. This can place some limits on what you can do with the money in this type of money market account. For example, it means you can\u2019t withdraw money from your retirement money market account until you have reached a certain age. On the flip side, the money in the account can grow tax-free or tax-deferred, although it shouldn't be left in a money market account for long. You may be able to maximize returns by taking the money and investing it in securities like stocks."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Sell my Shares During a Buyback?","response":"No, you are not required to sell your share back to the company."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When You Default on a Payment?","response":"Your account is ultimately sent to a debt collection agency that tries to recover your outstanding payments when you default on a loan. Defaulting on any payment will reduce your credit score, impair your ability to borrow money in the future, lead to charged fees, and possibly result in the seizure of your personal property."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays for Leasehold Improvements?","response":"Landlords budget and pay for improvements by offering a tenant improvement allowance or through rent discounts. They may also pay by offering the tenant a package of modifications from which they can choose. The tenant is normally responsible for any additional costs that go over the budget."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Buy Norwegian Stocks?","response":"The best way to buy Norwegian stocks is if you are able to trade on the Oslo Stock Exchange. These shares will be the most liquid and your orders will fill the fastest. However, you can still trade Norwegian stocks on markets in the United States by purchasing something called an American Depositary Receipt (ADR). An ADR is a certificate that you purchase on a U.S. exchange that represents a specified number of shares of a foreign company's stock. As of May 12, 2022, there are only three Norwegian companies with ADRs listed on U.S. exchanges: Equinor (EQNR), Idex Biometrics (IDBA), and Opera (OPRA)."}
{"prompts":"How Do Employers Determine Contribution Amounts to a Profit-Sharing Plan?","response":"Employers typically use one of two methods to determine contribution amounts. With a comp-to-comp method, the total amount of compensation given to all employees is calculated. Next, each employee's compensation is divided by the total compensation, yielding a percentage that establishes each employee's portion of the profit. The higher an employee's salary, the greater the percentage of the profits that the person receives. Less commonly, a company may give the same percentage of profits to every employee, regardless of that employee's salary.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Bitcoin Rehypothecation?","response":"There is nothing unique about Bitcoin rehypothecation compared to other securities. Bitcoin rehypothecation is the act of leveraging the asset Bitcoin into debt that is used to finance future investments, though the party taking out the loan on the collateral does not own the Bitcoin. In this example, because Bitcoin is highly volatile, the investor is at greater default risk compared to other securities as a single margin call may unwind all of their positions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Redlining?","response":"Redlining is the now-illegal discriminatory practice of denying credit to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity. Sociologist John McKnight coined the term in the 1960s to describe maps created by the Home Owners\u2019 Loan Corporation (a U.S. government agency) that marked racial and ethnic minority neighborhoods in red, labeling them \u201chazardous\u201d to lenders."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Social Networks Important?","response":"Social networks are important because they allow people to develop relationships that might not be possible due to distances of place and time. They also help boost business productivity when used for public relations, marketing, and advertising purposes."}
{"prompts":"Where Can Socially Responsible Investments Be Made?","response":"They can be made into individual companies that have good social value or through a socially conscious mutual fund or exchange-traded fund (ETF)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Variable Costs?","response":"Common examples of variable costs include costs of goods sold (COGS), raw materials and inputs to production, packaging, wages, commissions, and certain utilities (for example, electricity or gas that increases with production capacity)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Market Value of a Company?","response":"For publicly traded companies, the market value refers to the market capitalization: the market price of shares trading on the stock exchange, multiplied by the circulating number of shares."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Interpret a Stock's Beta?","response":"A Beta of 1.0 for a stock means that it has been just as volatile as the broader market (i.e., the S&P 500 index). If the index moves up or down 1%, so too would the stock, on average. Betas larger than 1.0 indicate greater volatility - so if the beta were 1.5 and the index moved up or down 1%, the stock would have moved 1.5%, on average. Betas less than 1.0 indicate less volatility: if the stock had a beta of 0.5, it would have risen or fallen just half-a-percent as the index moved 1%."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Product Inelastic?","response":"If a price change for a product doesn\u2019t lead to much, if any, change in its supply or demand, it is considered inelastic. Generally, it means that the product is considered to be a necessity or a luxury item for addictive constituents. Examples would be gasoline, milk, and iPhones."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Brokerage Firm Make Money?","response":"Generally, brokerages make money by charging various fees and commissions on transactions they facilitate and services they provide. The online broker who offers free stock trades receives fees for other services, plus fees from the exchanges.Full-service brokerages increasingly charge a so-called wrap fee, an all-in-one charge for all or most services, This is usually 1% to 3% of the amount in the client's account per year and covers advisory services and investment research as well as trading fees."}
{"prompts":"How Did Brexit Change MiFID II in the UK?","response":"Post-Brexit, the U.K. no longer needed to align with EU regulations, including MiFID II. Initially, the U.K. incorporated much of MiFID II into its law, providing needed continuity and stability in its financial markets at a turbulent moment. Since Amsterdam\u2019s stock market took over from London post-Brexit as the top trading market in the EU and U.K., the U.K. has been looking for ways to put its markets front and center in the region. The U.K.\u2019s push has been toward \u201csustainable\u201d deregulation, including the so-called Edinburgh reforms announced in December 2022 and further proposals in December 2023, which some hoped would surgically remove all vestiges of EU rules left in its financial system. Thus far, the U.K.\u2019s room for maneuver has not been as capacious as Brexit promised, given the need to prevent post-2008 backsliding and to remain aligned with global standards to engage in the global market."}
{"prompts":"Is Pareto Efficiency Supported by Perfect or Imperfect Competition?","response":"Pareto efficiency is supported by perfect competition. This is often in contrast to imperfect competition where there is often a greater opportunity for higher returns and better distribution when considering the prospective innovation and growth of the market size."}
{"prompts":"How Do Triangles Work in Technical Analysis?","response":"Triangles are chart patterns used in technical analysis. Named because they look like triangles, these patterns connect the beginning of the upper trendline to the beginning of the lower come. The upper line connects the highs while the lower line connects the lows in that security."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Taxes Owed to the IRS and Tax Amounts on Financial Statements Differ?","response":"On balance sheets, the tax amounts indicate liabilities that affect the organization\u2019s value. Taxes due within 12 months are current liabilities and are designated as income tax payable. Taxes to be paid in the later periods are designated as deferred tax liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Is Share Oversubscription and Undersubscription?","response":"An oversubscription takes place when demand for shares is higher than anticipated. In this kind of scenario, prices can rise significantly. Investors end up receiving a lower amount of shares for a higher price.An undersubscription occurs when demand for shares is lower than a company expects. This situation causes the stock price to drop. This means that an investor gets more shares than they expected at a lower price."}
{"prompts":"Do I Pay More Interest in the Beginning of my Loan or the End?","response":"Amortized loans typically start with payments more heavily weighted toward interest payments."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Retained Earnings on a Balance Sheet?","response":"Retained earnings can typically be found on a company\u2019s balance sheet in the shareholders\u2019 equity section. Retained earnings are calculated through taking the beginning-period retained earnings, adding to the net income (or loss), and subtracting dividend payouts."}
{"prompts":"What Makes You Eligible for Welfare?","response":"Different welfare programs have their own eligibility requirements including meeting income limits, offering proof that you are a U.S. citizen or eligible non-citizen, and providing information about family size."}
{"prompts":"How Do Interest Rate Futures Differ from Traditional Bond Investments?","response":"Interest rate futures are derivative contracts that speculate on the future movements of interest rates, while traditional bond investments involve purchasing debt securities with fixed or variable interest payments. Futures allow for leverage and hedging against interest rate changes, while bonds provide regular income and return of principal at maturity."}
{"prompts":"Can Ethereum Be Converted to Cash?","response":"Yes. Investors who hold the cryptocurrency ETH can use online exchanges such as Coinbase, Kraken, and Gemini for this process. Just set up an account at the exchange, link a bank account, and send ETH to the exchange account from an Ethereum wallet. Place an order on the exchange to sell ETH. Then, once sold, transfer the U.S. dollar proceeds to the linked bank account."}
{"prompts":"Should I Accept the First Salary I'm Offered?","response":"In most cases, it is acceptable to try and negotiate. If you do not succeed, it is unlikely that you will lose the first offer altogether. Moreover, many companies these days expect some degree of negotiation and therefore start with lower offers than they are willing to make."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Dependency Ratio?","response":"A good dependency ratio is a low dependency ratio. A low dependency ratio indicates that there is a sufficient number of people in the workforce that can support the dependent population. Lower dependency ratios typically signify better healthcare for aging adults as well as higher pensions. A high dependency ratio, on the other hand, indicates stress on the economy as the dependent population is too large to be supported by the workforce."}
{"prompts":"Who Created the Idea of Checks and Balances?","response":"The idea of checks and balances, which is a separation of power, was first proposed by the Greek statesman, Polybius, in reference to the government of Ancient Rome. During the Age of Enlightenment, French philosopher, Baron de Montesquieu, discussed in his work, The Spirit of Laws, the need for the separation of powers to prevent despotism."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Trailing Twelve Months (TTM)?","response":"Trailing twelve months' calculations will depend on which financial metric is being considered. In general, TTM calculations will either (1) add up the figures from the previous 12 months (or four quarters) as a sum or (2) take the average or weighted average of the previous 12 months' figures."}
{"prompts":"How Does FINRA Discipline Offenders?","response":"A disciplinary action can be formal or informal. Formal actions can involve a fine, a fine and order for restitution, suspension, or expulsion from the industry. Informal actions can include cautionary letters and orders to fix a particular problem."}
{"prompts":"What is McKinsey?","response":"McKinsey & Co. is a global consulting and accounting firm founded by University of Chicago management professor James O. McKinsey in 1926. The firm specializes in management consulting for a wide range of corporations, governments, and other organizations."}
{"prompts":"How Do Warehouse Lenders Make Money?","response":"Warehouse lenders charge their clients a small fee for funding, similar to an origination fee for a mortgage. They also charge interest for the time period that the money is extended."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate My Net Investment Income Tax?","response":"You can use IRS Form 8960 to calculate your net investment income tax. You can also calculate it yourself by adding together all your investment income and subtracting any related fees and expenses.Then determine your modified adjusted gross income.You pay 3.8% on whichever is less\u2014either your net investment income or the portion of your MAGI that exceeds your tax filing threshold as set by the Internal Revenue Service."}
{"prompts":"Do Utility Patents Expire?","response":"Utility patents are good for up to 20 years. During that time period, the patent holder may have to pay maintenance fees to maintain the patent."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Labor Force Participation Rate Formula Measure?","response":"The labor force participation rate measures a country\u2019s active workforce of people 16 and older. It includes people who have stopped looking for work but still want to work. The official unemployment rate does not count those discouraged workers."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Harvard MBA Cost?","response":"For the 2023-2024 academic year, a Harvard MBA costs approximately $115,000. Of this, approximately $75,000 is tuition, with the rest of the costs related to health insurance, books, supplies, and housing."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Purchase Money Security Interest Under the UCC?","response":"A PMSI under the Uniform Commercial Code is an exception to the first-in-time creditor prioritization rule. The UCC states that creditor priority for secured interests is often dictated by who was the first secured creditor (or the timing of when their interest occurred). The PMSI exception allows for creditors who may not be first to still secure an interest in collateral, should they meet filing requirements."}
{"prompts":"Are FAANG Stocks Hard to Acquire?","response":"No. The FAANG stocks are all easy to acquire, in the sense that they are publicly traded companies with substantial daily trading volumes. They are also routinely included in popular exchange-traded funds (ETFs). However, investors who believe that the FAANG stocks may be overvalued would argue that they are difficult to acquire at an economical price. These investors may be tempted to delay purchasing FAANG stocks, waiting for their valuations to decline."}
{"prompts":"What Does Stabilization Fund Mean?","response":"A stabilization fund is an instrument created by a government that holds funds for the purpose of stabilizing an economy."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of evergreen funding?","response":"Evergreen funding prevents a company from growing too fast and collapsing as a result of that growth. The company knows that the money is available but is prevented from spending it unwisely and hastily."}
{"prompts":"How Fast Is a High-Frequency Trade?","response":"High-frequency trading is fast. It can be as fast as 10 milliseconds. In some cases, it can be even less to execute a large batch of trades."}
{"prompts":"Can Hysteresis Be Mitigated Through Structural Reforms?","response":"Preemptive structural reforms involve anticipating potential sources of hysteresis and implementing changes to enhance the flexibility and resilience of the economy. Labor market reforms, regulatory adjustments, and initiatives promoting innovation can mitigate the impact of economic shocks, though there's usually greater risk in longer-term policies compared to short-term strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Nonce and a Hash?","response":"A nonce is a temporary value used in the process of generating a hash, while a hash is a permanent identifier for a block. A nonce is 32 bits long, while a hash is 256 bits long. \u00a0A nonce is used only once for a particular block, while a hash is unique to the block header and cannot be reversed to obtain the original data. Nonces are used to make it difficult to generate valid hashes, which helps to secure the Bitcoin blockchain."}
{"prompts":"What are the fundamental components of a gap analysis?","response":"Gap analysis must always start with an analysis of a company\u2019s current position. Without understanding where it currently is, a company can\u2019t adequately make a plan to get to where it wants to go. In addition to identifying where it is today and where it wants to be in the future, gap analysis entails crafting a plan with implementation steps that can be tracked and measured to hold change managers accountable."}
{"prompts":"How Does the IRS See Active vs. Passive Participation in Generating Income?","response":"So-called material participation in an activity that generates income is identified as active if it is determined to be regular, continuous, and substantial. This kind of participation must pass the material participation tests devised by the\u00a0IRS. Passive participation that generates income is characterized as the opposite of active\u2014it's activity that is not regular,\u00a0continuous, or substantial."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Don't Pay My NSF Fees?","response":"Customers don't have an option to avoid paying NSF fees, as the bank automatically deducts them from the account."}
{"prompts":"What's an incontestability clause?","response":"It's a consumer protection that prevents insurance companies from ending coverage due to a misstatement by the insured after several years have passed."}
{"prompts":"Can a Store Print Your Credit Card Number on Your Receipt?","response":"Under the federal Fair and Accurate Credit Transaction Act (FACTA), merchants must \"truncate\" your credit or debit card number on electronically printed receipts, showing no more than the last five digits (there is no such limit on handwritten or similar receipts). They are also prohibited from including your card's expiration date. These rules are meant to offer some protection against identity theft."}
{"prompts":"What Are Famous Brands?","response":"Nike, Mcdonald's, Apple, Google, Disney, and Amazon have some of the most recognizable and valuable brands."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Requirements of Adverse Possession?","response":"Although the requirements for adverse possession may vary significantly between jurisdictions, the following are the typical requirements that need to be met:The possession of the property must be continuous and uninterrupted.The occupation must be hostile and adverse to the interests of the true owner, and take place without their consent.The person seeking adverse possession must occupy a property in a manner that is open, notorious, and obvious.Possession of the property must continue for the state's predetermined statutory period, which may vary from three to 30 years.The property must be occupied exclusively by the person seeking adverse possession."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write a Good SWOT Analysis?","response":"Creating a SWOT analysis involves identifying and analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of a company. It is recommended to first create a list of questions to answer for each element. The questions serve as a guide for completing the SWOT analysis and creating a balanced list. The SWOT framework can be constructed in list format, as free text, or, most commonly, as a 4-cell table, with quadrants dedicated to each element. Strengths and weaknesses are listed first, followed by opportunities and threats."}
{"prompts":"Can an Option's Expiration Date Be Extended?","response":"In the standardized world of exchange-traded options, the expiration date is a fixed term and cannot be extended. Once an option reaches its expiration date, it either gets exercised if it is ITM or expires worthless if it is ATM or OTM. There are no provisions for extending the expiration date for these types of options."}
{"prompts":"What Is Goodness-of-Fit in the Chi-Square Test?","response":"The chi-square test whether relationships exist between categorical variables and whether the sample represents the whole. It estimates how closely the observed data mirrors the expected data, or how well they fit."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Endowment Effect Effect Buyers?","response":"The endowment effect doesn't just impact sellers. Buyers are often more willing to sell items for more money than what they would buy that same item for. For this reason, there is naturally dissonance between the prices offered and prices sought after for many types of trades."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Leveraged Buyout (LBO) Work?","response":"A leveraged buyout (LBO) is when one company attempts to buy another company, borrowing a large amount of money to finance the acquisition. The acquiring company issues bonds against the combined assets of the two companies, meaning that the assets of the acquired company can actually be used as collateral against it. Although often viewed as a predatory or hostile action, large-scale LBOs experienced a resurgence in the early 2020s."}
{"prompts":"How Do Weather Derivatives Work?","response":"Weather derivatives work as a contract between a buyer and a seller. The seller of a weather derivative receives a premium from a buyer with the understanding that the seller will provide a monetary amount in case the buyer suffers an economic loss due to adverse weather or if any adverse weather occurs. If no adverse weather event occurs, then the seller makes a profit through the premium paid."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Best Measure of Inflation?","response":"In the U.S., the Consumer Price Index (CPI), which is produced by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), is the most widely used measure of inflation. It influences government policy and the cost of borrowing money. However, like other measures, it isn\u2019t perfect and won\u2019t reflect changing living costs for all.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Taxable Income and Distributable Net Income?","response":"A trust's taxable income includes interest income, dividends, and capital gains, and it subtracts any fees, tax exemptions, and capital losses. For the DNI calculation, capital gains are subtracted back out, while tax exemptions and capital losses are added back in."}
{"prompts":"Should I Choose a Retail Bank, Credit Union, or Commercial Bank?","response":"You should consider whether you want to keep both business and personal accounts at the same bank, or whether you want them at separate banks. A retail bank, which has basic banking services for customers, is the most appropriate for everyday banking. You can choose a traditional bank, which has a physical building, or an online bank if you don't want or need to physically visit a bank branch. You might consider a credit union, which is a nonprofit institution and is available to serve the needs of people with a common employer, labor union, or professional interest."}
{"prompts":"Has the Efficient Markets Hypothesis Any Validity?","response":"The validity of the EMH has been questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds. There are investors who have beaten the market, such as\u00a0Warren Buffett, whose investment strategy focused\u00a0on\u00a0undervalued\u00a0stocks\u00a0made billions and set an example for numerous followers. There are portfolio managers who have better track records than others, and there are investment houses with more renowned research analysis than others. EMH proponents, however, argue that those who outperform the market do so not out of skill but out of luck, due to the laws of probability: at any given time in a market with a large number of actors, some will outperform the mean, while others will\u00a0underperform."}
{"prompts":"What Gets Traded on the NY Mercantile Exchange?","response":"Trading on the NYMEX includes a wide variety of trading options such as oil futures, metals futures, energy futures, and other commodities like agricultural products and others. Unlike other market types, NYMEX doesn't trade in options or equities."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tenor Basis Risk?","response":"Tenor basis risk is the risk that arises when a basis swap occurs. Despite re-pricing on the same date, being in the same currency, and being linked to the same benchmark, problems could arise when they re-price if they do so for different periods or tenors."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trailing 12 Months Profit & Loss?","response":"TTM P&L keeps a running tab of how well an investment or project has performed over the prior twelve-month period. It takes the monthly or quarterly returns over that time period and reports a weighted average profit or loss figure."}
{"prompts":"Did Michael Bloomberg Run for President?","response":"Yes. Former New York City mayor, Michael Bloomberg, announced his candidacy in 2019 entering the 2020 presidential race but he dropped out of the race in March 2020."}
{"prompts":"How Often Is NAVPS Calculated?","response":"The NAVPS values of mutual funds are updated once a day after the U.S. stock market closes. Closed-end funds do not have to update their NAVPS daily."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Barriers to Entry?","response":"The most obvious barriers to entry are high startup costs and regulatory hurdles which include the need for new companies to obtain licenses or regulatory clearance before operation. Also, industries heavily regulated by the government are usually the most difficult to penetrate. Other forms of barrier to entry that prevent new competitors from easily entering a business sector include special tax benefits to existing firms, patent protections, strong brand identity, customer loyalty, and high customer switching costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Tangible Asset?","response":"Consider the example of a car manufacturer preparing the assembly and distribution of a vehicle. The raw materials acquire are tangible assets, and the warehouse in which the raw materials are stored is also a tangible asset. The manufacturing building and equipment are tangible assets, and the finished vehicle to be sold is tangible inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an ESOP?","response":"Consider an employee who has worked at a large tech firm for five years. Under the company\u2019s ESOP, they have the right to receive 20 shares after the first year, and 100 shares total after five years. When the employee retires, they will receive the share value in cash. Other types of stock ownership plans may be offered instead of an ESOP. They include stock options, restricted shares, and stock appreciation rights, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Asset Allocation?","response":"What works for one person might not work for another. There is no such thing as a perfect asset allocation model. A good asset allocation varies by individual and can depend on various factors, including age, financial targets, and appetite for risk. Historically, an asset allocation of 60% stocks and 40% bonds was considered optimal. However, some professionals say this idea needs to be revised, particularly given the poorer performance of bonds in recent years, and say other asset classes should also be introduced to portfolios."}
{"prompts":"What Are Moody's and Fitch Ratings?","response":"Moody's and Fitch Ratings are two credit rating agencies that analyze how creditworthy a company is. These ratings help investors make decisions about their investments. Both agencies provide sovereign credit ratings for countries to help international investors make investing decisions."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Choose a Voluntary Liquidation?","response":"The reasons are numerous, ranging from unfavorable business conditions that threaten the company\u2019s future to the loss of a key figure that the ownership does not think it can survive without. The company may have been designed to be in business only for a set amount of time or for a specific purpose that has been fulfilled. The company could also be seeking tax relief or looking to reorganize and transfer assets to another company."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Convertible Preferred Share Different from a Regular Preferred Share?","response":"Convertible preferred shares give their holders the option of converting them into a set amount of common stock shares in the future. This gives the shareholder the potential benefit of capital appreciation in addition to the guaranteed benefit of a regular dividend.As a result, convertible preferred shares will often trade at a relative premium and offer a lower dividend rate than ordinary preferred shares."}
{"prompts":"What Federal Laws Protect Credit Card Holders?","response":"Credit card holders are protected by a number of federal, as well as state, laws. The most recent major law on the federal level is the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009, also known as the CARD Act, which amended the Truth in Lending Act. Its provisions include clearer disclosure of credit terms and limits on the fees that lenders can charge."}
{"prompts":"What Is M4 Money?","response":"M4 money is a classification of money in the United Kingdom that includes money that is circulated amongst the public, non-financial institutions, private sector retail and wholesale banks, and building society deposits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Central Limit Theorem?","response":"The central limit theorem doesn't have a formula used in its practical application. Its principle is simply applied. With a sufficiently large sample size, the sample distribution will approximate a normal distribution, and the sample mean will approach the population mean. So if we have a sample size of at least 30, we can begin to analyze the data as if it fit a normal distribution."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs Media Kits?","response":"Media kits should be an essential part of the toolbox for every business endeavor. You never know when you might need to make your company information easily accessible. It is also a great marketing tool that is usually less expensive than most marketing campaigns."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk Reversal?","response":"Risk reversal is the same strategy as a zero cost collar. You sell a call and buy a put on a long position to minimize the risk of significant losses."}
{"prompts":"Which Factors Impact a Product's Life Cycle?","response":"Countless factors can affect how a product performs and where it lies within the product life cycle. In general, the product life cycle is heavily impacted by market adoption, ease of competitive entry, rate of industry innovation, and changes to consumer preferences. If it is easier for competitors to enter markets, consumers change their mind frequently about the goods they consume or the market becomes quickly saturated. Then, products are more likely to have shorter lives throughout a product life cycle."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Beneficial Ownership Rule?","response":"In banking, the Beneficial Ownership Rule is a regulatory requirement for banks to collect information on the beneficial ownership of an account at the time that the account is opened. This is intended to prevent money laundering and tax evasion by identifying the actual owners of the legal entity that opens an account."}
{"prompts":"What Was Joseph Stiglitz's Contribution to the World Bank?","response":"Joseph Stiglitz challenged the policies of the international financial community. Stiglitz criticized the conventional wisdom that dominated policymaking at the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the US Treasury Department.His opinions covered such topics as the failure of shock therapy and transition economics, and the limits of capital market liberalization.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Fair Housing Act?","response":"The Fair Housing Act is a federal law that protects people from discrimination when they rent or buy a home, get a mortgage, seek housing assistance, or partake in other housing-related activities. The Act prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex (including gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and sexual harassment), familial status, and disability. The Fair Housing Act is also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968."}
{"prompts":"What Blockchain Is tZero on?","response":"tZero offers companies a choice of the blockchain they wish to be tokenized on. The blockchains to choose from are Ethereum, Tezos, Algorand, and others."}
{"prompts":"What can be used as collateral for a bail bond?","response":"Bail bondsmen accept various forms of collateral, including real estate, cars, credit cards, stocks, bonds, and jewelry."}
{"prompts":"How Is ESG Investing Different From Sustainable Investing?","response":"ESG and sustainability are closely related. ESG investing screens companies based on criteria related to being pro-social, environmentally friendly, and with good corporate governance. Together, these features can lead to sustainability. ESG, therefore, looks at how a company's management and stakeholders make decisions; sustainability considers the impact of those decisions on the world."}
{"prompts":"Does a Subsidiary Have Its Own CEO?","response":"As a subsidiary functions as a separate entity, it usually has its own management team and CEO. However, the parent company will get a significant say in who runs the company and who sits on its board of directors."}
{"prompts":"How Is Procurement Done?","response":"Procurement can be carried out in several ways. Organizations may submit an open tender to allow competitive bidding among potential suppliers. They may also restrict the number of bidders or establish criteria for who is allowed to bid. As an alternative to an auction process, an organization may solicit a request for proposals (RFP), where applicants compete with one another on price and competencies. Sometimes procurement is done under contract with a single source or small group of exclusive suppliers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Accounting and Finance?","response":"Accounting is one aspect of finance that tracks day-to-day cash flows, expenses, and income. Accounting tasks include bookkeeping, tax preparation, and auditing."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Market Cycles?","response":"There are four phases of market cycles: the accumulation phase, mark-up phase, distribution phase, and downturn phase. The first two phases could be considered mirror images of the others. Accumulation is when investors and businesses are scaling back into the market and increasing their exposure, whereas distribution is the opposite, and is a period when investors start shaving exposure from their positions. Mark-up is an increase in price while a downturn is a decrease."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mean?","response":"A mean is a metric used in statistics and research. It is the average for at least two numbers. The mean may be determined by adding up all the numbers and dividing the result by the number of numbers in that set. This is known as the arithmetic mean. You can determine the geometric mean by multiplying the values of a data set and taking the root of the sum equal to the number of values within that data set."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Using ADTV?","response":"Using ADTV in trading offers several benefits, including assessing security liquidity, evaluating the overall market's activity, analyzing volatility, trade execution optimization, and managing risk."}
{"prompts":"What is the goal of money management?","response":"The ultimate goal of money management is to maximize wealth."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Cost of Equity?","response":"Consider company A trades on the S&P 500 at a 10% rate of return. Meanwhile, it has a beta of 1.1, expressing marginally more volatility than the market. Presently, the T-bill (risk-free rate) is 1%. Using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) to determine its cost of equity financing, you would apply Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate of Return + Beta \u00d7 (Market Rate of Return \u2013 Risk-Free Rate of Return) to reach 1 + 1.1 \u00d7 (10-1) = 10.9%."}
{"prompts":"Can an Insurance Company Reject a Proof of Loss?","response":"If you provide false information in the proof of loss, the insurer might reject it or even deny the claim. Typically, the insurance company requires you to submit the form within a specified period, such as 30 or 60 days. In some cases, filing the form later than the due date may result in a claim denial. However, some state insurance codes prohibit a provider from denying a claim strictly based on a policyholder filing a proof of loss form after its due date."}
{"prompts":"How Is Indexing Used In Investing?","response":"In investing, indexing is a passive investment strategy. You create a portfolio that tracks a common market index, such as the S&P 500 with the goal of mimicking the index's performance. As a strategy, indexing offers broad diversification, as well as lower expenses, than investing strategies that are actively managed."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know If I Have Earned Income?","response":"First, you need to know if you have any type of income at all. Consider avenues in which you received compensation in return for something, whether it was time spent working a job or profit for selling something.Then, compare your activity against IRS guidance manuals to determine if that activity is earned or unearned income. Very broadly speaking, if you earned money for a job, it was likely earned income."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gwei Gas Price?","response":"Gwei gas price is the fee paid to the network and transaction validators for the computational work of verifying a transaction. The standard transaction fee is 21,000 gwei."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of APT?","response":"The main limitation of APT is that the theory does not suggest factors for a particular stock or asset. One stock could be more sensitive to one factor than another, and investors have to be able to perceive the risk sources and sensitivities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of a Trustee?","response":"A trustee administers a trust based on the instructions left by the grantor. This can include communicating with beneficiaries, allocating funds to investments, distributing payments according to instructions, and much more."}
{"prompts":"What Tax Form Do I Need to Fill Out If I Purchase U.S. Series I Savings Bonds With My Tax Refund?","response":"If you use your income tax refund to purchase U.S. savings bonds, complete and file IRS Form 8888 with your tax return. The IRS will arrange for your U.S. savings bonds to be mailed to you."}
{"prompts":"What Are Example of Non-U.S. Government Bonds?","response":"Foreign governments around the world issue debt in the form of bonds. Some of these commonly include:The U.K.: GiltsGermany: BundsFrance: OATsJapan: JGBsItaly: BTPsCanada: Canada Bonds"}
{"prompts":"How Important Is FCF?","response":"Free cash flow is an important financial metric because it represents the actual amount of cash at a company\u2019s disposal. A company with consistently low or negative FCF might be forced into costly rounds of fundraising in an effort to remain solvent.If a company has enough FCF to maintain its current operations but not enough FCF to invest in growing its business, that company might eventually fall behind its competitors.For yield-oriented investors, FCF is also important for understanding the sustainability of a company\u2019s dividend payments, as well as the likelihood of a company raising its dividends in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Zero Marginal Cost Product?","response":"A zero cost margin refers to when each additional product made of a certain good approaches zero. This occurs when there is substantial technological or computational disruption occurs and the company is able to capture strong efficiencies in how raw materials or labor are used."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Principles of Corporate Governance?","response":"The basic principles of corporate governance are accountability, transparency, fairness, responsibility, and risk management."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Maximum Loan-to-Value Ratio?","response":"A loan-to-value ratio measures how much of an asset is financed compared to the overall value of the asset. For example, if you take out a $400,000 mortgage to purchase a $500,000 home, the loan-to-value ratio would be 80%. What constitutes a good maximum loan-to-value ratio depends on the type of loan. Some homebuying programs allow buyers to put down as little as 3%, meaning the loan-to-value ratio would be 97%\u2014but that can be risky for the borrower if the value of the home decreases due to market conditions or other factors."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Window Dress Financial Statements?","response":"Financial statements are an aggregation of the results of the accounting process for an accounting period. There are several ways to window dress these statements. Some examples are recording certain expenses differently or capitalizing expenses rather than accounting for them as expenses."}
{"prompts":"Does Fiat Money Lead to Hyperinflation?","response":"There is always the possibility of hyperinflation when a country prints its own currency. However, most developed countries have experienced only moderate bouts of inflation. In fact, having some consistent, low level of inflation is seen as a positive driver of economic growth and investment, as it encourages people to put their money to work rather than have it sit idle and lose purchasing power over time.Having a relatively strong and stable currency is not only a mandate of most modern central banks, but a rapidly devalued currency is harmful to trade and obtaining financing.Moreover, it is unclear whether or not hyperinflation is caused by \"runaway printing\" of money. In fact, hyperinflation has occurred throughout history, even when money was based on precious metals; and all contemporary hyperinflation has begun with a fundamental breakdown in the real production economy and\/or political instability in the country."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Increase Your Cross-Selling Effectiveness?","response":"There are several strategies you can employ to make cross-selling effective. Consider using an email drip campaign to periodically introduce complementary products and services. Wait until you have developed a relationship and have proven success with the customer. Make sure your products and services are aligned to the needs and goals of the customer. Offering something that serves no purpose is counterproductive and can detract from customer satisfaction."}
{"prompts":"Is a Share an Underlying Asset?","response":"Shares can be underlying assets, if a derivative is structured around them. Shares are commonly used as the underlying asset for call and put options, which represent sophisticated bets on the future stock price. Shares can also be underlying for convertible debt, which can be converted to shares if certain conditions are met."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Stop a Levy on Your Bank Account?","response":"The simplest way to avoid a bank account levy is to repay the debt that prompted the levy in the first place. If an individual can prove that the levy was due to an error on the creditor's part, or that they were the victim of identity theft, account access is restored."}
{"prompts":"How Is Discretionary Income Calculated?","response":"Discretionary income is a subset of disposable income, or part of all the income left over after you pay taxes. From disposable income, deduct all necessities and obligations like rent or mortgage, utilities, loans, car payments, and food, etc.. Once you've paid all of those items, whatever is left to save, spend, or invest is your discretionary income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Rules of Kanban?","response":"Under the kanban method, companies must be continually improving, providing feedback loops to workers, and striving to be efficient with resources. Kanban requires companies to visually depict processes, assign tasks to swim lanes, and ensure individuals are communicating changes across the entire process or project."}
{"prompts":"Can I take a loan from my IRA?","response":"While IRAs don\u2019t allow for loans like many 401(k) plans do, you can borrow from your IRA without taxes and penalties by applying the 60-day rollover rule. It allows you to withdraw assets from your IRA if you repay the full amount within 60 days, which essentially amounts to an interest-free, short-term loan."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Price-to-Book Ratio Important?","response":"The price-to-book ratio is important because it can help investors understand whether a company's market price seems reasonable compared to its balance sheet. For example, if a company shows a high price-to-book ratio, investors might check to see whether that valuation is justified given other measures, such as its historical return on assets or growth in earnings per share (EPS)."}
{"prompts":"Is CapEx Tax Deductible?","response":"Capital expenditures are not directly tax-deductible. However, they can indirectly reduce a company\u2019s taxes through the depreciation they generate. For example, if a company purchases a $1 million piece of equipment with a useful life of 10 years, it could include $100,000 of depreciation expense each year for 10\u00a0years. This depreciation would reduce the company\u2019s pre-tax income by $100,000 annually, thereby reducing its income taxes."}
{"prompts":"Do I still need to pay tax on my bonus shares?","response":"No, and yes. Investors aren\u2019t taxed on bonus shares when a company issues them; however, they must still pay capital gains tax if selling them for a net profit. Before filing a tax return, investors should inform their accountant if they have received bonus shares to ensure that they are managed correctly from a taxation standpoint."}
{"prompts":"Is Currency Trading Good for Beginners?","response":"Foreign exchange can be complicated because it requires a good working knowledge of how currency markets work. Experience and skills are also key as they can help traders navigate some of the intricacies of this market and avoid major losses. Investors need to understand currency pairs, risks involved, and how to balance the risks in the market with the potential for rewards."}
{"prompts":"When Was the National Association of Realtors Started?","response":"The NAR was founded as the National Association of Real Estate Exchanges in 1908. At the time, it had 120 members, 19 boards, and a single state association."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Black Friday Important to Economists?","response":"Some economists consider Black Friday to be a good gauge of consumer confidence and consumers' likely discretionary spending going forward."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Startup and Upstart?","response":"A startup can be seen as an entrepreneurial venture or company in the initial stages of business and funded by venture capital, angel investors, crowdfunding, loans, or even family and friends. The word \"upstart\", in this context, can have a close meaning, referring to a new company that is starting to run without significant external funding. The word upstart, however, comes with a negative connotation: it implies that the business is attempting to gain recognition or success without the proper experience and lacking credibility. The word startup, on the other hand, can be associated with innovation and potential for growth."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Main ERP Applications?","response":"Which ones are the main applications depends on the business and the industry it operates in. Most companies can benefit from supply chain management, logistics, and financial applications to help them streamline their operations and expenses."}
{"prompts":"Why Did I Receive Form 1099-INT?","response":"Taxpayers receive Form 1099-INT because they earned more than $10 of interest from the savings in their bank account. Lending institutions are required to issue Form 1099-INT to account holders who earn this threshold. There are many other situations why a taxpayer may have received Form 1099-INT, all of which relate to interest paid to the taxpayer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Earnings Management?","response":"Several techniques are used to manage earnings. Examples include lowering capitalization limits, changing from the last-in first-out method of valuing inventory to the first-in first-out method, cutting nonmandatory expenses for short periods, or attributing regular business expenses to a one-off, nonrecurring event."}
{"prompts":"Is the Margin of Safety the Same as the Degree of Operating Leverage?","response":"The margin of safety is the difference between actual sales and break-even sales, while the degree of operating leverage\u00a0(DOL) shows how a company's operating income changes after a percentage change in its sales."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides of Representative Sampling?","response":"Like other statistical tools, representative sampling can sometimes produce biased or inaccurate results. Moreover, the time and cost of creating a representative sample may be prohibitive, especially if the population is spread out over a wide geographical area. There may also be self-selection bias, if some members of the sample fail to respond to the researchers' attempts to make contact."}
{"prompts":"Why do companies separate out non-operating expenses?","response":"When looking at how a company generates profits, understanding its profits from core operations, net of direct operating expenses, is critical. Costs unrelated to these operations impact the bottom line, but they may not indicate how well a company is running."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Equity Multiplier?","response":"There is no ideal equity multiplier. It will vary by the sector or industry a company operates within. In general, equity multipliers at or below the industry average are considered better."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Elements of Organizational Behavior?","response":"The four elements of organizational behavior are people, structure, technology, and the external environment. By understanding how these elements interact with one another, improvements can be made. While some factors are more easily controlled by the organization\u2014such as its structure or people hired\u2014it still must be able to respond to external factors and changes in the economic environment."}
{"prompts":"Is OASDI Tax Mandatory?","response":"Yes, federal law requires that workers and employers contribute to the OASDI fund through Social Security taxation on income of up to $160,200 for 2023 and $168,600 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Improve Their Net Profit Margin?","response":"When a company's operating margin exceeds the average for its industry, it is said to have a\u00a0competitive advantage, meaning it is more successful than other companies that have similar operations. While the average margin for different industries varies widely, businesses can gain a competitive advantage in general by\u00a0increasing sales or reducing expenses\u2014or both.Boosting sales, however, often involves spending more money to do so, which equals greater costs. Cutting too many costs can also lead to undesirable outcomes, including losing skilled workers, shifting to inferior materials, or other losses in quality. Cutting advertising budgets may also harm sales.To reduce the cost of production without sacrificing quality, the best option for many businesses is expansion.\u00a0Economies of scale\u00a0refer to the idea that larger companies tend to be more profitable. A large business's increased level of production means that the cost of each item is reduced in several ways. For example, raw materials purchased in bulk are often discounted by wholesalers."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write a Mission Statement?","response":"There's no single best way to come up with a mission statement. In general, the mission statement writing process should start with considering what a business does for the customers, employees, and general public. It's often best to begin by collecting more content than needed, then later refining the mission statement into a single sentence.One method of brainstorming ideas of a mission statement is to think about personal experiences from the company. This could also include soliciting ideas or memories from employees. Instead of focusing directly on the narrow business element of your company, embrace the broader aspect. For example, Microsoft did not craft its mission statement around delivering Windows '98. Rather, it crafted its mission statement around the possibilities it presented through its product."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Arc Elasticity of Demand?","response":"The formula for arc elasticity of demand measures elasticity between two selected points by using a midpoint between the two points. As a result, it is particularly useful when there is a substantial change in price."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Hostile Takeover?","response":"Friendly acquisitions are most common and occur when the target firm agrees to be acquired; its board of directors and shareholders approve of the acquisition, and these combinations often work for the mutual benefit of the acquiring and target companies.Unfriendly acquisitions, commonly known as hostile takeovers, occur when the target company does not consent to the acquisition.Hostile acquisitions don't have the same agreement from the target firm, and so the acquiring firm must actively purchase large stakes of the target company to gain a controlling interest, which forces the acquisition."}
{"prompts":"How Is Data Mining Done?","response":"Data mining relies on big data and advanced computing processes including machine learning and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI). The goal is to find patterns that can lead to inferences or predictions from large and unstructured data sets."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Things You Can Do During the Grace Period?","response":"For student borrowers, the six-month grace period is often used to find a job, choose a repayment plan that fits their budget, or enroll in another higher education program. This allows borrowers to establish a career before loan payments begin."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Compound My Money?","response":"In addition to compound interest, investors can receive compounding returns by reinvesting dividends. This means taking the cash received from dividend payments to purchase additional shares in the company\u2014which will, themselves, pay out dividends in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Did Investors Fear as a Result of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act?","response":"Investors feared that the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act would cause prices to fall. Their fears became reality, prompting many to sell shares in record-breaking numbers."}
{"prompts":"What Are Noncurrent Assets?","response":"Noncurrent assets are a company's long-term investments for which the full value will not be realized within the accounting year. They are allocated over the number of years the asset is used. They appear on a company's balance sheet under \"investment;\" \"property, plant, and equipment;\" \"intangible assets;\" or \"other assets.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Marginal Revenue the Same As Profit?","response":"Marginal revenue only considers income received and does not reflect any marginal expenses required to manufacture or sell the goods. Therefore, marginal revenue is different from profit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Criticisms of Buybacks?","response":"Criticisms of buybacks include creating a perception that a business does not have other pathways for revenue growth. Furthermore, if a company purchases back its share and the economy takes a downturn, this would negatively impact its financial standing. Buybacks are also often criticized for artificially inflating the share price, which can be used to justify higher executive bonuses.\u00a0Critics also argue that the 1% excise tax on buybacks will have negative consequences on the financial world."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Transfer Pricing?","response":"Transfer prices will usually be equal to or lower than market prices which will result in cost savings for the entity buying the product or service. It increases transparency in intra-entity transactions. Finally, the desired product is readily available so supply chain issues can be mitigated."}
{"prompts":"Is a Triple Bottom Bullish or Bearish?","response":"A triple bottom pattern is a bullish chart reversal pattern that suggests a breakout to the upside."}
{"prompts":"Who Can I Name to Have Power of Attorney?","response":"You can technically name anybody as your agent as long as it's done under your free will and you're mentally competent. It should be somebody trustworthy and capable, such as a spouse, close family member, or friend. You can also designate your lawyer to have a POA."}
{"prompts":"Is Okun\u2019s Law Inaccurate?","response":"Despite the name, most economists consider Okun's law closer to a \"rule of thumb\" than a hard and fast law of economics. There have also been many periods where the observed changes were larger or smaller than what Okun's law would predict. Nonetheless, the underlying relationship has largely held true, despite these variations."}
{"prompts":"How Do Fixed Interest Rates Work?","response":"Fixed interest rates remain constant throughout the lifetime of the loan. This means that when you borrow from your lender, the interest rate doesn't rise or fall but remains the same until your debt is paid off. You do run the risk of losing out when interest rates start to drop but you won't be affected if rates start to rise. Having a fixed interest rate on your loan means you'll know exactly how much you'll pay each month, so there are no surprises. As such, you can plan and budget for your other expenses accordingly."}
{"prompts":"How Is My Debt-to-Income Ratio Calculated?","response":"Your debt-to-income ratio is calculated by dividing all your monthly debt payments by your gross monthly income. Your debt payments include your mortgage, any auto loan(s) and payments toward credit cards, personal loans, student loans, and home equity loans."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called the Black Market?","response":"There are various theories as to why it is called the \"black\" market. These include the association of the word black with shadows and darkness, with the markets that continued to sell slaves after abolition, and the association of the color black with anarchist groups."}
{"prompts":"What are examples of fintech?","response":"Fintech has been applied to many areas of finance. Here are just a few examples.Robo-advisors are apps or online platforms that optimally invest your money automatically, often for little cost, and are accessible to ordinary individuals.Investment apps like Robinhood make it easy to buy and sell stocks, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and cryptocurrency from your mobile device, often with little or no commission.Payment apps like PayPal, Venmo, Block (Square), Zelle, and Cash App make it easy to pay individuals or businesses online and in an instant.Personal finance apps such as Mint, YNAB, and Quicken Simplifi let you see all of your finances in one place, set budgets, pay bills, and so on.Peer-to-peer (P2P) lending platforms like Prosper Marketplace, LendingClub, and Upstart allow individuals and small business owners to receive loans from an array of individuals who contribute microloans directly to them.Crypto apps, including wallets, exchanges, and payment applications, allow you to hold and transact in cryptocurrencies and digital tokens like Bitcoin and non-fungible tokens (NFTs).Insurtech is the application of technology specifically to the insurance space. One example would be the use of devices that monitor your driving in order to adjust auto insurance rates."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need a Digital Wallet?","response":"You don't necessarily need a digital wallet. However, they offer a convenient way to pay for your purchases because you don't have to carry credit and debit cards around; that information is instead stored in the cloud. This also increases card security\u2014you can't lose your cards if you don't carry them."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Risks Multinational Corporations Face?","response":"Multinational corporations are exposed to risks related to the different countries and regions in which they operate. These can include regulatory or legal risks, political instability, crime and violence, cultural sensitivities, and fluctuations in currency exchange rates."}
{"prompts":"How does operating cash flow margin differ from operating margin?","response":"Operating cash flow margin includes non-cash charges like depreciation and amortization. This highlights a firm's ability to turn revenues into cash flows from operations,"}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Limit Their Risk Exposure?","response":"Risk is inherent in all investments, but investors who use asset allocation and diversification and choose multiple types of investments in varying sectors can help manage risk."}
{"prompts":"How Far Back Does the EDGAR Database Go?","response":"EDGAR documents are available as far back as 1995 or 1994. Paper filings from earlier dates may be available through the Freedom of Information Act."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Income Is Tax Exempt?","response":"Income from municipal bonds is exempt from taxes. Distributions from health savings accounts (HSAs) are exempt if they are used for qualified medical expenses. Qualified distributions from Roth 401(k) plans and Roth IRAs are also tax-exempt."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Receive My IRS Schedule K-1?","response":"Schedule K-1 forms are notorious for arriving late. The IRS says they are due by March 15 (or the 15th day of the third month after the entity's tax year ends). Whether that means they need to be issued by then, or to actually be in taxpayers' hands by that date, seems open to interpretation. Most authorities agree you should receive one by March 15, or the closest business day to that, though."}
{"prompts":"What Is Total Surplus?","response":"Total economic surplus is equal to the producer surplus plus the consumer surplus."}
{"prompts":"Is random walk theory correct?","response":"Random walk theory is widely debated among financial economists and market practitioners. While some agree with its basic tenets, others have challenged its assumptions and have proposed alternative theories of how and why prices move. Some have pointed out instances where stock prices do not follow a random walk, such as during bubbles or flash crashes. In these cases, prices may be driven more by emotional factors than by randomness."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose for Transfer Pricing?","response":"Transfer pricing acts to distribute earnings throughout an organization but is primarily used to skirt tax laws and reduce tax burdens by multinational companies."}
{"prompts":"Should I Create More Than One Resume?","response":"This depends on whether you are applying for different types of jobs. For example, if you are applying for an office manager job, you should tailor your resume to outline your leadership and organizational skills. But you might also be interested in applying for a retail position, so creating a second resume that instead highlights any retail experience that you have will put you in a better position to get that job."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Benefit of Tangible Assets?","response":"Tangible assets have inherent value because of their usefulness in life. For example, land has value because it can be used for buildings, parks, agriculture, schools, community centers, parking lots, or homes for animals.The same can\u2019t be said about intangible assets. The value of a single share of stock is the ownership property it represents. Although you may receive a piece of paper that states the ownership, the asset can\u2019t be used for anything beyond its vehicle as an investment."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Coupon Rate and YTM?","response":"The coupon rate is the annual income an investor can expect to receive while holding a particular bond. It is fixed when the bond is issued and is calculated by dividing the sum of the annual coupon payments by the par value.\u00a0At the time it is purchased, a bond's yield to maturity (YTM) and its coupon rate are the same. The YTM is the percentage rate of return for a bond assuming that the investor holds the asset until its maturity date. It is the sum of all of its remaining coupon payments and will vary depending on its market value and how many payments remain to be made."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Default Stay on Your Credit Report?","response":"Defaults stay on your credit report for seven years. A default may be removed earlier if it can be proven that it was a mistake. Your credit score should improve after the default is removed."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Trust Cost to Set Up?","response":"A trust is a complex legal and financial entity that should be established with the help of a qualified attorney. Costs increase depending on the complexity of the trust. The price to establish a revocable trust can range from less than $1,000 to $3,000; irrevocable trusts are more expensive\u2014how much you'll pay depends on how complex it is and how much attorneys charge in your area."}
{"prompts":"Which Stock Analysis Technique Is Best?","response":"Investors may be best suited to use fundamental, technical, and quantitative analysis as one technique may not always be superior compared to other techniques. Based on the information available and objectives of the investors, it may be better to analyze the financial positioning, research the company's industry, or devise complex financial models."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits and Drawbacks of Remaining a Private Company?","response":"Companies remain private for several reasons. This helps keep control of the company within the owner, founder, and\/or family's hands. Doing business as a private company also means avoiding the high cost of going public, avoiding scrutiny from the public and the government, and avoiding the need to file paperwork with financial regulators.But, operating as a private company comes with certain disadvantages. Private companies cannot access capital markets to fund growth or pay their debts. Owners may find themselves financially liable during times of distress and may face conflicts if there are disagreements between multiple shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Are Different Types of Unilateral Transfers?","response":"A nation providing humanitarian or military aid can constitute a unilateral transfer. On an individual level, a gift, a donation, or any other form of aid without expected reciprocation is also considered to be a unilateral transfer."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Jean-Baptiste Say?","response":"Jean-Baptiste Say was a French classical liberal economist. Born in 1767, Say worked in the French government under Napoleon (who later let him go) and as a professor of political economy at various schools in France. Say was influenced by Adam Smith, who is considered the father of modern economics. He used his position to teach Smith's beliefs and theories in France. His own theories, including the Law of Markets, are commonly studied even today. Say's Theory of Markets states that society must generate income before people can purchase any goods and services. He was also a proponent of competition, free trade, and lifting restraints on business."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Turnover Ratio in a Business?","response":"Turnover ratio has a variety of meanings outside of the investing world.A turnover ratio in business is a measurement of the firm's efficiency.It is calculated by dividing annual income by annual liability. It can be applied to the cost of inventory or any other business cost.Unlike in investing, a high turnover ratio in business is almost always a good sign. It may show, for example, that the business is selling its stock out as quickly as it can get it in."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Dates for Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4?","response":"If a company decides to have a fiscal year different than a calendar year, the dates for each quarter may be different. However, if a company decides to report financial information on the same dates as a standard calendar cycle, the dates are:Quarter 1: Jan. 1 through March 30Quarter 2: April 1 through June 30Quarter 3: July 1 through Sept. 30Quarter 4: Oct. 1 through Dec. 31"}
{"prompts":"How Long Can a Waiver of the Jones Act Be Implemented?","response":"In 2020, Congress eliminated the federal government\u2019s authority to issue long-term waivers, except in circumstances where a waiver is required to \u201caddress an immediate adverse effect on military operations.\u201d Waivers that do not meet that standard must be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What If I Don't Know the Cost Basis for a Stock I Sold?","response":"The brokerage that you used to purchase the stock should have records of the sale, even if you didn't keep those records yourself. You should be able to find them through the brokerage website or by calling the company directly."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Charge an NSF Fee?","response":"Banks charge NSF fees for the cost and inconvenience of having to return declined checks. \"For many, overdraft\/NSF fees have emerged as the No. 1 generator of fee income and is one of the bank\u2019s most profitable sources of revenue,\" a Woodstock Institute report noted, quoting American Banker."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When You File a Complaint With the FTC?","response":"Once a complaint is submitted, the FTC shares it with more than 3,000 law enforcers. The FTC gathers information from submitted complaints to create reports, which are used to investigate fraud, unfair business practices, and scams."}
{"prompts":"What was the goal of the Volcker Rule?","response":"The Volcker Rule\u2019s origins date back to 2009, when economist and former Federal Reserve (Fed) Chair Paul Volcker proposed a piece of regulation in response to the ongoing financial crisis (and after the nation\u2019s largest banks accumulated large losses from their proprietary trading arms). The aim was to protect bank customers by preventing banks from making certain types of speculative investments that contributed to the crisis.Essentially, it prohibits banks from using their own accounts (customer funds) for short-term proprietary trading of securities, derivatives, and commodity futures, as well as options on any of these instruments. Volcker ultimately hoped to reestablish the divide between commercial banking and investment banking\u2014a division that once existed but was legally dissolved by a partial repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999."}
{"prompts":"What Is Depreciation?","response":"Depreciation is an accounting method that is used to allocate the cost of a particular item over its useful lifetime. For example, a piece of office equipment that is expected to last for five years would lose 20% of its value every year until it has been fully depreciated. Depreciation is often taken into account in estimating the lifetime cost of an item."}
{"prompts":"How Does Ginnie Mae Help Make Mortgages More Affordable?","response":"When mortgages are guaranteed by Ginnie Mae, lenders obtain a better price for their mortgage loans in the secondary mortgage market and can use the proceeds to fund new mortgage loans.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Would Happen If We Returned to the Gold Standard?","response":"Some economists argue that if we returned to the gold standard, prices would actually destabilize, leading to episodes of severe deflation and inflation. Moreover, in the event of a financial crisis, the government would have little flexibility to either avert or limit the potential damage."}
{"prompts":"What Is the First World?","response":"The term First World collectively means the highly industrialized nations with capitalist economies. Although the term is largely outdated, the list of First World nations today would include Japan as well as the nations of North America and Western Europe. It might arguably also include some Eastern European, South American, and Asian nations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Exposure at Default?","response":"There are two main approaches to calculating exposure at default: the foundation approach and the advanced approach.The foundation approach is guided by regulators and is calculated by considering the asset, forward valuation, and commitments details. The foundation approach does not consider the value of any guarantees, collateral, or security.The advanced approach lets banks determine how EAD is calculated based on each individual exposure. These types of calculations may vary across loan types or borrower characteristics, as the lender is able to assess value as it sees fit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Rule 105b-1?","response":"Rule 105b-1 lets company insiders sell their company's stock, provided they set up a predetermined plan and certify that they do not have access to material nonpublic information about the company or its securities."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Your COLA Increase for 2023?","response":"Take your monthly payment and multiply it by 8.7% to calculate your COLA increase for 2023. Then add this number to the amount you were receiving in 2022. This will show you the new amount you'll receive in 2023. You can also multiply the amount you received in 2022 by 1 + 8.7%, or 1.087. For 2024, multiply the 2023 numbers by 3.2%."}
{"prompts":"What Is Volatility, Mathematically?","response":"Volatility is a statistical measure of the dispersion of data around its mean over a certain period of time. It's calculated as the standard deviation multiplied by the square root of the number of periods of time, T. In finance, it represents this dispersion of market prices, on an annualized basis."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Form of Payment?","response":"There is no single best form of payment, as each typically has its own advantages and disadvantages. More traditional forms for payment like cash don't need technology and are often universally accepted. More modern forms of payment have less risk of theft and may be accompanied by payment rewards."}
{"prompts":"How Does Production Costs Differ From Manufacturing Costs?","response":"Production cost refers to all of the expenses associated with a company conducting its business while manufacturing cost represents only the expenses necessary to make the product. Whereas production costs include both direct and indirect costs of operating a business, manufacturing costs reflect only direct costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Third World?","response":"The phrase Third World was used to characterize nations that existed outside the economic and political ties that bind the industrialized countries around the world. Many are former colonies of European nations.The term Third World is today considered pejorative. A nation might now be considered developing or frontier. A developing nation is intent on improving the infrastructure, education system, health system, and trade ties that are necessary to improve living standards. A frontier nation might be just beginning that process.There also are the nations that the United Nations terms the \"least developed.\" Formerly termed the Fourth World nations, they remain isolated from the rest of the world's economic systems, technology, and politics."}
{"prompts":"Will my bank notify me if a check bounces?","response":"Banks aren\u2019t required to notify an account holder when a check they signed bounces due to non-sufficient funds. However, some banks may offer options for customers to enroll in\/sign up for in order to be notified of overdrafts."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered to Be a Good PEG Ratio?","response":"In general, a good PEG ratio has a value lower than 1.0. PEG ratios greater than 1.0 are generally considered unfavorable, suggesting a stock is overvalued. Meanwhile, PEG ratios\u00a0lower than 1.0 are considered better, indicating a stock is relatively undervalued."}
{"prompts":"What does overhead mean?","response":"Overhead refers to the costs and expenses associated with production, but which are not directly related to that production itself. For instance, paying utilities, rent, administrator salaries, supplies, raw materials, etc."}
{"prompts":"How Does Quantitative Easing Work?","response":"Quantitative easing is a type of monetary policy in which a nation\u2019s central bank tries to increase the liquidity in its financial system, typically by purchasing long-term government bonds from that nation\u2019s largest banks and stimulating economic growth by encouraging banks to lend or invest more freely."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dependent Person?","response":"A dependent is an individual that relies on another person for support, most often financial support. A dependent can be a child, a relative, or any other individual who cannot take care of themselves and relies on another person."}
{"prompts":"How Is Tax Liability Determined?","response":"You determine your tax liability by subtracting your standard deduction from your taxable income and referring to the appropriate IRS tax brackets."}
{"prompts":"What Is Included in an ARPU Calculation?","response":"At its core, ARPU is simply total revenue divided by the total number of users. The question is what to include in revenue. The number typically will include:First-time buyers or subscribers who pay an upfront feeRecurring revenue such as monthly paymentsUpsells, through purchases of premium productsCross-sells, or purchases of products from others in revenue-sharing dealsThis works for some companies such as Comcast, which makes its money through basic subscriptions, premium subscriptions, and streaming purchases.Many media companies, however, have very different revenue streams. The bulk of their revenue is derived from advertising. They may have insignificant or no basic subscription fees, though they may make money from premium levels of service or revenue-sharing deals. All of these would be included in their ARPU figures."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Comparative Advantage?","response":"Comparative advantage is usually measured in opportunity costs, or the value of the goods that could be produced with the same resources. This is then compared with the opportunity costs of another economic actor to produce the same goods.For example, if Factory A can make 100 pairs of shoes with the same resources it takes to make 500 belts, then each pair of shoes has an opportunity cost of five belts. If competitor factory B, can make three belts with the resources it takes to make one pair of shoes, then factory A has a comparative advantage in making belts, and factory B has a comparative advantage in making shoes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Accountant and a CPA?","response":"A certified public accountant (CPA) is an accountant who is licensed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The accountant has passed a four-part examination prepared by the AICPA. Prerequisites for taking the exam include a bachelor's degree in a related field and work experience in the field."}
{"prompts":"Is TSA PreCheck a Security Vulnerability?","response":"Critics have argued that the vetting process is flawed and that those with bad intent can falsify statements made during in-person interviews. Still, there have been no known security incidents related to PreCheck since its inception in 2013."}
{"prompts":"What Do I Need to Apply to Sa\u00efd Business School?","response":"Oxford Sa\u00efd requires prospective students to apply online. This includes scanning and uploading any supporting documents, including a written statement and two referral letters. Applicants are required to write the GMAT or GRE exam for their desired program and must have a minimum grade point average. For instance, Oxford MBA applicants must have a minimum GPA of 3.5\/4.0. Prospective students for this program must have at least two years of work experience. Shortlisted applicants will be invited for an interview."}
{"prompts":"What Does 'Exclusive' Mean on a Real Estate Listing?","response":"The word exclusive indicates that the listing for the property is being handled by a single agent. No other agent can show the property or negotiate a sale.If it is an open listing, any agent can show the property and negotiate a deal."}
{"prompts":"Can a Lottery Winner Use an Annuity Table?","response":"A lottery winner could use an annuity table to determine whether it makes more financial sense to take his lottery winnings as a lump-sum payment today or as a series of payments over many years. However, Lottery winnings are a rare form of an annuity. More commonly, annuities are a type of investment used to provide individuals with a steady income in retirement."}
{"prompts":"Is Composting a Form of Bioremediation?","response":"In a sense, yes. Composting can be seen as a form of bioremediation known as biodegradation that converts food waste into potable soil. This reduces the burden on landfills."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs to Fill Out Form W-8BEN?","response":"Form W-8BEN is used by foreign individuals who receive income from sources in the U.S. Only non-U.S. persons file Form W-8BEN, not U.S. persons."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gift and Estate Tax Exemption for 2023 and 2024?","response":"For 2023, the exemption is $12.92 million or $25.84 million if you're married and filing jointly. For 2024, the exemptions are $13.61 million and $27.22 million, respectively."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Treasury Issue TIPS?","response":"TIPS first appeared in 1997. The official reason for their appearance is that there was strong demand from the investing public for inflation-linked government securities. However, some economists have been puzzled by the government\u2019s continued issuance of TIPS since they amount to a more expensive way to borrow than traditional Treasuries."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of an N.V.?","response":"All corporations that fall under the N.V. category are legal entities that must be registered with authorities, including those responsible for taxation. This kind of company issues shares to shareholders for the purpose of raising capital. Shareholders are able to remain anonymous and have the power to make decisions about the company."}
{"prompts":"Do Vertical Mergers Encourage Innovation?","response":"Vertical mergers can have both positive and negative effects on innovation. On one hand, integrating different stages of the value chain may foster collaboration and information sharing, potentially leading to improved product development and innovation. On the other hand, vertical mergers can reduce the incentive for companies to innovate if they gain significant market power and face less competitive pressure."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate ROE?","response":"To calculate ROE, analysts simply divide the company\u2019s net income by its average shareholders\u2019 equity. Because shareholders\u2019 equity is equal to assets minus liabilities, ROE is essentially a measure of the return generated on the net assets of the company. Since the equity figure can fluctuate during the accounting period in question, an average shareholders\u2019 equity is used."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Illiquid Assets or Securities?","response":"Securities that are traded over the counter (OTC), such as certain complex derivatives, are often quite illiquid. For individuals, a home, a time-share, or a car are all somewhat illiquid in that it may take several weeks to months to find a buyer, and several more weeks to finalize the transaction and receive payment. Moreover, broker fees tend to be quite large (e.g., 5% to 7% on average for a real estate agent)."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Tell If a Regression Is Homoskedastic?","response":"You can tell if a regression is homoskedastic by looking at the ratio between the largest variance and the smallest variance. If the ratio is 1.5 or smaller, then the regression is homoskedastic."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Public Choice Theory and Social Choice Theory?","response":"Public choice theory is closely related to social choice theory. Both of these schools of thought are classified under the study of public economics. However, the social choice theory is a mathematical approach to the combined variables of individual interests, included in public choice theory, and how those interests affect voter behavior."}
{"prompts":"Is Earnings Before Tax (EBT) the Same as Income Before Tax?","response":"Yes. Income before tax or pretax income means the same thing as earnings before tax and these terms can be used interchangeably."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Hundredweight (CWT)?","response":"In North America, you simply divide the weight in pounds by one hundred. So something that is one ton (2,000 lbs) would be 20 CWT."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Noninterest Expense for a Bank?","response":"It might vary by bank or institution, but personnel costs generally make up the most significant portion of noninterest expenses. For instance, Wells Fargo's personnel costs for 2021 were 45% of its revenues\u2014$35.5 billion in noninterest expenses out of $78.5 billion in revenues."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between an ordinary loss and a capital loss?","response":"A capital loss occurs when a capital asset is sold for less than what it cost. For example, if equipment that cost $10,000 is sold for $8,000, a $2,000 capital loss is incurred. An ordinary loss occurs when business expenses exceed business income, when non-capital assets are sold, or for certain non-capital transactions."}
{"prompts":"Can You Deduct Imputed Interest on Your Taxes?","response":"In most cases, imputed interest is not tax-deductible. This means that if you are required to pay taxes on the imputed interest on a loan, you cannot claim a deduction for that interest on your tax return. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. For example, if you use the loan proceeds to buy a primary residence or to fund a business or investment, you may be able to claim a deduction for the imputed interest on your taxes. Additionally, if you are a qualified charitable organization, a political organization, or a nonprofit organization, you may be exempt from the rules on imputed interest and may be able to claim a deduction for the interest you pay on your loans. It's always best to consult with a tax professional if you have questions about whether you can claim a deduction for imputed interest on your taxes."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Price to Free Cash Flow Ratio Good?","response":"A high ratio\u2014one that is higher than is typical for the industry it operates in\u2014may indicate a company's stock is overvalued."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When Margin Is Liquidated?","response":"If an investor receives a margin call but is unable to come up with the funds to satisfy it, the broker may be forced to sell the traders holding until the value of the margin call has been satisfied."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Enterprise Risk?","response":"ERM often summaries the risks a company faces into operational, financial, and strategic risks. Operational risks impact day-to-day operations, while strategic risks impact long-term plans. Financial risks impact the general financial standing and health of a company."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should Individuals Reconcile Their Bank Statements?","response":"It's a good idea to reconcile your checking account statement (or at least give it a careful look) when you receive it each month. One reason is that your liability for fraudulent transactions can depend on how promptly you report them to your bank.The rules vary depending on whether the thief used just your account number or your physical ATM or debit card. In the first instance, you aren't responsible for any transactions you didn\u2019t authorize as long as you report them within 60 calendar days after your statement was sent to you.If your ATM or debt card was involved in a fraudulent transaction, your liability is limited to $50 if you notify the bank within two business days of noticing your card is missing, but rises to $500 after two days and up to 60 calendar days. After 60 days, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) notes, you'll be liable for \"All the money taken from your ATM\/debit card account, and possibly more\u2014for example, money in accounts linked to your debit account.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are Articles of Association?","response":"Articles of association define a company's purpose as a business, key information such as the name of the business, how the business is organized, and how shares are structured. It is an agreement among members of the organization that defines how business will be conducted."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Tell If a House Is a Good Price?","response":"To determine if a house is a good price, you can check the sale prices of recently sold properties in the neighborhood, compare the price with other properties for sale in the market, speak with a real estate agent, and consider the appreciation value."}
{"prompts":"What GPA Do You Need for UNC Kenan-Flagler MBA?","response":"There is no GPA requirement, but you must be able to compete with other applicants academically and meet other requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Fixed Assets?","response":"Fixed assets can include buildings, computer equipment, software, furniture, land, machinery, and vehicles. For example, if a company sells produce, the delivery trucks it owns and uses are fixed assets."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Components of a Risk Analysis?","response":"Risk analysis is sometimes broken into three components. First, risk assessment is the process of identifying what risks are present. Second, risk management is the procedures in place to minimize the damage done by risk. Third, risk communication is the company-wide approach to acknowledging and addressing risk. These three main components work in tandem to identify, mitigate, and communicate risk."}
{"prompts":"How Has the Prime Rate Changed Over Time?","response":"Prime rates fluctuate over time depending on the movement of the federal funds rate, which, in turn, reflects the state of the economy. The most recent prime rate history has been:12\/2023: 8.50%11\/2023: 8.50%10\/2023: 8.50%09\/2023: 8.50%08\/2023: 8.50%07\/27\/2023: 8.50%05\/04\/2023: 8.25%03\/23\/2023: 8.00%02\/02\/2023: 7.75%12\/14\/2022: 7.50%11\/03\/2022: 7.00%9\/22\/2022: 6.25%7\/28\/2022: 5.50%6\/16\/2022: 4.75%5\/5\/2022: 4.00%3\/17\/2022: 3.50%3\/16\/2020: 3.25%"}
{"prompts":"Is Higher Open Interest Better?","response":"High open interest usually indicates higher liquidity for a contract. This generally means there will be less difference between how much a trader wants for an option and how much another will pay. This can make it easier to buy and sell. If open interest is increasing and becoming higher, this signals that the market trends around that option are likely to continue."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Letter of Indemnity Important?","response":"A LOI can provide important protection for one party of a contract if the other party fails to fulfill its obligations. In effect, the LOI assures that one or more parties in the contract will be held harmless. That is, they are not left on the hook for any negative financial consequences that the other party has caused."}
{"prompts":"Who Has More Rights, Landlord or Tenant?","response":"That depends on your local laws and how tenant-friendly or landlord-friendly they are. In some states, landlords have very few restrictions on entering property, selling property, evicting tenants, and so on. In other states, tenants have more rights and, for example, must grant permission before a landlord can enter a property and must be given certain periods of notice before a landlord can sell the property. In addition to local statutes, each judiciary has purview to decide which cases to hear and when, which puts some statutes in effect regardless of laws on the books."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Higher YTM Indicate?","response":"Whether or not a higher YTM is positive depends on specific circumstances. A higher YTM might indicate a bargain opportunity is available since the bond in question is available for less than its par value. However, investors must determine whether or not this discount is justified by fundamentals such as the creditworthiness of the company issuing the bond, or the interest rates presented by alternative investments."}
{"prompts":"What are the characteristics of smart money?","response":"Smart-money investors are often highly analytical and research-driven, using a variety of tools and resources to analyze the financial markets and identify investment opportunities. They often have a long-term investment horizon and focus on building portfolios that would generate consistent returns over time. Also, smart-money investors often have a disciplined approach to investing, with a clear investment criteria and a process for evaluating investment opportunities."}
{"prompts":"Is Julian Robertson Alive?","response":"Julian Robertson passed away on Aug. 23, 2022 at the age of 90, at his home in New York. Following his retirement Robertson spent much of his time as an active philanthropist, who donated over $1 billion to charitable funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Money Factor?","response":"The money factor is the interest assessment on a lease. For this reason, a lower money factor is more favorable to a borrower as it signifies a lower financing charge. A good money factor will largely depend on borrower credit and prevailing market conditions, but a fairly good money factor of 25 (0.0025) and below translates to an imposed 6% APR."}
{"prompts":"How Does the West Coast Location Benefit USC's Marshall School of Business?","response":"The Marshall School of Business is known for its innovative programs and approach to business education. Its location in Southern California supports its entrepreneurship courses and MBA degrees that focus on Silicon Valley and cinematic arts."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate My Net Worth?","response":"To calculate your net worth, you subtract your total liabilities from your total assets. Total assets will include your investments, savings, cash deposits, and any equity that you have in a home, car, or other similar assets. Total liabilities would include any debt, such as student loans and credit card debt."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Out of Forbearance?","response":"Once your forbearance period ends, you owe the amount of money that you missed. There are different options that you can choose from. Reinstatement means that you will owe the entire amount all at once. Repayment allows you to bring your mortgage up to date over time, usually 12 months. This is a repayment plan that you have agreed to with your mortgage servicer."}
{"prompts":"Do zoning regulations contribute to the housing crisis?","response":"Low-density residential zoning regulations have contributed to the housing crisis in areas with limited opportunities for expansion. Formerly small cities that have exploded in population, like Palo Alto, Calif., are full of areas zoned for low density. If they stay low density, then their housing crisis will continue to worsen. However, locals in these low-density areas usually strongly oppose any proposals to build more dense neighborhoods."}
{"prompts":"What Is Technical Analysis?","response":"Technical analysis uses statistical trends gathered from market activity, such as moving averages (MA). Essentially, technical analysis assumes that a security\u2019s price already reflects all publicly available information and instead focuses on the statistical analysis of price movements. Technical analysis attempts to understand the market sentiment behind price trends by looking for patterns and trends rather than analyzing a security\u2019s fundamental attributes."}
{"prompts":"Where Do We Find Data on Our Monetary Aggregates?","response":"The Fed releases the Money Stock Measures \u2013 H.6 Release on the fourth Tuesday of every month. It shows the latest and past figures for the monetary base, M1, and M2."}
{"prompts":"Is Gold a Good Long-Term Investment?","response":"Gold has long been considered a good investment to hedge against inflation as well as a store of value; however, data has shown that both stocks and bonds have outperformed gold in the long term, on average. Depending on the specific period, however, gold can outperform stocks and bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Should I Do If My Demand Draft Is Lost or Stolen?","response":"If a demand draft is lost or stolen, it is crucial to take immediate action. Contact the issuing bank and provide them with all relevant details. The bank will guide you through the necessary steps to report the loss or theft. This typically involves submitting a written request, providing any supporting documents, and cooperating with the bank's investigation process to resolve the issue."}
{"prompts":"Can a Merchant Give You a Discount if You Pay in Cash?","response":"Yes, as an alternative to charging more for using a debit or credit card, merchants can give customers a discount for paying in cash. This practice is legal in all 50 states of the U.S."}
{"prompts":"Is High Inventory Turnover Good or Bad?","response":"Companies will almost always aspire to have a high inventory turnover. After all, high inventory turnover reduces the amount of capital that they have tied up in their inventory. It also helps increase profitability by increasing revenue relative to fixed costs such as store leases, as well as the cost of labor. In some cases, however, high inventory turnover can be a sign of inadequate inventory that is costing the company sales."}
{"prompts":"What Is a General Warranty Deed?","response":"If you are purchasing a home or other type of residential property, you will usually use a general warranty deed for your transaction with your mortgage lender."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Globalization and Glocalization?","response":"Globalization is the spread of products, ideas, and capital across international borders by corporations. One criticism of globalization is that it can result in the homogenization of cultures and consumers around the world. Glocalization pays attention to local practices, customs, and culture to have these products better fit regional wants and needs."}
{"prompts":"How Can Absolute Advantage Benefit a Nation?","response":"The concept of absolute advantage was developed by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations to show how countries can gain by specializing in producing and exporting the goods that they produce more efficiently than other countries, and by importing goods that other countries produce more efficiently. Specializing in and trading products that they have an absolute advantage in can benefit both countries as long as they each have at least one product for which they hold an absolute advantage over the other."}
{"prompts":"What Is PEST vs. PESTLE Analysis?","response":"PEST analysis stands for \"political, economic, social, and technological\" whereas PESTLE stands for the same but adds \"legal\" and \"environmental\" factors to the analysis. These areas are considered when assessing the impact of external factors on a company's profitability."}
{"prompts":"What Are Marginable Securities?","response":"Marginable securities are stocks, bonds, and other securities that can be purchased on margin or used as collateral in a margin account. Each brokerage firm can decide whether a particular security is marginable or non-marginable for its purposes. If a security is non-marginable, the investor can still buy it, but they will have to pay for it entirely with their own cash."}
{"prompts":"What is a dragonfly doji candle?","response":"The dragonfly doji is a candlestick pattern stock that traders analyze as a signal that a potential reversal in a security\u2019s price is about to occur. Depending on past price action, this reversal could be to the downside or the upside. The dragonfly doji forms when the stock\u2019s open, close, and high prices are equal. It\u2019s not a common occurrence, nor is it a reliable signal that a price reversal will soon happen. The dragonfly doji pattern also can be a sign of indecision in the marketplace. For this reason, traders will often combine it with other technical indicators before making trade decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gwei to ETH?","response":"Gwei is a denomination of the cryptocurrency ether, powered by the Ethereum ecosystem. There are one billion gwei per ether (ETH)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Liquidity and Why Is It Important for Firms?","response":"Liquidity refers to how easily or efficiently cash can be obtained to pay bills and other short-term obligations. Assets that can be readily sold, like stocks and bonds, are also considered to be liquid (although cash is, of course, the most liquid asset of all). Businesses need enough liquidity on hand to cover their bills and obligations so that they can pay vendors, keep up with payroll, and keep their operations going day-in and day out."}
{"prompts":"Is Gold a Capital Asset?","response":"Gold can technically be a capital asset if it is held as an investment. If gold is held as an inventory item or as a raw material to be used in a manufacturing process, it is more appropriately classified as an ordinary asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Normative and Behavioral Economics?","response":"Behavioral economics is a discipline that studies the psychological factors that influence the behavior of economic actors. This is closely related to normative economics, which often uses the tools of behavioral economics to change the way humans make decisions. A simple example is a decision to place healthy fruit near the cash register of a high school cafeteria: by placing the healthy option in a prominent location, students are subtly encouraged to make the healthier decision."}
{"prompts":"How Is Shareholder Equity Calculated?","response":"Shareholder equity is the difference between a firm's total assets and total liabilities. This equation is known as a balance sheet equation because all of the relevant information can be gleaned from the balance sheet.Take the equity at the onset of the accounting period, add or subtract any equity infusions (such as adding cash from shares issued or subtracting cash used for treasury purchases), add net income, subtract all cash dividends paid out and any net losses, and what you have left is the shareholder equity for that period."}
{"prompts":"Which Bank Installed the First ATM in the U.S.?","response":"The first ATM in the U.S. was installed by Chemical Bank in Rockville Center (Long Island), New York, in 1969 (two years after Barclays installed the first ATM in the U.K.). By the end of 1971, more than 1,000 ATMs were installed worldwide."}
{"prompts":"Is Turnover Your Profit?","response":"Profit refers to a company\u2019s total revenues minus its expenses. Turnover is how quickly a company has sold its inventory, collected payments compared with sales, or replaced assets over a specific period. Generally speaking, turnover looks at the speed and efficiency of a company\u2019s operations. Profit looks at how much money the company makes after expenses."}
{"prompts":"Why Would One Use a Multiple Regression Over a Simple OLS Regression?","response":"A dependent variable is rarely explained by only one variable. In such cases, an analyst uses multiple regression, which attempts to explain a dependent variable using more than one independent variable. The model, however, assumes that there are no major correlations between the independent variables."}
{"prompts":"What Is Net Neutrality and Why Is It Important?","response":"Net neutrality is the concept that states that organizations, such as Internet service providers, should treat all data on the internet equally. Proponents argue it promotes a free and open internet, where users can access content without restriction, provided the content does not violate any laws."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Standard Deviation Often Used More Than Variance?","response":"Standard deviation is the square root of variance. It is sometimes more useful since taking the square root removes the units from the analysis. This allows for direct comparisons between different things that may have different units or different magnitudes. For instance, to say that increasing X by one unit increases Y by two standard deviations allows you to understand the relationship between X and Y regardless of what units they are expressed in."}
{"prompts":"Is Available-for-Sale a Current Asset?","response":"Available-for-sale securities can be classified as current assets if they are held for less than one year, which is the definition of a current asset. If they are to be held for more than a year, then they have to be classified as a long-term asset."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Interest Coverage Ratio Tell You?","response":"The interest coverage ratio measures a company's ability to handle its outstanding debt. It is one of a number of debt ratios that can be used to evaluate a company's financial condition. The term \"coverage\" refers to the length of time\u2014ordinarily, the number of\u00a0fiscal years\u2014for which interest payments can be made with the company's currently available earnings. In simpler terms, it represents how many times the company can pay its obligations using its earnings."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Bank Reconciliation Important?","response":"Bank reconciliation helps to identify errors that can affect estimated tax payments and financial reporting. It also helps to identify, stop, and prevent fraud."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Surplus Share Reinsurance and Quota Reinsurance?","response":"Surplus share reinsurance and quota reinsurance are two types of agreement between an insurer and a reinsurer that define the responsibilities of each party.In a surplus share treaty, the primary insurer retains the liabilities of a contract up to a specific amount. The remainder is passed along to a reinsurer.A quota share treaty is essentially the reverse. The primary insurer passes along the responsibility for risks to a reinsurer, up to a certain limit. The primary insurer is responsible for losses exceeding that amount."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays Credit Card Transaction Fees?","response":"A credit card transaction fee is charged to the merchant or vendor, not the cardholder. Businesses pay the card transaction fees to the credit card issuer or payment processor company."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Convert a Sole Proprietorship to an LLC?","response":"Converting a sole proprietorship to an LLC requires you to file articles of organization with your state secretary. Also, you will have to refile your DBA (or Doing Business As) to keep your company name. Lastly, you will need to obtain an EIN from the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What Is Zero-Based Budgeting?","response":"Zero-based budgeting originated in the late 1960s by former Texas Instruments account manager Peter Pyhrr. Unlike traditional budgeting, zero-based budgeting starts at zero, justifying each individual expense for a reporting period. Zero-based budgeting starts from scratch, analyzing each granular need of the company, instead of incremental budgeting increases found in traditional budgeting, Essentially, this allows for a strategic, top-down approach to analyze the performance of a given project."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Form 1120-S?","response":"Form 1120-S is the tax return for S corporations. As such, it is used by S corporations to report their income, profits, losses, tax credits, deductions, and other information to the IRS. The form can be filed electronically or by mail and must be accompanied by Schedule K-1. This schedule identifies individual shareholders in the S corporation along with the portion of income, profit, loss, tax credits, and deductions that are allocated to each of them."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Expenses Are Restructuring Charges?","response":"You might see restructuring charges that relate to obtaining a bigger production facility, closing an office building, or paying bonuses to high-value employees to keep them from moving to competitors. Or they might be expenses related to training new hires and purchasing much needed manufacturing equipment."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of Aggregate Demand?","response":"While aggregate demand helps determine the overall strength of consumers and businesses in an economy, it does pose some limitations. Since aggregate demand is measured by market values, it only represents total output at a given price level and does not necessarily represent quality or standard of living. Also, aggregate demand measures many different economic transactions between millions of individuals and for different purposes. As a result, it can become challenging when trying to determine the causes of demand for analytical purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Call Option?","response":"A call option gives a trader the right but not the obligation to buy a security at a contracted price but they must do so by the expiration date. The seller of the option is obligated to comply with that stated price."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros of Bridge Loans?","response":"Bridge loans provide short-term cash flow. For example, a homeowner can use a bridge loan to purchase a new home before selling their existing one."}
{"prompts":"What Are Types of Unsystematic Risk?","response":"There are five types of unsystematic risk\u2014business, financial, operational, strategic, and legal\/regulatory risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Operating Expense?","response":"A non-operating expense is a cost that is unrelated to the business's core operations. The most common types of non-operating expenses are interest charges or other costs of borrowing and losses on the disposal of assets. Accountants sometimes remove non-operating expenses to examine the performance of the business, ignoring the effects of financing and other irrelevant issues."}
{"prompts":"Has Ruja Ignatova Ever Been Found?","response":"Ruja Ignatova, the Bulgarian founder of OneCoin, known as Cryptoqueen, has not resurfaced since going into hiding in 2017."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Kurtosis Important?","response":"Kurtosis explains how often observations in some data sets fall in the tails vs. the center of a probability distribution. In finance and investing, excess kurtosis is interpreted as a type of risk known as \"tail risk,\" or the chance of a loss occurring due to a rare event, as predicted by a probability distribution. If such events are more common than predicted by a distribution, the tails are said to be \"fat.\""}
{"prompts":"Where Can You See Your Credit Card Agreement?","response":"If you've lost track of the credit card agreement you received, you can get another copy by contacting your card issuer, which is required by law to provide you with one on request."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Rate of Unemployment Calculated?","response":"The U.S. unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed persons by the number of persons in the labor force (employed or unemployed) and multiplying that figure by 100."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Defined-Benefit Plan Is Overfunded?","response":"When a defined benefit plan is overfunded, it means that the plan has more assets than it needs to meet its payout obligations to employees. The surplus can be considered as net income, but cannot be paid out to shareholders."}
{"prompts":"Can You File Chapter 7 Twice?","response":"Yes, you can file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy twice. If you filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy for the first time and received a discharge, you have to wait eight years before filing a second time. It is important to receive a discharge from your first bankruptcy otherwise you may be held liable for all debts in your second bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Information Available on ECAs?","response":"The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) maintains a list of the official global ECAs."}
{"prompts":"Are Revolving Credit Accounts Secured or Unsecured?","response":"Revolving credit accounts can be either secured or unsecured. For example, a home equity line of credit is secured by the equity in your home. A credit card, on the other hand, is unsecured."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifications Does a Controller Need?","response":"A controller must often have around at least 10 years of professional experience, though larger public companies will often require more. Though an accounting or finance license is not always required, a controller may need to carry a CPA license. A controller usually needs to have at least some sort of higher education as well."}
{"prompts":"What Is Reaganomics?","response":"Reaganomics is the economic policy instituted by President Ronald Reagan who instituted tax cuts, decreased social spending, increased military spending, and market deregulation, all influenced by the trickle-down theory and supply-side economics."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between the American Opportunity Credit and the Lifetime Learning Credit?","response":"The American Opportunity Credit, formerly the Hope credit, can be used for the first four years of undergraduate studies only. The Lifetime Learning Credit can be used for undergraduate and graduate studies, plus some professional programs and trade schools may be eligible.The American Opportunity Credit is worth up to $2,500, and if you have more than one student listed as a dependent, you may claim multiple credits. The Lifetime Learning Credit can only be used once for up to $2,000 on an annual tax return."}
{"prompts":"When Is it Best to Refinance a Mortgage?","response":"If you have a mortgage with no prepayment penalties, it can make sense to refinance when interest rates fall, lowering your monthly payments and reducing the overall amount of interest paid on the loan. Because refis are new loans, they often come with fees and closing costs. Therefore, the interest rate has to be sufficiently lower enough to also cover these costs."}
{"prompts":"Which Jobs Can You Get With a Social Science Degree?","response":"A degree in the social sciences can help land you a job as an economist, psychologist, or survey researcher, as well as open up opportunities in sectors such as law, government, and academia."}
{"prompts":"What Is Escheat Example?","response":"Imagine you had assets in a brokerage account and didn't name beneficiaries, had no will, and no relatives that it could pass to by laws in your state. If you died and no one else claimed it, ownership of the account would be passed to the government."}
{"prompts":"Does the Russell 1000 Index Pay a Dividend?","response":"As of May 31, 2023, the dividend yield for the Russell 1000 was 1.60%."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Measure a Portfolio's Risk?","response":"A portfolio's standard deviation of returns (or variance) is often used as a proxy of overall portfolio risk. The standard deviation calculation is not merely a weighted average of the individual assets' standard deviations - it must also account for the covariance among the different holdings. For a 2-asset portfolio, the standard deviation calculation is:\u03c3p= (w12\u03c312\u00a0+ w22\u03c322\u00a0+ 2w1w2Cov1,2)1\/2"}
{"prompts":"How Are Acquisition Costs Differentiated From Other Types of Costs?","response":"Acquisition costs are distinct from other types of costs, such as operating expenses or production costs. While operating expenses represent ongoing costs incurred to maintain day-to-day operations, acquisition costs specifically pertain to the initial acquisition of assets or goods."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Deposition Take?","response":"The length of a deposition will depend on the scope of the questions, the details needed, and the willingness to participate by the person being deposed. In general, a deposition can last as little as 30 minutes to more than eight hours spread over multiple sessions."}
{"prompts":"How Is Expected Return Used in Finance?","response":"Expected return calculations are a key piece of both business operations and financial theory, including in the well-known models of modern portfolio theory (MPT) or the Black-Scholes options pricing model. It is a tool used to determine whether an investment has a positive or negative average net outcome.\u00a0The calculation is usually based on historical data and therefore cannot be guaranteed for future results, however, it can set reasonable expectations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a SEP IRA and a Traditional IRA?","response":"The most significant difference is the contribution limit, where a traditional IRA allows for a $6,500 total annual amount (with a $7,500 catchup contribution for those over 50). You can contribute up to $66,000 in 2023."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a Ticker Symbol?","response":"Stock symbols are called tickers because they first appeared as imprints on tickertape transmitted by telegraph from stock exchanges to investors around the country. This name persisted, even after physical tickertape was replaced by more modern technologies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Full Project Life Cycle?","response":"The project management lifecycle often consists of four stages: initiation, planning, execution, and close-out. An end to end process will often consist of all four stages, as the process begins with the start of a project or process and ends with the final wrap-up after product or project delivery has been made."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Effective Notional Amount of an Investment?","response":"The effective notional amount is the face value minus the cost of any hedges that have been purchased against it. For example, an investor seeks to hedge against a long $10,000 stock position in XYZ by buying an out-of-the-money put, which costs $2.50 per 100 shares, or $250 in premium, to cover the full $10,000 investment. Incorporating the cost of the hedge, the effective notional amount then becomes $10,000 minus $250, or an effective notional amount of $9,750."}
{"prompts":"How Difficult Is It to Designate a Beneficiary?","response":"Not difficult at all, once you've decided on who they should be. Designating beneficiaries for your financial accounts involves providing the names, social security numbers and perhaps other specifics on a form when you open your account. If your accounts have been open, simply request the appropriate form(s) for designating beneficiaries, fill it out carefully and properly, and return it to your financial institution."}
{"prompts":"How Does ARIMA Forecasting Work?","response":"ARIMA forecasting is achieved by plugging in time series data for the variable of interest. Statistical software will identify the appropriate number of lags or amount of differencing to be applied to the data and check for stationarity. It will then output the results, which are often interpreted similarly to that of a multiple linear regression model."}
{"prompts":"What's the Largest QR Code Ever Made?","response":"A 42-foot-wide QR code is painted onto the roof of Facebook's headquarters in California."}
{"prompts":"Does Winsorized Mean Preserve Data Variability?","response":"Winsorized mean retains more data variability than the trimmed mean, as it only replaces the extreme values with values closer to the dataset's central part. Therefore, it preserves more of the original data range and variability, making it a desirable choice in cases where maintaining variability is essential."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Economy Stimulated?","response":"The government can stimulate the economy through targeted, expansionary monetary and fiscal policy. The idea of economic stimulus is that these actions by the government help to jump-start economic activity in the private sector.Policy tools for stimulating the economy include interest rate cuts, government spending increases, and quantitative easing. Policymakers generally direct stimulus programs toward key economic sectors to take advantage of multiplier effects that they hope will indirectly increase private sector spending."}
{"prompts":"Is Bank or in-House Financing Better for Buying a Car?","response":"There is no clear winner between banks and dealer financing, and it may be worth comparing interest rates from both before making a decision. A car loan from a bank represents the \"true\" interest rate, while dealers may charge a markup or extra fees for financing a car. On the other hand, dealers specialize in auto loans and may be able to get lower rates for newer cars. Some dealers even offer promotional 0% financing for the first year on a new car."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Code of Ethics for Teachers?","response":"A code of ethics for teachers defines the primary responsibilities of a teacher to their students and the role of the teacher in the student's life. The National Education Association outlines the following two principles for those in the education profession. First, commitment to the student involves guiding students to reach their potential in a fair and inclusive manner. Second, commitment to the profession includes raising professional standards and exercising professional judgment."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Fed Monetize Government Debt?","response":"A central bank monetizes its\u00a0government debt when it converts\u00a0Treasuries into credit or cash.\u00a0This is done to manage the money supply, and in some cases to create extra liquidity in order to stimulate a sagging economy."}
{"prompts":"Are International Bonds the Same as Foreign Bonds?","response":"No. Foreign bonds are issued in one country and priced in that country's currency, but the corporation that issues it is foreign-based. The buyers will primarily be investors who live in the country in which the bonds are issued.International bonds are, for the most part, issued in one country and sold to investors in other countries."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for a VEBA?","response":"To be eligible for a VEBA plan, your employer must offer one. Also, you must be an active employee and be covered by your employer\u2019s health insurance plan."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Solve the Peter Principle?","response":"Companies can solve the Peter Principle by carefully assessing the skills and interests of their employees and promoting them only to roles that are well-suited to their abilities and personalities. They should also provide additional mentoring and skills training to help newly promoted employees grow into their new roles."}
{"prompts":"When Was the Last Federal Budget Surplus?","response":"The last time the U.S. government had a federal budget surplus was in 2001. In every year since there has been a federal\u00a0budget deficit."}
{"prompts":"What Country Has the Highest Purchasing Power?","response":"According to the crowdsourced database Numbeo, Luxembourg has the highest purchasing power with a purchasing power index number of 127.1 in 2023. Other top countries include Qatar (123.6), United Arab Emirates (123.4), and Switzerland (118.7). The lowest country in 2023 is Nigeria (8.4)."}
{"prompts":"How Many Mom-and-Pop Stores Are There in the U.S.?","response":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 7,936,977 small business establishments in the United States in 2019, with a small business establishment being defined as one that employs fewer than 500 people and operates at a single location."}
{"prompts":"What Does At-The-Money Mean?","response":"At-the-money (ATM) occurs when the option's\u00a0strike price\u00a0is identical to the current market price of the\u00a0underlying security.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Effective Tax Rate?","response":"The effective tax rate is the overall percentage of income that an individual or a corporation pays in taxes. The effective tax rate for individuals is the average rate at which their earned income (such as wages) and unearned income (such as stock dividends) are taxed. The effective tax rate for a corporation is the average rate at which its pre-tax profits are taxed."}
{"prompts":"How Can Gross Sales Be Used Effectively in Financial Analysis?","response":"Gross sales is best used when linked with other relevant financial metrics, such as net sales and profit margins, to provide a comprehensive view of a company's financial health."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of the Efficient Frontier in the MPT?","response":"The efficient frontier is a cornerstone of the modern portfolio theory. It is the line that indicates the combination of investments that will provide the highest level of return for the lowest level of risk.When a portfolio falls to the right of the efficient frontier, it possesses greater risk relative to its predicted return. When it falls beneath the slope of the efficient frontier, it offers a lower level of return relative to risk."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is One Bitcoin Worth?","response":"The price of Bitcoin varies, but as of September 2023, was trading at $26,551. The price has fluctuated between roughly $26,000 and $67,500 over the 12 months between June 2021 and September 2023."}
{"prompts":"Does Regulation O Apply to Family Members?","response":"Shares owned or controlled by immediate family members are attributed to the insider individual. Such immediate family members are limited to a spouse, and minor or adult children living with the insider."}
{"prompts":"How Are Non-Tariff Barriers Enforced?","response":"Non-tariff barriers are enforced through a combination of regulatory and administrative measures by the importing country's government authorities. These enforcement processes typically involve rigorous documentation and customs procedures, including inspections, testing, and compliance checks to ensure adherence to specific NTB requirements. Licensing and permits may be required for certain goods, and import quotas are monitored to ensure limits are not exceeded."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Proporation Factor?","response":"The proration factor\u00a0refers to the fraction of equity shares accepted by an acquiring company needed for the target company's shareholders to participate in a takeover offer.Proration factor may also refer to the amount of pension eligibility a plan participant is entitled to."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if I Own Shares That Undergo a Stock Split?","response":"When a stock splits, it credits shareholders of record with additional shares, which are reduced in price in a comparable manner. For instance, in a typical 2:1 stock split, if you owned 100 shares that were trading at $50 just before the split, you would then own 200 shares at $25 each. Your broker would handle this automatically, so there is nothing you need to do."}
{"prompts":"What States Have the Highest Property Taxes?","response":"According to SmartAsset.com, Connecticut, New York, and Illinois have the highest property tax rates in the nation when calculated as a percentage of the home's value. Real estate taxes averaged 3% of home values in all three states."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Throughput?","response":"In corporate finance, throughput is generally measured as inventories divided by the time it takes to produce those inventories."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Elements of Strategic Management?","response":"Strategic management is not a one-size-fits-all strategy. However, there are key elements that are found to be critical. These include goal setting, industry and organizational analyses, strategy formation, strategy implementation; and the measurement, monitoring, and controlling of strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Act of Delinquency?","response":"The definition of being in delinquency depends on the context in which it's being used. In finance, it often refers to the state of being late on a debt. For instance, a borrower is considered delinquent if they don't make their credit card payment on time.Being delinquent can also mean that a financial professional neglects to live up to their fiduciary responsibilities. An investment advisor who suggests that a retired client invest in a risky venture is deemed as being delinquent."}
{"prompts":"Which FICO Score Do Mortgage Lenders Use?","response":"According to Experian, the most commonly-used FICO Scores in mortgage lending decisions are the FICO Score 2, FICO Score 5, or FICO Score 4. However, the credit score is only part of a mortgage application, and lenders will also consider factors like the borrower's income, assets, and payment history."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Debt Ratios?","response":"All debt ratios analyze a company's relative debt position. Common debt ratios include debt-to-equity, debt-to-assets, long-term debt-to-assets, and leverage and gearing ratios."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of ADA?","response":"The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is broken down into four main sections: Title I, which covers employment; Title II, which covers public entities and transportation; Title III, which covers public accommodations and public facilities, and Title IV, which covers telecommunications."}
{"prompts":"What is a \u2018good\u2019 R-squared value?","response":"What qualifies as a \u201cgood\u201d R-squared value will depend on the context. In some fields, such as the social sciences, even a relatively low R-squared value, such as 0.5, could be considered relatively strong. In other fields, the standards for a good R-squared reading can be much higher, such as 0.9 or above. In finance, an R-squared above 0.7 would generally be seen as showing a high level of correlation, whereas a measure below 0.4 would show a low correlation. This is not a hard rule, however, and will depend on the specific analysis."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Right of Refusal Bad?","response":"A right of refusal is neither good nor bad; it is simply a tool used by some to ensure they have the first claim on an asset or to ensure a buyer is waiting."}
{"prompts":"What Does the JOBS Act Do for Companies?","response":"The JOBS Act allows companies to access funding in ways that were not allowed before due to securities regulations. It reduced regulation, including oversight and reporting, removed certain barriers, and allowed for new ways of accessing capital. It makes it easier for entrepreneurs to start businesses or grow their current businesses."}
{"prompts":"Can I Lose Money on a Bond?","response":"Yes, there are instances when you can lose money on a bond. Bonds are generally considered safe investments but they are susceptible to certain risks. For instance, inflation can eat away at the returns of a bondholder. If inflation is running higher than what the bond pays, then you'll lose out. You can also lose money on a bond because of any taxes you may owe on the interest you earn."}
{"prompts":"How Market Saturation Measured?","response":"A saturated market or oversaturated market can make it challenging to get consumers' attention. To calculate market share, which is a way to get to market saturation, consider the industry's total sales. Companies in the pre-packaged meals e-grocery market can look at the entire industry's sales for those items and divide it by their company's total sales. This should show the percentage there is available for their product to fill. Also, researching the supply versus the need for a product or service could help calculate market saturation."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It So Hard to Get Out of Poverty?","response":"Many of the things that can help pull people out of poverty require the one thing poor people don't have: money. For example, without money, it\u2019s difficult to get a decent education and acquire new skills to boost job prospects and earnings potential. Spare time to address issues and boost wellbeing is also in short supply, as every hour spent not sleeping is dedicated to earning money and surviving."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Absorption Rate Mean?","response":"A high absorption rate means a higher proportion of houses are being purchased. Otherwise, a low absorption rate means a lower proportion of houses are being purchased. This information is used by relators, financial institutions, and appraisers as the rate at which houses are being bought drives a home's value and price."}
{"prompts":"What Does the DTCC Do?","response":"The DTCC is an American financial services company that provides clearing and settlement services for the financial markets. Through its subsidiaries, it provides clearing, asset servicing, settlements, and other financial services."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Negative Feedback Loop?","response":"In the context of financial markets, a negative feedback loop refers to behavior that either compounds a bad outcome or minimizes change rather than amplifying it. In the latter case, investors buy stocks when prices decline and sell stocks when prices rise. This, however, is actually an example of positive feedback--although many people in practice still refer to this as a negative feedback loop."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Technical Skills Important?","response":"Most jobs require their employees to use specific tools and complete certain processes to fulfill their job duties. To do so effectively and efficiently, employees need to know how to use the tools and complete steps in a process. This adaptation is acquired through the development of hard or technical skills. Without these skills, companies lose their competitive advantage, employee satisfaction is adversely affected, and productivity suffers."}
{"prompts":"Why Are the Fed Governors Appointed for Staggered 14-Year Terms?","response":"The purpose of the staggered terms is to ensure stability and continuity."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Voluntary Liquidation?","response":"A voluntary liquidation involves the winding up of a company\u2019s affairs and the selling of its assets, which funds the settling of its debts. It results in the dissolution of the company."}
{"prompts":"How Many Joint Tenants Are Allowed in a Single Property?","response":"Joint tenancy can have two or more joint tenants. There is no legal limit to the number of co-owners in a joint tenancy, as long as all joint tenants have equal shares of ownership."}
{"prompts":"Was the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Effective?","response":"Policies like the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act can help narrow the gender pay gap. However, discrimination still exists, indicating that more action may be needed."}
{"prompts":"What Does Balance of Trade Mean?","response":"The term balance of trade refers to the value of a country's imports as compared to the value of its ports. A country that imports more that it exports will have a trade deficit, while one that exports more than it imports will have a trade surplus."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Find a Company\u2019s Accounts Receivable?","response":"Accounts receivable are found on a firm\u2019s balance sheet. Because they represent funds owed to the company, they are booked as an asset. Investors need to dig into the numbers shown under accounts receivable to determine if the company follows sound practices."}
{"prompts":"How Does Brexit Affect MiFID II?","response":"After the United Kingdom left the European Union, the two economies had two substantially similar regulatory regimes, but they lost their ability to trade easily. British firms lost their license to provide financial services to EU clients and vice versa. It also created duplicate reporting requirements for the two areas."}
{"prompts":"Does the 4% Rule Still Work?","response":"The 4% rule was created to meet the financial needs of a retiree even during a worst-case economic scenario such as a prolonged market downturn. Many financial advisers say that 5% allows for a more comfortable lifestyle while adding only a little more risk. Supporters of a more cautious approach pick 3% as a safer number."}
{"prompts":"How Do You File for Bankruptcy?","response":"You can file for bankruptcy by submitting a petition to a federal bankruptcy court. You don't need a lawyer to do so, but the government says it's \"strongly recommended because bankruptcy has long-term financial and legal consequences.\""}
{"prompts":"How Can the Fibonacci Sequence Affect Trading Behavior?","response":"Humans tend to identify patterns and traders easily equate patterns in charts through the Fibonacci sequence. It's unproven that Fibonacci numbers relate to fundamental market forces, however, markets by design react to the beliefs of their players. Consequently, if investors buy or sell because of Fibonacci analysis, they tend to create a self-fulfilling prophecy that affects the market trends."}
{"prompts":"What Protections Mitigate \"Too Big To Fail\"?","response":"Regulations have been put in place to require systemically important financial institutions to maintain adequate capital and submit to enhanced supervision and resolution regimes.After the 2008 collapse of large financial institutions, policies were enacted, including the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (EESA) and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010."}
{"prompts":"What Are Non-Fungible Tokens?","response":"Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are assets that are not interchangeable. They're often digital and can include assets such as music, images, and videos, as well as some forms of cryptocurrency. You can have a right to ownership if you purchase an NFT but this right doesn't necessarily translate to outright ownership of the asset."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Days Payable Outstanding?","response":"To calculate days of payable outstanding (DPO), the following formula is applied: DPO = Accounts Payable X Number of Days\/Cost of Goods Sold (COGS). Here, COGS refers to beginning inventory plus purchases subtracting the ending inventory. Accounts payable, on the other hand, refers to company purchases that were made on credit that are due to its suppliers."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean To Be a Public Limited Company (PLC)?","response":"A PLC is a publicly traded company in the U.K. These companies must have PLC or the words \"public limited company\" after their name. For example, the oil and gas company, BP plc, is a U.K. publicly traded company that's headquartered in London, England."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade Japanese Stocks?","response":"In order to trade stocks on Japanese stock exchanges, a trader must be able to demonstrate that they are a Japanese citizen or permanent resident. However, foreigners may be able to trade shares in Japanese companies through an online broker if they are listed on an American Depositary Receipt."}
{"prompts":"Can Open Source Be Harmful to Users?","response":"Possibly. Any source code can have flaws that threaten the security of, say, user information. Such flaws in open source code must be located and fixed without a dedicated coder or team that monitors for them. Open source invites anyone to edit the code and that can open the door to unwelcome behavior."}
{"prompts":"What Is ARIMA Used for?","response":"ARIMA is a method for forecasting or predicting future outcomes based on a historical time series. It is based on the statistical concept of serial correlation, where past data points influence future data points."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between a hammer candlestick and a shooting star?","response":"While a hammer candlestick pattern signals a bullish reversal, a shooting star pattern indicates a bearish price trend. Shooting star patterns occur after a stock uptrend, illustrating an upper shadow. Essentially the opposite of a hammer candlestick, the shooting star rises after opening but closes roughly at the same level of the trading period. A shooting star pattern signals the top of a price trend."}
{"prompts":"What Is Lean Six Sigma Training?","response":"Lean Six Sigma training instructs students in the basics of\u00a0Six Sigma methodology, as well as the Six Sigma\u00a0DMAIC roadmap. Students also learn how to apply\u00a0the concepts\u00a0in practical scenarios as they go through the courses."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Company's War Chest Made Up Of?","response":"A war chest holds liquid assets that can be accessed quickly, such as cash, cash equivalents, bank deposits, and Treasury bills."}
{"prompts":"How Many Oil Refineries Are There in the United States?","response":"As of Jan. 1, 2021, there were 129 operable petroleum refineries in the United States. The last refinery to enter operation was in 2019 in Texas."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Economic Indicators of a Strong Economy?","response":"An economy may be strong if it has a robust amount of economic activity and job growth. This is measured by low unemployment, steady inflation, increases to construction, positive consumer index readings, and increasing GDP."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bond's Par Value?","response":"A bond's par value is its face value, the price that it was issued at. Most bonds are issued with a par value of $1,000 or $100. Over time, the bond's price will change, due to changes in interest rates, credit ratings, and time to maturity. When this happens, a bond's price will either be above its par value (above par) or below its par value (below par)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a ZK-SNARK Circuit?","response":"An electronic circuit is sometimes used to describe how zk-SNARK works or when designing a zero-knowledge process because there are electronic terms like \"gates\" and \"chips\" used when creating workflows."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cloud Hacking?","response":"Cloud hacking is when a cyber attack targets cloud-based service platforms, such as computing services, storage services, or hosted applications."}
{"prompts":"What Loans Are Not Affected by a Change in the Prime Rate?","response":"Any existing loan or line of credit that has a fixed interest rate is not affected by a change in the prime rate. This includes any student loans, mortgages, savings accounts, and credit cards that are issued with fixed rates rather than variable rates."}
{"prompts":"What Products Are Price Sensitive?","response":"Generally speaking, the products that are most price sensitive are those that have lots of competition and don\u2019t stand out much in terms of quality or prestige. Price sensitivity can also become a bigger factor among higher-priced products since these purchases command a significant portion of the buyer\u2019s budget.\u00a0 A 2% jump in a favorite cereal brand may even potentially go unnoticed. However, add that same percentage to a big ticket item and it\u2019s more likely the consumer will shop around for cheaper alternatives."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for an SBA Grant?","response":"The SBA generally doesn\u2019t issue grants, but it does to certain organizations that promote entrepreneurship in their communities. These include nonprofit organizations, organizations that provide their communities with training and funding (known as \u201cresource partners\u201d), and educational organizations. Grants are not provided to owners who want to expand an existing business or to startups."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks Associated with Investing in the Diamonds ETF?","response":"The risks of the Diamonds ETF are essentially the same as those of the broader stock market. Investments can lose their capital, and stocks may be susceptible to swings in economics conditions. It also faces all of the associated risks the 30 constituent companies of the ETF race such as geopolitical risk or market risk."}
{"prompts":"Did Basel II Replace Basel I?","response":"Basel II built upon Basel I, refining and clarifying some of its rules as well as adding new ones, but did not replace it altogether."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns the Qatar Investment Authority?","response":"The QIA is owned by the national government of the State of Qatar. It is run by a CEO and board of governors."}
{"prompts":"What Are Volcker Rule Backstop Provisions?","response":"The Volcker Rule is a set of financial regulations that separates the commercial and investment banking activities of a firm. Its purpose is to prevent conflicts of interest and unfair practices to the detriment of a bank's customers. One provision of the Rule is to prevent the backstopping of a securities issue by an underwriting bank if it will create a conflict of interest. Moreover, a back stop would be prohibited if it would \"result, directly or indirectly, in a material exposure by the banking entity to a high-risk asset or a high-risk trading strategy; or pose a threat to the safety and soundness of the banking entity or to the financial stability of the United States.\""}
{"prompts":"What's the Point of the Lindahl Equilibrium?","response":"The theory represents an attempt to create a market-based solution for the financing and delivery of public goods."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Be an Exempt Employee or a Non-Exempt Employee?","response":"Whether it is better to be an exempt employee or a non-exempt employee depends on a variety of factors, such as the type of job and a person's background, education, and personal situation. Exempt employees are generally paid higher and receive benefits at their jobs, such as retirement plans and health insurance; however, they are not paid for overtime and, therefore, may not be compensated appropriately if their job requires long hours."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Stagflation?","response":"Economists argue about the root causes of stagflation.In general, the stage is set for stagflation when a supply shock occurs. This is an unexpected event, such as a disruption in the oil supply or a shortage of essential parts. Such a shock occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic with a disruption of the flow of semiconductors that slowed the production of everything from laptops to cars and appliances.Such a shock can affect all of the factors that make up stagflation: inflation, employment, and economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Government-Sponsored Enterprise?","response":"A government-sponsored enterprise (GSE) is an entity that Congress created to increase the flow of credit in certain areas of the U.S. economy, particularly real estate. GSEs differ from government agencies. The main difference is that GSEs are privately held organizations, while government agencies are run directly by the federal government."}
{"prompts":"Does the Arab League Still Exist?","response":"Yes, the Arab League still exists. But members are skipping League summits and declining positions, possibly a sign of waning enthusiasm for the organization.Some scholars and statesmen feel that the League is unable to overcome a fundamental paralysis, due to internal divisions among its member nations, leading to \"resolutions [that] are prefabricated, out of date, out of touch, and reflexively anti-Israeli,\" as states a 2020 article posted by the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. The conclusion of the Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies is that \"the time has come to close it down.\"\"The League\u2019s paralysis reflects its irrelevance since the 2000s,\" Sean Yom, associate professor at Temple University, Philadelphia, and author of From Resilience to Revolution: How Foreign Interventions Destabilize the Middle East, said in a 2018 interview. \"If we are going to see the League simply dissolve away, it will probably take another decade or two.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Spoofing?","response":"A common spoofing scenario happens when an email is sent from a fake sender address, asking the recipient to provide sensitive data. Typically, the recipient is prompted to click on a link to log into their account and update personal and financial details. Links in spoofing emails also infect the recipient\u2019s computer with malware."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment?","response":"FDI can foster and maintain economic growth, in both the recipient country and the country making the investment. On one hand, developing countries have encouraged FDI as a means of financing the construction of new infrastructure and the creation of jobs for their local workers. On the other hand, multinational companies benefit from FDI as a means of expanding their footprints into international markets. A disadvantage of FDI, however, is that it involves the regulation and oversight of multiple governments, leading to a higher level of political risk."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do I Need to Trade Futures?","response":"Many platforms for futures traders require a minimum deposit of $5,000 to $10,000 to get started. Trading futures also requires margin deposits that can range from as little as $300 to more than $7,000 depending on the type of commodity being traded and the amount of the contract.Keep in mind that a margin account is a type of collateral required in return for borrowing cash from the broker to finance trading. The collateral could disappear with a losing investment."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Chi-Square Analysis?","response":"Since chi-square applies to categorical variables, it is most used by researchers who are studying survey response data. This type of research can range from demography to consumer and marketing research to political science and economics."}
{"prompts":"Is Crypto Fiat Money?","response":"Cryptocurrencies are not fiat money. Fiat money is determined by a nation's government and the government decides what money can be accepted as legal tender. Cryptocurrencies are not authorized by most governments as legal tender."}
{"prompts":"What Is the IRS Limit for Elective Deferrals?","response":"An elective deferral is the amount that an employee chooses to deduct from their paycheck and deposit into an employer-sponsored retirement plan like a 401(k). The limit set by the IRS is $22,500 in 2023 and $23,000 in 2024. Individuals who are 50 or over can contribute an additional $7,500 each year for a total of $30,000 in 2023 and $30,500 in 2024.Employers may also match a portion of the employee's contribution. This combined total cannot exceed the lesser of 100% of the employee's salary or $66,000 in 2023 ($73,500 with the catch-up contribution) and $69,000 in 2024 ($76,500 with the catch-up contribution)."}
{"prompts":"What are the most common compounding periods?","response":"Depending on the situation, interest is typically compounded monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually. Some accounts may even offer daily compounding, though compounding more frequently than that is incredibly unusual."}
{"prompts":"What Is Behavioral Economics?","response":"Behavioral economics combines psychology, judgment, decision-making, and economics to understand human behavior. Branches of economic thought continue to grow and change. One such example is the progressive branch of bioeconomics that models economic decisions in terms of managing resources."}
{"prompts":"Do You Get Earnest Money Back?","response":"As long as a buyer follows the terms of the contract and adheres to all deadlines agreed to with the seller, a buyer will most often receive their full earnest money deposit(s) back. Should the buyer fail to comply with the agreement, the seller may be entitled to receive some or all earnest deposit funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best High Street Bank?","response":"It depends on the specific services you are looking for as a customer. Some of the major high street banks with a good reputation include Barclays, the Royal Bank of Scotland, Natwest, Lloyds Bank, and HSBC."}
{"prompts":"What's the Application Process for Lancaster University Management School?","response":"Prospective students must complete an application online through the school's web portal. They must submit supporting documents, which vary based on the area of study. Transcripts and proof of ability in English are general requirements for all programs. Graduate and doctorate students may also require references, a personal statement, and research proposals. An application fee and deposit is also required."}
{"prompts":"What is included in a trial balance?","response":"It depends. Companies can use a trial balance to keep track of their financial position, and so they may prepare several different types of trial balance throughout the financial year. A trial balance may contain all the major accounting items, including assets, liabilities, equity, revenues, expenses, gains, and losses."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Term Income Tax Payable Mean?","response":"\u201cIncome tax payable\u201d is a financial accounting term for the current liability reported on an organization\u2019s balance sheet. It indicates the taxes that the organization expects to pay within 12 months.\u00a0\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Makes an Elevator Pitch Good?","response":"The best elevator pitches are interesting, engaging, and invite the listener to find out more. Deliver your pitch confidently and get to the point quickly if you want to make a good impression. A good elevator pitch sets the stage for further action, whether that's an interview, a meeting, or just an exchange of business cards."}
{"prompts":"How Does Paid-in Capital Increase or Decrease?","response":"Any new issuance of preferred or common shares may increase the paid-in capital as the excess value is recorded. Paid-in capital can be reduced with share repurchases."}
{"prompts":"What Is AD&D Insurance?","response":"Accidental death and dismemberment (AD&D) insurance pays benefits in the case of a person\u2019s accidental death or dismemberment. While it is usually added as a rider on a life insurance policy, it can also be purchased as standalone coverage."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Budget Surplus vs. a Budget Deficit?","response":"A budget surplus is when a body (such as the U.S. government) spends less money during an accounting period than it takes in through revenue. A deficit is when spending is higher than revenue, requiring the government to borrow money in order to finance its activities."}
{"prompts":"What If I Do Not Have Any Work Experience?","response":"You can still create a strong resume even if you do not have any professional work experience. Your resume can include any volunteer work you have done and the responsibilities you had during this time. If you are still in school, you can also list any academic organizations you are a part of and any offices and responsibilities you're holding."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Purpose of the Great Leap Forward Program?","response":"The Great Leap Forward was a relatively short-lived effort by the communist regime of China to modernize its rural and agricultural sectors through collectivism and industrialization."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Establish a Buy and Sell Agreement?","response":"A buy-sell agreement\u2014also known as a shotgun clause\u2014is a contract that sets out how a partner's shares will be obtained by the remaining partners or owners of a firm in case of their death or departure. This is usually done with the aid of a knowledgeable attorney.In order to ensure that funds are available, partners in business commonly purchase life insurance policies on the other partners. In the event of a death, the proceeds from the policy will be used towards the purchase of the deceased's business interest. This part of the agreement should be done through a life insurance agent with experience in this type of agreement."}
{"prompts":"Are Debt Collectors Licensed?","response":"Whether a debt collector is licensed depends entirely on the state where they're employed. Some states have licensing requirements for debt collectors while others do not. All debt collectors in the U.S., whether licensed or not, must comply with the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, and some states have specific laws in place to regulate collectors and protect resident borrowers."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid Boiling the Ocean in Business?","response":"An individual or corporation can avoid boiling the ocean by having a clear, realistic perspective on what can be accomplished in a specific time period with the resources available. This can mean taking small, manageable steps versus taking on what\u00a0is likely to be insurmountable."}
{"prompts":"What Time Does Overnight Trading Start?","response":"Depending on a broker's trading platform, traders may be able to trade overnight from 8:01 p.m. through 4 a.m. For foreign exchange trades, there's always a market open somewhere, so the time period for overnight trading depends on local times. Mutual funds are only priced once per day, so after-hours trades aren't processed until a NAV is available."}
{"prompts":"What Caused the 2000 Stock Market Crash?","response":"The 2000 stock market crash was a direct result of the bursting of the dotcom bubble. It popped when a majority of the technology startups that raised money and went public folded when capital went dry."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between 1231 Gain and Capital Gain?","response":"When it comes to taxation there is no difference under certain circumstances. If gains on property fitting Section 1231's definition are more than the adjusted basis and amount of depreciation, the income is counted as capital gains, and as a result, it is taxed at a lower rate than ordinary income."}
{"prompts":"Is the GATT a free trade agreement?","response":"That was essentially its goal. The GATT sought to push the world toward a reality where goods and services are exchanged among countries without tariffs, quotas, and so forth, and without favoritism and discrimination."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Direct Taxes?","response":"Direct taxes are taxes paid directly to the party that levied them, such as the IRS. Common examples include income, capital gains, or property tax that a taxpayer pays to the government."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Life Insurance?","response":"Payouts are tax-free. Life insurance death benefits are paid as a lump sum and are not subject to federal income tax because they are not considered income for beneficiaries.Dependents don't have to worry about living expenses. Most policy calculators recommend a multiple of your gross income equal to seven to 10 years that can cover major expenses like mortgages and college tuition without the surviving spouse or children having to take out loans.Final expenses can be covered. Funeral expenses can be significant and can be avoided with a burial policy or with standard term or permanent life policies.Policies can supplement retirement savings. Permanent life policies such as whole, universal, and variable life insurance can offer cash value in addition to death benefits, which can augment other savings in retirement."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Head and Shoulders Pattern Tell You?","response":"The head and shoulders chart is said to depict a bullish-to-bearish trend reversal and signals that an upward trend is nearing its end. Investors consider it to be one of the most reliable trend reversal patterns."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps in Qualitative Analysis?","response":"Although the exact steps may vary, most researchers and analysts undertaking qualitative analysis will follow these steps:Define your goals and objectiveCollect or obtain qualitative dataAnalyze the data to generate initial topic codesIdentify patterns or themes in the codesReview and revise codes based on initial analysisWrite up your findings"}
{"prompts":"What Is Minimum Wage?","response":"The federal minimum wage is $7.25 an hour."}
{"prompts":"What Information Do Creditors Report to Credit Bureaus?","response":"Individuals often rely on credit scores to obtain loans and extensions of credit. Creditors and lenders are not required by law to report anything to credit bureaus, however, many businesses report on-time payments, late payments, purchases, loan terms, credit limits, and balances owed, information used by credit bureaus to construct credit scores."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of Overhang?","response":"In the broadest definition, market overhang refers to a situation where customers or investors wait for future events rather than buying a certain product or stock. This is usually because of uncertainties or fears regarding that stock's near-term future."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Chartered Accountant and a Certified Public Accountant?","response":"The primary difference between chartered accountants and certified public accountants is that these designations are used in different parts of the world. But they do perform many of the same functions. Professionals with these designations work in the public and private sector for corporations, individuals, governments, and organizations. The are responsible for filing taxes, applied finance, auditing and financial reporting, and management accounting. In some countries, CAs can pass a test to work in the United States as CPAs."}
{"prompts":"How Do Lenders Measure the Five Cs of Credit?","response":"Each lender will measure the five Cs of credit (capacity, capital, conditions, character, and collateral) differently. Generally, lenders emphasize a potential creditor's capacity, or the amount of income they have relative to the debt they are carrying."}
{"prompts":"Is On-Balance Volume Leading or Lagging?","response":"On-Balance Volume is a leading indicator: it produces predictions, but it doesn't provide specific information on exactly what happened or why. This can lead to wrong interpretations. OBV should be used alongside lagging indicators for better effectiveness."}
{"prompts":"What Does RevPAR Tell You?","response":"RevPAR is a metric used in the hospitality industry to assess a property's ability to fill its available rooms at an average rate. An increase in a property's RevPAR means that its average room rate or its occupancy rate is improving.\u00a0Since it tells you the revenue per available room, whether it's occupied or not, it can aid hoteliers in accurately pricing their rooms. Additionally, RevPAR can form the basis for measuring properties against each other."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Consumption Function Important?","response":"There are multiple reasons why the consumption function is important to economics. It is a macroeconomic tool that can help economists understand the economy, including how business cycles work and the function of the money supply among others. Economists and decision-makers can use it (and the formula) to make investment decisions and shape monetary and fiscal policy to direct the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Admission Requirements for Prospective Students?","response":"Admission requirements vary by program but typically include criteria such as academic qualifications, standardized test scores (GMAT or GRE for graduate programs), letters of recommendation, and application essays. Note that W.P. Carey does encourage students to ask about GMAT and GRE waivers."}
{"prompts":"Can I Buy My Car at the End of a Walk-Away Lease?","response":"A walk-away lease gives you the option to return the car, but most lenders will be happy to offer to sell you the car based on its current fair market value."}
{"prompts":"What Are Modern Examples of Creative Destruction?","response":"Consider Apple's frequent product releases. When the company deems it necessary, they release new gadgets, hardware, or software that usually takes the place of prior offerings. This is an example of Apple embarking on creative destruction where they make their older items obsolete in favor of coming up with innovative, new solutions for long-term benefit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a General Ledger?","response":"In accounting, a general ledger is used to record a company\u2019s ongoing transactions. Within a general ledger, transactional data is organized into assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses, and owner\u2019s equity. After each sub-ledger has been closed out, the accountant prepares the trial balance. This data from the trial balance is then used to create the company\u2019s financial statements, such as its balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, and other financial reports.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Financial Markets?","response":"Some examples of financial markets and their roles include the stock market, the bond market, forex, commodities, and the real estate market, among others. Financial markets can also be broken down into capital markets, money markets, primary vs. secondary markets, and listed vs. OTC markets."}
{"prompts":"How Did the White House Affect Jesse L. Livermore's Trading?","response":"In the unregulated market, Livermore cornered the cotton market after World War I. He used brokers worldwide to build positions in cotton and within 18 months, he owned most of the cotton in the United States.\u00a0President Woodrow Wilson petitioned Livermore to sell his strong position, which he did, to evade harming the U.S. economy."}
{"prompts":"Are There Different Rules for Record Retention for Federal and State Returns?","response":"Yes, both federal and state tax returns may have specific record retention requirements that are different. Ensure you understand the government entity's recommended policy before shredding or discarding documents."}
{"prompts":"What Does DDP Mean for an Exporter?","response":"DDP\u00a0indicates\u00a0that the seller (exporter) assumes all the risk and transportation costs. The seller must also clear the goods for export at the shipping port and import at the destination. Moreover, the seller must pay export and import duties for\u00a0goods shipped under DDP."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Property Taxes So High in the U.S.?","response":"According to the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, four key factors explain why property taxes are relatively high in the U.S. and why they vary so greatly by state: property tax reliance, home values, local spending, and classification."}
{"prompts":"Does a JV Need an Exit Strategy?","response":"A JV is intended to meet a particular project with specific goals, so it ends when the project is complete. An exit strategy is important, as it provides a clear path on how to dissolve the joint business, avoiding drawn-out discussions, costly legal battles, unfair practices, negative impacts on customers; and controlling for any possible financial loss. In most JVs an exit strategy can come in three different forms: sale of the new business, a spinoff of operations, or employee ownership. Each exit strategy offers different advantages to partners in the JV, as well as the potential for conflict."}
{"prompts":"What Works Well With the DMI?","response":"The DMI works well with other technical analysis tools to provide a more comprehensive market view. Integrating the DMI with other indicators can help confirm signals, identify entry and exit points, and improve the overall trading strategy. Some valuable indicators include the ADX, moving averages, the relative strength index, the stochastic oscillator, Fibonacci retracement levels, Bollinger Bands, and volume indicators."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Money Is Unclaimed?","response":"After a certain amount of time during which no one steps up to claim the money (e.g., in a bank account), it will be turned over to state authorities."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Legal Separation Cost?","response":"If both parties are in agreement, don't contest the separation, and do not hire a lawyer to create the separation petition, the cost of legal separation will only amount to the court filing fee, usually around $50 to $300 depending on the state. In New York, for example, the cost of filing a separation petition is $210. The separation becomes much more expensive if there are issues that need to be resolved through the use of a lawyer."}
{"prompts":"What's a Trading Platform?","response":"Essentially, a trading platform is a software system typically offered through a brokerage or other financial institution that lets you trade online, on your own. A trading platform gives investors an online interface through which they can access various markets, place trades, monitor positions, and manage their accounts.Trading platforms can offer a number of other features, as well. Broadly speaking, these include real-time quotes, live business and financial news feeds, instant access to a wealth of streaming and historical financial data, technical analysis tools, investment research, and educational resources."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization (EBITDA)?","response":"The formula for calculating EBITDA is: EBITDA = Operating Income + Depreciation + Amortization. You can find this figures on a company\u2019s income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet."}
{"prompts":"What Kind of Philosophy Is Marxism?","response":"Marxism is a philosophy developed by Karl Marx in the second half of the 19th century that unifies social, political, and economic theory. It is mainly concerned with the consequences of a society divided between an ownership class and a working class and proposes a new system of shared ownership of the means of production as a solution to the inevitable inequality that capitalism fosters."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays for Key Person Insurance?","response":"The company that purchases the key person insurance is the entity that pays the premiums for the insurance. The key person does not pay the insurance."}
{"prompts":"Is Kurtosis the Same As Skewness?","response":"No. Kurtosis measures how much of the data in a probability distribution are centered around the middle (mean) vs. the tails. Skewness instead measures the relative symmetry of a distribution around the mean."}
{"prompts":"Does an LLC Have Shares of Stock Like a Corporation?","response":"No. While it is sometimes common to describe LLC membership as a \"share,\" this is not the same as stock units in a corporation. While members of an LLC have the right to share profits and make decisions concerning their company, an LLC cannot raise money by issuing stock shares."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Liquidate a Company?","response":"To liquidate a company is when it sells off all of the assets on its balance sheet to pay off debts and obligations in order to dissolve the company. It is the process of winding down a company\u2019s affairs and distributing any remaining assets to the company\u2019s creditors and shareholders (if anything remains).Liquidation may be the best option for a company if it is no longer able to meet its financial obligations, if it has a large amount of debt that cannot be paid off, or if it is insolvent. It may also be the best option if the business is no longer profitable and there are no prospects for turning it around, as through a Chapter 7 bankruptcy proceeding."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Simple Moving Average?","response":"To calculate a simple moving average, the number of prices within a time period is divided by the number of total periods. For instance, consider shares of Tesla closed at $10, $11, $12, $11, $14 over a five day period. The simple moving average of Tesla\u2019s shares would equal $10 + $11 + $12 + $11 + $14 divided by 5, equaling $11.6."}
{"prompts":"Are There Other Ways to Calculate Annual Return?","response":"You can calculate your rate of return by month and then multiply the result by 12 to get your annual rate of return. Numerous calculators are available online to do the math for you."}
{"prompts":"Is an Employer a Fiduciary Under ERISA?","response":"Anyone who has discretionary authority or control of certain employer-sponsored retirement or healthcare plans, or anyone who provides investment advice on the direction of these assets, is considered a fiduciary. This includes trustees, plan administrators, and investment committees."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of NRV Usage?","response":"NRV for accounts receivable is calculated as the full receivable balance less an allowance for doubtful accounts, which is the dollar amount of invoices that the company estimates to be bad debt.NRV is also used to account for costs when two products are produced together in a joint costing system until the products reach a split-off point. Each product is then produced separately after the split-off point, and NRV is used to allocate previous joint costs to each of the products.GAAP rules previously required accountants to use the lower of cost or market (LCM) method to value inventory on the balance sheet. This was updated in 2015 to where companies must now use the lower of cost or NRV method, which is more consistent with IFRS rules. In essence, the term \"market\" has been replaced with \"net realizable value.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP)?","response":"A registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) is a type of defined contribution retirement plan, much like a 401(k) in the U.S.RRSPs can be either individual plans or employer-sponsored group plans. In the latter case, the employer may also make matching contributions to the employee\u2019s account."}
{"prompts":"How Do Game-Changers Make Things Happen?","response":"Generally, game-changers make things happen by looking for and seeing things that others don't. They strive to be innovative in small or large ways. Importantly, they understand that they'll make the progress they seek by being persistent, committed, courageous, energetic, visionary, and hard working. What's more, if they find that they don't have the knowledge or experience to reach their goals, they get it."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Liquid Asset?","response":"An example of a liquid asset is money market holdings. Money market accounts usually do not have hold restrictions or lockup periods (i.e. you are not permitted to sell holdings for a specific period of time). In addition, the price is broadly communicated across a wide range of buyers and sellers. Due to usually higher volumes of activity for money market securities, it's fairly easy to buy and sell in the open market, making the asset liquid and easily convertible to cash."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Countries Run Deficits?","response":"Simply put, countries run deficits because they spend more than they earn and sometimes that spending is necessary. Countries earn income\/revenue through taxes. They need to spend this money in many ways: public infrastructure, Medicare and Social Security benefits, defense, salaries for government employees, and so on. Sometimes there just isn't enough money in a year to go around so a country resorts to borrowing. Deficits, however, also allow countries to spread taxes over time by allocating taxes over generations and can lead to economic growth if managed correctly."}
{"prompts":"What Brings Down the Value of a House?","response":"Many factors bring down the value of a house, such as any new planned construction in the area that would be seen as less than desirable, such as a highway. Foreclosures in the neighborhood would bring down prices as well as the increased likelihood of natural disasters in the area or a greater impact due to climate change. Even rising interest rates can bring down the value of a house, as the increase in mortgage rates makes homes more expensive, which reduces the demand."}
{"prompts":"When Does the Nasdaq Start Releasing Information On Order Imbalances for the Opening Cross?","response":"Nasdaq releases information on order imbalances for the Opening Cross starting at 9:28 a.m. on trading days."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Over-the-Counter Derivative?","response":"An over-the-counter derivative is any derivative security traded in the OTC marketplace. A derivative is a financial security whose value is determined by an underlying asset, such as a stock or a commodity. An owner of a derivative does not own the underlying asset, in derivatives such as commodity futures, it is possible to take delivery of the physical asset after the derivative contract expires."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get Out of Deflation?","response":"There are a variety of tools that governments and central banks like the Federal Reserve can use to fight deflation, particularly by implementing expansionary policies. Those could include lowering bank reserve limits, buying treasuries, and lowering target interest rates. Other fiscal tools include increasing government spending and reducing tax rates, both of which can spur spending among individuals and businesses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between HODL and a Buy-and-Hold Strategy?","response":"There is no difference between HODLing a cryptocurrency and a buy-and-hold strategy. You can HODL a stock through its volatility because you believe in the company's future success. Similarly, you can hold a cryptocurrency for an indefinite length of time, through multiple price changes, because you believe that the coin will do well in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Triggers the Generation-Skipping Transfer Tax?","response":"The generation-skipping transfer tax is triggered when a person gifts another person an asset but skips a generation in doing so. For example, when a person gifts a home to their grandchild and skips their child."}
{"prompts":"What Affects How Much Business Insurance Costs?","response":"Several factors can influence the price of a business insurance policy, including the number of employees you have, the location of your business, and the amount of coverage you want. Generally, the more employees you have and the more coverage you need, the more expensive your policy will be. Prices also vary from region to region depending on the associated risks."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Learning Curve Mean?","response":"A high or steep learning curve indicates that it takes a substantial amount of resources to perform an initial task. However, it also signifies that subsequent performance of the same task will take less time due to the task being relatively easier to learn. A high learning curve indicates to a business that something might require intensive training, but that an employee will quickly become more proficient over time."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Electronic Wallet or Digital Wallet?","response":"A digital wallet or electronic wallet is a financial transaction application that runs on any connected device. It securely stores payment\u00a0information and passwords in the cloud. Digital wallets may be accessible from a computer;\u00a0mobile wallets, which are a subset, are primarily used on mobile devices."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take for Sales Leads to Turn Into Customers?","response":"How long it takes to turn leads into active customers will depend on your business model, type of products or services, ideal customer, and the cost of a purchase. It will be easier, for example, to turn a lead into a customer for a $5 product than for a $500 product because most consumers take longer to make big purchasing decisions. Leads may need to be exposed to your brand or product seven or more times before they are ready to become an active customer."}
{"prompts":"What Is Assignment in a Deed of Trust?","response":"In real estate law, \"assignment\" is simply the transfer of a deed of trust from one party to another. This usually happens when the beneficiary of a trust deed sells their loan to another lender."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of IRAs?","response":"The two most common types of IRAs are the traditional IRA and Roth IRA. Less popular types of IRAs include SEP IRAs (often best for self-employed or small business owners), SIMPLE IRAs (often best for small companies that still have numerous employees), or self-directed IRAs (often used by experienced investors seeking specific alternative asset investments)."}
{"prompts":"Can You Contribute to a Retirement Plan if You Are Also Taking In-Service Withdrawals?","response":"Yes, you can so long as you do not contribute more than the annual limit (ignoring any withdrawals). Note, however, that withdrawals will be subject to income tax. In general, this strategy, while allowable, may not make much sense."}
{"prompts":"When Does Tapering Begin?","response":"The Fed implements quantitative easing as one of its tools to stimulate the economy. Like all economic stimulus programs, QE policies are not intended to be permanent and after the desired results of an economic stimulus program have been achieved, those policies must be gradually rescinded. If a central bank changes its operations too fast, it can push the economy into a recession. If a central bank never eases its economic stimulus policies, there may be an increase in\u00a0inflation. Tapering is the period where the stimulus has worked and before an accelerated expansion toward inflation."}
{"prompts":"What is a yield curve?","response":"A yield curve is a line that plots yields (interest rates) of bonds of the same credit quality but differing maturities. The most closely watched yield curve is that for U.S. Treasury debt.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Impact Does the Life Cycle Have on a Small Business?","response":"Businesses of any kind or size are affected by a life cycle. This means that if a small business can experience growth and maturity if it makes a product or provides a service to its customers. It can also go into decline, which means the business could fail if challenges aren't properly addressed."}
{"prompts":"How Many Options Contracts Trade on the CBOE?","response":"In Q1 2022, total volume across CBOE's options exchanges reached 830.3 million options contracts, a record amount. Quarterly average daily volume (ADV) also reached a new all-time high of 13.4 million contracts traded per day."}
{"prompts":"Is the Clayton Act the Only Piece of Antitrust Legislation?","response":"No. There are three main antitrust laws in the United States. Aside from the Clayton Act, there are also the Sherman Act, The Celler-Kefauver Act, and the Federal Trade Commission Act."}
{"prompts":"Is Theta Good for Options?","response":"In options trading, a positive theta equals the selling time for a short options seller. As time moves forward, the option becomes cheaper, which is good for the seller. This option seller will profit if the underlying asset is neutral, bearish for a short call, and bullish for a short put."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Debt Restructuring and Debt Consolidation?","response":"Debt restructuring is when you take steps to avoid defaulting on debt, such as negotiating a lower interest rate or new terms that make payments more affordable. Debt consolidation is when you combine multiple loans into one new loan, often to achieve better terms."}
{"prompts":"Is the Petrodollar a Currency?","response":"No, petrodollars are simply U.S. dollars received in exchange for oil exports. There is no \"petrodollar system.\" The reinvestment of oil export proceeds has sometimes been called petrodollar recycling."}
{"prompts":"Is a Cash Balance Pension Plan Better Than a 401(k)?","response":"Both can be excellent retirement plans. Which one is better depends on your preferences, goals, how long you might be with an employer, and current income."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Amalgamation Reserve in Accounting?","response":"In accounting, the amalgamation reserve is the amount of cash left over at the new entity after the amalgamation is completed. If this amount is negative, it will be booked as goodwill."}
{"prompts":"How Big Is the U.S. Labor Market?","response":"In October 2023, there were 168.3 million people in the civil labor force, a category that does not include active-duty military personnel, incarcerated individuals, farm workers, and government employees. As a proportion of the total population, this represented an employment participation rate of 62.8 percent."}
{"prompts":"What Is Accounting Profit?","response":"Accounting profit is the money left over in a business after deducting explicit costs from total revenue."}
{"prompts":"How Does Life Insurance Work?","response":"Life insurance works by providing a death benefit in exchange for paying premiums. One popular type of life insurance\u2014term life insurance\u2014only lasts for a set amount of time, such as 10 or 20 years. Permanent life insurance also features a death benefit but lasts for the life of the policyholder as long as premiums are paid."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Aptitude Test and an Example?","response":"An aptitude test measures your capabilities in specific areas. One aptitude test most people hear of in high school is the Armed Forces Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB). The ASVAB tests general science, arithmetic reasoning and mathematics, word knowledge, reading comprehension, mechanical comprehension, and more. The information is used to place applicants in job positions where they will have a better chance of succeeding."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Causes of Nonperforming Loans?","response":"Nonperforming loans tend to occur during economic hardships when delinquencies are high. They happen when the borrower fails to make a payment for a long period of time (such as 90 to 180 days)."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Don't Repay a Loan?","response":"Failing to repay a loan can have serious consequences for your finances and credit. Initially, you may be hit with late fees and an increase in your loan's interest rate. If nonpayment continues, the lender might send your account to a collections agency, further damaging your credit score. Legal action may result, potentially leading to wage garnishment or asset seizure depending on the type of debt. All these actions can remain on your credit report for years, making it difficult to secure loans or credit in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Descending Triangle and Falling Wedge?","response":"The falling wedge appears in a downtrend and indicates a bullish reversal.\u00a0A descending triangle appears after a bearish trend with a probable breakdown continuation. The falling wedge appears in a downtrend but indicates a bullish reversal.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find Information on Stocks With High Short Interest?","response":"Finance portals such as Yahoo! Finance have free stock screeners that generate lists of heavily shorted stocks; drilling down into individual stocks displays relevant short-selling information such as the number of shares sold short and the short interest ratios for specific companies. Online resources like MarketBeat provide useful short-selling data such as the largest short interest positions, changes in such positions over time, and short interest ratio. Exchanges such as the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq also publish short interest data for the exchanges as a whole."}
{"prompts":"Is the U.S. Dollar a Floating Exchange Rate?","response":"Yes, the U.S. dollar is a floating currency, meaning that its value depends on the supply and demand of the dollar and no other factor. The value of the U.S. dollar used to be based on its store of gold, but the currency is no longer backed by gold."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Securities Dealers?","response":"In today's financial markets, broker-dealers (BDs) are regulated entities that can engage in securities trading for both their own accounts and on behalf of clients. Some broker-dealers act as agent (pure broker), facilitating trades only on behalf of customers and taking a commission. Others act as both principal and agent, trading against customers from their own accounts.There are thousands of broker-dealers falling into one of two broad categories: a wirehouse, which sells its own products, or an independent broker-dealer, which sells products from outside sources"}
{"prompts":"How many citizens use the Health Insurance Marketplace?","response":"As of 2021, more than 13 million citizens are enrolled in coverage offered by the ACA\u2019s Marketplace."}
{"prompts":"What Are Exotic Options?","response":"An exotic option is a type of derivative contract that differs from the more traditional\u00a0American and European options\u00a0in their payment structure, expiration date, and strike price. Exotic options are also more complex, provide more investment alternatives, and can be customized to meet the investor's risk tolerance and goals."}
{"prompts":"Does Theta Decay on Weekends?","response":"Yes, theta decays on weekends. Options models usually take into consideration weekends, so decay will occur over seven days for five trading days."}
{"prompts":"Is It Worth It to Use a Full-Service Broker?","response":"People who use full-service brokers want the advice and attention of an expert to guide their financial affairs. These are usually complex, as these clients tend to be high-net-worth individuals with complex financial affairs. They are willing and able to pay an average of 1% to 3% of their assets per year for the service.People who use an online discount broker may feel confident in their ability to handle their own finances and make their own decisions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Home Insurance Typically Cost?","response":"Home insurance premiums average about $1,300 a year across the nation. However, rates for individual policies can vary significantly depending on your location, coverage limits, credit score, insurance company, state regulations, and other factors.\u00a0While location is one of the most important factors, insurers also look at the condition of your home, how old it is, and the history of previous claims."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Use the 80\/20 Rule to Invest my Money?","response":"Th 80\/20 rule can be applied to different scenarios, including how to invest your money. When it comes to your investments, the principle is used to focus on choosing the right assets so you can balance your risk and reward. That said, you'll want to maximize the 20% in your portfolio that will give you 80% of your returns.Applying the principle depends on your investment style and strategy. For instance, you may want to invest 80% of your portfolio in safe assets and 20% in riskier classes. Consider speaking to a financial professional about how the Pareto Principle can be applied to your investment strategy."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Constitution Reflect the Principle of Limited Government?","response":"In the United States, the Constitution divides the government into three separate branches, with separate powers and constraints. All three must work together to enact new policies and laws. At the time the Constitution was written, it was considered unlikely that any one person or faction could control all three branches. Therefore, this separation was considered a way of preventing government overreach."}
{"prompts":"How Did Regents v. Bakke Change Affirmative Action Policies?","response":"The Regents v. Bakke case changed affirmative action policies by striking down the use of racial quotas. The case was presented by Allan Bakke, who claimed he was denied admission to medical school at the University of California on two separate occasions because he was white. The Supreme Court upheld affirmative action but ruled in Bakke's favor, saying racial quotas were unconstitutional. The 2023 case Students for Fair Admissions v. the University of North Carolina overturned the ruling."}
{"prompts":"Does mass production produce quality items?","response":"It can. As Henry Ford proved, very complex products can be made successfully using assembly line techniques. However, if there are unforeseen problems with an element of your product, that issue can be replicated thousands of times before it may be noticed. This is why product recalls are frequent among mass-produced items."}
{"prompts":"What is a HELOC loan?","response":"A HELOC loan doesn\u2019t exist. The term is a combination of two existing different loan products: A home equity line of credit (HELOC) and a home equity loan."}
{"prompts":"Who Uses Statistics?","response":"Statistics are used widely across an array of applications and professions. Statistics are done whenever data are collected and analyzed. This can range from government agencies to academic research to analyzing investments."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Are Considered to Be Blue Chips?","response":"Many of the largest companies in the S&P 500 or the Dow 30 are blue chips, such as IBM, JPMorgan Chase, Walmart, Microsoft, and American Express."}
{"prompts":"How Is the European Union Changing in the 21st Century?","response":"The original members of the European Union were the nations of Western Europe. In the 21st century, the EU has expand membership to the Eastern European nations that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Its current member nations include Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Reject a Counteroffer?","response":"If you decide to turn down a counteroffer, do so respectfully and graciously. It is helpful to explain your reasons for declining the offer in a short but honest way. You may provide a referral to another potential candidate to fill your role and try to leave on good terms."}
{"prompts":"Is Crowding Out Good or Bad?","response":"Crowding out, if it exists, can be seen as negative because it can slow economic activity and growth. This can happen as higher taxes reduce spendable income and increased government borrowing raises borrowing costs and reduces private sector demand for loans."}
{"prompts":"How Do Balance Transfer Credit Cards Work?","response":"Balance transfer credit cards allow you to move some or all of your balance on an existing credit card to a new card, typically one with a low introductory interest rate for a certain period of time. Balance transfer cards can save you money in that way, but they typically charge fees equal to a percentage of the amount you're transferring, such as 3% to 5%, so there are costs to weigh."}
{"prompts":"How Has William T. Dillard II Changed Dillard's as its CEO?","response":"Under Dillard II, the company has capitalized on growth opportunities in physical stores and e-commerce. Its strong long-term prospects are also supported by ongoing inventory management initiatives, trendy product offerings, and shareholder-approved moves."}
{"prompts":"Was Friedrich Hayek a Capitalist?","response":"Friedrich Hayek was a defender of free-market capitalism and spoke out against many of the economic norms of the 20th century, such as Keynesian economics and socialism."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Trade with Resistance Levels?","response":"It depends on your position and view of the market, as resistance will eventually be broken at some point. An aggressive trader might go short from just below the resistance level, looking for a pullback or reversal lower, essentially speculating that the resistance will hold. That same trader would also likely place a buy-stop order above the resistance zone in case it breaks. A breakout trader might jump in on the long side if the resistance area is breached. A trader who is long might want to place a take-profit order to sell near to the resistance zone."}
{"prompts":"Is Protectionism Left-Wing or Right-Wing Politics?","response":"Traditionally, protectionism is a left-wing policy. Right-wing politics generally support free trade, which is the opposite of a protectionist stance. Left-wing politics support economic populism, of which protectionism is a part."}
{"prompts":"Can a Not for Profit Organization Make Money?","response":"Yes, in the sense that it can seek donations to fund its operations and may end up with a surplus of money in its coffers at the end of the fiscal year. However, all of that money eventually must be used to fund the organization\u2019s operations; it cannot be distributed to the organization\u2019s owners as profit."}
{"prompts":"What Is Moore's Law?","response":"In 1965, Gordon Moore posited that roughly every two years, the number of transistors on microchips will double. Commonly referred to as Moore\u2019s Law, this phenomenon suggests that computational progress will become significantly faster, smaller, and more efficient over time. Widely regarded as one of the hallmark theories of the 21st century, Moore\u2019s Law carries significant implications for the future of technological progress\u2014along with its possible limitations."}
{"prompts":"How Often Are Stipends Paid to an Employee?","response":"How often stipends are paid out to an employee will vary on the institution and the circumstances. Stipends can be paid out weekly, monthly, or annually, Most often they will not be paid out annually as they are considered a form of support and the individual may need that monetary amount throughout the year. It is common that stipends are paid out as often as an employee's salary."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Opposite of the Endowment Effect?","response":"A phenomenon known as the reversed endowment effect is the opposite of the endowment effect. This term is used to describe a situation where people tend to have a preference to be rid of an undesirable item in exchange for an equally undesirable item."}
{"prompts":"What Is Yield Curve Risk?","response":"Yield curve risk refers to the risk investors of fixed-income instruments, such as bonds, experience from an adverse shift in interest rates. Yield curve risk stems from the fact that bond prices and interest rates have an inverse relationship to one another, as the price of bonds decreases when market interest rates increase and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"How Can Inventory Turnover Be Improved?","response":"Some retailers may employ open-to-buy purchase budgeting or inventory management software to ensure that they\u2019re stocking enough to maximize sales without wasting capital or taking unnecessary risks. Companies with localized supply chains and short production lead times may also use a pull-through production system, which procures the production materials and starts manufacturing only after a customer orders the finished product."}
{"prompts":"What is an initial public offering (IPO)?","response":"An IPO is a company\u2019s first sale of stock available to the public. Often, securities offered in IPOs are from newer, smaller companies seeking outside equity capital and a public market for its stock."}
{"prompts":"Is a TIAA-CREF Plan the Same as a 401(k)?","response":"No, though there are some similarities. Both are defined-contribution plans, but a 401(k) is designed to provide supplemental income in retirement and attempts to maximize the funds in it, while a TIAA plan is intended to provide a guaranteed lifetime annual income by annuitizing the money in the plan, making the amount saved less paramount."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Present Value Interest Factor for an Annuity?","response":"The formula to calculate PVIFA is (1 - (1 + r)^-n) \/ r, where r represents the period rate, and n represents the number of payments or withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Using the Harmonic Mean?","response":"The harmonic mean necessarily includes all the entries in a series, and it allows a more significant weighting to be given to smaller values. Harmonic mean can be calculated for a series that includes negative values, although it is impossible to compute when the series includes a value of zero. In comparison with the arithmetic mean and geometric mean, the harmonic mean generates a straighter curve."}
{"prompts":"Can Loss Given Default Be Zero?","response":"Loss given default can theoretically be zero when a financial institution is modeling LGD. If the model believes that a full recovery on the loan is possible then the LGD can be zero. This is usually not the case, however."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Issue Shares?","response":"When a company issues shares, it is basically selling parts of ownership to the public in exchange for money. The goal is to raise capital without getting too saddled with debt. Companies initially issue shares via an initial public offering. Afterward, if they need another cash injection, they may decide to issue more shares via a rights issue."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Use Incentive Stock Options?","response":"Incentive stock options give companies a way to offer management-level employees a stake in the business, providing them more of an incentive to improve the company's value. Because the option's value depends on the company's share price, these options can encourage employees to help move the company forward and remain with the company long enough to see beneficial strategies play out."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read the Stochastic Oscillator?","response":"The stochastic oscillator represents recent prices on a scale of 0 to 100, with 0 representing the lower limits of the recent time period and 100 representing the upper limit. A stochastic indicator reading above 80 indicates that the asset is trading near the top of its range, and a reading below 20 shows that it is near the bottom of its range."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Hersey-Blanchard Model Focus on?","response":"The Hersey-Blanchard model focuses on adapting your management style to the maturity level of the employees you're addressing."}
{"prompts":"What does GmbH stand for?","response":"GmbH is an abbreviation of the German phrase \u201cGesellschaft mit beschr\u00e4nkter Haftung,\u201d which means \u201ccompany with limited liability.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"What Does Candlestick Mean?","response":"A candlestick is a symbol that traders and investors use. It can provide a lot of information such as whether the period the candlestick follows is one where the price increased or decreased, by how much, and with what amount of momentum."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Use Vertical Integration?","response":"Companies use vertical integration to have more control over the supply chain of a manufacturing process. By taking certain steps in-house, the manufacturer can control the timing, process, and aspects of additional stages of development. Owning more of the process may also result in long-term cost savings (as opposed to buying outsourced goods at marked-up costs)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside of LEAPS?","response":"There are several specific downsides to LEAPS. Most often, investors that buy LEAPS must put up more capital upfront at the beginning of the contract to pay for the initial premium. In addition, because they have more time until expiration, LEAPS often cost more than traditional options."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Founder of Welfare Economics?","response":"Many different economists have been credited for their contributions to welfare economics. Neoclassical economists Alfred Marshall, Vilfredo Pareto, and Arthur C. Pigou played a key role in its conception. However, it\u2019s also true that some of the main ideas behind welfare economics can be traced all the way back to the theories of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham."}
{"prompts":"What Does Leverage Mean in Finance?","response":"Leverage is the use of debt to make investments. The goal is to generate a higher return than the cost of borrowing. If a company fails to do that, it is not doing a good job and creating value for shareholders."}
{"prompts":"How Is Deferred Compensation Paid Out?","response":"The distribution date may be at retirement or after a specified number of years. This must be designated at the time the plan is set up and cannot be changed.It is generally better for the employee if the deferred income is distributed over several years. A large single payout can push the recipient into a higher tax bracket for the year.Note that distributions cannot be rolled into a qualified retirement plan. That means the taxes are due for that year."}
{"prompts":"Do You Have to File Form 1040-X With Form 1040?","response":"You have to file Form 1040-X after filing your 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. You're amending your earlier tax return with the correct information."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Primary Functions of an Investor Relations Division?","response":"The investor relations team oversees functions such as coordinating shareholder meetings and press conferences, releasing financial data, leading financial analyst briefings, publishing SEC filings, and handling the public relations of a company-specific financial crisis."}
{"prompts":"How Did the Investment Company Act of 1940 Impact Financial Regulation?","response":"The Act impacted the registration and requirements of many investment companies and made financial regulation tighter, giving the SEC more power to oversee the financial markets. It created rules that protected investors and required investment companies to disclose certain information. Financial regulation became more robust under the Act."}
{"prompts":"How Are Tax Deductibles Calculated?","response":"All tax deductibles (or the standard deduction) are subtracted from your gross income in order to arrive at an adjusted gross income, which is the amount that is subject to taxes.Taxpayers who itemize deductions rather than taking the standard deduction add a Schedule A form to Form 1040. This form is used to list the expenses being deducted."}
{"prompts":"What Is Community Publishers Inc.?","response":"Jim Walton was the chair of Community Publishers Inc., founded in 1982 as a community newspaper and commercial printer supporting publications in Arkansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. His father, Sam Walton, acquired the Benton County Daily Record, and Jim Walton expanded its presence through CPI until its sale to Berkshire Hathaway in 2015."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Expense Ratio Important?","response":"The expense ratio of a fund or ETF is important because it lets an investor know how much they pay to invest in a specific fund and how much their returns will be reduced. The lower the expense ratio the better because an investor receives higher returns on their invested capital."}
{"prompts":"Is Amazon a Monopsony?","response":"Some experts do consider Amazon to be a monopsony as it has become the largest, and sometimes, only buyer in its market of specific goods and services that it then sells on its platform. Because it is the only buyer, primarily because it controls the largest platform to sell certain goods, it can dictate the prices in which it pays for those goods and services it then sells."}
{"prompts":"Is a net loss the same as a negative profit?","response":"A negative profit technically does not exist, since a profit, by definition, implies a gain in value. However, the term negative profit is used colloquially to describe a net loss."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Have the Best CSR?","response":"Since 1999, Corporate Responsibility Magazine has ranked the top 100 Best Corporate Citizens each year among the 1,000 largest U.S. public companies. Rankings are based on employee relations, environmental impact, human rights, governance, and financial decisions. In 2023, the top-ranked companies include Hewlett-Packard Enterprise Company, Accenture, and Hasbro."}
{"prompts":"Should I File an Insurance Claim if the Damage Is Less than My Deductible?","response":"If the damage you experience is less than your deductible, it may not make sense to file a claim with your insurance company. For instance, if you have $200 in estimated damage, but a $1,000 deductible, it wouldn't make sense. If, however, you feel that the other party is entirely at fault and want their insurance to pay for your damage, you may want to initiate a claim nonetheless. It is a good idea to always talk with your insurance agent before filing a claim."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest In the Hang Seng Index?","response":"You can invest in the HSI via Hong Kong ETFs such as the iShares MSCI Hong Kong ETF (EWH) and the Franklin FTSE Hong Kong ETF (FLHK). The KraneShares Hong Kong Tech ETF (KTEC) tracks 30 high-tech stocks in the Hang Seng Composite index."}
{"prompts":"Where Do You Find a REIT's Funds From Operations?","response":"REITs are required to disclose their funds from operations to the general public. You can easily find this figure on a REITs public financial statements. Search for the income statement and look for this figure within the footnotes. You can also calculate the FFO by adding together the REIT's net income, depreciation, amortization, and losses on property sales. Then subtract that figure from any gains on property sales and any interest income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a High Money Factor?","response":"Each borrower will have their own opinion regarding what constitutes a high money factor. In general, a money factor of at least 35 (0.0035) translates to at least an 8.4% APR. For many, a money factor of at least 35 would be considered high."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Borrow Overnight?","response":"Banks are required by the central bank to keep a minimum amount of reserves to ensure liquidity in the banking sector. The reserves of banks fluctuate depending on customer withdrawals and deposits. When banks have a shortfall and cannot meet their reserve requirement, they will borrow from banks with a surplus to do so."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Hostile Takeover?","response":"A hostile takeover is when a company or investment firm tries to purchase a company that does not want to be acquired. A hostile takeover usually involves going over the management team directly to the shareholders or buying up large percentages of a company's shares to obtain a position of control."}
{"prompts":"How Many Currencies Are Pegged to the United States Dollar?","response":"23 currencies are pegged to the United States Dollar, including the Lebanese pound and the Venezuelan bol\u00edvar."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Economic Justice?","response":"Economic justice strives to eliminate the inequality created by capitalism by creating equal opportunities for all members of the economy. Proponents argue that giving everyone a chance to earn a decent, fair income is good for the economy, as putting more money in pockets leads to greater spending on goods and services."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Set the Box Size of a Renko Chart?","response":"The best box size for a renko chart is determined, in part, by the trader's time horizon, risk tolerance, and trading goals. Larger box sizes are more appropriate for longer-term trading, but they also incur higher risks because they do not reflect smaller price movements that can accumulate over time."}
{"prompts":"What Is Lead Time in Shipping?","response":"Lead time in shipping is the period of time between when an order is first received and when it reaches the customer. It\u00a0includes the processing of the order and then the time spent delivering a package.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Did the Public Benefit From the Federal Securities Act?","response":"The main benefit of the securities act was to introduce disclosure requirements for new securities issues. Prior to its passage, companies selling stocks or bonds could promise large profits without revealing key information about their companies. The disclosure requirements helped investors better understand the true financial prospects of a company, allowing them to make better investment decisions and safeguard their money."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an MTF and an OTF?","response":"An Organized Trading Facility, or OTF, is a new type of European trading venue for bonds, derivatives, and emissions allowances, but not equities. Multilateral Trading Facilities can trade in stocks and other equity products.In addition, the operators of OTFs are required to exercise discretion when they place orders. As the Dutch Authority for Financial Markets explains, \"The operator of an OTF does have a degree of discretion in deciding whether to place or withdraw an order on its OTF and in deciding not to match a client order with other orders available in the systems of the OTF.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Stock Watchlist Tool?","response":"In terms of functionality, the most versatile watchlist tools come as part of a paid investment product. Worden\u2019s TC2000, Wealth Lab, and Trade Ideas each offer large databases for paying customers. Free trading platforms, such as Fidelity or Robinhood, also come with the ability to create watchlists and follow stocks, although they may track fewer metrics than paid versions. Many online finance sites, such as Marketwatch and TradingView also offer free watchlists and stock screeners."}
{"prompts":"Can My Children Join Me on the PreCheck Line?","response":"Yes, children 12 and under can join a parent or legal guardian with TSA PreCheck in the dedicated lanes if they're traveling together, even if they do not have their own known traveler number."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Benefits of Deregulation?","response":"Deregulation can spur economic growth. By allowing companies to run their business how they prefer, they can be more efficient. There are no rules that specify how they can run their factories or whether they can use specific materials to produce their goods and services.Reducing bureaucratic red tape also frees up capital for companies to invest in labor or new equipment. Companies can also lower their fees and thus attract more customers.Deregulation has boosted competition and lowered prices for consumers in sectors like airlines and telecommunications.As deregulation takes effect, it reduces barriers to entry. New businesses don\u2019t have as many fees or regulatory considerations, so it is less expensive to enter markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Partnership and a Strategic Alliance?","response":"An alliance is a collaboration between two companies in which each individual company is expected to profit or benefit from the agreement. A partnership is a more formal type of agreement in which partners merge to create a single, shared economic interest."}
{"prompts":"What kind of returns can you expect from passive investing versus active investing?","response":"Actively investment aims to drive up returns by pursuing frequent trading, but these returns are diminished by the fees associated with professional management and frequent buying and selling. Research shows that few actively managed funds give investors returns above benchmark over long periods of time.Passive investing targets strong returns in the long term by minimizing the amount of buying and selling, but it is unlikely to beat the market and result in outsized returns in the short term. Active investment can bring those bigger returns, but it also comes with greater risks than passive investment."}
{"prompts":"How Is Retail Sales Data Calculated?","response":"The retail sales figures are compiled monthly by the Census Bureau, which is part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. They are released in the middle of the month and cover the previous month's sales."}
{"prompts":"How does a reverse auction work?","response":"In a reverse auction, a buyer puts out a request for a specific good or service, inviting businesses to compete against each other with bids for the amount they are willing to accept to deliver what is being requested by the specified time line. In the end, the contract goes to the seller prepared to accept the lowest amount."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Multiplier Effect Fit Into Keynesian Economics?","response":"The multiplier effect is one of the chief components of Keynesian countercyclical fiscal policy.\u00a0A key tenet of Keynesian economic theory is the notion that an injection of government spending eventually leads to added business activity and even more spending which boosts aggregate output and generates more income for companies. This would translate to more income for workers, more supply, and ultimately greater aggregate demand."}
{"prompts":"How Reliable is the Inverse Head and Shoulders Pattern?","response":"The reliability of the inverse head and shoulders pattern can vary based on several factors including the asset being traded, market conditions, and the timeframe used."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ways to Make Labor Markets More Flexible?","response":"Ways to make labor markets more flexible include reducing or abolishing the minimum wage, reducing the power of labor unions, providing education and skills training to workers to improve mobility, making it easier to lay off workers, removing labor protection laws, and reducing unemployment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between SEC Form 3 and SEC Form 4?","response":"SEC Form 3 is required to be filled out when an individual becomes an insider in a firm, according to specific SEC rules. The individual will need to disclose their ownership of company shares. SEC Form 4 needs to be filled out when there is any change in the ownership of a company's stock."}
{"prompts":"Is an Invoice the Same As a Receipt?","response":"An invoice is a request for payment, while a receipt is a document for payment that has already occurred. Businesses frequently use invoices after providing a service to notify the customer of the expected payment."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Limit on Overdraft Fees?","response":"Federal laws do not specify maximums that banks can charge for overdrafts, but banks are required to disclose any fees when the account is established\u2014and they are required to give customers advance notice of any fee increase."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Pay Taxes?","response":"Taxes are the primary source of revenue for most governments. Among other things, this money is spent to improve and maintain public infrastructure, including the roads we travel on, and fund public services, such as schools, emergency services, and welfare programs."}
{"prompts":"Are Professional Licensing Fees Tax Deductible?","response":"Professional licensing fees are usually tax deductible. However, some licensing fees may be amortized over 180 months. Amortized fees include the cost of acquiring or renewing a liquir license, TV or radio broadcasting license, or taxicab medallion."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Long Run Important in Economics?","response":"The long run is an economic situation where all factors of production and costs are variable. It demonstrates how well-run and efficient firms can be when all of these factors change."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Life Insurance Policies Are Eligible to Include an Automatic Premium Loan Provision?","response":"Automatic premium loans can only be made from permanent policies that have a cash-value component. These include whole life policies and some universal life (UL) policies. Because universal life policies deduct expenses from the cash value, they do not always allow ALP."}
{"prompts":"Can I Withdraw Money From a Defined-Benefit Plan?","response":"Generally, no, you cannot withdraw money from a defined-benefit plan before the allowed legal age, this includes hardship withdrawals. Furthermore, this is not allowed if a plan is underfunded. People can, however, take loans against their defined-benefit plan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Market Psychology Behind Momentum Trading?","response":"Momentum traders benefit from herd mentality, greed, and fear of missing out. This can lead bull markets to rise higher than fundamentals might predict. Fear of losses and panic can likewise lead selloffs to become crashes."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Holding Periods for Other Investments?","response":"Preferred stocks have a different holding period than common stocks and investors must hold preferred stocks for more than 90 days during a 181-day period that starts 90 days before the ex-dividend date.The holding period requirements are somewhat different for mutual funds. The mutual fund must have held the security unhedged for at least 60 days of the 121-day period, which began 60 days before the security's ex-dividend date. To receive capital gains tax treatment in a mutual fund, investors must have held the applicable share of the mutual fund for the same period."}
{"prompts":"Is a ULIP Better Than a Mutual Fund?","response":"For individuals looking for higher liquidity and potentially higher returns, a mutual fund may be a better choice. On the other hand, those looking for better security with a set long-term goal may receive the dual benefit of insurance and an investment should they fit with their portfolio profile."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Scrip Election?","response":"A scrip election gives shareholders the right to choose, or \"elect,\" to receive a scrip dividend instead of a cash dividend."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant By Procurement?","response":"Procurement is the process involved in obtaining or sourcing something that is needed. Businesses procure supplies and raw materials, while governments may procure contractors or service providers."}
{"prompts":"Are Cash Value Policy Premiums High?","response":"Yes, cash value policy premiums are typically higher than regular life insurance because part of your payment goes toward savings."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Impairment of an Asset Under GAAP?","response":"To calculate the impairment of an asset, take the carrying value of the asset (its historical cost minus accumulated depreciation) and subtract its fair market value. If its fair market value is less than the carrying value, you will need to record an impairment loss for the difference."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Irrevocable Trust Work?","response":"An irrevocable trust cannot be changed or modified without the beneficiary's permission. Essentially, an irrevocable trust removes certain assets from a grantor\u2019s taxable estate, and these incidents of ownership are transferred to a trust. A grantor may choose this structure to relieve assets in the trust from tax liabilities, along with other financial benefits."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Export Goods Than Import Goods?","response":"For each country, this answer will be different. In many cases, it is best to import some goods and export others. Each country is often more proficient in manufacturing certain goods based on their climate, citizen skillset, or access to raw materials. Therefore, it's arguably best for a company to manufacturer and export what it is more efficient at doing so and revert to importing other goods where it may be economically challenging to produce on its own. A great example is produce where certain countries simply have better arable lands and climate conditions to grow certain goods over others."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) and the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX)?","response":"The National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX)\u00a0and the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) are both electronic commodities exchanges in India. They are separate businesses and compete with one another. The NCDEX specializes more in agricultural commodities, while the MCX is better known for its trading in metals and energy products."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Multicollinearity a Problem?","response":"Multicollinearity is a problem because it produces regression model results that are less reliable. This is due to wider confidence intervals (larger standard errors) that can lower the statistical significance of regression coefficients. In stock analysis, it can lead to false impressions or assumptions about an investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Slope of an Isoquant?","response":"The slope of the isoquant indicates the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS): \u00a0the rate at which you can substitute one input, such as labor, for another input, such as capital, without changing the resulting output level. The slope also indicates, at any point along the curve how much capital would be required to replace a unit of labor at that production point."}
{"prompts":"What Is Turnover in the Workplace?","response":"Workplace turnover generally refers to the rate at which employees leave and join a company. It is commonly called the employee turnover ratio and is generally an indicator of employee morale. It also is associated with the high costs of replacing exiting employees."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Word Adjudicate Come From?","response":"Adjudicate comes from the Latin word judicare, meaning \"judge.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Fixed-Rate Mortgage?","response":"The main benefits of having a fixed-rate mortgage include protection against interest rate volatility and predictability. This means that your rate won't change in an environment where interest rates rise and you can plan your finances around because you'll know how much your payments are each month."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of NFO?","response":"A new fund offer, or NFO, is the first offering of an open-end, closed-end, or exchange-traded fund to investors by an investment company."}
{"prompts":"How Do Scrips Work?","response":"Companies issue scrips to do business while postponing cash payment to a later date. Since scrip can only be redeemed at the issuing company, paying in scrip effectively ensures that the recipient will continue doing business with the company while allowing the issuer to reduce their cash outflows. In some cases, scrips can be used as a cash substitute in remote areas where official currency is in short supply."}
{"prompts":"How Much Are Home Modifications?","response":"Here is the cost range of some common modifications, according to HomeAdvisor:Elevator: $2,500 to $60,000Accessible shower: $975 to $22,000Chairlift: $1,500 to $5,000Lower cabinets and sinks: $1,500 to $8,500Wheelchair ramp: $1,027 to $5,700Wider doorways: $700 to $2,500 per doorwayComfort-height toilet: $100 to $1,600Grab bars: $85 to $300Full kitchen remodel: $13,000 to $38,000Bathroom accessibility updates: $3,000 to $15,000"}
{"prompts":"How Does Delta Hedging Work?","response":"Delta hedging minimizes the directional risk associated with changes in the price of the underlying asset by using offsetting positions in options contracts. This is usually done by buying or selling options with an equal but opposite exposure to the underlying asset. By doing so, gains (losses) in the underlying asset will be offset by equal losses (gains) in the options position."}
{"prompts":"Are VAT and GST the Same?","response":"Value-added tax (VAT) and goods and services tax (GST) are similar taxes that are levied on the sale of goods and services. Both VAT and GST are also indirect taxes, which means that they are collected by businesses and then passed on to the government as part of the price of the goods or services.However, there are some key differences between the two. VAT is primarily used in European countries and is collected at each stage of the production and distribution process, while GST is used in countries around the world and is collected only at the final point of sale to the consumer. VAT is generally applied to a wider range of goods and services than GST, and the rate of VAT and GST can vary depending on the type of goods or services being sold and the country in which they are sold."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Limitation of Purchasing a QLAC?","response":"QLACs are inflexible and may not be suitable for all individuals. Once you purchase a QLAC, you lose access to the money until the annuity begins."}
{"prompts":"Does Norway Use the Euro?","response":"Norway is not a member state of the European Union, and therefore is not eligible to use the Euro. However, the Norwegian economy is closely tied to the Eurozone, and the country is a member of the European Economic Area."}
{"prompts":"How Does Hedging Reduce Net Exposure?","response":"A hedge is an offsetting position that reduces one's market risk. Suppose you own 1,000 shares of the SPY S&P 500 ETF from $425. You can buy 400-strike puts expiring in 6 months as a hedge, making the net exposure to the downside just a $25 loss during that period. If the SPY falls below $400, each dollar lost in the ETF shares would be offset by gains in the put options."}
{"prompts":"How Can Interest Rates Turn Negative?","response":"Interest rates tell you how valuable money is today compared to the same amount of money in the future. Positive interest rates imply that there is a time value of money, where money today is worth more than money tomorrow. Forces like inflation, economic growth, and investment spending all contribute to this outlook. A negative interest rate, by contrast, implies that your money will be worth more\u2014not less\u2014in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Difference Between Open-End and Closed-End Funds?","response":"The differences between open-end funds and closed-end funds are that closed-end funds have a limited number of shares available in the market, are offered through an IPO, and are priced at their market value throughout the day. Open-end funds, for the most part, are priced once a day at their NAV and are constantly open to investors with new shares being offered as long as there is appetite."}
{"prompts":"What is a Waiver of Subrogation?","response":"A waiver of subrogation is a waiver that prevents either a person or company from pursuing damage collection from a third party. Waivers of subrogation are commonly seen in construction contracts, leases, and property insurance contracts. Insurance companies will commonly add causes that prevent a party from being awarded an insurance claim settlement if they waived subrogation."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Most Important Skills of a Customer Service Agent?","response":"Effective customer service agents are skilled at listening and being empathetic. They're also very good at problem-solving and being proactive. It's important for them to have a level of professionalism, which means that when things get heated, they can take a step back and not take anything to heart."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Natural Monopoly Different From a Regular Monopoly?","response":"As the name implies, a natural monopoly exists naturally. Market forces allow one player in the market to become the only player in a certain industry without stifling the competition. Regular monopolies, on the other hand, are created when a company controls the market by eliminating the competition. This happens when a key player buys up the supply chain and buys its rivals. Monopolies may lead to the removal of substitute products and services, higher prices, and low-quality products."}
{"prompts":"What Does an IBAN Number Look Like?","response":"An IBAN number contains up to 34 alphanumeric characters. It is prefaced by a two-character country code, two check digits, and a Basic Bank Account Number (BBAN) that contains specific bank and account details. The format of the BBAN portion varies from country to country, which will typically include a bank code and branch code."}
{"prompts":"Is a Barcode an SKU?","response":"While SKUs are often depicted as barcodes, they are not always used for the same purposes. Barcodes on products at a store (known as UPCs), for example, are meant to identify products of the same type regardless of where they are sold. SKUs, on the other hand, will also uniquely identify the seller or vendor as well. In addition, UPC barcodes will typically feature only numbers, while SKUs are alpha-numeric and can vary in length."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hedging?","response":"Hedging is a strategy used to reduce financial exposure by taking the opposite position in a security one has invested in. For example, if you expect the price of oil to rise, you will purchase oil futures (go long); however, just in case oil prices fall, you hedge your financial exposure by selling oil futures (go short). So if oil prices do fall and you were wrong, you will lose money on your long oil futures but make money on your short oil futures, reducing the money you lost."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Margin and Gross Profit?","response":"Gross margin and gross profit are often used interchangeably. They are two different metrics that companies use to measure and express their profitability. While they both factor in a company's revenue and the cost of goods sold, they are a little different. Gross profit is revenue less the cost of goods sold, which is expressed as a dollar figure. A company's gross margin is the gross profit compared to its sales and is expressed as a percentage."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Principal-Agent Problem?","response":"The principal-agent problem is a conflict in priorities between a person or group and the representative authorized to act on their behalf. An agent may act in a way that is contrary to the best interests of the principal. The principal-agent problem is as varied as the possible roles of principal and agent. It can occur in any situation in which the ownership of an asset, or a principal, delegates direct control over that asset to another party, or agent. For example, a home buyer may suspect that a realtor is more interested in a commission than in the buyer's concerns."}
{"prompts":"How Does an LOC Affect My Credit Score?","response":"Lenders conduct a credit check when you apply for an LOC. This results in a hard inquiry on your credit report, which lowers your credit score in the short term. Your credit score will also drop if you tap into more than 30% of the borrowing limit."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between YOY and YTD?","response":"YOY looks at a 12-month change. Year-to-date (YTD) looks at a change relative to the beginning of the year (usually Jan. 1). YTD can provide a running total, while YOY can provide a point of comparison."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Did Bernie Madoff Return?","response":"In addition to being sentenced to prison, Bernie Madoff was ordered to pay back $170 billion of investors' money. Madoff's assets, including real estate, yachts, and jewelry, were seized and sold by the Feds. Separately, The Bernie Madoff Victims Fund, led by Richard Breeden, has recovered and paid more than $3.7 billion to close to 40,000 victims as of September 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If You Break a Non-Disclosure Agreement?","response":"If you break an NDA, you will be susceptible to the consequences outlined in the contract. Breaking an NDA is not considered a crime, however, depending on what was violated, it can be a crime, for example, if the issue is theft of trade secrets. Usually, a person will be sued if they break an NDA, which may result in a monetary fine, termination of employment, or the return of an asset, depending on what was agreed upon. You may also be sued for intellectual property violations such as copyright infringement and breach of fiduciary duty. A court may levy financial damages and associated legal costs."}
{"prompts":"How Much Below the MSRP Can I Pay?","response":"Although prices are negotiable, the discount you can receive will depend on the dealer's inventory and market conditions. For older vehicles, you may be able to get a substantial discount from the MSRP, especially if the dealer is trying to free up inventory for the latest models. For the most popular models, you might end up paying even more than the MSRP."}
{"prompts":"How Long Will It Take to Get an EIN?","response":"When applying online, you can get an EIN immediately. It normally takes one week to get an EIN, when applying by fax. The IRS also accepts paper mail applications, though it quotes an expected turnaround time of four to five weeks."}
{"prompts":"What Does the AAA Credit Rating Mean?","response":"The AAA credit rating is only given to the most creditworthy debt issuers and allows investors to gauge the amount of risk in their fixed-income portfolio. Conservative investors will typically sacrifice return or yield to own the highest credit rating issues available."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Federal Reserve Change the Discount Rate?","response":"The Federal Reserve increases or decreases the discount rate (and the federal funds rate target) in order to curtail or stimulate the overall level of economic activity in the country. When the economy is growing too rapidly and inflation becomes a concern, the Fed may raise rates to discourage lending and borrowing and reduce inflationary pressures. When the economy is weak or in recession, the Fed may lower interest rates to encourage more economic activity and spur a recovery."}
{"prompts":"How Do Economic Factors Like Income Inequality Influence Emigration Trends?","response":"Income inequality can be a driving factor for emigration, particularly among individuals seeking higher incomes and better economic opportunities. Disparities in wealth and income can motivate individuals to leave in pursuit of greater financial security, putting some pressure on governments and legislative bodies to ensure equity on its citizens ability to generate income and wealth."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Covariance Calculated?","response":"For a set of data points with two variables, the covariance is measured by taking the difference between each variable and their respective means. These differences are then multiplied and averaged across all of the data points. In mathematical notation, this is expressed as:Covariance = \u03a3 [ ( Returnabc - Averageabc ) * ( Returnxyz - Averagexyz ) ] \u00f7 [ Sample Size - 1 ]"}
{"prompts":"Who Replaced Alan Greenspan?","response":"Ben Bernanke replaced Alan Greenspan as Chair of the Fed when he was appointed in 2006. Bernanke served until 2014."}
{"prompts":"What Is Depreciation Recapture?","response":"Depreciation recapture is a provision of the tax law that requires businesses or individuals that make a profit in selling an asset that they have previously depreciated to report it as income. In effect, the amount of money they claimed in depreciation is subtracted from the cost basis they use to determine their gain in the transaction. Recapture can be common in real estate transactions where a property that has been depreciated for tax purposes, such as an apartment building, has gained in value over time."}
{"prompts":"Is a Debit Note the Same As an Invoice?","response":"Debit notes and invoices are similar documents but they are not necessarily the same. Invoices are bills. This means that they indicate information about a sale, including the goods and services sold, the price per unit, and the total cost. Other information may be included, such as the name and details of the seller and\/or information about the buyer.A debit note, on the other hand, is a document prepared by the seller. It is usually used as a way to remind customers about payments that need to be made or about adjustments made to an order."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Invest in Fixed Income Securities?","response":"Investors can purchase U.S. government fixed-income instruments through TreasuryDirect or on the secondary market through a broker. Corporate bonds or bond funds can be purchased through a financial broker. Certificates of Deposit are purchased through financial brokers or banks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Acceptance Rate at the Kelley School of Business?","response":"The Kelley School of Business at Indiana University doesn't publish its acceptance rate. According to U.S. News & World Report, the acceptance rate is believed to be around 35%."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can You Withdraw from an Automated Teller Machine (ATM)?","response":"The amount that you can withdraw from an automated teller machine (ATM) per day, per week, or per month will vary based on your bank and account status at that bank. For instance, some banks limit daily cash withdrawals to $300. But most Citibank accounts allow up to $1,500, depending on your account. You may be able to get around these limits by calling your bank to request permission or upgrading your banking status by depositing more funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Return on Invested Capital?","response":"A good return on invested capital (ROIC) is considered to be 2% and above. Conversely, a business is thought to be destroying capital if it has an ROIC of less than 2%."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution?","response":"Among the most important inventions of the first Industrial Revolution include the steam engine, the spinning jenny, cotton gin, and the telegraph. This was followed by the second Industrial Revolution, which saw the advent of the internal combustion engine, controlled electricity, and the lightbulb."}
{"prompts":"What Are Gross Receipts?","response":"Gross receipts are the total amount of cash or property that a business receives, without accounting for any other expenses or deductions. Accountants use a company's gross receipts as one factor to calculate the firm's net income and profitability."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Free Market Economies?","response":"Most countries exhibit a combination of qualities from free market and command economies. Even those with limited government regulation still maintain some level of intervention. Countries that rank highly in indices of economic freedom\u2014based on factors related to free markets like low taxes and minimal regulations\u2014include Singapore, Switzerland, and Ireland."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Important for a Company to Have an Investor Relations Division?","response":"Companies require an investor relations division to provide current and prospective investors with relevant information so they can make informed investment decisions. Failure to disclose information that may have a material impact on a company\u2019s share price could result in a fine or other disciplinary action from regulators."}
{"prompts":"How Does Regulation Z Apply to Mortgages?","response":"Regulation Z is designed to help and protect homebuyers by requiring lenders to disclose certain information while avoiding conflicts of interest. For example, mortgage lenders can't base their compensation on the terms of your mortgage loan or direct you to a mortgage product that would allow them to collect compensation unless that loan is in your best interest."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Break the Glass Ceiling?","response":"Breaking the glass ceiling means overcoming the barriers set to prevent access to advancement. Breaking the glass ceiling also includes removing barriers for others experiencing the same struggles."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Interest Rates on 30-year Loans Higher than 15-year Loans?","response":"Interest rates are a function of risk of default and opportunity cost. Longer-dated loans and debts are inherently more risky, as there is more time during which the borrower can default. At the same time, the opportunity cost is larger over longer time periods, during which time that principal is tied up and cannot be used for any other purpose."}
{"prompts":"Who Files the QDRO in a Divorce?","response":"The ex-spouse typically files a QRDO. Some do so with the help of a lawyer. Standard QDRO forms are also provided by some plan administrators."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fungible Issue?","response":"A fungible issue is a bond that replicates one that's been previously offered by the same company. Its terms are the same but the yield will most likely be different."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Objective of Portfolio Management?","response":"The objective of portfolio management is to create and maintain a personalized plan for investing over the long term in order to meet an individual's key financial goals. This means selecting a mix of investments that matches the person's responsibilities, objectives, and appetite for risk. Further, it means reevaluating the actual performance of the portfolio over time to make sure it is on track and to revise it as needed."}
{"prompts":"Why buy derivative warrants over options?","response":"Derivative warrants have some advantages over options. For example, they have much longer expiration timelines and are often attached to otherwise already valuable securities, such as bonds."}
{"prompts":"What is the cost of living?","response":"The cost of living is the amount of money needed to cover basic expenses such as housing, food, taxes, and healthcare in a certain place and time period. The cost of living is often used to compare how expensive it is to live in one city versus another, and it is tied to wages. If expenses are higher in a city, such as New York, for example, salary levels must be higher so that people can afford to live in that city."}
{"prompts":"How Does In-House Car Financing Work?","response":"In-house car financing is when a car dealership lends their customers part of the purchase price for their car. This provides the dealer with an additional income stream from the customer's interest payments, while allowing the customer to buy a car that they might not have qualified for otherwise.However, because in-house lenders are smaller, they may not be able to match the interest rates of a large bank or credit union. It may be worth visiting several institutions to compare rates before considering an in-house loan."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Interest Rate Changes Play In Overfunded Pension Plans?","response":"Interest rate changes play a significant role in the management of overfunded pension plans. The present value of future pension obligations is often calculated based on interest rates. Changes in interest rates can impact the calculation of pension liabilities, potentially leading to shifts in the funding status of the plan."}
{"prompts":"Can a Tax-Exempt Organization Make Money?","response":"Yes, tax-exempt organizations such as nonprofits are often encouraged and expected to make money or earn more money than what they spend. For the financial health and longevity of the organization, these entities must build reserves and have excess cash reside in bank accounts. The purpose of being tax-exempt is to have this net profit not be taxed by the IRS."}
{"prompts":"How does short interest compare to a put\/call ratio?","response":"Short interest and the put\/call ratio are both indicators of market sentiment. Short interest focuses on the number of short shares outstanding. The put\/call ratio uses the options market for its data. Put options are bearish bets, while calls are bullish bets. Changes in the put\/call ratio are another gauge that can be used to determine whether investors are expecting prices to rise or fall in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Is Financial Modeling Used For?","response":"A financial model is used for decision-making and financial analysis by people inside and outside of companies. Some of the reasons a firm might create a financial model include the need to raise capital, grow the business organically, sell or divest business units, allocate capital, budget, forecast, or value a business."}
{"prompts":"What Income Is Considered Low Socioeconomic Status?","response":"Although income is not the only element in someone's sociological status, it is an important measure of a person's ability to obtain better health and educational outcomes. In the United States, the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) gauges income levels as a percentage of the Area Median Income (AMI). A family earning less than 80% of the AMI is considered low-income, and a family earning less than 50% of the AMI is considered Very Low Income. These categories are used to allocate housing vouchers and other assistance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Three Main Categories of Agribusiness?","response":"Agribusiness can be split into three major categories\u2014agriculture, livestock, and forestry.Agriculture includes activities like planting and harvesting crops. Livestock concerns raising animals for products like milk, eggs, or meat. Forestry involves planting, growing, and harvesting trees for construction, papermaking, and other purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is a General Manager vs. a Manager?","response":"The level each manager is at varies by business structure and industry. For instance, in a company with divisions and departments, managers supervise employees at the division level, whereas a general manager would manage at the department level."}
{"prompts":"Should I Contribute to Roth or Traditional IRA First?","response":"Whether you should contribute to a Roth IRA or a traditional IRA first depends on your future income expectations. If you expect your income to be lower at retirement than at the current moment, then you should focus your contributions toward traditional IRAs, which provide immediate tax advantages. However, if you expect your income, and thus tax rate, to be higher in the future, then consider contributing to Roth IRAs first, as future withdrawals from these accounts will be tax-free."}
{"prompts":"What Is a JD Degree Equivalent to?","response":"A JD degree, the American law degree, is a three-year professional degree. A JD is the minimum educational level for lawyers. The JD is considered a professional doctorate."}
{"prompts":"What are some other benefits?","response":"These policies come with a cash-savings benefit that earns the policyholder a minimum fixed interest rate. They may be portable, permitting the owner to keep the policy if they change jobs or retire."}
{"prompts":"Who Is The World's Largest Exporter?","response":"Based on most recent export information available for 2020 and 2021, China is the world's largest exporter, followed by the United States, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom."}
{"prompts":"Which Charts Are Used in Technical Analysis?","response":"There are three charts used in technical analysis: bar, line, and candlestick. All three monitor the movements of an asset's price, helping traders discover price trends and make buying and selling decisions."}
{"prompts":"Where Did the Word \u2018Liquidate\u2019 Come from?","response":"The term \u201cliquidate\u201d has been in use in some form or another since the 16th century and has been used in various contexts over time. The word comes from the Latin word \u201cliquidus,\u201d which means \u201cto melt\u201d or \u201cmake clear.\u201dThe term was later adopted by legal and financial professionals to refer to the process of quickly settling debts, selling assets, and distributing proceeds. In this context, \u201cliquidate\u201d refers to the conversion of assets into cash, which can then be used to pay off debts or distribute to shareholders."}
{"prompts":"Are Cap Tables Public Information?","response":"There are no U.S. regulations mandating that private companies disclose their cap tables. Startups may want to limit the visibility of their cap tables, and only make them available to serious inquiries from potential investors. Once a company goes public, however, a list of insiders and institutional shareholders is made available."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Actionable Indication of Interest?","response":"An actionable indication of interest is an IOI that provides specific details about the purchase. Such details include the symbol of the security, a price comparable to or exceeding the National Best Bid and Offer (NBBO), size, etc."}
{"prompts":"What Is a BNB Market?","response":"The BNB market simply refers to the place where BNB is bought and sold. Most purchases of BNB take place on the secondary market."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Amortize a Loan?","response":"A loan is amortized by determining the monthly payment due over the term of the loan. Next, you prepare an amortization schedule that clearly identifies what portion of each month's payment is attributable towards interest and what portion of each month's payment is attributable towards principal.Since part of the payment will theoretically be applied to the outstanding principal balance, the amount of interest paid each month will decrease. Your payment should theoretically remain the same each month, which means more of your monthly payment will apply to principal, thereby paying down over time the amount you borrowed."}
{"prompts":"Does fintech apply only to banking?","response":"No. While banks and startups have created useful fintech applications around basic banking (e.g., checking and savings accounts, bank transfers, credit\/debit cards, and loans), many other fintech areas that have more to do with personal finance, investing, or payments (among others) have grown in popularity."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Gold Standard and How Did It Work?","response":"The gold standard is a monetary system in which the value of a country's currency is based on a fixed quantity of gold. In practice, central banks made sure that domestic currency (paper money) was easily convertible into gold at a specific fixed price. Gold coins also circulated as domestic currency alongside other metal coins and notes."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Assumptions Built In to the CAPM Model?","response":"The following are assumptions made by the CAPM model:All investors are\u00a0risk-averse\u00a0by nature.Investors have the same time period to evaluate information.There is unlimited capital to borrow at the\u00a0risk-free rate of return.Investments can be divided into unlimited pieces and sizes.There are no taxes, inflation, or transaction costs.Risk and return are linearly relatedMany of these assumptions have been challenged as being unrealistic or plain wrong."}
{"prompts":"What's the Key Difference Between an American and European Distribution Waterfall?","response":"In the European-style distribution waterfall, investors are given precedent over fund managers, whereas managers may be paid ahead of investors using the American-style waterfall."}
{"prompts":"How Is Derived Demand Determined?","response":"Derived demand occurs when the demand for a good or service produces a corresponding demand for a related good or service. For example, when demand for a good or service increases, demand for the related good or service increases, and vice versa."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Unearned Income and Earned Income?","response":"Unearned income is any form of income you earn passively. Examples include interest on investments, dividends, lottery or casino winnings, and rental income from investment properties. Earned income, on the other hand, is any compensation you receive for providing a service. This may be from your employer, a self-employment gig, tips, bonuses, and vacation pay."}
{"prompts":"Will I get my bail money back?","response":"That depends. In New York, for example, the bail money will be returned at the end of your case if you make all of your court appearances. If you are found not guilty or if your case is dismissed, you will get 100% of the bail money back. However, if you are convicted, it will be returned less a 3% fee. Additionally, you must make all of your court appearances or else you may forfeit your bail."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Jumbo Mortgage and a Regular Mortgage?","response":"Jumbo and regular mortgages differ first by the property being purchased. A jumbo will typically be used to purchase an expensive property whereas a conventional mortgage is more common for the average homebuyer buying a home with a lower price tag. Regular mortgages fall within the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) restrictions on loan size."}
{"prompts":"What Do People Do During Garden Leave?","response":"During a garden leave, most employees are required to produce little to no work. They will remain on the company's payroll for a designated amount of time. However, they may not be contractually obligated to fulfill all previous aspects of their job. When placed on a garden leave, the expectations of the employee are often outlined."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Financial Literacy Important?","response":"Financial literacy gives an individual the tools and resources they need to be financially secure throughout their life. The lack of financial literacy can lead to many pitfalls, such as overspending and accumulating unsustainable debt burdens. This, in turn, can lead to poor credit, bankruptcy, housing foreclosure, or other negative consequences."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Amortization Schedule?","response":"An amortization schedule illustrates how a borrower's payments are applied to the principal and interest on a loan over time. With fully amortized loans, the bulk of interest payments are made earlier in the loan term, with more of the payment going toward the principal as you get closer to the end of the loan."}
{"prompts":"Who is considered smart money?","response":"Institutional investors, hedge funds, private equity firms, high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs), corporate executives, and board members of large companies are all considered smart money."}
{"prompts":"Who Founded the United Nations?","response":"In April 1945, as World War II was coming to a close, representatives of 50 war-weary countries gathered in San Francisco, Calif., for the United Nations Conference on International Organization. For two months, the group worked on drafting and then signing the U.N. Charter, creating the United Nations, an international organization that all hoped would help prevent another world war. The charter was ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the U.S., and other nations, and the U.N. got off the ground officially on Oct. 24, 1945."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Mortgages Are Included in an RMBS?","response":"RMBS are pools of residential mortgage loans that may include different types of fixed or floating-rate loans. The security can be issued by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac and include conforming loans. Non-agency RMBS issued by private financial institutions consists of mortgages that are considered non-conforming."}
{"prompts":"How Are Investment Management Fees Typically Structured?","response":"Investment management fees can be structured in several ways, including a flat fee, a fixed percentage of assets under management (AUM), performance-based fees, or a combination of these. A fixed percentage fee is charged based on the total value of the client's portfolio and is typically assessed annually or quarterly. Performance-based fees are tied to the investment manager's ability to achieve specific performance targets, such as outperforming a benchmark index. In some cases, a hybrid fee structure combines both fixed and performance-based fees to align the interests of the investment manager and the client."}
{"prompts":"Can a Collar Strategy Be Modified Before Expiration?","response":"Yes, a collar strategy can be adjusted or unwound before the expiration of the options. If the outlook on the stock changes, you can buy back the call option and sell the put option. However, these adjustments might come at a cost and will change the overall profitability of the strategy. It\u2019s essential to carefully monitor options positions, especially in volatile markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Commodities and Derivatives?","response":"The modern commodities market relies heavily on derivative securities, such as futures and forward contracts. Buyers and sellers can transact with one another easily and in large volumes without needing to exchange the physical commodities themselves. Many buyers and sellers of commodity derivatives do so to speculate on the price movements of the underlying commodities for purposes such as risk hedging and inflation protection."}
{"prompts":"How Do Exchange-Traded Products (ETPs) Differ From Traditional Investment Options?","response":"ETPs differ from traditional investment options, such as mutual funds, in their structure and tradability. ETP shares are traded on stock exchanges throughout the trading day at market prices, providing intraday liquidity and flexibility. Traditional options often involve buying or selling at the end of the trading day at the NAV price. Additionally, ETPs can track various indices, commodities, or currencies, allowing for more targeted investment strategies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a High-Yield Investment?","response":"A high-yield investment typically refers to the corporate bonds issued by corporations with low credit ratings. These are legitimate investments, unlike HYIPs. They offer higher yields than other corporate bonds (such as those referred to as investment-grade bonds) to compensate investors for the higher level of risk associated with the credit ratings. High-yield bonds are also referred to as junk bonds."}
{"prompts":"Are Luxury Good Elastic?","response":"Luxury goods often have a high price elasticity of demand because they are sensitive to price changes. If prices rise, people quickly stop buying them and wait for prices to drop."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Current HHS Secretary?","response":"The current HHS Secretary is Xavier Becerra. He is the 25th secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services as well as the first Latino to hold the office."}
{"prompts":"Can I Recieve a Direct Deposit Without a Bank Account?","response":"Yes. The easiest way to get a direct deposit without a bank account is through a prepaid card. You can buy a prepaid card even if you're not an account holder at any bank. You buy the card, load some money on it, and use it. Most of these cards include the possibility of receiving direct deposits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between CAPM and Arbitrage Pricing Theory?","response":"The main difference is that while CAPM is a single-factor model, the APT is a multi-factor model. In the CAPM, the only factor considered to explain the changes in the security prices and returns is the market risk. In the APT, on the other hand, the factors can be several."}
{"prompts":"Who Takes VSP Vision Insurance?","response":"The VSP website claims to have thousands of in-network optometrists and ophthalmologists located all over the United States, including vision care centers in Costco stores."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Methods of Accounting for Amalgamation?","response":"There are two primary ways to account for an amalgamation in some countries: the pooling-of-interests method, which uses book values, and the purchase method, which uses fair market values. In the United States, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) put an end to the use of the pooling-of-interests method in 2001, requiring combining companies to use only the purchase method. In 2007, however, the FASB adopted a new standard known as the purchase acquisition accounting method."}
{"prompts":"What are the 3 Major Concerns of Macroeconomics?","response":"Three major macroeconomic concerns are the unemployment level, inflation, and economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is CPC and CPM?","response":"Cost per click is a measurement of the amount of money you pay when a consumer clicks your ads, and cost per mille is the cost you pay per 1,000 ad impressions\u2014or 1,000 loads of a page with your ad on it."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs a Certificate of Insurance (COI)?","response":"Simply put, if you are hiring an independent contractor or business for their services on your property, you should require a certificate of insurance (COI). If you are a contractor or business, you should have a COI so you can prove to your clients that you are insured."}
{"prompts":"How Many People in the U.S. Live in Poverty?","response":"According to the United States Census Bureau, 37.9 million people in the U.S. lived in poverty in 2022, which represents 11.5% of the population."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Nash Equilibrium?","response":"There is not a specific formula to calculate Nash equilibrium. It can be determined by modeling out different scenarios within a given game to determine the payoff of each strategy and which would be the optimal strategy to choose."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of the Production Possibilities Frontier?","response":"The PPF demonstrates whether resources are being used efficiently and fully when everything else remains constant. Thus, the variables can be changed to see how the curve reacts, letting you observe different outcomes."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Restructuring?","response":"A business can restructure in many different ways. The different types of restructuring include legal restructuring, turnaround restructuring, cost restructuring, divestment, spin-off, repositioning restructuring, and mergers and acquisitions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Human Resource Management (HRM)?","response":"Human resource management (HRM) is a strategic approach to managing company employees, the work culture, and the work environment so that people can function as effectively and productively as possible. Typically, it involves using metrics to measure workforce success."}
{"prompts":"Is Hedging an Imperfect Science?","response":"In investing,\u00a0hedging\u00a0is complex and thought of as an imperfect science. A perfect hedge is one that eliminates all risk in a position or portfolio. In other words, the hedge is 100% inversely correlated to the vulnerable asset. But even the hypothetical perfect hedge is not without cost."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Descriptive Statistics?","response":"The three main types of descriptive statistics are frequency distribution, central tendency, and variability of a data set. The frequency distribution records how often data occurs, central tendency records the data's center point of distribution, and variability of a data set records its degree of dispersion."}
{"prompts":"Why Choose Participating Over Non-Participating Life Insurance?","response":"A participating policy, also called a \"with-profit\" policy, enables a policyholder to share in the insurance company's profits in the form of a dividend. The dividend can be used to pay the insurance premium; it can be left with the policy to generate interest like in a regular\u00a0savings account; or the policyholder can take a cash payment like you can from a dividend stock. In non-participating policies the profits aren't shared and no dividends are paid to the policyholders."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Biggest Activist Investors?","response":"The largest activist shareholders by assets under management (AUM) as of Q1 2023 are listed in the table below, led by New York City-based Third Point Partners:"}
{"prompts":"What Is Corporate Finance vs. Finance?","response":"Corporate finance is one of the subfields of the overall finance category. The others include public (or government) finance and personal finance."}
{"prompts":"Is a Bull Call Spread a Good Strategy?","response":"A well-executed bull spread can provide reliable profits while reducing the trader's exposure to losses. However, a bull spread is not suitable for every market. This strategy has the biggest advantages if the underlying is moderately trending upwards. If the underlying is increasing in large, sudden jumps, a bull spread strategy could miss out on potential profits."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Counted As Unemployed?","response":"The unemployed include anyone who doesn't have a job, is available for work, and has been actively looking for work in the previous four weeks. Actively looking for work includes having job interviews or contacting employers."}
{"prompts":"How do fintech companies make money?","response":"Fintechs make money in different ways depending on their specialty. Banking fintechs, for example, may generate revenue from fees, loan interest, and selling financial products. Investment apps may charge brokerage fees, utilize payment for order flow (PFOF), or collect a percentage of assets under management (AUM). Payment apps may earn interest on cash amounts and charge for features like earlier withdrawals or credit card use."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are CFDs Legal in?","response":"CFDs are allowed in several other countries with listed OTC markets. These countries include Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, and the United Kingdom."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Special Memorandum Account?","response":"A special memorandum account (SMA) is a brokerage account that is set up in conjunction with a margin account to hold excess margin (that is, more than is needed to meet maintenance requirements) from the margin account. The SMA preserves the investor's gains and provides a line of credit for future purchases on margin. It can also be used to help make up for declines in value of securities in the margin account in the event of a margin call."}
{"prompts":"Do Usury Laws Apply to Private Loans?","response":"Yes, usury laws do apply to private loans. Most loans made outside of a banking institution are subject to usury laws to prevent unfair lending practices."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Creditors?","response":"Creditors can include friends or family that you borrow money from and have to pay back. Unsecured creditors are those that lend money without any collateral. Secured creditors are those that lend money with collateral so that if you default on your loan, they may repossess the asset pledged as collateral to cover the money they have lost."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find the U-6 (Unemployment) Rate by State?","response":"The BLS publishes annual average unemployment numbers for every state. This report includes the U-6 as well as all of the five other unemployment measures. The numbers for 2022 are posted on the BLS site.The U-3 numbers for the states, but not the U-6 numbers, are posted monthly."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Volume for a Stock?","response":"Traders usually have their own definitions of good trading volume. It's best to do your research to determine your preferred volume or consult a trading or investing professional."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Inverted Futures Market?","response":"An inverted futures market refers to a market where contracts that are nearing maturity have a higher market price than far-maturity contracts. In a normal market, futures prices are higher for contracts that are further from maturity. An inverted market may be caused by disruptions in the supply of an underlying commodity."}
{"prompts":"Are salaries or wages variable overhead costs?","response":"It depends. Usual pay is an operating cost and not an overhead cost. If, however, a company must pay overtime or extra hours for workers as production is ramped up, it may be included as a variable cost."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Realtor Code of Ethics?","response":"The Code of Ethics & Professional Standards is a set of rules focused on fair and honest behavior that members pledge to abide by. The Code of Ethics holds members to a high moral standard."}
{"prompts":"What Was Wrong With Basel II?","response":"The beginning of the subprime mortgage meltdown in 2007 and the ensuing worldwide financial crisis showed that the regulations created under Basel I and Basel II were inadequate for curtailing the risks that some banks were taking, and the dangers they posed to the worldwide financial system. Basel III, introduced during the financial crisis and still being phased in, intends to better address those risks."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Recessions Usually Last?","response":"Since 1857, the United States has had 34 recessions, ranging in length from two months (February to April 2020) to more than five years (October 1873 to March 1879). In the six instances since 1980, the average recession lasted less than 10 months."}
{"prompts":"Do Businesses Have to Offer Severance Pay?","response":"According to the U.S. Department of Labor, no law requires employers to provide severance pay; however, if an employee's contract stipulates that they receive severance pay upon dismissal or if the employee handbook promises severance pay, the company is legally obligated to follow through with those pledges. Additionally, if the company makes a verbal promise to provide an employee with severance pay, it must uphold that agreement.Regardless of whether a company offers severance pay, the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) mandates an employer must pay terminated employees through their last day of work, and the employer must also pay any accrued vacation time to employees."}
{"prompts":"Do group universal life insurance policies have any disadvantages?","response":"The policy is canceled when you leave or lose your job, unless you have a portability option. Another thing is that since your employer is offering the policy, you may not be able to get as much coverage as you want or need. If you want to increase coverage, you're probably going to have to pay more and get a medical exam."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Analyze Time Series Data?","response":"Statistical techniques can be used to analyze time series data in two key ways: to generate inferences on how one or more variables affect some variable of interest over time, or to forecast future trends. Unlike cross-sectional data, which is essentially one slice of a time series, the arrow of time allows an analyst to make more plausible causal claims."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capital Improvement Plan?","response":"A capital improvement plan is a community or municipal project that sets out the funding and planning for capital improvements over several years. A capital improvement plan will list major, non-recurring expenses tied to buildings, land, or other infrastructure, along with the deadlines for their completion and the community's plans for financing."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Are Used to Determine if AQL Is Being Met?","response":"To calculate AQL, you need the lot or batch size, the inspection type, inspection level, and the desired AQL. There are AQL calculators available online. If your lot or batch size is 50,000, your inspection type is general, your inspection level is 2, and your AQL level is 2.5, you would need a sample size of 500 units with only 21 defects. Anything over that has reached the rejection point."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Can You Make As an Affiliate Marketer?","response":"Incomes for affiliate marketers vary, with some making a few hundred dollars and some making six figures. It depends on what is being marketed, how much influence the marketer has, the affiliate's reach, and how much time is invested in marketing products. Often, those spending more time marketing the company's products will earn more money."}
{"prompts":"Is $15 an Hour Considered a Livable Wage?","response":"Raising the federal minimum wage to $15 an hour from the current $7.25 an hour still doesn't provide a livable wage to many low-income adults and families in certain locations. Earning $15 an hour at a full-time job would equate to approximately $31,200 before taxes, meaning that this increase would still not meet a livable wage in most states."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Surcharges?","response":"Examples of surcharges include ATM fees, fuel surcharges, broadcast TV surcharges, disposal fees, handling fees, hazardous waste fees, filing fees, tips and gratuities, processing fees, convenience fees, and checkout fees."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Come Up With a Business Name?","response":"Your business name should fit the type of organization you plan to run and it should be catchy\u2014something that people will gravitate toward and remember, not to mention associate with you as well as the products and services you plan to sell. Originality is key. And most importantly, it should be a name that isn't already in use by someone else. Go online and do a business name search to see if it's available or already registered."}
{"prompts":"What Are Realistic Assumptions in the Straight-Line Method of Depreciation?","response":"While the purchase price of an asset is known, one must make assumptions regarding the salvage value and useful life. These numbers can be arrived at in several ways, but getting them wrong could be costly. Also, a straight-line basis assumes that an asset's value declines at a steady and unchanging rate. This may not be true for all assets, in which case a different method should be used."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Need Demographics?","response":"Demographics are key to businesses today. They help identify the individual members of an audience by selecting key characteristics, wants, and needs. This allows companies to tailor their efforts based on particular segments of their customer base. Online advertising and marketing have made enormous headway over the past decade in using algorithms and big data analysis to micro-target ads on social media to very specific demographics."}
{"prompts":"What Do I Have to Do with IRS Form 1095-B?","response":"Taxpayers do not need to send the 1095-B form to the IRS. Instead, you indicate on your tax return information provided from 1095-B, such as how many months you had health insurance coverage during the tax year."}
{"prompts":"What Is Working Capital Management?","response":"Working capital management aims at more efficient use of a company's resources by monitoring and optimizing the use of current assets and liabilities. The goal is to maintain sufficient cash flow to meet its short-term operating costs and short-term debt obligations while maximizing its profitability. Working capital management is key to the cash conversion cycle, or the amount of time a firm uses to convert working capital into usable cash."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Get a Warm Card?","response":"Warm cards are relatively easy to obtain from financial institutions that provide them. Usually, you have three options for requesting a warm card: 1) Go to the bank branch and ask for one. It typically takes a few business days for the card to be shipped to you. 2) You also can call your bank to request a warm card. 3) Or most financial institutions offer mobile banking apps. Those offering warm cards should make it easy to access these restricted cards\u00a0through their app."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Stay Eligible for Pell Grants?","response":"In order to continue receiving Pell Grants or other federal financial aid, students and their parents must fill out a new FAFSA every year. Students must also show that they are making \"satisfactory academic progress\" toward their degree or other education goal, such as a certificate. Satisfactory academic progress is defined by the school and may involve maintaining a minimum grade-point average, taking a certain number of credits, or other requirements. Students may lose eligibility for Pell Grants, at least temporarily, if they default on a student loan."}
{"prompts":"How Many Years Is a JD Degree?","response":"A traditional, full-time\u00a0JD program lasts three\u00a0years. There are some accelerated programs that allow individuals to complete their degrees in just two years or their undergraduate and JD degrees in a total of six years. Part-time JD programs usually take four years (or more) to finish."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Elasticity?","response":"Four types of elasticity are demand elasticity, income elasticity, cross elasticity, and price elasticity."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Exempt From Backup Withholding?","response":"Most American citizens are exempted from backup withholding so long as their tax identification number or social security number is on file with their broker, and corresponds with their legal name. Retirement accounts and unemployment income are also exempted."}
{"prompts":"Why is a gap analysis performed?","response":"A gap analysis is performed to understand where a company may be lagging against its goals or objectives. It\u2019s a form of analysis that evaluates what it will take for a company to get from its current position to its future dream state."}
{"prompts":"What Is Reinsurance?","response":"Reinsurance is insurance for insurance companies. It\u2019s a way of transferring some of the financial risks that insurance companies assume when insuring cars, homes, people, and businesses to another company, the reinsurer. Contracts between ceding companies and reinsurers are complex and may include cut-through provisions in case one party becomes insolvent."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Correlation Coefficient?","response":"The correlation coefficient is calculated by determining the covariance of the variables and dividing that number by the product of those variables\u2019 standard deviations."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Loan Syndication Affect the Borrower?","response":"Loan syndication doesn't affect borrowers any differently than other types of loans. The borrower generally applies for a loan at one bank. If approved, this institution approaches others to form a syndicate, which allows them each to spread the risk. After the loan is advanced, the borrower signs a single contract, which names every member of the syndicate and their contribution to the loan. Regular payments are made to the lead bank, which divides it up among syndicate members."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reverse Merger?","response":"A reverse merger, also known as a reverse takeover (RTO), is when a private company purchases a publicly traded company. For instance, the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) completed a reverse merger with Archipelago Holdings in 2006."}
{"prompts":"What is risk-return tradeoff?","response":"Investors require a higher expected return for riskier investments to compensate for that additional risk of loss. This is why low-risk securities, such as government bonds, carry relatively lower expected returns than higher-risk securities like growth stocks."}
{"prompts":"Why Was the European Union Created?","response":"The overarching purpose of the European Union, in the years after World War II, was to put an end to the devastating wars that had wracked Europe for centuries. At the same time, it became increasingly clear that a united Europe would have far greater economic and political power than the individual nations in the post-war world."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Shape of a Frequency Distribution?","response":"The \"shape\" of the frequency distribution of data is simply its graphical representation (e.g. as a bell curve, etc.). Visualizing the shape of the data can help analysts quickly understand if it is symmetrical or not."}
{"prompts":"How Important Is Microeconomics in Our Daily Life?","response":"Microeconomics is critical to daily life, even in ways that may not be evident to those engaging in it. Take, for example, the case of someone who is looking to buy a car. Microeconomic principles play a central role in individual decision-making. They will likely consider various incentives, such as rebates or low interest rates, when assessing whether or not to purchase a vehicle. They will likely select a make and model based on maximizing utility while also staying within their income constraints. On the other side of the scenario, a car company will have made similar microeconomic considerations in the production and supply of cars into the market."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Current and Acid-Test Ratios?","response":"Both the current ratio, also known as the working capital ratio, and the acid-test ratio measure a company's short-term ability to generate enough cash to pay off all debts should they become due at once. However, the acid-test ratio is considered more conservative than the current ratio because its calculation ignores items such as inventory, which may be difficult to liquidate quickly. Another key difference is that the acid-test ratio includes\u00a0only assets\u00a0that can be converted to cash within\u00a090 days or less, while the current ratio includes those that can be converted to cash within one year."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of Loan Stock?","response":"Loan stocks are long-term agreements so are seen as a form of long-term debt financing. They are negotiated at a fixed rate with pre-determined interest payment periods and the amount of collateral."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Apply for a Standby Letter of Credit?","response":"Standby letters of credit are typically offered by commercial banks and lenders. The bank will assess the creditworthiness of the applicant much like a loan application."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Demand?","response":"The law of demand is a fundamental principle of economics that states that at a higher price consumers will demand a lower quantity of a good, and vice-versa."}
{"prompts":"What Is an AGU Agreement?","response":"An AGU agreement stands for \"Automatic Give-Up,\" and is an agreement that automatically locks in a transaction in the system where the transaction is logged. These agreements, like give-up agreements, are required by parties to be reported to the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA)."}
{"prompts":"Is Writing a Check on an Account With Uncollected Funds a Crime?","response":"Not if there are available funds in the account that can cover the check. And if a check bounces, most accountholders will be charged a UCF fee rather than with a crime."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of E-commerce?","response":"Dollar Shave Club offers customers personal grooming, health, and beauty products. Customers can opt for what product(s) they want shipped to them and can sign up for long-term memberships to have products sent to them on a recurring basis. Dollar Shave Club procures goods in bulk from other companies, then bundles those products, maintains membership subscriptions, and markets the products."}
{"prompts":"What Events Led to the Collapse of the EMS?","response":"The collapse of the EMS occurred around 1992 and 1993 when several member states faced currency crises. The crises exposed vulnerabilities in the EMS and prompted a reevaluation of the system."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Accountant and a Management Accountant?","response":"A management accountant is an internal party who can not work with external clients, while a tax accountant is an external party who can work with other businesses and individuals. Management accountants assist their own companies with the financial implications of business decisions or provide strategic advice. Tax accountants help companies and individuals comply with taxation requirements."}
{"prompts":"Will Forbearance Affect Refinancing?","response":"Yes, if you are in forbearance, you are not allowed to refinance. The specific point is that any missed mortgage payments will prevent you from being eligible for refinancing with most institutions. Each individual, however, has different circumstances, and each mortgage provider has different rules. It is important to check with mortgage providers what your situation would be."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Benjamin Graham?","response":"Benjamin Graham is one of the founding fathers of value investing, and a financial guru to many famous value investors such as Warren Buffett. Graham's philosophy was to closely examine a company's financial statements to identify undervalued opportunities. His book, The Interpretation of Financial Statements is widely regarded as foundational for value investing."}
{"prompts":"What Is Percent of Parity?","response":"Percent of parity is a way of describing how much difference there is between two prices or rates and achieving parity. Here, parity is equal to 100%, so if the percent of parity between X and Y is 90%, it is 10 percentage points away from parity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Bayes' Rule Used For?","response":"The Bayes' rule is used to update a probability with an updated conditional variable. Investment analysts use it to forecast probabilities in the stock market, but it is used in many other industries."}
{"prompts":"What are the limitations of being a trader?","response":"In any role, there are advantages and disadvantages. For traders, there are a handful of limitations. Trading can be a high-stress and competitive profession, which isn\u2019t suitable for everyone. There is also a risk of financial loss. Moreover, traders work long hours. When markets are in a downturn, there is a high potential for traders to lose their jobs. To be a successful trader, people often need to attain specialized education, training, and experience, which can be time-consuming and expensive."}
{"prompts":"At What Age Does a Roth IRA Not Make Sense?","response":"Individuals of any age can contribute to a Roth IRA. Unlike traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs do not have mandatory RMDs. However, Roth IRAs do have a five-year-rule, which requires individuals to wait five years following their first contribution to a Roth IRA to make their first earnings withdrawal. This limitation may be a factor to consider when deciding whether to contribute to a Roth IRA."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Bond Indexes?","response":"While stock market indexes may most often come to mind, indexes are also constructed around other asset classes. In the bond market, for example, the Bloomberg Aggregate Bond Index tracks the investment grade bond market, while the Emerging Market Bond Index looks at government bonds of emerging market economies."}
{"prompts":"How Do Market Makers Work?","response":"A number of market makers operate and compete with each other within securities exchanges to attract the business of investors by setting the most competitive bid and ask offers. In some cases, exchanges like the NYSE use a specialist system where a specialist is the sole market maker who makes all the bids and asks that are visible to the market. A specialist process is conducted to ensure that all marketable trades are executed at a fair price in a timely manner."}
{"prompts":"Are Participatory Notes Legal in India?","response":"Yes, participatory notes are legal in India yet the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has no direct jurisdiction over them but has attempted to control the market by imposing various stipulations around foreign institutional investors (FII) in India selling these notes."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Primary Buyers of Commercial Paper?","response":"Due to the large minimum denominations (usually $100,000 or more), large institutions comprise the main buyers of commercial paper. According to the SEC, these include \"investment companies, retirement accounts, state and local governments, financial and non-financial firms.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Principles of Technical Analysis?","response":"The basic principles of technical analysis are trends, entry\/exit signals, indicators, and patterns."}
{"prompts":"How Much Withholding Should I Claim?","response":"The amount you should withhold is based on your personal circumstances. It depends on your income, whether you have dependents, if you have additional sources of income, and more.A single person with one job and no dependents would generally select a single filing status with one allowance. A married couple with dependents would usually select married filing jointly with several allowances."}
{"prompts":"How Much Tax-Loss Harvesting Can I Use in a Year?","response":"If your capital losses exceeds your capital gains, you can claim excess loss of the lesser of $3,000 ($1,500 if married filing separately) or your total net loss shown on line 16 of\u00a0Schedule D (Form 1040), according to the IRS. If have a greater net capital loss that that, you can carry the loss forward to later years."}
{"prompts":"Why Did the Dotcom Bubble Burst?","response":"The dotcom bubble burst when capital began to dry up. In the years preceding the bubble, record-low interest rates, the adoption of the Internet, and interest in technology companies allowed capital to flow freely, especially to startup companies that had no track record of success. Valuations rose and money eventually dried up. This led companies, many of which didn't even have a business plan or product, to collapse, causing the market to crash."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Target Market?","response":"A target market defines a product as well as vice versa.Once a target market is identified, it can influence a product's design, packaging, price, promotion, and distribution.A product aimed at men won't be packaged in pink plastic. A luxury cosmetic won't be sold in a pharmacy. An expensive pair of shoes comes with a branded cloth drawstring bag as well as a shoebox. All of those factors are signals to the target audience that they have found the right product."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for the Additional Child Tax Credit?","response":"Married couples with income over $2,500 and up to $400,000 (when filing jointly) may be eligible to receive the Additional Child Tax Credit. Single taxpayers or heads of household with income less than $200,000 are eligible as well. Taxpayers with incomes over that limit may be able to claim a partial credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hypothecation vs. a Lien?","response":"With hypothecation, the borrower is allowed to hold the property used as collateral for the loan. The borrower agrees to repay the loan on the condition that if they don't, the lender can claim the property. A lien, however, requires a property owner to satisfy outstanding debts before an underlying property can be refinanced or sold."}
{"prompts":"How Much Are Muslims Obligated to Pay in Zakat?","response":"Muslims are obligated to pay 2.5% of the total value of their wealth less any liabilities in zakat provided they reach nisab. This is the threshold, which is the value of 87.48 grams of gold or 612.36 grams of silver. Some Muslim countries make zakat mandatory, just like taxes. Others, though do not obligate their citizens to do so."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Risk Analysis Important?","response":"Sometimes, risk analysis is important because it guides company decision-making. Consider the example of a company considering whether to move forward with a project. The decision may be as simple as identifying, quantifying, and analyzing the risk of the project.Risk analysis is also important because it can help safeguard company assets. Whether it be proprietary data, physical goods, or the well-being of employees, risk is present everywhere. Companies must be mindful of where it most likely to occur as well as where it is most likely to have strong, negative implications."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Green Companies?","response":"Starbucks, Patagonia, and Burts Bees are all active in green marketing due to the high level of positive ecological and social programs that these companies support."}
{"prompts":"Is Globalization Good or Bad?","response":"It depends. Proponents of globalization will point to the dramatic decline in poverty throughout the world for more than two decades after around year 2000, which many economists attribute in part to increased trade and investment between nations. Similarly, they will argue that globalization has allowed products and services such as cellphones, airplanes, and information technology to be spread far more widely throughout the world. On the other hand, critics of globalization will point to the negative impact it has had on specific nations\u2019 industries, which might face increased competition from international firms. Globalization can also have negative environmental impacts due to economic development, industrialization, and international travel."}
{"prompts":"Is a Grant a Loan?","response":"No, it is not. A loan must eventually be repaid, usually with interest, while a grant does not need to be repaid."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mode in Statistics With an Example?","response":"The mode in statistics refers to a number in a set of numbers that appears the most often. For example, if a set of numbers contained the following digits, 1, 1, 3, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 8, the mode would be 7, as it appears the most out of all the numbers in the set."}
{"prompts":"How Do the Foreign Tax Credit and Foreign Earned Income Exclusion Differ?","response":"Two ways to avoid double taxation on the income you earn while living abroad are the foreign tax credit and the foreign earned income exclusion. A key difference is the income to which each applies. The foreign tax credit applies to earned and unearned income, such as dividends and interest. Conversely, the foreign earned income exclusion applies only to earned income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Fixed Indemnity Insurance Plan?","response":"Fixed indemnity insurance is a type of health insurance that pays out a fixed benefit for each healthcare event, regardless of the actual costs insured. A fixed indemnity plan might pay a certain amount of money for each hospital admission, or a certain amount for each day of hospitalization. These plans are exempt from the Affordable Care Act."}
{"prompts":"What Are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?","response":"In the United States, the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) form the set of accounting standards widely accepted for preparing financial statements. Its aim is to improve the clarity, consistency, and comparability of the communication of financial information. Basically, it is a common set of accounting principles, standards, and procedures issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Public companies in the United States must follow GAAP when their accountants compile their financial statements."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Someone Do Wash Trading?","response":"In some cases, wash trading bolsters the trading volume of a security, potentially inspiring more legitimate trade activity. Wash trading can also be used to help artificially boost the price of the security as part of a pump-and-dump scheme."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Cost Basis?","response":"Cost basis is important because it is how capital gains taxes are charged. If you sell an asset for more than the cost basis, you will incur taxes on the profit. If you sell an asset for less than the cost basis, you will incur a loss and not incur any taxes. This loss can also be used to offset taxes on other capital gains."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of operations management?","response":"Operations management is prevalent in the healthcare sector. The current healthcare system overuses expensive, technological, and emergency-based treatment. High costs from care often remain uncompensated due to uninsured patients. A prevalence of services in expensive settings creates a burden on taxpayers,\u00a0health insurance\u00a0holders, and healthcare institutions."}
{"prompts":"Why Are ARM Mortgages Called Hybrid Loans?","response":"ARMs have an initial fixed-rate period followed by the remainder of the loan using a variable interest rate. For instance, in a 7\/1 ARM, the first seven years would be fixed. Then from the 8th year onwards, the rate would adjust on an annual basis depending on prevailing rates."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Economic Calendar for Forex?","response":"The economic calendar for Forex generally follows the same events and releases as economic calendars for stocks with the addition of events and releases in the countries for the pairs being traded."}
{"prompts":"How Are Gwei Gas Fees Calculated?","response":"The standard transaction fee in the Ethereum network is 21,000 gwei. More complex transactions can cost more. You can calculate a transaction fee using the formula Gas Units (Limit) x (Base Fee + Tip)."}
{"prompts":"Is Actuarial Science Difficult?","response":"Actuarial science is a difficult profession. Actuarial exams usually last between 3 and 5 hours, and each requires rigorous preparation. Candidates must often have a bachelor's degree, and it make take up to a decade for a candidate to complete all training and exams."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Capital Market Line Important?","response":"Portfolios that fall on the capital market line (CML), in theory, optimize the risk\/return relationship, thereby maximizing performance. So, the slope of the CML is the Sharpe ratio of the market portfolio. As a generalization, investors should look to buy assets if the Sharpe ratio is above the CML and sell if the Sharpe ratio is below the CML."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor (QDII)?","response":"QDII is a designation started in China in 2006 that allows five types of Chinese entities to invest abroad in non-Chinese markets: insurance companies, banks, trust companies, funds, and securities firms."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Public Utility?","response":"Public utilities are regulated by the government or state under the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners and commonly supply electricity, gas, or water to a region or area."}
{"prompts":"Is Trading a Double-Top Pattern Profitable?","response":"Trading a double top pattern has the potential to be profitable if done so with the right evaluation, handling of risks, and market circumstances. Profitability is not assured, and there are a number of variables that may affect the result."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio?","response":"Fixed asset turnover ratios widely vary by industry and company size. Therefore, there is no single benchmark all companies can use as their target fixed asset turnover ratio. Instead, companies should evaluate what the industry average is and what their competitor's fixed asset turnover ratios are. A good fixed asset turnover ratio will be higher than both."}
{"prompts":"What Is Energy Efficiency?","response":"Energy efficiency occurs when you use less energy to achieve the same result. Being energy efficient reduces energy waste and greenhouse gases, as well energy demand. It also helps cut down on bills and overall costs using new and more efficient ways to consume energy.For example, consumers can purchase energy-efficient appliances to cut down on their energy bills while corporations may swap out older production equipment with new, more efficient ones to increase output while cutting down on production costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Investment Analyst?","response":"An investment analyst is an individual who analyzes financial assets and the broader economy to make investment decisions for a firm. They spend their time analyzing the financial statements of companies and the performance of the economy through government data, such as GDP, unemployment, inflation, and more. Investment analysts gather data, sort this data, analyze it, and come up with conclusions based on their research. They then recommend buying or selling assets, whether those be stocks, bonds, commodities, or other assets."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Long-Term Securities Less Liquid?","response":"Long-term securities are less liquid because they need to be held for a longer time to realize a profit. In many cases, they are also not easily sold. For example, a house is considered a long-term investment; one that takes time to appreciate and that cannot be sold quickly. Bonds with longer maturities also have higher payouts over time but need to be held longer for a higher yield."}
{"prompts":"How Much is 1 Volume in Stocks?","response":"If a stock has a trading volume of one, it means only one share was traded during the measured period."}
{"prompts":"Is a Franchisee the Same As a Franchisor?","response":"No. The franchisor is the entity that owns the intellectual property, patents, and trademarks of the brand or business being franchised. A franchisee buys the right to operate a location of the franchisor."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Job Vacancy Rate in the U.S.?","response":"According to BLS, the job openings rate on the last business day of October 2023 was 5.3%, a slight decrease compared to the last month. Sectors that saw job decreases include health care and social assistance, finance and insurance, and real estate and rental and leasing.The job openings rate is calculated by dividing the number of job openings by the sum of both filled and unfilled job, represented as a percentage."}
{"prompts":"Is the Hawthorne Effect Real?","response":"While the Hawthorne Effect is taught in business schools and sociology courses around the world, recent scholarship has begun to question its validity. According to Scientific American, out of the first three original experiments, only one showed improved productivity, the second found no improved productivity, and in the third productivity actually worsened. What is suspicious is that the sponsors of the study ordered the destruction of all data, including everything that had been sent to MIT, and for no report to be written. When the original data finally did resurface, several scholars were able to debunk the initial findings. Additionally, modern attempts to replicate the Hawthorne Effect have been inconclusive. Only seven out of 40 such studies found any evidence of the effect."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Double-Top Pattern Mean?","response":"Technical chart patterns called double tops often point to the possibility of a reversal to a downtrend from an uptrend. It develops when the price of an asset twice reaches a resistance level, fails to break through it, and then starts to fall."}
{"prompts":"What Is An Accredited Investor?","response":"Accredited investors are people or businesses who are permitted to trade securities that are not registered with the SEC. They must meet certain financial or business benchmarks. An accredited investor must either have a net worth of $1 million or more, have an annual income of at least $200,000 ($300,000 if married) in each of the prior two years, or meet certain professional criteria."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Get Term Loans?","response":"A term loan is usually meant for equipment, real estate, or working capital paid off between one and 25 years. A small business often uses the cash from a term loan to purchase fixed assets, such as equipment or a new building for its production process. Some businesses borrow the cash they need to operate from month to month. Many banks have established term-loan programs specifically to help companies in this way."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money on Preferred Stock?","response":"Like any other type of equity investment, there are risks of investing including the loss of capital you invest into the company. Preferred stock has specific features different from common stock so it may perform differently. However, both investments are reflections of the performance of the underlying company. Should the company begin to struggle, this may result in a loss or decrease in value in the preferred stock price."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Average Directional Index?","response":"An ADX above 25 is considered strong. When the ADX is below 20, the trend is weak or the price is trendless."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Parts of a Line Chart?","response":"A line chart, as commonly used in finance and investment analysis, consists of several components that collectively present data in a clear, interpretable manner. These components include data points, the line that connects these data points, the vertical and horizontal axes, the scale of the axes, labels for the data, the title of the chart, and the key or legend. There might also be grid lines for the line chart. \u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is Assignment the Same as Hypothecation?","response":"Assignment is an arrangement involving contracts, in which one party assigns rights and responsibilities outlined in a contract to another party. Hypothecation allows a borrower to hold onto a property while using it as security for a loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Goal of Free Enterprise?","response":"The main goal of free enterprise is to allow citizens to dictate market and decide the value of trade. Instead of relying on government intervention or public policy, free enterprise's main goal is to allow markets to move themselves without constraint, self-discovering efficiencies and inaccuracies."}
{"prompts":"Do 529 Withdrawals Count As Income?","response":"529 withdrawals on the contributed amount do not count as income that needs to be taxed as the amount was already taxed. Earnings do not need to be taxed either as long as withdrawals don't exceed the beneficiary's adjusted qualified education expenses for the year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the MSCI ACWI Index and the MSCI World Index?","response":"While both the MSCI ACWI and the MSCI World indexes provide investors with exposure to multiple countries and over 1,000 equity holdings, the key difference is that the world index focuses only on developed markets while the ACWI index focuses on both developed and emerging markets."}
{"prompts":"Is a CMO a Pass-Through Security?","response":"A CMO is not a pass-through security, although they are similar in that they are both securities created from pools of mortgages."}
{"prompts":"What Does NAIFA Do?","response":"The mission of the National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors is to advocate for a positive legislative and regulatory environment, enhance business and professional skills, and promote the ethical conduct of our members. It achieves this by lobbying the government, advocating for its members, and providing members with various benefits and resources."}
{"prompts":"How can I create an emergency fund if I am living paycheck to paycheck?","response":"It won\u2019t be easy, but instead of worrying about your eventual savings amount, decide on a percentage of take-home pay that you can do without. It can be 1% or 2%. The important thing is to save a set amount each payday and not touch it. The money will add up."}
{"prompts":"How Is Statistical Significance Used?","response":"Statistical significance is often used to test the effectiveness of new medical products, including drugs, devices, and vaccines. Publicly available reports of statistical significance also inform investors on how successful the company is at releasing new products. Stock prices of pharmaceutical companies are often affected strongly by announcements of the statistical significance of their new products."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have the Highest GDP Per Capita?","response":"The countries with the highest GDP per capita tend to be those that are the most industrialized and developed. According to the IMF, the three countries with the highest GDP per capita are Luxembourg, Ireland, and Switzerland."}
{"prompts":"Where Do You Buy Traveler's Checks?","response":"You can buy still buy traveler's checks from American Express, Visa, and a handful of other financial institutions. To buy them, visit a location or check the website of an issuing institution. You may need a photo ID in order to set up an account."}
{"prompts":"What is a short squeeze?","response":"A short squeeze occurs when a high number of short sellers attempt to cut their losses and exit their short positions by purchasing their borrowed shares due to panic about potential losses. Also, a short squeeze often occurs if a stock price rises."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Benefit of Wrap-Up Insurance Coverage?","response":"The primary benefit of wrap-up insurance coverage is that it consolidates insurance coverage for all contractors and subcontractors involved in a construction project under a single policy. This streamlines the insurance process, reduces administrative burdens, and can lead to cost savings for project stakeholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Restrictive Covenant Agreement in Real Estate?","response":"A restrictive covenant in real estate mandates owners and tenants to avoid or take specific actions to preserve the value and enjoyment of the adjoining land. For example, restrictive covenants can prevent owners and tenants from making certain renovations, having pets, parking RVs in the driveway, or raising livestock. Covenants that pass from owner to owner are said to \"run with the land.\""}
{"prompts":"What Volume Should a Gapping Stock Have?","response":"A volume increase on a gap helps confirm that the price is likely to continue in the gapped direction.\u00a0A breakaway gap with higher than average\u00a0volume, for instance, indicates strong conviction in the gap direction. On the other hand, exhaustion gaps should be associated with relatively low volume."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Tax-Sheltered Annuity and a 401(k)?","response":"Both the TSA and 401(k) are retirement plans that come with certain tax advantages to investors. Each allows plan holders to contribute a certain portion of their salary each year up to a maximum ($22,500 in 2023 and $23,000 in 2024).Also called 403(b) plans, TSAs are designed for certain employees of churches, non-profits, and public schools while 401(k)s are established by for-profit corporations"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Advantage of a Trust?","response":"A trust can be a way to bypass the probate process (which all wills typically go through) so that heirs receive their inheritances more smoothly and quickly. People with trusts often have a pour-over will as well, to handle the disposition of any assets that aren\u2019t accounted for in their trust."}
{"prompts":"Where is the Headquarters of the HMRC?","response":"The HMRC is headquartered in Westminster, London."}
{"prompts":"Why Is an A-B Trust Obsolete?","response":"A-B trusts aren't completely obsolete but they are not as common as they once were due to changes in estate tax law, primarily the fact that a couple now has extremely high estate tax exemptions. A-B trusts are primarily used to reduce estate taxes between married couples."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Check Is Outstanding for Too Long?","response":"If a check remains outstanding for an extended period, it may become stale-dated, and the bank may refuse to honor it. The payee should contact the issuer to request a new check if this occurs."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade Using Elliott Wave Theory?","response":"If a trader sees a stock moving upward on an impulse wave, they may go long until it completes its fifth wave. Anticipating a reversal, the trader may then go short on the stock. Underlying this trading theory is the idea that fractal patterns recur in financial markets. In mathematics, fractal patterns repeat themselves on an infinite scale.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks With Stocks?","response":"The primary risk with a stock is that you will lose the money you invested in it. The performance of a stock is never guaranteed. If you buy a stock, the price may never increase but there is always the risk that the price will drop, causing you to lose the entire value of your investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Adjusting Journal Entries?","response":"Adjusting journal entries are used to reconcile transactions that have not yet closed, but which straddle accounting periods. These can be either payments or expenses whereby the payment does not occur at the same time as delivery."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Voluntary Exchange in Everyday Life?","response":"Examples of voluntary exchange abound in everyday life in the U.S. For instance, you may go to a coffee shop every morning. The owner of the store can freely choose how they would like to set their prices. As a consumer, you can freely able to choose whether or not to make a purchase."}
{"prompts":"Is Per Stirpes a Good Idea?","response":"Per stirpes, used more commonly than per capita, is a great way to ensure that the descendants of your original beneficiaries are protected in the event of an untimely death."}
{"prompts":"Does Economic Equilibrium Exist?","response":"Economic equilibrium is seen as a concept or theoretical construct, rather than a realistic goal due to the unlikelihood of economic conditions lining up in such a way as to create a perfectly balanced environment for price and demand.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Do I Need an Appraisal to Refinance a Mortgage?","response":"In most cases, yes. Lenders use appraisals to determine a home's value for refinancing mortgages the way they do for purchase mortgages. There are a couple of exceptions, however. In some cases, you will not need an valuation if you are taking out an FHA refinance loan if it is what is called a \"streamline\" refinance loan. If you hold a VA-backed loan, you will need an appraisal if you are planning to take out a cash-out refinance loan.Due to the COVID- 19 pandemic, there is a partial waiver on appraisals from April 26, 2021, to April 26, 2022, according to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Federal Funds Rate Affect Banks?","response":"Financial institutions typically base interest rates for consumer and business loans on the federal funds rate. For example, as the Fed conducts OMOs that raise or lower the fed funds rate, banks and credit card companies will change their rates accordingly."}
{"prompts":"Are All Fixed Costs Considered Sunk Costs?","response":"All sunk costs are\u00a0fixed costs in financial accounting, but not all fixed costs are considered to be sunk. The defining characteristic of sunk costs is that they cannot be recovered."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Human Capital?","response":"Examples of human capital include communication skills, education, technical skills, creativity, experience, problem-solving skills, mental health, and personal resilience."}
{"prompts":"Was eCash the First Cryptocurrency?","response":"Yes. It was created by David Chaum's company DigiCash in 1990."}
{"prompts":"Are Vendor Notes Subordinated Debt?","response":"Vendor notes are subordinated debt, meaning they sit below senior debt in the repayment waterfall in the event of bankruptcy. Holders of subordinated debt are always paid after holders of senior debt are paid off."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mark Zuckerberg's Net Worth?","response":"As of June 10, 2022, Mark Zuckerberg's net worth is $68.2 billion. He earned his wealth as the founder and largest shareholder of Meta (formerly Facebook)."}
{"prompts":"Who Said Keynesian Economics Was Spending Your Way out of a Recession?","response":"It was Milton Friedman who attacked the central Keynesian idea that consumption is the key to economic recovery as trying to \"spend your way out of a recession.\" Unlike Keynes, Friedman believed that government spending and racking up debt eventually leads to inflation\u2014a rise in prices that lessens the value of money and wages\u2014which can be disastrous unless accompanied by underlying economic growth. The stagflation of the 1970s was a case in point: It was paradoxically a period with high unemployment and low production, but also high inflation and high-interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Company's Income Statement?","response":"An income statement is one of the three key documents used for reporting a company's yearly financial performance. The income statement includes the gains, losses, revenue, and expenses that a company reports in that period. Net income is the bottom line on an income statement."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Product Differentiation?","response":"An example of product differentiation is when a company emphasizes a characteristic of a new product to market that sets it apart from others already on the market. For instance, Tesla differentiates itself from other auto brands because their cars are innovative, battery-operated, and advertised as high-end."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Inventory and Raw Materials?","response":"In many cases, raw materials are a type of inventory. It represents goods on a balance sheet that have not yet been converted to work-in-progress or a finished product. Companies often buy, acquire, or extract raw materials for use, then report raw materials as an asset. Then, as the company uses raw materials in the production of finished goods, it converts the raw materials into products it can sell to consumers."}
{"prompts":"Are Wash Sales Illegal?","response":"A wash sale is not illegal\u2014there is no wording that states you cannot sell a security and purchase a substantially similar one 30 days before or after the sale. The rule only makes it so you can't claim a loss on the sale in that year's tax filing."}
{"prompts":"What Can Be Claimed on Schedule A?","response":"Schedule A is used to claim itemized deductions that reduce your taxable income and the total amount of taxes you pay. The categories that can be itemized include taxes, interest paid, gifts to charity, medical and dental expenses, casualty and theft losses, and other miscellaneous expenses."}
{"prompts":"Is a Low Times Multiple Bad?","response":"A low times multiple isn't necessarily bad. It simply means the company is being valued lower than other companies. If a seller is motivated to sell, having a low times multiple may be a good thing as it may be seen by buyers as a cheaper, potentially bargain price compared to companies with much higher multiples."}
{"prompts":"Is Trailing 12 Months the Same as Last Twelve Months?","response":"Yes, last 12 months (LTM) is another term for trailing 12 months (TTM)."}
{"prompts":"Are Hydrocarbons Harmful to Humans?","response":"Yes, hydrocarbons are dangerous to humans. Gases emitted from hydrocarbons have shown to damage respiratory systems and harm the environment through climate change and the greenhouse effect. Oil spills damage ecosystems. While hydrocarbons are natural occurrences, it is their manipulation into energy sources that are harmful to humans."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Assessed Value Important?","response":"It's important to know because it plays a role in how your property tax bill is determined. Plus, if you're looking for a home, knowing the assessed value may give you a bargaining chip if the sale price of a home is set much higher."}
{"prompts":"What Are Mark to Market Losses?","response":"Mark-to-market\u00a0losses are paper losses generated through an accounting entry rather than the actual sale of a security. Mark-to-market losses occur when financial instruments held are valued at the\u00a0current market value, which is lower than the price paid to acquire them."}
{"prompts":"What Are CPP and CCA Short for in Inflation Accounting?","response":"CPP stands for current purchasing power; CCA stands for current cost accounting. These are the two main methods used to adjust financial statement figures in inflation accounting."}
{"prompts":"Why Was the FDIC Created?","response":"The main purpose of the FDIC is to prevent \"run-on-the-bank\" scenarios, which devastated many banks during the Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Methods Are Used to Determine Fair Value?","response":"A market approach uses the prices associated with actual market transactions for similar assets to derive a fair value. An income approach uses estimated future cash flows or earnings to determine the present value fair value. A cost approach uses the estimated cost to replace an asset to help find an item's fair value."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade Using Elliott Wave Theory?","response":"If a trader sees a stock moving upward on an impulse wave, they may go long until it completes its fifth wave. Anticipating a reversal, the trader may then go short on the stock. Underlying this trading theory is the idea that fractal patterns recur in financial markets. In mathematics, fractal patterns repeat themselves on an infinite scale.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Are Stocks Usually Down in October?","response":"No. Since 1928, stocks have, on average, risen in the month of October by more than 0.6%."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the United States Rank in Terms of Tax Revenue as a Percentage of GDP?","response":"The United States ranked 32nd out of 38 OECD countries regarding the tax-to-GDP ratio in 2020. In 2021, the\u00a0United States had the same\u00a0ranking:\u00a032nd out\u00a0of the\u00a038 OECD countries, with a tax-to-GDP\u00a0ratio of 26.6%."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Hash Calculated?","response":"A hash function utilizes complex algorithms that convert data of arbitrary length to data of fixed length (for instance, 256 characters). If you change one bit anywhere in the original data, the entire hash value changes, making it useful for verifying the fidelity of digital files and other data."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Debate Concerning a Flat Tax?","response":"Critics of the U.S. progressive or marginal tax rate system commonly propose changes to tax policies. Reforms are often proposed that would mimic other countries, such as Estonia. A flat tax rate on all income such as wages, pensions, and interest could be combined with a standard deduction for individuals and families to accommodate variances in households."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Steps of Cost-Benefit Analysis?","response":"The broad process for a cost-benefit analysis is to set the analysis plan, determine your costs, determine your benefits, perform analysis of both costs and benefits, and to make a final recommendation. These steps may vary from one process to another."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Loan Origination Work?","response":"Loan origination is the process lenders use to assess and approve borrower applications for various forms of debt. These include loans and mortgages. Originations go from the initial application for credit through underwriting and the approval process. In order for the process to work, borrowers need to submit an application and additional documentation, such as tax returns and pay stubs. Lenders normally charge a fee, which is a small percentage of the balance, to compensate them for the work involved in reviewing and approving the application."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in Green Technology?","response":"The easiest way to invest in green tech is to buy stock in companies that are making major bets on environmentally-friendly technologies. Investors can attempt to identify individual stocks, or simply invest in a mutual fund, index fund, or another instrument that seeks to reflect the broader market for environmental investments. The advantage to the latter approach is that the investor will gain diversified exposure to the green tech industry, rather than the fortunes of a single company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Hold Harmless?","response":"Hold harmless essentially means just that: Don\u2019t hold me responsible. It appears as an agreement in a contract and when signed should result in the party requesting it being freed from liability for damages or losses."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Getting Promoted at Work Important?","response":"For some, it isn't. If you're entirely happy with your job and your pay, a promotion may not be important to you. For others seeking more money or more responsibility, a promotion is a crucial step to developing one's career."}
{"prompts":"What Role Does Labor Play in Economic Recovery?","response":"Labor market dynamics play a crucial role in economic recovery. Factors like employment levels and skill mismatches influences recovery sustainability, as getting people back to work can help increase consumer spending (and thus business growth opportunities)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covariance vs. Variance?","response":"Covariance and variance are used to measure the distribution of points in a data set. However, variance is typically used in data sets with only one variable and indicates how closely those data points are clustered around the average. Covariance measures the direction of the relationship between two variables. A positive covariance means that both variables tend to be high or low at the same time. A negative covariance means that when one variable is high, the other tends to be low."}
{"prompts":"What's the Purpose of an Audit?","response":"Audits are generally meant to ensure that businesses and individuals are being honest and accurate about their financial positions. But, the purpose of an audit depends entirely on the type of review in question.For instance, corporations are routinely audited to ensure they are compliant and are following accounting standards. Audits also ensure that businesses are representing their financial well-being accurately.Tax agencies conduct routine audits at random or may do so if someone's tax return is flagged. Things that may trigger an audit include specific tax credits and deductions, or certain types of income."}
{"prompts":"What is the Difference Between a Debit Spread and a Credit Spread?","response":"Debit spreads and credit spreads are two types of options strategies that traders use. A debit spread occurs when the premium paid for the long option is more than the premium received for the short option. This results in a net debit or cost to set up the trade.Conversely, a credit spread is an options strategy where the premium received from the short option is greater than the premium paid for the long option. This results in a net credit, or income, when the trade is established."}
{"prompts":"What Is the CAN SLIM Strategy?","response":"CAN SLIM was devised by William J. O'Neil and is an acronym representing seven traits investors should look for in a company to determine the most successful growth stocks."}
{"prompts":"How Is Shrinkage Calculated in Retail?","response":"To calculate shrinkage in a retail store, you would look at the book inventory, which represents the inventory received and should be present in the store, and then subtract the actual amount of inventory, which is the amount of goods that are physically in the store."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Capital Invested?","response":"Capital invested is calculated as, Capital Invested = Total Equity + Total Debt (including capital leases) + Non-Operating Cash."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Product Life Cycle?","response":"The product life cycle has to do with how specific products or services are developed and offered to the public. This cycle has five phases: development, introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. This is separate from the industry life cycle since many products are developed within a single industry, or even within a single company."}
{"prompts":"What Was the First Investment Company?","response":"Investment companies have been around for nearly a century. The first registered investment company, the Massachusetts Investors Trust, was established in 1924 to allow small investors to invest in the stock market. It was an open-end fund, which is now the most popular type of investment company. An iteration of this fund is still around today under the ticker MITTX."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Stock Exchanges and the OTC Market?","response":"The OTC market facilitates the trading of financial securities between two parties without the oversight of an exchange. A stock exchange is an exchange that oversees the buying and selling of stocks. Stock exchanges allow for more liquidity, oversight, and transparency than OTC markets."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Improve Its Net Profit Margin?","response":"The average net margin for different industries varies widely. Businesses can gain a competitive advantage and improve its net margins, in general, by\u00a0increasing sales or reducing expenses (or both). Boosting sales, however, often involves spending more money, which equals greater costs.Cutting too many costs can also lead to undesirable outcomes, including losing skilled workers, shifting to inferior materials, or other losses in quality. To reduce the cost of production without sacrificing quality, the best option for many businesses is expansion.\u00a0Economies of scale\u00a0refer to the idea that larger companies tend to be more profitable."}
{"prompts":"Can I Lose Money With dApps?","response":"Yes, you can lose money with dApps in several ways. First, dApps may have native tokens that must be purchased in order to use the dApp. These tokens may fluctuate in value. In addition, if you are not careful, you may agree to grant access to your account and funds to someone else, causing your account to suffer losses due to unauthorized access. Be mindful of what transactions you sign and what account information you disclose."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Z-Score?","response":"The higher (or lower) a z-score is, the further away from the mean the point is. This isn't necessarily good or bad; it merely shows where the data lies in a normally distributed sample. This means it comes down to preference when evaluating an investment or opportunity. For example, some investors use a z-score range of -3.0 to 3.0 because 99.7% of normally distributed data falls in this range, while others might use -1.5 to 1.5 because they prefer scores closer to the mean."}
{"prompts":"What Other Trading Hours Feature a Flurry of Trading Activity?","response":"Market openings: The opening bell of major stock markets is typically the beginning of heightened activity. Traders react to overnight news and events, leading to a surge in trading volume. In the U.S., for example, the first hour of trading on the New York Stock Exchange (9:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. Eastern time) is particularly active.Market close: Just before the closing bell, there's increased trading as investors adjust or close their positions before the end of the trading day. The U.S.'s last hour (3 p.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern time) is known for higher volumes and potential volatility.Overlaps in major market hours: When the trading hours of major global markets overlap, such as between the New York and London stock exchanges, there can be an uptick in volume and activity because of the increased number of traders active simultaneously. Just like when there's increased trading of the witching hour, traders might seek arbitrage opportunities between local and shares of a foreign company traded in the U.S.Release of economic data: The publishing of major economic reports for employment data, gross domestic product, and central bank decisions can trigger immediate and significant market reactions, leading to intense trading."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Qualified Domestic Trust Important?","response":"A QDOT can be very important to the financial future of a surviving spouse who isn't a U.S. citizen because it allows for the spouse to take 100% of the marital deduction for estate taxes. Without it, the spouse wouldn't be able to take advantage of the full deduction amount."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Dividend Payout Ratio Good?","response":"A high dividend payout ratio is not always valued by active investors. An unusually high dividend payout ratio can indicate that a company is trying to mask a bad business situation from investors by offering extravagant dividends, or that it simply does not plan to aggressively use\u00a0working capital\u00a0to expand."}
{"prompts":"What is a normal growth rate for a company?","response":"What is considered to be a good growth rate for a company will depend on several factors such as the industry it is in, whether it is new or well-established, the size of the company, and the overall condition of the economy. In general, a company\u2019s growth rate should exceed the rate of nominal GDP growth as well as the rate of inflation. Newer companies in riskier industries will require a higher rate of growth to satisfy investors."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Dividends Important?","response":"Though dividends can signal that a company has stable cash flow and is generating profits, they can also provide investors with recurring revenue. Dividend payouts may also help provide insight into a company\u2019s intrinsic value. Many countries also offer preferential tax treatment to dividends, where they are treated as tax-free income."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Use Tax in California?","response":"The use tax rate in California is \u00a07.25%, which is the same as the sales tax applied across the state."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Marginal Cost?","response":"Imagine a company that manufactures high-quality exercise equipment. The company incurs both fixed costs and variable costs, and the company has additional capacity to manufacture more goods.Let's say it cost the company $500,000 to manufacture 1,000 exercise bikes. The company has determined it will cost an additional $400 to manufacture one additional bike. Although the average unit cost is $500, the marginal cost for the 1,001th unit is $400. The average and marginal cost may differ because some additional costs (i.e. fixed expenses) may not be incurred as additional units are manufactured."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between UPA and RUPA?","response":"The Uniform Partnership Act was established in 1914. In 1994, it went under certain revisions, known as the Revised Uniform Partnership Act. The Act went through further revisions in 1996 and for the last time in 1997, which is known as the Uniform Partnership Act (1997) and is the only version of the Act."}
{"prompts":"How Did J.P. Morgan Influence Jesse L. Livermore?","response":"During the panic of 1907, Livermore made $1 million on short positions in one day.\u00a0When the renowned banker, J.P. Morgan, urged him to close his shorts for the good of the country, Livermore did. Livermore would then net an additional $3 million on the market rebound.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What is value-based pricing?","response":"Value-based pricing assesses customers\u2019 perceived value of a product, as well as its features and services, and assigns a price to that product based on this data."}
{"prompts":"What Does In-House Recruitment Mean?","response":"In-house recruitment is when a company directly advertises, interviews, and hires a new employee to fill an open role. The alternative is to outsource hiring to a professional recruiting agency."}
{"prompts":"Are Value Stocks a Good Investment?","response":"Value stocks may be a good investment for investors looking for lower risk equities. Value stocks tend to relate to companies that have already been established but are undervalued by the market. For investors not willing to invest in start-ups or unknown entities, value stocks may make a good alternative."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Solvency Ratio Calculated?","response":"Solvency ratios measure a company\u2019s cash flow, which includes non-cash expenses and depreciation, against all debt obligations. For instance, consider the debt-to-assets ratio, a popular metric that measures the degree that a company\u2019s assets are financed by debt, where debt-to-assets equals total debt divided by total assets. Another common solvency ratio, the debt-to-equity (D\/E) ratio, shows how financially leveraged a company is, where debt-to-equity equals total debt divided by total equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the PCE Price Index and the Consumer Price Index?","response":"The CPI is compiled monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics based on a survey of urban households. It measures the price of a basket of household goods and services that most people buy regularly. The PCE, produced monthly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis, also records changes in the prices of a basket of goods from month to month."}
{"prompts":"Who Coined the Term \"Political Economy\"?","response":"Adam Smith is generally considered the father of economics and of the political economy. But the term is generally ascribed to French economist Antoine de Montchrestien, who wrote the book Trait\u00e9 de l'\u00e9conomie politique, which translates to the treaty of the political economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Definition of VoIP?","response":"Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that allows people to speak over an Internet connection, similar to an ordinary telephone call. VoIP allows audio conversations for a much lower cost than traditional telephone networks, especially over a long distance. However, VoIP calls may also be subject to bandwidth limitations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tax Deduction for 2023?","response":"The standard tax deduction for single filers is $13,850 in 2023. This is the same for married individuals filing separately. For those married and filing jointly, the deduction is $27,700 in 2023. For heads of households, it is $20,800 in 2023.For tax year 2024, the standard deduction increases to $14,600, $29,200, and $21,900, respectively."}
{"prompts":"Does Salomon Brothers Still Exist?","response":"In 1997, Salomon Brothers merged with Smith Barney and formed Salomon Smith Barney. Citigroup then merged with the bank, turning Salomon Smith Barney into its investment banking arm. In 2003, Citigroup dropped all references to the Salomon name due to its association with financial scandals."}
{"prompts":"Is Capitulation Good or Bad?","response":"Capitulation is neither good nor bad, but it can be profitable depending on an investor's position. Investors with a long position stand to profit during a bullish capitulation as short sellers close out their positions. During a bearish capitulation, speculators may have the chance to snatch up shares at a discount as other traders abandon their positions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Tax Evasion?","response":"There are numerous ways that individuals or businesses can evade paying taxes they owe. Here are a few examples:Underreporting incomeClaiming credits you're not legally entitled toConcealing financial or personal assetsClaiming residency in another stateUsing cash extensivelyClaiming more dependents than you haveMaintaining a double set of books for your business"}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Management Buyout?","response":"In 2013, Michael Dell partnered with a private equity firm to purchase the computer\/technology company he founded from shareholders. He took Dell private before the company went public again in 2018."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Qualified Dividends Taxed More Favorably Than Ordinary Dividends?","response":"The favorable tax treatment for qualified dividends is intended as an incentive to regularly use a share of their profits to reward their shareholders. It also gives investors a reason to hold onto their stocks long enough to earn dividends."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Blockchain in Simple Terms?","response":"Simply put, a blockchain is a shared database or ledger. Pieces of data are stored in data structures known as blocks, and each network node has a replica of the entire database. Security is ensured since the majority will not accept this change if somebody tries to edit or delete an entry in one copy of the ledger."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Genesis Block Important?","response":"The Genesis Block is actually not that important unless you view it as a historical occasion. It is simply the first block that contains the first transaction, but it has been hyped as something special by fans."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Stores Offer in-House Financing?","response":"Many retail stores offer in-house financing or store credit cards because these represent an additional source of revenue from their customers. While the interest rates tend to be higher than typical credit cards, they may come with rewards or perks that can be worthwhile to frequent shoppers."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Use Riyals?","response":"Countries that use the riyal include Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Oman, Yemen."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Profit-Sharing Plans?","response":"With a cash plan, employees are given either cash or stock on a regular basis, such as quarterly or annually. The payouts are quick, relative to a retirement plan, but they are also taxed as regular income. A deferred plan sees profits set aside for a later date, usually when the employee retires. The employee is also not taxed until retirement. Some plans combine elements of both a cash and a deferred plan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Land Trust?","response":"Land trusts are meant to create liability and privacy protections for landowners. Real estate investors, individuals, and entities use land trusts to help create separation for personal finances and property."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Morningstar Risk Rating of 5 Stars Mean?","response":"A 5-star risk rating indicates that a fund has been among the market's top performers in terms of risk-adjusted return over the past three, five, or ten-year period."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Minimum Tier 1 Capital Ratio for a Bank?","response":"Under the Basel Accords, banks must have a minimum capital ratio of 8% of which 6% must be Tier 1 capital. The 6% Tier 1 ratio must be composed of at least 4.5% of Common Equity Tier (CET1)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Target Date Mutual Fund?","response":"When investing in a 401(k) or other retirement savings account, target-date or life cycle funds are popular. Choosing a fund that builds toward your retirement, like a hypothetical FUND X 2050 (which would target a 2050 retirement year), means investing in a mutual fund that rebalances and shifts its risk profile to a more conservative approach as the target date gets closer."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Dow Jones Industrial Average Measure?","response":"The DJIA tracks the price movements of 30 large companies in the United States. Such companies include Microsoft and Home Depot. The selected companies are from all major U.S. sectors, except utilities and transportation."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of Forecasting?","response":"The biggest limitation of forecasting is that it involves the future, which is fundamentally unknowable today. As a result, forecasts can only be best guesses. While there are several methods of improving the reliability of forecasts, the assumptions that go into the models, or the data that is inputted into them, has to be correct. Otherwise, the result will be garbage in, garbage out. Even if the data is good, forecasting often relies on historical data, which is not guaranteed to be valid into the future, as things can and do change over time. It is also impossible to correctly factor in unusual or one-off events like a crisis or disaster."}
{"prompts":"What are the asset types for traders?","response":"Stocks, bonds, currencies or foreign exchange, options, futures, commodities, cryptocurrencies, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are the most common type of assets that are traded. The asset class is dependent on the traders\u2019 preference, expertise, and the market in which they operate. Also, traders can choose to specialize in one asset class or more, depending on their goals and skills."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Subject to Backup Withholding?","response":"You may be subject to backup withholding if you are a foreign citizen, or are an American who has not provided your correct TIN\/SSN, made the proper certifications, or reported all your taxable interest and dividends on your tax return to the IRS."}
{"prompts":"Is Price Action Good for Swing Trading?","response":"Swing traders rely on price movement; if a security's price remains unchanged, it is harder to seek opportunities to profit. In general, price action is good for swing traders because traders can identify the oscillations up and down and trade accordingly."}
{"prompts":"Has the U.S. Ever Had a Budget Surplus?","response":"Yes. During the Clinton presidency, the federal government was able to reduce spending and increase revenues, turning a large deficit into a small surplus. The last year where the government ran a budget surplus was in 2001."}
{"prompts":"What Are Dividends?","response":"Dividends are paid by companies to their common shareholders. They represent a portion of the corporate earnings or profits that companies want to share with their investors. Dividends are paid at regular intervals, either monthly, quarterly, or annually. As such, they provide a regular stream of income for investors. Dividends are commonly offered by companies whose primary focus isn't growth. Major companies like Coca-Cola, Apple, Microsoft, and Exxon Mobil."}
{"prompts":"What Exactly Do You Mean by Just-in-Time?","response":"A just-in-time (JIT) inventory system is a management strategy that has a company receive goods as close as possible to when they are actually needed. So, if a car assembly plant needs to install airbags, it does not keep a stock of airbags on its shelves but receives them as those cars come onto the assembly line."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Private Placement Work?","response":"Private placements are the sale of a company's shares to a number of pre-selected investors. The process takes place privately, hence the name, meaning that a company does not have to go through the regulatory hurdles of an IPO and being a public company but is still able to raise external funds to expand the business."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to Invest $5,000?","response":"Based on experience and risk tolerance, investors will differ on this question. However, many financial analysts will say the best way to invest $5,000 is to put it in a mutual fund or exchange-traded fund that tracks the S&P 500 and keep it for the long run."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Capital Gains Tax on Investment Profits?","response":"If an investment is held for less than a year, profits are taxed at an individual's regular income tax bracket. If investments are held for longer than a year, profits are taxed at the capital gains tax rate. Capital gains tax brackets are 0%, 15%, and 20%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gas Fee in Ethereum?","response":"Gas fees are fees paid for transactions, such as transferring ether to someone to pay for an item or creating smart contracts."}
{"prompts":"How does Gross Sales Affect Business Decisions?","response":"Gross sales data can influence decisions related to pricing strategies, marketing campaigns, and inventory management by providing insights into sales performance."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Tell If I Am a Risk Averse Investor?","response":"You can gauge your risk tolerance for investing by taking any number of risk profiling questionnaires available online. When you sign up for a brokerage account or financial advising relationship, you may also be required to take such an evaluation."}
{"prompts":"Are Triple Tops Rare?","response":"Triple top patterns occur less frequently than double top patterns, where there is one peak less to happen. But the fact that it is a rare chart formation is also the biggest weakness of a triple top."}
{"prompts":"How Is Withholding Determined?","response":"The withholding amount generally depends on a taxpayer's filing status, number of jobs, other income, and whether they have dependents."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Simple Definition of a Tariff?","response":"A tariff is an extra fee charged on an item by a country that imports that item."}
{"prompts":"What Are Echo Boomers?","response":"Echo boomers are the children of baby boomers, generally born in the years 1976 to 2001, a period of rising birth rates. In terms of other generations, the earliest echo boomers could be considered members of Gen X, while later ones are either millennials or part of Gen Z."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Dividend Payout Ratio and Dividend Yield?","response":"When comparing the two measures of dividends, it's important to know that the dividend yield tells you what the simple rate of return is in the form of cash dividends to shareholders, but the dividend payout ratio represents how much of a company's net earnings are paid out as dividends."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is the U.S. Statute of Limitations?","response":"In general, U.S. federal law has a statute of limitations of five years, unless there is specific legal language for offenses that stretch beyond that time. For example, for capital murder, there is no statute of limitations."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Pension Work?","response":"Defined-benefit pension plans work by an employer guaranteeing a specific amount of retirements to be had if an employee works for a company for a designated amount of time. Both the employer and employee usually contribute to the pension plan, though the employer is the pension plan administrator who manages the fund. When the employee retires (whether they are still with the same company or not), they may file a claim for defined-benefit pension benefits."}
{"prompts":"How Many People Died During the Great Leap Forward?","response":"While there is no exact count, researchers have estimated the death toll to be between 30 million and 45 million individuals."}
{"prompts":"How Can Terms of Trade Be Improved?","response":"A rise in the domestic currency's exchange rate should improve terms of trade, as this makes imports relatively less expensive while boosting the prices of exports. Increasing the competitiveness of firms will also tend to boost TOT as they can compete better internationally. Inflation can also have a short-term benefit to TOT."}
{"prompts":"Do ETFs Provide Diversity?","response":"Nearly all ETFs provide diversification benefits relative to an individual stock purchase. Still, some ETFs are highly concentrated\u2014either in the number of different securities they hold or in the weighting of those securities. For example, a fund that concentrates half of its assets in two or three positions may offer less diversification than a fund with fewer total portfolio constituents but broader asset distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Economic Utility?","response":"In behavioral economics, the four types of economic utility are form utility, time utility, place utility, and possession utility. These terms refer to the psychological importance attached to different forms of utility. For example, form utility is the result of the design of a product or service, and time utility refers to the ability of a company to provide services when the customers need them."}
{"prompts":"Which Greek Measures Volatility?","response":"Theta measures the rate of decline in the\u00a0value\u00a0of an option over time. This is its sensitivity to implied volatility. Implied volatility is a separate value that is not a Greek but is often used alongside them to value an option."}
{"prompts":"Can You Copy a Bitcoin?","response":"You cannot copy a Bitcoin because the blockchain and consensus mechanism would not accept it."}
{"prompts":"Can Yield Spreads Forecast Future Economic Performance?","response":"Yield curves are valuable tools that can shed light on the economy, which means they can be used to help forecast whether a recession or a recovery is on the horizon. As such, they are often considered leading economic indicators. When spreads widen, it leads to a positive yield curve. This means that the economy is expected to grow in the future. But when the yield curve flattens, it generally indicates that short-term rates are falling. The expectation here is that the economy won't be doing very well in the future."}
{"prompts":"What types of companies generally trade on Pink Markets?","response":"Companies that trade on Pink Markets vary widely. They can include smaller or newer companies that don't meet the listing requirements for major exchanges, foreign entities that wish to trade in the U.S., or companies preferring less regulatory scrutiny."}
{"prompts":"Is it safe to invest in an uninsured certificate of deposit (CD)?","response":"There are risks involved with an uninsured certificate of deposit (CD). Investors put their money at risk all the time in uninsured options like mutual funds, annuities, life insurance policies, stocks, and bonds. Each individual has to decide if the higher interest rates are worth the risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Financial Accounting?","response":"Financial accounting is intended to provide financial information on a company\u2019s operating performance. Though management can analyze reports generated using financial accounting, they often find it more useful to use managerial accounting, an internally geared method of calculating financial results that is not allowable for external reports. Financial accounting is the widely accepted method of preparing financial results for external use."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trade Deficit?","response":"A trade deficit occurs when a country imports more goods and services than it exports, resulting in a negative balance of trade. In other words, it represents the amount by which the value of imports exceeds the value of exports over a certain period."}
{"prompts":"What Is Amortization in EBITDA?","response":"As it relates to EBITDA, amortization is the gradual discounting of the book value of a company's intangible assets. Amortization is reported on a company's income statement. Intangible assets include intellectual property, such as patents or trademarks, as well as goodwill."}
{"prompts":"Is Hurricane Insurance the Same as Flood Insurance?","response":"Hurricane insurance and flood insurance may sometimes be considered the same. Flood insurance covers damage from flooding, which may include flooding as a result of hurricanes but could also cover damage from other causes, like a leaked pipe. Hurricane insurance is typically a combination of flood and windstorm insurance, which covers damages caused by wind, such as from hurricanes."}
{"prompts":"When Can I Expect My Tax Refund?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) claims that it issues \u201cmost refunds in less than 21 calendar days.\u201d If you claim the Earned Income Tax Credit or the additional child tax credit, then your refund will arrive no sooner than early March."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Credit Rating and a Credit Score?","response":"The terms are often used interchangeably, but a credit rating evaluates a company's or government's ability to repay a debt while credit scores are assigned to individual consumers.Their functions are quite similar. Both credit ratings and credit scores are used by lenders being asked to loan money as an indication of the risk of the deal."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of Great Society?","response":"The definition of Great Society harkens to a group of government policy initiatives created in the 1960s by Lyndon B. JOhnson that were designed to improve the lives of Americans."}
{"prompts":"How Do Institutional Investors Make Money?","response":"Institutional investors make money by charging fees and commissions to their members or clients. For example, a hedge fund may charge a certain percentage of a client's investment gains or total assets. There may also be flat fees for holding an account or making trades or withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"Is an Executor the Same as a Trustee?","response":"The two roles are similar, but an executor carries out one's will, often under the supervision of a probate court; while a trustee is responsible for one's trust. In some cases, the two may be the same individual, although they don't have to be."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Pros and Cons of Variable Rate Mortgages?","response":"Pros of variable rate mortgages can include lower initial payments than a fixed-rate loan, and lower payments if interest rates drop. The downsides are that the mortgage payments can increase if interest rates rise. This could lead to homeowners being trapped in an increasingly unaffordable home as interest rate hikes occur."}
{"prompts":"What's an Emerging Market Economy?","response":"An emerging market economy generally is considered an economy that is transitioning into a developed market economy. It has rapid GDP growth, growing per capita income, increasing debt and equity markets liquidity, and an established financial system infrastructure."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 7 Ps in a Marketing Mix?","response":"Sometimes, the marketing mix can extend beyond the classic four Ps of product, price, placement, and promotion established by professor E. Jerome McCarthy in 1960. These additional categories include people, physical evidence, and process.In this way, people represent the employees who interact with customers. A company may consider company culture as it relates to its brand strategy. This may include customer relationship management (CRM), which aims to increase brand loyalty among customers.Physical evidence might include the packaging or the layout of a physical store, which can reinforce a brand and create more value to the customer.Finally, the process identifies areas, often from a logistical standpoint, that enable the customer to have the most seamless experience possible with a product or service. This may include everything from delivery logistics and shipping to managing third-party retailers."}
{"prompts":"Is 'Too Big to Fail\u2019 a New Concept?","response":"This term was publicized by U.S. Rep. Stewart McKinney (R-Conn.) in a 1984 congressional hearing, discussing the intervention of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) with the Continental Illinois bank. Although the term was previously used, it became more widely known during the global financial crisis of 2007\u20132008 when Wall Street received a government bailout."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Word or Term for Economic Growth?","response":"Other words and terms for economic growth include \u201cboom,\u201d \u201cprosperity,\u201d \u201ceconomic development,\u201d \u201ceconomic upswing,\u201d \u201ceconomic upsurge,\u201d \u201cindustrial development,\u201d and \u201cbuoyancy of the economy.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"What Can Someone Do With Your Social Security Number?","response":"Your SSN is one of the most important pieces of personal information\u2014if not the most important\u2014that you'll ever have. That's why it's so important that you keep it confidential. Someone who has your SSN can use it to impersonate you, obtain credit and open bank accounts, apply for jobs, steal your tax refunds, get medical treatment, and steal your government benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Data Mining?","response":"There are two main types of data mining: predictive data mining and descriptive data mining. Predictive data mining extracts data that may be helpful in determining an outcome. Description data mining informs users of a given outcome."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the JOD Exchange Rate?","response":"You can calculate the JOD exchange rate to any currency by using a currency converter, such as at XE.com. The exchange rate of the JOD to USD is fixed and so remains the same. One USD is equal to 0.709 JODs."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Red Flags to Look Out for an Illegal MLM Pyramid Scheme?","response":"The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) warns people to take note of, and avoid, MLM promoters who:Make extraordinary claims of enormous earning potentialTry to persuade people that recruiting others is where the real money liesPressure people to get involved without learning more about the companyMake it clear that an opportunity will be lost unless people get in immediatelyAnother warning sign is seeing existing distributors who continue to buy products that they can never sell so that they can qualify for some kind of reward."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Disruptive Innovation?","response":"Disruptive innovation refers to the process of transforming an expensive or highly sophisticated product, offering, or service into one that is simpler, more affordable, and accessible to a broader population. It explains the process of how innovation and technology can change markets by presenting affordable, simple, and accessible solutions and after doing so, disrupts the market from which its predecessors were born."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Market Segmentation?","response":"Upon analysis of its target audience and desired brand image, Crypto.com entered into an agreement with Matt Damon to promote their platform and cryptocurrency investing. With backdrops of space exploration and historical feats of innovation, Crypto.com's market segmentation targeted younger, bolder, more risk-accepting individuals."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Disruptive Innovation?","response":"Amazon provides a clear example of disruptive innovation. Jeff Bezos, in 1995, subscribing to the notion that the internet could significantly boost commerce, launched Amazon to sell books to a growing, but largely ignored online shopping community. In doing so, he forced many bookstores to go out of business. Netflix is another prime example. After it disrupted the media industry, the dominant player, Blockbuster, went from having 9,000+ brick-and-mortar stores to one."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Dividend Yield?","response":"Generally, a dividend yield between 2% and 6% is considered a good dividend yield. Yields above 6% are considered to be higher-risk stocks, which, depending on the investor's risk tolerance, may be a risky investment not worth exploring. As of March 10, 2022, the average dividend yield for the S&P 500 since inception is 4.29% and its current dividend yield is 1.42%."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Soft Peg Versus a Hard Peg?","response":"The foreign exchange market often controls the exchange rate for a specific currency in a soft peg. In some cases, though, the government may choose to act to strengthen or weaken the currency when the need arises. Hard pegs occur when a government sets the exchange rate for its currency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Family Limited Partnerships?","response":"A family limited partnership is an arrangement in which family members pool money to run some sort of business, like a real estate venture."}
{"prompts":"How Do Employers Calculate How Much to Withhold From Employee Pay?","response":"After an employee fills out Form W-4, it is up to the employer to calculate how much to withhold from each paycheck for federal income taxes. Payroll software should have a built-in calculator to work all this out. Alternatively, employers can consult IRS Publication 15-T: Federal Income Tax Withholding Methods."}
{"prompts":"What Is Value-Added for Companies?","response":"The term \"value-added\" describes the economic value that a company grants to its products or services before offering them to customers. Value-added helps explain why companies are able to sell their goods or services for more than they cost to produce.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Monopolistic Competition and Perfect Competition?","response":"In perfect competition, the product offered by competitors is the same item. If one competitor increases its price, it will lose all of its market share to the other companies based on market supply and demand forces, where prices are not set by companies and sellers accept the pricing determined by market activity.In monopolistic competition, supply and demand forces do not dictate pricing. Firms are selling similar, yet distinct products, so firms determine the pricing. Product differentiation is the key feature of monopolistic competition, where products are marketed by quality or brand. Demand is highly elastic, and any change in pricing can cause demand to shift from one competitor to another."}
{"prompts":"Can I Hold Diamonds ETF in a Tax-Advantaged Account?","response":"Yes, you can hold DIA ETF in tax-advantaged accounts such as Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) and 401(k)s."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Holdup?","response":"A holdup occurs when a buyer has information on the capital costs of its supplier for making the commodity being purchased. The supplier\u2019s investment may in part be based on its relationship with the buyer, customizing it particularly for the buyer. In effect, the buyer shares in the supplier\u2019s gross return on the investment. The supplier may be said to be held up if the buyer makes the decision not to purchase the commodity because it does not like the price after the investment is already made."}
{"prompts":"Which Is More Profitable, Futures or Options?","response":"The profitability of futures versus options depends largely on the investor's strategy and risk tolerance. Futures tend to provide higher leverage and can be more profitable when predictions are correct, but they also carry higher risks. Options offer the safety of a nonbinding contract, limiting potential losses."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Prepare for an IRS Audit?","response":"Although it may seem daunting, an IRS audit shouldn't worry you. The agency routinely conducts audits for corporations and individuals\u2014some randomly while others are flagged because of certain types of income, credits, and deductions. The best way to prepare for an audit is to keep your tax records, including any receipts and tax documents, in a location that's easily accessible for up to three years."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Financial Instruments That Use Compound Interest?","response":"Most bank deposit accounts, credit cards, and some lines of credit will tend to use compound interest."}
{"prompts":"How Are Taxes on Gains Figured in an MEC?","response":"Taxes on\u00a0gains are\u00a0regular income for MEC withdrawals under last-in-first-out accounting methodology, meaning interest is disbursed before principal. However, the cost basis, or the total amount of premiums paid, in the MEC withdrawals aren't subject to taxation for withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"What Does ERISA Cover?","response":"Plans that are covered under ERISA include employer-sponsored retirement plans, such as 401(k)s, pensions, deferred compensation plans, and profit-sharing plans. ERISA also covers certain non-retirement plans like HMOs, FSAs, disability insurance, and life insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Ground Lease Expires?","response":"Unless you or your landlord takes specific steps to end the agreement under the lease, it will simply continue on exactly the same terms. You do not need to do anything unless you receive a notice from your landlord."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Growth Stock?","response":"As a hypothetical example, a growth stock would be a biotech startup that has begun work on a promising new cancer treatment. Say that currently, the product is only in the Phase I stage of clinical trials, and there is uncertainty whether the FDA will approve the drug candidate to continue on to Phase II & III trials. If the drug passes and is ultimately approved for use, it could mean huge profits and capital gains. If, however, the drug either doesn't work as planned or causes severe side effects, all of that R&D spending may have been in vain, and the stock never reaches its potential."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Banks Keep Their Reserves?","response":"Some of it is stashed in a vault at the bank. Reserves also may be kept in the bank's account at one of the 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks. Some small banks keep part of their reserves at larger banks and tap into them as needed. This flow of cash between vaults peaks at certain times, like during holiday seasons when consumers withdraw extra cash. Once the demand subsides, the banks ship off some of their excess cash to the nearest Federal Reserve Bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Yield Spread?","response":"The difference in yields on two debt instruments that have different maturity dates, issuers, credit ratings, or risk levels is known as the yield spread. Yield spreads are commonly reported in percentage or basis points. In order to determine the yield spread, you must subtract one investment's yield from that of the other."}
{"prompts":"Who Created the Kelly Criteria?","response":"The Kelly Criteria was originally created by John Kelly, while working at AT&T's Bell Laboratories. It was first adopted by gamblers to determine how much to bet on horse races, and later adapted by some investors."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Manage Moral Hazards?","response":"There are a few ways to minimize moral hazards. The first is to encourage the risk-taking party to act more responsibly by offering them incentives. The second is to institute policies that discourage immoral behavior by making it a punishable offense. Finally, regular monitoring allows the at-risk party to remain aware of whether or not the other party is taking advantage of them."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hospital Indemnity Insurance?","response":"Hospital indemnity insurance is a type of supplemental insurance that pays for hospitalization costs that are not covered by other insurance. This type of insurance is frequently taken out by businesses in case their employees are injured on the job."}
{"prompts":"What Is Debt Settlement?","response":"Not to be confused with debt consolidation, debt settlement aims to reduce a consumer's financial obligations rather than the number of creditors they have. Consumers can work with debt-relief organizations or credit counseling services to settle their debts. These organizations do not make actual loans but try to renegotiate the borrower's current debts with\u00a0creditors."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Fair Market Value?","response":"You can assess rather than calculate fair market value in a few different ways. First, by the price the item cost the seller, via a list of sales for objects similar to the asset being sold, or an expert's opinion. For example, a diamond appraiser would likely be able to identify and calculate a diamond ring based on their experience."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Conservation Easement?","response":"A conservation easement limits the usage of private land in order to protect natural resources, such as an endangered species or ecosystem. Conservation easements are always easements in gross, in that they are not attached to a neighboring piece of land."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Risk Analysis?","response":"Risk analysis is the process of identifying and analyzing potential future events that may adversely impact a company. A company performs risk analysis to better understand what may occur, the financial implications of that event occurring, and what steps it can take to mitigate or eliminate that risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is Real Estate vs. Real Property?","response":"The terms real estate and real property are used interchangeably, but real property is actually a broader term. Real estate is defined as land and everything attached to it. Real property extends to the interests, benefits, and rights inherent in the ownership of real estate."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Request a BrokerCheck Report?","response":"FINRA BrokerCheck reports are free via online, phone, fax and by mail. FINRA will collect personal information only in those situations where a request is made that a BrokerCheck report is mailed."}
{"prompts":"Does an Automatic Premium Loan Decrease the Death Benefit of a Policy?","response":"Potentially. Any outstanding loans along with interest due will be deducted from the death benefit amount if the insured passes away before these are paid back."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Learning Curve Important?","response":"A learning curve is important because it can be used as a planning tool to understand when operational efficiencies may occur. The learning curve identifies how quickly a task can be performed over time as the performer of that task gains proficiency. This is useful for a company to know when allocating employee's time, dedicating training for new procedures, or allocating costs across new products."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Steps of SWOT Analysis?","response":"The four steps of SWOT analysis comprise the acronym SWOT: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. These four aspects can be broken into two analytical steps. First, a company assesses its internal capabilities and determines its strengths and weaknesses. Then, a company looks outward and evaluates external factors that impact its business. These external factors may create opportunities or threaten existing operations."}
{"prompts":"Will I Make Money by Joining a Network Marketing Program?","response":"It is certainly possible, although not probable. Some people do enjoy great success at network marketing, largely due to their ability to recruit more members to the network. There are two main revenue sources: selling products, and commissions from sales made by team members downline. The more people there are downline from you, the more money you will accrue - the larger the team you can recruit, the more money you can make.Most people who join legitimate\u00a0network marketing programs make little or no money. People may actually lose money. Some may become involved in an illegal pyramid scheme and not realize that they have joined a fraudulent venture, and can lose everything they invest. Do your research and ask around before diving in."}
{"prompts":"Can I Sell ESPP Stock Right Away?","response":"Yes, you can sell stock purchased through your ESPP plan immediately if you want to guarantee that you profit from your discount. Otherwise, the value of the stock may go up, which increases your profit, or it may go down, causing you to lose money. However, you will pay a lower tax rate if you hold the stock for more than a year and sell it more than two years after the offering date."}
{"prompts":"What Does Accountability Mean?","response":"Accountability is the practice of being held to a certain standard of excellence. It is the idea that an individual is responsible for their actions and, if that individual chooses unfavorable actions, they will face consequences. Accountability strives to promote a high level of work, promote honesty, encourage dependability, and garner trust from members around you."}
{"prompts":"What Is Used for the Risk-Free Rate When Measuring the Market Risk Premium?","response":"In the United States, the yield on government bonds such as 2-year Treasuries are the most oft-used risk-free rate of return."}
{"prompts":"Is Index Futures Trading Riskier Than Stock Trading?","response":"Index futures trading can be riskier than stock trading, especially when leverage is involved, which can amplify both gains and losses. While index futures offer diversification since they're based on a broad market index, their volatility and the potential for rapid financial changes heighten the risk. In contrast, stock trading allows investors to avoid inherent leverage, limiting losses to the invested amount. Hedging with futures, meant to offset risks in part of a portfolio, could lower your overall risk. Still, results can vary significantly based on market knowledge, experience, and the ability to manage leverage and diversification effectively."}
{"prompts":"What Is the PRIME program at the Marshall School of Business?","response":"Established in 1997, the school's PRIME Program offers students a choice of six experiences in Southeast Asia, working with multinational companies, domestic enterprises, and governmental institutions."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Learn the Fair Market Value of My Car?","response":"The Kelley Blue Book is an online guide that can help you determine the fair market value of your car by analyzing data such as trade-in value, private party value, and other areas of research."}
{"prompts":"Is EBT the Same as Profit Before Tax?","response":"Earnings before tax (EBT) is often referred to as profit before tax as well as pre-tax income."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Win\/Loss Ratio Imply?","response":"The win\/loss ratio can indicate performance success as a trader and a probability of future success. It can also point to the effectiveness (or lack thereof) of trading strategies."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Receivership Last?","response":"Perhaps anywhere from a few months to several years. It depends on the reason it is implemented in the first place. A receivership put into place to help resolve the claim of one creditor could last less time than one used to remedy a company's ills so that the company can avoid bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Property Appraiser Do?","response":"A property appraiser is responsible for assessing the market value of a property for real estate transactions. In contrast, a property assessor assesses the value of a property for tax purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Sunk Cost and Relevant Cost?","response":"When making business decisions, organizations should only consider relevant costs, which include future costs\u2014such as decisions about inventory purchase costs or product pricing\u2014that still need to be incurred. The relevant costs are contrasted with the potential revenue of one choice compared to another. Sunk costs are excluded from future business decisions because the cost will remain the same regardless of the outcome of a decision."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Index Fund and an ETF?","response":"An index fund is a fund that invests in a basket of securities that tracks the performance of a market index, such as the S&P 500. Most exchange-traded funds are also index funds. The main difference is that ETFs can be bought and sold throughout the trading day, while trades in other funds are only executed at the end of a trading day."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Late Payments Stay on Your Credit Report?","response":"Late payments can remain on your credit reports for up to seven years. Payment history accounts for 25% of your FICO score."}
{"prompts":"What Does Short Covering Mean?","response":"Short covering is buying back a security that has been short-sold to close out an open-short position. This is done either to lock in a profit or limit a loss."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Data Analytics?","response":"Data analytics is broken down into four basic types. Descriptive analytics describes what has happened over a given period. Diagnostic analytics focuses more on why something happened. Predictive analytics moves to what is likely going to happen in the near term. Finally, prescriptive analytics suggests a course of action."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Binomial Distribution Important?","response":"Binomial distribution is used to figure the probability of a pass or fail outcome in a survey, or experiment replicated numerous times. There are only two potential outcomes for this type of distribution. More broadly, distribution is an important part of analyzing data sets to estimate all the potential outcomes of the data and how frequently they occur. Forecasting and understanding the success or failure of outcomes is essential to business development."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Bull Call Spread Implemented?","response":"A bull call spread is implemented by choosing the asset that is likely to experience a slight appreciation over a set period of time (days, weeks, or months). Next, a trader would buy a call option for a strike price at or above the current market with a specific expiration date while simultaneously selling a call option at a higher strike price that has the same expiration date as the first call option. The net difference between the premium received for selling the call and the premium paid for buying the call is the cost of the strategy."}
{"prompts":"Is NAFTA Still in Effect?","response":"No, NAFTA was effectively replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement. Signed on November 30, 2018, USMCA went into effect on July 1, 2020."}
{"prompts":"Am I Responsible for Wear and Tear on a Walk-Away Lease?","response":"Normal wear and tear is expected, but your lender may deem some wear and tear excessive. In that case, you may be charged an excessive wear-and-tear fee at the end of your lease."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a PMSI?","response":"A car loan can be an example of a PMSI situation. A financial institution may agree to lend money to a borrower to finance the purchase of a new car. The bank can register its interest in the car as a PMSI because the loan funds are being directly used to buy the property it wants a secured interest in."}
{"prompts":"What Is Marginal Principle Theory?","response":"Marginal principle theory is a very closely related topic that states that individuals make decisions on purchases based on the additional utility they will receive from each unit. In the example throughout this page, this related to the consumption of pizza. When you decide whether or not to reach for that one final slice, you are performing a marginal analysis and will ultimately make a decision that aligns with what is best for you (which upholds the marginal principle theory)."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between Variable Costing and Absorption Costing?","response":"Absorption costing and variable costing treat fixed overhead costs differently. Absorption costing allocates fixed overhead costs across all units produced for the period. Variable costing, on the other hand, adds all fixed overhead costs together and reports the expense as one line item separate from the cost of goods sold or still available for sale. In other words, variable costing will yield one lump-sum expense line item for fixed overhead costs when calculating net income, while absorption costing will result in two categories of fixed overhead costs: those attributable to the cost of goods sold, and those attributable to inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Yield Spread Premium?","response":"A yield spread premium is a type of compensation paid to mortgage brokers. These individuals receive this fee from lenders when they give borrowers mortgage loans with interest rates that are higher than the lender's standard rate. The yield spread premium doesn't include any additional costs that borrowers are typically responsible for, such as commissions or other fees."}
{"prompts":"Who Gets Laid Off During a Merger?","response":"Following a merger or acquisition, many companies eliminate redundancies in their combined workforce. This will typically affect the C-suite as well as any area where the new company has two departments performing similar functions. Human resource and payroll departments are a frequent target.Since it's hard to predict which workers will be laid off, mergers are inevitably a source of anxiety for all employees."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Objective of the 1933 Securities Act?","response":"The main goal of the Securities Act of 1933 was to introduce national disclosure requirements for companies selling stock or other securities. It requires companies selling securities to the public to reveal key information about their property, financial health, and executives. Prior to that law, securities were only subject to state regulations, and brokers could promise extravagant returns while disclosing little relevant information."}
{"prompts":"How Is Business Profitability Best Measured?","response":"The gross profit margin and net profit margin ratios are two commonly used measurements of business profitability. Net profit margin reflects the amount of profit a business gets from its total revenue after all expenses are accounted for. Gross profit margin indicates profit that exceeds the cost of goods sold."}
{"prompts":"How Does Equity Financing Work?","response":"Equity financing involves selling a portion of a company's\u00a0equity\u00a0in return for\u00a0capital.\u00a0By selling shares, owners effectively sell ownership of their company in return for cash."}
{"prompts":"How Big Is Qatar\u2019s Sovereign Wealth Fund?","response":"The QIA portfolio is estimated to be worth around $360 billion as of mid-2022. This puts it at the bottom of the top 10 sovereign wealth funds in terms of total assets."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Capital Investment Work?","response":"A capital investment works based on the benefits a company may receive over a long period of time compared to the short-term investment. In theory, a company will pay a large sum of money upfront (or over time). Then, the company will receive a benefit from the asset (potentially even after it has finished paying for it). The idea is a capital investment should provide better long-term value compared to a good or service that is being purchased and used in a single accounting period."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Cum Laude?","response":"Consider the Ivy League school, the University of Pennsylvania, where students must have a GPA of 3.4 to graduate cum laude. By contrast, New York University awards students cum laude if students fall within the top 30% of the graduating class, and some colleges within the university have their own ranking system. Ultimately, how and when these designations are awarded can vary widely across academic institutions."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Do With Traveler's Checks?","response":"Traveler's checks are a secure way of carrying money while abroad. Many businesses in the tourism industry will cash traveler's checks, and they can also be deposited into a bank account. Because the checks can be easily replaced, they have a lower risk of theft or loss. However, traveler's checks have fallen out of favor due to the increased convenience of credit cards and prepaid debit cards."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know if My Apartment Is Rent Controlled?","response":"If you live in a rent-controlled apartment you would know because the apartment would have been passed down in your immediate or extended family."}
{"prompts":"Can You Get a Payday Loan Without a Bank Account?","response":"Yes. Having a bank account isn\u2019t universally required to borrow money, but lenders that don\u2019t require it generally charge high interest rates. This includes many payday lenders. Payday lenders may ask for a bank account, but sometimes a prepaid card account may be enough to qualify.Because these loans cost so much and may be difficult to repay, it\u2019s almost always best to avoid them. If you can\u2019t pay back the loan promptly, fees can add up, leading to a debt trap that\u2019s hard to get out of. Because of this, you should only take out a payday loan if you are absolutely sure that you can pay it back."}
{"prompts":"How Is U.S. Unemployment Data Collected?","response":"The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, or BLS, surveys approximately 60,000 households in person or over the phone. The responses are later aggregated by race, ethnicity, age, veteran status, and gender, all of which\u2014along with geography\u2014add greater detail to the employment picture."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Securities and Exchange Commission Regulate Fair Value?","response":"In 2020, the SEC implemented rule 2a-5 under the Investment Company Act of 1940 requiring funds to value their portfolio investments using the market value of their portfolio securities when market quotations are \u201creadily available.\u201d If data is not readily available or if the investment is not a security, the Act requires the fund to use the investment\u2019s fair value.The fair value is determined in good faith by the fund\u2019s board who are required to establish fair value methodologies and oversee pricing services."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify Market Segments?","response":"Broadly speaking, identifying a market segment requires the following three criteria. To start, the main needs of a sub-group must be homogenous. Second, the segment must share distinct characteristics. Finally, the segment produces a similar response to marketing techniques. Prospective buyers are grouped into various segments, often based on how much value they place on a product or service."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Companies Use JIT?","response":"The JIT inventory system is popular with small businesses and major corporations alike because it enhances cash flow and reduces the capital needed to run the business. Retailers, restaurants, on-demand publishing, tech manufacturing, and automobile manufacturing are examples of industries that have benefited from just-in-time inventory."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Largest Capital Account?","response":"As of 2023, the Netherlands has the largest capital account, with a surplus of $112.5 million. The countries following the Netherlands are Spain, France, Italy, and Romania."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Modern Portfolio Theory and the Post-Modern Portfolio Theory?","response":"The modern portfolio theory (MPT) was a breakthrough in personal investing. It suggests that a conservative investor can do better by choosing a mix of low-risk and riskier investments than by going entirely with low-risk choices. More importantly, it suggests that the more rewarding option does not add additional overall risk. This is the key attribute of portfolio diversification.The post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) does not contradict these basic assumptions. However, it changes the formula for evaluating risk in an investment in order to correct what its developers perceived as flaws in the original.Followers of both theories use software that relies on either MPT or PMPT to build portfolios that match the level of risk that they seek."}
{"prompts":"Are Debentures Risky Investments?","response":"Because debentures are debt securities, they tend to be less risky than investing in the same company's common stock or preferred shares. Debenture holders would also be considered more senior and take priority over those other types of investments in the case of bankruptcy.Because these debts are not backed by any collateral, however, they are inherently riskier than secured debts. Therefore, these may carry relatively higher interest rates than otherwise similar bonds from the same issuer that are backed by collateral.In fact, strictly speaking, a U.S. Treasury bond and a U.S. Treasury bill are both debentures. They are not secured by collateral, yet they are considered risk-free securities."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Head and Shoulders Pattern Look Like on a Stock Chart?","response":"A head and shoulders pattern consists of three consecutive peaks, with the second peak rising above the other two. The straight line connecting the two troughs is called the neckline. When prices fall below the neckline after the third top, the pattern is considered to be confirmed."}
{"prompts":"How Did the Great Leap Forward Cause Famine?","response":"The failure of this program was due to the confluence of several factors. Efforts to kill off birds increased insect populations that ruined crops. The communal farms set up by the Great Leap Forward were beset by inadequate food distribution throughout the country given China's relatively primitive infrastructure at the time.At the same time, there was an overproduction of grain, much of which rotted before being able to be transported. In addition, there was a bias to feed residents of urban centers rather than to peasants across the countryside, leading to higher death rates among rural communities than in cities."}
{"prompts":"How do FHA loans work?","response":"Qualified borrowers can borrow up to 96.5% of the value of a home. Homebuyers are required to purchase mortgage insurance. Premium payments are made to the FHA, and if a borrower defaults on a mortgage, then the FHA pays the lender."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When the Price of an Underlying Asset Increases?","response":"Price changes to an underlying asset usually cause price changes to their derivatives as well. For example, a call option represents the right to buy a certain stock for a certain price. If the underlying stock is priced $3 higher than the strike price, the option has a price of around $3. If the underlying falls below the strike price at the time of expiration, the option has a value of $0."}
{"prompts":"When Is Federal Income Tax Due?","response":"Generally, federal income tax is due on April 15 of every year. The day can shift slightly if April 15 falls on a weekend or because of other factors."}
{"prompts":"What Are ASIC-Resistant Coins?","response":"ASIC-resistant coins are cryptocurrencies with ASIC-resistant algorithms. Mining these cryptocurrencies with ASIC mining equipment is virtually impossible; even if one tries to do so, the returns would be limited. The primary rationale for ASIC-resistant coins is to preserve the decentralization of their blockchains, which was one of the core principles behind creating Bitcoin."}
{"prompts":"What is the first world?","response":"While highly subjective, \u201cfirst world\u201d is a term that consists of countries that may have the following characteristics: stable democracies, high standards of living, capitalist economies, and economic stability. Other measures that may be used to indicate first world countries include gross domestic product (GDP) or literacy rates. Broadly speaking, countries that may be considered first world include the United States, Japan, Canada, and Australia, among others."}
{"prompts":"Can Bitcoin Be Converted to Proof-of-Stake?","response":"It's possible that Bitcoin can change to proof-of-stake. However, it takes years to implement successfully, and the community would need to agree to the change."}
{"prompts":"What are capital projects in government?","response":"Government capital projects are large-scale, costly projects to maintain or improve public assets, such as parks, roads, and schools."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Make a Line Chart in Google Sheets?","response":"As with Excel, line charts are good to use when you have text labels, dates, or a few numeric labels on the horizontal axis (x-axis). Here\u2019s how to do it Google Sheets:After entering your values, select the data range. Highlight the range of data you want to include in your line chart. For example, if your numbers are in cells A1 to B7, select this range.Go to the \u201cInsert\u201d tab located in the menu bar. In the drop-down menu, find and click on \u201cChart.\u201d This opens the Chart Editor on the right side of your screen.In the Chart Editor, under the \u201cChart Type\u201d drop-down, choose \u201cLine Chart.\u201d You can select a specific type like \u201cLine with Markers,\u201d which will place distinct markers at each data point on the line.The Chart Editor lets you further tailor the chart, like the names of the chart and different axes, line colors, and the format of your data labels, for more clarity and visual appeal."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Triple Net Lease Payment Calculated?","response":"There are various ways the amount of a triple net lease is calculated. Sometimes landlords will add all the property taxes, insurance, maintenance, and common area expenses for a building and divide the total by 12. This number is the monthly cost. This process is simplified when only one tenant is leasing a building. The monthly base rental amount is typically calculated based on a rate per square footage."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mortgage Excess Servicing?","response":"Mortgage excess servicing is a fee based on the excess cash flow after a basket of loans are pooled together and securitized. This is paid out to mortgage services as a fee to maintain a mortgage-backed security."}
{"prompts":"What Do Sites Gain From Web Syndication?","response":"The distributing site attracts more users because it's able to provide more content. The content site also increases its traffic and exposure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?","response":"Microeconomics focuses on interactions between individual consumers and the producers of goods and services, while macroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of private finance initiatives?","response":"One of the main benefits of private finance initiatives is alleviating the immediate financial burden on a government and taxpayers to finance major public-sector projects. PFIs can also transfer some of the risks associated with a project from the public sector to the private sector."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Solvency Ratio and a Liquidity Ratio?","response":"Solvency ratios\u2014also referred to as leverage ratios\u2014analyze the impact on long-term obligations, and a company\u2019s ability to continue operating over a longer horizon. By contrast, liquidity ratios look at two main objectives: a company\u2019s ability to pay for short-term liabilities due under a year and the ability to quickly sell assets to raise cash."}
{"prompts":"What Should You Serve at an Open House?","response":"You do not have to serve refreshments at an open house, but it might be nice to offer potential buyers coffee, tea, water, and cookies. If it is an evening event or a specialized open house, you could offer mocktails or cocktails with hors d'oeuvres."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Type I and Type II Errors?","response":"A type I error occurs if a null hypothesis is rejected that is actually true in the population. This type of error is representative of a false positive. Alternatively, a type II error occurs if a null hypothesis is not rejected that is actually false in the population. This type of error is representative of a false negative."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Nasdaq 100 Used For?","response":"The Nasdaq 100 is a stock index that tracks some of the most prominent large-cap companies in the world. As such, it's used to indicate the overall health of the economy and the specific sectors that are included in the index. The performance of the index allows investors to understand the performance of a part of the economy and make investment decisions based on that data."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between UCITS and ETF?","response":"An exchange-traded fund (ETF) that is UCITS compliant is a type of fund that abides by the UCITS framework for funds based and managed in the EU."}
{"prompts":"Why Is GAAP Important?","response":"GAAP is important because it helps maintain faith in the financial markets. If not for GAAP, investors could be more reluctant to trust the information presented to them by public companies. Without that trust, we might see fewer transactions, potentially leading to higher transaction costs and a less robust economy. GAAP also helps investors analyze companies by making it easier to perform \"apples to apples\" comparisons between one company and another."}
{"prompts":"Is Exploration and Production (E&P) Upstream?","response":"Yes, exploration and production (E&P) is considered part of the upstream phase, which is the initial part of the oil and gas process that consists of exploration, drilling, and extraction."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Law of Supply?","response":"There are five types of supply\u2014market supply, short-term supply, long-term supply, joint supply, and composite supply. Meanwhile, there are two types of supply curves\u2014individual supply curves and market supply curves. Individual supply curves graph the individual supply schedule, while market supply curves represent the market supply schedule."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Smart Contract?","response":"The simplest example of a smart contract is a transaction between a consumer and a business, where a sale is made. The smart contract executes the customer's payment and the business's shipment or transfer of ownership."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Law of Demand Important?","response":"Together with the law of supply, the law of demand helps us understand why things are priced at the level that they are, and to identify opportunities to buy what are perceived to be underpriced (or sell overpriced) products, assets, or securities. For instance, a firm may boost production in response to rising prices that have been spurred by a surge in demand."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Preliminary and a Final Prospectus?","response":"The preliminary prospectus is the first offering document provided by a security issuer and includes most of the details of the business and transaction. However, the preliminary prospectus doesn't contain the number of shares to be issued or price information. Typically, the preliminary prospectus is used to gauge interest in the market for the security being proposed.The final prospectus contains the complete details of the investment offering to the public. The final prospectus includes any finalized background information, as well as the number of shares or certificates to be issued and the offering price."}
{"prompts":"What Can Make a Market More Efficient?","response":"The more participants are engaged in a market, the more efficient it will become as more people compete and bring more and different types of information to bear on the price. As markets become more active and liquid, arbitrageurs will also emerge, profiting by correcting small inefficiencies whenever they might arise and quickly restoring efficiency."}
{"prompts":"What Technical Indicators Can Momentum Traders Use?","response":"There are several momentum indicators that technical analysts can use in momentum trading. Among the most popular include the relative strength indicator (RSI), price rate of change (ROC), stochastics, and moving average convergence divergence (MACD)."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Gold Bugs Invest in Gold?","response":"Gold bugs argue that fiat money, or government-issued currency not backed by a commodity such as gold, allows governments to engage in fiscally reckless behaviors such as relying on chronic government borrowing to finance persistent budget deficits."}
{"prompts":"What Does 30 Days Past Due Mean?","response":"Thirty days past due means that you haven't made a payment on your loan obligation in 30 days. This is the turning point where it may impact your credit history. Typically, if your account is 30 days past due, or in some cases, 60, you will be reported to the credit bureaus and your credit profile will take a hit. The longer the time goes by without payment, the worse it is."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Tendering?","response":"Some of the most common examples of tendering include the submission process by contractors to various levels of government. For instance, private companies compete with one another to become government contractors. The process involves submitting proposals with costs based on the work required. Government agencies that typically put out calls for proposals are the Department of Energy, Department of Health and Human Services, and Department of Homeland Security."}
{"prompts":"What Did Friedrich Hayek Believe?","response":"Friedrich Hayek had many beliefs in relation to economics. He was part of the Austrian School of Economics and believed in free-market capitalism. He also believed that free markets allowed for creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, which are necessary for societies to bloom and citizens to prosper."}
{"prompts":"What is the Difference Between a Broker and a Clearinghouse?","response":"A broker is a person or entity through with customers can access the financial markets and place trades. The clearinghouse handles the back office operations after the trade is placed, ensuring the trade is cleared."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Interest Rate Swap?","response":"An interest rate swap occurs when two parties exchange interest payments to be made at a future point in time. Swaps are typically made over the counter, not on exchanges. They're based on the principal value of the underlying assets. They commonly come into play between loans with floating and fixed rates."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Run Rate Arrived at?","response":"In finance, the run rate extrapolates a firm's current performance in order to predict future performance with the assumption that current conditions will persist. The projections are usually for an entire year which is why this process is sometimes called \"annualizing.\" For example, if a company has revenues of $100 million in its latest quarter, the CEO might infer that the company is operating at a $400 million annualized run rate."}
{"prompts":"Is a High Solvency Ratio Good?","response":"A high solvency ratio is usually good as it means the company is usually in better long-term health compared to companies with lower solvency ratios. On the other hand, a solvency ratio that is too high may show that the company is not utilizing potentially low-cost debt as much as it should. While solvency is mostly used as a barometer of financial health and higher is good, it is also used to evaluate some of the operational efficiencies where higher is not always better."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Terms for NINJA Loans?","response":"NINJA loans (no income, no job, no assets) are a category of low\/no documentation (low\/no doc) loan, also known as \"liar loans.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Market Breadth a Good Indicator?","response":"Market breadth indicators derive their information from price and volume. They judge market sentiment. But like all indicators it is always best to confirm information with price. A good rule of thumb is to never base trading decisions on what the indicator is saying. Always confirm with price."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Continuous Distribution?","response":"Unlike a discrete distribution, a continuous probability distribution can contain outcomes that have any value, including indeterminant fractions. A normal distribution, for instance, is depicted by a bell-shaped curve with an uninterrupted line covering all values across its probability function."}
{"prompts":"What Are Considered Core Capital Goods?","response":"Core capital goods are a class of capital goods that excludes aircraft and goods produced for the Defense Department, such as automatic rifles and military uniforms. The Census Bureau\u2019s monthly Advance Report on Durable Goods Orders includes data on purchases of core capital goods, also known as Core CAPEX, for capital expenditure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Progressive Tax and a Regressive Tax?","response":"A regressive tax system is where the tax rate decreases as the taxpayer's income increases. A progressive tax system is one in which the tax rate increases as the taxpayer's income increases."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays Freight for FOB Origin?","response":"If the terms include the phrase \"FOB origin, freight collect,\" the buyer is responsible for freight charges. If the terms include \"FOB origin, freight prepaid,\" the buyer assumes the responsibility for goods at the point of origin, but the seller pays the cost of shipping."}
{"prompts":"Why Is an Investment Thesis Important?","response":"An investment thesis is a written proposal or research-based analysis of why investors or companies should pursue an investment. In some cases, it may also serve as a historical guide as to whether the investment was a good move or not. Whatever the reason, an investment thesis allows investors to make better, more informed decisions about whether to put their money into a specific investment. This written document provides insight into what the investment is, the goals of the investment, any associated costs, the potential for returns, as well as any possible risks and losses that may result."}
{"prompts":"What Is a NINJA Loan?","response":"A NINJA loan is a loan that is granted to people who have no job, no income, and no assets. Essentially, they are mortgages for people who can likely not repay them. NINJA loans are essentially illegal now as a result of the Dodd Frack Act."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reasonable Wrap Fee?","response":"The normal wrap fee is 1% to 3% per year of the assets under management. Whether that's reasonable depends on what it covers. The wrap fee may not include certain charges.Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC) regulations require that investment advisors give their clients a wrap fee program brochure stating what services and charges are included in the fee.The investor may still have to pay some fees, such as those charged by a mutual fund provider or charges related to third-party providers. Even some uncommon brokerage fees may not be covered in a wrap fee."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Nominal Quotation?","response":"A nominal quotation is a hypothetical price at which a share of stock or other security might trade. These are used as \"what ifs\" by traders to determine if they should place a trade in the future. They are preceded with the prefixes For Your Information (FYI) or For Valuation Only (FVO). They are the opposite of a firm quotation, which is the current real quotation of the security."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Card Skimmer?","response":"A credit card skimmer is a fraudulent instrument or device placed inside a legitimate reader, such as an automated teller machine or a gas pump to copy the data off cards used in that ATM or pump."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid the Capital Gains Tax?","response":"The capital gains tax is a tax on the profits from selling securities or other investments. Most investors can reduce their capital gains taxes by holding their investments for over one year. If you sell before one year, the gains are taxed at your ordinary income level, which is generally higher than the long-term capital gains tax rate. If you suffer a capital loss, you can use those losses to offset other gains."}
{"prompts":"What Is the AMT Exemption for Tax Years 2022 and 2023?","response":"For tax year 2023, the AMT exemption for individuals is $81,300 and $126,500 for married couples filing jointly. For tax year 2024, the figures are $85,700 and $133,300, respectively."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Downside to Pareto Efficiency?","response":"Pareto efficiency considers the overall distribution efficiency. However, it does not reflect the equity or distribution of resources among parties. Though the distribution of a resource may be efficient, it may not maximize overall social welfare or leave certain negatively impacted parties feeling worse off."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of Overdrafts?","response":"The pros of overdraft involve providing coverage when an account unexpectedly has insufficient funds, avoiding embarrassment and \"returned check\" charges from merchants or creditors. But it's important to weigh the costs. Overdraft protection often comes with a significant fee and interest which, if not paid off in a timely manner, can add an additional burden to the account holder. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, customers who had overdraft protection, in fact, often paid more in fees than those without it."}
{"prompts":"What's a Stop-Loss Order?","response":"It's an order placed once you've taken a position in a security (on the buy side or sell side) with instructions to close out your position by selling (or buying) the security at the market if the price of the security reaches a specific level."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bitcoin Mining?","response":"Bitcoin mining is the process of solving for the two-digit encrypted number contained in a block's hash called the nonce. A miner adds values (the nonce) to a block's hash trying to generate a number less than the difficulty target. When it is solved, the hash is solved, and the block is validated. The validator receives a reward."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can Banks Put a Hold on Uncollected Funds?","response":"According to the U.S. Office of the Comptroller, banks must make $225 from your deposit available the day after you make the deposit. And then, normally, the uncollected funds should be available on the second business day after the deposit was made. Holds can be extended if there is cause for concern involving the funds or the accountholder or the source of the money for deposit."}
{"prompts":"How Do You File a Complaint With the Federal Trade Commission?","response":"Consumers can file complaints with the Federal Trade Commission online or call 1-877-FTC-HELP.The FTC also maintains the Identity theft hotline (1-877-ID-THEFT) and the National Do Not Call Registry (1-888-382-1222)."}
{"prompts":"What Does Joint Tenancy with Right of Survivorship Mean?","response":"A joint tenancy with right of survivorship is a form of ownership where each party shares equal rights in a property. If one of the owners dies, their share of the property is not probated with their estate\u2014instead, it is passed on to the other joint tenants."}
{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Biggest Knowledge Economy?","response":"The factors of a knowledge economy are measured by the United Nations Development Program's Global Knowledge Index, which replaced the World Bank Knowledge Economy Index after 2012. This metric scores each country based on \"enabling factors\" for the knowledge economy, such as education levels, technical and vocational training, innovation, and communications technology. According to the latest issue, Switzerland is the top-ranked knowledge economy with a total score of 71.5%. The next two are Sweden and the United States with scores of 70.0 each."}
{"prompts":"Are Insurance Policies Financial Instruments?","response":"An insurance policy is a legally binding contract established with the insurance company and policy owner that provides monetary benefits if certain conditions are met (e.g., death in the case of life insurance). If the insurer is a mutual company, the policy may also confer ownership and a claim to dividends.\u00a0Insurance\u00a0policies also have a specified value in terms of both the death benefit and living benefits (e.g., cash value) for permanent policies.Insurance policies are not considered securities, but one could possibly view them as an alternative type of financial instrument because they confer a claim and certain rights to the policyholder and obligations to the insurer."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Net Realizable Value of Accounts Receivable?","response":"NRV for accounts receivable is a reference to the net amount of accounts receivable that will be collected. This is the gross amount of accounts receivable less any allowance for doubtful accounts reducing the total amount of A\/R by the amount the company does not expect to receive. NRV for accounts receivable is a conservative method of reducing A\/R to only the proceeds the company thinks they will get."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Poison Pills Used?","response":"Poison pills prevent an activist investor or a potential acquirer from gaining control of a publicly traded company without the consent of the company's board. Deals involving the board's consent to a change of control typically provide a significant premium over the market price for all shareholders, in contrast to the share purchases in market transactions the poison pills seek to deter."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Other Ways of Becoming an Accredited Investor?","response":"Under certain circumstances, an accredited investor designation may be assigned to a firm's directors, executive officers, or general partners if that firm is the issuer of the securities being offered or sold. In some instances, a financial professional holding a FINRA Series 7, 65, or 82 can also act as an accredited investor. There are a few additional methods that are less relevant, such as somebody managing a trust with more than $5 million in assets."}
{"prompts":"Are All Nonprofits 501(c)(3) Organizations?","response":"No. The 501(c)(3) designation made by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) only goes to charitable organizations. Social groups and sports clubs are two examples of organizations that can be tax exempt but not have 501(c)(3) status. Generally, organizations existing for scientific, religious, or public safety purposes can be tax exempt but not have 501(c)(3) status."}
{"prompts":"Should You Accept Non-Qualified Stock Options As Compensation?","response":"In general, stock options are riskier than salary compensation, but potentially more lucrative if the company has a chance for strong growth. When offered non-qualified stock options, employees should consider their company's risks and the potential value of their shares, both in dollar value and as a percentage of the company's total equity. If they are offered only a tiny percentage of their company or it has a low chance of growth, employees may be better off negotiating for a higher salary instead."}
{"prompts":"How Is Financial Leverage Calculated?","response":"Financial leverage can be calculated in several different ways. There is a suite of financial ratios referred to as leverage ratios that analyze the level of indebtedness a company experiences against various assets. The two most common financial leverage ratios are debt-to-equity (total debt\/total equity) and debt-to-assets (total debt\/total assets)."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Arbitrage Important?","response":"In the course of making a profit, arbitrage traders enhance the efficiency of the financial markets. As they buy and sell, the price differences between identical or similar assets narrow. The lower-priced assets are bid up, while the higher-priced assets are sold off. In this manner, arbitrage resolves inefficiencies in the market\u2019s pricing and adds liquidity to the market."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do Finance Jobs Pay?","response":"Finance jobs can vary a lot in pay. Among the most common positions:A personal financial advisor's\u00a0median\u00a0annual compensation is $94,170, according to the latest\u00a0U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics\u00a0(BLS) statistics.The median pay for budget analysts\u2014the professionals who examine how a company or organization spends money\u2014is a solid $79,940 annually. A job as a treasury analyst pays $60,730 a year on average, according to Payscale. However, corporate treasurers, who have more experience, make an average salary of $118,704.Financial analysts make a median of $81,410, though salaries can run in the six figures at major Wall Street firms.Accountants and auditors' median pay clocks in at $77,250. According to Payscale, the average salary for CPAs ranges from $50,000 to $126,000 per year.Financial managers\u2014who create financial reports, direct investment activities, and develop plans for the long-term financial goals of their organization\u2014have a median pay of $131,710 per year, reflecting the fact that theirs is a fairly senior position.Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents\u2014brokers and financial advisors who connect buyers and sellers in financial markets\u2014make a median of $62,910 per year. However, their compensation is often commission-based, and so a salaried figure may not fully reflect their earnings.According to an Indeed.com survey, Chief Finance Officers (CFOs) have the highest salaried jobs in finance. As of mid-2022, CFOs earned an average of $123,265 before bonuses."}
{"prompts":"Can I Cancel or Stop a Demand Draft?","response":"Yes, demand drafts can generally be canceled or stopped by the purchaser. If a demand draft needs to be canceled, the purchaser should contact the issuing bank immediately and provide the necessary details. The bank will guide the purchaser through the cancellation process which may involve submitting a written request and paying cancellation fees."}
{"prompts":"What Information Is Required on Form 8949?","response":"Information required for each asset reported on Form 8949 includes the description of the stock or other asset, the purchase price, purchase date, selling price, and selling date."}
{"prompts":"What Is Monetarism?","response":"Monetarism is a macroeconomic theory stating that governments can foster economic stability by targeting the growth rate of the money supply. Closely associated with economist Milton Friedman, monetarism is a branch of Keynesian economics that emphasizes the use of monetary policy over fiscal policy to manage aggregate demand, which contrasts with the theories of most Keynesian economists."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Open a Trading Account?","response":"You can open a trading account with your brokerage or investment firm of choice by filling out an application with your personal information and funding the account. If you want margin capabilities for trading, you'll need to complete the margin agreement and submit to initial margin requirements, house margin requirements, and all applicable regulatory policies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Copyright and Trademark?","response":"A copyright protects a creator's original work from being used or duplicated without their permission. A trademark protects the reputation of a business that is associated with identifying material such as their logo or slogan. Both are ways or protecting intellectual property."}
{"prompts":"Can a Minor Receive Gifts or Assets Without a Guardian or Trustee?","response":"Yes, a minor can receive gifts or assets without a guardian or trustee as it is stipulated in the Uniform Transfers to Minors Act. The UTMA is a law that governs the transfer of assets from adults to minors. it provides parents and other adults with a tax-advantaged way to pass on gifts to minors without needing to create a formal trust. In doing so, the adult who donates the gift would typically act as the custodian for those assets until the minor reaches legal age. Alternatively, the donor can also appoint a third party to serve as the custodian of those assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tangible Personal Property Tax in Pennsylvania?","response":"Pennsylvania is one of the states that doesn\u2019t collect personal property taxes. It doesn\u2019t technically collect real property taxes, either, although several of its\u00a0counties, municipalities, and school districts do."}
{"prompts":"How Can Senior Officers or Directors Sell or Buy Securities without Violating Insider Trading Rules?","response":"Senior company officers or directors can avoid the appearance of insider trading and use an affirmative defense by establishing a plan in advance (90 days for insiders or 30 days for outsiders) to transact (sell or buy) in the securities of the insider\u2019s firm."}
{"prompts":"Who Created the Genuine Progress Indicator?","response":"Taking on Simon Kuznets's disclaimer that GDP could not adequately tell how a nation is faring overall, Clifford Cobb developed the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) along with Ted Halstead and Jonathan Rowe in 1995."}
{"prompts":"What is considered harassment under the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA)?","response":"Harassment can include repetitive phone calls, calling very early or very late, obscene or threatening language, publicizing the debt, and calling without identifying themselves as a debt collector."}
{"prompts":"Is Cold Calling Used With Inside Sales?","response":"Cold calling is when a salesman or marketers solicits a potential customer who has had no prior interaction with the company or salesperson. Consumers tend to dislike cold calling, finding it impersonal and potentially disruptive. As a result, the success rate for cold calling is very low and federal regulations now exist to limit the extent of cold calls including the National Do-Not-Call Register.Nevertheless, cold calling can be one strategy used with inside sales to reach more individuals and stay proactive."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balanced Scorecard Example?","response":"Corporations may use internal methods to develop scorecards. For instance, they may conduct customer service surveys to identify the successes and failures of their products and services or they may hire external firms to do the work for them. J.D. Power is an example of one such firm that is hired by companies to conduct research on their behalf."}
{"prompts":"When Did the European Monetary Union Begin?","response":"The EMU formally began on February 7, 1992, with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in the Netherlands. The euro itself was launched on January 1, 1999 as a unit of account and coins and banknotes began circulating on January 1, 2002."}
{"prompts":"Does CIF Include Duty?","response":"Duty charges for exporting the goods from the seller's port of destination are the responsibility of the seller. However, duty charges at the buyer's port of destination (import duties) are the responsibility of the buyer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Broad Legal Definition of Subrogation?","response":"Subrogation, in the legal context, refers to when one party takes on the legal rights of another, especially substituting one creditor for another. Subrogation can also occur when one party takes over another's right to sue."}
{"prompts":"How Is Step-Up in Basis Calculated?","response":"A step-up in basis resets the cost basis of an inherited asset to its market value on the decedent's date of death. If the asset is later sold, the higher new cost basis would be subtracted from the sale price to calculate the capital gains tax liability, if any."}
{"prompts":"What Is ROI in Simple Terms?","response":"Basically, return on investment (ROI) tells you how much money you've made (or lost) on an investment or project after accounting for its cost."}
{"prompts":"What Are Read Receipts?","response":"Read receipts are used in emails to determine if a message has been opened or read by the recipient. They are used in a similar way to mail delivery receipts, as proof that a message has been delivered."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Four Elements of a Marketing Mix?","response":"The four primary elements of a marketing mix are product, price, placement, and promotion. This framework aims to create a comprehensive plan to distinguish a product or service from competitors that creates value for the customer. Often, these elements are dependent on each other.Product refers to a good or service that meets a customer's needs. Here, companies focus on features that differentiate it from its competitors. An organization may also consider complementary products that fit within its suite of product or service offerings.Price represents the price point or price range for the product or service. Ultimately, the goal is to maximize profit margins and return on investment while considering the price that customers are willing to pay.Placement refers to distribution channels. Specifically, where is this product being promoted, and how can you get it in front of your target audience?Promotion focuses on creating brand awareness around your product or service. Importantly, it looks at how utilizing certain channels can drive sales."}
{"prompts":"Who Decides What Credit Rating a Debt Issuer Receives?","response":"There are three major credit rating agencies: Standard & Poor\u2019s (S&P), Moody\u2019s, and Fitch. They assess a debt issuer\u2019s creditworthiness and ability to pay interest and principal on bonds based on multiple factors, such as the company\u2019s cash flow, the amount of other outstanding debt, and the business outlook for the issuer, to name just a few criteria."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Roth IRA?","response":"Among the disadvantages of Roth IRAs is the fact that, unlike 401(k)s, they do not include an up-front tax break. Secondly, annual contribution limits are about a third of 401(k)s. And for some high-income individuals, contributions are either reduced or not allowed."}
{"prompts":"What Are Reasons Why Employees Don\u2019t Participate in Wellness Programs?","response":"Many employees don't participate in wellness programs due to lack of time, lack of knowledge on how to claim these benefits, or sensitivities around certain types of wellness programs, such as health screenings that may compromise their personal information."}
{"prompts":"How Do Surcharges Work?","response":"Surcharges are additional fees or taxes that are added to the purchase price of goods and services. Depending on the good or service, a surcharge can be flat fees or a percentage of the purchase price. It is added at the time of purchase by the seller or service provider. Surcharges are imposed by businesses, governments, service providers, and service professionals."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Bank Run Bad?","response":"Bank runs can bring down banks and cause a more systemic financial crisis. A bank usually only has a limited amount of cash on hand that is not the same as its overall deposits. So, if too many customers demand their money, the bank simply won't have enough to return to their depositors."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Fungibility Matter?","response":"Fungible assets create a flow in trade and exchange processes because they're essentially equal in value. This can be a factor in healthy economies. A decrease in value in one sector or country can be offset by a rise of a fungible asset in another."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Payroll Tax Cut?","response":"A payroll tax cut would mean that less Social Security and Medicare taxes are withheld and taken out of paychecks. The idea is that workers and businesses would take home a little extra with each paycheck and that would encourage them to spend more and stimulate the economy.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Factors Determine Which Stocks are Added To the Russell 100O Index?","response":"Stocks are either added or subtracted from indexes based on several criteria including market capitalization, share price, and trading volume."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does an E-mini S&P 500 Contract Cost?","response":"The E-mini S&P 500 is priced at $50 times the value of the S&P 500. This means if the S&P 500 is at 2,500, the value of the contract is $50 x 2,500 or $125,000."}
{"prompts":"How Do Utility Patents Differ From Other Patents?","response":"Utility patents are for products, processes, or machines that are new or improved, and they represent more than 90% of patents granted by the USPTO. Among other types of patents are design patents, which are drawings of a design with only minimal text. It's even possible to patent a plant that you have discovered or created."}
{"prompts":"What Benefits Does Social Security Provide?","response":"Social Security provides benefits (monthly payments) for qualified retirees, disabled people, and their spouses, children, and survivors. The benefit amount is based on several factors, including your earnings history."}
{"prompts":"How Does Gresham's Law Apply When Both Paper and Precious Metal Coins are in Circulation?","response":"Gresham\u2019s law is evident when paper notes are accepted by the population and circulate along with gold and or silver coins. During the Revolutionary War in the United States, bad paper money, accepted as a form of payment at the time, drove all valuable gold and silver coins, good money, from circulation."}
{"prompts":"Is Anxiety Covered by ADA?","response":"Yes, anxiety disorders are covered by the ADA and are considered disabilities. If you suffer from anxiety disorders, you are not allowed to be discriminated against in the workplace or any other area of your life."}
{"prompts":"Is an Impaired Asset Considered a Loss?","response":"Under GAAP, an impaired asset must be recorded as a loss on the income statement. It is important to compare the value of the asset to the fair market value to help determine the loss."}
{"prompts":"Who Nominates and Confirms the Fed Board of Governors?","response":"The governors of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve are nominated by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Exercising a Stock Option?","response":"To exercise a stock option involves buying (in the case of a call) or selling (in the case of a put) the underlying at its strike price. This is most often done before expiration when an option is deeply in the money with a delta close to 100, or at expiration if it is in the money at any amount. When exercised, the option disappears and the underlying asset is delivered (long or short, respectively) at the strike price. The trader can then choose to close out the position in the underlying at prevailing market prices, at a profit."}
{"prompts":"What are the benefits of follow-on public offers (FPOs)?","response":"There are several reasons why a public company will choose to raise more equity. For example, they might use the proceeds to pay off debt and improve their debt-to-value (DTV) ratio, or they can use the funds to improve the company\u2019s growth by financing new projects."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If Investors Hold a Futures Contract Until Expiration?","response":"When equities are the underlying asset, traders who hold futures contracts until expiration settle their positions in cash. The trader will pay or receive a cash settlement depending on whether the underlying asset increased or decreased during the investment holding period. In some cases, however, futures contracts require physical delivery. In this scenario, the investor holding the contract until expiration would take delivery of the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"Who Proposed Prospect Theory?","response":"Prospect theory was first introduced in 1979 by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, who later developed the idea in 1992. The pair said that the prospect theory was better at accurately describing how decisions are made, compared to the expected utility theory."}
{"prompts":"What Does FDIC Stand For?","response":"The full name of the federal agency that insures bank deposits is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of an Optimum Currency Area?","response":"Some of the benefits of an optimum currency area include the removal of uncertainty through shifting exchange rates; increased flow of trade amongst member countries; specialization in production; stability in prices, and a reduction in costs."}
{"prompts":"How Is the T-Distribution Table Used?","response":"The T-Distribution Table is available in one-tail and two-tails formats. The former is used for assessing cases that have a fixed value or range with a clear direction, either positive or negative. For instance, what is the probability of the output value remaining below -3, or getting more than seven when rolling a pair of dice? The latter is used for range-bound analysis, such as asking if the coordinates fall between -2 and +2."}
{"prompts":"Why Do We Need Holding Period Return?","response":"Holding period return is important for several reasons. It considers not only appreciation but also income payments and is a great way to compare the performance of investments held over different timeframes."}
{"prompts":"Are property managers regulated?","response":"Yes. Property management licensing requirements vary by state, but most states require property management companies to be licensed by the local real estate board. Property owners should make sure that the firms they hire are properly licensed."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Buy a CMO?","response":"CMOs are over-the-counter product offerings and can be purchased through an issuing institution. Other than individual investors, pension funds, insurance companies, commercial banks, credit unions, savings banks, and other\u00a0financial institutions also buy CMOs."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Depreciation Recapture?","response":"Depreciation recapture can be quite costly when selling something like real estate. Other than selling the property for less, which isn\u2019t a favorable option, ways around it could include using the IRS Section 121 exclusion or passing the property to your heirs. If you find yourself in this position, speak to an expert before acting."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Person-Time Incidence Rates?","response":"Person-time incidence rates, which are also known as incidence density rates, are determined by taking the total number of new cases of an event and dividing that by the sum of the person-time of the at-risk population."}
{"prompts":"Is the Halloween Effect Real?","response":"Some variation of the Halloween strategy has been around and in use by investors for a long time. There is also some variation of the theory in another related investment strategy: Sell in May, go away, come again, St. Leger Day."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Volume-Weighted Average Price Important?","response":"VWAP gives traders a smoothed-out indication of a security\u2019s price (adjusted for volume) over time. It is used by institutional traders to ensure that their trades do not move the price of the security they are trying to buy or sell too extremely.For example, a hedge fund might refrain from submitting a buy order for a price above the security\u2019s VWAP, in order to avoid artificially inflating the price of that security. Likewise, it might avoid submitting orders too far below the VWAP, so that the price is not dragged down by its sale."}
{"prompts":"How can you spot greenwashing?","response":"If greenwashing is going on, there is often no evidence to back up the claims that a company is making. Sometimes verifying can be difficult, but you can look to third-party research and analyst reports, as well as check the product\u2019s ingredients list. True green products will often be certified by an official vetting organization, which will be clearly labeled."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Basic Framework of a BOT Contract?","response":"A BOT can be broken down into three distinct phases:Build: A private company agrees to build a public infrastructure project for the government.Operate: It then proceeds to operate and manage the facility for an agreed-upon period, during which it should recoup its outlay and start making money.Transfer: After the concessionary period, the company transfers ownership back to the public entity."}
{"prompts":"What Are Normal Goods?","response":"Normal goods are those whose demand increases as people's incomes and purchasing power rise. As such, a normal good will have a positive income elasticity of demand coefficient but it will be less than one. This means that a decrease in the relative price of the good will result in an increase in quantity demanded both because the good is now cheaper than substitute goods, and because the lower price means that consumers have a greater total purchasing power and can increase their overall consumption."}
{"prompts":"What Is NII and NIM?","response":"NII or net interest income is the difference between the income a bank earns from its lending activities and the interest it pays to depositors whereas NIM or net interest margin is calculated by dividing NII by the average earning assets."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need to Go Through the Origination Process for a Credit Card?","response":"The application and approval process for a credit card isn't as thorough as it is for a loan. In most cases, the origination of a credit card involves filling out an application and getting a credit check done, and you may be approved in a matter of a few days to a few weeks. Lenders don't charge an origination fee for credit cards but they may require a security deposit for anyone who is just establishing their credit or who has a bad credit rating."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Non-Sufficient Funds (NSF) Checks Go on a Bank Reconciliation?","response":"Non-sufficient funds (NSF) checks are recorded as an adjusted book-balance line item on the bank reconciliation statement. The NSF amount deducted from its balance."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do Most Companies Raise in Series B?","response":"In 2021, the average Series B financing round raised $45 million in the United States, according to data from Crunchbase. That's up nearly 50% from the prior year."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mixed Economy?","response":"Most modern nations considered to be market economies are, strictly speaking, mixed economies. That is, the law of supply and demand is the main driver of the economy. The interactions between consumers and producers are allowed to determine what goods and services are offered and what prices are charged for them.That is, the law of supply and demand rules.However, most nations also see the value of a central authority that steps in to prevent malpractice, correct injustices, or provide necessary but unprofitable services. Without government intervention, there can be no worker safety rules, consumer protection laws, emergency relief measures, subsidized medical care, or public transportation systems."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Voucher Important?","response":"The importance of a voucher lies in the fact that it is an internal accounting control mechanism that ensures that every payment is properly authorized and that the purchased item is actually received."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gross Merchandise Value in a Startup?","response":"In a startup, GMV is the gross merchandise revenue: the total revenue that a company generates through the sale of its goods or services. It is important that GMV is measured in conjunction with net sales, which takes into account deductions."}
{"prompts":"What Does ERISA Have to Do With Health Insurance?","response":"The majority of health insurance plans that are offered by employers are covered under ERISA. Plans that fall in this category include mandatory plans, plans that receive employer contributions, and plans that outline how funds are to be administered."}
{"prompts":"How Did Hackers Access EDGAR?","response":"In 2016, a Ukrainian hacker used stolen login credentials to access filings on the EDGAR system that had not yet been released. This information was then passed on to traders, who were able to trade on the advance knowledge of company reporting figures before they were published."}
{"prompts":"When Can I Use the Half-Year Convention?","response":"The half-year convention can be used if the mid-quarter convention does not apply. The mid-quarter convention applies if the aggregate basis of property placed in service during the last three months of your tax year exceeds 40% of the aggregate basis of all property placed in service during the tax year.For example, assume you bought a machine for $2,000 and placed it in service in January, a desk for $500 in April, and a computer for $2,000 in November. The computer, placed in service during the last three months of the year, exceeds 40% of the total basis of all property acquired during the year ($2,000 \/ $2,000 + $500 + $2,000 = 44.4%). Therefore, all three assets must use the mid-quarter convention."}
{"prompts":"What Are Economies of Scale?","response":"Economies of scale refer to situations where ramping up production decreases the marginal cost. In such cases, the marginal profit will increase as more and more units are made."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between annualized rate of return and annual performance?","response":"The annualized rate of return of an investment expressed as a percentage consistent over the years that an investment provides returns. Annualized return also takes compound interest into account. Annual performance is a snapshot of an investment's gains and losses in a single year, which can change substantially depending on the year."}
{"prompts":"Is a Stipend Considered Income?","response":"Stipends are not considered as wages so employers will not withhold income tax on any stipends made to employees. However, stipends are often considered income so you as an individual will have to calculate and pay taxes on any stipends received; this includes Social Security and Medicare. It is important to check with your employer on the tax implications regarding any stipends."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Lower My Taxable Income?","response":"Ending the year with a taxable income can put you into a higher tax bracket, which means you'll have a higher tax bill. Most people lower this figure by taking the standard deduction when they file their return. Or, if you itemize, make sure you factor in every deduction possible. But there are ways to lower your taxable income even before you file, such as contributing to a retirement account like a 401(k) or an individual retirement account or setting money aside in a flexible spending or health savings account."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Japanese Interest Rate?","response":"The Japanese interest rate is currently -0.10%."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Hydrocarbons?","response":"There are two types of hydrocarbons: aliphatic and aromatic. The three types of aliphatic hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Overall, examples of hydrocarbons are methane, ethane, propane, and butane."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays the Transfer Tax?","response":"The party responsible for paying the transfer tax is often the seller, in the case of real estate transfers, but not always; in some states, the responsibility is split equally, and in others, there is no real estate transfer tax at all. For inheritances, the tax is paid by the recipient. For estate taxes, it's paid by the estate of the deceased."}
{"prompts":"What is reinsurance?","response":"Reinsurance is a way that insurance companies protect themselves from risk by, for example, transferring a portion of their portfolio to other insurers in exchange for a share of the premiums."}
{"prompts":"Can a Clearinghouse Fail?","response":"While it is technically possible for a clearinghouse to fail, under the Dodd-Frank Act, regulators are authorized to designate clearinghouses as systemically important to the smooth functioning of financial markets and to step in to provide emergency funding is so required."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Definition of Entrepreneurship?","response":"Entrepreneurship is the process of setting up a business, taking it from an idea to realization."}
{"prompts":"Why are discouraged workers not counted as unemployed?","response":"An unemployed person is defined as someone who is able and eligible to work and has been actively looking for work in the last four weeks. Discouraged workers are able and eligible but not currently looking for work. More specifically, discouraged workers have not actively looked for work in the last four weeks; therefore, they are not counted as unemployed."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use Magic Formula Investing?","response":"Magic formula investing uses a set of quantitative screens to eliminate certain companies, and ranks the remainder in order of highest yield and returns. By slowly building and rebalancing the portfolio every year, it is possible to achieve reasonably high returns."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a Job on Wall Street?","response":"Getting a job on Wall Street often starts in college. Majors like finance, business administration and management, economics,\u00a0accounting, and mathematics are natural fits\u00a0for the investment industry. Firms will consider degrees in other areas too, like marketing or engineering. Try to get an internship at a Wall Street firm or similar institution for at least one summer. A\u00a0Master of Business Administration (MBA) can also be attractive to financial institutions, as can tech industry experience. It's also important to target what type of Wall Street job you'd be best suited for. They break down into three main areas:Investment Team: research analysts,\u00a0portfolio managers, and\u00a0tradersOperations: client relationship, marketing, risk assessment, legal,\u00a0back-office\u00a0functionsSales: those involved in the creation, promotion, and sale of stocks, bonds, IPOs, foreign exchange, and other financial instruments"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of the GST?","response":"The GST can be beneficial as it simplifies taxation, reducing several different taxes into one straightforward system. It also is thought to cut down on tax avoidance among businesses and reduces corruption."}
{"prompts":"What Are Gantt Charts Used for?","response":"Gantt charts help visualize various tasks and projects that occur simultaneously within an organization, and how far along they have progressed. They are used by management to plan and schedule such projects so that resources can be allocated in an optimal way and that projects that are prioritized can finish before less important ones begin."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trade Line?","response":"A trade line is a summary on every revolving or installment credit you have. This detailed report outlines your creditworthiness by communicating to creditors and lenders your payment history, your credit history, and your delinquencies."}
{"prompts":"Is a Trade Surplus Good or Bad?","response":"Generally, selling more than buying is considered a good thing. A trade surplus means the things the country produces are in high demand, which should create lots of jobs and fuel economic growth. However, that doesn't mean the countries with trade deficits are necessarily in a mess. Each economy operates differently and those that historically import more, such as the U.S., often do so for a good reason. Take a look at the countries with the highest trade surpluses and deficits, and you'll soon discover that the world's strongest economies appear across both lists."}
{"prompts":"Which States Have an Estate Tax?","response":"In addition to the federal estate tax imposed on all states, 12 states and the District of Columbia impose state estate taxes. At 20%, Hawaii and Washington have the highest top estate tax rates. Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, and the District of Columbia have a top tax rate of 16%. Connecticut and Maine share the lowest tax rate, 12%."}
{"prompts":"How is variance used in constructing a portfolio?","response":"Most portfolio managers seek to minimize risk and maximize value, along the lines of modern portfolio theory (MPT). The greater the variance in the portfolio indicates the greater the variance of the individual assets, and hence the greater the risk. Portfolio managers thus seek to reduce risk by incorporating assets with low correlations, meaning there is little relationship in the movement of the assets in the portfolio."}
{"prompts":"Does Robotic Process Automation Require Coding?","response":"RPA systems are often tailor-made to suit the specific needs of a particular organization or firm. Therefore, RPA must be coded in accordance with the specifications and application of an individual company or process. This can make development more time-consuming and expensive than other types of automation that are more turnkey."}
{"prompts":"Why was the GATT replaced by the World Trade Organization (WTO)?","response":"The GATT, though largely successful in its goal, was said to lack a coherent institutional structure. In short, it was a legal agreement acting as an international organization. The World Trade Organization (WTO) incorporates the principles of the GATT and is better positioned to carry them out because, among other things, it is better versed in issues like intellectual property, has a faster dispute settlement system, and wields more power."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps in Conducting an Event Study?","response":"The first step in an event study is defining the event, then picking the companies that the event will theoretically impact. From there, normal returns and abnormal returns should be determined using various models, such as the constant mean return model, the market model, various economic models, and so on. The next step would be to measure and analyze the abnormal returns."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Firms?","response":"A firm may take a variety of legal structures including sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, or cooperatives. The rules dictating the operations and organizational structure of the company is often heavily dictated by the legal type of the firm."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Could You Save on Your Mortgage Under Hamp?","response":"Under the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP), a homeowner was able to receive up to $10,000 in principal reduction as an\u00a0acknowledgment of having made mortgage payments in full and on time. That broke down to $1,000 per year for the first five years, and a one-time payment of $5,000 at the end of year six."}
{"prompts":"Can I Start a New Job While on Garden Leave?","response":"A garden leave is often a mutually agreed upon, contractual obligation between a company and an employee. An employee is often allowed to pursue other jobs, but courts have found there to be a breach of contract should the employee leave to begin a new job during a garden leave."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Give-Up in Prime Brokerage?","response":"Prime brokerages are a bundled group of services that certain banks offer to large clients like institutional investors and hedge funds. Those clients will use their prime brokerage to execute their trades. In a way, they outsource the trading so they can focus on their own investment strategy. Those prime brokerages will then themselves engage in give-up trades for their client: the fund or institutional investor."}
{"prompts":"What Is Decoupling Between the U.S. and China?","response":"The economies of China and the United States are closely linked, thanks to the formers' importance as a manufacturing hub and the latter's importance in the world financial system. This close relationship can sometimes have negative consequences, as a disruption in one country can cause a market downturn in the other. For this reason, some politicians have advocated policies that would decouple the two economies by favoring local industries."}
{"prompts":"Are Paper Trading and Stock Simulators the Same Thing?","response":"Paper trading is a form of stock simulation in that it involves buying and selling stocks without using real money. This type of simulation involves writing out trading requests on paper. Nowadays, paper trading can be done using electronic simulators online."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Demand and Quantity Demanded?","response":"Quantity demanded is the exact amount of a good or service demanded at a given price. More broadly, demand is the ability or willingness of a buyer to pay for the good or service at the offered price point.\u00a0 Demand charts all the amount of demand at each given price.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What is considered a good coefficient of variation?","response":"That depends on what you\u2019re looking at and comparing. No set value can be considered universally \u201cgood.\u201d However, generally speaking, it is often the case that a lower coefficient of variation is more desirable, as that would suggest a lower spread of data values relative to the mean."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Back Stop in a Bond Issue?","response":"Similar to the back stop in an equity placement, a back stop for a bond issue is a type of guarantee whereby the underwriting bank or syndicate will fix a price at which to purchase any unsold or unsubscribed bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Greeks in Investing?","response":"The Greeks are variables that are used by investors and analysts to assess risk in the options market. The name comes from the Greek letter that is used to represent each variable, such as delta, gamma, theta, and vega. These are the first partial derivatives of an options pricing model. Each Greek tells investors something about how that option moves or the risk associated with it."}
{"prompts":"What agencies does the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) regulate?","response":"The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) was established by HERA as an executive regulatory agency. The FHFA is responsible for supervising and regulating a number of entities, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as well as the Federal Home Loan Bank System."}
{"prompts":"Why Did My Employer Withhold Too Much or Too Little Tax?","response":"Federal tax withholding is based on the information you provide on your W-4 form, which you fill out and give to your employer when you start a job. If you are significantly overpaying or underpaying on income tax, you\u2019ll probably need to fill out this form again with more up-to-date information."}
{"prompts":"Who Coined the Term \"Econometrics\"?","response":"The Norwegian economist, Ragnar Frisch, is considered to have coined the term econometrics. His work focused on developing mathematical formulas to use in economics. His use of the term \"econometrics\" refers to using statistics to describe economic systems."}
{"prompts":"What Are Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) Requirements for Releasing Your Report?","response":"The FCRA requires\u00a0that a lender, insurer, landlord, employer, or anybody else seeking someone's credit report have a legally permissible purpose to obtain it.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What countries use GmbH?","response":"There are a few other countries besides Germany that use GmbH and some variations. Austria uses GesmbH as well as GmbH, both with the same meaning. Switzerland also uses the GmbH designation. Germany, Austria, and Switzerland all have their own legal provisions for the GmbH designation in their respective countries."}
{"prompts":"Why Should I Buy Title Insurance?","response":"Having no title insurance exposes transacting parties to significant risk in the event that a title defect is present. Consider a homebuyer searching for the house of their dreams only to find, after closing, unpaid property taxes from the prior owner. Without title insurance, the financial burden of this claim for back taxes rests solely with the buyer. With title insurance, the coverage protects the buyer for as long as they own\u2014or have an interest in\u2014the property. Similarly, the lender\u2019s title insurance covers banks and other mortgage lenders from unrecorded liens, unrecorded access rights, and other defects."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Being an Exempt Employee?","response":"The advantages of being an exempt employee start with the security of knowing that you have a steady paycheck. Also, exempt employees tend to earn more than hourly ones and have access to extras such as retirement benefits, including individual retirement accounts, 401(k) plans, and pensions; bonuses; employer-sponsored healthcare plans; and paid vacation time and sick days."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Product Life Cycle Important?","response":"Product life cycle is important because it informs management of how its product is performing and what strategic approaches it may take. By being informed of which stage its product(s) are in, a company can change how it spends resources, which products to push, how to allocate staff time, and what innovations they want to research next."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Technical Indicator?","response":"While there is no \"best\" technical analysis tool, the most popular indicators are moving averages. These lines represent the average price of an asset over several trading sessions, without the noise of daily price movements. By comparing longer-term moving averages with shorter-term ones, traders can anticipate changes in market sentiment."}
{"prompts":"What Do Bollinger Bands\u00ae Tell You?","response":"Bollinger Bands\u00ae gives traders an idea of where the market is moving based on prices. It involves the use of three bands\u2014one for the upper level, another for the lower level, and the third for the moving average. When prices move closer to the upper band, it indicates that the market may be overbought. Conversely, the market may be oversold when prices end up moving closer to the lower or bottom band."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the IRS Impose RMDs?","response":"An RMD acts as a safeguard against people using a retirement account to avoid paying taxes.Because traditional IRAs and non-Roth 401(k) plans use pre-tax dollars, the IRS imposes RMDs to prevent individuals from avoiding paying the deferred tax liability owed on those contributions."}
{"prompts":"How Are Production Costs Calculated?","response":"Production incurs both direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs for manufacturing an automobile, for example, would be materials like plastic and metal, as well as workers' salaries. Indirect costs would include overhead such as rent and utility expenses. Total product costs can be determined by adding together the total direct materials and labor costs as well as the total manufacturing overhead costs. To determine the product cost per unit of product, divide this sum by the number of units manufactured in the period covered by those costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are Disadvantages of PPO Plans?","response":"PPO plans tend to be more expensive than other managed-care options. They typically have higher monthly premiums and out-of-pocket costs, like deductibles. You often have both coinsurance and copays. This is the tradeoff for the flexibility PPOs provide, of letting you use providers both within and outside the PPO system, without needing referrals.The costs for coinsurance and deductibles can be different for in-network and out-of-network providers and services. Some may find it onerous to have more responsibility for managing and coordinating their own care without a primary care doctor."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Processing Margin and Gross Profit Margin?","response":"Gross processing margin is the difference between a raw commodity and the price of its finished product when sold. Gross profit margin is the amount of money left over from product sales after subtracting the cost of goods sold (COGS). COGS can also be referred to as \"cost of sales\" and includes all of the costs and expenses directly related to the production of goods."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a CRM System Cost?","response":"CRM pricing will depend on the size of the business, scope of features in the platform, number of users, and software vendor. Set-up and implementation fees can run in the thousands of dollars. CRM is then typically billed on a per-user per-month basis and can range from $15 to $300 or more per-user per-month depending on the complexity of the implementation."}
{"prompts":"What are some restrictions?","response":"Waiver of premium riders may contain several restrictions such as you may not have any pre-existing conditions or physical impairments. You may also face health and age restrictions. Finally, a waiver of premium rider may not be available in your state."}
{"prompts":"What Is Wash Trading?","response":"Wash trading refers to an illegal activity in which a single trader buys and sells the same security in order to generate misleading market information. Wash trading is often performed to artificially inflate the trading volume of a security."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Unlevered Free Cash Flow From Net Income?","response":"Free cash flow is calculated as follows: Free Cash Flow = Net income\u00a0+ Depreciation\/Amortization \u2013 Change in Working Capital \u2013 Capital Expenditure. To arrive at unlevered cash flow, add back interest payments or cash flows from financing."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ACH and Interbank Deposits?","response":"An ACH (automated clearinghouse) transfer is used by businesses and individuals in retail banking and goes through an interbank system for verification before it's completed. Interbank deposits are used between financial institutions only."}
{"prompts":"How Did George Soros Make His Money?","response":"George Soros founded his first hedge fund, Double Eagle, in 1969. With profits from this fund, he started Soros Fund Management, in 1973. Eventually, Double Eagle was renamed the Quantum Fund, and it became the primary hedge fund that Soros advised. His knowledge of regional and global economic trends combined with his deep pockets and tolerance for risk has allowed him to amass a fortune now valued in the billions."}
{"prompts":"Can You Invest in Central Bank Digital Currencies?","response":"CBDCs are unlikely to be useful for speculative investments since they will likely be pegged to the value of an underlying currency. However, it will still be possible to invest in those currencies through the forex markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Kelly Ratio?","response":"While some believers in the Kelly Criterion will use the formula as described, there are also drawbacks to placing a very large portion of one's portfolio in a single asset. In the interest of diversification, an investor should think twice about investing more than 20% of their bankroll in a single investment\u2013even if the Kelly Criterion suggests a higher percentage."}
{"prompts":"How Is OID Calculated?","response":"The OID is equal to the difference between the stated redemption price of a bond and the initial price when it was first issued. It can be calculated by subtracting the issuance price from the redemption price."}
{"prompts":"When Do You Owe Capital Gains Taxes?","response":"You owe the tax on capital gains for the year in which you realize the gain. Capital gains taxes are owed on the profits from the sale of most investments if they are held for at least one year. If the investments are held for less than one year, the profits are considered short-term gains and are taxed as ordinary income. For most people, that's a higher rate."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy China's Digital Yuan?","response":"The digital yuan, or e-CNY, is only available to Chinese citizens living in 23 major cities. Users can buy digital yuan by downloading an app and connecting it to their bank accounts."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualified for HAMP?","response":"Initially, between 2009 and 2011, only principal residences could qualify. But starting in 2012, the program was opened up to\u00a0include second homes, homes that an owner was renting out, households with multiple mortgages and homeowners who didn't\u00a0initially qualify for the program based on certain financial eligibility standards."}
{"prompts":"What Can a Lender Repossess to Satisfy a Loan?","response":"A lender may only repossess items agreed upon at the time of the loan. For example, if you use your house as collateral for your home mortgage, the house is susceptible to repossession. However, your car is not eligible to be repossessed unless it was offered as additional collateral at the time of the loan signing."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Consumption Function?","response":"The consumption function can be calculated using a simple formula:C = A + MD where C is the consumer spending, A is autonomous consumption (spending regardless of income levels), M is the marginal propensity to consume (the amount of additional income needed to spend on goods and services rather than saving it), and D is the amount of real disposable income required."}
{"prompts":"What Is Prepaid and Postpaid ARPU?","response":"Prepaid and postpaid ARPU is peculiar to the telecom service companies. They offer their customers a variety of options, which break down to either prepaid or postpaid versions.Prepaid service requires the user to pay a flat fee monthly, in advance of using it. This is the \"pay-as-you-go\" option that can be canceled at any time.Postpaid service is billed monthly. This is the type of plan that may come with a \"free\" or discounted phone and a contractual obligation to continue the service for a set number of months.It appears that the trend favors the prepaid option. At T-Mobile, for example, prepaid ARPU rose steadily between 2013 and mid-2021, from 28.25% to 37.53%. During the same period, postpaid ARPU declined from 54.5% to 47.61%."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Time Value of Money Relate to Opportunity Cost?","response":"Opportunity cost is key to the concept of the time value of money. Money can grow only if it is invested over time and earns a positive return. Money that is not invested loses value over time. Therefore, a sum of money that is expected to be paid in the future, no matter how confidently it is expected, is losing value in the meantime."}
{"prompts":"What Is Slow Fashion?","response":"Slow fashion\u2014a concept first introduced in 2008 by fashion and sustainability consultant Kate Fletcher\u2014uses environmentally friendly processes and materials through \"mindful manufacturing,\" focusing on quality rather than quantity. Mindful manufacturing, an idea championed by 3D printing company Stratasys, is the concept of developing more efficient production, sound chemical and solid waste disposal practices, reusable materials, and recycled packaging."}
{"prompts":"When Is the Best Time to Sell Restricted Stock?","response":"When a restricted stock vests, you can sell the shares you've received. It's important to consider your risk tolerance, asset allocation, and investing goals to decide on the best time to sell your restricted stock, just as you would with any other security in your portfolio since that is what it's now become."}
{"prompts":"What Should Policyholders Know About \"Endorsements\"?","response":"Endorsements require the policyholder to reimburse the insurance company for loss adjustment expenses. Read the\u00a0endorsement language, which\u00a0may say that a loss adjustment expense\u00a0is not intended to include the policyholder\u2019s attorney fees and\u00a0costs if an\u00a0insurer denies coverage and a\u00a0policyholder successfully sues the insurer.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is a Keogh the Same as a solo 401(k)?","response":"A solo 401(k)\u2014also called a one-participant 401(k)\u2014is a regular 401(k) with a special calculation for a sole proprietor or small business with no employees. A Keogh plan has much higher contribution limits than a solo 401(k)."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Pass the CFA Exams?","response":"The CFA exams are difficult and have a high failure rate. Each exam requires at least 300 hours of study, on average. Successful candidates take an average of four years to earn the designation."}
{"prompts":"Are Spot Exchange Transactions Popular?","response":"According to a New York Fed survey, the more than $399 million in average daily volume of spot forex transactions was higher than any other type of forex transaction (such as forward contracts, options, and swaps)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Proof of Income?","response":"When you apply for a mortgage, you generally need to provide documentation that you have sufficient income to cover your expenses. This can include W-2s, pay stubs, tax forms, or letters from employers. You may also provide bank statements, or Social Security documents, or pension distribution statements, depending on your situation."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Variable Rate Mortgages When Interest Rates Go Up?","response":"When interest rates go up, the variable rate on the mortgage will also adjust higher. This means that the monthly payments on the loan will also increase. Note than many ARMs and other variable rate loans will have an interest rate cap, above which the rate can not increase any further."}
{"prompts":"What Is The Difference Between Annuity and Annuity Due?","response":"Annuity payments are often made at the end of a period. An annuity due, however, is a payment made at the beginning of a period. Though it may not seem like much of a distinction, there may be considerable differences between the two when considering what interest is accrued."}
{"prompts":"Why Did the U.S. Constitution Establish a Bicameral Legislature?","response":"The Founders of the U.S. established a bicameral legislature in order to create a separation of powers. At the constitutional convention, larger states (mostly in the South) and smaller states (in the North) began to quarrel over which should wield more power at the federal level. As a compromise (called \"The Great Compromise,\" Roger Sherman, a delegate from the colony of Connecticut, proposed bicameralism. This way, smaller states got equal representation with larger states with each having two senators. At the same time, the house of representatives assigns members of congress proportional to the population."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Facility Fee?","response":"In lending jargon, a \"facility\" is a predetermined sum of money that a borrower can draw upon as needed. A revolving line of credit is a common example. Facility fees compensate the lender for making that money available and, unlike commitment fees, are typically changed on the total amount of the facility, not just the unused portion."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Subject to Kiddie Tax?","response":"The kiddie tax is imposed on individuals under 18 years old or dependent full-time students under 24 years old whose investment and unearned income is higher than an annually determined threshold."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need a Real Estate Agent to Sell Your Home?","response":"There is no requirement to hire a real estate agent to buy or sell a property, and their commissions can be costly. That said, hiring a real estate agent gives you access to a larger market of potential buyers or sellers, allowing you to find a match more quickly and at a better price. In addition, real estate agents are familiar with the different financial and legal complications of a real estate transaction, potentially avoiding further problems down the road."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Largest Multilateral Trading Facilities?","response":"The largest Multilateral Trading Facility is the London-based Chi X-Europe, which is passported across the European Economic Area and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority. Other notable entities include Liquidnet Europe, Currenex MTF, and UBS MTF."}
{"prompts":"Is the SEC the Same as FINRA?","response":"No. The SEC is a government organization that sets rules and regulations regarding the issuance, marketing, and trading of securities. The SEC is also charged with protecting investors. FINRA (formerly NASD) is a non-profit self-regulatory industry organization that oversees broker-dealers and issues licenses to securities professionals."}
{"prompts":"Are R and R2 the Same?","response":"No, R and R2 are not the same when analyzing coefficients. R represents the value of the Pearson correlation coefficient, which is used to note strength and direction amongst variables, whereas R2 represents the coefficient of determination, which determines the strength of a model."}
{"prompts":"Is Nuclear Power Green?","response":"Nuclear power is a deeply controversial subject, and many scientists have disputed its benefits. Although nuclear power derived from fission can provide reliable, inexpensive electricity without greenhouse gases, it also produces highly radioactive waste that must be stored for thousands of years. Some activists have argued that nuclear power can never be safely generated, and a number of high-profile accidents\u2014notably at Chernobyl and Fukushima\u2014have highlighted these concerns. However, it should also be noted that the combined death toll from nuclear accidents is far lower than the annual fatalities from fossil fuel pollution."}
{"prompts":"Does Rolling Options Count as a Day Trade?","response":"A day trade is any trade, whether that's buying or selling, that takes place within a single day. Options may count as day trades. But they tend to count as single trades because they are held in one contract."}
{"prompts":"Is Cap and Trade Used?","response":"Yes. Today, cap and trade is used or being developed worldwide.For example, European countries have been implementing a cap and trade programsince 2005, the Chinese government is working toward a national cap program and currently, several Chinese cities and provinces have had carbon capssince 2013. Eleven states in the U.S. participate in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a cap-and-trade program established in 2009."}
{"prompts":"Can I Get a Cash Back Signing Bonus?","response":"If you sign up for a cash-back card with a cash signing bonus, it could be worth anywhere from $200 to $1,500 if you meet certain requirements, such as a minimum spending amount in a set amount of time."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Advantages of Cost Accounting?","response":"Since cost-accounting methods are developed by and tailored to a specific firm, they are highly customizable and adaptable. Managers appreciate cost accounting because it can be adapted, tinkered with, and implemented according to the changing needs of the business. Unlike the\u00a0Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)-driven financial accounting, cost accounting need only concern itself with insider eyes and internal purposes. Management can analyze information based on criteria that it specifically values, which guides how prices are set, resources are distributed, capital is raised, and risks are assumed."}
{"prompts":"Does MSCI EAFE Include China?","response":"No, it excludes China and certain other countries with major economies such as India, Brazil, and Russia."}
{"prompts":"Does the FHA Make the Loan?","response":"No. The FHA insures the loan. You must get the loan through a financial institution such as a bank or credit union."}
{"prompts":"Does Debt Consolidation Hurt Your Credit Score?","response":"Debt consolidation could temporarily affect your credit score negatively because of a credit inquiry, but it can help your credit score in the long term if you use it correctly. Most people who make their new payments on time find their credit score increases significantly as they avoid missing payments and decrease their credit utilization ratio."}
{"prompts":"Do All Companies Pay Dividends to Their Shareholders?","response":"No, not all companies pay dividends to their shareholders. And they are not mandatory. A company's board of directors decides what to do with its profits. Some choose to reinvest the money they earn back into the company to fuel growth. These companies have no dividend policy. Others choose to take a portion of the profits and pay dividends to their investors on a regular basis."}
{"prompts":"Who Loses in Short Selling?","response":"The trader loses if the stock they are shorting rises in price instead. If that happens, they must make up the price difference, losing money in the process."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Elements That Have to Be Present for a Gift to Be Properly Conveyed?","response":"The three elements necessary for proper gift conveyance are donative intent, delivery or intended delivery, and acceptance."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Z-Score So Important?","response":"A z-score is important because it tells where your data lies in the data distribution. For example, if a z-score is 1.5, it is 1.5 standard deviations away from the mean. Because 68% of your data lies within one standard deviation (if it is normally distributed), 1.5 might be considered too far from average for your comfort."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If You Sell a Forward Rate Agreement (FRA)?","response":"The seller of a forward rate agreement (FRA), or the lender in the transaction, agrees to accept a fixed interest rate at a predetermined future date. If there has been a decrease in the floating market interest rate, then the FRA seller benefits from having locked in the higher rate."}
{"prompts":"Why Invest When You Can Save Money With Zero Risk?","response":"As mentioned, investing is putting money to work in order to grow it. When you invest in stocks or bonds, you are putting that capital to work under the supervision of a firm and its management team. Although there is some risk, that risk is rewarded with a positive expected return in the form of capital gains and\/or dividend & interest flows. Cash, on the other hand, will not grow, and may very well lose buying power over time due to inflation. Put simply, without investment, companies would not be able to raise the capital needed to grow the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between In-House and Outsourcing?","response":"Outsourcing is the practice of hiring an outside company or contractor to perform work, whereas in-housing (also known as insourcing) is the practice of assigning this work to existing employees."}
{"prompts":"Can a Credit Card Issuer Change Your Credit Limit?","response":"Yes, credit card issuers have a lot of flexibility in raising or lowering the credit limit on a customer's card. If they decide to lower it, they are generally required to provide the cardholder with a notice of adverse action. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, \"This notice should either provide specific reasons for the action taken or allow you to request a statement of specific reasons.\" The credit card issuer might also decide to raise your credit limit after a period of time if you've proven to be a good customer. This can happen automatically, as issuers periodically review their existing accounts.You can also request a higher credit limit on your own, sometimes simply by filling out an online form. You're most likely to be approved by the issuer if you've consistently paid your bills on time and your income or credit score has risen since you first applied for the card."}
{"prompts":"Is Deferred Tax Liability a Good or Bad Thing?","response":"Deferred tax liability is a record of taxes that have been incurred but have not yet been paid. This line item on a company's balance sheet reserves money for a known future expenseThat reduces the cash flow that a company has available to spend, but that's not a bad thing. The money has been earmarked for a specific purpose, i.e. paying taxes the company owes. The company could be in trouble if it spends that money on anything else."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between LIBOR and SOFR?","response":"The primary difference between LIBOR and SOFR is the method by which the rates are generated. LIBOR uses the panel bank calculation, which are inputs from panel banks to come up with the average rate. SOFR is the measure of the cost of borrowing cash overnight that is collateralized by U.S. Treasuries in the repo market."}
{"prompts":"How Are Payables Different From Accounts Receivable?","response":"Receivables represent funds owed to the firm for services rendered and are booked as an asset. Accounts payable, on the other hand, represent funds that the firm owes to others and are considered a type of accrual. For example, payments due to suppliers or creditors. Payables are booked as liabilities."}
{"prompts":"Was the Emergency Banking Act a Success or Failure?","response":"Overall, a success. In immediate terms, confidence was restored and customers brought the money they'd withdrawn back to deposit at their banks. Decades later, the FDIC continues to support bank customers' confidence by insuring their deposits to this day."}
{"prompts":"How Are Routing Numbers Used?","response":"Routing numbers are used by financial institutions to communicate between banks. It is the number that identifies the institution you use so the transacting parties know where you account is located."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Assumptions of the Production Possiblity Frontier?","response":"There are four common assumptions in the model:The economy is assumed to have only two goods that represent the marketThe supply of resources is fixed or constantTechnology and techniques remain constantAll resources are efficiently and fully used"}
{"prompts":"How Does a Shrinking Middle Class Affect the Economy?","response":"There are valid reasons to believe that a shrinking middle class is bad for economic growth. This group has historically been responsible for a large chunk of spending, fueling demand for goods and services and keeping the economy ticking well."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Letter of Credit Work?","response":"Often, in international trade, a letter of credit is used to signify that a payment will be made to the seller on time and in full, as guaranteed by a bank or financial institution. After sending a letter of credit, the bank will charge a fee, typically a percentage of the letter of credit, in addition to requiring collateral from the buyer. Among the various types of letters of credit are a revolving letter of credit, a commercial letter of credit, and a confirmed letter of credit."}
{"prompts":"Why Was the Sherman Antitrust Act Passed?","response":"The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed to address concerns by consumers who felt they were paying high prices on essential goods and by competing companies who believed they were being shut out of their industries by larger corporations."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Void a Check?","response":"You can void a check by writing \u201cVOID\" in large letters on both sides of the check. This makes it effectively impossible for someone else to use the check to make a deposit."}
{"prompts":"Why Are There Several Liquidity Ratios?","response":"Fundamentally, all liquidity ratios measure a firm's ability to cover short-term obligations by dividing current assets by current liabilities (CL). The cash ratio looks at only the cash on hand divided by CL, while the quick ratio adds in cash equivalents (like money market holdings) as well as marketable securities and accounts receivable. The current ratio includes all current assets."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Property Become Real Estate Owned?","response":"There is a process that a property must go through before they can become real estate owned. First, the borrower goes into default. If the lender cannot negotiate repayment of the mortgage, they can repossess the property. This allows them to evict any occupants (provided it's a single-family home) and prepare the property for sale at auction. If the property can't be sold, it becomes part of the lender's inventory and, therefore, real estate owned."}
{"prompts":"How Do Antitrust Laws Protect Consumers?","response":"Antitrust cases can be prosecuted by state or federal governments. Consumers who suspect a company is violating antitrust laws can contact the Antitrust Division or Federal Trade Commission at the federal level. A local company operating within one state can be investigated by the Attorney General of the state."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quid Pro Quo Harassment?","response":"Quid pro quo harassment is a form of workplace harassment where unethical requirements are placed as a condition of professional advancement. In cases where the requirements involve romantic or sexual behaviors, this is also a form of sexual harassment. Sexual harassment is illegal in the United States, Canada, and many other countries."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Letter of Credit?","response":"Often used in international trade, a letter of credit is a letter from a bank guaranteeing that a seller will receive the full amount that it is due from a buyer by a certain agreed-upon date. If the buyer fails to do so, the bank is on the hook for the money."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find a Company's Stock Ticker Symbol?","response":"To find a company's ticker symbol, you can search online financial databases, check the company's website, check the stock exchange's website, or ask a financial advisor or broker.If you are having trouble finding a company's ticker symbol, it is possible that the company is not publicly traded or is listed on an exchange outside of the United States. In these cases, it may be more difficult to find the ticker symbol."}
{"prompts":"Why do investors care about current liabilities?","response":"The analysis of current liabilities is important to investors and creditors. For example, banks want to know before extending credit whether a company is collecting\u2014or getting paid\u2014for its accounts receivable in a timely manner. On the other hand, on-time payment of the company\u2019s payables is important as well. Both the current and quick ratios help with the analysis of a company\u2019s financial solvency and management of its current liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Nonlinear Relationship?","response":"A nonlinear relationship can be seen by scatter plots on a graph following a certain pattern but that pattern is not linear, meaning the representation is not a straight line."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Cancel a Bid on eBay?","response":"Buyers can retract or cancel their bids on eBay in certain circumstances. You can cancel your bid if enter the wrong amount, when the seller makes a drastic change to the item's description, or if the seller's contact information is incorrect. Bids can also be retracted if there are more than 12 hours left in the sale. If there are less than 12 hours left, you can cancel your last bid, provided you placed it less than an hour ago. If all else fails, you can contact the seller to see if they're willing to cancel your bid."}
{"prompts":"Who Manages Endowments?","response":"An institution that has an endowment may have an internal financial manager or hire an outside firm to manage the money. In either case, the Board of Trustees of the institution sets in place the rules for investing and spending the money."}
{"prompts":"How Do Trust Funds Work?","response":"Trust funds are legal entities that provide financial, tax, and legal protections for individuals. They require a grantor, who sets it up, one or more beneficiaries, who receive the assets when the grantor dies, and the trustee, who manages it and distributes the assets at a later date.Trust funds are designed to carry out the wishes of the grantor. This means that the trustee is in charge of managing the assets while they are still alive. After their passing, the trustee can pass on the assets to the beneficiary(s) as per the grantor's instructions, whether that's through a regular income stream or a lump sum payment."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good ROE?","response":"As with most other performance metrics, what counts as a \u201cgood\u201d ROE will depend on the company\u2019s industry and competitors. Though the long-term ROE for the top ten S&P 500 companies has averaged around 18.6%, specific industries can be significantly higher or lower. All else being equal, an industry will likely have a lower average ROE if it is highly competitive and requires substantial assets in order to generate revenues. On the other hand, industries with relatively few players and where only limited assets are needed to generate revenues may show a higher average ROE."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Mortgage Lenders?","response":"The three most common options for borrowers seeking a mortgage lender are mortgage brokers, direct lenders (e.g., banks and credit unions), and secondary market lenders (e.g., Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Retailers Prioritizing to Reduce Risk of Loss?","response":"Nearly 30% of retailers reported that ecommerce crime has become a much higher priority over the last five years, followed by organized retail crime (ORC) (28%) and internal theft (20%)."}
{"prompts":"Are Takeovers Good for Shareholders?","response":"Takeovers are generally better for the company being acquired as the share price goes up for that company whereas takeovers are generally less beneficial for the shareholders of the acquiring company, as the share price usually goes down. Takeovers are complex strategies and depending on how they are enacted and carried out once complete, all shareholders can benefit or none at all."}
{"prompts":"What If I Refuse Eminent Domain?","response":"There are some clear guidelines for eminent domain. They are that the property will serve a public purpose, that just compensation is offered, and that the property is acquired. It is fairly easy for the government to assert its fulfillment of constitutional responsibility and therefore, it is usually not possible to refuse eminent domain. The most that most property owners can hope for is a high market valuation, or to engage in a lawsuit."}
{"prompts":"What Does Upstream Mean in the Oil and Gas Industry?","response":"Upstream refers to the initial phases of oil and gas production, involving exploration, drilling, and extraction of crude oil and natural gas."}
{"prompts":"What is a call option?","response":"A call option is a contract that allows the buyer to purchase a stock or other financial asset at a specified price by or on a certain date."}
{"prompts":"Can I Open an Account at a Merchant Bank?","response":"Merchant banks are non-depository institutions that do not provide the same types of consumer services that are offered by a retail bank. Although merchant banks may also serve wealthy individuals, their services are more focused on providing financing and investment to commercial enterprises."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Determine the Interest Charged on the Principal?","response":"Your credit score and credit history largely determine the interest you will pay on the principal balance of a loan. Other factors include the loan type, its term length, any collateral you have, and broader economic conditions. The property location, loan amount, and down payment for a home loan will also be critical factors."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Benefits of a Reverse Triangular Merger?","response":"With reverse triangular mergers, the subsidiary acquires the tax attributes of the target company. This means the acquirer can benefit from the target company\u2019s tax position, such as credits or net operating losses."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls Maritime Law?","response":"International maritime law is governed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). A specialized agency of the United Nations, it is the IMO\u2019s job to establish the framework and regulations for the safety, security, and environmental performance of shipping on an international, universal level."}
{"prompts":"What Is Correlation?","response":"Correlation is a statistical term describing the degree to which two variables move in coordination with one another. If the two variables move in the same direction, then those variables are said to have a positive correlation. If they move in opposite directions, then they have a negative correlation."}
{"prompts":"Do Authorized Users on a Credit Card Get Their Own Account Number?","response":"Authorized users on another person's credit card account can get a card with their name printed on it, but whether the number will be the same depends on the card issuer. Either way, the original account holder should bear in mind that they are responsible for any debts the authorized user racks up with the card."}
{"prompts":"How Are Index Options Taxed?","response":"Because traders are unlikely to hold options for more than a year, these instruments are taxed as short-term capital gains. However, broad-based index options are taxed according to the 60\/40 rule: 60% of the gains are treated as long-term gains, and 40% as short-term gains, regardless of the holding period. These tax advantages give broad-based index options an advantage over other options instruments."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the FIFO Method Popular?","response":"FIFO is the most widely used method of valuing inventory globally. It is also the most accurate method of aligning the expected cost flow with the actual flow of goods, which offers businesses an accurate picture of inventory costs. It reduces the impact of inflation, assuming that the cost of purchasing newer inventory will be higher than the purchasing cost of older inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Grades Do You Need for Magna Cum Laude?","response":"The academic thresholds for magna cum laude status differ among academic institutions but it generally means near-perfect.At the University of Pennsylvania, a magna cum laude distinction means a GPA of 3.6. At Ohio State University\u2019s College of Arts and Sciences, the bar is set at 3.7.Requirements are also subject to change and may differ among academic programs at the same institution.Grade point average (GPA) isn\u2019t always the only factor taken into consideration. Some colleges consider the number of hours completed and recommendations from an academic department. Some award Latin honors to the top percentage in a class."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know When to Use Bayes' Theorem?","response":"If you need to determine the probability of something occuring given that another condition exists that can influence the occurence, you would use Bayes' theorem."}
{"prompts":"Why Did Russia Leave the G7?","response":"Russia was suspended from the G7 in 2014 when it annexed Crimea from Ukraine."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Vendor?","response":"Amazon, while primarily known for being an online retailer, is also a web service provider. It provides web hosting, database storage, and many more services businesses need, which are too expensive for many small businesses to buy and maintain."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Lorenz Curve Important?","response":"The Lorenz curve is important because it represents one of the best and simplest ways to illustrate the level of economic inequality in society. As the Lorenz curve moves away from the baseline, the underlying data suggests that the unequal distribution keeps increasing."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Called Prime Cost?","response":"The word prime stems from the Latin word \u00a0'pr\u00f4tos', which means first in existence, or the first in order. Just as prime numbers are indivisible, prime costs refer to the direct costs of raw materials and labor that are essential to manufacturing a product."}
{"prompts":"Who Buys Annuities?","response":"Annuities are appropriate financial products for individuals seeking stable, guaranteed retirement income. Because money put into an annuity is illiquid and subject to withdrawal penalties, it is not recommended for younger individuals or for those with liquidity needs. Annuity holders cannot outlive their income stream, which hedges longevity risk."}
{"prompts":"Will Greece Switch Back to the Drachma?","response":"As of now, despite the presence of \"Grexit\" supporters, Greece will not switch back to the drachma."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Gordon Growth Model Tell You?","response":"The Gordon growth model attempts to calculate the fair value of a stock irrespective of the prevailing market conditions and takes into consideration the dividend payout factors and the market's expected returns. If the GGM value is higher than the stock's current market price, then the stock is considered to be undervalued and should be bought. Conversely, if the value is lower than the stock's current market price, then the stock is considered to be overvalued and should be sold."}
{"prompts":"How much home equity loan can I get?","response":"For well-qualified borrowers, the limit of a home equity loan is the amount that gets the borrower to a combined loan-to-value (CLTV) of 90% or less. This means that the total of the balances on the mortgage, any existing HELOCs, any existing home equity loans, and the new home equity loan cannot be more than 90% of the appraised value of the home. For example, someone with a home that appraised for $500,000 with an existing mortgage balance of $200,000 could take out a home equity loan for up to $250,000 if they are approved."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between NAV and Shareholder Equity?","response":"Equity is calculated by including intangible assets, which can include items like patents, while NAV is calculated using only tangible assets."}
{"prompts":"Who Invented Passive Investing?","response":"John Bogle, the founder of the investment management firm, Vanguard, invented passive investing. By doing so, he created a new industry focused on this type of investing as opposed to the traditional method of investing, active investing. He is known as the \"Father of Passive Investing.\""}
{"prompts":"Is Passive Income Taxable?","response":"Yes, passive income is taxable, usually at the same rate as the taxpayer would pay on earned income. If you have passive income, you may be able to offset the taxes due on it with some deductions."}
{"prompts":"Can You Buy A Stock at Opening Price?","response":"Yes, it's possible to buy a stock at its opening price. If you place a market-on-open order to buy a stock before the market opens, you'll buy shares at the opening price."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Goodness-of-Fit Important?","response":"Goodness-of-Fit tests help determine if observed data aligns with what is expected. Decisions can be made based on the outcome of the hypothesis test conducted. For example, a retailer wants to know what product offering appeals to young people. The retailer surveys a random sample of old and young people to identify which product is preferred. Using chi-square, they identify that, with 95% confidence, a relationship exists between product A and young people. Based on these results, it could be determined that this sample represents the population of young adults. Retail marketers can use this to reform their campaigns."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Real Interest Rate Affect Investment Returns?","response":"A real interest rate is the nominal (or stated) interest rate less the rate of inflation. For investments, the inflation rate will erode the value of an investment's return by decreasing the rate of return.For example, if the rate of return for bonds you hold is 6% and the inflation rate is 3%, then the real rate of return will be 3%, not 6%. That's because the interest rate of 6% is adjusted downward by 3% to account for the unfortunate power of inflation to erode value (6% - 3% = 3%)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Deflation?","response":"Deflation is a general decline in prices for goods and services, typically associated with a contraction in the supply of money and credit in the economy. During deflation, the purchasing power of currency."}
{"prompts":"Are joint-life payout products less expensive?","response":"No, joint-life payout products are more expensive than single-life payout products. Annuity companies make smaller income payments on joint-life products because they expect to make more total payments for two people rather than one. If you want $3,000, you will need to pay more to do so under a joint-life annuity versus a single-life annuity."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to the Economy During the Last Period of Disinflation?","response":"Academic research shows that the economy suffered two recessions and higher unemployment during the last sustained period of disinflation, in the early 1980s."}
{"prompts":"Which Is the Best NFO to Invest in?","response":"Of course, there is no surefire method to predict with complete certainty a fund's success, particularly a brand new one. However, investors should look for a lower expense ratio, and monitor the performance of the other funds offered by the investment company before investing in an NFO."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Activity Cost Drivers?","response":"Activity cost drivers include direct labor hours, the cost of warehousing, order frequency, and product returns."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Dividend Payout Ratio Important?","response":"The dividend payout ratio is a key financial metric used to determine the sustainability of a company\u2019s dividend payment program. It is the amount of dividends paid to shareholders relative to the total net income of a company.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Floating Exchange Rate?","response":"The benefits of a floating currency\/exchange rate are the lack of a need for large reserves, the lack of need for another commodity the currency would be tied to, the ability to manage inflation, and the ability to pursue internal controls, such as full employment."}
{"prompts":"Does Ethereum Have On-Chain Governance?","response":"The main Ethereum blockchain does not use on-chain governance, but there are governance tokens created using the Ethereum blockchain for other projects."}
{"prompts":"What Companies Have Faced Antitrust Violations as a Monopoly?","response":"In 1994, Microsoft was accused of using its significant market share in the personal computer operating systems business to prevent competition and maintain a monopoly. Using Antitrust legislation, Microsoft was accused of \"using exclusionary and anticompetitive contracts to market its personal computer operating system software. By these contracts, Microsoft has unlawfully maintained its monopoly of personal computer operating systems and has an unreasonably restrained trade.\"A federal district judge ruled in 1998 that Microsoft was to be broken into two technology companies, but the decision was later reversed on appeal by a higher court. Microsoft was free to maintain its operating system, application development, and marketing methods."}
{"prompts":"What Is Currency Exposure?","response":"Currency exposure is the change in an asset's return due to fluctuations in a foreign currency when the asset's return is measured in the domestic currency. In general, currency exposure is the increase or decrease in an asset's value in the domestic currency due to changes in the value of a foreign currency. This is often measured in relation to a company's profits that are earned overseas and have to be converted back into its domestic currency."}
{"prompts":"Why Was William Cavanaugh III Against Energy Industry Deregulation?","response":"William Cavanaugh III was skeptical about deregulation due to the potential for misuse and the lack, as he saw it, of benefits for energy customers. This gave him a reputation as a solid leader within the industry."}
{"prompts":"Is a Disbursement a Refund?","response":"According to the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Federal Student Aid, a disbursement is the actual payment of the funds into an account that will support a student's studies in the upcoming semester. If the loan amount exceeds the actual costs of tuition and fees, a refund of the excess is paid directly to the student."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Bear Hug Work?","response":"A bear hug is a type of acquisition strategy used by companies to target others. Unlike other types of deals, the acquirer in a bear hug approaches the target company's shareholders rather than its leadership and\/or board. Bear hugs are unsolicited deals that involve making an offer to shareholders at a premium above its market value. Shareholders can force the company to accept the offer or go into negotiations with the acquirer."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Debt Ratio?","response":"What counts as a good debt ratio will depend on the nature of the business and its industry. Generally speaking, a debt-to-equity or debt-to-assets ratio below 1.0 would be seen as relatively safe, whereas ratios of 2.0 or higher would be considered risky. Some industries, such as banking, are known for having much higher debt-to-equity ratios than others."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Barrier Options?","response":"The main advantage of barrier options is that they have lower premiums for the option buyer than standard options. They also carry less risk for the option seller and provide investors with more freedom and flexibility to set the terms of their contracts."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Personal Finance So Important?","response":"The concepts behind managing your personal finances can guide you in making intelligent financial decisions. In addition, the decisions you make throughout your life on what to buy, sell, hold, or own can affect how you live when you can no longer work."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Value of Over-Collateralization?","response":"When a loan has more collateral, or backing, than the value of the loan, the risk to the lender is virtually eliminated. That's because if the borrower defaults, the lender can easily recoup the lost value by using the collateral, which will more than cover losses."}
{"prompts":"How Safe Are Ledger Wallets?","response":"Ledger promises users that its devices are safe and secure for use. In fact, the company claims that its devices have never been hacked. It credits its track record with \"technical innovations, rigorous testing, and user awareness.\""}
{"prompts":"Do I Need to Pay Myself After I Incorporate?","response":"There are tax considerations to make regarding paying yourself a wage or salary as business owner as opposed to taking a draw or equity distribution. You are not required to do either when you incorporate. You may want to consider double taxation when deciding whether to pay yourself or not. Remember income is taxed when a corporation earns it and again when it's paid out to the owners. So if you'd like to delay the personal income taxes on the money, it may be wise to only pay yourself when needed."}
{"prompts":"Was Friedman a Libertarian?","response":"Walter Block said that Friedman called himself a small \u201cl\u201d libertarian, and he was clearly aligned with the libertarian principles of small, less intrusive government and deregulation throughout his career."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Collection Ratio Important?","response":"The collection ratio, also known as days sales outstanding, is a measure of how efficiently a company can collect on its accounts receivable. If it takes a long time to collect, it can be a signal that there will not be enough cash on hand to meet near-term obligations. Working capital management tries to improve the collection speed of receivables."}
{"prompts":"How Many Americans Remain From the Greatest Generation?","response":"The youngest members of the Greatest Generation, if using 1925 as the last year they were born, would be reaching their 100s as of the year 2024. As of 2021, there were estimated to be around 90,000 centenarians living in the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Market Cap Tell You?","response":"A high market cap signifies that the company has a larger presence in the market. Larger companies may have less growth potential than start-up firms, but established companies may be able to secure financing cheaper, have a more consistent stream of revenue, and capitalize on brand recognition."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Energy Sector Responsible For?","response":"The energy sector plays a crucial role in the economy. Aside from powering homes, transportation, and factories, energy sources are also a component in many of the products we use on a daily basis."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Assets or Indexes Do Ultra ETFs Typically Track?","response":"Ultra ETFs can track a wide range of assets and indexes, including equity indices, commodities, fixed-income instruments. Some popular ultra ETFs are linked to major stock market indices such as the S&P 500, gold, or oil."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Vendor Take-Back Mortgage?","response":"For buyers, the main disadvantage of a vendor take-back mortgage is that the interest rates tend to be higher than a traditional mortgage. Because the seller's lien is subordinate to the primary lender, the seller typically charges a higher interest rate to compensate for their greater level of risk."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bond\u2019s YTM and Its Coupon Rate?","response":"The main difference between the YTM of a bond and its coupon rate is that the coupon rate is fixed and the YTM fluctuates. The coupon rate is contractually fixed, whereas the YTM changes based on the price paid for the bond and the interest rates available in the marketplace."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Underwriters Important?","response":"Investors need underwriters to determine if a business risk is worth investing in. In addition, underwriters also contribute to the success of sales activities."}
{"prompts":"How Did Madoff Get Caught?","response":"Although several people alerted the SEC and other authorities of Bernie Madoff's scheme, it wasn't until he confessed to his sons that he was caught. In 2008, when Bernie could no longer accommodate investors' redemption requests, he admitted his wrongdoings to his sons, Mark and Andrew, who then turned their father over to authorities."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Can I Make with an I Bond?","response":"Suppose an investor purchases $10,000 worth of I Bonds when the composite rate is 5.27%. This rate includes both the fixed rate and the variable inflation rate.If the composite rate remains at 5.27% for the entire year, and the interest is compounded semiannually, the investor would earn:Year 1 Interest = $10,000 \u00d7 (1 + 0.0527\/2)^2 - $10,000= $10,000 \u00d7 (1.02635)^2 - $10,000= $10,000 \u00d7 1.0535 - $10,000= $535In this scenario, the investor would earn approximately $535 in interest during the first year. However, it's essential to keep in mind that the composite rate for I Bonds is not fixed and can change every six months based on the variable inflation rate. If the composite rate fluctuates, the actual interest earned may be higher or lower than in this example. Also note that early redemptions will incur penalties."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Consumer Price Index?","response":"The CPI measures the prices of certain consumer goods and services over time to discern changes in prices that indicate inflation. The prices for those goods and services are obtained from American consumers by way of the Consumer Expenditure Survey conducted by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics (which publishes the CPI)."}
{"prompts":"What Affects the Dependency Ratio?","response":"Age is the primary factor that affects the dependency ratio, as that determines who is and is not included in the workforce. The demographics of a nation, however, are affected by a variety of factors, such as birth rates, immigration policies, and other government policies (such as China's previous one-child policy). If a country can attract foreign workers, it will help grow the workforce, similarly, if the birth rate is high, then there will be enough individuals to replace the portion of the workforce that retires. These factors would help lower the dependency ratio."}
{"prompts":"How Is Money Factor Calculated?","response":"There are several ways to calculate the money factor. First, the money factor can be multiplied by 2,400 to arrive at an APR. Alternatively, the formula below can be used as a substitute:Money Factor = Lease Charge \/ (Capitalized Cost * Residual Value) * Lease Term"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Recourse Loan?","response":"A non-recourse loan is a loan whereby if the borrower defaults on the loan and the pledged collateral does not cover the outstanding amount on the loan, the lender is not able to go after other assets of the borrower to make up the difference. Most banks prefer not to issue non-recourse loans as it could leave them with a loss."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between American and European Options?","response":"An American option allows holders to exercise their rights at any time before and including the expiration date. A European option, on the other hand, only allows execution on the day of expiration."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Kinds of Trendlines?","response":"There are a number of different kinds of trendlines. The most common are characterized as linear, logarithmic, polynomial, power, exponential, and moving average."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Free Float?","response":"To calculate free float, you take a company's outstanding shares and subtract its restricted shares. To get the company's free-float market capitalization, take the free-float number and multiply it by a company's share price."}
{"prompts":"How Are Noncurrent Assets Accounted For?","response":"Noncurrent assets are capitalized rather than expensed. This means that the company allocates the cost of the asset over the number of years for which the asset will be in use instead of allocating the entire cost to the accounting year in which the asset was purchased. Depending on the type of asset, it may be depreciated, amortized, or depleted. They appear on a company's balance sheet under the following categories: investment; property, plant, and equipment (PP&E); intangible assets; or other assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deed of Trust?","response":"A deed of trust is a real estate transaction that involves a lender such as a bank as well as a buyer and a seller. It inserts a fourth party into the transaction: a trustee, usually a title company, which receives an interest in the property. If the buyer defaults on the payments, the trustee can seize the property and sell it.The deed of trust process is a substitute for a mortgage agreement and is used in many states. From the buyer's viewpoint, it makes no difference. You pay your mortgage or you lose the house."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Cancel a Pending Transaction?","response":"Pending transactions are those that have been made but aren't posted to your account. These include payments, purchases, pre-authorized debits, and any other related transactions. Purchases made with a debit or credit card are held for a certain period of time before they work their way through the electronic system from your bank to the recipients. The transaction date it the day of the purchase or payment. Posting a transaction to a credit card account moves it from the pending category. Contact the merchant and\/or your bank to request a reversal if, for whatever reason, you want to cancel the transaction."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Discount Rate Set Higher than the Fed Funds Rate Target?","response":"The discount rate is set higher than the federal funds rate target because it is intended to serve as a backup source of liquidity for banks in case they cannot obtain funds from other banks in the market. The fed prefers that banks borrow and lend to one another instead of going to the discount window, and sets the discount rate higher to discourage its use unless it becomes necessary."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cost of Revenue vs. Operating Expenses?","response":"Operating expenses are often limited to expenses not tied to the manufacturing process. Though some of these costs may still be considered cost of revenue expenses, these are a more indirect type of cost. Cost of revenue is a broader group of expenses with many of the costs tied to the cost of goods sold."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Someone Buy a Spread?","response":"Traders look to profit from spreads by betting that the size of the spread will narrow or widen over time. If you buy a spread, you believe that the spread between two prices will widen. For example, if you believe that interest rates on junk bonds will rise faster than that of Treasuries, you can buy that yield spread."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Price Control?","response":"Price control is an economic policy imposed by governments that set minimums (floors) and maximums (ceilings) for the prices of goods and services in order to make them more affordable for consumers."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Join a Credit Union?","response":"Once you've located a credit union that interests you, you should be able to find membership specifics and an application to join on its website. The application usually requires the kind of personal information related to opening a financial account (which is what you're doing as part of applying for membership). You'll then need to make a deposit to fund the account you've chosen."}
{"prompts":"What Did Joseph Schumpeter Believe Would Destroy Capitalism?","response":"Schumpeter believed that capitalism would ultimately be destroyed by its success. He hypothesized that the economic system would eventually create a large intellectual class that survived by attacking the system of private property and freedom that was necessary for sustaining its own existence. Although Schumpeter predicted the demise of capitalism, he was an ardent supporter of it."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can a Broker Rehypothecate?","response":"In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission restricts rehypothecation to 140 percent of the loan amount. For example, if collateral of $300 is used to take out a loan for $100, $140 may be rehypothecated. As was seen in the MF Global bankruptcy, there are no rehypothecation limits in some other countries."}
{"prompts":"What's the Relationship Between MBS and a Bank?","response":"Essentially, the mortgage-backed security turns the bank into an intermediary between the homebuyer and the investment industry. A bank can grant mortgages to its customers and then sell them at a discount for inclusion in an MBS. The bank records the sale as a plus on its balance sheet and loses nothing if the homebuyer defaults sometime down the road.This process works for all concerned as long as everyone does what they're supposed to do. That is, the bank keeps to reasonable standards for granting mortgages; the homeowner keeps paying on time, and the credit rating agencies that review MBS perform due diligence."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better, Per Stirpes or Per Capita?","response":"Neither one is better, in and of itself. They simply have different meanings where beneficiaries and inheritance are concerned. Ultimately, the feelings of the testator for their family dynamic should guide the testator's decision of whether per stirpes or per capita is used."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limits for a 401(k)?","response":"The contribution limit for a 401(k) is $22,500 in 2023 and $23,000 in 2024. If you are 50 and older, you can contribute an additional $7,500 in both years as a catch-up contribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is ISO 9000?","response":"ISO 9000 is a standard that focuses on quality management and quality assurance. The standard is used by companies to develop and maintain their quality systems. The goal of ISO 9000 is to apply to companies in all industries. Areas of focus include relationship management, customer focus, and leadership."}
{"prompts":"What Personal Property Can Be Seized in a Judgment?","response":"When collecting a judgment, creditors can try to seize any property that is not exempt under state laws. This can include real property, vehicles, bank accounts, securities, wages, or even future claims on property. However, state laws often allow you to keep some property up until a certain amount, and debtors may be able to protect any property if its loss would cause them undue hardship. In addition, most creditors will generally not pursue tangible personal property, such as jewelry or clothing, unless it is especially valuable."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Arrogance and Hubris?","response":"The two are closely related and are synonyms of the other. Arrogance tends to be one's excessive pride relating to how they are better than others, whereas hubris is extremely self-belief in one's abilities, and may have nothing to do with others at all."}
{"prompts":"What Is Product Life Cycle Management?","response":"Product life cycle management is the act of overseeing a product's performance over the course of its life. Throughout the different stages of product life cycle, a company enacts strategies and changes based on how the market is receiving a good."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Group Life Insurance?","response":"The most common type of group life insurance is group term insurance that renews yearly. This type of insurance provides only a death benefit and is the least expensive option. Group universal life is more expensive, but offers the opportunity to build cash value alongside the death benefit. Variable group universal life is similar but offers an investment option for increasing the potential returns on the cash value portion."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Black Box Model of Consumer Behavior?","response":"The black box model of consumer behavior is drawn from the academic field of behavioral psychology.Behavioral psychologists view the human brain as a black box. The human mind responds to stimuli. In order to change behavior, the stimuli must be changed, not the mind that reacts to the stimuli.This theory has been adopted by marketers as a way to analyze the consumer decision-making process. The analysis attempts to understand and influence buying decisions by observing the consumer's response to certain stimuli."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Qualify for a HUD Loan?","response":"Qualification for a mortgage loan offered through a HUD program is based on many of the same requirements associated with non-HUD loans. That includes meeting minimum credit score and income guidelines, having a debt-to-income ratio within acceptable limits, and meeting the down payment requirements."}
{"prompts":"At What Age Are Social Security Payments No Longer Taxed?","response":"A portion of your Social Security benefits is taxable regardless of your age unless your income is very low.Only individuals with incomes below $25,000 a year or couples with incomes below $32,000 a year keep their Social Security tax-free. Everyone else pays taxes on up to 85% of their benefits depending on income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Layaway Plan?","response":"Layaway is a purchasing method by which a consumer places a deposit on an item to \u201clay it away\u201d for later pickup when they come back and pay the balance. It often charges no interest and is available to almost anyone, even those with bad credit. Paying on layaway generally does not affect your credit score, unlike with BNPL plans and credit cards if payments are missed."}
{"prompts":"I\u2019m New to Options and Have Limited Capital; Should I Consider Writing Puts?","response":"Put writing is an advanced option strategy meant for experienced traders and investors; strategies such as writing cash-secured puts also need a significant amount of capital. If you\u2019re new to options and have limited capital, put writing would be a risky endeavor and not a recommended one."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Criticisms of the CPI?","response":"Over the years, the CPI has frequently drawn criticism that it has either understated or overstated inflation. Because the CPI is based on consumer spending, it doesn't track third-party reimbursements for healthcare and significantly underweights healthcare relative to its proportion in the GDP as a result. On the other hand, criticism concerning the quality adjustments used in the CPI has been widely discounted by economists."}
{"prompts":"What is a GAP Waiver?","response":"A GAP waiver, which stands for Guaranteed Asset Protection waiver, is a waiver that absolves a person of the remaining payments on an asset that has been destroyed, typically a car. This means that if someone owed money on a car, and the car was damaged beyond salvaging, they are not responsible for the remaining payments. A GAP waiver could also be considered a cancellation of debt."}
{"prompts":"How Is the U-6 (Unemployment) Rate Calculated?","response":"The unemployment statistics released early each month by the Bureau of Labor Statistics are based on a survey of 60,000 households. That's a total of about 110,000 individuals in about 2,000 geographic areas, urban and rural. The survey is conducted by Census Bureau employees.The calculation is straightforward:The number of people who say they are unemployed but have looked for work in the past month, as a percentage of the total civilian working population, equals the \"official\" or U-3 unemployment rate.The number of people who are unemployed, under-employed, are unemployed but have given up looking for work, or have temporarily left the workforce, as a percentage of the total civilian working population, equals the \"real\" or U-6 rate."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Factors That Affect Quantity Demanded?","response":"Five key factors affect quantity demanded: the price of the good, the income of the buyer, the price of related goods, consumer tastes, and the customer\u2019s expectations of future supply and price."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Kaizen Method?","response":"It's a business philosophy with guiding principles and tools that seeks to involve all employees in the gradual and continuous improvement of various areas of a company. The kaizen method focuses on engaging employees and using teamwork to create a successful and enjoyable work environment."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Does the Wealth Management Industry Manage?","response":"As of 2020, it is estimated that the wealth management industry had AUM of upwards of $112 trillion globally. This figure is expected to grow to $145.4 trillion by the year 2025."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Tell If a Relationship Is Linear or Nonlinear?","response":"A linear relationship has a constant rate of change, which means it can be plotted with a straight line as the dependent variable changes in response to the independent variable. A nonlinear relationship doesn't have a constant rate of change. When a nonlinear relationship is plotted, it will form a shape other than a straight line."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Asset Allocation Fund?","response":"An asset allocation fund provides investors with a\u00a0diversified\u00a0portfolio of investments across various asset classes. The asset allocation of the fund can be fixed or variable among a mix of asset classes. It may be held to fixed percentages of asset classes or allowed to lean further on some, depending on market conditions."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefited From the Bear Stearns Collapse?","response":"While there are no clear winners from the Bear Stearns collapse, stockholders would have suffered arguably greater losses had the bank gone bankrupt. JPMorgan Chase, which acquired Bear Stearns at fire-sale prices, would also benefit, although it would be some time before JPMorgan would break even."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Liquid Asset and Illiquid Asset?","response":"A liquid asset is an item of future economic benefit to a company that can easily be exchanged for cash. On the other hand, illiquid assets are more difficult to sell. Examples of illiquid assets would include real estate & land, vehicles, equipment & machinery, and certain over-the-counter (OTC) securities, among others."}
{"prompts":"Is Price Discrimination Illegal?","response":"The word discrimination in price discrimination does not typically refer to something illegal or derogatory in most cases. Instead, it refers to firms being able to change the prices of their products or services dynamically as market conditions change, charging different users different prices for similar services, or charging the same price for services with different costs. Neither practice violates any U.S. laws\u2014it would become unlawful only if it creates or leads to specific economic harm.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called Standard and Poor's?","response":"The first S&P Index was launched in 1923 as a joint project by the Standard Statistical Bureau and Poor's Publishing. The original index covered 233 companies. The two companies merged in 1941 to become Standard and Poor's."}
{"prompts":"What Is an IPO Greenshoe?","response":"A greenshoe is an overallotment option that occurs during an IPO. A greenshoe or overallotment agreement allows underwriters to sell additional shares than the company originally intended. This generally occurs when investor demand is particularly high\u2014higher than originally expected.Greenshoe options allow underwriters to flatten out any fluctuations and stabilize prices. Underwriters are able to sell as much as 15% more shares up to 30 days after the initial public offering in case demand increases."}
{"prompts":"Will I Get a Dividend If I Buy a Stock on the Record Date?","response":"No, you wouldn't receive it. To qualify for the dividend, you need to be a shareholder of record on the record date. This means buying your shares at least one day before the ex-dividend date or two days before the record date."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Capital Account?","response":"The capital account is one part of a country's balance of payments. It provides a summary of the country's capital expenditure and income. Sometimes the capital account is called the financial account, with a separate, usually very small, capital account listed separately. The summary of transactions consists of imports and exports of goods, services, capital, and transfer payments such as foreign aid and remittances.\u00a0The capital account measures the changes in national ownership of assets, whereas the current account measures the country's net income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Carding Attack?","response":"A carding attack is an attempt to place rapid multiple fraudulent orders on a online site. It can usually be recognized by a sharp sudden spike in orders being placed, usually with the same shipping address. Often the customer information given will be clearly fraudulent."}
{"prompts":"What Academic Programs Does the W. P. Carey School Offer?","response":"The school offers a diverse portfolio of academic programs, including undergraduate degrees in areas like business administration and specialized master's programs in fields such as finance, marketing, and supply chain management. It also provides various MBA options and doctoral programs."}
{"prompts":"How Does Standard and Poor's Make Money?","response":"Standard & Poor's is paid fees for its rating services by issuers of securities and debt obligations. In addition, companies and individuals often pay for its more detailed market intelligence and analysis reports, and subscribe to other research services."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reversal Pattern?","response":"A reversal pattern is a chart pattern used by followers of technical analysis to mark the shift in the direction of the predominant trend. Common examples include double top, double bottom, triple top, triple bottom. Broadly speaking, reversal patterns often follow a V-, W-, or U-shape, depending on the conviction of market participants."}
{"prompts":"Is Tenant Damage Considered Vandalism?","response":"Intentional damage by tenants will not be covered as vandalism under a typical homeowner's policy. The best way to prevent these damages is to carefully screen your tenants."}
{"prompts":"How Is Operating Margin Different From Other Profit Margin Measures?","response":"Operating margin takes into account all operating costs but excludes any non-operating costs. Net profit margin takes into account all costs involved in a sale, making it the most comprehensive and conservative measure of profitability. Gross margin, on the other hand, simply looks at the costs of goods sold (COGS) and ignores things such as overhead, fixed costs, interest expenses, and taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Is Mobile VoIP?","response":"Mobile VoIP, or mVoIP, is a set of communications protocols that can extend VoIP communications to handheld devices. This is frequently used to facilitate audio conversations over WiFi or LTE networks at a lower cost than traditional telephones and without a wired connection."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Trade?","response":"Trade is essential for many reasons, but some of the most commonly cited ones are lowering prices, becoming or remaining competitive, developing relationships, fueling growth, reducing inflation, encouraging investment, and supporting better-paying jobs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for the Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity?","response":"The formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity is:P=PMT\u00d71\u2212(1(1+r)n)rwhere:P=Present\u00a0value\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0annuity\u00a0streamPMT=Dollar\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0each\u00a0annuity\u00a0paymentr=Interest\u00a0rate\u00a0(also\u00a0known\u00a0as\u00a0discount\u00a0rate)n=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0payments\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0made\\begin{aligned} &\\text{P} = \\text{PMT} \\times \\frac { 1 - \\Big ( \\frac { 1 }{ ( 1 + r ) ^ n } \\Big ) }{ r } \\\\ &\\textbf{where:} \\\\ &\\text{P} = \\text{Present value of an annuity stream} \\\\ &\\text{PMT} = \\text{Dollar amount of each annuity payment} \\\\ &r = \\text{Interest rate (also known as discount rate)} \\\\ &n = \\text{Number of periods in which payments will be made} \\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bP=PMT\u00d7r1\u2212((1+r)n1\u200b)\u200bwhere:P=Present\u00a0value\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0annuity\u00a0streamPMT=Dollar\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0each\u00a0annuity\u00a0paymentr=Interest\u00a0rate\u00a0(also\u00a0known\u00a0as\u00a0discount\u00a0rate)n=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0payments\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0made\u200b"}
{"prompts":"Who Are Market Makers and What Do They Do?","response":"A market maker participates in the securities market by providing trading services for investors and boosting liquidity in the market. They specifically provide bids and offers for a particular security in addition to its market size. Market makers typically work for large brokerage houses that profit off of the difference between the bid and ask spread."}
{"prompts":"How Does the SEC Make New Rules?","response":"A new SEC rule starts with a concept release, which leads to a proposal. Both a concept release and subsequent proposal are published for public review and comment. The SEC considers the public\u2019s input on the proposal as it determines its next steps. The SEC will then convene to consider input from the public as well as industry or other subject-matter experts are considered. They then vote to adopt the rule."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to My Thrift Savings Plan If I Quit My Job?","response":"If you quit your job, your Thrift Savings Plan will remain as is if the balance is $200 or more, and it will continue earning. However, if you're not fully vested as a FERS or BRS employee, the government may withdraw its contributions and the associated earnings from your account. From there, you can control the principal in the account and adjust your\u00a0investments,\u00a0but you cannot make any more contributions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can a Parent Gift a Child Tax-Free in 2022?","response":"A parent can gift a child tax-free $16,000 in 2022. In 2023, the amount is $17,000. This is per parent and per recipient."}
{"prompts":"How Do Options Traders Take Advantage of Time Decay?","response":"Options traders can write options to take advantage of time value decay. Sellers of options collect money when they write the contract and keep the entire amount, called the premium if the option expires worthless. In contrast, the buyer of the options loses the premium if the option expires worthless."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Plain Vanilla Interest Rate Swap?","response":"A plain vanilla interest rate swap is where one party pays a fixed interest rate and the other party pays a floating rate. Both rates are based on the same notional amount and there is no exchange of principal."}
{"prompts":"How Is an Enrolled Agent Different from a CPA?","response":"While an Enrolled Agent (EA) and a Certified Public Accountant (CPA) are skilled and authorized tax professionals. However, an Enrolled Agent is specifically focused on taxation, whereas a CPA can specialize in taxation and other financial and accounting matters. A person may be an EA and a CPA; however, one appointment does not necessarily qualify the person to serve as the other. CPAs' duties and professional offerings are broader than an EA's."}
{"prompts":"What is the tax form for the annualized income installment method?","response":"The annualized method can be calculated using IRS Form 2210."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Differences Between a Micro and Macro Environment?","response":"The micro environment refers to the factors within a company that impact its ability to do business. Micro environmental factors are specific to a company and can influence the operation of a company and management's ability to meet the goals of the business. Examples of these factors include the company's suppliers, resellers, customers, and competition.The micro environment is specific to a business or the immediate location or sector in which it operates. In contrast, the macro environment refers to broader factors that can affect a business. Examples of these factors include demographic, ecological, political, economic, socio-cultural, and technological factors."}
{"prompts":"What Do Chart Patterns Look Like During an Economic Recovery?","response":"Economic recoveries can last for many years. The shapes of the chart patterns that typically form range from sharp bounces to softer gradual curves. There are many factors that influence economic recoveries, so no two patterns are alike. Traders will often look to common formations such as a double bottom, V-shape, or U-shape when planning how to position themselves during these important inflection points."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Invest in the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats?","response":"The best way to invest in the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats index is by investing in a fund that tracks the index, such as one of the many SPDR Aristocrats ETFs."}
{"prompts":"How do gap analysis and SWOT analysis differ?","response":"SWOT analysis is a tool that is often used as part of gap analysis. As part of SWOT analysis, a company identifies its strengths and weaknesses. Then, the company should understand whether those strengths and weaknesses are suitable to where the company wants to be. Gap analysis is the plan that attempts to change a company\u2019s strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the opportunities and threats identified as part of a SWOT analysis are the risks that the plan outlined as part of a gap analysis will not be successfully carried out."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balance of Payments?","response":"A country's balance of payments (BOP) is a statement of all transactions made between entities in that country and the rest of the world over a defined period, such as a quarter or a year. It includes both the current account and the capital account. In theory, the sum of all transactions recorded in the balance of payments should be zero; however, exchange rate fluctuations and differences in accounting practices may prevent this in practice."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean for Markets to Be Efficient?","response":"Market efficiency refers to how well prices reflect all available information. The efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) argues that markets are efficient, leaving no room to make excess profits by investing since everything is already fairly and accurately priced. This implies that there is little hope of beating the market, although you can match market returns through passive index investing."}
{"prompts":"What is the t-distribution in statistics?","response":"The t-distribution is used in statistics to estimate the population parameters for small sample sizes or undetermined variances. It is also referred to as the Student\u2019s t-distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Truth in Lending Agreement?","response":"A Truth in Lending agreement is a written disclosure or set of disclosures provided to the borrower before credit or a loan is issued. It outlines the terms and conditions of the credit, the annual percentage rate (APR), and financing details."}
{"prompts":"What Is Fair Market Value?","response":"The Cornell Law School Legal Information Institute defines fair market value as \"the\u00a0value\u00a0of\u00a0property\u00a0as determined by the marketplace (or objective purchasers) rather than as determined by a subjective individual.\u00a0This is what an informed and unpressured buyer would pay to an informed, unpressured seller in an\u00a0arm's length transaction.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is an Irrevocable Trust?","response":"An irrevocable trust requires the grantor to step aside after the trust is formed and funded with property and assets. The grantor cannot act as trustee and cannot reclaim the property funded into the trust. They can't change any of its terms, including its named beneficiaries. As the name implies, the trust cannot be revoked for any reason.But these restrictions come with some significant advantages, particularly for the wealthy. The property in the trust isn't subject to estate taxes upon the death of the grantor because the grantor has given up ownership of those assets. They no longer contribute to the value of their estate. These trusts also provide protection from creditors."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Investment Income?","response":"In general, you add up all of the interest, dividends, rents, payments, and royalties received in a year to get your investment income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of BOT Contracts?","response":"One of the biggest risks is that the contract ends up losing money. To be a success for all parties, the project should provide a sufficient return on investment for the private entity, while also benefiting the public entity financially and beating other available alternative options. Unfortunately, this doesn\u2019t always happen. Big projects come with great risk and the finances can be under or overestimated."}
{"prompts":"Is a Contra Balance Negative or Positive?","response":"Depending on how you view the account balance, a contra account balance can be negative or positive. On one hand, a contra asset represents a true, positive amount of something. In the Amazon example above, the company estimated roughly $1.4 billion of accounts receivable were uncollectable, and that uncollectable amount is positive.However, that $1.4 billion is used to reduce the balance of gross accounts receivable. Therefore, contra accounts, though they represent a positive amount, are used to net reduce a gross amount. For this reason, contra accounts are primarily seen as having negative balances because they are used to reduce the balance of another account."}
{"prompts":"What are the four major types of educational loans?","response":"There are four types of federal student loans available as part of the William D. Ford Federal Direct Loan Program:Direct Subsidized Loans: Loans made to eligible undergraduate students who demonstrate a clear financial need.Direct Unsubsidized Loans: Loans made to eligible undergraduate, graduate, and professional students (eligibility isn't based on financial need).Direct PLUS Loans: Loans made to graduate or professional students and parents of dependent undergraduate students to pay for education expenses not covered by other financial aid (eligibility isn't based on financial need, though a credit check is required). Borrowers with a poor credit history must meet additional requirements.Direct Consolidation Loans: Loans that allow you to combine your eligible federal student loans into a single loan with one loan servicer."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deed in Lieu?","response":"The term, in full, is \"a deed in lieu of foreclosure.\" A homeowner facing the loss of the property for nonpayment of a mortgage may choose to just transfer the deed to the house to the lender rather than face the repercussions of foreclosure proceedings.In a deed in lieu agreement, the lender agrees to accept the property and release the borrower from any other payments of the debt."}
{"prompts":"What Does a P-Value of 0.001 Mean?","response":"A\u00a0p-value of 0.001 indicates that if the null hypothesis tested were indeed true, then there would be a one-in-1,000 chance of observing results at least as extreme. This leads the observer to reject the null hypothesis because either a highly rare data result has been observed or the null hypothesis is incorrect."}
{"prompts":"How Many Unicorn Companies Are There?","response":"There are more than 1,000 unicorns around the world, as of March 2022. Collectively, they are valued at $3,516 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Recent Misery Index?","response":"The Misery Index as of December 2022 is 9.95 (Unemployment rate of 3.5 + Inflation rate of 6.45)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between 3-Step and 5-Step DuPont Analysis?","response":"There are two versions of DuPont analysis, one utilizing decomposition of ROE via three steps and another utilizing five steps. The three-step equation breaks up ROE into three very important components:ROE=Net\u00a0IncomeSales\u00d7SalesAssets\u00d7AssetsShareholders\u2019\u00a0Equity\\begin{aligned} &\\text{ROE} = \\frac{ \\text{Net Income} }{ \\text{Sales} } \\times \\frac{ \\text{Sales} }{ \\text{Assets} } \\times \\frac{ \\text{Assets} }{ \\text{Shareholders' Equity} } \\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bROE=SalesNet\u00a0Income\u200b\u00d7AssetsSales\u200b\u00d7Shareholders\u2019\u00a0EquityAssets\u200b\u200bThe five-step version instead is:ROE=EBTS\u00d7SA\u00d7AE\u00d7(1\u2212TR)where:EBT=Earnings\u00a0before\u00a0taxS=SalesA=AssetsE=EquityTR=Tax\u00a0rate\\begin{aligned} &\\text{ROE} = \\frac{ \\text{EBT} }{ \\text{S} } \\times \\frac{ \\text{S} }{ \\text{A} } \\times \\frac{ \\text{A} }{ \\text{E} } \\times ( 1 - \\text{TR} ) \\\\ &\\textbf{where:} \\\\ &\\text{EBT} = \\text{Earnings before tax} \\\\ &\\text{S} = \\text{Sales} \\\\ &\\text{A} = \\text{Assets} \\\\ &\\text{E} = \\text{Equity} \\\\ &\\text{TR} = \\text{Tax rate} \\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bROE=SEBT\u200b\u00d7AS\u200b\u00d7EA\u200b\u00d7(1\u2212TR)where:EBT=Earnings\u00a0before\u00a0taxS=SalesA=AssetsE=EquityTR=Tax\u00a0rate\u200b"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Contract Is Unilateral?","response":"A unilateral contract does not obligate the offeree to accept the offeror's request and there is no requirement to complete the task. A bilateral contract, however, contains firm agreements and promises between two parties."}
{"prompts":"Why Did William T. Dillard II Start a Private Label at Dillard's?","response":"By offering a private discounted brand at Dillard's, William T. Dillard II provided customers with a choice between higher-priced brand names and the less expensive private label."}
{"prompts":"How Is Competitive Advantage Different From Comparative Advantage?","response":"Comparative advantage mostly refers to international trade. It posits that a country should focus on what it can produce and export relatively the cheapest\u2014thus if one country has a competitive advantage in producing both products A & B, it should only produce product A if it can do it better than B and import B from some other country."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Industry Life Cycle Matter?","response":"For companies, life cycle stages are important because they can drive strategies and actions related to sales, research, expenses, competition, and more. For investors, understanding life cycles and the stage that an industry or business is in can help them decide whether to get in or out of an investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is Net Debt Per Capita?","response":"Net debt per capita is a country-level metric that looks at a nation's total sovereign debt and divides it by the population size. It is used to understand how much debt a country has in proportion to its population allowing for between-country comparisons in understanding a country's relative solvency."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Defenses to a Hostile Takeover?","response":"Companies can use the crown-jewel, golden parachute, and the Pac-Man defense to defend themselves against hostile takeovers."}
{"prompts":"Can You Be 12 and Have a Debit Card?","response":"The age requirements for financial products like debit cards depends on the bank. Legally, U.S. financial institutions cannot provide financial products to minors, but minors still may be able to get a debit card with the inclusion of a parent or legal guardian on the account. To have a debit card in their own name, minors often have to be at least 13 years old. Still, some banks offer cards to children under 13 (in the adult's name)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Traditional IRAs?","response":"Like other retirement savings vehicles, funds can often not be withdrawn without tax and fine penalties. Therefore, traditional IRAs are very illiquid savings accounts. In addition, traditional IRAs do not grow tax-free; earnings withdrawn before age 59\u00bd are subject to tax."}
{"prompts":"Is Robotic Process Automation a Good Career?","response":"While RPA can reduce labor costs overall, those developing RPA systems remain in high demand. These include roles that range from software developers to product managers and business analysts."}
{"prompts":"How Big Is the Knowledge Economy?","response":"Because it is not a clearly-defined category such as manufacturing, it is difficult to put an exact price tag on the global knowledge economy. However, it is possible to gain a rough estimate by gauging some of the major components of the knowledge economy. In the United States, the total intellectual property market is worth $6.6 trillion, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, and IP-intensive industries account for over a third of GDP. The market size of the country's higher education institutions accounts for an additional $568 billion."}
{"prompts":"How is a Long Different from a Short?","response":"A short position is the opposite of a long position, in that it profits when the prices of securities go down."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Absorption Costing?","response":"The main advantage of absorption costing is that it complies with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), which are required by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Furthermore, it takes into account all of the costs of production (including fixed costs), not just the direct costs, and more accurately tracks profit during an accounting period."}
{"prompts":"Can the Law of Demand Be Broken?","response":"Yes. In certain cases, an increase in demand doesn't affect prices in ways predicted by the law of demand. For instance, so-called Veblen goods are things for which demand increases as their price rises, as they are perceived as status symbols. Similarly, demand for Giffen goods (which, in contrast to Veblen goods, aren't luxury items) rises when the price goes up and falls when the price falls. Examples of Giffen goods can include bread, rice, and wheat. These tend to be common necessities and essential items with few good substitutes at the same price levels."}
{"prompts":"How does the death benefit work on an annuity?","response":"Some annuity contracts allow you to name a beneficiary to inherit remaining annuity payments. Typically, a beneficiary reports annuity income as the plan participant would have included it as gross income, but they may exclude an amount equal to the deceased employee\u2019s payments toward the contract."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the USDX Index Price?","response":"The USDX is based on a basket of six currencies with different weightings (see above). The index calculation is simply the weighted average of the U.S. dollar exchange rates against these currencies, normalized by an indexing factor (which is ~50.1435).USDX =\u00a050.14348112 \u00d7 EURUSD^-0.576 \u00d7 USDJPY^0.136 \u00d7 GBPUSD^-0.119 \u00d7 USDCAD^0.091 \u00d7 USDSEK^0.042 \u00d7 USDCHF^0.036"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Breakdown and Breakout In Technical Analysis?","response":"A breakout refers to price movement above a\u00a0resistance\u00a0area or below a\u00a0support\u00a0area. Breakouts indicate the potential for the price to start\u00a0trending\u00a0in the breakout direction. A breakdown is a downward move in a security's price, usually, through an identified level of\u00a0support, that predicts further declines.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Lis in Law?","response":"The literal transaltion of the Latin word \"lis\" is suit, or lawsuit. \"Pendens\" translates as pending, so lis pendens means pending lawsuit or lawsuit pending."}
{"prompts":"What Are Treasury Bonds?","response":"The U.S. government issues Treasury bonds to raise capital to fund the government. They come in maturities of 20 or 30 years. The government also issues Treasury bills, which have maturities ranging from a few days to 52 weeks, and Treasury notes, which have maturities of two, three, five, seven, or 10 years. All are debt instruments."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Uniform Code and a Model Act?","response":"Uniform codes, or uniform laws, are drafted by the Uniform Law Commission and may be adopted by state legislatures partially or in their entirety. Model acts can be drafted by anyone. They are rarely enacted in their entirety but serve as guidelines. The Uniform Law Commission has also drafted model acts."}
{"prompts":"Will Hashgraph Replace Blockchain?","response":"Hashgraph is designed to be\u2014and marketed as\u2014an improvement on blockchain technology, but whether it will replace it remains to be seen. It doesn't yet have as much developer interest and adoption as blockchain technology."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Grace Period?","response":"A grace period is a span of time between the end of the billing period and when your credit card payment is due. If you pay off your balance before the grace period ends, you can avoid paying interest. Grace periods tend to last for at least 21 days but can be longer, and they may not apply to all charges, such as cash advances."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Currency of Qatar Before the Riyal?","response":"The currency that Qatar had before the riyal was the Dubai riyal. Before that, it was using the Saudi riyal. Before the Saudi riyal, the main currency was the Gulf rupee."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Net Worth of George Soros?","response":"As of December 2023, George Soros has a net worth of $6.7 billion."}
{"prompts":"Is Front-Running Illegal?","response":"Yes, front-running is often illegal. Most types of front-running are prohibited by SEC Rule 17(j)-1,"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Restricted Stock Units and Stock Options?","response":"Stock options provide employees with the right but not the obligation to acquire shares of the company at a specified price. If the share price rises the employee can acquire the shares and sell them at the higher market price.Restricted stock units are awarded outright on a set series of dates over several years. The employee then owns the shares and can sell or keep them."}
{"prompts":"What are current assets?","response":"Current assets represent all the assets of a company that are expected to be conveniently sold, consumed, used, or exhausted through standard business operations within one year. Current assets appear on a company\u2019s balance sheet and include cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, stock inventory, marketable securities, prepaid liabilities, and other liquid assets. Current liabilities are typically settled using current assets."}
{"prompts":"How Much Should a Retainer Fee Be?","response":"It depends on the industry of the professional you're retaining the services of and their compensation expectations. Generally, it should be close to the professional's hourly rate multiplied by the hours they expect to work."}
{"prompts":"Is a Higher Accounts Payable Turnover Better?","response":"Yes, a higher AP turnover is better because it shows a business is bringing in enough revenues to be able to pay off its short-term obligations. This is an indicator of a healthy business and it gives a business leverage to negotiate with suppliers for better rates."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Primary Advantages of Forming a JV?","response":"A JV affords each party access to the\u00a0resources of the other participant(s) without having to spend excessive amounts of capital. Each company is able to maintain its own identity and can easily return to normal business operations once the JV is complete. JVs also provide the benefit of shared risk."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Avoid Taxes on a 401(k) Inheritance?","response":"If you inherit a 401(k) from a spouse, the conventional wisdom is to roll the sum into your own individual retirement account (IRA). This allows you to defer taxes until you start taking distributions.If you inherit from a parent, it\u2019s a little more complicated. The first step should be to consult the plan documents to determine what options are available. Most advisors caution against a lump-sum distribution, which would incur greater taxes than you would otherwise. A five- or 10-year distribution allows you to spread out the tax burden and allows interest to compound. Some plans also allow distributions over your calculated life expectancy, under very specific conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of a Frequency Distribution?","response":"A frequency distribution is a means to organize a large amount of data. It takes data from a population based on certain characteristics and organizes the data in a way that is comprehensible to an individual that wants to make assumptions about a given population."}
{"prompts":"What Is the G7?","response":"The G7 is a group of seven, highly-developed and wealthy nations that come together to discuss global affairs and shape global policy. The member nations are the United States, Canada, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Japan."}
{"prompts":"What Is the FICA Tax Rate?","response":"Wage earners pay 6.2% on income up to $168,600 in 2024 toward Social Security. Their employers also pay 6.2% on their behalf. So the total tax rate for Social Security is 12.4%. Any income above that threshold is not taxed for Social Security purposes. The Medicare rate of 1.45% is paid by wage earners on all their income. For income above $200,000, they pay an additional Medicare tax of 0.9% on the portion above that threshold. Employers match the 1.45% rate but are not responsible for matching the 0.9% rate."}
{"prompts":"Is Rent Ordinary Income?","response":"Rental income is defined by the IRS as \u201cany payment for the use or occupation of property\u201d and is generally taxed as ordinary income. However, landlords can deduct certain costs from this income to reduce the figure at which the income is taxed. Deductible expenses may include mortgage interest, property tax, repair costs, advertising, maintenance and cleaning, condo fees, and homeowners insurance."}
{"prompts":"How Do Private Equity and Hedge Fund Managers Get Paid?","response":"Often, private equity and hedge funds will feature a two-and-twenty payment scheme. Under this, the fund managers retain 2% of assets under management (AUM) each year, plus 20% of any profits returned above some hurdle rate or benchmark."}
{"prompts":"Where Did Writs Originate?","response":"Writs developed in the middle ages in England, originally for the King's court to settle land ownership and title disputes or lodge complaints against landowners."}
{"prompts":"Who Are Signature Loans Typically Good for?","response":"Borrowers with good credit are typically candidates for signature loans because they have established a record of paying debts and are a low risk for defaulting. People with poor credit may still be able to secure a signature loan with the help of a co-signer. There are even some signature loans that don\u2019t require a credit check, though these are often payday loans, which typically have exorbitantly high interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Accrued Expenses?","response":"An example of an accrued expense is when a company purchases supplies from a vendor but has not yet received an invoice for the purchase. Other forms of accrued expenses include interest payments on loans, warranties on products or services received, and taxes\u2014all of which have been incurred or obtained, but for which no invoices have been received nor payments made. Employee commissions, wages, and bonuses are accrued in the period they occur although the actual payment is made in the following period."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Good Return on an Investment?","response":"A good return on investment is generally considered to be approximately 7% per year or higher, which is also the average annual return of the S&P 500, adjusting for inflation."}
{"prompts":"Is an ADR the Same As an American Depositary Share (ADS)?","response":"American depositary shares (ADSs) are the actual underlying shares that the ADR represents. In other words, the ADS is the actual share available for trading, while the ADR represents the entire bundle of ADSs issued."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Stakeholder?","response":"In the event that a business fails and goes bankrupt, there is a pecking order among various stakeholders in who gets repaid on their capital investment. Secured creditors are first in line, followed by unsecured creditors, preferred shareholders, and finally owners of common stock (who may receive pennies on the dollar, if anything at all). This example illustrates that not all stakeholders have the same status or privileges. For instance, workers in the bankrupt company may be laid off without any severance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Security Interest and Deed of Reconveyance?","response":"The lender has a security interest in the home while the mortgage is outstanding and can foreclose on the borrower, evict them, and take possession of the home if the borrower defaults on the loan. The deed of reconveyance proves that the lender no longer has a security interest in the home and the homeowner cannot be foreclosed upon by the lending institution, and they can transfer the free and clear title of the property at any time."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Advantage of an In-House Approach?","response":"A company retains greater control over operations by keeping them in-house than they would exercise by outsourcing these roles to a contractor. In addition, they also have the benefit of in-house specialists who are intimately familiar with the company's business and brand, compared to an outside company that may be less familiar."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Rule of 72?","response":"The Rule of 72 is a heuristic used to estimate how long an investment or savings will double in value if there is compound interest (or compounding returns). The rule states that the number of years it will take to double is 72 divided by the interest rate. If the interest rate is 5% with compounding, it would take around 14 years and five months to double."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Hindsight Bias?","response":"Hindsight bias is caused by memory distortion, foreseeability, and inevitability, where we remember something we believe we predicted and view it at the present time as an inevitable event we knew would happen."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Downsides of Using the Payback Period?","response":"As the equation above shows, the payback period calculation is a simple one. It does not account for the time value of money, the effects of inflation, or the complexity of investments that may have unequal cash flow over time.The discounted payback period is often used to better account for some of the shortcomings, such as using the present value of future cash flows. For this reason, the simple payback period may be favorable, while the discounted payback period might indicate an unfavorable investment."}
{"prompts":"What are Benefits of Using Swaps?","response":"Swaps offer several benefits. They help market participants to manage portfolio risks. They are flexible and customizable to the market participant's needs. Also, swaps help manage cash flows by converting variable cash flows into fixed cash flows or vice versa. Moreover, swaps can be used for arbitrage and speculation and they also help manage liquidity."}
{"prompts":"For How Long Can You Go to Jail for Racketeering?","response":"Anyone convicted for RICO crimes receives a prison sentence of 20 years or more if they commit more serious crimes. Fines and penalties may also apply."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Cash Ratio?","response":"The cash ratio is calculated by dividing cash by current liabilities. The cash portion of the calculation also includes cash equivalents such as marketable securities."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Arbitrage?","response":"The standard definition of arbitrage involves buying and selling shares of stock, commodities, or currencies on multiple markets to profit from inevitable differences in their prices from minute to minute.However, the term \u201carbitrage\u201d is also sometimes used to describe other trading activities. Merger arbitrage, which involves buying shares in companies prior to an announced or expected merger, is one strategy that is popular among hedge fund investors."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read Financial Statements?","response":"Financial statements are read in several different ways. First, financial statements can be compared to prior periods to understand changes over time better. Financial statements are also read by comparing the results to competitors or other industry participants. By comparing financial statements to other companies, analysts can get a better sense of which companies are performing the best and which are lagging behind the rest of the industry."}
{"prompts":"What Is Basel I?","response":"Basel I is the first of three sets of international banking regulations established by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, based in Basel, Switzerland. It has since been supplemented by Basel II and Basel III, the latter of which is still implemented as of 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Recessionary Gap?","response":"A recessionary gap describes an economy operating below its full-employment equilibrium."}
{"prompts":"How Long Should I Hold a Stock to Get the Dividend?","response":"To get the dividend, you need to hold the stock at least until the ex-dividend date. If you sell before the ex-dividend date, you also sell your right to the dividend."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Initiatives and Strategies Outlined in the RBI's Medium-Term Vision Statement?","response":"The RBI's medium-term vision statement outlines key initiatives and strategies aimed at achieving excellence in statutory functions, strengthening public trust, and enhancing relevance nationally and globally. It also is currently aiming to ensure transparent governance, modernize infrastructure, and foster a skilled workforce."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get Rid of My FHA Mortgage Insurance?","response":"FHA mortgage insurance lasts for the life of the loan or for 11 years, depending on the LTV.The only way to get rid of that mortgage insurance is to refinance the mortgage with a non-FHA loan. Your FHA loan will then be paid off in full. Assuming you own at least 20% equity in the home, you should no longer be required to have mortgage insurance."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Limit Your Financial Exposure?","response":"One of the best ways to limit your financial exposure is to diversify your portfolio. Rather than having your investments concentrated in one stock, invest in multiple stocks; rather than having your investments in one sector, invest in multiple sectors, and rather than having your investments be in only one type of security, invest in multiple securities, such as stocks, bonds, real estate, and art."}
{"prompts":"Does the Cryptocurrency Market Use High-Frequency Trading?","response":"Yes, high-frequency trading does occur in the cryptocurrency market. It works the same way HFT does in other markets. Using algorithms, it analyzes crypto data and facilitates a large volume of trades at once within a short period of time\u2014usually within seconds."}
{"prompts":"Who Keeps Earnest Money If a Deal Falls Through?","response":"Earnest money gets returned if something goes awry during the appraisal that was predetermined in the contract. This could include an appraisal price that is lower than the sale price, or if there is a significant flaw with the house. Importantly, though, earnest money may not be returned if the flaw was not predetermined in the contract or if the buyer decides not to purchase the house during an agreed-upon time period.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Do Full-Service Brokers Have to Be Licensed?","response":"Full-service brokers may not need an official \"license\" but they must usually register with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and maintain membership in the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). States may also have their own, additional rules."}
{"prompts":"Why Would I Want an SKU Code on a Product?","response":"Having an SKU code allows you to track products and sales more easily. This helps with inventory and supply chain management. With an SKU it is less likely that the wrong item will ship to customers, and it also assists in returns if needed."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get a Copy of My 1099-R Form?","response":"The IRS requires plan managers to fill out and send form 1099-R by January 31 in the year following a distribution of $10 or more. If you lose or do not receive your form 1099-R, you can request a replacement by contacting the company that manages your plan or retirement account."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Histogram vs. a Bar Graph?","response":"The histogram displays the distribution frequency as a two-dimensional figure, meaning the height and width of columns or rectangles have particular meanings and can both vary. A bar chart is a one-dimensional figure. The height of its bars represent something specific. The width of the bars has no meaning. On a histogram, there are no gaps between columns. Column width changes as the variable represented changes. On bar charts, the bars usually have gaps between them."}
{"prompts":"How Does My CLTV Ratio Impact Rates?","response":"In general, a borrower with a high CLTV ratio is considered to be a higher risk by a lender. This could result in the loan being denied or approved but at a higher interest rate."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Branch Manager Make?","response":"The average annual salary for a branch manager as of 2021 is $62,884. This ranges from $42,000 on the low end to $95,000 on the high end. Salaries will depend on the institution, the location, and the experience of the individual, among other variables."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sneak and Peek Search?","response":"The Patriot Act allows federal law enforcement to delay giving notice and conduct secret searches of homes or offices as deemed necessary while the occupant of a home or business is away."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Gentlemen's Agreement?","response":"A gentlemen's agreement may be proposed to consummate a deal between two or more parties without the need for regulatory oversight or a trusted third-party enforcer such as a court or judge. This can reduce transaction costs and also make the reconciliation of the deal more flexible."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the U.S. National Debt Rising So Rapidly?","response":"The U.S. national debt stands at about $34 trillion as of early 2024. Ten years earlier, it was $22.99 trillion. . at the start of 2024. The figure is updated daily on the U.S. Treasury site. Ten years earlier it was $22.99 trillion. Much of the increase can be attributed to the coronavirus pandemic and the enormous amounts of government money spent by both President Donald Trump and President Joe Biden to stabilize the American economy and help citizens through the crisis."}
{"prompts":"How Is the CPI Calculated?","response":"The Bureau of Labor Statistics samples 80,000 prices monthly to calculate the CPI, weighing the index for each product or service in proportion to its share of recent consumer spending to calculate the overall change in prices. The calculation also factors in the substitution effect as consumers shift spending away from the products rising in price on a relative basis. The CPI also adjusts for changes in product quality and features. The numbers are provided with and without seasonal adjustments."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Make Day Trading?","response":"While most day traders lose money, there are day traders who can make a profit. Zippia estimates that the average income of successful day traders is about $117,000 per year, or about $56 per hour. However, there are also risks\u2014solo day traders must also trade with their own money, which comes with much greater risk than an ordinary salary."}
{"prompts":"What Are Benefits of the Accounting Cycle?","response":"The accounting cycle can aid a company in keeping accurate books (and not losing important financial information), analyzing financial events, preparing required financial statements, and, overall, managing a business successfully."}
{"prompts":"What Are Sunrise and Sunset Provisions?","response":"A sunset provision automatically allows for a contract or parts of it to be phased out or automatically terminated at some point in the future.A sunrise provision extends coverage to events occurring before the contract was signed, allowing the insured to keep a level of affordable coverage."}
{"prompts":"Can Bankruptcy Eliminate all Unsecured Loans?","response":"Declaring bankruptcy is a serious undertaking, but in most cases, it will clear your unsecured loans. There is one exception, though: student loans. To have student loans forgiven, the debtor must prove that the loans present an undue hardship during an adversary proceeding. Private student loans used to pay for living expenses are more likely to be forgiven, though a new streamlined adversary proceeding paperwork is making it easier for even federal student loans to be discharged."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Historical Market Risk Premium?","response":"In the U.S., the market risk premium has hovered around 5.5% over the past decade. Historical risk premiums used in practice have been estimated to be as high as 12% and as low as 3%."}
{"prompts":"Why Is EBITDA Margin Useful?","response":"EBITDA focuses on operating profitability and cash flow. This makes it easy to compare the relative profitability of two or more companies of different sizes in the same industry. Calculating a company's\u00a0EBITDA margin is helpful when gauging\u00a0the effectiveness of a company's cost-cutting efforts. If a company has a higher EBITDA margin, that means that its operating expenses are lower in relation to total revenue."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Gross Debt Service Ratio for a Mortgage?","response":"Generally, a good gross debt service ratio for a mortgage is 28%. Whether it's possible to qualify for a home loan with a GDS ratio above that amount may depend on the lender and its specific underwriting criteria."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Master Give-Up Agreement?","response":"A Master Give-up agreement is an agreement entered into by two parties that facilitates authorized transactions between customers and dealer banks authorized in the agreement. The agreement will also come with a compensation agreement, which is meant to cover potential losses in the event the prime broker does not accept the give-up transaction."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Investment Multiplier Formula?","response":"To calculate the investment multiplier for a project the following formula can be used:1\/(1\u2212MPC)MPC is the acronym for marginal propensity to consume."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Market Segmentation?","response":"Types of segmentation include homogeneity, which looks at a segment's common needs, distinction, which looks at how the particular group stands apart from others, and reaction, or how certain groups respond to the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Warehouse-to-Warehouse Clause?","response":"A warehouse-to-warehouse clause is a provision in a commercial insurance policy intended to provide protection in the case of losses incurred while goods are being shipped from one warehouse to another. The purpose of the clause is to protect the policyholder from the risks of loss for damaged goods that may occur through transit processing.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Are home equity loans tax deductible?","response":"The interest paid on a home equity loan can be tax deductible if the proceeds from the loan are used to \u201cbuy, build or substantially improve\u201d your home. However, with the passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and the increased standard deduction, itemizing to deduct the interest paid on a home equity loan may not lead to savings for most filers."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Eliminate All of Its Risks Through Risk Control?","response":"No, it is not possible to eliminate all risks completely. Risk control aims to minimize and manage risks, but it cannot remove them entirely. Some risks are inherent in the business environment or the nature of the industry, while others may arise from unforeseen circumstances. The goal of risk control is to reduce the likelihood and potential impact of risks on the organization, helping to build resilience and maintain stability in the face of uncertainty."}
{"prompts":"Is Cross Culture Training Useful for Employees?","response":"Yes, it is useful because it can help develop awareness and understanding for the values, social norms, acceptable gender-related actions, and particular business behaviors of people in different countries. With such training, employees can better represent their companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is APAC?","response":"Most countries located throughout eastern and southern Asia, those that touch the Pacific Ocean, and Oceania are usually considered APAC, or Asia Pacific, countries. There is no official definition of the Asia Pacific region and its boundaries and the list of APAC countries varies depending on the context and distinctions required by corporations."}
{"prompts":"Why is the Dow 30 important?","response":"The Dow 30 has long been viewed as a barometer of the U.S. stock market and economy. When the index is moving up, the economy is said to be in good shape and investors are generally making money. The opposite applies when the index loses value. That explains why its name often comes up in the news."}
{"prompts":"What Is Supply Chain Management?","response":"Supply chain management (SCM) is oversight and control of all the activities required for a company to convert raw materials into finished products that are then sold to end-users.SCM provides centralized control for the planning, design, manufacturing, inventory, and distribution phases required to produce and sell a company's products.A goal of supply chain management is to improve efficiency by coordinating the efforts of the various entities in the supply chain. This can result in a company achieving a competitive advantage over its rivals and enhancing the quality of the products it produces, both of which can lead to increased sales and revenue."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Front-End Ratio?","response":"A front-end ratio is the percentage of your housing expenses in proportion to your total income. To calculate a front-end ratio, divide your total housing expenses, including your mortgage payment, property taxes, mortgage insurance, and homeowner's association fees by your total income."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Share and a Stock?","response":"A stock is an equity instrument issued by a corporation. It is divided into shares, which then represent ownership."}
{"prompts":"What Is the FICA Tax?","response":"The FICA tax stands for Federal Insurance Contributions Act and is used to pay for Social Security and Medicare. The total tax is 15.3%, split evenly between an employer and an employee, meaning each pays a tax of 7.65%. This is made up of the Social Security tax (6.2%) and the Medicare tax (1.45%)."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Ex-Dividend Date Help Investors?","response":"If an investing strategy is focused on income, knowing when the ex-date occurs helps investors plan their trade entries. However, because the stock's price drops by about the same value as the dividend, buying a stock right before the ex-date shouldn't result in any profits. The same applies if investors buy on or after the ex-date and get a \"discount\" for the dividend they won\u2019t receive."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Weighted Average?","response":"You can compute a weighted average by multiplying its relative proportion or percentage by its value in sequence and adding those sums together. Thus, if a portfolio is made up of 55% stocks, 40% bonds, and 5% cash, those weights would be multiplied by their annual performance to get a weighted average return. So if stocks, bonds, and cash returned 10%, 5%, and 2%, respectively, the weighted average return would be (55 \u00d7 10%) + (40 \u00d7 5%) + (5 \u00d7 2%) = 7.6%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Theory of Natural Law?","response":"Natural law is a theory of ethics that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern our reasoning and behavior. It states that there are universal moral standards that are seen across time periods and societies because these standards form the basis of a just society."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Interest Rate Futures Play in Monetary Policy?","response":"Interest rate futures are used by central banks and other monetary authorities as indicators of market expectations for future interest rates. They can influence monetary policy by providing a sense of market sentiment and expectations about inflation, economic growth, and other factors that impact interest rates."}
{"prompts":"What Makes Guerrilla Marketing Campaigns Successful?","response":"Guerrilla marketing works because is often a more memorable and unconventional approach to marketing. Convention marketing may be drier, more deliberate, and safer. On the other hand, consumers may be more likely to feel amazed or wowed by guerrilla marketing approached. The primary goal of a guerrilla marketing campaign is to make an impression on a client, and this approach may be more successful compared to more simplistic stragegies."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Organizational Structure Chart?","response":"Organizational structures are normally illustrated in some sort of chart or diagram like a pyramid, where the most powerful members of the organization sit at the top, while those with the least amount of power are at the bottom."}
{"prompts":"How Did the Reserve Banks Reduce Check Processing Offices?","response":"The Check 21 Act enabled banks to send checks electronically, rather than as a paper check, to banks they have agreements with. If there are no agreements, the banks may send a substitute check, which is a new type of paper instrument, which is the equivalent of a paper check.As a result of these system improvements, the nation's interbank check-collection processes have become almost entirely electronic. Thus, the reserve banks have been able to reduce the number of their paper-check processing offices from 45 in 2003 to a single office in 2010."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Demand Curve?","response":"The demand curve is a graphical representation of the law of demand. It plots prices on a chart. The line that connects those prices is the demand curve. The vertical axis represents prices of products. The horizontal axis represents product quantity. Typically, the curve starts on the left side high up the vertical axis and descends across the chart to the right. The slope indicates that as prices decrease, demand, as shown by growing number of products purchased, increases."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bank Payment?","response":"A bank payment is a transfer from one bank account to another. It is a form of digital payment that leverages technology to transfer currency. Instead of relying on transferring physical currency or writing a paper check, a bank payment can be issued for many reoccurring expenses (i.e. utility bills) or sporadic expenses (i.e. grocery bills)."}
{"prompts":"Why Might an Investor Annualize a Stock\u2019s One-Month Return?","response":"Investors may annualize a stock's one-month return to forecast its performance over the next 12 months. Understanding a stock's longer-term returns can help investors better manage their risk and compare performance against other benchmarks."}
{"prompts":"Is CEO or CFO Higher?","response":"CEO is the highest position to occupy in a company. The CFO, who is responsible for the financial discipline of a company along with identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a company, ultimately reports to the CEO."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Investor Price a Zero-Coupon Bond?","response":"An investor chooses the zero-coupon bond they would like to purchase based on several criteria, but one of the main ones will be the imputed interest rate that they can earn at maturity. The price of a zero-coupon bond can be calculated with the following equation:Zero-coupon bond price = Maturity value \u00f7 (1 + required interest rate)^number years to maturity"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Floating and Non-Floating Shares?","response":"The floating shares are the shares available to trade, while non-floating shares are those held by shareholders and company insiders and are not available for trading."}
{"prompts":"What is a non-investment-grade bond?","response":"A non-investment-grade bond is a bond that pays higher yields but also carries more risk and a lower credit rating than an investment-grade bond. Non-investment-grade bonds are also called high-yield bonds or junk bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Kinds of Random Variables?","response":"Random variables may be categorized as either discrete or continuous. A discrete random variable is a type of random variable that has a countable number of distinct values, such as heads or tails, playing cards, or the sides of a die. A continuous random variable can reflect an infinite number of potential values, such as the average rainfall in a region."}
{"prompts":"What Is a BPO Call Center?","response":"A BPO call center handles outsourced incoming and outgoing customer calls on behalf of other businesses. Many BPO call centers will have agents that can individually handle customer complaints or inquiries standing in for a number of different companies, often within a particular specialty. For instance, one call center agent may be able to field tech support phone calls for a variety of vendors or manufacturers."}
{"prompts":"What Is Equity in Finance?","response":"Equity is an important concept in finance that has different specific meanings depending on the context. Perhaps the most common type of equity is \u201cshareholders\u2019 equity,\" which is calculated by taking a company\u2019s total assets and subtracting its total liabilities.Shareholders\u2019 equity is, therefore, essentially the net worth of a corporation. If the company were to liquidate, shareholders\u2019 equity is the amount of money that would theoretically be received by its shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Happened in the Great Leap Forward?","response":"Rather than stimulating the economy, the measures undertaken by the Great Leap Forward resulted in massive food shortages, leading to famine and starvation\u2014ultimately, tens of millions of Chinese citizens died as a result."}
{"prompts":"How Does Ripple's Network Function?","response":"Ripple network transactions rely on a consensus protocol to validate account balances and transactions on the system. It does not run with a\u00a0PoW system like Bitcoin or a\u00a0PoS system such as Ethereum. Ripple's consensus aims to improve the integrity of the system by preventing double-spending."}
{"prompts":"Do Prepaid Cards Have Zero Liability Protection?","response":"Prepaid cards typically do not have the same federal protections as credit and regular debit cards. However, some issuers and networks may provide liability protection if you register the card in your name."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Unsystematic Risk?","response":"Key examples of unsystematic risk include management inefficiency, flawed business models, liquidity issues, regulatory changes, or worker strikes."}
{"prompts":"What Are Value-Added Taxes (VATs)?","response":"Value-added taxes (VATs) are taxes that are added in the production stages of a product. That cost can be deducted at the next stage of production. When the consumer pays for the product, the VAT is not deducted so the consumer ends up paying the tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Tangible Personal Property?","response":"Tangible personal property consists of anything that can be felt or touched and physically relocated. That can include big items such as cars, refrigerators, livestock, and gasoline storage tanks and pumps at retail service stations, as well as little stuff such as a printer, cell phone, or jewelry."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Do the Goodness-of-Fit Test?","response":"The Goodness-of-FIt test consists of different testing methods. The goal of the test will help determine which method to use. For example, if the goal is to test normality on a relatively small sample, the Shapiro-Wilk test may be suitable. If wanting to determine whether a sample came from a specific distribution within a population, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test will be used. Each test uses its own unique formula. However, they have commonalities, such as a null hypothesis and level of significance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Statute of Limitations?","response":"The purpose of statutes of limitations is to protect would-be defendants from unfair legal action, primarily arising from the fact that after a significant passage of time, relevant evidence may be lost, obscured, or not retrievable, and the memories of witnesses may not be as sharp."}
{"prompts":"What Is The Milken Family Foundation?","response":"The Milken Family Foundation is a private foundation established\u00a0by Michael Milken and his brother in 1982 that primarily focuses on supporting education and medical research."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mission Statement?","response":"A mission statement is a brief description of the overarching meaning of the company or nonprofit. A mission statement does not explain what a company does or how it does it. It attempts to succinctly explain why a company exists and what its purpose is."}
{"prompts":"Is a Flow-Through Entity the Same As a Pass-Through Entity?","response":"Yes, a flow-through entity is the same as a pass-through entity."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Impact of the Great Leap Forward on China's Economy?","response":"While the social and human consequences of the Great Leap Forward were one of the greatest avoidable disasters of modern history, the net effect on China's economy may have been positive in the end by setting it on a permanent course to becoming a dominant industrial economy. In the years following the end of the program, China's industrial and agricultural output increased greatly, along with investment and construction activity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the NEX Exchange Trading Hours?","response":"NEX's trading hours are 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. ET on business days."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Interest Payments Are Earned on a Treasury Bill?","response":"The only interest paid will be when the bill matures. At that time, you are given the full face value. T-bills are zero-coupon bonds usually sold at a discount, and the difference between the purchase price and the par amount is your accrued interest."}
{"prompts":"Why Should I Use a Trailing Stop?","response":"Traders and investors can enhance the efficacy of a stop-loss by pairing it with a trailing stop, which is a trade order where the stop-loss price isn't fixed at a single, absolute dollar amount, but is rather set at a certain percentage or dollar amount below the current\u00a0market price that is constantly revised as the market moves up (for a long position).\u00a0Trailing stops may be used with stock, options, and futures exchanges that support traditional stop-loss orders."}
{"prompts":"Does an Invoice Mean You've Been Paid?","response":"An invoice generally serves as a notification that payment is owed."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Disinflation?","response":"Disinflation is usually caused by contractionary monetary policy\u2014e.g., rising interest rates. It can also arise from increases in productivity and technology."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Triangular Arbitrage Algorithm?","response":"A triangular arbitrage algorithm is an automated trading program that finds and executes triangular arbitrage opportunities."}
{"prompts":"Who Sets the Reserve Requirement?","response":"In the United States, the Federal Reserve Board sets the reserve requirements. The Federal Reserve Board receives its authority to set reserve requirements from the Federal Reserve Act. The Board establishes reserve requirements as a way to carry out a monetary policy on deposits and other liabilities of depository institutions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Leasehold Improvements?","response":"There are many examples of leasehold improvements. A leasehold improvement is anything that benefits one specific tenant, usually in a commercial property. This includes painting, adding new walls, putting up display shelves, changing flooring and lighting, and the addition of offices, walls, and partitions."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Fundamental Analysis Important?","response":"Fundamental analysis allows you to see what the market value for a company should be. Many investors only look at the price a stock is currently trading at and what it has traded at instead of analyzing what lies behind the stock. A stock is issued by a company, so its overall performance is related to the financial performance of the company."}
{"prompts":"What Does CPM Mean?","response":"Cost per mille (CPM) is the average cost a business pays to achieve 1,000 advertising impressions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the History of Private Equity Investments?","response":"In 1901, J.P. Morgan bought Carnegie Steel Corp. for $480 million and merged it with Federal Steel Company and National Tube to create U.S. Steel in one of the earliest corporate buyouts and one of the largest relative to the size of the market and the economy.In 1919, Henry Ford used mostly borrowed money to buy out his partners, who had sued when he slashed dividends to build a new auto plant. In 1989, KKR engineered what is still the largest leveraged buyout in history after adjusting for inflation, buying RJR Nabisco for $25 billion."}
{"prompts":"Why is rent seeking bad for the economy?","response":"Rent seeking can make markets less efficient by creating price disadvantages for consumers or companies. Rent-seeking behavior can also create artificial bars to entry for new companies, stifling innovation."}
{"prompts":"What Is Life Expectancy?","response":"Life expectancy is another use of mortality data, an estimate of how many more years a person with certain characteristics (current age, sex, and so forth) is likely to live or what age they are likely to attain before they die. Life expectancy estimates have many uses in the insurance industry and elsewhere.For example, the Internal Revenue Service publishes life expectancy tables that taxpayers must use to determine their annual required minimum distributions (RMDs) from their retirement accounts. In its most recent tables, for example, a newborn has a life expectancy of another 84.6 years, while someone who is 120 or older (the top limit of the table) has a life expectancy of one more year."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Elements of a Prima Facie Case of Negligence?","response":"The four elements required to establish a prima facie case of negligence are:\u00a0The existence of a legal duty that the defendant owed to the plaintiffThe defendant breached that dutyThe plaintiff suffered an injuryProof that the defendant's breach caused the injury"}
{"prompts":"Is it Illegal to Write Off Personal Expenses as Business Expenses?","response":"Because business expenses are tax-deductible, they can lower your taxable income and reduce the amount of tax you owe. However, personal expenses cannot be used as tax write-offs against business income. If you are caught doing this, you will end up paying penalties, and be charged interest on your unpaid taxes. If the amounts are high enough, it's possible the IRS may take legal action against you."}
{"prompts":"Who Invented JIT Inventory Management?","response":"JIT is attributed to the Japanese automaker Toyota Motor Corporation. Executives at Toyota in the 1970s reasoned that the company could adapt more quickly and efficiently to changes in trends or demands for model changes if it did not keep any more inventory in-store than was immediately needed."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Affected by Rule 105b-1?","response":"Rule 105b-1 applies to insiders in a publicly-traded company. These include directors and senior officers as well as entities and individuals that own more than 10% of the company's voting shares."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Marketing?","response":"There are dozens of types of marketing, and the types have proliferated with the introduction and rise of social media, mobile platforms, and technological advancements. Before technology, marketing might have been geared towards mail campaigns, word-of-mouth campaigns, billboards, delivery of sample products, TV commercials, or telemarketing. Now, marketing encompasses social media, targeted ads, e-mail marketing, inbound marketing to attract web traffic, and more."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tit for Tat in Trade?","response":"In the context of trade, countries may elect to impose tariffs to increase the price of imports relative to domestic products. Trade wars can arise between two countries when each imposes and raises tariffs on the other in an iterative manner. Such situations rise out of distrust between countries and can increase costs and slow economic growth over the long run."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Intrapersonal Skills?","response":"The way to improve your interpersonal skills is to practice them every day in your daily activities, whether at work, home, or in social situations. Remember that these skills essentially are relationship skills\u2014skills you use to get along with others. When you notice someone who uses these skills well, you might observe them as they put them to work and try to emulate their behavior as you practice."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Tax Credit and Tax Deduction?","response":"Both tax credits and tax deductions can help taxpayers pay less in taxes but there are distinct differences between the two.A tax credit is a straight subtraction from your tax bill. For example, a $10 tax credit will reduce your tax bill by $10. A tax deduction lowers your taxable income, and therefore lowers the total amount you owe.A tax deduction reduces your taxable income while a tax credit reduces your tax bill dollar-for-dollar."}
{"prompts":"What Is BDC Lending?","response":"Business development company lending is when a BDC lends capital to a company it has invested in."}
{"prompts":"What is the goal of management by objectives (MBO)?","response":"Management by objectives (MBO) uses a set of quantifiable or objective standards against which to measure the performance of a company and its employees. By comparing actual productivity to a given set of standards, managers can identify problem areas and improve efficiency. Both management and workers know and agree to these standards and their objectives."}
{"prompts":"Does Right of Survivorship Override a Will?","response":"The right of survivorship does override any wills that are in place. That's because this kind of arrangement avoids probate. But if the last surviving party in a JTWROS dies, the agreement no longer applies, which means the asset or property is included in their will and goes to their heirs."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Bell Curve Used in Finance?","response":"Analysts will often use bell curves and other statistical distributions when modeling different potential outcomes that are relevant for investing. Depending on the analysis being performed, these might consist of future stock prices, rates of future earnings growth, potential default rates, or other important phenomena. Before using the bell curve in their analysis, investors should carefully consider whether the outcomes being studied are in fact normally distributed. Failing to do so could seriously undermine the accuracy of the resulting model."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction?","response":"Tax credits lower the amount of tax you owe, while tax deductions reduce your taxable income. Both save you money on your tax bill, but credits provide the most substantial savings.For example, a $1,000 tax credit lowers your tax bill by that same $1,000. Meanwhile, a $1,000 tax deduction lowers your taxable income by that amount. So, if you fall into the 24% tax bracket, a $1,000 deduction would shave $240 off of your tax bill."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a KPI Good?","response":"A good KPI provides objective and clear information on progress toward an end goal. It tracks and measures factors such as efficiency, quality, timeliness, and performance while providing a way to measure performance over time. The ultimate goal of a KPI is to help management make more informed decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Consumer Goods Sector?","response":"The consumer goods sector is made up of companies that produce final products ready for consumers to buy and use, such as toilet paper or televisions. Investors can participate in the consumer goods sector through funds focusing on companies that produce consumer goods. One of the largest consumer goods ETFs is the iShares U.S. Consumer Staples ETF (IYK), with 55 stock holdings and $1.3 billion in net assets under management (AUM) as of December 2023. The fund's top holdings are Procter & Gamble, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola, Philip Morris, and CVS."}
{"prompts":"What Is Residual Value in Statistics?","response":"In regression analysis, the difference between the observed value of the dependent variable and the predicted value is called the\u00a0residual. Each data point has one residual."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"in the Money\" Mean?","response":"An option is in the money or \"ITM\" when it has both time value and intrinsic value. The price of the underlying asset in a call option is higher than the strike price."}
{"prompts":"What Country Has the Lowest Corporate Tax Rate?","response":"A few countries have no corporate tax at all, including the Bahamas, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates. Many others have notably low corporate tax rates, including Barbados, which has a corporate tax rate of 5.5%; Turkmenistan, which has one of 8%; and Hungary, which has one of 9%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Contract Provision and Clause?","response":"A provision in a contract stipulates a condition or requirement. A clause is a section or subsection written into a contract, which may contain one or more provisions within it."}
{"prompts":"What Does Gross Profit Margin Indicate?","response":"A company's gross profit margin indicates how much profit it makes after accounting for the direct costs associated with doing business. Put simply, it can tell you how well a company turns its sales into a profit. Expressed as a percentage, it is the revenue less the cost of goods sold, which include labor and materials."}
{"prompts":"How Does GNI Differ From GDP and GNP?","response":"Gross national income (GNI) calculates the total income earned by a nation's people and businesses, including investment income, regardless of where it was earned. It also covers money received from abroad such as foreign investment and economic development aid.\u00a0GDP is the total market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country in a set time period. GNP includes the income of all of a country's residents and businesses whether it flows back to the country or is spent abroad. It also adds subsidies and taxes from foreign sources."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the SBA Get Its Funding?","response":"The SBA receives an annual budget approved by the federal government. This money goes toward salaries, grant and loan programs, and administrative costs. Keep in mind that the SBA doesn\u2019t actually provide loans to small businesses. Instead, the majority of loans issued to small business owners through SBA programs are guaranteed by the agency and issued by approved financial institutions and other lenders. This source of capital helps individuals start and grow their businesses."}
{"prompts":"What If My Broker Has Complaints Listed on BrokerCheck?","response":"Brokers are required to notify FINRA of customer complaints that allege misconduct related to the sale of financial products, even if the allegations are without merit. It is advisable to consider how many complaints the broker has received, over what period, and whether the claim alleges specific acts of misconduct by the broker, like unauthorized trading, or the unexpected failed investment product.\u00a0A broker is allowed to provide comments and the investor should review those comments on the nature of the complaint. An investor can also ask the firm, broker, or the firm\u2019s compliance department about the complaint."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Grant Deed and a Quitclaim Deed?","response":"Grant deeds and quitclaim deeds are used to transfer property between sellers and buyers; however, grant deeds offer more protection to buyers than quitclaim deeds. A grant deed grantor warrants that the property was not encumbered during the time they held title (except as noted in the deed).Conversely, a quitclaim deed carries no covenants or warranties and only conveys the interest (if any) that the grantor may have when the deed is delivered. If the grantor has no interest in the property, then the grantee acquires nothing by virtue of a quitclaim deed."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Basic Types of Customers?","response":"The five basic customers are new customers, impulse customers, angry customers, insistent customers, and loyal customers."}
{"prompts":"What Does CIF Mean in Shipping Terms?","response":"Cost, insurance, and freight (CIF) is an international shipping agreement used when freight is shipped via sea or waterway. Under CIF, the seller is responsible for covering the costs, insurance, and freight of the buyer's shipment while in transit. The buyer is responsible for any costs once the freight has reached the buyer's destination port."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Use the TRIN Indicator?","response":"Investors use the TRIN indicator to gauge the overall sentiment of the market. A high TRIN indicates that falling stocks are trading at a greater value than rising stocks, suggesting that the market is overall headed downwards. A low TRIN indicates that rising stocks have a greater volume than falling stocks. This index can be used to predict future price movements."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides of Money Markets?","response":"Because they are virtually risk-free, money market investments also come with very low interest rates - often the risk-free rate of return. As a result, they will not provide substantial capital gains or investment growth compared to riskier assets like bonds or stocks. Some types of money market accounts, like CDs, furthermore can lock your money up until it matures, which can range from months to years."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Return on Capital Employed?","response":"In general, the higher the return on capital employed (ROCE), the better it is for a company. The ROCE calculation shows how much profit a company generates for each dollar of capital employed. The higher the number (which is expressed as a percentage), the more profit the company is generating."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Proof of Loss and Loss Notice?","response":"The FNOL (loss notice) is your first step in the claims process. When a disaster occurs, you must report losses to an insurance agent or company to start the claims process. Proof of loss is a later step, in which you must provide details of the scope of the loss. Along with an explanation of losses, the adjuster might require you to submit supporting materials such as photos or video of the damage."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do Millennials Make?","response":"According to 2020 data from the\u00a0U.S. Census Bureau, millennials earn a pretax income of $71,566 in their households."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Become a Digital Marketer?","response":"Digital marketers need strong writing and social media skills, along with a good understanding of data analytics. A bachelor's degree is required for most digital marketing positions. You might also want to take digital marketing courses or participate in a digital \"boot camp.\" In addition, completing an internship while in school can be useful. A master's degree in digital marketing may be useful but is not considered essential."}
{"prompts":"Is General Manager a High Position?","response":"General managers usually have several lower-level managers reporting to them, so it can be a high position. They are not executive-level, but usually, they report to the executives."}
{"prompts":"Does the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act Cover Business Debts?","response":"No, the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act applies only to consumer debts, such as mortgages, credit cards, car loans, student loans, and medical bills."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Deferred Tax Assets Occur?","response":"A balance sheet may reflect a deferred tax asset if a company has prepaid its taxes. It also may occur simply because of a difference in the time that a company pays its taxes and the time that the tax authority credits it. Or, the company may have overpaid its taxes. In such cases, the company's books need to reflect taxes paid by the company or money due to it."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements of Being an Exempt Employee?","response":"The Fair Labor Standards Act classifies exempt employees as anyone doing jobs that fall into these categories: professional, administrative, executive, outside sales, STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)-related, and computer-related. The FLSA stipulates that employees in the above categories are exempt if they are paid by salary as opposed to hourly and if they earn a minimum of $684 per week or $35,568 annually. Keep in mind that this may vary by state as 26 U.S. states increased their minimum wages in 2022."}
{"prompts":"How Many Brick-and-Mortar Stores Are There in the United States?","response":"There are just over a million retail establishments in the United States. The exact number was 1,059,316 as of 2022."}
{"prompts":"What Does Operating Leverage Tell You?","response":"The operating leverage formula is used to calculate a company\u2019s break-even point and help set appropriate selling prices to cover all costs and generate a profit. This can reveal how well a company uses its fixed-cost items, such as its warehouse, machinery, and equipment, to generate profits. The more profit a company can squeeze out of the same amount of fixed assets, the higher its operating leverage.One conclusion companies can learn from examining operating leverage is that firms that minimize fixed costs can increase their profits without making any changes to the selling price, contribution margin, or the number of units they sell."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Best Cyclical Stocks?","response":"The \"best\" of any type of stock is the one that most closely accommodates your goals and your risk tolerance. That said, numerous sources will rate individual stocks for you based on other factors. Yahoo Finance recommends cyclical stocks of companies with names that we're all familiar with, like Costco, Expedia, UPS, Airbnb, and Kohl's."}
{"prompts":"What Is EDGAR Filer Management?","response":"Edgar Filer Management is a portal for companies and individuals who wish to submit electronic filings to the SEC. This is more complicated than searching the EDGAR database, and it requires Filers to submit a Form ID for authorization in order to create an access code."}
{"prompts":"What Does Convert to BNB Mean?","response":"In the world of cryptocurrency, dust refers to any amount of coins or tokens that are so small they're often ignored. They're basically the tiny fractions left from trades.Binance allows traders to convert their dust into BNB."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Net Settlement and Real-Time Gross Settlement?","response":"\u00a0The difference between net settlement and real-time gross settlement (RTGS) is that net settlement involves aggregate data that is processed and settled at the end of the day whereas RTGS involves data with individual transactions in real-time (processed and settled instantly)."}
{"prompts":"How Is EBIT Calculated?","response":"EBIT subtracts a company's cost of goods sold (COGS) and its operating expenses from its revenue. EBIT can also be calculated as operating revenue and non-operating income, less operating expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the First and Second Welfare Theorem?","response":"Welfare economics is associated with two main theorems. The first is that competitive markets yield Pareto efficient outcomes. The second is that social welfare can be maximized at an equilibrium with a suitable level of redistribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is Ethereum's Ommer (Uncle) Reward?","response":"Under the proof-of-work consensus mechanism, rewards for ommer blocks were a small percentage of the block reward, plus transaction fees. Ethereum transitioned to proof-of-stake in 2022, so no more ommer blocks are created."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Medallion Signature Guarantee So Hard to Get?","response":"Medallion signature guarantees expose financial institutions to risks and liabilities; therefore, they do not issue them readily or to just anyone. Typically, they are provided for well-established customers for a nominal fee."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of a Contra Asset Account?","response":"Key examples of contra asset accounts include allowance for doubtful accounts and accumulated depreciation. Allowance for doubtful accounts reduces accounts receivable. Accumulated depreciation reflects the reduction in value of a fixed asset."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean When a Bond Is Callable?","response":"A callable bond is a municipal bond that's subject to redemption by a state or local government before its maturity date. A government might do this because the bond is paying an interest rate that's higher than the market rate at the time. You can determine whether a bond is callable before you commit by looking it up on the Electronic Municipal Market Access website provided by the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Definition of GDP?","response":"Gross domestic product is a measurement that seeks to capture a country\u2019s economic output. Countries with larger GDPs will have a greater amount of goods and services generated within them, and will generally have a higher standard of living. For this reason, many citizens and political leaders see GDP growth as an important measure of national success, often referring to GDP growth and economic growth interchangeably. Due to various limitations, however, many economists have argued that GDP should not be used as a proxy for overall economic success, much less the success of a society."}
{"prompts":"What Is Monetary Policy?","response":"Monetary policy is a set of tools a nation's\u00a0central bank\u00a0has available to promote economic growth by controlling the overall supply of money available to the nation's banks, consumers, and businesses. The U.S. Treasury Department can create money, but the Federal Reserve\u00a0influences\u00a0the supply in the economy through open market operations (OMO) by buying financial securities when easing monetary policy and selling financial securities when tightening monetary policy. The central bank may increase interest rates on borrowing to discourage spending or force down interest rates to inspire more borrowing and spending."}
{"prompts":"When Was the Last Recession?","response":"The last U.S. recession was in 2020, at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic. According to NBER, the two-month downturn ended in April 2020, qualifying as a recession as it was deep and pervasive despite its record short length."}
{"prompts":"When Does a Series B Financing Round Happen?","response":"For the average company, it takes from 10 to 18 months to get from the Series A round to the Series B round, according to data from Arc Ventures. However, only 66% of companies that complete a Series A round will make it to Series B. The rest either fail, or do not raise further capital."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Renewable Resources?","response":"Renewable resources are those whose supplies are abundant and can be easily replenished. Unlike nonrenewable resources, they are considered to be sustainable. Examples of renewable resources are the sun, wind, water, heat from the Earth, and biomass."}
{"prompts":"What Did Keynes Mean by \u201cIn the Long Run, We Are All Dead\u201d?","response":"When critics argued that Keynesian support of public financing and deficit spending would lead to default in the long run, Keynes' famous retort was that \u201cIn the long run, we are all dead.\u201d In context, his point was that governments should solve problems in the short run rather than wait for market forces to correct problems over the long run\u2014\u201cwhen we are all dead.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Proportion of Saved Disposable Income Called?","response":"The proportion of saved disposable income is known as the average propensity to save (APS). It is also called the savings ratio.This refers to the proportion of a population's overall income that is saved rather than spent. To calculate the APS ratio, divide total savings by disposable (after-tax) income."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Buy Title Insurance?","response":"An escrow or closing agent initiates the insurance process upon completion of the property purchase agreement. Often, a lender\u2019s policy and an owner\u2019s policy are required together to guarantee that everyone is adequately protected. At closing, the parties purchase title insurance for a one-time fee.\u00a0The cost of owner\u2019s title insurance ranges from $500 to $3,500, depending on the state where you live, the insurance provider you choose, and the purchase price of your home."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cost Basis and Tax Basis?","response":"Cost basis is the original cost of obtaining an asset. It can include the purchase price and any fees. During the time an asset is held, its value can change, due to changes in market value, as well as any depreciation. The tax basis is the adjusted cost basis of the asset at the time the asset is sold. Capital gains tax will be charged on the difference between the sale price and the cost basis."}
{"prompts":"How Does the BLS Collect Employment Data?","response":"The BLS collects employment data through its professionally trained field economists, who survey individuals by house visits, phone calls, and video calls,"}
{"prompts":"Where Is the Oldest Stock Exchange in the World?","response":"The Amsterdam Stock Exchange (AEX) in the Netherlands is the oldest stock exchange, established in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. Today the Amsterdam exchange is owned by Euronext."}
{"prompts":"What is Available Credit?","response":"Available credit is the unused portion of a credit limit. So, if you have a total credit limit of $10,000 on your credit card and you have used $5,000, you would have the remaining $5,000 as available credit. Available credit can fluctuate throughout the billing cycle based on account usage."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Financial Instruments That Use Simple Interest?","response":"Most coupon-paying bonds utilize simple interest. So do most personal loans, including student loans and auto loans, and home mortgages."}
{"prompts":"Is Caveat Emptor Wrong?","response":"Caveat emptor isn't necessarily wrong. It's just that it puts too heavy a burden on ordinary consumers to understand the intricacies of certain complex products and services. For example, most of those offered by financial institutions or tech companies can't be readily understood or even researched appropriately by the majority of individuals. Many people accept the principle of caveat emptor where items sold in thrift shops and garage sales are concerned. They understand that a seller in such circumstances might not know the true condition of a product that has been used or owned many times over by the time the seller obtained it."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Direct and Indirect Subsidies?","response":"Direct subsidies are those that involve an actual payment of funds toward a particular individual, group, or industry. Indirect subsidies are those that do not hold a predetermined monetary value or involve actual cash outlays. These can include activities such as price reductions for required goods or services that can be government-supported."}
{"prompts":"What Is Revolving Credit?","response":"Revolving credit involves a loan with no fixed end date\u2014a credit card account being a good example. As long as the account is in good standing, the borrower can continue to borrow against it, up to whatever credit limit has been established. As the borrower makes payments toward the balance, the account is replenished. These kinds of loans are often referred to open-end credit. Mortgages and car loans, by contrast, are considered closed-end credit because they come to an end on a certain date."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a W-2 and a W-4?","response":"A W-4 is filled out by employees to provide their employer with their tax ID number (usually SSN), marital status, number of allowances and dependents,\u00a0and how much tax to withhold with each paycheck. The W-4 is filled out when an employee is first hired or if any changes must be made to filing status or withholding. The W-2 is filled out by employers at the end of the tax year and sent to employees to input on their tax returns."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Absorption Costing?","response":"The main disadvantage of absorption costing is that it can inflate a company\u2019s profitability during a given accounting period, as all fixed costs are not deducted from revenues unless all of the company\u2019s manufactured products are sold.\u00a0Additionally, it is not helpful for analysis designed to improve operational and financial efficiency or for comparing product lines."}
{"prompts":"Who Appointed Alan Greenspan?","response":"President Ronald Reagan appointed Alan Greenspan as Chair of the Fed in 1987."}
{"prompts":"Can One Person Submit Articles of Incorporation?","response":"Yes, it is possible to incorporate a business with just one employee. That single owner will be responsible for all aspects of the company. In addition, that sole individual will be the only shareholder. However, they may be listed as the only member on the articles of incorporation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Capital in a Business?","response":"The capital of a business is the money it has available to fund its day-to-day operations and to bankroll its expansion for the future. The proceeds of its business are one source of capital.Capital assets are generally a broader term. The capital assets of an individual or a business may include real estate, cars, investments (long or short-term), and other valuable possessions. A business may also have capital assets including expensive machinery, inventory, warehouse space, office equipment, and patents held by the company.Many capital assets are illiquid\u2014that is, they can't be readily turned into cash to meet immediate needs.A company that totaled up its capital value would include every item owned by the business as well as all of its financial assets (minus its liabilities). But an accountant handling the day-to-day budget of the company would consider only its cash on hand as its capital."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Jumbo Loan Requirements?","response":"To get approved, you\u2019ll need a stellar credit score\u2014700 or above\u2014and a very low debt-to-income (DTI) ratio. Although they are nonconforming mortgages, jumbos still must fall within the guidelines of what the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau considers a \u201cqualified mortgage\u201d\u2014a lending system with standardized terms and rules."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Accounting Methods?","response":"The three accounting methods are cash basis of accounting, accrual basis of accounting, and a hybrid of the two called modified cash basis of accounting."}
{"prompts":"How much does the Series 66 cost?","response":"Taking the Series 66 exam costs $177 as of 2022. If you work for a financial firm, they may cover the exam cost on your behalf."}
{"prompts":"Are Regressive Taxes Legal?","response":"Yes, tax structures where higher earners pay less proportional taxes is legal. There is often fierce debate around the responsibility of the wealthy regarding how much tax they should pay. However, the subject is a matter of opinion as there is no legislation limiting or preventing a regressive tax system for certain types of taxes."}
{"prompts":"What are the 11 Incoterms?","response":"The 11 Incoterms are Ex Works (EXW); Free Carrier (FCA); Carriage Paid to (CPT); Carriage and Insurance Paid to (CIP); Delivered at Place (DAP); Delivered at Place Unloaded (DPU); Delivered Duty Paid (DDP); Free Alongside Ship (FAS); Free on Board (FOB); Cost and Freight (CFR); and Cost, Insurance, and Freight (CIF)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 2 Out of 5 Year Rule?","response":"The 2 out of 5-year rule that homeowners must have lived in their home for two out of the last five years before the date of sale in order to avoid or reduce capital gains taxes on the appreciated value of the home."}
{"prompts":"How Does Contango Affect Commodity Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs)?","response":"Investors in exchange-traded funds (ETFs) must understand how contango can affect certain commodity-based ETFs. Specifically, if a commodity ETF invests in commodity futures contracts as opposed to physically holding the commodity in question, that ETF may be forced to replace or continuously \u201croll over\u201d its futures contracts as its older contracts expire. If the commodity in question is subject to contango, then this would lead to a steady rise in the prices being paid for these futures contracts. Over the long run, this can significantly increase the costs borne by the ETF, placing a downward drag on the returns earned by its investors."}
{"prompts":"Is It Good to Be Risk Averse?","response":"Being risk averse is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, you greatly lower your chances of losses, but you also can miss good opportunities and greater returns on riskier investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Linear Relationship in Statistics?","response":"An example of a linear relationship would be an hourly-paid worker. The more hours they work, the more money they receive. This relationship would be a linear one as every increase in an hour worked would correspond to the same increase in pay."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Productivity?","response":"In the workplace, factors that affect productivity include compensation, work environment, training, career development opportunities, wellness, diversity, increased responsibility, and management quality."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Bundle of Rights Work with Multiple Owners?","response":"If there are multiple owners on a property, then the bundle of rights belongs to both equally\u2014which is both a protection and a hindrance, depending on circumstances. For example, if a home is owned by a married couple and that couple gets divorced, then one spouse would need permission from the other to sell the house."}
{"prompts":"Must the Two Bottoms of the Lows in the Double Bottom Pattern Be the Same?","response":"No, there is room to play with the relative levels of the lows, though they should be within 3% to 4% of each other. In fact, if you think about it, a higher second bottom suggests the selling pressure came to an earlier end, indicating the low of the first bottom is a potentially highly significant support level. That said, it is perhaps surprising how many times the double bottom lows are identical, adding great significance to the low price point as major support."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Living Wage and a Minimum Wage?","response":"A minimum wage is the lowest amount a worker can be paid hourly determined by law. Paying an individual below the minimum wage is illegal. A living wage is the amount an individual or family would need to make to avoid living in poverty. This amount is usually higher than the minimum wage and is not mandated by law."}
{"prompts":"Is RSS the Same as the Sum of Squared Estimate of Errors (SSE)?","response":"The residual sum of squares (RSS) is also known as the sum of squared estimate of errors (SSE)."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Identify an Uptrend Using Trendlines?","response":"Trendlines are crucial tools for identifying uptrends in technical analysis. Traders draw trendlines by connecting successive lows in an uptrend, creating a visual representation of the ascending price trajectory."}
{"prompts":"Can an Embargo Be Effective?","response":"Embargos have been more effective in punishing the targeted country than in changing its policies, though trade was included in the economic sanctions credited for encouraging South Africa to end apartheid. The trade sanctions imposed on Russia following its 2022 invasion of Ukraine have been credited for disrupting Russian military supplies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Risk of a Debt Security?","response":"The risk of a debt security is that the issuer defaults on their debt. If the issuer experiences financial hardship, they may no longer be able to make interest payments on their outstanding debt. They may also not be able to repurchase their outstanding debt at maturity, particularly if they go bankrupt."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Devaluation and Depreciation?","response":"Devaluation occurs when a government changes the fixed exchange rate of its currency. Most currencies traded on foreign exchange markets are not pegged to another currency, and the market determines their value with floating exchange rates. If the demand for one currency changes relative to another due to market forces and loses value, it is called depreciation.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Distribution Codes for Form 1099-R?","response":"Distribution codes record the type of account that retirement funds are being distributed from and the nature of the distribution. For example, Roth account distributions are recorded as code B, and early distributions from a Roth IRA are recorded under code J. These codes are also used to indicate if there are any special circumstances for the recipient, such as code 3 (disability) or code 4 (death). The full list of codes is listed in Table 1 of the instructions for form 1099-R."}
{"prompts":"When Did the First Foreign Currency Swap Occur?","response":"The first foreign currency swap is purported to have taken place in 1981 between the World Bank and IBM Corporation."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Bitcoin Not a Security?","response":"In June 2018, the former Chair of the SEC, Jay Clayton, clarified that Bitcoin is not a security: \"Cryptocurrencies: These are replacements for sovereign currencies, replace the dollar, the euro, the yen with Bitcoin. That type of currency is not a security,\" said Clayton.Bitcoin, which has never sought public funds to develop its technology, does\u00a0not pass\u00a0the\u00a0Howey Test\u00a0used by the SEC to classify securities; however, by Clayton's definition, tokens used in an ICO are securities."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate My Tax Bracket?","response":"To estimate which tax brackets your earnings will fall under, you could do the math yourself by using the tables shown above or by visiting the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) website, which provides highly detailed tax filing statuses in increments of $50 of taxable income up to $100,000."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid a Wash Sale?","response":"If you have sold or intend to sell a security at a loss, you can avoid triggering the wash sale rule by purchasing a similar instrument 31 days or more before or after the sale."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Grace Period for Work?","response":"In employment, the grace period refers to the time after a new shift begins, in which a late employee will not face any penalty. A typical grace period is seven minutes, since most time clocks round to the nearest quarter-hour.There is also a grace period for foreign specialists on work visas. If an employee is terminated from their sponsoring employer, they may remain in the United States for up to two months to find a new job."}
{"prompts":"What are the main criticisms of the Volcker Rule?","response":"The Volcker Rule has been widely criticized from various angles. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce claimed in 2017 that a cost-benefit analysis was never done and that the costs associated with the Volcker Rule outweigh its benefits. The Fed\u2019s Finance and Economics Discussion Series (FEDS) argued that the Volcker Rule will reduce liquidity due to a reduction in banks\u2019 market-making activities. Additionally, International Monetary Fund (IMF) analysts have argued that regulations to prevent speculative bets are hard to enforce."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When RSI Is High?","response":"As the relative strength index is mainly used to determine whether a security is overbought or oversold, a high RSI reading can mean that a security is overbought and the price may drop. Therefore, it can be a signal to sell the security."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Frontier Nation?","response":"The term frontier nation is used primarily by investment professionals who specialize in international investing. It describes a nation that seems poised for fast economic development. Investments in these countries is seen as offering potentially high rewards at substantially high risk."}
{"prompts":"How Does Overcapitalization Work?","response":"Overcapitalization happens when a company's debt and equity values are higher than those of its total assets. This means that its market value is less than its capitalized value. Companies that are overcapitalized may have trouble getting more financing or may be subject to higher interest rates. They may also have to pay more in dividends than they can sustain over the long run."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If the Quick Ratio Indicates a Firm Is Not Liquid?","response":"In this case, a\u00a0liquidity crisis\u00a0can arise even at healthy companies\u2014if circumstances arise that make it difficult to meet short-term obligations such as repaying their loans and paying their employees or suppliers. One example of a far-reaching liquidity crisis from recent history is the global credit crunch of 2007-08, where many companies found themselves unable to secure short-term financing to pay their immediate obligations. If new financing cannot be found, the company may be forced to liquidate assets in a fire sale or seek bankruptcy protection."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Heuristics?","response":"To date, several heuristics have been identified by behavioral economics\u2014or else developed to aid people in making otherwise complex decisions. In behavioral economics, representativeness, anchoring and adjustment, and availability (recency) are among the most widely cited. Heuristics may be categorized in many ways, such as cognitive vs. emotional biases or errors in judgment vs. errors in calculation."}
{"prompts":"What's Another Well Known HYIP?","response":"Although it didn't involve use of the internet, the Ponzi scheme run by Bernie Madoff and revealed in 2008 is very well known and remembered by the financial community (including the investors he bilked). His was a word-of-mouth investment scam that involved, among other things, secrecy, attractive returns, a lack of information about the invested funds, and false transaction records."}
{"prompts":"How Do Changes in a Country's Exchange Rate Affect the Balance of Trade?","response":"When the price of one country's currency increases, the cost of its goods and services also increases in the foreign market. For residents of that country, it will become cheaper to import goods, but domestic producers might have trouble selling their goods abroad because of the higher prices. Ultimately, this may result in lower exports and higher imports, causing a trade deficit."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Dividend Per Share (DPS) Important to Investors?","response":"DPS is an important metric to investors because the amount a firm pays out in dividends directly translates to income for the shareholder. It is the most straightforward figure an investor can use to calculate their dividend payments from owning shares of a stock over time. A consistent increase in DPS over time can also give investors confidence that the company's management believes that its earnings growth can be sustained."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Practice Risk Management in Personal Finance?","response":"There are a few different steps that individuals can take to practice risk management in their personal finances. Start by identifying your goals, and then highlight the risks associated with your objectives. Once you know what the risks are, evaluate them and research the best ways to manage these risks. You will likely have to monitor and make adjustments to ensure you stay on top of your goals."}
{"prompts":"How Much M1 Money Is in Circulation?","response":"As of July 2023, the seasonally adjusted M1 money in circulation is $18.4 trillion."}
{"prompts":"How Much BOLI Do Banks Own?","response":"According to data reported to the FDIC, the total cash surrender value of all policies held by banks was $202.4 billion as of June 30, 2023."}
{"prompts":"What Is Limited Recourse Debt?","response":"Recourse debt means that a lender can go after other assets of a borrower if the pledged collateral isn't sufficient enough to cover the outstanding debt that the borrower cannot pay. Recourse debt can be full or limited. Limited recourse debt means there is a limit to what assets a lender can seize in order to cover the outstanding loan. The assets are typically listed in the loan contract ahead of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is CPI to Inflation?","response":"The consumer price index (CPI) measures the rate of change in inflation over time. The CPI is based on the prices U.S. consumers pay for goods and services. The percentage change of the CPI over a given period is inflation."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Some Investors Want to Lock in a Forward Price?","response":"Investors may want to lock in a forward price to hedge against future market fluctuations. For example, a farmer may want to use a forward wheat contract ahead of harvest to protect against a decline in grain prices caused by potential drought or flood."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Product Elastic?","response":"If a price change for a product causes a substantial change in either its supply or its demand, it is considered elastic. Generally, it means that there are acceptable substitutes for the product. Examples would be cookies, luxury automobiles, and coffee."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) Disclosed?","response":"Consumer protection laws require companies to disclose the APRs associated with their product offerings in order to prevent companies from misleading customers. For instance, if they were not required to disclose the APR, a company might advertise a low monthly interest rate while implying to customers that it was an annual rate. This could mislead a customer into comparing a seemingly low monthly rate against a seemingly high annual one. By requiring all companies to disclose their APRs, customers are presented with an \u201capples to apples\u201d comparison."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Total Variable Cost?","response":"Because variable costs scale alongside, every unit of output will theoretically have the same amount of variable costs. Therefore, total variable costs can be calculated by multiplying the total quantity of output by the unit variable cost."}
{"prompts":"When Is the Best Time to Implement a Risk Reversal?","response":"Traders often consider factors such as upcoming events, earnings announcements, or anticipated market trends when timing the implementation of a risk reversal. Additionally, you should assess the implied volatility levels and the cost of options as both can influence the decision of when to enter into a risk reversal position."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Depository Institution?","response":"A depository institution is a financial institution whose main source of funds is deposits from customers. A commercial bank is a type of depository institution, as is a credit union or a savings and loan association."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Demonetization?","response":"The main benefit of demonetization is to curtail criminal activity as their supply of money is no longer legal tender. This affects counterfeiters as well as they cannot exchange their \"merchandise\" for fear of discovery. It can prevent tax evasion as those who were evading taxes must come forward to exchange their existing currency at which time the authorities can retroactively tax them. Finally, it can usher in the digital currency age by slowing down the circulation of physical currency."}
{"prompts":"What is the Key Difference between a Reverse and Forward Skew?","response":"The key difference between a reverse and forward skew is the direction of the skew. A reverse skew reflects a market expectation of a large downward move, that is, higher IV for lower strike prices, while a forward skew reflects a market expectations of a large upward move, that is, higher IV for higher strike prices."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Home Office Benefit an Employer?","response":"An employer who allows employees to work remotely from their home office saves costs on rent, utilities, food services, and other operational expenses required to maintain a physical office."}
{"prompts":"What Are Chinese VIEs in the U.S.?","response":"More than 100 Hong Kong- and Chinese-based corporations are structured as VIEs in the United States. These include well-known companies like Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu, JD, and NetEase, among others. The VIE structure allows these firms to get around Chinese regulations that prevent foreign capital investments in certain types of Chinese companies (e.g., those involved in telecommunications or media)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Historical Cost?","response":"Historical cost is the price paid for an asset when it was purchased. Historical cost is a fundamental basis in accounting, as it is often used in the reporting for fixed assets. It is also used to determine the basis of potential gains and losses on the disposal of fixed assets."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does the Business Cycle Last?","response":"According to U.S. government research, the business cycle in America takes, on average, around 6.33 years."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Called a \"Naked\" Call?","response":"The term \"naked\" refers to a strategy in which the seller (or writer) of the call option does not own the underlying asset that they must sell if the option is exercised. The \"naked\" aspect emphasizes the exposure to risk without the security of holding the underlying stock, as in being unprotected or exposed in financial terms."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid Paying Taxes If I am Self-Employed?","response":"If you are self-employed you cannot avoid paying taxes; that is considered tax evasion. You can reduce the amount of taxes you pay by making tax deductions to reduce your earnings, thereby reducing your total tax bill. The IRS allows self-employed people to make many tax deductions for their business, such as on office supplies, office equipment, gasoline costs, utilities, and insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Happens After a Deposition?","response":"After a deposition has been finished, transcriptions and\/or video recordings of the testimony are sent to both sides' lawyers for review and analysis. The depositions, along with other evidence collected during the discovery period, will either lead to a settlement out of court or a trial."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called a White Paper?","response":"White Papers may have developed from the use of \u201cBlue Papers\u201d in 19th century Britain, where a Parliamentary report cover was blue. When a topic for the government was less serious, the blue cover was discarded and published with white covers. These reports were called White Papers. In the United States, the use of government white papers often means a background report or guidance on a specific issue."}
{"prompts":"When Did the Great Depression End?","response":"The Great Depression ended in 1941. This was around the same time that the United States entered World War II. Most economists cite this as the end date, as this was the time that unemployment dropped and GDP increased."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate a Capital Loss Carryover?","response":"To calculate a capital loss carryover, subtract your capital gains from your capital losses in a tax year. If losses exceed gains, the excess amount is the carryover. Then, in subsequent years, reduce this balance by the amount of the carryover loss used to offset the capital gains or ordinary income for that specific year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Nasdaq 100 and the S&P 500?","response":"The Nasdaq 100 and the S&P 500 are stock market indexes that track the performance of some of the world's largest companies. Both indicate the market's performance\u2014you'll hear their latest closing numbers in most national news summaries. The Nasdaq includes 100 companies, while the S&P includes 500 companies, but the differences between the two are greater than that. The Nasdaq 100 can include foreign companies, while the S&P 500 is only for U.S. firms. Additionally, the Nasdaq 100 excludes companies from the financial sector, though that's not the case for the S&P 500. Lastly, the Nasdaq 100 only consists of companies that trade on Nasdaq exchanges, while the S&P 500 consists of companies that trade on all U.S. exchanges."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls an Irrevocable Trust?","response":"Under an irrevocable trust, legal ownership of the trust is held by a trustee. At the same time, the grantor gives up certain rights to the trust. Once an irrevocable trust is established, the grantor cannot control or change the assets once they have been transferred into the trust without the beneficiary's permission. These assets can include a business, property, financial assets, or a life insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Market Research?","response":"The main types of market research are primary research and secondary research. Primary research includes focus groups, polls, and surveys. Secondary research includes academic articles, infographics, and white papers.Qualitative research gives insights into how customers feel and think. Quantitative research uses data and statistics such as website views, social media engagement, and subscriber numbers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Highest CFO Salary?","response":"The highest-paid CFO for fiscal year 2023 was LiveNation's Joe Berchtold, whose salary was $52.4 million."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Make Interbank Loans and Deposits?","response":"Banks may borrow money from other banks\u00a0to ensure that they have enough liquidity for their immediate needs, or lend or deposit money when they have excess cash on hand. The interbank lending system is short-term, typically overnight, and rarely more than a week."}
{"prompts":"How Does Monopolistic Competition Function in the Short Term and Long Term?","response":"Companies aim to produce a quantity where marginal revenue equals marginal cost to maximize profit or minimize losses. When existing firms are making a profit, new firms will enter the market. The demand curve and the marginal revenue curve shift and new firms stop entering when all firms are making zero profit in the long run. If existing firms are incurring a loss, some firms will exit the market. The firms stop exiting the market until all firms start making zero profit. The market is at equilibrium in the long run only when there is no further exit or entry in the market or when all firms make zero profit in the long run."}
{"prompts":"What Is My Monthly Gross Income?","response":"To find your personal monthly gross income, calculate the amount of money you earn each month. This will likely be different than the amount of money you take home or receive as payment directly from your employer.Your gross income can be found on a pay stub as the total amount of money you earned in a given period before any deductions or taxes are removed. You can also see your total gross income on your year-end W2 or 1099. Alternatively, you can calculate your gross income as (1) your monthly salary before taxes or (2) the number of hours you will work in a given month multiplied by your hourly pay rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Arab League?","response":"The Arab League's state purpose is to seek close cooperation among its members on matters of common interest\u2014specifically, economics, communication, culture, nationality, social welfare, and health; to strengthen ties, improve communication, and promote common interest among Arabic-speaking nations.The Pact of the League of Arab States, the organization's founding document,\u00a0identifies the mission of the League as follows: \u201cThe purpose of the League is to draw closer the relations between member States and coordinate their political activities with the aim of realizing a close collaboration between them, to safeguard their independence and sovereignty, and to consider in a general way the affairs and interests of the Arab countries.\""}
{"prompts":"Is the S&P 500 Index Free Float?","response":"Yes, the S&P 500 Index utilizes a free-float methodology. This means that for all of the companies in the S&P 500, their market cap is free floating\u2014only the available shares for public trading are taken into consideration for the calculation; no restricted shares."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Clearing Process?","response":"Clearing is the process of reconciling an options, futures, or securities transaction or the direct transfer of funds from one financial institution to another. The process validates the availability of the appropriate funds, records the transfer, and in the case of securities,\u00a0ensures the delivery of the security\u00a0or funds to the buyer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Letter of Credit and a Trust Receipt?","response":"Commonly used in the trade industry, a letter of credit is issued from a bank to that guarantees the payment will be fulfilled and paid to the seller by the buyer. By contrast, a trust receipt is when the bank lends merchandise or goods to a business, but retains ownership of the goods. When the goods have been sold, and payment is made to the bank, the business then becomes owner of the goods."}
{"prompts":"What Happens in a Recession?","response":"Economic output, employment, and consumer spending drop in a recession. Interest rates are also likely to decline as the central bank (such as the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank) cuts rates to support the economy. The government's budget deficit widens as tax revenues decline, while spending on unemployment insurance and other social programs rises."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Consumer Discretionary\" Refer to?","response":"The term describes products and services that are desirable for consumers, but not essential to their daily living. In other words, rather than having to buy these products because they are necessities, they have the freedom to decide\u2014the discretion\u2014to purchase them, or not. Consumer discretionary purchasing usually increases when consumers have more money to spend."}
{"prompts":"Why Should Insurance Companies Have Reinsurance?","response":"Several common reasons that insurers obtain reinsurance include: expanding an insurance company's capacity, stabilizing its underwriting results, financing, gaining catastrophe protection, spreading an insurer's risk, and acquiring expertise."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of Morbidity?","response":"The definition of morbidity as used by the medical community often refers to having a disease, a chronic health problem, or the amount of disease and illness within a population."}
{"prompts":"How Are Zero-Day Attacks Fixed?","response":"Once a developer learns of a zero-day attack, the exploit is usually quickly identified and fixed via a software patch or upgrade."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Similarities Between Bar Charts and Candlestick Charts?","response":"Bar charts and candlestick charts are popular tools used by traders and investors to visualize price changes over a specified period. They have key information about the open, close, high, and low prices for the selected time frame. The primary components of both are vertical lines representing the price range, with horizontal notches or specific shapes (like the body of a candle) indicating open and close prices. While the main distinction lies in the presentation\u2014with bar charts using single bars and candlestick charts using \u201ccandles\u201d to signify bullish or bearish price trends\u2014both charts enable you to identify trends, reversals, and potential signals to buy or sell."}
{"prompts":"How Is Return of Capital Taxed?","response":"Return of capital distributions are not subject to tax. However, once the adjusted costbasis of the stock is reduced to zero, any non-dividend distributions are considered to be a taxable capital gain."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Fungible?","response":"Fungible means that an item, asset, or commodity can be replaced with something of like kind when fulfilling a contract or paying a debt. Interchangeable goods are fungible; unique goods are non-fungible."}
{"prompts":"Are the CFA Exams Multiple Choice?","response":"The CFA Level I exam is entirely multiple-choice, with 180 questions. The Level II exam consists of 22 item set questions and 88 multiple-choice questions. Level III consists of 11 constructed response (essay) questions and 11 item set questions. Constructed response items typically have several parts related to a case study that describes one or a series of investment challenges."}
{"prompts":"Does the Glass Ceiling Still Exist?","response":"The glass ceiling still exists across various industries for different groups of people. Men still occupy most of the executive positions in corporations and other positions of power. Although there is more attention given to breaking down these barriers, they are still very much present in the workforce."}
{"prompts":"Is a General Partnership the Same As an LLP?","response":"Not exactly. A general partnership and a limited liability partnership are both partnerships and pass-through entities. However, a general partnership involves the potential for the unlimited personal liability of partners for financial and legal obligations. A limited liability partnership (like a limited liability company) limits liability to just what the partner has invested in the business. Their personal assets are protected from seizure."}
{"prompts":"How Do Rating Agencies Assign Credit Ratings?","response":"Rating agencies assign credit ratings based on their methodologies, which consider factors like financial indicators, industry analysis, and macroeconomic conditions. They analyze an entity's financial health, industry risks, and broader economic factors to determine the likelihood of default or creditworthiness. The ratings typically range from AAA (highest) to D (default)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Financial Leverage?","response":"Financial leverage is the strategic endeavor of borrowing money to invest in assets. The goal is to have the return on those assets exceed the cost of borrowing the funds. The goal of financial leverage is to increase profitability without using additional personal capital."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Nasdaq Composite Index Constructed?","response":"The Nasdaq Composite Index is a market-capitalization-weighted index. This means the index is heavily influenced by larger companies. The index is one of the most heavily-watched in the world."}
{"prompts":"How Is Statistical Significance Determined?","response":"Statistical hypothesis testing is used to determine whether the data is statistically significant. In other words, whether or not the phenomenon can be explained as a byproduct of chance alone.\u00a0Statistical significance is a determination about the null hypothesis, which posits that the results are due to chance alone. The rejection of the null hypothesis is needed for the data to be deemed statistically significant."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cash and Cash Equivalents?","response":"Cash is the direct ownership of a government-issued currency. This may take the form of physical cash (bills and coins) or digital cash (i.e. bank account balances).Cash equivalents are short-term investments that can be easily liquidate, carry low risk of loss, and have active marketplaces to ensure quick transacting. These instruments can easily be converted to cash but are classified differently because they are not actual claims of ownership of cash."}
{"prompts":"How Does an Equity-Linked Note (ELN) Work?","response":"ELNs are purchased at a strike price, which is a discount to the spot price. The ELN issuer delivers the stock to the investor when or if the strike price is reached."}
{"prompts":"What Does UDAAP Stand for?","response":"UDAAP is an acronym that stands for unfair, deceptive, or abusive acts or practices by the providers of financial products and services. They are illegal as per the Dodd-Frank Act. The law gives authority to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to come up with rules surrounding these illegal acts. The CFPB and the Federal Trade Commission are both tasked with enforcing these regulations to ensure consumers are protected from unscrupulous lenders and financial institutions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between NBFCs and NBFIs?","response":"Generally, none. These are alternative names for the same type of company."}
{"prompts":"What Education Does a Hedge Fund Manager Need?","response":"Normally, hedge fund managers need, at minimum, a college degree in a relevant area of study, such as finance, as well as work experience in the investment field. Undergraduate experience, for example, as an intern at a financial firm, is beneficial. An advanced degree, e.g., a Master of Finance, can also be an advantage for such job seekers. They'll require a business license to operate, and earning credentials are also valuable."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Penalty for Insider Trading?","response":"When insider trading is done illegally, through the possession of material nonpublic information, the punishment can be civil or criminal, constituting fines and\/or prison time."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Unquoted Public Company?","response":"An unquoted public company is an unlisted company. It may trade over-the-counter or it may have ceased trading altogether.Unquoted public companies do not qualify for an exchange listing or have been delisted from an exchange.Unquoted public companies are less heavily regulated than listed companies but more regulated than private companies."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Improve Its Times Interest Earned Ratio?","response":"To improve its times interest earned ratio, a company can increase earnings, reduce expenses, pay off debt, and refinance current debt at lower rates."}
{"prompts":"Why Was Ring-Fencing Introduced in the United Kingdom?","response":"Ring-fencing was introduced by the British government in January 2019. The goal is to strengthen the country's banking and financial system by requiring banks to divide their core retail banking from other divisions, such as international and investment activities. Doing this helps protect the retail banking sector from the bank's riskier ventures."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get Hired to Work for a Social Enterprise?","response":"If you want to get hired by a social enterprise, you should understand both the for-profit and the social benefits that it provides. Many employees of social enterprises are from diverse backgrounds and some may come from at-risk communities. Like any job, the qualifications will likely be based on experience and education, as well."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Lump-Sum Distribution?","response":"A lump-sum distribution is a cash disbursement that is paid out all at once, as opposed to being paid out in steady installments. Lump-sum distributions can come from retirement plans, earned commissions, or certain debt instruments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Bailouts?","response":"The risks of a bailout include the possibility of moral hazard, where companies may become reckless and take on too much risk knowing that they will be bailed out if they do fail. Another risk is the cost to taxpayers or other investors who may have to foot the bill for the bailout without seeing much upside."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Traditional IRA and a Roth IRA?","response":"The primary difference between a traditional and a Roth IRA is the tax treatment of each account. Traditional IRA contributions are deductible from taxable income when the contributions are made; however, earnings are taxable. Alternatively, Roth contributions are not deductible but can grow tax-free.In addition, there are differences in the mechanisms of each IRA. Roth IRA contributions can be withdrawn for no penalty, while traditional IRAs cannot. In addition, some Roth earnings may be able to be withdrawn for no penalties for specific uses (i.e. the down payment for one's first home)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Significance of Higher Highs and Higher Lows in an Uptrend?","response":"Higher highs and higher lows in an uptrend signify a consistent and robust upward movement. Higher highs represent peak price levels attained during the trend, reflecting sustained buying pressure. Higher lows demonstrate that buyers are stepping in at progressively higher levels during retracements, underscoring the resilience of the uptrend."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Future Value Factor?","response":"When calculating future values, one component of the calculation is called the future value factor. The future value factor is simply the aggregated growth that a lump sum or series of cash flow will entail. For example, if the future value of $1,000 is $1,100, the future value factor must have been 1.1. A future value factor of 1.0 means the value of the series will be equal to the value today."}
{"prompts":"What Is ERM and Why Is It Important?","response":"ERM is a company's approach to managing risk. It is the practices, policies, and framework for how a company handles a variety of risks its business faces. ERM is important because it helps prevent losses or unexpected negative outcomes. ERM is also important because it helps a company set the plans in place to strategically approach risk and garner employee buy-in."}
{"prompts":"What If My Spouse is Enrolled In a Different Health Insurance Plan?","response":"You can use funds from your healthcare FSA to pay for eligible medical costs for both your spouse and tax dependents, regardless of the medical insurance in which they are enrolled. To use funds for your dependents, they must be claimed on your tax return, and dependents can't file their own return."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays Imputed Interest?","response":"In most cases, the lender is responsible for paying taxes on the imputed interest on a loan. This means that if the IRS determines that a loan should have been made at a higher interest rate than the actual rate charged by the lender, the lender may be required to pay taxes on the difference between the two rates and is responsible for reporting the imputed interest on their tax return. In some cases, the borrower may also be required to report the imputed interest and pay taxes on it, depending on the specific circumstances of the loan."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Exchanges Set Minimum Tick Sizes?","response":"Tick sizes help maintain an orderly market. By standardizing the minimum price increments, tick sizes reduce price volatility caused by too many price movements in tiny increments.A well-chosen tick size can balance liquidity and price discovery. If the tick size is too large, it can lead to a wider bid-ask spread, making trading more costly for investors. Meanwhile, a tiny tick size can result in a cluttered order book with minimal meaningful price differentiation, obstructing efficient price discovery."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Central Banks Adopt NIRPs to Stimulate the Economy?","response":"Monetary policymakers are often afraid of falling into a\u00a0deflationary spiral. In\u00a0harsh economic times, such as deep economic recessions or depressions, people and businesses tend\u00a0to hold on to their cash while they wait for the economy to improve.This behavior, however, can\u00a0weaken the economy further as a\u00a0lack of spending causes further job losses,\u00a0lower profits, and price drops\u2014all of which reinforce\u00a0people\u2019s fears, giving them even more incentive to hoard. As spending slows even more, prices drop again, creating another incentive for people to wait as\u00a0prices fall further, and so on. When central banks have already lowered interest rates to zero, the NIRP is a way to incentivize corporate borrowing and investment and discourage hoarding of cash."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Improve Soft Skills?","response":"Although not customarily acquired through formal training, soft skills can be learned. To improve soft skills, an individual must be open to feedback and willing to change behaviors. Training can provide tips and strategies for developing better practices, such as active listening and empathizing with others. And practicing can strengthen areas where deficiencies exist."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Company Improve Its Asset Turnover Ratio?","response":"A company may attempt to raise a low asset\u00a0turnover ratio\u00a0by stocking its shelves with highly salable items, replenishing\u00a0inventory\u00a0only when necessary, and augmenting its hours of operation to increase customer foot traffic and spike sales. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management, for instance, is a system whereby a firm receives inputs as close as possible to when they are actually needed. So, if a car assembly plant needs to install airbags, it does not keep a stock of airbags on its shelves, but receives them as those cars come onto the assembly line."}
{"prompts":"Is a Laptop a Fixed Asset?","response":"If the laptop is being used in a company's operations to generate income, such as by an employee who uses it to perform their job, it may be considered a fixed asset. In this case, the laptop would be recorded on the company's balance sheet as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E). However, if the laptop is being used for personal use, it would not be considered a fixed asset and would not be recorded on the company's balance sheet.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Noninterest Income For Banks?","response":"Noninterest income is income generated by sources that do not create interest. For example, this could be fees, commissions, investment gains, and other operational income."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Financial Statements?","response":"The three main types of financial statements are the balance sheet, the income statement, and the cash flow statement. These three statements together show the assets and liabilities of a business, its revenues, and costs, as well as its cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities."}
{"prompts":"What Is Something That Is Inelastic to Changes in Income?","response":"Inelastic goods tend to have the same demand regardless of income. Certain staples and basics such as gasoline or milk would not change with income\u2014you'll still only need one gallon a week even if your income doubles."}
{"prompts":"What Do Hawks and Doves Mean in Politics?","response":"Hawks and doves is a way to categorize how government officials view foreign policy. Those who seek an aggressive policy based on strong military power and other means are known as hawks, whereas doves seek a less aggressive foreign policy with reduced military power."}
{"prompts":"How Is Rehypothecation Legal?","response":"Rehypothecation is legal because it is often agreed to by clients. Clients may have to agree to terms in order to use a service. For example, when they deposit shares into a specific brokerage account, they may have agreed that the broker may do certain things to those shares. Second, rehypothecation. The same may be said about bank deposits; in order to open a bank account at an institution, the fine print may state that the firm is allowed to manage your funds as they see fit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Leading and Lagging Indicators?","response":"Leading indicators are measurable pieces or sets of data that may suggest future economic, business, or investment trends. A lagging indicator is a measurable figure or set of data that changes at some point after an economic or business trend occurs."}
{"prompts":"What is a credit card annual fee?","response":"The annual fee on a credit card is the fee charged by the card issuer to extend the credit card to you. Some cards don\u2019t charge an annual fee, but others\u2014most often cards that offer rewards or incentives like cash back\u2014can charge annual fees ranging from $50 to $700."}
{"prompts":"What Is Return on Average Capital Employed?","response":"Return on average capital employed (ROACE) is a ratio that measures a company's profitability versus the investments it has made in itself. To calculate ROACE, divide earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) by the average total assets minus the average current liabilities. ROACE differs from the return on capital employed (ROCE) because it takes into account the averages of assets and liabilities over a period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Duopoly?","response":"An example of a duopoly is the dominance that Apple and Samsung have over the smartphone market."}
{"prompts":"Does Open-End Credit Help Your Credit Score?","response":"Open-end credit can either help or hurt your credit score, depending on how you use it. If you have a credit card, for example, and reliably make at least the minimum required payment each month, that can help your credit score. However, if you max out your card, or get too close to its credit limit, that will affect your credit utilization ratio, which can lower your score."}
{"prompts":"Is a Batch Order the Same As a Market Order?","response":"A batch order is not the same as a market order, but it is made up of multiple market orders. These orders are sent between the close of one day's session and the start of the next. A batch order is placed by a brokerage, combining multiple orders for the same stock as if they were one single transaction. This type of order is only executed for orders placed between trading sessions and happens at the opening of the market for the day."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Balance Sheet, and How Does It Relate to Percentage Changes?","response":"A balance sheet is a financial statement that companies use to report assets, liabilities, and shareholder equity. Balance sheets provide a snapshot of a company\u2019s finances for a specific period of time, such as a quarter or a fiscal year.Many companies choose to analyze their balance sheet by seeing the percentage change in specific account balances from one period to the next. For example, a company can check its immediate liquidity trend by seeing the percentage change in cash on hand across the last several years."}
{"prompts":"When Is It Appropriate to Use Absorption Costing?","response":"Absorption costing is typically used in situations where a company wants to understand the full cost of producing a product or providing a service. This includes cases where a company is required to report its financial results to external stakeholders, such as shareholders or regulatory agencies.Absorption costing is also often used for internal decision-making purposes, such as determining the selling price of a product or deciding whether to continue producing a particular product. In these cases, the company may use absorption costing to understand the full cost of producing the product and to determine whether the product is generating sufficient profits to justify its continued production."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between DTC and DTCC?","response":"The DTCC is the parent institution of the Depository Trust Company (DTC), a securities depository. A member of the U.S. Federal Reserve System, the DTC provides settlement services, asset servicing, and clearing services."}
{"prompts":"How Many People Live in Poverty in the U.S.?","response":"According to the Census Bureau's most recent data, the official poverty rate in 2022 was 11.5%. That translates to 37.9 million people in poverty."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Input Odds Into the Kelly Criterion?","response":"In order to enter odds into the Kelly Criterion, one first needs to determine W, the probability of a favorable return, and R, the size of the average win divided by the size of the average loss. For investing purposes, the easiest way to estimate these percentages is from the investor's recent investment returns. These figures are then entered into the formulaK= W- (1-W) \/ R\u2014where K represents the percentage of the investor's bankroll that they should invest."}
{"prompts":"Who Owns a Private Company?","response":"Private companies are owned by their shareholders. This may include the owner(s), the company's management, and any other people who have a stake in the company. Unlike private companies, ownership isn't divided into shares that trade on a stock exchange and isn't diluted."}
{"prompts":"What are the advantages of financial statement analysis?","response":"The main point of financial statement analysis is to evaluate a company\u2019s performance or value through a company\u2019s balance sheet, income statement, or statement of cash flows. By using a number of techniques, such as horizontal, vertical, or ratio analysis, investors may develop a more nuanced picture of a company\u2019s financial profile."}
{"prompts":"Can You Deny Access to Landlocked Property?","response":"No, you cannot deny access to landlocked property. There are federal and state laws in place that allow access to landlocked property even though direct access is not possible. One of the best ways to allow access to landlocked property is through an easement or easement by necessity."}
{"prompts":"What Was the Purpose of the Dodd-Frank Act?","response":"Dodd-Frank is intended to curb the extremely risky financial industry activities that led to the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008. Its goal was, and still is, to protect consumers and taxpayers from egregious practices like predatory lending."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Good Customer Service?","response":"Some of the ways to provide effective customer service include providing a friendly and warm experience, listening, and empathizing. It's also important for customers to feel as though their concerns and problems are valid and that they're being accommodated. Being proactive, not taking anything personally, and following up are also some examples of good customer service."}
{"prompts":"Are Tax Credits Better Than Tax Deductions?","response":"Many tax credits may yield better favorable results compared to tax deductions, especially if those tax credits are refundable. Refundable tax credits can reduce a taxpayer's liability below $0 and result in a refund. While tax deductions can only limit the taxability of an individual's income, some tax credits actually return a refund."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cum Laude, Magna Cum Laude, and Summa Cum Laude?","response":"While cum laude represents a distinguished level of achievement, magna cum laude is one level above. Meaning \u201cwith great praise\u201d in Latin, magna cum laude differs from summa cum laude, which in turn means \u201chighest praise\u201d or \u201chighest honor.\u201d Summa cum laude represents the highest level of academic distinction. These designations may be awarded due to different factors such as GPA, class ranking, or additional academic achievements.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Feasibility?","response":"The study considers the feasibility of four aspects of a project:Technical: A list of the hardware and software needed, and the skilled labor required to make them work.Financial: An estimate of the cost of the overall project and its expected return.Market: An analysis of the market for the product or service, the industry, competition, consumer demand, sales forecasts, and growth projectionsOrganizational: An outline of the business structure and the management team that will be needed."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Foreign Direct Investment?","response":"One of the most sweeping examples of FDI in the world today is the Chinese initiative known as One Belt One Road (OBOR). This program, sometimes referred to as the Belt and Road Initiative, involves a commitment by China to substantial FDI in a range of infrastructure programs throughout Africa, Asia, and even parts of Europe. The program is typically funded by Chinese state-owned enterprises and organizations with deep ties to the Chinese government. Similar programs are undertaken by other nations and international bodies, including Japan, the United States, and the European Union."}
{"prompts":"What Percentage Is Kiddie Tax?","response":"In 2023, unearned income under $1,250 qualifies for the standard deduction. The next $1,250 is then taxed at the child's marginal tax rate, and then all amounts over $2,500 are taxed at the parent's tax rate, which can vary from 10% to 37%."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Term Ghetto Offensive?","response":"Many people consider the term \"ghetto\" offensive because it evokes a long history of racial segregation and discrimination. In the United States, many such communities were created through deliberate policies that denied housing and financial services to ethnic minority groups. Some celebrities have stirred controversy by using the word in public."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Residence and a Domicile?","response":"A residence is a location where you may live part-time or full-time. A domicile is your legal address, and your domicile is located in the state where you pay taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Did Markowitz Call His \u201cA-ha\u201d Moment?","response":"Markowitz\u2019s \u201ca-ha\u201d moment came when he was reading a book on mathematical probability\u2014and he had his famous brainstorm about risk correlation: \"that the volatility of the portfolio depends not only on the volatility of the constituents but to what extent they go up and down together.\u201d"}
{"prompts":"Why Does Trading Volume Tend to Spike During the Witching Hour?","response":"The concentration of expiring contracts simultaneously across asset classes encourages a spike in trading activity from those closing or rolling over positions, those speculating on last-minute volatility or dynamically hedging, and those taking advantage of fleeting mispricing. This combination inevitably leads to the surge during the witching hour."}
{"prompts":"Where Does Section 1231 Gain Get Reported?","response":"IRS Form 4797, Sales of Business Property,\u00a0is used to report the section 1231 gains on a sold property."}
{"prompts":"What defines a first world country?","response":"There is no universal way to define a first world country. They are often characterized as industrialized and democratic nations. These features are typically accompanied by stable currencies, sound financial markets, and modern infrastructure. Due to these factors, first world countries often attract foreign direct investment and capital inflows."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do You Need to Trade E-mini Futures?","response":"There is no legal minimum on what balance you must maintain to day trade futures, although you must have enough in the account to cover all day trading margins and fluctuations which result from your positions. These can vary by broker however some require as little as $500 to open an account."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Superannuation and Retirement?","response":"Superannuation is a retirement account that Australians can use to fund their retirement. Retirement means building enough wealth not to need to work again."}
{"prompts":"What Does Quota Mean in Economics?","response":"Quotas in economics refer to the time-bound restrictions governments impose on trade. This is generally done to protect and encourage domestic business and balance trade. Governments implement quotas by placing limits on the value or number of goods exported or imported. For example, a nation may restrict another from importing a maximum of 100 barrels of crude oil."}
{"prompts":"What's the Purpose of the Capital Adequacy Ratio?","response":"The capital adequacy ratio is intended to ensure that banks have enough funds available to handle a reasonable amount of losses and prevent insolvency."}
{"prompts":"Can an LLC Operating Agreement Be Amended?","response":"Yes, LLC operating agreements can generally be amended, but the procedures for doing so will vary. In most cases, the process of amending an operating agreement should be spelled out in the agreement itself: some LLCs might specify that they can only be amended by a unanimous vote of the members, or that they can only be amended in the fourth quarter of the year. It is even possible for an LLC to have an operating agreement that cannot be amended. If it is not clearly stated, the process for amending an operating agreement is determined by the default rules for LLCs in that state."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Some States Differentiate Between RECs and SRECs?","response":"States differentiate between RECs and SRECs for different reasons. Some states may require that a specific amount of an electric company's power come from solar rather than other forms of renewable energy. They hope to encourage the adoption of solar energy, especially among homeowners and businesses."}
{"prompts":"What Can I Do With a Cash Balance Plan?","response":"You can choose to make withdrawals or a lump sum payout. If you choose a lump sum, you can roll it into an IRA or other retirement plan if allowed."}
{"prompts":"What Is Risk Parity?","response":"Risk parity\u00a0is an asset management process that evaluates risk based on asset classes rather than the allocation of capital. Tradition asset allocation strategy divides assets between stocks, bonds, and cash. The goal is to provide diversification and reduce risk by using these types of investments. Risk parity, on the other hand, allocates dollars based on four components: equities, credit, interest rates, and commodities."}
{"prompts":"How Can Beginners Start Analyzing Stocks?","response":"Analyzing your first stock does not need to be difficult. First, gather as much public information related to the company as available. This includes recent news articles associated with the company as well as the most recent set of financial statements. Then, filter down this information to the most relevant information, Consider leveraging industry averages or data from competitors to set benchmarks. Then, decide whether the company is outperforming or underperforming compared to current prices and stock activity."}
{"prompts":"What Can I Do If I'm Having Trouble Repaying a Loan?","response":"If you cannot afford your loan payments, you may have choices other than simply not paying. You can start by reaching out to your lender to explain why you're having difficulties. Many lenders offer forbearance or deferment choices for borrowers going through temporary financial hardship. You can also consider refinancing, consolidating your debts, or seeking support from a debt relief program or credit counseling agency. Declaring bankruptcy should generally be a last resort to resolve insurmountable debts, given it will have a significant, negative impact on your ability to borrow in the future."}
{"prompts":"Who Oversees SONIA?","response":"The Bank of England manages and operates the Sterling Overnight Interbank Average rate. It took control of SONIA in 2016 and made changes to its methodology two years later. But it was established by Wholesale Markets Brokers\u2019 Association in 1997. Prior to this, there was no such rate. As such, there was a greater degree of volatility in the overnight interest rate environment in the United Kingdom. SONIA, though, brought more stability to these rates. It is now used as a broad benchmark for different types of unsecured financial transactions."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Cryptocurrencies Need Proof of Work?","response":"Because they are decentralized and peer-to-peer by design, blockchains such as cryptocurrency networks require some way of achieving both consensus and security. Proof of work is one method that makes it too resource-intensive to overtake the network. Other proof mechanisms also exist that are less resource-intensive. Without a proof mechanism, the network and the data stored within it would be vulnerable to attack or theft."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Name for a Hold Harmless Agreement?","response":"Hold harmless agreements go by many names. They may also be called hold harmless clauses, hold harmless provisions, or indemnity agreements."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Weighted Average Maturity (WAM) and Weighted Average Life (WAL)?","response":"WAM and WAL are mainly used when evaluating money market funds. The difference between WAM and WAL is that WAM takes into account interest rate resets and WAL does not. The SEC limits the WAL for money market mutual funds to 120 days."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Request Your Credit Report?","response":"Who's allowed access to your credit report is governed by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, \"A consumer reporting agency may provide information about you only to people with a valid need \u2014 usually to consider an application with a creditor, insurer, employer, landlord, or other business.\" Employers must typically obtain your permission in writing."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Initial Public Offering (IPO)?","response":"An initial public offering (IPO) refers to the process of offering shares of a private corporation to the public in a new stock issuance. Public share issuance allows a company to raise capital from public investors. Companies must meet requirements set by exchanges and the SEC to hold an IPO. Companies hire investment banks to underwrite their IPOs. The underwriters are involved in every aspect of the IPO due diligence, document preparation, filing, marketing, and issuance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Contra Accounts?","response":"There are four key types of contra accounts\u2014contra asset, contra liability, contra equity, and contra revenue. Contra assets decrease the balance of a fixed or capital asset, carrying a credit balance. Contra liabilities reduce liability accounts and carry a debit balance. Contra equity accounts carry a debit balance and reduce equity accounts. Contra revenue accounts reduce revenue accounts and have a debit balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Lagging vs. a Leading Indicator?","response":"Leading indicators are forward-looking. They provide information about likely future outcomes. Lagging indicators are backward-looking and provide information about the effects of past inputs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Features of a PLC?","response":"The key feature of a PLC is that it's based in the U.K. and is publicly traded. The company must also have the PLC or \"public limited company\" designation after its name."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Classical Theory of Money?","response":"The classical theory of money states that the amount of money that a household requires at a given point in time is proportional to the dollar value of its demand for commodities. Purchasing a higher value of goods will require a household to keep more cash on hand. This is known as the propensity to hold money."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Tell if a Decline in an Uptrend is Just a Pullback or Something More?","response":"The first place to look is at the fundamental story behind the uptrend. Has fresh, negative news hit the particular security and precipitated the pullback? Or is the pullback part of an overall, general market decline (e.g., Wall Street had a bad day)? You can also monitor key technical support levels to see if they hold. In case they fail, you might be looking at a more significant correction or even a reversal."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Confidence Interval Reveal?","response":"A confidence interval is a range of values, bounded above and below the statistic's mean, that likely would contain an unknown population parameter. Confidence level refers to the percentage of probability, or certainty, that the confidence interval would contain the true population parameter when you draw a random sample many times."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Due Diligence?","response":"Due diligence is primarily a way to reduce exposure to risk. The process ensures that a party is aware of all the details of a transaction before they agree to it. For example, a broker-dealer will give an investor the results of a due diligence report so that the investor is fully informed and cannot hold the broker-dealer responsible for any losses."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Word-of-Mouth Marketing?","response":"Word-of-mouth marketing includes the marketing tactics companies use to prompt their consumers to talk about their levels of satisfaction with the company's service or product. These strategies include brand loyalty programs, which reward customers for repeated business and provide them platforms to provide user feedback; giveaways, contests, and sponsored influencers."}
{"prompts":"What Does Downside Mean?","response":"Downside is the opposite of upside. It refers to the drop or negative movement in the price of a financial asset, such as a stock. It can also refer to the downward movement of a financial portfolio, company, sector, or market. Like upside, downside is expressed in a dollar value or percentage terms."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of HMOs?","response":"Almost every major insurance company provides an HMO plan. For instance, Cigna and Humana provide their own versions of the HMO. Aetna offers individuals two options: the Aetna HMO and the Aetna Health Network Only plan."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Research and Development?","response":"Alphabet allocated over $16 billion annually to R&D in 2018. Under its R&D arm X, the moonshot factory, it has developed Waymo self-driving cars. Meanwhile, Amazon has spent even more on R&D projects, with key developments in cloud computing and its cashier-less store Amazon Go. At the same time, R&D can take the approach of a merger & acquisition, where a company will leverage the talent and intel of another company to create a competitive edge. The same can be said with company investment in accelerators and incubators, whose developments it could later leverage."}
{"prompts":"Why Was the Kyoto Protocol Created?","response":"The Kyoto Protocol was created in response to concerns surrounding climate change. The treaty was an agreement between developed nations to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases. The framework implemented the United Nations' target of reducing global warming consequences including a general rise in sea levels, disappearance of some island states, melting of glaciers, and an increase in extreme climate-related events."}
{"prompts":"Can Any Loan Become Nonaccrual?","response":"Lenders can put almost any loan into nonaccrual status if payments are 90 days behind, with the exception of secured loans backed by solid collateral (e.g., a mortgage backed by a house). If a secured loan goes into default, the lending institution can seize the collateral and liquidate it to recover the unpaid balance."}
{"prompts":"How Can Investors Use the Yield Curve?","response":"Investors can use the yield curve to make predictions about the economy to make investment decisions. If the bond yield curve indicates an economic slowdown, investors might move their money into defensive assets that traditionally do well during a recession. If the yield curve becomes steep, this might signal future inflation. In this scenario, investors might avoid long-term bonds with a yield that will erode against increased prices."}
{"prompts":"What Is Foreign Exchange Trading?","response":"When you're making trades in the forex market, you're buying the currency of one nation and simultaneously selling the currency of another nation.There's no physical exchange of money. Traders are taking a position in a specific currency, with the hope that it will gain in value relative to the other currency."}
{"prompts":"What Loan Refinancing Options Does the USDA Offer?","response":"The USDA offers direct loans and guarantees loans from private mortgage lenders to low- and moderate-income borrowers in rural areas. It oversees two programs to refinance these loans\u2014streamlined-assist and standard streamlined."}
{"prompts":"What Is Negative Amortization?","response":"Negative amortization is when the size of a debt increases with each payment, even if you pay on time. This happens because the interest on the loan is greater than the amount of each payment. Negative amortization is particularly dangerous with credit cards, whose interest rates can be as high as 20% or even 30%. In order to avoid owing more money later, it is important to avoid over-borrowing and to pay off your debts as quickly as possible."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From Take or Pay?","response":"Everyone benefits. The supplier has its risk in spending capital to produce its commodity reduced because it knows it will get at least a certain amount of money for it. The buyer benefits because it is free to search for a lower price for the commodity elsewhere. The economy benefits because the provision facilitates trade and reduces transaction costs."}
{"prompts":"What Replaced Caveat Emptor?","response":"In general, caveat venditor has replaced caveat emptor. It means that sellers now need to be sure that their products and services function as advertised. Unless they're told otherwise, buyers expect that items have an implied warranty and can be returned for a refund."}
{"prompts":"How Many People Do You Need to Set Up a Family Limited Partnership?","response":"A family limited partnership like a holding company or business must have at least two members."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does an Investment Banker Make?","response":"An investment banking analyst, which is the lowest level of investment banker, can expect an average annual pay of $137,000 to $235,000 in 2024. More experienced investment bankers can earn much higher salaries, depending on their firm and clients. Many investment bankers receive bonuses, tips, or profit-sharing as part of their pay."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction?","response":"A tax credit lowers the amount of tax you owe on a dollar-by-dollar basis. For example, a $1,000 tax credit means that you owe $1,000 less in taxes. By contrast, a tax deduction lowers your taxable income. If your taxable income drops by $1,000 and you're in the 24% tax bracket, you'd save $240 in taxes."}
{"prompts":"How Do Companies Manage Their Operational Risk?","response":"Operational risk is any risk associated with the day-to-day operations of a business. Companies can manage it by identifying and assessing potential risks, measuring them, and putting controls in place to either mitigate or eliminate them altogether. It's also important that corporations monitor their operations and risk management techniques to see if they are working and make changes whenever necessary."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Thrift Banks?","response":"Thrift banks include savings banks, private development banks, and stock savings and loan associations."}
{"prompts":"What Upside Risk?","response":"Upside risk refers to the uncertain upward potential for a financial instrument, market, sector, or economy. Upside risk is positive, which means it can work to an investor or company's favor. It is the opposite of downside risk, which allows observers to determine how much they may lose."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Damages in the Legal Context?","response":"There are three general types of compensatory damages that the plaintiff can seek and which may be awarded by a court:Economic damages to recover money or other financial lossesNon-economic damages to make a party whole for non-monetary losses such as bodily or emotional harmPunitive damages to impose an additional punishment on the guilty party"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Registered Representative?","response":"In order to become a registered representative, you must be sponsored by a FINRA-registered brokerage firm and also be licensed to sell securities. In order to gain the General Securities License, you must pass the SIE exam and the FINRA Series 7 exam."}
{"prompts":"Should You Go to an Open House Before Making an Offer?","response":"You don't have to go to an open house before making an offer, but it is usually a good idea to a property in person before making an offer. However, during the 2020 COVID-19 crisis, many realtors ended up selling homes to eager buyers based solely on photographs and information available on online listings."}
{"prompts":"What Is Form 1099-INT?","response":"Form 1099-INT is a tax form issued by interest-paying entities, such as banks, investment firms, and other financial institutions, to taxpayers who receive interest income of $10 or more. The information recorded on the form must be reported to the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What are the advantages of zoning?","response":"When done properly, zoning allows cities to grow sustainably for generations. By setting aside areas near schools or airports or hospitals for future expansion, cities are able to build their communities responsibly."}
{"prompts":"Who Offers High-Deductible Health Plans?","response":"You can get coverage under an HDHP through your employer. These plans are also available through government health care exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Stages of the Business Cycle?","response":"In general, the business cycle consists of four distinct phases: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough."}
{"prompts":"Are Stated Income Loans Illegal?","response":"Stated loans, or loans where you do not need to provide proof of your income, are illegal today. A stated loan is a loan in which you only state your income on your loan application."}
{"prompts":"What Is Technical Analysis?","response":"Technical analysis evaluates investments and trading prospects by examining statistical trends in past trading activity, such as price moves and volume. The assumption behind technical analysis is that future prices for an asset are better discerned through its historical value in the market, its level of volatility, and volume traded than fundamental analyses related to a company's financials and industry conditions. While few traders rely wholly on technical or fundamental analysis tools, these are two different ways of evaluating the value of an asset, industry, or market."}
{"prompts":"What Does a CUSIP Number Tell You?","response":"A CUSIP will tell you the exact type of security it references and who issued it. The unique identifier will also tell you what type of security it is (e.g., a corporate bond or common stock)."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Tell if Interest Is Compounded?","response":"The Truth in Lending Act (TILA) requires that lenders disclose loan terms to potential borrowers, including the total dollar amount of interest to be repaid over the life of the loan and whether interest accrues simply or is compounded."}
{"prompts":"What Does E&P Stand for in Oil and Gas?","response":"E&P is short for exploration and production, which is the early stage of energy production that consists of looking for oil and gas and then extracting it."}
{"prompts":"Can I Pay Off an Amortized Loan Early?","response":"Yes. To pay off an amortized loan early, you can make payments more frequently or make principal-only payments. Since the interest is charged on the principal, making extra payments on the principal lowers the amount that can accrue interest. Check your loan agreement to see if you will be charged early payoff penalty fees before attempting this."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Stop-Loss Order and A Stop-Limit Order?","response":"A stop-loss order assures execution, while a stop-limit order ensures a fill at the desired price. The decision regarding which type of order to use depends on a number of factors.A stop-loss order will get triggered at the market price once the stop-loss level has been breached. An investor with a long position in a security whose price is plunging swiftly may find that the price at which the stop-loss order got filled is well below the level at which the stop-loss was set. This can be a major risk when a stock gaps down\u2014say, after an earnings report\u2014for a long position; conversely, a gap up can be a risk for a short position.A stop-limit order combines the features of a stop-loss order and a limit order. The investor specifies the limit price, thus ensuring that the stop-limit order will only be filled at the limit price or better. However, as with any limit order, the risk here is that the order may not get filled at all, leaving the investor stuck with a money-losing position."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Components of a Gantt Chart?","response":"A Gantt chart can vary in complexity and depth, but will always have three key components: activities or tasks that are to be done, running along the y-axis; milestones or progress stages indicated along the x-axis (either on the top or bottom of the chart); and progress bars, denoted as horizontal bars, denoting how far along each task is at any given point."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Make an Argument for a Higher Wage?","response":"One of the key considerations when an employer sets a justified wage is the person's contribution to the bottom line. When you're asking for a raise, be prepared to discuss how you've contributed to the company's success.If you can, cite numbers. Does the competition pay better than your company? Is the average pay for your job position higher? Look for hard numbers to strengthen your case."}
{"prompts":"Is Financial Accounting the Same As Managerial Accounting?","response":"While they often perform similar tasks, financial accounting\u00a0is the process of preparing and presenting official quarterly or annual financial information for external use. Such reports may include audited financial statements that help investors and analysts decide whether to buy or sell shares of the company.Managerial accounting, in contrast, uses pro forma measures that describe and measure the financial information tracked internally by corporate managers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ARM and a Hybrid ARM?","response":"An ARM is an adjustable-rate mortgage whereby the rate resets periodically. A hybrid ARM has a fixed rate for the initial period and typically adjusts annually afterward. The initial period can vary and be three, five, or seven years."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Invest in the Nikkei?","response":"American investors can invest in the Nikkei 225 index, Japan's primary equity index, via an ETF. These include:iShares Core Nikkei 225 ETFXtrackers Nikkei 225 UCITS ETF"}
{"prompts":"What Are Explicit Costs?","response":"Explicit costs are tangible expenses that appear in a company\u2019s general ledger and are used to determine profitability. Examples include wages, lease payments, utilities, and raw materials."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Tax Credits and Tax Deductions?","response":"Tax credits reduce the tax you owe, while tax deductions lower your taxable income. While both save you money, credits are more valuable because they reduce your tax bill. A $1,000 tax credit reduces your tax bill by $1,000. Conversely, a $1,000 tax deduction lowers your taxable income. If you're in the 22% tax bracket, a $1,000 deduction saves $220 on your tax bill."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Original American Dream?","response":"The phrase \u201cAmerican dream\u201d was often used by Progressive-era reformers of the 1900s. Rather than exalting the pursuit of wealth, they sought to tame monopoly capitalism and protect workers and communities from robber barons. This concept was popularized by writer and historian\u00a0James Truslow Adams in his best-selling 1931 book Epic of America.\u00a0He described it as \"that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Seven Living Generations?","response":"Greatest generation (b. ~1900-1925)Silent generation (~1925-1945)Baby boomers (~ 1945-1965)Generation X (~1965-1980)Millennials (~1980-1995)Generation Z (~1995-2010)Generation Alpha (~2010- )"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between F and Y-Shares?","response":"Y-shares are an institutional share class issued by mutual funds, not to be confused with Y stocks. Y-stocks, which are sometimes called Y-shares, are American depositary receipts (ADRs) trading in the U.S. market but represent a foreign stock. F-stocks are foreign stocks trading in the local foreign market."}
{"prompts":"Does SG&A Include Salary?","response":"It depends. The cost to directly manufacture products is included in COGS. This includes salaries such as manufacturing line supervisors. Other salaries, such as accounting staff, are included in SG&A."}
{"prompts":"How Can Using the Run Rate Be Helpful?","response":"A run rate can be helpful in the creation of performance estimates for companies that have been operating for short periods of time, such as less than a year, as well as newly created departments or profit centers. Additionally, the run rate can be helpful in cases where a fundamental business operation was changed in some way that was anticipated to affect all future performances of the associated business."}
{"prompts":"How Can the D\/E Ratio Be Used to Measure a Company\u2019s Riskiness?","response":"A steadily rising D\/E ratio may make it harder for a company to obtain financing in the future. The growing reliance on debt could eventually lead to difficulties in servicing the company\u2019s current loan obligations. Very high D\/E ratios may eventually result in a loan default or bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"Is Cap and Trade Successful?","response":"The proponents of cap and trade argue that well-designed cap and trade systems have proven to be environmentally effective and cost-effective. When a company has effective emissions monitoring systems and complies with regulations, a cap trade initiative can be beneficial not only for the environment for also for the economy, since banking the excess allowances can reduce significantly a company's costs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Elements of Neoclassical Economics?","response":"The main assumptions of neoclassical economics are that consumers make rational decisions to maximize utility, that businesses aim to maximize profits, that people act independently based on having all the relevant information related to a choice or action, and that markets will self-regulate in response to supply and demand."}
{"prompts":"Can You Buy Back an Option You Sold?","response":"Once you sell your option, you generally can't buy it back. But there is a way to eliminate your short position. You can do this by buying a call option with similar details for the same underlying asset, including the strike price and expiry date."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Scenario Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis?","response":"Scenario analysis looks at a wide range of possible outcomes, but it analyzes the effect of manipulating all variables at the same time. The result is typically a base-case scenario, a best-case scenario, and a worst-case scenario.On the other hand, sensitivity analysis assesses the impact of changing just one variable at a time."}
{"prompts":"How to Calculate Earnings Before Tax (EBT)?","response":"EBT can be calculated in the following ways:Revenue \u2013 all operating expenses, including the cost of goods sold, selling, general and administrative expenses, and depreciation and amortizationEBIT \u2013 interest expenseNet income + taxes"}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Section 1250 Recapture?","response":"Section 1250 is calculated as the lesser of two amounts. The first amount is the excess of accelerated depreciation claimed on real property over what would have been the allowable amount under a straight-line method. The second amount is the gain realized upon disposition."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Insurance Are Sold at Banks?","response":"Depending on the country and the particular bank, consumers can buy a wide variety of insurance at their local banks, including life, health, and property and casualty insurance. However, life insurance is the dominant product in the U.S. and most of the world. In 2018, for example, about 29% of life insurance globally was sold through bancassurance, while only about 2% of property and casualty insurance was, according to McKinsey & Company."}
{"prompts":"Is Residual Value the Same As Buyout?","response":"Residual value and a lease buyout are two different things. A lease buyout is an option that is contained in some lease agreements that give you the option to buy your leased vehicle at the end of your lease. The price you will pay for a lease buyout will be based on the residual value of the car."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Discount and Full-Service Broker?","response":"Traditionally, a discount broker would only buy and sell on customers' behalf. In contrast, a full-service broker would provide a broader breadth of financial services such as research, advice, portfolio management, and more. Today, as online brokerages have forced commissions down to zero, discount brokers have distinguished themselves by providing research and other services in addition to pure execution."}
{"prompts":"Are the Secondary and Stock Market the Same?","response":"Most people consider the stock market to be the secondary market. This is where securities are traded after they are issued for the first time on the primary market. For instance, Company X would conduct its initial public offering on the primary market. Once complete, its shares are available to trade on the secondary market. Major stock exchanges like the NYSE and Nasdaq are secondary markets."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between an Interest Rate and an Annual Percentage Rate?","response":"In the case of credit cards, interest rates must be stated as an annual percentage rate, or APR, so they are basically the same thing. With other types of loans (such as mortgages or car loans) the interest rate and APR can be different because the APR will include both the basic interest rate and any additional fees."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need Receipts for Travel Expenses?","response":"Yes. Whether you're an employee claiming reimbursement from an employer or a business owner claiming a tax deduction, you need to prepare to prove your expenditures. Keep a running log of your expenses and file away the receipts as backup."}
{"prompts":"Which Company Has the Best ESG Report?","response":"This depends on which method you think is best for ranking ESG firms against one another. Morningstar takes its analysis from Sustainalytics, Morningstar\u2019s ESG and corporate governance research, ratings, and analytics firm, to publish its list of the top-rated ESG companies. U.S. firms in the 2024 global top-50 list include the Inter-American Development Bank, Keysight Technologies, and Universal Display."}
{"prompts":"What Is Elastic Vs. Inelastic Demand?","response":"Elastic demand is demand that rises or falls based on the price of the service or product, state of the economy, or financial health of the person. Inelastic demand is demand that is, to an extent, impervious to price fluctuations, the state of the economy, tax incidence or any other financial consideration. It is the difference between something like entertainment or self-care purchases versus food and medicine."}
{"prompts":"Can You Go to Jail for Tax Evasion in the U.S.?","response":"Yes, you can. Tax evasion is a felony that is punishable by up to five years in prions or a fine of up to $250,000 (or $500,000 for corporations) or both."}
{"prompts":"What Defines a Nonrenewable Resource?","response":"Nonrenewable resources are derived from the Earth\u2014 in a finite supply that can take billions of years to replenish. Historically, many nonrenewables have been relatively cheap to extract. But as their supply continues to diminish, the cost of this extraction may rise in price, leading customers to use alternative sources, such as solar and wind energy."}
{"prompts":"Does the Parent or Student Claim the 1098-T?","response":"Either can do so (but not both). Generally, it depends on who is actually paying the educational expenses and if the student is still being listed and taken as a dependent on the parent's tax return. If they are, the parent usually claims the education credit based on the Form 1098-T info."}
{"prompts":"Is Tax Avoidance Legal?","response":"The simple answer to this question is yes. Tax avoidance can be a legal way to avoid paying taxes. For instance, you can avoid paying taxes by using tax credits, deductions, exclusions, and loopholes to your advantage. For instance, corporations often use different legal strategies to avoid paying taxes. These include offshoring their profits, using accelerated depreciation, and taking deductions for employee stock options.Tax avoidance can be illegal, though, when taxpayers make it a point to ignore tax laws as they apply to them deliberately. Doing so can result in fines, penalties, levies, and even legal action."}
{"prompts":"Is a Line of Best Fit Always Straight?","response":"By definition a line is always straight, so a best fit line is linear. However, a curve may also be used to describe the best fit in a set of data. Indeed, a best fit curve may be squared (x2), cubic (x3), quadratic (x4), logarithmic (ln), a square root (\u221a), or anything else that can be described mathematically with an equation. Note, however, that simpler explanations of fit are often preferred."}
{"prompts":"Which Activist Investor Generates the Largest Share-Price Gains at the Outset?","response":"It is difficult to know for sure which activist investors have been the more successful dollar-for-dollar and what other factors may cause particular stocks to rise in addition to an activist taking on a stake, but we can look to SEC disclosures and public statements made by these investors. Elliott Investment Management, for one, claims that its investments receive an average rise of 8% in the shares of the target company on the day the firm made its stake public. According to Elliot, its activist engagements have increased the market values of the targeted companies by an aggregate of more $30 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Institute for New Economic Thinking?","response":"Since the 2008 financial crisis, Stiglitz has played an important role in the creation of the\u00a0Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET), which seeks to reform the economic discipline so it is better equipped to find solutions to the great challenges of the 21st century."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Production Possibility Frontier?","response":"The simplest method is to use Excel or Google Sheets. Fill two columns with two variable values, highlight the data, and use the chart wizard. Create an XY scatter plot chart and label the X and Y axes."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Impact-Investing Strategy?","response":"An impact-investing strategy is an investment strategy that targets companies or industries that produce social or environmental benefits. For example, some impact investors seek to support renewable energy, electric cars, microfinance, sustainable agriculture, or other causes that they believe to be worthwhile."}
{"prompts":"When Does Quadruple Witching Occur?","response":"Stop options contracts expire monthly, while index futures and options typically settle on the third Friday of March, June, September, and December."}
{"prompts":"Where Are Engels' Published Works Written as Pseudonym Friedrich Oswald?","response":"Thirty literary works that were published under Engels' pseudonym were found in Bremen after Engels' passing and are preserved. His pseudonym was not revealed until after his death."}
{"prompts":"What Recourse Do I Have Against a Home Builder?","response":"If a home builder has done a poor job in building your home, such as faulty floorboards, cracked ceilings, or other issues, as a homeowner you do have some recourse. The first step is to check your contracts and warranties. Most house builds will have warranties on the different areas of your home. If the warranties expire or do not cover a certain issue, depending on the issue, the builder may be in breach of contract or negligence given the work they have done. You can register complaints with the Better Business Bureau and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and speak to a lawyer to determine your options."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Musharakah Practiced?","response":"Musharakah is used in Islamic financing around the world. Its system of partnership is used by Islamic banks, as well as by debt and equity markets. Countries where it is common include Sudan, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and Malaysia."}
{"prompts":"What Are Operating Leases Used for?","response":"Operating leases allow companies greater flexibility to upgrade assets, like equipment, which reduces the risk of obsolescence. There is no ownership risk and payments are considered to be operating expenses and tax-deductible. Finally, the risks and benefits remain with the lessor as the lessee is only liable for the maintenance costs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Structure of the Federal Reserve System?","response":"The Federal Reserve System comprises the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., and 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located across the country. These regional banks serve as operational and financial centers, supporting the central banking functions."}
{"prompts":"What's the Most Miserable Country in the World?","response":"According to the Misery Index for 2021, Cuba was the most miserable country in the world with a misery index score of 1,227.6, followed by Venezuela (774.3) and Sudan (397.2)."}
{"prompts":"Does the Fed Collect Taxes?","response":"No. The Fed is responsible only for monetary policy and banking system oversight. Federal taxes are approved and collected exclusively by Congress\u2014via the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), a federal agency)\u2014which is an instance of fiscal policy. State and local taxes are collected by individual states or municipalities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Real GDP Growth Rate?","response":"The annualized real GDP growth rate for the United States in the fourth quarter of 2023 was 3.2%."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Major Parts of Reaganomics?","response":"The four main pillars of Reaganomics were tax cuts, deregulation, cuts to domestic social spending, and reducing inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of a CMBS?","response":"The main risk for a CMBS investor is the possibility of a default in the underlying loans. Because these are non-recourse loans, the borrower cannot be held personally responsible if the loan defaults."}
{"prompts":"What Are Virtual Currencies?","response":"Virtual currencies are digital representations of value whose transactions are conducted only through electronic networks or the internet. They do not have a physical incarnation.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Transfer Pricing?","response":"One of the key disadvantages is that the seller is at risk of selling for less, netting them less revenue. The practice also give multinational corporations a tax loophole."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Incidence Rates in Market Research?","response":"In market research, incidence rate refers to the frequency of people who are able to take part in a particular study. This is calculated by taking the total number of people who are qualified to participate by the total number of those who responded to the call for the study, including those who didn't qualify to take part."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Broad Market Index?","response":"A broad market index tracks the performance of a large group of stocks. This large group is chosen to represent the entire stock market. A broad market index adds significant diversification to any portfolio. Examples of broad-based indexes include the S&P 500 Index and the Russell 3000 Index."}
{"prompts":"Is fire insurance different from homeowners insurance?","response":"Fire insurance provides coverage for costs related to a fire, whereas homeowners insurance protects against many other types of risks. A homeowners insurance policy typically includes coverage for damage caused by a fire, but a stand-alone fire insurance policy may provide more extensive coverage."}
{"prompts":"Is Accumulated Depreciation a Current Liability?","response":"Accumulated depreciation is not a liability. A liability is a future financial obligation (i.e., debt) the company must pay."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Step-Up Feature on a GLWB?","response":"The step-up feature provides a larger guaranteed benefit each year if the cash value from the annuity\u2019s subaccounts has grown. The annuity issuer compares the original benefit base amount with the current cash value every few years. If the latter is bigger, it will use that figure as the basis for future guaranteed benefits."}
{"prompts":"Which Countries Have Zero Income Tax?","response":"Only a handful of countries have 0% income tax. These include Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, the Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Cayman Islands. Many of these are Arab oil-producing nations that subsidize their budgets with exports rather than taxes. These nations also feature relatively high sales taxes and\/or corporate tax rates."}
{"prompts":"What Is Health Insurance and Why Do You Need It?","response":"Health insurance is an agreement in which an insurance company agrees to pay for some or all of your medical expenses in exchange for a monthly premium payment. You need it to ensure you can pay for any medical bills while staying in good financial health."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Gas Fee Calculated?","response":"The gas fee is calculated using Gas Limit * Gas Price per Unit. So if the gas limit was 20,000 and the price per unit was 200 gwei, the calculation would be 20,000 * 200 = 4,000,000 gwei or 0.004 ETH."}
{"prompts":"Is Tax Shield the Same As Tax Savings?","response":"Tax shields result in tax savings. Tax shields allow for taxpayers to make deductions to their taxable income, which reduces their taxable income. The lower the taxable income, the lower the amount of taxes owed to the government, hence, tax savings for the taxpayer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Depository Institution?","response":"There are several advantages to using a depository institution such as a bank. First, depositories provide safekeeping for assets, cash, and valuables, eliminating the risk of theft and loss. They typically pay interest on your deposits, which will grow your balance. Depositories also create liquidity by lending out money."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Cloud Computing?","response":"Several cloud computing applications are used by businesses and individuals, such as streaming platforms for audio or video, where the actual media files are stored remotely. Another would be data storage platforms like Google Drive, Dropbox, OneDrive, or Box."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ETF and an Index Fund?","response":"An ETF can be bought and sold on an exchange like a stock at any point whereas an index fund can only be traded at the end of the day at the set price point. ETFs provide greater flexibility than index funds."}
{"prompts":"Why Was RESPA Passed?","response":"RESPA was passed as part of an effort to limit the use of escrow accounts and to prohibit abusive practices in the real estate industry, such as kickbacks and referral fees."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the Stock Market Ring the Bell Every Opening and Closing?","response":"The opening and closing bells on the stock market tell traders when they are allowed to start or stop trading. In early stock markets, this role was played by a gavel. In today's world of automated markets, the bell is less important, but it still plays a symbolic role."}
{"prompts":"What Strategies Are Used to Gain Market Share?","response":"To gain greater market share, a company may apply one of many strategies. First, it may introduce new technology to attract customers that may have otherwise purchased from its competitor. Second, nurturing customer loyalty is a tactic that can result in both a solid existing customer base and expansion through word of mouth. Third, hiring talented employees prevents costly employee turnover expenses, allowing the company to prioritize its core competencies instead. Finally, with an acquisition, a company can reduce the number of competitors and acquire their base of customers.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Which Earns More: Variable or Fixed Annuities?","response":"There is no clear answer to this. While variable annuities have greater potential for earnings, since their interest rate rises and falls with their underlying investments, they can lose money. They are also riddled with fees, which can cut into profits. Fixed annuities typically earn at a lower, stable rate. Carefully look at your options when choosing an annuity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Parts of a Line Graph?","response":"Line graphs can be highly customizable in terms of title, labels, markers, style of line, and other non-essential features. However, all line graphs must have an x-axis (independent variable), a y-axis (quantity of dependent variable), and input data (dependent variables). The data points for each dependent variable are marked on the graph are connected by a line."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Future Value of an Annuity?","response":"The future value of an annuity is the value of recurring payments at a certain date in the future, assuming a particular rate of return, or\u00a0discount rate. The higher the discount rate, the greater the annuity's future value. FV of an annuity, if the payments are made at the end of the period (i.e., end of the month or year) is calculated as FV = PMT x [(1+r)n\u00a0- 1)]\/r, where FV = future\u00a0value\u00a0of\u00a0an\u00a0annuity\u00a0stream, PMT = dollar\u00a0amount\u00a0of\u00a0each\u00a0annuity\u00a0payment, r = the\u00a0discount (interest) rate, and n = number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\u00a0in\u00a0which\u00a0payments\u00a0will\u00a0be\u00a0made."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Arm\u2019s Length Transactions Important?","response":"The question of whether or not a transaction is arm\u2019s length matters because it can have legal and tax implications. For example, when a multinational corporation engages in transactions with its affiliated companies throughout the world, it must ensure that those transactions are made at fair market values to ensure that the correct taxes are paid in each jurisdiction.Similarly, conglomerates and holding companies can potentially run into legal and regulatory challenges if the companies within their organization do not transact with one another at arm\u2019s length. Ultimately, Arm\u2019s Length Transactions are intended to encourage fair and reasonable business practices and to protect the public at large."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Government-Sponsored Enterprise (GSE)?","response":"The Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. (Freddie Mac), and the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) system are government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) in the housing finance market. SLM Corp. (Sallie Mae) is a student loan GSE. And the Farm Credit System (FCS) and the Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corp. (Farmer Mac) are agricultural GSEs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Par Value Method of Accounting for Treasury Stock?","response":"The par value method is an alternative way to value the stock acquired in a buyback. Under this method, shares are valued according to their par value at the time of repurchase. This sum is debited from the treasury stock account, to decrease total shareholders' equity. The common stock APIC account is also debited by the amount originally paid in excess of par value by the shareholders. The cash account is credited by the total cost of the share repurchase. The net amount is recorded as either a debit or a credit, depending on whether the company paid more or less than the shareholders did originally."}
{"prompts":"Should You Ever Take a Counteroffer?","response":"Yes, if the counteroffer is agreeable and will close the deal. However, a counteroffer that doesn't live up to all of your requirements may not be the best course of action. Moreover, taking a counteroffer can tarnish your reputation with your current employer."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Brand Identity Matter?","response":"Brand identity matters because without it, customers are not able to recognize a brand easily. A strong master brand may help sell a company to consumers and impart strength to all sub-brands."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Fight a Quiet Title Action?","response":"If you find yourself facing a quiet title action, you can fight it by producing a deed and other information proving that you have superior title and that their claim is invalid or mistaken. This often involves showing up to a legal hearing to present your arguments defending your title. Hiring a skilled and knowledgeable attorney to help with the defense is recommended."}
{"prompts":"Can a Sale Involve Something Other Than an Exchange of Goods?","response":"The word \"sale\" is commonly used to advertise a reduction in the price of goods or services to make them more attractive to potential buyers."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common ISPs?","response":"Among the largest ISPs in the United States are Comcast, Charter, AT&T, and Verizon."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Line Graph Useful in Finance?","response":"Line graphs are useful in finance because they are very effective at creating visual representations of trends over time. For this reason, they are often used to depict how a stock is performing over a specific period of time."}
{"prompts":"What Is Maximum Tenor?","response":"The loan tenor is typically between 5 and 25 years, with a maximum of 30 years, depending on the type of project and its debt servicing capability.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Loan and a Credit Facility?","response":"A loan is often a more rigid agreement between a bank and a borrower. The borrower usually receives the funds upfront and then repays it with interest. A credit facility is more flexible, as the agreement allows a borrower to take on debt only when they need the funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Unitized Investment?","response":"A unitized investment is a type of pooled investment structure that allows investors to purchase units in a pooled investment vehicle, such as an investment fund. Each investor owns a portion of the investment vehicle through their units. Unitized investments typically have a specific investment concentration or strategy."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Avoid Death Taxes?","response":"Most people will not incur estate taxes, commonly called the death tax. But if you have $12.92 million or more in assets in 2023 or $13.61 million in 2024, you can avoid paying taxes by donating to charity, giving enough of your estate away to reduce its value, or placing it in special trust funds."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Get a Letter of Guarantee?","response":"To get a letter of guarantee, you need to apply for one from a financial institution, such as a bank. While you can get one from any bank, the issuer will want to examine your finances closely before offering the letter. For this reason, you'll likely find it much easier to work with a bank with which you already have a relationship."}
{"prompts":"What Obligations Does the Federal Government Have to the States?","response":"The federal\u00a0government\u00a0is obligated to guarantee each\u00a0state\u00a0a republican form of\u00a0government, protect each\u00a0state\u00a0from invasion, and, when expressly asked by the\u00a0state's\u00a0legislature or executive, to protect the\u00a0state\u00a0against \"domestic violence.\"\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Wash Trading?","response":"The IRS defines a wash sale as one that happens within 30 days of the purchase of the same security and generates a loss."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Choose the Best ETFs?","response":"You can research the different kinds of ETFs through the website of any major brokerage, such as Fidelity or Charles Schwab. Simply look for a section titled \"ETF Screener\" and select the characteristics that you are looking for in an ETF."}
{"prompts":"What Are Incoterms?","response":"Incoterms are a set of rules for international trade. They are set up by the International Chamber of Commerce and outline the responsibilities of buyers and sellers of financial contracts in domestic and international markets. As such, they provide clarity when it comes to financial contracts between parties, especially when they are in different countries. Established in 1936, Incoterms are updated periodically. Examples of Incoterms include delivered-at-place, carriage and insurance paid to, and delivered duty paid."}
{"prompts":"What Is Full Retirement Age (FRA)?","response":"Full retirement age (FRA) is the age you must reach to be eligible to receive full retirement benefits from Social Security. Your FRA varies depending on when you were born. It's 66 years and two months for those born in 1955 and it gradually increases to age 67 for those born in 1960 and after."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Spoofing and Phishing?","response":"The terms \u201cspoofing\u201d and \u201cphishing\u201d are often used interchangeably, but they mean different things. Spoofing uses a fake email address, display name, phone number, or web address to trick people into believing that they are interacting with a known, trusted source. Phishing tricks you into providing personal data that can be used for identity theft. Many phishers use spoofing tactics to trick their victims into believing they are providing personal information to a legitimate, trusted source."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Stakeholders Important?","response":"Stakeholders are important for a number of reasons. For internal stakeholders, they are important because the business\u2019s operations rely on their ability to work together toward the business\u2019s goals. External stakeholders on the other hand can affect the business indirectly.For instance, customers can change their buying habits, suppliers can change their manufacturing and distribution practices, and governments can modify laws and regulations. Ultimately, managing relationships with internal and external stakeholders is key to a business\u2019s long-term success."}
{"prompts":"What Are Indirect Taxes in the U.S.?","response":"Some examples of indirect taxes in the U.S. include taxes like sales taxes that are not paid directly to the government, but paid to a business that pays taxes to the government. Import taxes are also levied on goods coming into the U.S. The U.S. does not have a national sales tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Pigovian Tax and a Sin Tax?","response":"Pigovian taxes and sin taxes are quite similar and a specific levy may satisfy both definitions. The key difference is that a Pigovian tax seeks primarily to minimize negative externalities (i.e., harms to others or society as a whole), while sin taxes typically seek to reduce negative internalities (i.e., harms to oneself). In the case of cigarettes and alcohol, for example, there are both potential negative internalities and externalities."}
{"prompts":"Is a JD a Lawyer?","response":"To become a\u00a0lawyer, you'll need to earn a\u00a0Juris Doctor\u00a0(JD) degree. Once you graduate, you are entitled to take the bar exam and begin the practice of law. Obtaining a JD degree alone does not permit you to practice law. You must also pass the bar exam. Every state (and the District of Columbia) has its own bar exam."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Issue Warrants?","response":"Companies issue warrants in order to raise capital. When a company sells a warrant it receives payment. If stocks are purchased using the warrant at a later date then the company also receives money."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need CFA for Investment Management?","response":"Certification as a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) is not a legal requirement for\u00a0investment managers, but clients may likely prefer to work with an adviser that holds an industry-specific certification such as CFA, CFP, or Chartered Investment Counselor (CIC)."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Country Peg Their Currency?","response":"The most common reasons include encouraging trade between nations, reducing the risks associated with expanding into broader markets and stabilizing the economy."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Shareholder Profit From Contingent Value Rights?","response":"To profit from a CVR, investors must hold stock in the acquired company before it is delisted from the stock exchange. Companies tend to prefer non-transferable CVRs because it doesn't require listing the shares on an exchange. This costs less money and regulatory hurdles."}
{"prompts":"Can Individuals Invest Directly in an Index?","response":"Investors cannot invest directly in a stock index, such as the Russell 3000 or the S&P 500 but can invest in an index fund or ETF that tracks the performance of the target index."}
{"prompts":"How Do Banks Manage Credit Risk?","response":"Banks can manage credit risk with several strategies. They can set specific standards for lending, including requiring a certain credit score from borrowers. Then, they can regularly monitor their loan portfolios, assess any changes in borrowers' creditworthiness, and make any adjustments."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)?","response":"VIEs can come in many forms and will be organized depending on the needs of the beneficiary company. Some examples may include operating leases, subcontracting arrangements, and offshore companies, among others."}
{"prompts":"How Does the RBI Regulate Banks and Financial Institutions in India?","response":"The RBI regulates banks and financial institutions in India through various measures such as licensing and supervision, setting capital adequacy norms, and conducting inspections and audits. The RBI is also the governing body responsible for issuing regulatory guidelines and directives."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Inventory?","response":"Inventory refers to a company\u2019s goods and products that are ready to sell, along with the raw materials that are used to produce them. Inventory can be categorized in three different ways, including raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods.In accounting, inventory is considered a current asset because a company typically plans to sell the finished products within a year.Methods to value the inventory include last-in, first-out, first-in, first-out, and the weighted average method."}
{"prompts":"How Do Options Differ From Futures?","response":"Both options and futures are types of derivatives contracts that are based on some underlying asset or security. The main difference is that options contracts grant the right but not the obligation to buy or sell the underlying in the future. Futures contracts have this obligation."}
{"prompts":"Can a Minsky Moment Be Predicted?","response":"Predicting a Minsky moment is inherently difficult because of the complexity of market forces, investor psychology, and external economic factors or shocks. While economists and analysts can try to identify speculative bubbles and overleveraging as warning signs, the precise timing and trigger of a Minsky moment are often unpredictable."}
{"prompts":"How Rich Is Michael Bloomberg?","response":"Michael Bloomberg is a billionaire whose fortune is estimated to be worth $82 billion."}
{"prompts":"Do Banks Try to Contact Customers About Inactive Accounts?","response":"Usually, they're required to do so. If that effort fails to locate an owner, a bank will contact the relevant state government's unclaimed property office."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Universal and Whole Life Insurance?","response":"Universal life insurance and whole life insurance are types of permanent life insurance that offer guaranteed death benefits for the life of the insured. However, a universal life policy allows the policyholder to adjust the death benefit as well as the premiums. Higher death benefits require higher premiums. Whole life insurance, on the other hand, does not allow for changes to the death benefit or premiums, which are set upon issue."}
{"prompts":"What Is Prior Probability?","response":"Prior probability is the probability of an event occurring before any data has been gathered. It is the probability as determined by a prior belief. Prior probability is a part of Bayesian statistical inference since you can revise these beliefs and arrive mathematically at a posterior probability."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Incentive Compensation Important in Investment Banking?","response":"Incentive compensation is crucial in investment banking as it motivates employees to perform at their best. It aligns their interests with those of clients and the firm, attracts and retains top talent, and offers flexibility in structuring compensation packages."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs to Fill Out a W-9?","response":"Broadly speaking, anyone who will receive compensation as a non-employee is required to fill out a W-9. There are many situations that may arise when Form W-9 is required. For example, a taxpayer who is set to collect interest, receive proceeds from a real estate transaction, pay home mortgage interest, pay student loan interest, or have debt canceled is also required to receive specific types of either Form 1098 or 1099. In order to accurately furnish the tax form, an opposing party may request your tax information via Form W-9."}
{"prompts":"What Is Higher, Summa or Magna?","response":"Summa is higher than magna. \"Magna cum laude\" is Latin for \"with great distinction.\" \"Summa cum laude\" translates as \"with the highest distinction.\" Cum laude or \"with distinction\" is third."}
{"prompts":"What Other Months Are Said To Have Effects?","response":"Besides the supposed January effect, there are other monthly phenomena said to be observed in the stock market, although they are less prominent. For instance, the \"Sell in May and Go Away\" strategy is based on the supposed historical underperformance of stocks in the period from May to October. Another is the \"December effect,\" where stock prices often increase in December, possibly due to tax-related trading, holiday spending, or investor optimism. In addition, the \"October effect\" was once said to be a real market anomaly since investors were said to fear market declines that month, partly because of historical market crashes in 1929 and 1987. One month does consistently stick out: September. Over 10 and 20-year time frames, as well as the period going back to 1950, it has been consistently the worst month for trading."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of ERISA?","response":"The main purpose of ERISA is to protect the interests of workers who participate in employee welfare benefit plans, including certain retirement and healthcare plans. Protections extend to retirees as well as plan beneficiaries. ERISA regulates plan administrators and sponsors to ensure they provide plan information to their participants and remain compliant with their fiduciary duties."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Company Develop Core Competencies?","response":"A company should internally assess what it does best, and it should also assess how its competition approaches the market. Then, a company should evaluate where it feels it has the best chance to be industry leader. Though these areas may not currently be a company's strength, it can make capital investments and process changes to develop core competencies over time."}
{"prompts":"What Did David Ricardo Argue in His Iron Law of Wages Theory?","response":"David Ricardo argued that attempts to increase or improve workers' wages were pointless because wages would, in time, return to or hover around the subsistence level."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Indexes Useful?","response":"Indexes are useful for providing valid benchmarks against which to measure investment performance for a given strategy or portfolio. By understanding how a strategy does relative to a benchmark, one can understand its true performance.Indexes also provide investors with a simplified snapshot of a large market sector, without having to examine every single asset in that index. For example, it would be impractical for an ordinary investor to study hundreds of different stock prices in order to understand the changing fortunes of different technology companies. A sector-specific index can show the average trend for the sector."}
{"prompts":"How Does a QTIP Trust Work?","response":"A QTIP trust is an\u00a0irrevocable trust that pays income generated from the assets to a spouse. When that spouse dies, the assets pass to the beneficiaries named by the grantor."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Irrevocable and a Revocable Trust?","response":"First, irrevocable trusts cannot be changed or altered. Among the primary reasons they are used is for tax reasons, where the assets in the trust are not taxed on income generated in the trust, along with taxes in the event of the benefactor's death. Revocable trusts, on the other hand, can change. Beneficiaries may be removed and stipulations may be modified, along with other terms and management of the trust. However, when the owner of the trust dies, the assets held in the trust realize state and federal estate taxes."}
{"prompts":"What is Traditional IRA vs Roth IRA?","response":"Traditional IRAs are tax-deferred investment vehicles, whereas Roth IRAs are tax-exempt. In the case of traditional IRAs, the amount you contribute gives an immediate tax advantage, as you can deduct this amount from your taxable income. While Roth IRAs provide no immediate tax advantage\u2013you can not deduct contributions from your taxable income\u2013the gains they accrue are tax-free upon withdrawal."}
{"prompts":"What Are Futures?","response":"A future is a contract to sell or buy a security at a future point in time at a price that's established at the time the contract is entered into. The \"future\" date is often the time when the commodity will be delivered."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Revenue and Income?","response":"Revenue and income are sometimes used interchangeably. However, these two terms do usually mean different things. Revenue is often used to measure the total amount of sales a company from its goods and services. Income is often used to incorporate expenses and report the net proceeds a company has earned."}
{"prompts":"What is a high risk policy?","response":"High-risk policies insure individuals that are more likely to have a claim, whether it be an aggressive driver or an ill individual. Such policies will be at a higher cost and may have certain other limitations."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an Underground Market?","response":"An example of an illegal or underground market would be the human trafficking market that engages in the capture of people throughout the world and their sale into various areas, such as forced labor and prostitution."}
{"prompts":"What Are The Risks of a Hard Money Loan?","response":"Hard money lenders typically charge a higher interest rate because they're assuming more risk than a traditional lender would. They may require a higher down payment than a traditional loan would, and you'll have a shorter period to pay back the loan."}
{"prompts":"What's the Spot Exchange Rate?","response":"The spot exchange rate is the price (set by the forex market) at which you can buy a currency today. Think of it as buying on the spot. The settlement date for your transaction will take place two business days later (for the majority of currencies)."}
{"prompts":"How Many Companies Are on the Oslo Stock Exchange?","response":"As of May 12, 2022, there are 348 companies listed on the exchange. There are three Norwegian companies listed on exchanges in the United States, which are listed below."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine Degrees of Freedom?","response":"When determining the mean of a set of data, degrees of freedom are calculated as the number of items within a set minus one. This is because all items within that set can be randomly selected until one remains; that one item must conform to a given average."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Geometric Mean of N Terms?","response":"The geometric mean of n terms is the product of the terms to the nth root where n represents the number of terms."}
{"prompts":"Why Use a Growth Curve?","response":"Growth curves are a helpful visual representation of change over time. Growth curves can be used to understand a variety of changes over time, such as developmental and economic. They allow for the understanding of the effect of policies or treatments."}
{"prompts":"Can I Sell My Shares After a Delisting?","response":"If you still hold shares after they are delisted, you can sell them\u2014just not on the exchange on which they traded before. Stock exchanges are very advantageous for buying and selling shares. When they delist and trade over the counter (OTC), selling shares and getting a reasonable price for them becomes much harder."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Preferred Stock?","response":"A preferred stock is a class of stock that is granted certain rights that differ from common stock. Namely, preferred stock often possesses higher dividend payments, and a higher claim to assets in the event of liquidation. In addition, preferred stock can have a callable feature, which means that the issuer has the right to redeem the shares at a predetermined price and date as indicated in the prospectus. In many ways, preferred stock shares similar characteristics to bonds, and because of this are sometimes referred to as hybrid securities.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Title I School?","response":"In the context of the Higher Education Act, a Title 1 school is a post-secondary institution of higher learning that has been approved to receive direct federal assistance to enhance its library or strengthen its programs or is approved to accept students whose tuition is subsidized by the HEA.It should not be confused with Title 1 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. That Title 1 is a federal program that supplements state and local funding for public schools in economically disadvantaged areas of the U.S."}
{"prompts":"How Does Behavioral Finance Differ From Mainstream Financial Theory?","response":"Mainstream theory, on the other hand, makes the assumptions in its models that people are rational actors, that they are free from emotion or the effects of culture and social relations, and that people are self-interested utility maximizers. It also assumes, by extension, that markets are efficient and firms are rational profit-maximizing organizations. Behavioral finance counters each of these assumptions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Quanto Risk?","response":"Quanto risk refers to the possibility of adverse changes in the asset prices or exchange rates used in a quanto option or swap."}
{"prompts":"What Is an ACH Transaction?","response":"An ACH transaction is an electronic payment made between banks. They are processed through the Automated Clearing House. Examples of ACH transactions include direct deposits for things like your salary or tax refund, and bill payments that are made online or through your bank."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Letter of Guarantee Cost?","response":"The fee for a letter of guarantee varies from issuer to issuer but is traditionally a percentage of the amount being guaranteed. Typical fees range from 0.5% to 1.5% of the amount."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Fill Out Form 1310?","response":"Form 1310 is a fairly straightforward one-page document. The purpose of the form is to notify the IRS that a taxpayer has died and that the tax refund that was due to that person should instead be sent to a surviving spouse or another beneficiary. Line-by-line instructions appear on the form, which can be downloaded on the IRS site."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between a Debit and a Credit?","response":"Debits are the opposite of credits in an accounting system. Assets and expenses have natural debit balances, while liabilities and revenues have natural credit balances."}
{"prompts":"What Loans Do not Use an Asset as Collateral?","response":"If you don't have any collateral necessary to secure a certain type of loan, you may want to consider looking into unsecured loans, such as a personal loan or credit card (both of which don't use an asset as collateral), as an alternative."}
{"prompts":"Can I Make a Deposit Using a Check From Another Bank?","response":"You can make a deposit with a check from one bank to another. Most banks will take deposits in the form of cash, checks, money orders, or cashier\u2019s checks. If you\u2019re using a check to open an account, there may be a holding period as the new bank ensures the check will clear."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Americans With Disabilities Act Do?","response":"The Americans with Disabilities Act seeks to prevent discrimination against people with disabilities in the areas of employment, communication, transportation, state and government programs, and public accommodation. It seeks to ensure people with disabilities are able to participate equally in everyday life."}
{"prompts":"What Are Lucrative Investments for Beginners?","response":"Lucrative investments for beginners are those with low risk that still pay out a strong return. Such investments include ETFs, certificates of deposit (CDs), high-yield savings accounts, 401(k) accounts, and mutual funds."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Equity-Efficiency Tradeoffs Occur?","response":"Maximizing economic efficiency and ensuring the equal distribution of resources seldom go hand in hand, making equity-efficiency tradeoffs fairly common. There are arguments that economic gain doesn\u2019t necessarily have to come at the expense of greater inequality. However, in most capitalist societies, that is precisely what happens."}
{"prompts":"How Are the Bid and Ask Prices Determined?","response":"Bid and ask prices are set by the market. In particular, they are set by the buying and selling decisions of the people and institutions investing in that security. If demand outstrips supply, then the bid and ask prices will gradually shift upwards.Conversely, if supply outstrips demand, bid and ask prices will drift downwards. The spread between the bid and ask prices is determined by the overall level of trading activity in the security, with higher activity leading to narrow bid-ask spreads and lower activity creating wide spreads."}
{"prompts":"What Industry Is an Example of Monopolistic Competition?","response":"Monopolistic competition is present in restaurants like Burger King and McDonald's. Both are fast food chains that target a similar market and offer similar products and services. These two companies are actively competing with one another, and seek to differentiate themselves through brand recognition, price, and by offering different food and drink packages."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Land Trust Last?","response":"Land trusts generally last for a set period of time, such as 20 years. It's up to the beneficiary to extend the trust term when it expires. If they do not, the property is sold."}
{"prompts":"Do Underwriters Always Work for Investment Banks?","response":"Underwriters are responsible for assessing risk during financial transactions and deciding whether they or the company they work for will assume that risk. Investment banks are one type of company that employs underwriters. Insurers and other financial institutions also employ underwriters. The entire underwriting department of an investment bank can serve as book runner."}
{"prompts":"What Is Search Engine Optimization?","response":"Search engine optimization, or SEO, is the process of fine-tuning an online article or website in order to reach more potential readers through online search. This is typically done by strategically placing keywords or related phrases in order to rank higher in search engine results."}
{"prompts":"Does Debit Always Mean an Increase?","response":"It means an increase in assets. All accounts that normally contain a debit balance will increase in amount when a debit (left column) is added to them and reduced when a credit (right column) is added to them. The types of accounts to which this rule applies are expenses, assets, and dividends."}
{"prompts":"What Is the International Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM)?","response":"The international capital asset pricing model (ICAPM) is a financial model that applies the traditional CAPM principle to international investments. It extends CAPM by considering the direct and indirect exposure to foreign currency in addition to time value and market risk included in the CAPM."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays CIF Freight?","response":"The seller must pay for the costs of transferring and shipping the freight as well as insuring the cargo until the goods have been delivered to the buyer's port."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in Utilities?","response":"Utilities are companies that operate in the electric, water, oil, or gas sectors. These companies play a major role in industrial economies and have a total market capitalization of nearly $1.6 trillion. In addition to investing in individual companies, there are also many targeted funds that are invested in a basket of utilities-sector companies."}
{"prompts":"Who Oversees the HMRC?","response":"HMRC is a non-ministerial department, and the agency reports directly to Parliament through the Treasury under the leadership of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Treasury, in turn, supervises spending by HMRC."}
{"prompts":"In Which Country Is Gemini?","response":"Gemini is headquartered in New York, United States but is available to users globally."}
{"prompts":"What Is Industrial Activity?","response":"Industrial activity is any business process that is necessary to create a manufactured product. The activity may be related to the sourcing, processing, assembly, repair, or dismantling of a manufactured product."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Names for a Special Warranty Deed?","response":"Covenant deed, grant deed, and limited warranty deed are all different names for \"special warranty deed\" used by the real estate industry."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Have a High or Low Cash Ratio?","response":"It is often better to have a high cash ratio. This means a company has more cash on hand, lower short-term liabilities, or a combination of the two. It also means a company will have greater ability to pay off current debts as they come due.It is possible for a company's cash ratio to be considered too high. A company may be inefficient in managing cash and leveraging low credit terms. In these cases, it may be advantageous for a company to reduce their cash ratio."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks and Challenges Associated with Offshore Banking Units?","response":"Offshore banking units come with certain risks and challenges. These include potential reputational risks associated with using offshore jurisdictions, increased scrutiny from regulatory authorities, and compliance risks. Investors should be aware of the legal, regulatory, and reputational risks associated with offshore banking and conduct thorough due diligence to ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Net Premiums and Net Premiums Earned?","response":"Net premiums include written premiums with commissions and ceded reinsurance deducted. It is a measure of the dollar amount of policies written. Net premiums earned is the measure of actual dollars received from premiums sold."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Define Amortization of Intangibles?","response":"The term amortization of intangibles describes the process of expensing costs associated with intangible assets, such as patents and trademarks, over the course of their life. This is done for tax or accounting purposes. Simply referred to as amortization, these assets are expensed into an amortization account."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Valuation?","response":"A common example of valuation is a company's market capitalization. This takes the share price of a company and multiplies it by the total shares outstanding. For example, if a company's share price is $10, and the company has 2 million shares outstanding, its market capitalization would be $20 million."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Market Sentiment in the Formation of Impulse Waves?","response":"Market sentiment plays a crucial role in the formation of impulse waves. The collective psychology of traders influences the strength and direction of these waves, further enforcing the structure and expected price directions."}
{"prompts":"What are some risks or drawbacks of debt issuance?","response":"If a company issues too much debt and they are unable to service the interest or repay the principal, it can default on the debt. This can lead to bankruptcy and a decrease to the issuer's credit rating, which can make it more difficult or costly to raise further debt capital."}
{"prompts":"How does it protect consumers?","response":"Errors are easy to make\u00a0when applying for life insurance. Conventional rules for contracts stipulate that if\u00a0false or incomplete information was provided by one party\u00a0when making the contract, then the second party has the right to void, or cancel, the agreement.\u00a0 An insurance company will often require a\u00a0complete medical history before the policy is approved. If an applicant forgets a single detail, the insurance company has potential grounds to\u00a0deny paying life insurance benefits\u00a0later on. The incontestability clause prevents this from happening."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Cash on Delivery?","response":"Cash on delivery is when a buyer pays for goods or services once they are received. Cash in advance, on the other hand, is when payment is made before the goods or services are shipped\u2014for example, an e-commerce credit transaction."}
{"prompts":"What Does Tangible Common Equity Measure?","response":"Tangible common equity is an estimation of the liquidation value of a firm, or what might be left over for distribution to shareholders if the firm were liquidated."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Limit Order and a Market Order?","response":"A limit order sets the highest price at which an investor will buy an asset and the lowest price at which they are willing to sell. This is intended to maximize profits and minimize losses. A market order is more open-ended and instructs the broker to complete the trade at the best available price."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Trading Timelines for NAV?","response":"While NAV is computed and reported as of a particular business date, all of the buys and sell orders for mutual funds are processed based on the cutoff time at the NAV of the trade date. If regulators mandate a cutoff time of 1:30 p.m., then buy and sell orders received before 1:30 p.m. will be executed at the NAV of that particular date. Any orders received after the cutoff time will be processed based on the NAV of the next business day."}
{"prompts":"Is Guanxi the Same as Networking?","response":"Networking and guanxi have essentially the same linguistic meaning. However, networking in Western business is a recent concept that lies relatively lightly in our culture. In contrast, guanxi sits deeply in China's language and culture, forming the basis for virtually all social relationships."}
{"prompts":"What Is Online Networking?","response":"Sites such as LinkedIn provide a platform for people to engage with other professionals, join groups, post blogs, and share information. And, of course, they provide a place to post a resume that will be seen by prospective employers. Online networking forums allow professionals to share their knowledge and connect with like-minded people."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Debenture Different From a Bond?","response":"A debenture is a type of bond. In particular, it is an unsecured or non-collateralized debt issued by a firm or other entity and usually refers to such bonds with longer maturities. Secured bonds are backed by some sort of collateral in the form of property, securities, or other assets that can be seized to repay creditors in the event of a default. Unsecured debentures have no such collateralization, making them relatively riskier."}
{"prompts":"Where Can Borrowers Get a Chattel Loan?","response":"Chattel loans are offered in person at lending institutions and through online lenders, some of which specialize in a particular type of property, such as mobile homes, aircraft, or construction equipment."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Pareto Principle Work?","response":"The Pareto Principle is a concept that suggests that 80% of the end results of an action are due to 20% of causes. That's why this principle is also called the 80\/20 rule. Keep in mind that the Pareto Principle is an observation\u2014not a law. In business and finance, the principle is used to determine which inputs are the most profitable and productive. This allows the observer to make changes and prioritize them."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Automated Clearing House Work?","response":"An Automated Clearing House or ACH transaction begins with a request from the originator. Their bank batches the transaction with others to be sent out during the day. The batch is received and sorted by a clearinghouse, which sends individual transactions out to receiving banks. Each receiving bank deposits the money into the recipient's account."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Extended Trading Hours Necessary?","response":"Extended trading hours enable investors to react to news and events when the markets are closed. It is also a convenient way to trade for people who cannot buy and sell securities during the regular trading session."}
{"prompts":"What Is Executive Compensation?","response":"Executive compensation, or executive pay, is the total compensatory package received by members of the executive team from their employing firm. It comprises both financial compensation and other non-financial benefits."}
{"prompts":"How Can Fiduciary Duties Influence Investment Strategies?","response":"Fiduciary responsibilities can significantly shape investment strategies, especially with the growing emphasis on ethical investing, including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria. Fiduciaries, such as financial advisors and fund managers, must act in the best interests of their clients or beneficiaries. This duty extends to considering long-term risks and opportunities, which increasingly involve ethical considerations. For instance, a fiduciary might assess a company's sustainability practices or the social impact of an investment to determine its alignment with a client's values or its potential for long-term performance. This approach not only seeks to align investments with ethical values but also to mitigate risks and identify prospects that could affect financial returns, fulfilling their obligation to act in their clients' best interests."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Easement in Gross and an Easement Appurtenant?","response":"The main difference is that an easement in gross is not attached to a specific piece of property. Instead, it is granted by the owner of a property to a single individual or entity. That grant usually ends when the owner sells the property. In contrast, an easement appurtenant, because it is attached to land, continues in perpetuity when either parcel of land is sold."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Definition of the Black Market?","response":"A black market is any market where the exchange of goods and services takes place in order to facilitate the transaction of illegal goods or to avoid government oversight and taxes, or both."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Income Effect and the Price Effect?","response":"The difference between the income effect and the price effect is that the income effect evaluates consumer spending habits based on a change in their income. The price effect instead considers consumer spending habits based on a change in the price of a good or service."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Four Perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard?","response":"The four perspectives of a balanced scorecard are learning and growth, business processes, customer perspectives, and financial data. These four areas, which are also called legs, make up a company's vision and strategy. As such they require a firm's key personnel, whether that's the executive and\/or its management team(s), to analyze the data collected in the scorecard."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Value of Sweat Equity in a House?","response":"In homes or other types of construction, sweat equity is based on the increase in a property's value that can be attributed to the owner's work, which would otherwise be paid out to professional contractors. For example, if you buy a starter for $100,000, perform repairs, and sell it for $150,000, your sweat equity would cost $50,000, less the cost of any tools, materials, or other expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Incurred Loss and an LAE?","response":"Incurred loss is simply the amount of money an insurance company paid out in claims. Loss adjusted expense, meanwhile, is the expense associated with investigating and settling those claims."}
{"prompts":"What Impact Does Inflation Have on the Time Value of Money?","response":"The value of money changes over time and there are several factors that can affect it. Inflation, which is the general rise in prices of goods and services, has a negative impact on the future value of money. That's because when prices rise, your money only goes so far. Even a slight increase in prices means that your purchasing power drops. So that dollar you earned in 2015 and kept in your piggy bank buys less today than it would have back then."}
{"prompts":"How Often Does the FICO Score Update?","response":"Every lender has its own schedule for reporting payment information to the credit bureaus. Your credit score can change roughly once a month, but it may change more often depending on how many different loans you have active."}
{"prompts":"Is a TSP Better Than an IRA?","response":"TSPs and IRAs both have benefits. With a TSP, you can contribute considerably more each year, expect matching contributions from the federal government, and pay lower investment fees. You have greater control over your investments with an IRA, and there are no limits on withdrawals from it upon retirement. You can borrow from your TSP (up to $50,000), but you cannot typically borrow from an IRA account."}
{"prompts":"What Is Scrip in the Stock Market?","response":"A scrip issue, or bonus issue, is when a company creates new shares and awards them to existing stockholders. This is different from a scrip dividend, where stockholders are given the choice of receiving cash or shares."}
{"prompts":"Can the Prisoner's Dilemma Be Useful to Society?","response":"Prisoners' dilemma problems can sometimes actually make society better off as a whole.\u00a0A prime example is the behavior of an oil cartel. All cartel members can collectively enrich themselves by restricting output to keep the price of oil at a level where each maximizes revenue received from consumers, but each cartel member individually has an incentive to cheat on the cartel and increase output to also capture revenue away from the other cartel members. The end result is not the optimal outcome that the cartel desires but, rather, an outcome that benefits the consumer in terms of lower oil prices."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Real Estate Professional?","response":"A real estate professional is someone who works in the real estate industry. They can have different titles as an agent, broker, property manager, or someone else involved in real estate."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Wind Up a Business?","response":"There are multiple steps in winding up a business. It takes approximately two to three months to enter the liquidation process. From there, the liquidation process can last a few months to a year, depending on how long it takes to sell off assets."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Exemptions From Garnishment?","response":"Yes, certain income sources and assets may be exempt from garnishment under federal and state laws. For example, Social Security benefits, disability payments, certain pensions, and child support payments are often protected from garnishment. Additionally, each state has its own set of exemptions that may shield specific types of income or assets from garnishment."}
{"prompts":"How Have Billionaire Contrarians Used Deep Value to Beat the Market?","response":"Deep value investing is a term often used in conjunction with billionaire contrarians who pick their stock investments based on their analysis that a particular company is trading at many multiples below intrinsic or book value. These billionaires look for companies with share prices that have been unfairly and significantly discounted by the market. They will then acquire large stakes in these companies with the anticipation that over time they will profit from the share price increase."}
{"prompts":"How Successful Is Warm Calling?","response":"LinkedIn has indicated that warm calling can be 2% to 30% more effective than cold calling, but your own success rate will depend on your technique and your preparation for establishing leads."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Capitalized Costs?","response":"Some disadvantage capitalized cost includes misleading investors of a company's profit margins, drops in free cash flow, and potentially higher tax bills."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bar Chart in Technical Analysis?","response":"In technical analysis, a bar chart is a way for a trader to monitor the price movement of an asset and spot trends in order to make trading decisions. A bar chart shows the opening, high, low, and closing prices of an asset on a trading day."}
{"prompts":"What Are The Tax Implications of Mutual Funds?","response":"Investing in mutual funds has tax implications, such as taxes on capital gains and dividend distributions, as well as capital gains or losses when selling your shares. Your taxes depend on the type of fund, your holding period, and whether the fund is held in a tax-advantaged account. Tax-efficient funds and tax-advantaged accounts can help minimize taxes, but it's essential to consult a tax professional for personalized advice."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Central Limit Theorem's Minimize Sample Size 30?","response":"A sample size of 30 is fairly common across statistics as the minimum for applying the central limit theorem. The higher your sample size, the more likely the sample will be representative of your population set."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Zero Balance Account?","response":"A zero balance account is a bank account that intentionally carried $0. A company only funds the account when items need to be paid, and any remaining cash after deposits is often swept at the end of the night. A zero balance account relies heavily on a master account to sweep money."}
{"prompts":"What Is Professional Indemnity Insurance?","response":"Professional indemnity insurance is a type of insurance that protects a business owner or professional if a client alleges that the business behaved negligently or failed to perform work adequately. This is different from general liability insurance, the type of insurance that protects a business in the event of an accidental injury on its premises."}
{"prompts":"How Many Pounds Is a Quid?","response":"A quid equals \u00a31, or one pound sterling."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Technical Skills?","response":"Technical skills can be improved through education and training. For example, enhancing technical skills in computer programming may require prospects to take computer programming courses and receive training on specific software applications."}
{"prompts":"Can I Apply Keep and Pay to All of My Large Assets?","response":"Keep and pay may be feasible for some large assets, such as a home, but most of your assets will be liquidated to repay your debt. A creditor is more likely to agree to a keep and pay agreement if they see you've changed your financial lifestyle to accommodate payments or if they might have trouble recouping their investment."}
{"prompts":"How Does Modern Monetary Theory View National Debt?","response":"Modern monetary theory (MMT) suggests sovereign countries do not need to rely on taxes or borrowing for spending since they can print as much as they need. Since their budgets are not constrained, such as the case with regular households, their policies are not shaped by fears of rising national debt."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Withholding Compliance Program?","response":"The Withholding Compliance Program, established by the IRS, identifies taxpayers whose payroll deductions appear to be in error so that they can remedy the deficiency."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered Welfare?","response":"Any federal or state government program that provides financial or other assistance for housing, food, and healthcare to individuals and families who meet specific guidelines (such as having a low to moderate income) is considered welfare."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Have the Highest Poverty Rates?","response":"The countries with the highest poverty rates include South Sudan (82.30%), Equatorial Guinea (76.80%), Madagascar (70.70%), Guinea Bissau (69.30%), and Eritrea (69.00%)."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Bad Debt Expense?","response":"Consider a company going bankrupt that can not pay for all of its bills. Some of the people it owes money to will not be made whole, meaning those people must recognize a loss. This situation represents bad debt expense on the side that is not going to collect the funds they are owed."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Terminate an Easement?","response":"An easement can be terminated in eight ways: abandonment, merger, end of necessity, demolition, recording act, condemnation, adverse possession, and release. Perhaps the simplest way to end an easement is to persuade the beneficiary to release or abandon their rights to the easement."}
{"prompts":"What does an R-squared value of 0.9 mean?","response":"Essentially, an R-squared value of 0.9 would indicate that 90% of the variance of the dependent variable being studied is explained by the variance of the independent variable. For instance, if a mutual fund has an R-squared value of 0.9 relative to its benchmark, this would indicate that 90% of the variance of the fund is explained by the variance of its benchmark index."}
{"prompts":"Is Malicious Intent Required for Vicarious Liability?","response":"Malicious intent is not necessary for vicarious liability. An accidental incident can still result in vicarious liability."}
{"prompts":"How Do Leases Work?","response":"Leases are generally legally-binding contracts between two parties: the lessor and the lessee. They involve a piece of property rented out by the owner (the lessor) to the lessee or the tenant. Leases can be verbal agreements but are normally drawn up in writing. Both parties agree to the terms of the lease, including the rental amount, length of time for the contract, as well as any consequences that may result if either party doesn't uphold the terms and conditions of the contract."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Investing in Fixed Income Instruments?","response":"Fixed income instruments require investors to commit their money for an extended period, sometimes up to thirty years. Although there is a way out: selling the bond. This can result in a gain or less depending on how its value has shifted. As interest rates change, a bond's market prices shifts. If interest rates rise, the bond's market price will decline, and if interest rates fall, the bond's market value will rise. In the case that interest rates rise, the investor is missing out on higher rates from newer bonds, and at the time they would lose money if they sold the bond. Inflation can also affect the market value of fixed-income securities as well as erode the real value of its yield."}
{"prompts":"Why Is an MOU Important?","response":"An MOU is important because it allows each party to clearly state their objectives and what they expect from one another. Drafting an MOU can help solve any disputes before each party enters into a full, legally binding contract."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks to a Hybrid ARM?","response":"If the borrower can't afford the new rate following the reset, they may default on the payments. Also, if the borrower plans to sell the home following the reset and the property value has decreased, the borrower may take a loss on the sale if the home's value is less than the amount owed on the loan."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Marginal Analysis Important?","response":"Marginal analysis is important because it identifies the most efficient use of resources. An activity should only be performed until the marginal revenue equals the marginal cost; beyond this point, it will cost more for every unit than the benefit received for every unit."}
{"prompts":"What is frequency in the RFM model?","response":"The frequency of a customer\u2019s transactions may be affected by factors such as the type of product, the price point for the purchase, and the need for replenishment or replacement. Predicting this can assist marketing efforts directed at reminding the customer to visit the business again."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Unemployment?","response":"The four types of unemployment are cyclical, frictional, institutional, and structural unemployment.Cyclical unemployment is caused by changes in the business cycle, such as recessions.Frictional unemployment occurs when workers leave their jobs and take some time to find a new employer.Institutional unemployment occurs as a result of policies that alter the features of the labor market, such as minimum wage laws and unemployment insurance.Structural employment is long-term unemployment caused by deep changes in the economy, such as new technologies or changing business needs."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Blockchain?","response":"A blockchain is a distributed ledger or database shared among nodes of a digital network, which can include computers, data centers, and mobile devices. As a database, a blockchain stores information electronically in a digital format. As a ledger, a blockchain maintains a secure record of transactions, as in cryptocurrency systems such as\u00a0Bitcoin. A blockchain's innovation comes from the fidelity of a data record without the need for a trusted third-party."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Self-Directed Individual Retirement Account (SDIRA)?","response":"A self-directed individual retirement account (SDIRA) is a type of individual retirement account (IRA) that can hold investments that a typical IRA cannot, such as precious metals, commodities, and real estate. SDIRAs have the same contribution limits as traditional and Roth IRAs: $7,000 per year and $8,000 if you're 50 or older for 2024 (up from $6,500 and $7,500 respectively for 2023)."}
{"prompts":"How Are Investors Affected by Stagnation?","response":"During a period of stagnation, the\u00a0stock market\u00a0sees fewer gains, and\u00a0stock,\u00a0mutual fund, and\u00a0ETF\u00a0prices often hold steady or fall slightly during stagnation."}
{"prompts":"What are the two kinds of actuarial tables?","response":"The two tables are the\u00a0period life table (to determine\u00a0mortality rates for\u00a0a specific time period of a defined population) and the cohort life table (used to represent the overall mortality rates of a certain population's entire lifetime)."}
{"prompts":"Why were swap execution facilities created?","response":"Swap execution facilities were created under the 2010 Dodd-Frank act to better regulate and increase transparency for swaps deals, both before and after the trade."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Average Propensity to Consume?","response":"Average propensity to consume is calculated by dividing an entity's consumption by the entity's total income. It is a ratio between what is spent and what is earned."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Companies With Dual Listings?","response":"Companies with dual listings include Investec, Unilever, Carnival, and Rio Tinto."}
{"prompts":"How Are Debentures Structured?","response":"All debentures follow a standard structuring process and have common features. First, a\u00a0trust indenture\u00a0is drafted, which is an agreement between the issuing entity and the entity that manages the interests of the bondholders. Next, the\u00a0coupon rate\u00a0is decided, which is the rate of interest that the company will pay the debenture holder or investor. This rate can be either fixed or floating and depends on the company's\u00a0credit rating\u00a0or the bond's credit rating. Debentures may also be either convertible or non-convertible into common stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 1098 Tax Form Used for?","response":"Form 1098 reports the total interest paid on a mortgage during the previous year. Taxpayers use it to calculate the size of the mortgage interest deduction they can take, if any, for that tax year."}
{"prompts":"How much does a waiver of premium rider cost?","response":"A waiver of premium rider's cost will depend on several factors, including your age, health and amount of coverage. For example, you might pay about $3 a month if you're a 35-year-old man with a 20-year, $500,000 term life insurance policy for $21.05 a month."}
{"prompts":"Do Impulse Waves Behave Differently in Cryptocurrency Markets?","response":"Cryptocurrency markets may exhibit variations in impulse wave behavior due to generally higher volatility and stronger market sentiment unique to the crypto space."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Principles of Lean Six Sigma?","response":"Define, measure, analyze, improve, and control are the five principles and phases of Lean Six Sigma. They're the steps practitioners take to create more efficient processes and a workplace culture that's focused on continuous improvement."}
{"prompts":"What is a risk-free interest rate?","response":"A risk-free interest rate is the theoretical rate of return on an investment carrying zero risk. It is theoretical because no investment is entirely without risk, although some come closer than others."}
{"prompts":"What Purpose Does MAGI Serve?","response":"The IRS uses MAGI to determine whether you qualify for specific tax programs and benefits. For instance, it helps to determine the allowed amount of your Roth IRA contributions. Knowing your MAGI can also help you avoid tax penalties because over-contributing to these programs and others like them can trigger interest payments and fines. Your MAGI can also determine eligibility for certain government programs, such as the subsidized insurance plans available on the Health Insurance Marketplace."}
{"prompts":"Is an Oral Contract Enforceable?","response":"Generally, yes, an oral contract is enforceable even though it may be difficult to prove. The enforceability of oral contracts also comes down to the jurisdiction in which a contract may be contested and the type of agreement the contract relates to."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Flotation Price?","response":"The flotation price is the price at which the shares can first be bought by the public. It may also refer to the costs incurred by the company to issue its securities to the public."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Utilization Ratio?","response":"Your credit utilization ratio is a measure of the amount of debt you have outstanding at any given time compared to the amount of credit you have available to you. For example, if you have a credit card with a $20,000 credit limit and owe $10,000 on it, your credit utilization ratio on that card is 50%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Direct Tax and Indirect Tax?","response":"Direct taxes cannot be shifted to another party and remain your responsibility to pay. Indirect taxes are the opposite. Whoever is liable for these taxes can pass on or shift them to another person or group."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Own Shares That Undergo a Reverse Stock Split?","response":"With a reverse split, shareholders of record will see the number of shares they own be reduced, but also see the price of each share increase in a comparable manner. For instance, in a 1:10 reverse stock split, if you owned 1,000 shares that were trading at $5 just before the split, you would then own 100 shares at $50 each. Your broker would handle this automatically, so there is nothing you need to do. A reverse split will not affect your taxes."}
{"prompts":"How are Strata Chosen for Stratified Random Sampling?","response":"The strata will depend on the subgroups in which you are interested that appear in your population. These subgroups are based on shared characteristics among participants such as gender, race, educational attainment, geographic location, or age group."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Jobs in Environmental Economics?","response":"Environmental economists may find ready employment at the Environmental Protection Agency, or other environmental bodies at the state or local level. These specialists are responsible for enforcing regulations to protect the environment and calculating the economic costs of enforcing regulations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Penalties for White-Collar Crime?","response":"If convicted, an individual may be sentenced to time in county jail, state prison, or federal prison, depending on the severity of the crime. Additionally, fines may be imposed as well as required restitution to the victim."}
{"prompts":"What is evergreen funding?","response":"Evergreen funding provides infusions of capital to a new or existing business at repeated intervals, instead of all of it up front. It keeps extending the maturity date of the debt."}
{"prompts":"What Does Mortgage Insurance Cover?","response":"Mortgage insurance isn't for your benefit\u2014it's for your lender's. It protects your mortgage company from loss if you wind up unable to make your payments. It won't protect you from losing your house if you default on the loan."}
{"prompts":"How Many People Have an Ultra-High Net Worth?","response":"According to Knight Frank's definition, there are 529,625 people with a net worth of over $30 million. Because there are now more billionaires than ever, the Forbes billionaire list might be a better indicator of UHNW. In June 2023, there were 44 people with a net worth of more than $30 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Points of a Term Sheet?","response":"A term sheet often covers four main categories: the deal economics, the investor rights, the governance and oversight, and the exit terms. A term sheet must communicate enough terms to be insightful for the investor without being a complete set of terms that still need to be negotiated"}
{"prompts":"What Does Cash-on-Cash Return Tell You?","response":"Cash-on-cash return, sometimes referred to as the cash yield on a property investment, measures commercial real estate investment performance and is one of the most important real estate ROI calculations. Essentially, this metric provides business owners and investors with an easy-to-understand analysis of the business plan for a property and the potential cash distributions over the life of the investment."}
{"prompts":"What Did William F. Sharpe Win the Nobel Prize for?","response":"William F. Sharpe won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1990. He won it for his capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The premise of CAPM is to demonstrate how the prices of securities show the potential risks and returns of an investment."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Ways to Combat the Prisoner's Dilemma?","response":"Solutions to prisoner\u2019s dilemmas focus on overcoming individual incentives in favor of the common good. In the real world, most economic and other human interactions are repeated more than once. This allows parties to choose strategies that reward cooperation or punish defection over time.Another solution relies on developing formal institutional strategies to alter the incentives that individual decision-makers face.\u00a0Finally, behavioral biases will likely develop over time that undermine \u201crational\u201d individual choice in prisoner\u2019s dilemmas and lead groups of individuals to \u201cirrationally\u201d choose outcomes that are actually the most beneficial to all of them together."}
{"prompts":"Should the Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio Be High or Low?","response":"High accounts receivable turnover ratios are more favorable than low ratios because this signifies a company is converting accounts receivables to cash faster. This allows for a company to have more cash quicker to strategically deploy for the use of its operations or growth."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Sunk Cost?","response":"Imagine a company decides it needs to expand its warehouse. It contacts an architect to design a new space who drafts some preliminary drawings for a fee. Then, an economy slowdown occurs, and the company is now unsure whether it should continue with the new warehouse.In this example, the architecture fees are an example of a sunk cost."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Unit Investment Trust Work?","response":"A UIT is a type of investment vehicle that pools money from multiple investors to purchase a fixed portfolio of securities, such as stocks or bonds. Once the trust is created, investors purchase units that represent a proportional ownership interest in the underlying assets. The trust is then managed, and income is distributed over the life of the assets. Undistributed long-term capital gains are reported to shareholders on IRS Form 2439."}
{"prompts":"What Does the IRS Consider Investment Income?","response":"The IRS considers any asset value gain investment income if the owner receives that gain. For example, assume you've owned a stock for three months, and it grew $10 in value over that time. That $10 is only income if you sell the stock and net a profit."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Living Trust Cost?","response":"Establishing a living trust usually requires an attorney. Depending on the attorney and the complexities of your living trust, it will cost between $1,100 to $1,500 for an individual and $1,700 and $2,500 for a couple. You can cut down on these costs by creating one yourself or using an online service, such as LegalZoom."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Main Beliefs of Mercantilism?","response":"Mercantilism's original foundation included beliefs that the world had limited wealth in the form of gold and silver; that nations had to build their stores of gold at the expense of others; that colonies were important for supplying labor and trading partners; that armies and navies were crucial to protecting trade practices; and that protectionism was required to guarantee trade surpluses."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Amount of Revolving Credit to Have?","response":"A good amount of revolving credit to have to best help your credit score is below 30% of your available credit. If you spend more than 30% of your available credit, your credit score will likely decline. Generally, the lower your credit utilization ratio, or the proportion of your balance to available credit, the better your credit score."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sole Proprietorship?","response":"A single individual has complete control over a sole proprietorship. All business assets are the proprietor's personal assets, and the individual is 100% responsible for business debts and liabilities. This business structure is most suited to low-risk enterprises."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Price Sensitivity?","response":"One way to measure price sensitivity is to divide the percentage change in quantity demanded by the percentage change in price. So, for example, if a 30% jump in the cost of a soda drink leads to a 10% drop in purchases, we can conclude that the item has a price sensitivity of 0.33%."}
{"prompts":"How Do Government Bonds Work?","response":"When governments need to raise funds for operations (e.g. paying government employees or servicing interest charges on existing debt) or to invest in projects (e.g., building federal highways), they can sell bonds to investors. In the U.S. case, bonds are sold through the Treasury and represent debt owned by bondholders. These bondholders are credited with interest and a return of their principal when the bond matures. This makes bondholders of Treasuries essentially creditors (lenders) to the federal government."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dividend Trap?","response":"A dividend trap is where the stock's dividend and price decrease over time due to high payout ratios, high levels of debt, or the difference between profits and cash. These situations commonly produce an unsupported but attractive yield."}
{"prompts":"What are discouraged workers?","response":"Discouraged workers are people who are eligible and able but not actively seeking work. Specifically, these workers have not tried to become gainfully employed in the last four weeks and have given up on searching for work typically because nothing is suitable."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Famous Joint-Stock Company?","response":"A famous joint-stock company was the English East India Company, which was formed to trade with India and Asia. Over the course of its 250-year history, the EIC effectively controlled the colonization and exploitation of India and other overseas territories."}
{"prompts":"Can a Delinquency Be Removed?","response":"Delinquencies are reported to credit reporting agencies. But just because it appears on your history doesn't mean that it's impossible to remove it from your credit report.Submit a report either online or in writing to the credit bureau disputing the delinquency. You should also contact the lender to see what can be done, especially if you had a good reason for allowing the account to go into delinquency status. You may have to offer to pay the account balance to have it deleted from your credit report."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Recharacterize an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) Contribution?","response":"To recharacterize an individual retirement account (IRA) contribution, you\u2019ll need to use an existing IRA or open a new one to accept the withdrawn funds. Next, notify your financial institution(s) that you want to recharacterize a contribution. If the same IRA provider maintains both IRAs, you can just notify that one institution. Otherwise, inform the custodian holding the IRA contribution in question and the institution that will accept the recharacterized contribution.You can generally do the recharacterization online or with your IRA custodian\u2019s standard form. You must report the recharacterization on your tax return for the year when you made the original contribution using Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Form 8606."}
{"prompts":"Has the U.S. Ever Been in a Liquidity Trap?","response":"Maybe, although it's difficult to get two economists to agree on whether a liquidity trap exists or doesn't.Some economists believe that the U.S. briefly fell into a liquidity trap at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic when the stock market fell sharply and there were serious worries about the economy's ability to handle the economic shock. A sudden surge in mid-2020 in the Federal Reserve's M1 number, a reading of the amount of cash on hand in the economy overall, contributed to this conclusion.The Fed responded quickly with quantitative easing measures and increased liquidity and the crisis, if there was one, passed.The U.S. was thought to briefly experience a liquidity trap just following the 2008 financial crisis as interest rates fell effectively to zero while output also dropped. After the housing bubble burst, the banks were unwilling to lend and shocked investors parked their assets in cash.The American economy regained momentum after several rounds of government stimulus spending and central bank quantitative easing."}
{"prompts":"Is a Roth 401(k) Better Than a Traditional 401(k)?","response":"Your personal circumstances can help answer that question. The Roth 401(k) is generally a better deal because you only pay income taxes on your contributions. This allows your earnings to grow tax-free and make withdrawals without paying income taxes. If you're cash-strapped now, this option will be a heavier hit to your current annual income.Contributions to a traditional 401(k) are tax-free but you must pay taxes on your withdrawals. So if you expect to be in a lower tax bracket after retiring, the immediate tax break of a traditional 401(k) may be more useful."}
{"prompts":"When Is Tangible Common Equity Useful?","response":"Tangible common equity is most often used when evaluating the position of financial companies like banks. It looks only at a firm's physical capital to evaluate a financial institution's ability to use them as collateral be able to cover potential losses."}
{"prompts":"How Does Proprietary Trading Work?","response":"Proprietary trading occurs when a financial institution trades financial instruments using its own money rather than client funds. This allows the firm to maintain the full amount of any gains earned on the investment, potentially providing a significant boost to the firm's profits. Proprietary trading desks are generally \"roped off\" from client-focused trading desks, helping them to remain autonomous and ensuring that the financial institution is acting in the interest of its clients."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Alternatives to the Rate of Return?","response":"The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) are good alternatives to RoR. IRR is the discount rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal to zero. CAGR refers to the annual growth rate of an investment taking into account the effect of compound interest."}
{"prompts":"What Does Vetted Mean in Immigration?","response":"New entrants to a country, or those applying for citizenship, undergo vetting via a background check to ensure that they will be upstanding citizens. This process may look at things like criminal activity, outstanding debts, employment prospects, status of other family members, health, and more."}
{"prompts":"Can I Buy and Sell Securities on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange?","response":"The Hong Kong Stock Exchange offers securities listed in Hong Kong and mainland China. If you're a foreign investor who wants to take advantage of Hong Kong's stock market, contact your brokerage firm to see if you can open an account that allows you to invest in international markets. Be sure you do your research and due diligence before you begin trading."}
{"prompts":"What Does Delivered-at-Place Mean?","response":"Delivered-at-place is one of the rules set out by the International Chamber of Commerce relating to international trade. Under this rule, the seller is responsible for preparing and transporting goods to the buyer's location and paying for the shipment as well as any losses that may result during transport. The buyer, on the other hand, must bear the cost of taxes, duties, and levies, and must unload the shipment upon arrival."}
{"prompts":"What State Has the Best Teacher Retirement Plan?","response":"The state that has the best teacher retirement plan is South Dakota. This state is the one that comes most close to earning 100% of possible points by earning 88.4% of all possible points. Other states that also ranked high include Tennessee (82.5%) and Washington (81.9%). The worst scores were earned by Kentucky (39.7%), New Jersey (36.2%), and Illinois (34.9)."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Target Market?","response":"Consider a casual apparel company that is working to build its distribution channels abroad. In order to determine where its apparel will be most successful, it conducts some research to identify its primary target market. It discovers that the people most likely to buy their products are middle-class women between the ages of 35 and 55 who live in cold climates.It's reasonable for the company to focus its advertising efforts on northern European websites that have a strong female audience.But first, the company may consider how its apparel can be most attractive to that target market. It may revise its styles and colors and tweak its advertising strategy to optimize its appeal to this new prospective market."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of an Off-Balance Sheet Item?","response":"Leases are among the most common examples. A company leasing an asset lists rent payments and other applicable fees, but it does not list the asset and any corresponding liabilities. Some cases might involve a leaseback agreement in which a company leases an asset after selling that asset to its new owner."}
{"prompts":"Who Benefits From Revenue Raised by Windfall Taxes?","response":"Taxes are imposed by governments and can be used for a variety of purposes. During World War I and World War II, windfall profit tax revenue went to support the war effort. The 1980 taxes added to general government funds. Revenue from the new EU Council 2022 tax is to be used to \"provide financial support to households and companies and to mitigate the effects of high retail electricity prices.\""}
{"prompts":"Can Hot Wallets be Hacked?","response":"Current technology and software make it difficult to hack hot wallets, but that doesn't mean that they can't be. The devices (phone, computer, or tablet) your wallet is on can be accessed through various methods, which is what makes hot wallets most vulnerable."}
{"prompts":"How Effective Is Paper Trading?","response":"Paper trading can be very effective because it allows individuals to test out new trading strategies, tools, and techniques before they actually put them into practice with live trading."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade the Ascending Triangle Chart Pattern?","response":"Traders generally enter a position on a security when its price breaks above or below the boundaries of an ascending triangle. If the price jumps above the horizontal resistance level, it may be a good time to buy, while a move below the lower trendline suggests that selling or shorting the asset could be a profitable move. Traders often protect their positions by placing a stop loss outside the opposite side of the pattern. To determine a profit target, it can be useful to start at the breakout point and then add or subtract the height of the triangle at its thickest point."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cash Accounting and Accrual Accounting?","response":"The primary distinction between cash and accrual accounting is in the timing of when expenses and revenues are recognized. With cash accounting, this occurs only when money is received for goods or services. Accrual accounting instead allows for a lag between payment and product (e.g., with purchases made on credit)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Areas of Corporate Finance?","response":"The main areas of corporate finance are capital budgeting (e.g., for investing in company projects), capital financing (deciding how to fund projects\/operations), and working capital management (managing assets and liabilities to operate efficiently)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Bill of Lading vs. an Invoice?","response":"A bill of lading is a legal document between a shipper and a transport company (carrier) that spells out the type, quantity, and destination of the goods being transported. An invoice tracks the sale of goods between a buyer and a seller."}
{"prompts":"Is a Term Sheet Legally Binding?","response":"Term sheets evidence serious intent but are generally not legally binding. A company may sign a term sheet to agree to the terms of the instrument. However, for example, a separate loan agreement must be signed to be legally binding; a company is not under contract for the loan even if it agrees to a term sheet."}
{"prompts":"Who Should Consider a Graduated Payment Mortgage?","response":"A graduated payment mortgage may be right for someone who expects their income to increase steadily in future years. If you don't have a realistic expectation that your income will rise over time, a graduated payment mortgage could be problematic as your monthly payments increase."}
{"prompts":"What Is Misrepresentation in Real Estate?","response":"In real estate, misrepresentation is a lie or reckless untruth that affects the market value of a home or property. A common example of this is misrepresenting the square footage of a property. Since sales prices are often based on square footage, a buyer can often sue for misrepresentation even after a purchase is finalized."}
{"prompts":"Can Liquidity Risk Affect the Broader Economy?","response":"Absolutely. Liquidity risk can have ripple effects across the broader economy. For instance, during a financial crisis, liquidity issues in major financial institutions can lead to a credit crunch, where lending becomes restricted, thereby impacting businesses, consumers, and overall economic growth. Similarly, liquidity problems in large corporations can result in job losses, reduced consumer spending, and a decline in investor confidence."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Money Supply Determined?","response":"A central bank regulates the amount of available in a country. Through monetary policy, a central bank can undertake an expansionary or contractionary policy.An expansionary policy aims to increase the money supply. For example, the central bank might engage in open market operations. That means it will purchase short-term U.S. Treasury bills using newly-minted money. That money thus enters into circulation.A contractionary policy would require selling Treasuries. That removes some of the money circulating in the economy.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does GVA Differ From GDP?","response":"Gross domestic product (GDP) measures the value of all of the total goods and services produced in a country.Gross value added (GVA) is the value added to these products to enhance the various aspects of them. GVA takes the GDP and adds to the value of subsidies paid on those predicts and then subtracts out taxes paid on them."}
{"prompts":"What Is Taxed As Ordinary Income?","response":"Most of an individual's income will be taxed at the regular marginal tax rates. There are exceptions where income won't be taxed. These exceptions include long-term capital gains and qualified dividends, both taxed at more favorable rates."}
{"prompts":"Is a Backdoor Roth Still Allowed?","response":"Under the law, a backdoor Roth individual retirement account is legally permissible and respected by the IRS, provided that tax law requirements are met."}
{"prompts":"What Do You Do If Someone Has Stolen Your Identity?","response":"The first step to take is to report the theft to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) at IdentityTheft.gov. You can also call them at \u00a01-877-438-4338. Then, you can freeze your credit reports, file a police report, and change your login and password information for all sensitive accounts. It would also be wise to close your current credit and debit cards and receive new ones. Check your credit reports for false accounts and dispute any with the credit agencies."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is a Micro E-mini Futures Contract?","response":"As the name suggests, micro E-mini futures offer investors an even cheaper futures contract than E-minis. Whereas the E-mini S&P 500 has a contract price of $50 times the S&P 500, the micro E-mini's contract price is $5 times the index."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Alan Greenspan's Wife?","response":"Alan Greenspan married journalist Andrea Mitchell in 1997."}
{"prompts":"Are Elective Deferrals Tax Deductible?","response":"You cannot take a tax deduction for contributions to your 401(k) or employer-sponsored retirement plan on your annual tax return. But, your annual contribution can reduce your tax bill. Because you use pre-tax dollars for your contributions, it lowers your taxable income. This, in turn, lowers your overall tax bill."}
{"prompts":"Is it better to have higher or lower operating cash flow margin?","response":"A higher ratio is always better, as it indicates that a greater proportion of revenues are being turned into cash flows."}
{"prompts":"Are Small-Cap Stocks a Good Investment?","response":"Small-cap stocks can be a good investment. They typically have the potential for growth, much larger than large-cap stocks\/blue chip companies, so if an investor gets in at a good price, they may see a good return. Small-cap stocks are more risky and volatile than the stocks of larger, more established companies, so investors must take extra care in their analysis before making any investment decisions."}
{"prompts":"What If the Coefficient of Determination Is Greater Than 1?","response":"The coefficient of determination cannot be more than one because the formula always results in a number between 0.0 and 1.0. If it is greater or less than these numbers, something is not correct."}
{"prompts":"How Can Women Avoid a Glass Cliff?","response":"Companies need to put measures in place to make sure that women and people of color in senior leadership positions have all of the resources they need to be successful. While there are things that women and minorities can do to make it less likely that they'll find themselves in an impossible glass cliff scenario, the onus is really on companies to prevent this phenomenon from happening. Companies can offer women-specific leadership development tracks and conduct blind hiring to lessen the effects of unconscious bias."}
{"prompts":"Are TINs Available Online?","response":"The agency that issues a TIN will provide individuals with an official document with their unique identifier. TINs are not available online because they are considered sensitive information."}
{"prompts":"What Is YOY Used For?","response":"YOY is used to make comparisons between one time period and another that is one year earlier. This allows for an annualized comparison, say between third-quarter earnings this year vs. third-quarter earnings the year before. It is commonly used to compare a company\u2019s growth in profits or revenue, and it can also be used to describe yearly changes in an economy\u2019s\u00a0money supply,\u00a0gross domestic product\u00a0(GDP),\u00a0and other economic measurements."}
{"prompts":"Why is the interest rate higher for non-owner-occupied properties?","response":"Borrowers who do not intend to live in the property as their primary residence have a higher risk of default than borrowers who do live in the property. To compensate for this risk, lenders charge higher rates."}
{"prompts":"What Does Visibility Mean?","response":"The term visibility describes the extent to which a company's management or analysts can estimate future performance. Visibility is considered a key aspect of management and is a requirement for many businesses in order to make their business run better."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Operating Revenue and Non-Operating Revenue?","response":"Operating revenue is realized through a business' primary activity, such as selling its products. Non-operating revenue comes from ancillary sources such as interest income from capital held in a bank or income from rental of business property."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Silverite?","response":"The Silverites were members of a U.S. movement in the late 19th century that advocated that silver should continue to be a monetary standard along with gold."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Cross Culture Awareness Matter?","response":"An awareness of the beliefs, practices, and requirements of businesses in other parts of the world can lead to clear and meaningful communications. This can aid and enhance business, government, and personal relationships between peoples unfamiliar with each other. And that can smooth the way for mutually beneficial interaction."}
{"prompts":"How can a doji be used in cryptocurrency trading?","response":"As with stocks and other securities, the formation of a doji candlestick pattern can signal investor indecision about a cryptocurrency asset."}
{"prompts":"Is Sales Tax Considered a Proportional Tax?","response":"Sales tax is considered proportional\u00a0because all consumers, regardless of their income, pay the same fixed rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Facility?","response":"A credit facility refers to a loan made to a borrower who can then access the funds as needed rather than all at once. Revolving credit is one example of a credit facility."}
{"prompts":"Who Developed the Law of Comparative Advantage?","response":"The law of comparative advantage is usually attributed to David Ricardo, who described the theory in \"On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation,\" published in 1817. However, the idea of comparative advantage may have originated with Ricardo's mentor and editor, James Mill, who also wrote on the subject."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Debts Can Lead to Garnishment?","response":"Common types of debts that can lead to garnishment include unpaid credit card bills, medical bills, student loans, taxes, and child support payments. Essentially, any debt for which you've defaulted on payments and haven't made arrangements to repay can potentially lead to garnishment proceedings."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Social Networks?","response":"The benefits of social networks include their ability to help people connect and stay in touch with family, friends, and new contacts; the opportunity they offer businesses to market their brands; their ability to spread useful, even vital, information instantly to individuals and institutions."}
{"prompts":"Is a Hedge Fund an Investment Company?","response":"Private investment funds that only accept money from investors with a substantial amount of assets (i.e., accredited investors) are not considered to be investment companies under the federal securities laws. These funds are exempt from the registration requirements under the Investment Company Act of 1940, but they are still subject to other securities laws and regulations. Private investment funds include hedge funds, private equity funds, and venture capital funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Profit Before Tax and Taxable Income?","response":"Profit before tax is a company's profits before considering tax obligations. It is found on the income statement as operating profit less interest. On the other hand, taxable income is the amount of income that is subject to taxes, depending on the tax laws in a company's jurisdiction."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies to Be an Accredited Investor?","response":"The SEC defines an accredited investor as either:an individual with gross income exceeding $200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with a spouse or partner exceeding $300,000 for those years and a reasonable expectation of the same income level in the current year.a person whose individual net worth, or joint net worth with that person's spouse or partner, exceeds $1,000,000, excluding the person's primary residence."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use Apple Pay on an Android Phone?","response":"Most smartphone makers use proprietary mobile wallets on their phones. Only iOS devices may use Apple Pay, just as only Samsung phones can use Samsung Pay. For universal use, download a third-party mobile wallet like PayPal or Venmo."}
{"prompts":"How does diversification impact returns?","response":"Investing in a variety of different securities can help diversify a portfolio and potentially achieve a higher return without adding much additional risk. By spreading out investments across different sectors and asset classes that are not highly correlated, investors can minimize the risk of any single security negatively impacting returns. Indeed, the math shows that proper diversification can reduce a portfolio\u2019s volatility while maintaining or potentially increasing its expected return."}
{"prompts":"How can you protect yourself from vicarious liability lawsuits?","response":"There are several types of business insurance available that aim to protect business owners from vicarious liability lawsuits including general liability, errors and omissions, and umbrella insurance, which covers anything that falls outside the purview of general liability insurance."}
{"prompts":"Do Bonuses Count As Salary?","response":"Bonuses are compensation paid above and beyond one's base salary. They are thus not considered part of an employee's salary or wages, but are treated as additional income. In the United States, bonuses are considered taxable income by the Internal Revenue Service."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Group Life Insurance?","response":"Group life insurance is a common employee benefit that provides a death benefit to the insured's beneficiaries if they die while part of the organization. The purpose is to provide financial support to the families of such employees."}
{"prompts":"What Areas of the Economy and Markets Is Creative Destruction Used to Describe?","response":"Creative destruction can occur within almost any industry, leading to the destruction of existing companies and the emergence of new ones.\u00a0It can further happen at a lower level such as individual products and services, leading to the replacement of existing products and services with new ones.\u00a0By extension, this all has an impact on jobs and employment. Simply put, all industries, markets, and sectors are subject to innovation and can be the subject matter to creative destruction."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Nelson Peltz Refer to Himself as a Constructivist?","response":"The term activist investor often has a negative connotation as one who would like to bombard a company with changes and unnecessary influence. Peltz prefers the term constructivist, claiming he merely presses companies to increase revenues and encourages them to spend more on marketing."}
{"prompts":"Why Can't I Take Out a Life Insurance Policy on Just Anybody?","response":"Unless you have insurable interest, you cannot take out a life insurance policy on that individual. If so, you could essentially place bets on, or else profit from the death of otherwise random individuals. Family members and dependents are often justifiable as having insurable interest. So are business partners, borrowers, and key employees in certain cases."}
{"prompts":"How Does PTBV Differ From Price-to-Book (P\/B)?","response":"PTBV and price-to-book are nearly identical, except P\/B includes the value of all assets, including intangible assets. PTBV excludes intangible assets such as intellectual property and goodwill."}
{"prompts":"Do Natural Gas ETFs Physically Hold Natural Gas?","response":"Some natural gas ETFs may directly hold physical natural gas in storage facilities, aiming to replicate the spot price of the commodity."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If Projects Are Mutually Exclusive?","response":"In business, managers and directors often need to plan resource allocation. If a company is building a bridge and a skyscraper, and both projects require an extremely specialized piece of equipment and only one exists in the world, it would mean that these projects are mutually exclusive, as that piece of equipment cannot be used by both projects at the same time. This idea can be extended to consider specialized professionals, software systems (which cannot run both Mac and Windows), and allocated budgets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a MICR Number?","response":"A magnetic ink character recognition line (MICR) is a line of characters on a check printed with a unique ink that allows the characters to be read by a reader-sorter machine. Introduction of the MICR reader-sorter process allowed check processing to be automated while making it more difficult to counterfeit checks."}
{"prompts":"Why Is M2 More Stable Than M1?","response":"The M2 money supply is more stable than the M1 money supply because the M1 money supply only contains the most liquid of assets. Whereas it may take a little longer for components of the M2 money supply to convert or be liquidated, the M1 money supply more often changes due to the ease of being able to transact."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Accountants Use Allowance for Doubtful Accounts?","response":"Accounts use this method of estimating the allowance to adhere to the matching principle. The matching principle states that revenue and expenses must be recorded in the same period in which they occur. Therefore, the allowance is created mainly so the expense can be recorded in the same period revenue is earned."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do Miners Make From Block Rewards?","response":"The block reward for miners who successfully find a valid nonce for a block in Bitcoin consists of two components: newly minted Bitcoin and transaction fees.\u00a0The amount of newly minted Bitcoin in the block reward has been roughly 6.3 BTC since June 2021 and halves every 210,000 blocks, or approximately every four years, with the next due in April 2024. This halving mechanism is called the \"Bitcoin halving\" and is designed to gradually reduce the overall supply of Bitcoin and maintain its value. The amount of transaction fees in the block reward varies depending on the overall volume and fee rates of transactions. In recent years, transaction fees have become a significant portion of miners' income, often exceeding the value of the newly minted Bitcoin in the block reward. This is due to the increasing popularity and usage of Bitcoin, leading to a higher volume of transactions and higher transaction fees."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Churn in Business?","response":"Churn rate in business refers to the number of customers or subscribers that leave a provider in a given time period. This is the opposite of growth rate, which shows the number of new subscribers or customers in that time frame. Churn rate can also refer to the number of employees that leave a firm in a given period."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Conveyance and Reconveyance?","response":"Conveyance transfers ownership of property from one entity to another. A deed is an instrument of conveyance, describing the parties and the property being transferred. A lender who holds title to the property must issue a deed of reconveyance to transfer the property title to the borrower."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Crucial for Companies to Define Their Brand Personality?","response":"It is important for companies to accurately define their brand personalities so they resonate with the appropriate consumers. This is because a brand personality results in increased brand equity and defines the brand's attitude in the marketplace. It is also the key factor of any successful marketing campaign.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Wire Transfers?","response":"Wire transfers allow for the individualized transmission of funds from individuals or entities to others while still maintaining the efficiencies associated with the fast and secure movement of money. The sender can initiate a wire transfer quickly and the recipient can access the funds immediately as there are usually no bank holds on the money. Wire transfers also allow people in different locations to safely transfer money to locales and financial institutions around the globe."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a High and Low Gross Profit Margin?","response":"Companies strive for high gross profit margins as they indicate greater degrees of profitability. When a company has a higher profit margin, it means that it operates efficiently. It can keep itself at this level as long as its operating expenses remain in check.A lower gross profit margin, on the other hand, is a cause for concern. It can impact a company's bottom line and means there are areas that can be improved."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can You Earn As a Virtual Assistant?","response":"The compensation varies depending on what the assignment is and who you're working for. According to job search site Indeed, the national average for virtual assistants is just over $25 per hour, particularly for more basic administrative assistant jobs. Jobs with a higher value skill set, such as design, can command a higher price. Some of these jobs are advertised on standard job sites, such as Robert Half, Monster, and Indeed and have established hourly rates. For contractors who advertise their services on sites such as Upwork or Fiverr set their own rates and therefore can charge more. Facebook and other social media platforms also advertise for virtual assistants."}
{"prompts":"Which State Has the Lowest Minimum Wage?","response":"Georgia and Wyoming both have a minimum wage of just $5.15 but employers in these states that are subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act must pay their employees the $7.25 federal minimum wage. The same rules apply to the five states that have no minimum wage: Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Tennessee."}
{"prompts":"Is a Hedge Fund Manager Different From a Portfolio Manager?","response":"Broadly speaking, both manage a portfolio of investments. But a hedge fund manager is responsible for the affairs, in their entirety, of a hedge fund and may be a limited partner in the fund. A portfolio manager is focused on making and managing investments in a portfolio, which could relate to the investments of an individual investor or a mutual fund. Plus, the portfolio manager typically isn't as geared toward the high risk strategies and investments that a hedge fund manager is."}
{"prompts":"Does Underweight Mean Sell?","response":"When a stock analyst marks a stock as underweight, that is usually a sell opinion or a don't buy opinion. Either way, the underweight opinion means that the outlook for the stock is not strong."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Income Effect?","response":"The income effect is the resulting change in demand for a good or service caused by an increase or decrease in a consumer's income or purchasing power. As income rises, the income effect assumes that people will begin to demand more goods, such as normal goods."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Economic Growth Matter?","response":"In the simplest terms, economic growth means that more will be available to more people, which is why governments try to generate it. However, it\u2019s not just about money, goods, and services. Politics also enter into the equation. How economic growth is used to fuel social progress matters.According to 10 years of research conducted by the United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research, \u201cmost countries that have shown success in reducing poverty and increasing access to public goods have based that progress on strong economic growth.\u201d If the benefits flow only to an elite group, the growth will not be sustained."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Parties in a Drawee Transaction?","response":"The three parties to a transaction involving a drawee are the drawer, the drawee, and the payee."}
{"prompts":"What Does Book Value Per Share (BVPS) Tell You?","response":"In theory, BVPS is the sum that shareholders would receive in the event that the firm was liquidated, all of the tangible assets were sold and all of the liabilities were paid. However, its value lies in the fact that investors use it to gauge whether a stock price is undervalued by comparing it to the firm's market value per share. If a company\u2019s BVPS is higher than its market value per share, which is its current stock price, then the stock is considered undervalued."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR) Tell You?","response":"The average annual growth rate (AAGR) identifies long-term trends of such financial measures as cash flows or investment returns. AAGR tells you what the annual return has been (on average), but it does not take into account compounding."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Avoid a Margin Call?","response":"The best way to avoid a margin call is to keep a significant cash cushion in the margin account and also to monitor the account regularly to see how close you are to slipping below your brokerage firm's maintenance margin percentage. You can also avoid a margin call, of course, if you simply maintain a cash account and don't buy on margin."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Different Types of Bonds?","response":"The example above is for a typical bond, but there are many special types of bonds available. For example, zero-coupon bonds do not pay interest payments during the term of the bond. Instead, their par value\u2014the amount they pay back to the investor at the end of the term\u2014is greater than the amount paid by the investor when they purchased the bond.Convertible bonds, on the other hand, give the bondholder the right to exchange their bond for shares of the issuing company, if certain targets are reached. Many other types of bonds exist, offering features related to tax planning, inflation hedging, and others."}
{"prompts":"What Is Substitution Effect?","response":"The substitution effect is the decrease in sales for a product that can be attributed to consumers switching to cheaper alternatives when its price rises. A product may lose market share for many reasons, but the substitution effect is purely a reflection of frugality. If a brand raises its price, some consumers will select a cheaper alternative."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Basel I?","response":"The purpose of Basel I was to establish an international standard for how much capital banks must keep in reserve in order to meet their obligations. Its regulations were intended to enhance the safety and stability of the banking system worldwide."}
{"prompts":"How Do Traders Use Moving Average Convergence\/Divergence (MACD)?","response":"Traders use MACD to identify changes in the direction or strength of a stock\u2019s price trend. MACD can seem complicated at first glance because it relies on additional statistical concepts such as the exponential moving average (EMA). But fundamentally, MACD helps traders detect when the recent momentum in a stock\u2019s price may signal a change in its underlying trend. This can help traders decide when to enter, add to, or exit a position."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the National Association of Realtors?","response":"The National Association of Realtors acts as a trade association for real estate professionals. It publishes research on the real estate market, compiles statistics, and provides the multiple listing services that are used to sell properties in different real estate markets. It also advocates for public policies that benefit members of the NAR."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean When an Account Is Escheat?","response":"An account is in escheat when there are no identifiable heirs to an account, or no one claims it. The government then takes ownership of the account. If a legal owner is identified, it can be reclaimed."}
{"prompts":"What Is Included in the Balance Sheet?","response":"The balance sheet includes information about a company\u2019s assets and liabilities. Depending on the company, this might include short-term assets, such as cash and accounts receivable, or long-term assets such as property, plant, and equipment (PP&E). Likewise, its liabilities may include short-term obligations such as accounts payable and wages payable, or long-term liabilities such as bank loans and other debt obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Will Happen If There Is Hyperinflation?","response":"Hyperinflation doesn't occur without any indication. In the United States, if economists see signs of hyperinflation the Federal Reserve will implement any monetary policy tools allowed to ensure it doesn't happen. This happens long before inflation can reach the 50% rate. In the past, Federal Reserve chair Paul Volcker raised rates to more than 21% to combat a rate of more than 14%\u2014leading to two recessions before inflation came under control."}
{"prompts":"How Transparent Are Rating Agencies in Their Methodologies?","response":"Rating agencies vary in their transparency regarding methodologies. While they disclose some aspects of their processes, they may not provide full details due to proprietary concerns. Some agencies offer more transparency by providing information about their methodologies, assumptions, and rating rationales, while others may provide relatively less information, which can impact understanding and scrutiny."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Reverse Triangular Merger?","response":"Amazon.com\u2019s purchase of Whole Foods constituted a reverse triangular merger. Rather than acquire Whole Foods directly, the e-commerce giant used an indirect subsidiary, with Whole Foods then surviving this subsidiary."}
{"prompts":"When Do You Have to Start Taking IRA Distributions?","response":"A traditional IRA follows the RMD rule, so you need to start taking distributions at age 73. Roth IRAs and Roth 401(k)s do not have RMDs."}
{"prompts":"What Documents Do I Need as Part of my Estate Planning?","response":"There are certain documents you'll need as part of the estate planning process. Some of the most common ones include wills, powers of attorney (POAs), guardianship designations, and living wills. Other paperwork you'll need and will find useful include bank and account statements, full lists of your holdings (assets and liabilities), and beneficiary designations."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay Capital Gains Taxes Immediately?","response":"In most cases, you must pay the capital gains tax after you sell an asset. It may become fully due in the subsequent year tax return. In some cases, the IRS may require quarterly estimated tax payments. Though the actual tax may not be due for a while, you may incur penalties for having a large payment due without having made any installment payments towards."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Cash Flows?","response":"The three types of cash flow are operating, investing, and financing. Operating cash flow includes all cash generated by a company's main business activities. Investing cash flow includes all purchases of capital assets and investments in other business ventures. Financing cash flow includes all proceeds gained from issuing debt and equity as well as payments made by the company."}
{"prompts":"How Do Stock Options Work?","response":"Consider an investor who speculates that the price of stock A will rise in three months. Currently, stock A is valued at $10. The investor then buys a call option with a $50 strike price, which is the price that the stock must exceed in order for the investor to make a profit. Fast-forward to the expiration date, where now, stock A has risen to $70. This call option would be worth $20 as stock A\u2019s price is $20 higher than the strike price of $50. By contrast, an investor would profit from a put option if the underlying stock were to fall below his strike price by the expiration date.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Is It Worth Joining the National Association of Realtors?","response":"Professional real estate agents may benefit from joining the National Association of Realtors, which provides access to market data and property listings on its multiple listing services as well as access to local realtor associations. For full-time professionals with many clients, these services can be well worth the $156 annual membership fee. However, there is no requirement to join the NAR to work in the real estate industry; the only requirement is to meet your state's licensing requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Risk Premium?","response":"Let\u2019s say you invest in a stock that is expected to deliver an annual return of 8%, including dividends. If you could get an annual return free of risk of 3% elsewhere, the risk premium for this stock would be 5%."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Lean Startup Business Plan Include?","response":"The lean startup business plan is an option when a company prefers to give a quick explanation of its business. For example, a brand-new company may feel that it doesn't have a lot of information to provide yet.Sections can include: a value proposition; the company's major activities and advantages; resources such as staff, intellectual property, and capital; a list of partnerships; customer segments; and revenue sources."}
{"prompts":"Do Freemiums Increase the Number of Customers?","response":"Freemium models lower new users' barriers to entry, increasing a business' number of total customers by allowing some to test out a limited version of the product without financial commitment."}
{"prompts":"How Is Placement Important in a Distribution Channel?","response":"Placement is\u00a0the way a company ensures its target market has access to its products or service in the location they would be most likely to look for that product or service. An effective distribution system ensures that products are placed in the right location as needed."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Promissory Note Contain?","response":"A form of debt instrument, a promissory note represents a written promise on the part of the issuer to pay back another party. A promissory note will include the agreed-upon terms between the two parties, such as the maturity date, principal, interest, and issuer\u2019s signature. Essentially, a promissory note allows entities other than financial institutions to provide lending services to other entities."}
{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for Tax Breaks?","response":"Broadly speaking, many tax breaks favor individuals with lower income. Many tax deductions and credits phase-out as an individuals income increases, meaning a person may only receive a partial amount of a tax break. Eventually, taxpayers with income \"too high\" will not quality for certain tax breaks.In addition, many tax breaks are designed for specific economic activity. For example, to incentive workers to contribute to their retirement accounts, certain contributions may receive favorable tax treatment. These types of tax breaks can be obtained by simply engaging in the qualification requirement."}
{"prompts":"Where Is the Tragedy of the Commons Evident in Industry?","response":"Before the 1960s, the Grand Banks fishery off the coast of Newfoundland was abundant with codfish because the fishery supported all the cod fishing they could do with existing fishing technology while reproducing itself each year through the natural spawning cycle. However, advancements in fishing technology made it so fisherfolk could catch massive amounts of codfish unsupportable with natural replenishment. With no framework of property rights or institutional common regulation, the entire industry collapsed by 1990."}
{"prompts":"How Do Warrants Differ From Company Stock?","response":"Warrants are sometimes given by companies to their employees as a form of equity compensation known as employee stock options (ESO). Because they are options contracts, they do not pay dividends nor have any voting rights. The warrants, however, may be exercised and converted into shares."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Disadvantages of Forming a JV?","response":"JV contracts commonly limit the outside activities of participant companies while the project is in progress. Each company involved in a JV may be required to sign exclusivity agreements or a\u00a0non-compete agreement\u00a0that affects current relationships with\u00a0vendors\u00a0or other business contacts.The contract under which a JV is created may also expose each company to liability inherent to a partnership unless a separate business entity is established for the JV. Furthermore, while companies participating in a JV share control, work activities and use of resources are not always divided equally."}
{"prompts":"Can I Receive a Tax Refund If I Use a Nonrefundable Tax Credit?","response":"Sure, you\u2019ll still receive the refund that you qualify for, but it won\u2019t include a reimbursement for any unused portion of your nonrefundable tax credit.It also depends on how much tax withholding you\u2019ve had during the year. Nonrefundable credits only reduce the amount you owe in taxes and do not pay you a refund if your tax bill goes to zero and the whole credit has not been used.However, if you have zero taxable income due to such credits and you paid taxes monthly via payroll withholding, you will likely receive some or all of that back as a refund.On their own, nonrefundable credits cannot generate a refund or be used to increase the amount you would otherwise receive."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to HODL?","response":"\"HODL\" originated as a misspelling of \"HOLD\" (written in all caps), in an online post by an early Bitcoin investor. But \"HODL\", as it has gained popularity among crypto enthusiasts, has come to mean \"hold on for dear life\". Crypto HODLers, like buy-and-hold stock investors, pride themselves on \"holding on\" by not selling their cryptocurrency, no matter what happens in the crypto markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Corporation?","response":"A corporation is owned by its stockholders who are completely protected from the business's liabilities. Forming a corporation requires filing articles of incorporation with the state in which the business is located. A small business corporation (S-corporation) is similar but tax obligations pass through from the corporation to the owners who must report their share of the business's income and losses on their personal returns."}
{"prompts":"What is compound interest?","response":"Compound interest is interest earned on interest you've received. When interest compounds, each subsequent interest payment will get larger because it is calculated using a new, higher balance. More frequent compounding means you'll earn more interest overall."}
{"prompts":"Who Reports to the Controller?","response":"A controller often oversees the department leads within finance for each respective department tied to financial reporting. This may include the accounts payable lead, procurement lead, purchasing lead, financial reporting manager, or payroll manager."}
{"prompts":"How Are Wholly-Owned Subsidiaries Accounted for?","response":"Wholly-owned subsidiaries maintain separate accounts from their parent companies, but their finances are usually reported together.If a public company has wholly-owned subsidiaries, the financial data for the subsidiaries will be reported alongside those of the parent on the company's consolidated balance sheets."}
{"prompts":"What Is Supply-Side Economics?","response":"Supply-side economics is a theory that maintains that increasing the supply of goods and services leads to economic growth. That is, businesses that aim to increase production need to spend money. They hire more people, expand factories, buy more raw materials, and find more outlets for their goods.Government officials who subscribe to this theory advocate tax cuts for corporations and wealthy individuals. They argue that this is a way to put more money in the hands of producers who will increase their spending to the benefit of consumers and workers."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Get the Zoning Changed on Something?","response":"First, you\u2019ll have to figure out who controls the zoning in your area. Then they usually will have a process by which you can appeal the zoning on something, but the specific steps will vary depending on where you live. Getting advice from a local real estate lawyer is advisable."}
{"prompts":"What Are Solvency Ratios?","response":"A solvency ratio measures how well a company\u2019s cash flow can cover its long-term debt. Solvency ratios are a key metric for assessing the financial health of a company and can be used to determine the likelihood that a company will default on its debt. Solvency ratios differ from liquidity ratios, which analyze a company\u2019s ability to meet its short-term obligations.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does a Company Increase Its Gross Profit Margin?","response":"There are several ways a company can increase its gross profit margin and, therefore, its profitability. These include:Reducing its operating expenses without lowering sales prices.Increasing its prices without increasing the cost of doing business.Improving its productivity and efficiencies.Relying on its existing customers to increase its average order value."}
{"prompts":"What Is Securities Lending?","response":"Securities lending is when an owner of securities loans them to a borrower, typically in exchange for collateral and a fee. The borrower is then obligated to return the securities on demand or at the end of a specific lending period. The collateral could be in the form of cash or other securities. During the lending period, the lender retains the economic benefits of the securities, such as dividends or interest payments, but temporarily transfers the voting rights to the borrower.The practice is commonly used by institutional investors and brokerage firms to enable short selling or to earn more income on idle assets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Single-Rate and Multi-Rate FTP?","response":"Single-rate and multi-rate funds transfer pricing are two different methodologies used by financial institutions in the banking industry.Single-rate FTP allows banks to take a comprehensive look at their assets compared to their liabilities. Under this method, all assets and liabilities are given a single transfer rate.Multi-rate FTP divides assets and liabilities into different groups based on their characteristics. This gives the company's management a more detailed look of the risks involved with each group."}
{"prompts":"Is a VEBA an HRA?","response":"Health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) allow employers to reimburse employees for certain medical expenses. Employees can roll over contributions year to year while investing contributions for growth. Under that definition, a VEBA can be considered a type of HRA."}
{"prompts":"Is a Balloon Payment Legal?","response":"Yes, a balloon payment is a legal debt instrument. A lender can intentionally structure a loan for a borrower who wants to pay a series of low monthly payments followed by a single large payment of principal at the end of the loan.The borrower must be aware of the long-term obligation of paying down the principal balance all at once at the end of the loan."}
{"prompts":"Is Commercial Paper a Type of Debt?","response":"Yes. Commercial paper is short-term, unsecured debt issued by institutions who want to raise capital needed for a short amount of time. It's an alternative to having to go through the effort and cost involved in getting a business loan."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Inflation?","response":"The percent inflation rate is calculated as the CPI at the end of the period divided by the CPI at the beginning of the period multiplied by 100.For example, let's assume you wanted to calculate the inflation rate between January 2006 and January 2022. According to the Consumer Price Index table, January 2022 has a CPI of 281.148 and January 2006 has a CPI of 198.300. The formula to calculate the percent inflation rate is therefore 281.148 \/ 198.300 \u00d7 100 = 141.77%."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bad Debt Considered?","response":"Bad debt is considered a normal part of operating a business that extends credit to customers or clients. Companies should estimate a total amount of bad debt at the beginning of every year to help them budget for that year and account for non-collectible receivables."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 401(k) Early Withdrawal Penalty?","response":"Early withdrawals from a 401(k) account (i.e., before age 59\u00bd) incur a 10% penalty. Furthermore, any deferred taxes due on that money will be owed at the time of withdrawal. The penalty is the same for an individual retirement account (IRA)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Journals?","response":"The word journal has a number of meanings, but all of them refer to a running record of events:A personal journal is to record and reflect on events in a person's life over time.A published journal is devoted to reporting news and events. Some are specialized publications devoted to scientific, medical, professional, or trade interests.A business journal is used to record business transactions as they occur."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Reduce Your Total Loan Cost?","response":"The best way to reduce your total loan cost is to pay more than the minimum payment whenever possible. This reduces the amount of interest that accumulates, eventually allowing you to pay off the loan early. Be warned, however, that some loans may have early pre-payment penalties."}
{"prompts":"What Does Negative Retained Earnings Mean?","response":"Generally speaking, a company with a negative retained earnings balance would signal weakness because it indicates that the company has experienced losses in one or more previous years. However, it is more difficult to interpret a company with high retained earnings."}
{"prompts":"Did the COVID-19 Pandemic Cause Supply Shocks?","response":"COVID-19 caused both supply shocks and demand shocks. For instance, because of social distancing and lockdowns, workers weren't able to be on manufacturing production lines, so there were shortages of goods. And consumers weren't going to restaurants and salons, so there was a demand shock in these and other sectors."}
{"prompts":"Is Vertical Integration Good for a Company?","response":"Whether vertical integration makes sense for a company depends on what's good for it in the long run. If a company makes clothing with buttons, it can buy the buttons or make them. Making them eliminates the markup charged by the button-maker. It may give the company greater flexibility to change styles or colors while eliminating the frustrations that come with dealing with a supplier.Then again, the company would have to set up or buy a whole separate manufacturing process for buttons, buy the raw materials that go into making and attaching buttons, and hire people to make the buttons along with a management team to manage the button division."}
{"prompts":"What are the disadvantages of zoning?","response":"Traditional applications of zoning ordinances geographically separate residential neighborhoods from where people work, shop, and play, making residents dependent on cars. Those who would like to move away from the high economic and environmental costs of transportation advocate for integrated, walkable neighborhoods with less rigid zoning ordinances."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need a Lawyer to Establish a Legal Separation?","response":"It is entirely possible to obtain a legal separation without hiring a lawyer. Most state and\/or county courts have the necessary separation petition forms available for free on their websites. You and your spouse must complete all the necessary forms and submit them to the court clerk."}
{"prompts":"Can You Cancel a Life Insurance Policy Online?","response":"You can cancel a life insurance policy by contacting the provider, which you can usually do online, by phone, or by mail. The exact cancellation process will depend on the type of life insurance you have, and you may have to sign a lost policy release (LPR) form."}
{"prompts":"Is a Co-Signed Loan Considered Secured?","response":"Although having a co-signer may help you get approved for a loan, it doesn\u2019t make the loan secured. In the case of a default, the lender would require the co-signer to repay the loan."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Financial Leverage Ratio?","response":"In general, a debt-to-equity ratio greater than one means a company has decided to take out more debt as opposed to finance through shareholders. Though this isn't inherently bad, the company might have greater risk due to inflexible debt obligations. The company must be compared to similar companies in the same industry or through its historical financials to determine if it has a good leverage ratio."}
{"prompts":"Can A Company's Total Debt-to-Total Asset Ratio Be Too High?","response":"Yes, a company's total debt-to-total-asset ratio can be too high. For example, imagine an industry where the debt ratio average is 25%\u2014if a business in that industry carries 50%, it might be too high, but it depends on many factors that must be considered."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Types of Quality Control?","response":"There are several methods of quality control. These include an x-bar chart, Six Sigma, 100% inspection mode, and the Taguchi\u00a0Method."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Considered an Insider Under Regulation O?","response":"A Regulation O insider is a principal shareholder, an executive officer, a director, or a related interest of any of these persons."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Tax Accounting?","response":"Tax accounting is used by companies to help them make the proper tax calculations and prepare tax documents in time for filing season."}
{"prompts":"What Is Margin Liquidation Level?","response":"The level at which the liquidation margin is reached will vary between brokerages and may depend on the type of assets held in an account. More risky assets, for example, may have a more strict liquidation margin. Investment firms detail their requirements on their websites and brokerages often provide tools on their websites like Fidelity Investments Margin Calculator."}
{"prompts":"When Should I Receive My Amended Tax Return?","response":"The IRS says it can take up to 16 weeks to process an amended return. The IRS specifically notes that you should generally allow 8 to 12 weeks for your Form 1040-X to be processed. About three weeks after you file the 1040-X, you can start checking the status of your filing on the IRS website on the Where's My Amended Return? page."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Costs and Benefits of Doing a Cost-Benefit Analysis?","response":"The process of doing a cost-benefit analysis itself has its own inherent costs and benefits. The costs involve the time needed to carefully understand and estimate all of the potential rewards and costs. This may also involve money paid to an analyst or consultant to carry out the work. One other potential downside is that various estimates and forecasts are required to build the cost-benefit analysis, and these assumptions may prove to be wrong or even biased.The benefits of a cost-benefit analysis, if done correctly and with accurate assumptions, are to provide a good guide for decision-making that can be standardized and quantified. If the cost-benefit analysis of doing a cost-benefit analysis is positive, you should do it!"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Nominal Interest Rate?","response":"The nominal\u00a0interest rate is the advertised or stated interest rate on a loan, without taking into account any fees or compounding of interest. The nominal interest rate is what is specified in the loan contract, without adjusting for compounding. Once the compounding adjustment has been made, this is the effective interest rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Interquartile Range of a Data Set?","response":"The interquartile range is the middle 50% of measurements in a data set\u2014in other words, the range of data between the upper quartile and the lower quartile. This is more statistically meaningful than using the full range of data because it omits possible outliers."}
{"prompts":"How Are the Fortune 100 and Fortune 500 Different?","response":"Based on rankings from Fortune magazine's Fortune 500 list, the Fortune 100 are the 100 largest public and private companies in the United States based on revenues. The Fortune 100 is a subset of the Fortune 500, derived from a list of companies that operate in the United States and report to federal agencies. Prior to 1994, the Fortune 100 only included companies that operated in the mining, manufacturing, and energy sectors. It has since included companies that operate in the services sector."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Tax Treatment for Operating Expenses?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows businesses to deduct operating expenses if the business operates to earn profits. According to the IRS, operating expenses must be ordinary (common and accepted in the business trade) and necessary (helpful and appropriate in the business trade). In general, businesses are allowed to write off operating expenses for the year in which the expenses were incurred."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Drawbacks of Subprime Loans?","response":"For borrowers, the higher interest rates will mean a costlier loan over time, which may be harder to service for a borrower who already has financial troubles. On a systemic level, defaults on subprime loans have been identified as a key factor in the 2008-09 financial crisis.Lenders are often seen as the biggest culprits, freely granting loans to people who couldn't afford them because of free-flowing capital following the dot-com bubble of the early 2000s. Still, borrowers that bought homes they truly could not afford contributed as well."}
{"prompts":"What Is the CPI Owners' Equivalent of Rent of Residences?","response":"The CPI owners' equivalent rent (OER) measures the change in the \"shelter\" component of the CPI along with \"rent of primary residence,\" which, both together, is a measure of the change consumers experience in shelter costs."}
{"prompts":"Is a Second Mortgage Superior to a First Mortgage?","response":"First mortgages take precedence over second mortgages for repayment if the borrower defaults. This means that second mortgages are subordinate, not superior, to first mortgages on a home."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Company's Bottom Line Tell You?","response":"The bottom line tells a company how profitable it was during a period and how much it has available for dividends and retained earnings. What's retained can be used to pay off debts, fund projects, or reinvest in the company. An increasing bottom line is a sign that a company is growing, while a shrinking bottom line could be a red flag."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Impact Safe Havens?","response":"Inflation erodes the purchasing power of investments, even safe havens. Of particular concern would be a rising inflation rate concurrent with a drop in investment account value. Even though safe havens may not drop as much as some other investments, they still suffer from inflation's power to eat away at value."}
{"prompts":"When you payouts begin for a joint-life annuity?","response":"The first payments are made within 30 days to one year after the annuity contract takes effect. Payments are often made monthly and continue while the annuitant and\/or the beneficiary remain alive (depending on the payout option selected)."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Qualify for the S&P 500?","response":"In order to be included in the S&P 500 Index, a company must be publicly traded and based in the United States. It also needs to meet certain requirements for liquidity and market capitalization, have a public float of at least 10% of its shares, and have positive earnings over the trailing four quarters."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an ADR and a GDR?","response":"An American depositary receipt represents shares in a foreign company and is listed only on American exchanges. A GDR represents shares in a foreign company and is listed on various foreign stock exchanges."}
{"prompts":"Can U.S. Citizens Invest in UCITS?","response":"Like many investments, you can buy UCITS funds through a broker that offers the service. U.S. citizens cannot invest in UCITS without using an authorized broker."}
{"prompts":"Are Tax Deductions Good?","response":"Yes, tax deductions are good because they lower your income and, therefore, the amount of taxes you owe. For example, if you had to pay 10% in taxes on your income and your income was $1,000, you would owe $100 in taxes; however, if you had a tax deduction of $200, that would lower your income to $800, and you would now owe $80 in taxes."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Network Effect Mean?","response":"The network effect refers to the concept that the value of a product or service increases when the number of people who use that product or service increases."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a New Social Security Number?","response":"To get an SSN, you must fill out form Form SS-5 and provide the SSA with two documents that prove your age and identity, and citizenship or immigration status."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Win\/Loss Ratio if I Have Zero Losses?","response":"In such a case, you wouldn't bother to calculate a win\/loss ratio (or any other ratio) because dividing a number by zero results in an undefined result."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Ratio Analysis?","response":"Consider the inventory turnover ratio that measures how quickly a company converts inventory to a sale. A company can track its inventory turnover over a full calendar year to see how quickly it converted goods to cash each month. Then, a company can explore the reasons certain months lagged or why certain months exceeded expectations."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cyber Monday?","response":"Cyber Monday takes place on the Monday following the Thanksgiving weekend. Online retailers give discounts on this day and traditional retailers offer exclusive, website-only deals."}
{"prompts":"How Is Accountability Defined in the Workplace?","response":"To management coaches, accountability in the workplace goes beyond giving each employee a task to complete in a project. It also means making each individual accountable for the success or failure of their contribution to the overall project. In other words, it's all about the ownership of success or failure."}
{"prompts":"Is My Bank a Commercial Bank?","response":"Possibly! Commercial banks are what most people think of when they hear the term \u201cbank.\u201d Commercial banks are for-profit institutions that accept deposits, make loans, safeguard assets, and work with many different types of clients, including the general public and businesses. However, if your account is with a community bank or credit union, it probably would not be a commercial bank."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Wrap-Up Exclusion?","response":"A wrap-up insurance exclusion refers to specific risks or coverages that are explicitly excluded from the coverage provided by a wrap-up insurance policy. These exclusions outline the risks or situations that are not protected under the policy and may require separate insurance arrangements or endorsements to address those excluded risks."}
{"prompts":"What Should My Capitalization Rate Be?","response":"The capitalization rate for an investment property should be between 4% and 10%. The exact number will depend on the location of the property as well as the rate of return required to make the investment worthwhile."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Short Squeeze?","response":"Because in a short sale, shares are sold on margin, relatively small rises in the price can lead to even more significant losses. The holder must buy back their shares at current market prices to close the position and avoid further losses. This need to buy can bid the stock price higher if many people do the same thing. This can ultimately result in a short squeeze."}
{"prompts":"What's the Advantage of Using a Bill of Materials?","response":"The advantage of using a bill of materials is streamlining and improving the efficiency of the manufacturing process by enabling detailed planning. A bill of materials can also help to reduce waste, identify vulnerabilities in a product's components, and stay ahead of materials shortages or supply chain disruptions."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If I Buy Shares on or After the Ex-Dividend Date?","response":"If you buy a stock after its ex-dividend date, which in U.S. markets is the day before the date of record, you will not be entitled to the dividend. Instead, the seller receives the dividend since they were the shareholder of record on the record date."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Prospectus Useful for Investors?","response":"An SEC-required prospectus provides important details about an investment offering to investors. It provides information to the public regarding investment risk and consolidates valuable information about the investment as well as the company being invested in. Knowing the type and amount of risk involved is an important consideration for investors such that those details are typically disclosed early in the prospectus and later in detail. The financial condition of the company behind the investment is also important since investors want to ensure the company is financially viable enough to honor its commitments."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Secure My Hot Wallet?","response":"Only keep small amounts in your hot wallet, ensure you back it up, keep the software up to date, encrypt it, and keep your password secure to make sure your wallet is safe."}
{"prompts":"Does a bonus issue affect a company\u2019s share price?","response":"Yes, the company\u2019s share price proportionally adjusts to the number of bonus shares issued. For example, if a company\u2019s stock price was at $10 and it had a 1-for-1 bonus issue, the stock price would readjust to $5 to reflect the additional bonus shares."}
{"prompts":"Does a Gift of Equity Have Tax Implications?","response":"Yes. For the giver, it can have tax implications. The amount of equity gifted can count against the annual gift tax exclusion or the giver\u2019s lifetime gift tax exemption. A gift of equity is not directly taxable for the recipient but could incur higher capital gains taxes later on. This is because the gift of equity reduces the buyer\u2019s cost basis, increasing the likelihood that they will earn a profit (the future sale price minus the cost basis) if they sell the property. All parties in a gift of equity should consult with a tax professional to understand any potential tax liabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Unemployment?","response":"The three types of unemployment are frictional (voluntary changes in employment), structural (changes in the structure of an economy, such as technology replacing workers), and cyclical (those jobs that are lost due to changes in the business cycle.)"}
{"prompts":"Does the Internal Revenue Service Use Debt Collectors?","response":"Yes, the\u00a0Internal Revenue Service uses private agencies to collect outstanding tax debts in some instances. When that happens, the IRS sends the taxpayer an official notice called a CP40. Because scams are common, taxpayers should be wary of anyone purporting to be working on behalf of the IRS and check with the IRS to make sure."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Payroll Tax Holiday?","response":"A payroll tax holiday is a deferral of payroll tax collection until a later date, at which point those taxes would become due. A payroll tax deferral is intended to provide some temporary financial relief to workers by temporarily boosting their take-home pay."}
{"prompts":"Are ETFs a Good Investment?","response":"Exchange-traded funds are often recommended for retail investors because they offer exposure to a broad sector of the market, without requiring the investor to actively manage a portfolio. But like other securities, they do require some research and they may lose money in a market downturn."}
{"prompts":"How Do Funds Invest in Leveraged Loans?","response":"Investment funds (such as\u00a0mutual funds\u00a0and\u00a0exchange-traded funds, or ETFs) may hold leveraged loans in their portfolios, depending on their investment strategy. Some funds may make a small investment in leveraged loans as part of a diverse portfolio, while other funds may invest heavily in these loans. Fund portfolio managers may be interested in purchasing these loans because their higher interest rates could mean a higher return for investors in the fund. \u00a0"}
{"prompts":"When Can Companies Successfully Apply Price Discrimination?","response":"Economists have identified three conditions that must be met for\u00a0price discrimination\u00a0to occur. First, the company needs to have sufficient market power. Second, it has to identify differences in demand based on different conditions or customer segments. Third, the firm must have the ability to protect its product from being resold by one consumer group to another."}
{"prompts":"What Is Occupational Labor Mobility?","response":"Occupational labor mobility is an assessment of the ease at which workers are able to switch jobs, often involving a new occupation or career path. Unlike geographical labor mobility, occupational mobility does not necessarily involve relocating."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Open Source Exist?","response":"Open source software programs exist because their creators felt it was important and useful to reveal the coding and make it editable by anyone. These individuals believe that others can improve their product. They may also feel that the cost to use similar programs is prohibitive and they prefer that their program be freely available to all."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Mixed Economy?","response":"Mixed economies stress profit above all else, including the well-being of citizens, there tends to be mismanagement at various levels, it creates economic inequality throughout the population as wealth is not distributed evenly, inefficiency occurs due to government involvement, and the working class can be exploited."}
{"prompts":"What Are Disadvantages of Loan-to-Value?","response":"The main drawback of the information that a LTV provides is that it only includes the primary mortgage that a homeowner owes, and does not include in its calculations other obligations of the borrower, such as a second mortgage or home equity loan. Therefore, the CLTV is a more inclusive measure of a borrower's ability to repay a home loan."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Choose an Equity Fund that Aligns with My Investment Goals?","response":"To choose the right equity fund for your investment goals, assess your risk tolerance, time horizon, and financial goals. For example, suppose you are a young investor with a long time horizon and a high risk tolerance. In that case, you may consider investing in an actively managed small-cap growth fund that seeks to capitalize on the potential of emerging companies. Meanwhile, if you are nearing retirement and prioritize income generation and capital preservation, a large-cap value fund focusing on mature, dividend-paying companies may be more appropriate. Look for funds with a proven track record, experienced management teams, and investment philosophies that align with your own. For example, if you value socially responsible investing, you may want equity funds that incorporate ESG criteria into their choice of investments."}
{"prompts":"What Is Income Elasticity?","response":"Income elasticity of demand is a measure of how demand for a particular product or service will rise as income rises. Luxury products, for example, have a higher elasticity of demand than so-called \"normal goods\" like food. Some items, referred to by economists as \"inferior goods,\" see a decline in demand as income rises."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Higher: Summa Cum Laude or Magna Cum Laude?","response":"Summa cum laude is the highest honor available and is more prestigious than magna cum laude. For example, at New York University, summa cum laude is awarded to the top 5% of graduates, while the next 10% are awarded magna cum laude status."}
{"prompts":"Is the Clayton Act Necessary?","response":"Most people agree that these types of antitrust laws benefit society. If companies were given free rein to make profits by any means necessary, it would likely prove detrimental to everyone other than the company that came out on top.There are, however, many people who oppose antitrust laws like the Clayton Act. In their view, allowing businesses to compete without restraints and to fully capitalize on their market power would ultimately prove favorable to consumers and the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is ZOPA?","response":"ZOPA is an acronym from the business world. It stands for zone of possible agreement. ZOPA is a way of visualizing where the positions of the parties to a negotiation overlap. It is within that zone that compromises can be reached."}
{"prompts":"Are Fringe Benefits Taxable?","response":"Any fringe benefit an employer provides is taxable and must be included in the recipient's pay unless the law expressly excludes it."}
{"prompts":"Does a Purchase Money Security Interest Trump a Blanket Lien?","response":"Yes, a PMSI can receive priority status over a previously perfected blanket lien. The PMSI must have been perfected within statutory requirements. For example, the PMSI receives priority status only if it is filed before or within the first 20 days of the borrower's possession of the goods."}
{"prompts":"How do you win a Dutch auction?","response":"In a Dutch auction, an item is offered at a set maximum price, which is incrementally lowered until a bid is made. Whoever places the first bid wins the auction, provided the bid is above the auction\u2019s reserve price."}
{"prompts":"How Do a Regular Money Market Account and a Retirement Money Market Account Differ?","response":"The main difference between a retirement money market account and a traditional money market account is where the money and account are held. A retirement money market account is part of a broader retirement account, such as a 401(k) or an IRA. A traditional money market account is usually held at a bank or credit union and operates much like a savings account but with check-writing privileges."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Downsides of a GLWB?","response":"The obvious pitfall to a GLWB rider on an annuity is the cost. It\u2019s important to read the annuity documents carefully before you purchase this coverage."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Business Models?","response":"Retailers and manufacturers are among the primary types of business models. Manufacturers product their own goods and may or may not sell them directly to the public. Meanwhile, retails buy goods to later resell to the public."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 7-Day Yield on the Money Market?","response":"The 7-day yield on the money market is a method of estimating the return of money market instruments on an annual basis. It takes the difference between the price today and the price seven days ago and multiplies that by the annualization factor."}
{"prompts":"What Are Alternatives to Petroleum?","response":"Alternatives include wind, solar, and biofuels. Wind power uses wind turbines to harness the power of the wind to create energy. Solar power uses the sun as an energy source, and biofuels use vegetable oils and animal fat as a power source."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Base Year Used?","response":"Base years are used to compare or measure business activity or an economic or financial index. For example, a base year is used in the calculation of same-store sales. Base years are also used in calculating gross domestic product (GDP)."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Hostile Takeovers Bad?","response":"Hostile takeovers are initially bad because they are not welcome and they cause chaos in the target company. They often lead to mass layoffs in the target company, reorganization, and a change in upper management. The ideas that an acquiring company seeks to implement sometimes don't pay off either, leading to more disruption."}
{"prompts":"How Would You Use Prima Facie In a Sentence?","response":"Prima facie is generally used as an adjective to describe a noun, like a court case. A judge might say, \"This is a textbook example of a prima facie case, so I'm allowing it to move to trial.\" The term might also be used to describe anything else that, at first glance, meets specific criteria."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between preferred and common shareholders?","response":"The main difference between preferred and common shareholders is that the former typically has no voting rights, while the latter does. However, preferred shareholders have a priority claim to income, meaning that they are paid dividends before common shareholders. Common shareholders are last in line regarding company assets, which means that they will be paid out after creditors, bondholders, and preferred shareholders."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better, a Floating or Fixed Interest Rate?","response":"As a borrower, that depends on your financial situation and your outlook on interest rates or the economy. While a floating interest rate may save you money, it can make your financial planning and budgeting difficult because it changes. Plus, you may be forced to spend more money if it rises. So, floating interest rates pose a risk. A fixed interest rate never changes. You can plan with confidence and enjoy a greater sense of security in an increasing rate environment."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Dual Listing Affect a Company's Share Price?","response":"A dual listing does not affect a company's share price. After taking into consideration transaction costs and exchange rates, a company's share price should be the same on both exchanges and not impacted in any way. Over the long term; however, it is possible that a company with strong financials and business outlook can benefit from a dual listing by having more liquidity and greater access to capital, which could improve the share price."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Waiver of Subrogation Process Work?","response":"Upon a loss, an insurer pays a claim to the insured for covered losses. If the loss was caused by a third party, the insurer may subrogate the claim, or recover damages from the party that caused the loss. With a waiver of subrogation, the insurer cannot pursue or sue the responsible third party for recovery. These provisions can be found in contracts or included as addendums to existing contracts. As with any contract, there must be an agreement by the parties to the contract to be valid."}
{"prompts":"Who Was the Founder of Neoclassical Economics?","response":"The movement from classical to neoclassical economic theory grew from the work of William Stanley Jevons,\u00a0Carl Menger, and\u00a0L\u00e9on Walras in the late 1800s. The dominant text of neoclassical economics, Principles of Economics, was written by Alfred Marshall and used in the early 1900s."}
{"prompts":"Is Hong Kong Financially Stable?","response":"Yes, Hong Kong is financially stable. Despite protests and China's ever-expanding grip to bring Hong Kong further under its laws, Hong Kong remains a financially stable region."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Cash on Delivery?","response":"Examples of cash on delivery are when customers pay for a pizza that is delivered to their home, when a courier delivers something that a customer has agreed to pay for when it is delivered, or when a customer picks up clothing from the dry cleaning store. Some online stores will allow cash on delivery."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Variable Costs?","response":"Variable costs are the production costs that increase when more units of a good are produced. Raw materials, and labor, are examples of variable costs, because producing more units of a good requires more raw materials and labor. Fixed costs are those costs that do not change significantly when production is ramped up\u2013for example, the costs of the facilities and machinery used to produce the good."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Affirmative Action?","response":"The goal of affirmative action is to increase opportunities for individuals and groups that historically have been underrepresented, or in some cases barred, from certain areas of academia, the government, and the private sector workforce. Affirmative action policies provide funding in the form of grants and scholarships to these communities.Policies were adopted to help those with different racial backgrounds and national origins. They have expanded to address gender, sexual orientation, and various disabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Prepaid Expense?","response":"A prepaid expense is a type of asset on the balance sheet that results from a business making advanced payments for goods or services to be received in the future. Prepaid expenses are initially recorded as assets, but their value is expensed over time onto the income statement. Unlike conventional expenses, the business will receive something of value from the prepaid expense over the course of several accounting periods."}
{"prompts":"When Can Investors Benefit from Extended Trading?","response":"The ability to trade during extended hours can allow investors and traders to react instantly to the news which comes out when the exchange is closed. If a company reports poor earnings, the stock will likely drop, and the trader can exit their position sooner rather than wait for the exchange to open."}
{"prompts":"Is Volatility the Same As Risk?","response":"Volatility is often used to describe risk, but this is not necessarily always the case. Risk involves the chances of experiencing a loss, while volatility describes how large and quickly prices move. If those increased price movements also increase the chance of losses, then risk is likewise increased."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Summary Judgment?","response":"A summary judgment is a judgment made by a court or judge without conducting a full trial. Either party in a legal dispute may move for summary judgment, provided that there is no disagreement about the material facts of the case. This allows both litigants to avoid the expense of a full trial. However, if a party moves for summary judgment, the judge will always examine the facts in the light most favorable to their opponent. For this reason, most parties to a lawsuit will avoid summary judgment unless they believe that the law is firmly on their side."}
{"prompts":"How Is Equity Calculated?","response":"Equity is equal to total assets minus its total liabilities. These figures can all be found on a company's balance sheet for a company. For a homeowner, equity would be the value of the home less any outstanding mortgage debt or liens."}
{"prompts":"What Does Numismatic Value Mean?","response":"Numismatic value is the value a seller receives for the sale of a collectible coin. This value is determined by the coin's quality, rarity, and demand."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Fitch Rating A+ Mean?","response":"A rating of A+ means there is a low default risk and that a business or country is slightly more vulnerable to business or economic factors. The plus symbol indicates that the entity's credit rating is higher than others given the A rating but not enough to warrant an upgrade to the AA rating."}
{"prompts":"How Is FIFO Calculated?","response":"FIFO is calculated by adding the cost of the earliest inventory items sold. For example, if 10 units of inventory were sold, the price of the first ten items bought as inventory is added together. This equals the cost of goods sold. Depending on the valuation method chosen, the cost of these 10 items may differ."}
{"prompts":"Do Companies With More Organic Growth Outperform Those With Higher Inorganic Growth?","response":"According to a study from McKinsey, S&P 500 companies that had higher organic growth tended to outperform companies with the least organic growth when assessed at comparable growth levels."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a White Paper?","response":"All of these documents, publicly available on Microsoft\u2019s website, focus on aspects of the company's suite of cloud services. In contrast with brochures, these white papers don\u2019t have a clear sales pitch. Instead, they dive into relevant topics, such as cloud security, hybrid clouds, and the economic benefits of adopting cloud computing.An AI-First Infrastructure and Toolchain for Any ScaleMoving your Mission Critical Mainframe Data to AzureMesh and hub-and-spoke networks on AzureBackup and recovery overview for Azure usersBackup and recovery overview for users new to Azure"}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay an Origination Fee?","response":"Most banks, financial institutions, and lenders charge an origination fee for any type of loan as a form of compensation for the loan process. This includes personal loans, debt consolidation loans, mortgages, home equity loans, and others. Fees generally range between 0.5% to 1% of the loan balance so if you're asking for a $100,000 loan, a 1% fee will be $1,000. Some lenders may be willing to negotiate the fee, which can be deducted from the loan disbursement or it can be paid upfront. Keep in mind that you only pay the fee if you're approved."}
{"prompts":"What Is Interest Rate Risk?","response":"Interest rate risk is also known as market price risk. It is the risk that the price of a fixed income investment will change as interest rates change. For example, in a rising rate environment, bond prices fall. When rates fall, prices rise. So, if your circumstances force you to sell bonds as rates rise, you may receive less for them than you paid. However, if you hold bonds to maturity and aren't worried about selling them, interest rate risk won't affect those bonds."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Lorenz Curve Calculated?","response":"After collecting data from a relatively large sample size, a Lorenz curve is then fitted to best demonstrate the distribution of that data set. Because each set of information is different, there is no single universal curve formula, and the nonlinear regression will often look very different for different data sets."}
{"prompts":"How is a depositary receipt transaction accomplished?","response":"A foreign-listed company typically hires a\u00a0financial advisor\u00a0to help it navigate regulations when it wants to create a depositary receipt abroad. The company also generally uses a domestic bank to act as the custodian and a\u00a0broker\u00a0in the target country. The domestic bank will list shares of the firm on an exchange, such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE),\u00a0in the country where the firm is located."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Multiplier?","response":"In economics, a multiplier broadly refers to an economic factor that, when changed, causes changes in many other related economic variables.\u00a0The term is usually used in reference to the relationship between government spending and total national income.\u00a0In terms of gross domestic product, the multiplier effect causes changes in total output to be greater than the change in spending that caused it."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Invest in a Roth IRA or a 401(k)?","response":"There are many variables to consider when choosing a Roth IRA or a 401(k) retirement account. Each type of account provides an opportunity for savings to grow tax-free. Roth IRAs do not provide tax advantages when you make a deposit, but you can withdraw tax-free during retirement. The reverse is true for 401(k)s. These types of accounts involve contributing a portion of your paycheck to a 401(k) prior to income tax deductions. In terms of contribution limits, Roth IRAs are typically lower than 401(k)s.Additionally, 401(k)s allow employers to make matching contributions. On the flip side, 401k(s) often have higher fees, minimum distributions, and fewer investment options."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Due To Account Used in Interbank Deposits?","response":"When two banks arrange for an interbank deposit, the holding bank sets up something called a due to account for the institution making the deposit, which is known as the corresponding bank. The due to account is a holding account, also known as a payable account."}
{"prompts":"What Was John Bogle's Net Worth?","response":"At the time of his death in 2019, John Bogle's net worth was approximately $80 million. He earned the bulk of that money as the founder of the investment management company, Vanguard."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report OID on My Tax Return?","response":"Taxpayers should use Form 1099-OID, Original Issue Discount, to report any interest that is taxable OID. This type of interest is generally taxed as ordinary income. However, if a short-term discount obligation is redeemed at maturity, it will should be filed as Form 1099-INT. Brokers and middlemen will typically send the appropriate form to their clients for tax purposes."}
{"prompts":"What is the value at risk (VaR) formula?","response":"You can use several different methods, with different formulas, to calculate VaR, but the simplest method to manually calculate VaR is the historical method. In this case, m is the number of days from which historical data is taken and vi is the number of variables on day i.Value at risk formula (using the historical method):vm (vi \/ v(i - 1))"}
{"prompts":"What Listing Requirements Does Nasdaq Have?","response":"Nasdaq has three different tiers of listings: Nasdaq Global Select Market, Nasdaq Global Market, and Nasdaq Capital Market. Each tier has its specific listing requirements. In the instance of an IPO, all companies must have 1.25 million shares outstanding and 2200 total shareholders (or 450 shareholders with 100 shares each). The market value of unrestricted publicly held shares (or publicly held shares and shareholder equity) must be at least $45 million. Companies must meet one of four possible financial standards, as well. These involve earnings, cash flow and capitalization, capitalization and revenue, or assets and equity."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Adverse Selection in Trading and Investing?","response":"In stock markets, there are some natural information asymmetries. For example, companies that issue shares know more about their internal finances and earnings before the general public does. This can lead to cases of insider trading, where those in-the-know profit from stock trades before public announcements are made (which is an illegal practice).Another asymmetry involves the inventories of market makers and some institutional traders. While large holders of a company's stock are made public, this information is only disseminated on a quarterly basis. This means that these players in the market may have a particular \"axe to grind\" - for example, a strong desire or need to buy or sell - that is not known by the investing public."}
{"prompts":"How Long Should an Elevator Pitch Be?","response":"An elevator should be about 30 to 60 seconds long\u2014brief, but just long enough to touch on the important points. If you give a successful pitch that piques your audience's curiosity, you'll have time later to go into greater detail."}
{"prompts":"How Many States Have Right-to-Work Laws?","response":"As of 2022, 27 out of the 50 states in the U.S. have right-to-work laws in place."}
{"prompts":"Can Asset Turnover Be Gamed by a Company?","response":"Like many other accounting figures, a company's management can attempt to make its efficiency seem better on paper than it actually is. Selling off assets to prepare for declining growth, for instance, has the effect of artificially inflating the ratio. Changing depreciation methods for fixed assets can have a similar effect as it will change the accounting value of the firm's assets."}
{"prompts":"Are Donations to All Not for Profits Tax Deductible?","response":"No. Only donations made to organizations that have a charitable purpose are allowed as itemized tax deductions by the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What is a continuation statement?","response":"A continuation statement is an amendment attached to a\u00a0UCC-1 financing statement. Continuation statements extend the lender\u2019s\u00a0lien\u00a0on the borrower\u2019s collateral past the original financing statement\u2019s expiration date. When a lender files a continuation statement, the continuation statement extends the UCC-1 financing statement by five years from the date of filing."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy T-Bonds?","response":"To buy T-bonds, you can head to Treasurydirect.gov, create an account, and purchase your bonds directly from the government on the website."}
{"prompts":"Which Life Insurance Settlement Option Guarantees Payments?","response":"A life settlement can be structured as an annuity that will feature guaranteed payments until the death of the policy's beneficiaries."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Drawdown?","response":"A drawdown is the decline of an asset between the peak and the trough that follows. Keep in mind that a trough can't be measured until there is a new peak that forms. Drawdowns are normally expressed as a percentage."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Operating Lease and a Finance Lease?","response":"A finance lease transfers the asset and any risk or return to the lessee. This means that ownership is transferred in a financial lease to the entity that leases the asset. In an operating lease, the ownership remains with the lessor, the entity that leased the asset to the lessee."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Word-of-Mouth Marketing So Important?","response":"Word-of-mouth marketing is important as it is an effective way to increase sales, promote products and services, increase brand recognition, and build customer loyalty. Many companies employ strategies that prompt customers to recommend their services and\/or products and share positive experiences. Essentially, companies create the spark that causes the firestorm of chatter among consumers, and since studies show that most people trust the advice of family and friends, focusing on word-of-mouth marketing can be more beneficial and cost-effective than other forms of marketing."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Digital Money?","response":"Its technological underpinnings mean digital money can be adapted for various purposes. Apart from being a digital representation of fiat currency, there are other forms of digital money, such as central bank digital currencies and stablecoins."}
{"prompts":"How Does Consumerism Shape Social Class?","response":"Tastes and preferences for consumption goods are stratified by social class, not only in terms of monetary cost, but also appropriateness. Working class individuals tend to consume certain types of food, media, dress, and pastimes that may differ from those in the top 1% or higher strata. Consumption defines both self- and group-identity: People aspire to \u201cconsume up\u201d to \u201ckeep up with the Jones\u2019,\" but people fear downward mobility."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find My PIN Number?","response":"If you've forgotten your PIN number, consider contacting your bank. You'll likely have to verify your identity, but a customer service representative should be able to help you reset your PIN."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tax Avoidance vs. Tax Evasion?","response":"Tax avoidance involves various tactics to reduce a company's or an individual's tax obligations, often by taking advantage of loopholes in the law. Tax avoidance is perfectly legal but sometimes sneaky-seeming. Tax evasion, on the other hand, occurs when a company or an individual attempts to reduce their tax bill by illegal means, such as concealing income."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Get a Medallion Signature?","response":"Medallion signature guarantees are obtained from institutions that have the authority to issue them. For some institutions, particularly large banks, If the customer has an established relationship, they may not be subject to fees or charges. However, if fees apply, they can range from as little as $50 to $100 or more, depending on the value of the assets."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Tax Advantage of a TFSA Compare to a Regular Investment Account?","response":"Take two savers, Joe and Jane. At the beginning of the year, Joe puts C$6,000 in an investment account earning 7% per year. Jane contributes the same amount, but to a TFSA earning 7%. They will each have C$6,420 after a year, but Jane can withdraw all C$6,420 and owe no taxes on it, whereas Joe would be taxed on the earnings of C$420."}
{"prompts":"What is marginal value at risk (VaR)?","response":"Marginal VaR is a calculation of the additional risk that a new investment position will add to a portfolio or a firm. It is simply an estimate of the change in the total amount of risk, not the precise amount of risk that a position is adding to or subtracting from the whole portfolio. That more precise measurement is known as incremental VaR."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Producer Price Index Predict?","response":"The Producer Price Index looks at inflation from the viewpoint of industry and business. This method measures price changes before consumers purchase final goods and services. As a result, many analysts consider it to predict inflation before the CPI."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Henry Gantt?","response":"Henry Gantt was a social scientist and management consultant who also held a degree in mechanical engineering. He worked in the field of scientific management, developing methods to streamline and increase the productivity of corporations and their workforce. He created the Gantt chart in the 1910s to help supervisors understand the progress of their labor force and to ensure tasks were on schedule."}
{"prompts":"Do Valuation Clauses Only Apply to the Insurance Sector?","response":"No. Although they are very common in insurance, valuation clauses are also applied in different types of business contracts. They may be used in corporate mergers and acquisitions (M&A), distributions, and licensing agreements. Valuation clauses are put into place in order to determine the value of assets between two or more parties."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Arbitrage Transaction?","response":"An arbitrage transaction is when someone purchases and sells a product simultaneously, usually in separate markets, in order to profit from the price differences in that asset's price. Arbitrage opportunities typically do not last for long once they are discovered due to their fairly risk-averse method of ensuring profit. Arbitrage trades are commonly seen being made with stocks, currencies, and commodities."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Corporate Tax Rate on Profits?","response":"In the U.S., the corporate tax rate on profits is currently 21% (reduced from 35% since the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Class A Share?","response":"Class A shares of common stock usually give shareholders a greater amount of voting rights than Class B and other classes of stock. They're often held by a company's executives and some members of management so that those in charge of the company can retain control of it in various situations, such as a hostile takeover attempt."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Get a Canceled Check?","response":"When you need a copy of a canceled check, contact your bank or credit union. If you have access to mobile banking, you may be able to log in to your account, search for the check among your transactions, and print or view a copy. You may also receive photocopies of your canceled checks along with your monthly banking statement, or you might need to request a copy from the bank directly. Some banks will charge for copies of canceled checks."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Nasdaq 100?","response":"The Nasdaq 100 is a large-cap growth index. It is comprised of 100 of the largest U.S. and international non-financial companies\u2014all of which are listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange based on their market caps. Some of the major companies listed include Apple, Dollar Tree, Keurig, Sirius XM Holdings, and Zoom Video Communications. Investors who are interested in taking advantage of the index's returns can do so by investing in mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), options, futures, and annuities that track and try to mimic its performance."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered an Active User?","response":"An active user is someone who uses your service or product during a specific period. Each business can define \"active\" however they want, at least until industry standards are introduced."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Distribution Channel and What Components Does It Have?","response":"The term \u201cdistribution channel\u201d refers to the methods used by a company to deliver its products or services to the end consumer. It often involves a network of intermediary businesses such as manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. Selecting and monitoring distribution channels is a key component of managing supply chains."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Jones Act Affect Puerto Rico?","response":"One consequence of the Jones Act is that it requires U.S. shipping for cargo between Puerto Rico and the U.S. mainland, increasing the cost of development for the island's economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is Gross Income?","response":"Your gross income is your income from all sources before any taxes, retirement contributions, or employee benefits have been withheld or deducted. The balance after these deductions is referred to as your \"net\" income. This is the amount you receive in your paychecks. The 28\/36 rule is based on your gross monthly income."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Synthetic CDO?","response":"A synthetic CDO is a type of collateralized debt obligation (CDO) that invests in noncash assets that can offer extremely high yields to investors. However, they differ from traditional CDOs, which typically invest in regular debt products such as bonds, mortgages, and loans, in that they generate income by investing in noncash derivatives such as credit default swaps (CDSs), options, and other contracts. Synthetic CDOs are typically divided into credit tranches based on the level of credit risk assumed by the investor."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Term \"Blue Chip\" Come From?","response":"The term \"blue chip stock\" comes from the world of poker, where chips used in gambling have different colors to represent different dollar amounts. A blue chip is typically the one with the highest value of all, surpassing white chips and red chips."}
{"prompts":"When Should an Asset Be Impaired?","response":"An asset should be impaired when its fair market value is less than its carrying value (historical cost minus accumulated depreciation). This may occur due to physical damage to the asset, a change in consumer demand, or legal changes surrounding the asset."}
{"prompts":"Is the Lehman Formula Only Used in Investment Banking?","response":"While it's most commonly associated with investment banking, the Lehman Formula can be applied in various financial contexts where transaction-based compensation is determined based on value. It's also used in private placements and acquisitions. A similar fee-type structure may also be used in litigation where a legal firm may receive certain compensation based on the award amount broken into tiers."}
{"prompts":"Which Securities Can a Registered Representative Sell?","response":"A General Securities Representative can sell a broad range of securities, such as corporate and municipal securities, investment company securities, variable annuities, and government bonds. There are other FINRA exams that will allow someone to only sell one type of security, such as municipal bonds."}
{"prompts":"Do All Businesses Need to Follow Revenue Recognition Principles?","response":"Revenue recognition is generally required of all public companies in the U.S. according to generally accepted accounting principles. The requirements for tend to vary based on jurisdiction for other companies. In many cases, it is not necessary for small businesses as they are not bound by GAAP accounting unless they intend to go public."}
{"prompts":"What Women Have Been Game-Changers?","response":"Rebecca Lee Crumpler overcame racism and sexism to obtain a medical degree in 1864. She became the first female African American doctor in the U.S. Rachel Carson, the marine scientist and author of the game-changing book about the harm caused by pesticides, Silent Spring, is often credited with launching the environmental movement in the 1960s. Muriel Siebert became the first woman to buy a seat on the New York Stock Exchange in 1967. She established the first women-owned and operated brokerage firm in 1969. These are just three of countless women game-changers, each of whom faced incredible obstacles but persevered to accomplish remarkable goals that affected the lives of others."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Cash Value Account?","response":"The cash value account is an interest-bearing savings component contained in adjustable life policies. As premiums are deposited and interest accumulates, the policy's cash value grows. After several years, you can borrow against the cash value or withdraw funds from the policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is PoA Consensus?","response":"Proof-of-Authority consensus is a blockchain consensus mechanism where new blocks can only be created for the blockchain by nodes that have proven through authentication that they have the right to create a new block."}
{"prompts":"Why Does Someone Need a Fiduciary?","response":"Working with a fiduciary means that you can be assured that a financial professional will always be putting your interests first, and not their own. This means that you don\u2019t have to worry about conflicts of interest, misplaced incentives, or aggressive sales tactics."}
{"prompts":"Can U.S. Citizens Buy CFDs?","response":"CFDs are not allowed by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. The reasoning is that the over-the-counter (OTC) products are unregulated and pose a risk of larger losses."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross and Net Income?","response":"Net income is the money that you effectively receive from your endeavors\u2014the take-home pay for individuals. For companies, it is the revenues that are left after all expenses have been deducted. This is different than gross income which only includes COGS and omits all other types of expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of CSR?","response":"CRS initiatives strive to have a positive impact on the world through direct benefits to society, nature and the community in which a business operations. In addition, a company may experience internal benefits through the initiatives. Knowing their company is promoting good causes, employee satisfaction may increase and retention of staff may be strengthened. In addition, members of society may be more likely to choose to transact with companies that are attempting to make a more conscious positive impact beyond the scope of its business."}
{"prompts":"What Is VBA Used for?","response":"VBA is used to further expand what some programs are able to accomplish. VBA is often used to create macros, automate processes, generate custom forms, or perform repetitive tasks that may need minimal human intervention."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Jobs of Indentured Servants?","response":"Indentured servants often served as field workers, gardeners, cooks, and laborers."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Report Cost Basis for Noncovered Securities on My Taxes?","response":"When a security is noncovered, this means a brokerage doesn't have to report its cost basis directly to the IRS. However, a taxpayer must still report it to the IRS when calculating the profit or loss on the sale of that security for their income taxes. Failure to do so could result in penalties."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Describe a Deliverable?","response":"A deliverable is a final deadline or project milestone that can be provided to external or internal customers. It is the end result or one of many end results in a project plan that can be quantifiable."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Promissory Note?","response":"One example of a promissory note is a corporate credit promissory note. For this type of promissory note, a company will typically be seeking a short-term loan. In the case of a growing startup that is low on cash as it expands its operations, the terms of the agreement could state that the company pays back the loan once its accounts receivable are collected.There are several other types of promissory notes, including investment promissory notes, take-back mortgages, and student loan promissory notes.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"Why Use Market Penetration Strategies?","response":"Market penetration strategies are used to ultimately increase the number of customers and sales dollars of a company. Market penetration is the act of gaining a deeper presence in a market; by employing strategies to increase how deep a company is engrained in a market, that company often has greater short-term and long-term financial health, is better in tune with what its customers want, and is often better positioned compared to its competition."}
{"prompts":"What Is Cross-Promotion in Marketing?","response":"Cross-promotion in marketing is when one brand collaborates and teams up with another brand to promote each other's products across multiple marketing platforms. For example, retailer J.Crew sells clothing and accessories from other designers on its website under the marketing promotion called \"brands we love.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is a Boilerplate Statement?","response":"A boilerplate statement is standard preapproved text added by businesses to many documents. It is generic but can be altered slightly to fit a specific purpose. An email confirmation of an online purchase is an example.Boilerplate statements also can be found in press releases, the About Us section of a corporate website, or company announcements."}
{"prompts":"Is UPI Available in the U.S.?","response":"Yes, UPI is available in the U.S. You are able to send money to India from the U.S. using UPI. You need the UPI ID of the receiver and can use a variety of banking apps, such as Wise, World Remit, and Remitly."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Governments Play in Promoting Financial Inclusion?","response":"Governments play a pivotal role in promoting financial inclusion through policy and regulatory frameworks. They can implement measures to reduce barriers, encourage financial institutions to serve underserved populations, and invest in financial literacy programs and digital infrastructure."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Cons of Bridge Loans?","response":"Bridge loans typically have higher interest rates than traditional loans. Also, if you are waiting to sell your home and still have a mortgage, you\u2019ll have to make payments on both loans."}
{"prompts":"Can I Get a HELOC With No Job?","response":"You can get a home equity line of credit (HELOC) without being employed but you will typically have to prove you have another source of income. You may, for example, have to prove you receive income from your assets or collect pension payments."}
{"prompts":"How Does Capitalism Contribute to the Race to the Bottom?","response":"Capitalism is defined by competition between businesses to grab market share, and among workers to fill jobs. Companies must stay profitable, and workers need to stay employed. As a result, firms try to become the low-cost producer so that they can best the competition and grab market share. This means that firms begin to compete primarily on price. However, cutting costs amid fierce competition also can mean cutting corners in the form of lower quality, lower safety standards, and lower wages. At the same time, it can produce negative externalities like pollution, waste, and other social ills."}
{"prompts":"What Damages Can Be Recovered in Promissory Estoppel?","response":"The rules for promissory estoppel vary by jurisdiction. Generally speaking, a successful case of promissory estoppel may result in the award of either reliance damages or expectation damages. Reliance damages are based on what it would cost to restore the promisee to their economic position before they relied on the broken promise, while expectation damages are based on the cost of putting the injured party in the same position as if the promise had been fulfilled."}
{"prompts":"Is NFC Dangerous?","response":"There is no evidence to suggest that NFC technology is harmful to your health. NFC, or near-field communication, is a type of wireless technology that allows devices to exchange data over short distances. It operates at a frequency of 13.56 MHz, which is considered to be a low-power frequency. While some studies have shown that long-term exposure to certain types of radio frequency (RF) radiation can have negative health effects, the level of RF radiation emitted by NFC technology is so low that it is not considered to be harmful."}
{"prompts":"Is Value Deflation Accounted for in the CPI?","response":"The CPI, or consumer price index, is a measure used to gauge inflation by tracking the price changes of a basket of consumer goods. However, it cannot account for things like reduced quality of a product, shortened shelf-life, shrinkflation, or other forms of value deflation. As a result, these types of \"hidden inflation\" can be missed from official figures."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Likely Tax Consequences of an Early Withdrawal Under an MEC?","response":"Withdrawals are taxed similarly to those of a non-qualified annuity.\u00a0For withdrawals before the age of 59\u00bd, a penalty of 10% may apply.\u00a0As with traditional life insurance policies, MEC death benefits aren't subject to taxation."}
{"prompts":"Is the Degree of Freedom Always 1?","response":"Degrees of freedom are always the number of units within a given set minus 1. It is always minus one because, if parameters are placed on the data set, the last data item must be specific so all other points conform to that outcome."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio Important?","response":"The accounts receivable turnover ratio tells a company how efficiently its collection process is. This is important because it directly correlates to how much cash a company may have on hand in addition to how much cash it may expect to receive in the short-term. By failing to monitor or manage its collection process, a company may fail to receive payments or be inefficiently overseeing its cash management process."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Correlation Coefficient Used in Investing?","response":"Correlation coefficients play a key role in portfolio risk assessments and quantitative trading strategies. For example, some portfolio managers will monitor the correlation coefficients of their holdings to limit a portfolio's volatility and risk."}
{"prompts":"Is a Ground Lease a Good Investment?","response":"It can be. A ground lease lets a tenant build on property in a prime location they could not themselves purchase. They can invest their money in improving the property. On the other hand, a tenant may face restrictions on what they can do with the property."}
{"prompts":"What Is an SAFT Document?","response":"The Simple Agreement for Future Tokens document is a written contract between the developers and purchasers. It is considered a security instrument by the SEC."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Some Investors Use Dollar-Cost Averaging?","response":"The key advantage of dollar-cost averaging is that it reduces the negative effects of investor psychology and market timing on a portfolio. By committing to a dollar-cost averaging approach, investors avoid the risk that they will make counter-productive decisions out of greed or fear, such as buying more when prices are rising or panic-selling when prices decline. Instead, dollar-cost averaging forces investors to focus on contributing a set amount of money each period while ignoring the price of the target security."}
{"prompts":"Is Hawala Illegal?","response":"Hawala trades are illegal in the U.S. and many other countries because financial regulations require money services businesses to obtain appropriate licenses and follow anti-money laundering laws."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Landlord Have to Make Repairs?","response":"Landlord-tenant laws vary from state to state. But generally speaking, a landlord has three to seven days to fix critical issues (such as no heat or running water) and 30 days for less serious problems."}
{"prompts":"How Do Natural Gas ETFs Track the Price of Natural Gas?","response":"Natural gas ETFs employ various mechanisms to track the price of natural gas. One common approach involves investing in natural gas futures contracts, which are financial agreements specifying the purchase or sale of natural gas at a future date. These contracts closely mirror the movements in natural gas prices, allowing the ETFs to track these price changes over time. By rolling over expiring contracts, these ETFs can maintain their exposure to the commodity."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Roll Out of an Option?","response":"Rolling out of an option means that you close and open a position in an options contract at the same time. Roll backs happen when an investor exits a contract with a long-term expiration date and takes a position in one with a shorter-term date."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Double-Dip Recession?","response":"A double-dip recession occurs when there is a short-term recovery followed by another recession. Sometimes, active traders will use a V-, W-, or U-shaped chart pattern to mark the reversal in a primary trend. It is worth noting that a double-dip recession is a non-zero probability that can lead to severe losses for those who rely on reversal patterns for trying to time a market or economic reversal."}
{"prompts":"Is Risk-Adjusted Return the Sharpe Ratio?","response":"The Sharpe ratio is one of several ways to measure an asset's risk-adjusted return."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the Truth in Lending Act Apply to?","response":"The Truth in Lending Act applies to most types of consumer credit, such as auto loans, mortgages, and credit cards. It does not, however, apply to all credit transactions. For example, TILA does not apply to credit issued to businesses (including agricultural businesses), entities, public utilities, home fuel budget plans, and certain student loan programs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Origins of Layaway?","response":"Layaway plans first appeared after the Great Depression, motivated by the financial hardship so many people were experiencing. They remained popular until supplanted by credit cards in the 1980s, then made something of a comeback after the Great Recession of 2008. Currently, their popularity is once again receding, with BNPL plans proving more popular."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Crypto Coin and a Crypto Token?","response":"The main difference is that crypto coins have their own independent blockchain, whereas tokens are built on an existing blockchain. Crypto coins are designed to be used as currency, while crypto tokens are intended to represent an interest in an asset and facilitate transactions on a blockchain."}
{"prompts":"What Is Recourse Debt in a Partnership?","response":"Recourse debt in a partnership means that a partner or multiple partners may be personally liable for the outstanding debt in a partnership. If the partnership has outstanding debt and cannot cover its loans, if it is a general partnership, it means that the lender can go after the personal assets of the partners if the collateral does not cover the outstanding amount. If the partnership is a limited liability company (LLC), then there is only limited recourse, and the lender cannot go after the personal assets of the partners."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Surplus Auction?","response":"Surplus property is property the government does not need. Personal property includes assets ranging from office equipment and furniture to scientific equipment, heavy machinery, airplanes, vessels, and vehicles. If this property cannot be donated to a state or public agency, or nonprofit organization, the general public can buy it in an auction."}
{"prompts":"Is VBA the Same As Excel?","response":"VBA is a computer language that is used within Excel. While Excel is a broader software used for many different types of analytical functions, VBA enhances its capabilities."}
{"prompts":"What Products Are Not Sustainable?","response":"Non-sustainable products uses resources that cannot be replaced or replenished at the same speed that they are consumed. Products that rely on fossil fuels cannot be sustainable, because the resources used to make them can never be replaced. Other resources such as as rainforest timber, fishery stocks, sea corals, and other wildlife can be sustainable, if they are only harvested be limits that allow existing stocks to be replenished."}
{"prompts":"How long does a UCC filing last?","response":"A UCC-1 statement is effective for five years. After this five-year period, the lien becomes null and void."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade a Bear Trap?","response":"One method is to use a short and ensure you place a stop order in case you're wrong about the reversal. If the fundamentals still look good, you could consider entering a long position during the downtrend to profit on the upside."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Portfolio Delta?","response":"Traders that have several options positions can benefit from looking at the overall delta of their portfolio (or book). If you are long 1 call with a +0.10 delta and 2 calls with a +0.30 delta, your total book's delta would be +0.70. If you then bought a -0.70 delta put, the position would become delta-neutral."}
{"prompts":"What Is Utilitarian Value in Consumer Behavior?","response":"If a consumer buys something only for its practical use-value, in a calculative and rational evaluation, then it is of utilitarian value. This precludes any sort of emotional or sentimental valuing, psychological biases, or other considerations."}
{"prompts":"Is Endowment Effect a Cognitive Bias?","response":"Yes, the endowment effect is a cognitive bias that impacts how individuals feel about the goods they already possess. There is little to no rational in the endowment effect, as goods of equal value may not be seen or treated as such because of this cognitive bias."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better, LIFO or FIFO?","response":"That depends on the business you're in, and whether you run a public company. The LIFO method decreases net income on paper. That reduces the taxes you owe assuming that inflation is at work. If you're running a public company, lower earnings may not impress your shareholders.Most companies that use LIFO are those that are forced to maintain a large amount of inventory at all times. By offsetting sales income with their highest purchase prices, they produce less taxable income on paper."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Zero Coupon Swap?","response":"A zero-coupon swap is a contract where one party makes fixed interest payments to another, and the other makes floating payments based on the agreed-upon interest rate index."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Bank Credit Ratings Play?","response":"Importantly, they can be a source of information and transparency for consumers and investors. Credit ratings are vital to healthy and efficient capital markets. Along with other important financial data, they can provide investors with the confidence to invest, which in the long run can mean ongoing and vital economic activity and wealth building."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Accounting Standards Useful?","response":"Accounting standards improve the transparency of financial reporting in all countries.\u00a0They specify when and how economic events are to be recognized, measured, and displayed. External entities, such as banks, investors, and regulatory agencies, rely on accounting standards to ensure relevant and accurate information is provided about the entity. These technical pronouncements have ensured transparency in reporting and set the boundaries for financial reporting measures."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean for a Company to Have High Retained Earnings?","response":"On one hand, high retained earnings could indicate financial strength since it demonstrates a track record of profitability in previous years. On the other hand, it could be indicative of a company that should consider paying more dividends to its shareholders. This, of course, depends on whether the company has been pursuing profitable growth opportunities."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Debt Security?","response":"A debt security is a more complex form of debt instrument with a complex structure. The borrower can raise money from multiple lenders through an organized marketplace."}
{"prompts":"What Is E-5 Base Pay?","response":"E-5 base pay is the standard compensation received by an enlisted member of the U.S. military with the E-5 pay grade. E-5 base pay changes annually due to annual pay raises. In 2021, the E-5 base pay for an active duty member ranged from $2,541.60 to $3,606.90 per month."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bearer Bond and a Registered Bond?","response":"A registered bond is one where the purchaser's name and complete identity are recorded and associated with the bond. This ensures that only the purchaser of the bond is entitled to the bond's payment stream and value at maturity. If the bond is sold, the registration changes. This is in contrast to bearer bonds, which no longer exist in the U.S., where there was no registration. Whoever held the bond certificate was entitled to its value."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Stockbroker Make?","response":"The average salary for stock brokers in 2022 was $63,290, with an average range of $40,900 up to $189,620."}
{"prompts":"How Long Can a Dead Cat Bounce Last?","response":"A dead cat bounce typically lasts only a few days, although it can sometimes extend over a period of a few months."}
{"prompts":"How Is Money Laundered?","response":"Money launderers often funnel illicit funds through associates' cash-generating businesses, inflate invoices issued through shell companies, pool transactions together, divide them up into smaller amounts, and cycle them back and forth between financial conduits."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Pass-Through Security?","response":"A pass-through security is a pool of fixed-income securities that are backed by a package of assets, typically mortgages. Each security in the pool represents a large number of debts. These pools can represent hundreds or thousands of debts such as mortgages or car loans."}
{"prompts":"Can Index Futures Be Used to Predict Market Performance?","response":"Index futures are generally considered an educated wager\u2014not a predictor. Traders who invest in equity index futures speculate on the index moving in a particular direction. Investors who take long positions speculate that the index's price will increase, while those who take short positions bet that the price will drop. Various factors can move markets, which means they can go in any direction, though some directions are more likely than others. As such, the market has no fail-safe predictors, including index futures. Only enter into futures once you've gained ample experience in the market, and never invest more than you can afford to lose."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Certificate of Deposit (CD) Work?","response":"A certificate of deposit (CD) is a simple and popular savings vehicle offered by banks and credit unions. When a depositor purchases a CD, they agree to leave a certain amount of money on deposit at the bank for a certain period of time, such as one year. In exchange, the bank agrees to pay them a predetermined interest rate and guarantees the repayment of their principal at the end of the term. For instance, investing $1,000 in a 1-year, 5% certificate would mean receiving $50 in interest over the course of one year, plus the $1,000 you initially invested."}
{"prompts":"Are Audits a Bad Thing?","response":"The term audit conjures up negative feelings for a lot of people because they're usually associated with tax agencies that want to review tax returns. People often believe they'll be responsible for a hefty tax bill after an audit.Being audited isn't necessarily a bad thing. Most agencies just want to ensure that you're following the law and taking tax credits and deductions that you're entitled to claim.In the corporate world, audits help companies remain compliant by reviewing financial statements to ensure that they accurately represent their financial positions."}
{"prompts":"How Much Tax Will I Pay on Unearned Income?","response":"Unearned income is not taxed uniformly. Some sources of unearned income are taxed as ordinary income, whereas others enjoy more generous tax rates. It's also possible with some types of unearned income to defer tax liabilities to a later date."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Know If the Dividends I've Received Are Qualified or Not?","response":"The online trading platform or broker that an investor employs will break down the qualified and ordinary dividends paid in separate boxes on the IRS Form 1099-DIV. Ordinary dividends are reported in box 1a, and qualified dividends in box 1b."}
{"prompts":"How Do the Quick and Current Ratios Differ?","response":"The quick ratio only looks at the most liquid assets on a firm's balance sheet, and so gives the most immediate picture of liquidity available if needed in a pinch, making it the most conservative measure of liquidity. The current ratio also includes less liquid assets such as inventories and other current assets such as prepaid expenses."}
{"prompts":"What Is a \"Hard Money\" Loan?","response":"A hard money loan is backed by the value of a physical asset, such as a car or home. The collateral for the loan means that this hard money loan has a more reliable value than an unbacked loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Arguments for Protectionism?","response":"Lawmakers that favor protectionist trade policies believe that they protect jobs at home, help support and grow small companies and industries, and provide a layer of security to the nation."}
{"prompts":"What Was an Ommer (Uncle) Block?","response":"Uncle block was the old name for an ommer block. Developers and the Ethereum community decided that there was no reason to have gender-specific names, so they decided on ommer as the new name. Ommer blocks no longer occur under Ethereum's proof-of-stake mechanism."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If You Don\u2019t Pay Your Franchise Tax?","response":"Different states have penalties for late payments of franchise taxes, which the Franchise Tax Board will track and penalize corporations for. In Delaware, the penalty for non-payment or late payment is $200, with an interest of 1.5% per month."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Writ?","response":"A writ is a legal document issued by a court that compels a person to do some specific act or deed, or else prevents them from doing some act."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Start a Social Enterprise?","response":"If you own a business, you could partner with a nonprofit, food pantry (if applicable), or other charity and donate your time, money, or products. If you are starting from the ground up, the first step may be to identify a problem and your solution to it, explain to potential funders your action plan, and make sure you have experts to back up and support your endeavor."}
{"prompts":"What Do Stockbrokers Do?","response":"Stockbrokers serve as intermediaries between markets (e.g., exchanges) and the investing public. Brokers take customer orders and try to fill them at the best price possible. In return, they earn a fee known as a commission. Today, many stockbrokers have transitioned to financial advisors or planners as online brokerage platforms allow users to enter their own orders via the web or mobile app."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered vs. Uncovered Interest Rate Parity?","response":"Covered interest rate parity exists when a no-arbitrage condition can be achieved through the use of forward contracts as a hedge against foreign exchange risk. Uncovered interest rate parity is the theoretical equivalence between nations' interest rates and exchange rates without considering forwards."}
{"prompts":"What Businesses Are FANGs in?","response":"Although they each share the use of advanced technologies to acquire and retain users, FANGs have distinct business models. Facebook is the world\u2019s preeminent social networking platform. Amazon is a leading business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce platform. Netflix is an online entertainment streaming service that has also begun aggressively producing its own exclusive content. Alphabet (Google) has leveraged its core expertise as the world\u2019s foremost search engine to develop a highly profitable online advertising business."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Nonperforming Loans?","response":"Nonperforming loans can be sold by banks to other banks or investors. The loan may also become reperforming if the borrower starts making payments again. In other cases, the lender may repossess the borrower's collateral the satisfy the loan balance."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Rule of Thumb for Debt-to-EBITDA?","response":"It depends on the business and the industry it operates in. Some analysts might say 3.0 is the limit, while others might go as high as, or higher than, 4.5 or 5.0."}
{"prompts":"Can Student Loan Interest Be Forgiven?","response":"Yes, student loan interest can be forgiven\u2014if the loan itself is forgiven. Generally, though, you can\u2019t get loan interest forgiven by itself. If you want to pay less in student loan interest, consider refinancing the debt. In addition, some lenders will knock a bit off your loan\u2019s current rate if you make automatic payments each month, in what\u2019s known as an Automated Clearing House (ACH) discount."}
{"prompts":"Which Types of People Are More Risk Averse?","response":"Research shows that risk aversion varies among people. In general the older you get, the lower your risk tolerance is, especially as investment time horizons for things like retirement draw near. On average, lower-income individuals and women also tend to be more risk averse than men, all else equal."}
{"prompts":"What is the purpose of joint and several liability?","response":"Joint and several liability is a way to reduce the risk of financial loss to one party to a contract. It allows a plaintiff suing for damages to pursue full payment, if necessary, from the party with the deepest pockets if the others named cannot pay."}
{"prompts":"Is Interest on a Chattel Mortgage Tax Deductible?","response":"The interest paid on a chattel mortgage may be deductible, just like interest paid on a conventional mortgage. When financing a manufactured or modular home fixed to the ground, borrowers may also be able to take advantage of\u00a0property tax deductions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications of Having an Overfunded Pension Plan?","response":"The tax implications of having an overfunded pension plan revolve around limitations on the deductibility of contributions and potential tax consequences on investment earnings. Excessive funding may lead to restrictions on the tax benefits associated with pension contributions. Additionally, the investment earnings generated by the surplus assets may be subject to tax."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Expenses?","response":"Examples of expenses include rent, utilities, wages, salaries, maintenance, depreciation, insurance, and the cost of goods sold. Expenses are usually recurring payments needed to operate a business."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Name for Consumer Packaged Goods?","response":"Consumer packaged goods are sometimes known as fast-moving consumer goods (FMCGs) because they sell quickly and are consumed quickly. Consumer packaged goods are also a type of non-durable good. Non-durable goods are goods with a lifespan of less than three years."}
{"prompts":"How Long Should You Keep Receipts for Taxes?","response":"For most expenses, you should keep receipts and other records for three years after filing taxes, as this is how long it takes for the period of limitations to run out. However, for some types of expenses\u2014such as unreported income or bad debt deductions\u2014the IRS advises you to keep records for six or even seven years. If you do not file a return or file a fraudulent return, you should keep your records indefinitely."}
{"prompts":"How Did Green-Field Investments Differ From Brown-Field Investments?","response":"Brown-field investments involve redeveloping areas where industry already has existed. In some cases, it might involve redeveloping a previously developed property that has gone unused for some time."}
{"prompts":"Is an Engagement Letter the Same as a Contract?","response":"Engagement letters are less formal and generally shorter than a traditional contract. However, they also share some important traits, such as being legally binding and designed to reduce liability."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the NFA Regulate?","response":"The NFA regulates all qualified brokers, futures merchants, commodity pool operators, swap dealers, exchanges, commodity trading advisors, and retail foreign exchange dealers that deal in the futures markets."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between a tax credit and a tax deduction?","response":"Tax credits directly reduce the amount of tax you owe, while tax deductions reduce your taxable income. For example, a tax credit of $1,000 lowers your tax bill by that same $1,000. On the other hand, a $1,000 tax deduction lowers your taxable income (the amount of income on which you owe taxes) by $1,000. So, for example, if you fall into the 22% tax bracket, a $1,000 deduction would save you $220."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Deferred Income Tax an Asset?","response":"Deferred income tax is considered a liability rather than an asset as it is money owed rather than to be received. If a company had overpaid on taxes, it would be a deferred tax asset and appear on the balance sheet as a non-current asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is Larry Ellison\u2019s Net Worth?","response":"As of May 4, 2022, Ellison ranked 11th on the list of the wealthiest people in the world, with a net worth of $124 billion, according to Bloomberg. Ellison is known for extravagant spending, including buying 98% of the Hawaiian island of Lanai, spending $194 million on a yacht, and investing hundreds of millions of dollars in luxury real estate in Malibu, California. He also built a California estate modeled after 16th-century Japanese feudal architecture."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Components of a Financial Plan?","response":"Financial plans aren't one-size-fits-all, although the good ones tend to focus on the same things. After calculating your net worth and spending habits, you\u2019ll explore your financial goals and ways to achieve them. Usually, this involves some form of budgeting, saving, and investing each month. To ensure that you live comfortably and financially stress-free for the rest of your life, the areas to focus on include an emergency savings plan, a retirement plan, risk management, a long-term investment strategy, and a tax minimization plan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Criteria for Roth 401(k) Withdrawals?","response":"A withdrawal is only considered a qualified distribution as long as you've held the account for at least five years and you're 59\u00bd unless you are disabled or the account holder dies.You must make the required minimum distributions if you are 73 years old after Jan. 1, 2023, unless you still work for the company that holds the 401(k) and don't have at least a 5% ownership stake in the business that sponsors the plan."}
{"prompts":"How Does Demonetization Impact GDP?","response":"In the short-term, demonetization usually stunts economic growth and causes GDP to decline. During the conversion process, many industries and sectors may temporarily come to a halt. Some industries may not be able to pay laborers as the demonetization process occurs.Once demonetization is finished, it often creates long-term economic benefits that increase GDP in the long run. Demonetization attempts to fight financial crime; by making transactions more transparent or discouraging the trade of illegal bills, a government is usually able to collect more tax revenue and invest heavier into their country."}
{"prompts":"How Do Traders Use Support and Resistance Levels in Uptrend Analysis?","response":"Support and resistance levels are integral to uptrend analysis, guiding traders in identifying key price zones where buying or selling interest may intensify. In an uptrend, previous resistance levels often transform into new support levels as the price continues to ascend."}
{"prompts":"What Defines Ultra-High Net Worth?","response":"Net worth is the combined value of all of your assets. How much you need to be considered ultra-high net worth will change with time as more people become millionaires and billionaires. For now, the threshold is considered by most to be $30 million."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Deed of Distribution?","response":"A deed of distribution is a method of legally transferring property when the rightful receiver can't be determined from the descendant's will."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do Banks Need to Keep in Reserve?","response":"The reserve amount has historically ranged from zero to 10%. Since March 26, 2020, it has been zero."}
{"prompts":"What's Meant By \"Corporate Culture\"?","response":"The term \u201ccorporate culture\u201d refers to the values, beliefs, and practices associated with a particular corporation. For instance, corporate culture might be reflected in the way a corporation hires and promotes employees, or in its corporate mission statement. Some companies seek to associate themselves with a specific set of values, such as by defining themselves as an innovative or environmentally-conscious organization."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Whole Loans?","response":"Whole loans are any loan made from one lender to one borrower. One of the most recognizable examples is a mortgage loan."}
{"prompts":"What's the Main Difference Between a Bear Market and a Bull Market?","response":"The main difference between a bear market and a bull market is that a bear market refers to a major downturn in financial markets, while a bull market refers to a major upswing. Markets are doing well during a bull market and poorly during a bear market."}
{"prompts":"Can Anyone Send an E-Check?","response":"Yes, but you must first sign up for an e-check service. This can be done through your bank or a payment processor such as Square, Stripe, or PayPal. Then you'll need to provide the payment details and authorize the payment."}
{"prompts":"What is a trial balance used for?","response":"A trial balance can be used to detect any mathematical errors that have occurred in a double entry accounting system. If the total debits equal the total credits, the trial balance is considered to be balanced, and there should be no mathematical errors in the ledgers."}
{"prompts":"Is a Credit Default Swap Legal?","response":"Credit default swaps are not illegal, but they are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission under the Dodd-Frank Act."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Withhold Taxes?","response":"To withhold taxes is to deduct a portion of an employee's wages for taxes and remit it immediately to the government. This is an estimate of the amount that the employee will owe for that period."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Tokens?","response":"Crypto tokens generally facilitate transactions on a blockchain but can represent an investor's stake in a company or serve an economic purpose, similar to legal tender. However, tokens are not legal tender. This means token holders can use them to make purchases or trades just like other securities to make a profit."}
{"prompts":"What are the Drawbacks of Marginal Rate of Substitution?","response":"The marginal rate of substitution has a few limitations. The main drawback is that it does not examine a combination of goods that a consumer would prefer more or less than another combination. This generally limits the analysis of MRS to two variables. Also, MRS does not necessarily examine marginal utility because it treats the utility of both comparable goods equally though in actuality they may have varying utility.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does a Lease Option Work for a Car?","response":"A rent-to-own car, or lease-to-own car, uses a similar loan agreement to a lease option. The renter-buyer pays an upfront downpayment, as well as weekly payments. However, there's no purchase option\u2014at the end of the rental period, the buyer owns the car outright. This arrangement ultimately costs less than a subprime loan and does not require a credit check; however, it's much more expensive than buying a car with good credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Break-even Price for an Options Contract?","response":"In general, the break-even price for an options contract will be the strike price plus the cost of the premium. For a 20-strike call option that cost $2, the break-even price would be $22. For a put option with otherwise same details, the break-even price would instead be $18."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Santa Claus Rally?","response":"Similar to the January Barometer, the Santa Claus rally was coined in 1972 by Yale Hirsch, author of the Stock Trader's Almanac. The Santa Claus rally looks for a rally during a six-session stretch beginning with the first session after Christmas and ending early in the New Year."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report a Landlord for Negligence?","response":"In most cases, you must first notify the landlord of any issue(s) before you file a complaint. If there is no response or the landlord doesn't rectify the situation, you may file a complaint with:the local health departmentthe Rental Protection Agencythe U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Multifamily Housing Complaint Linethe local police"}
{"prompts":"What Does Brain Drain Mean?","response":"Brain drain is a slang term that alludes to the loss of human capital from one area to another or from one industry to another. Brain drain usually happens when skilled individuals and professionals leave the home countries (in most cases, developing nations) and go elsewhere to take advantage of better opportunities. It also occurs when individuals leave one area of the workforce and go to another for some of the same reasons."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Solve for Walrasian Equilibrium?","response":"To solve for the Walrasian Equilibrium there are four steps involved. Step 1 is calculating feasible outcomes, step 2 is solving for the optimum, step 3 is solving for the prices that support the optimal production plan, and step 4 is explaining why consumer demand is equal to supply at these prices."}
{"prompts":"Are Nontariff Barriers Legal in International Trade?","response":"Non-tariff barriers in international trade can be both legal and illegal, depending on their nature and how they are implemented. Many nontariff barriers are legitimate measures employed by governments to achieve specific policy objectives, such as protecting public health, ensuring product safety, or preserving national security. These nontariffs are typically considered legal when they conform to international trade rules and agreements, such as those established by the World Trade Organization."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Use the VIX Level to Hedge Downside Risk?","response":"Downside risk can be adequately hedged by buying put options, the price of which depend on market volatility. Astute investors tend to buy options when the VIX is relatively low and put premiums are cheap. Such protective puts will generally get expensive when the market is sliding; therefore, like insurance, it\u2019s best to buy them when the need for such protection is not obvious (i.e., when investors perceive the risk of market downside to be low)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Capitalism and Free Enterprise?","response":"Free enterprise and capitalism are related, though the two terms are different. Free enterprise refers to how a free market system has minimal barriers regarding the exchange of wealth or transacting of goods and services. On the other hand, capitalism is primarily centered on the creation of that wealth or production of those goods. Both relate to an individual initiating their own decisions with fewer market mechanisms governing the control of their resources."}
{"prompts":"Are Spinoffs Good for Investors?","response":"They can be. Generally, both company shares and spinoff shares tend to outperform the market in the first couple of years following a spinoff (after some initial dips and volatility). In addition, as a small company, the spinoff has great potential for growth along with a focused, enthusiastic management. This can attract investors, which can boost share price. However, spinoff shares can be volatile due to the company being new and lacking financial performance history."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Zero-Cost Inflation Swap?","response":"This hedge against inflation is called a zero-coupon inflation swap because the instrument has no coupon (interest payment) until maturity. It is sold to another investor with payment due at maturity for the inflation rate at that time."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Labor Mobility Important?","response":"Increased labor mobility is generally thought to be a positive for the economy. More freedom to move tends to result in higher productivity, more satisfied employees, lower unemployment, and rising gross domestic product (GDP)."}
{"prompts":"What Is NEX in the U.K.?","response":"NEX Group, formerly known as ICAP, is a UK-based company that specializes in electronic financial markets and post-trade services for financial institutions, rather than for individual investors. Note that NEX Group is not affiliated with the NEX Exchange, which is part of Toronto's TMX Group."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When Open Interest Increases?","response":"When open interest increases, it usually means new money is coming into the market for that option. As long as this is happening, the current trend will continue. When open interest decreases, it is usually a sign that the market is liquidating and more investors are leaving. This often means that the current price trend is ending."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Broadcast TV Surcharge?","response":"Television networks impose broadcast TV surcharges on cable providers to carry their signals over the airwaves. The fee is negotiable between networks and cable companies and is allowed by federal law. Rather than increase the price of the service, the surcharge is passed on to cable company customers each month."}
{"prompts":"Is a Fiscal Year the Same As a Calendar Year?","response":"A fiscal year spans 12 months and corresponds with a company\u2019s budgeting process and financial reporting periods. Fiscal years can differ from a calendar year and are an important concern for accounting purposes because they are involved in federal tax filings, budgeting, and financial reporting requirements.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Standard Error?","response":"Standard error is intuitively the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. In other words, it depicts how much disparity there is likely to be in a point estimate obtained from a sample relative to the true population mean."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Valuation Models for Options?","response":"Several valuation models are used to calculate an option's theoretical value, including the Black-Scholes model, the binomial option pricing model, Monte Carlo simulations, and risk-neutral probability. These models account for factors such as stock price, strike price, time until expiration, implied volatility, and interest rates to help investment professionals make informed decisions."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Firm Enter Into a Joint Venture (JV)?","response":"There are many reasons to join forces with another company on a temporary basis, including for purposes of expansion, development of new products, and entering\u00a0new markets (particularly overseas).JVs are a common method of combining the business prowess, industry expertise, and personnel of two otherwise unrelated companies. This type of partnership allows each participating company an opportunity to scale its resources to complete a specific project or goal while reducing total cost and spreading out the risk and liabilities inherent to the task.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is IBM's BI Product?","response":"One of IBM's main BI products is its Cognos Analytics tool, which the company touts as an all-inclusive, AI-powered BI solution."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Information Does Managerial Accounting Compute?","response":"Managerial accounting is useful for companies to track and craft spending budgets, reduce costs, project sales figures, and manage cash flows, among other tasks."}
{"prompts":"Why Is JOD Pegged Against the USD?","response":"The primary reason Jordan pegged its currency to the USD is for the same reason that any country would do so: financial stability. The USD is one of the most stable and widely circulated currencies. As such, its value does not fluctuate wildly. By pegging its currency to the USD, Jordan stabilizes its currency and its financial system. Having a stable currency and financial system attracts more investment, which grows a country's economy and the quality of life for its citizens."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Domicile?","response":"Domiciles can be any house or apartment, condominium, or co-op. It is the place where you plan to live indefinitely. You can have more than one residence, but your domicile is your \"forever\" home."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Retirement Plan for Teachers?","response":"Teachers, whether for public or private schools, will have access to defined-benefit pension plans. Through the state's Teacher Retirement System, teachers can access the retirement plans offered to them. Teachers can and should also contribute to defined contribution plans, such as 403(b) plans and 457(b) plans. Most teachers are not likely to qualify for Social Security as they do not pay into the system."}
{"prompts":"Do investments with higher risks yield better returns?","response":"Not necessarily. The appropriate risk-return tradeoff depends on a variety of factors, including an investor\u2019s risk tolerance, the investor\u2019s years to retirement, and the potential to replace lost funds. Time also plays an essential role in determining a portfolio with the appropriate levels of risk and reward. According to risk-return tradeoff, invested money can render higher profits only if the investor is willing to accept a higher possibility of losses."}
{"prompts":"is Social Media Part of the Technology Sector?","response":"Social media is an industry within the technology sector. Some of the most well-known tech companies are those that run social media platforms, such as Meta and X. Many of these tech companies pursue other projects in addition to social media, so they can belong to other industries within the technology sector as well."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the Production Possibilities Frontier in Economics?","response":"Because the PPF is a curve based on the data of two variables representing resources between two goods, the data can be manipulated to observe how scarcity, growth, inefficiency, efficiency, and other factors can affect production."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Enrolled Agent?","response":"An enrolled agent is one that represents taxpayers in front of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). To become an enrolled agent, one needs to pass an IRS test that covers individual and business tax returns or through experience by being a former IRS employee. Enrolled agents can represent any type of taxpayer over any tax matter in front of any tax department in the IRS."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Not Boil the Ocean?","response":"Saying \"don't boil the ocean\" means don't take on more than can realistically be accomplished in a given time period, or don't set yourself up to fail. As a warning, it plays on the idiom \"boiling the ocean.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between DLT and DeFi?","response":"Decentralized finance (DeFi) builds off of DLT solutions. DeFi allows for users to enter into many familiar transactions offered by traditional banking solutions. However, these trades, loans, or investments are made without a centralized intermediary."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money With LEAPS?","response":"Yes, LEAPS involve risk and you can lose up to your full investment when purchasing one if it ultimately expires worthless. Selling LEAPS is also risky as you are exposed to theoretically unlimited losses if the underlying security moves against you."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Dynasty Trust?","response":"You lose control of all assets within the trust because it becomes irrevocable. Additionally, you cannot change the terms of the trust once it is created."}
{"prompts":"What are the back office's main responsibilities?","response":"In short, the back office exists to finalize the transactions conducted by the front office. This includes confirming transactions and settlement instructions with the back office of the counterparty. The back office is also responsible for trade clearances, record maintenance, accounting, and IT services."}
{"prompts":"Do all primary beneficiaries have to die before assets move to the contingent beneficiary?","response":"Yes. If there is more than one primary beneficiary and one of them dies, their portion is split among the other primary beneficiaries. All primary beneficiaries must be deceased or disclaim their inheritances before the assets pass to the contingent beneficiary."}
{"prompts":"Which EU Countries Supported the PIIGS Bailout?","response":"The leaders of France and Germany, as the core industrial economies of the European Union, played a key role in providing debt relief for the peripheral economies and restoring the confidence of the international credit markets. In addition, the European Central Bank also provided important rescue packages."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Sales Qualified Lead?","response":"A qualified lead, or sometimes a sales-qualified lead, is a potential customer who has moved through the sales pipeline. Their information has been acquired as a sales lead, and they have demonstrated enough interest that the sales team can work to turn them into an active customer."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Joint Tenancy With Right of Survivorship and Joint Tenancy?","response":"The primary difference between a joint tenancy with the right of survivorship and a joint tenancy is that the former passes ownership to any surviving parties rather than to their heirs or other beneficiaries. It also avoids probate and gives each party equal access and an equal stake along with equal responsibility for the property."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If ROE Is Negative?","response":"If a company's ROE is negative, it means that there was negative net income for the period in question (i.e., a loss). This implies that shareholders are losing on their investment in the company. For new and growing companies, a negative ROE is often to be expected; however, if negative ROE persists it can be a sign of trouble."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Invest in Capital Goods?","response":"When businesses invest in capital goods, companies expand and produce additional products or services."}
{"prompts":"Does the Stock Split Make the Company More or Less Valuable?","response":"Stock splits neither add nor subtract fundamental value. The split increases the number of shares outstanding, but the company's overall value does not change. Immediately following the split the share price will proportionately adjust downward to reflect the company's market capitalization. If a company pays dividends, the dividend per share will be adjusted accordingly, keeping overall dividend payments the same. Splits are also non-dilutive, meaning that shareholders will retain the same voting rights they had beforehand."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Social Justice and Economic Justice?","response":"Economic justice is about money and making sure everyone has an equal share. Social justice is concerned with equal rights in general for people of all social dimensions. The idea behind social justice is that all people should have equal access to\u00a0wealth, health, well-being, justice, privileges, and opportunity\u2014regardless of their legal, political, economic, or other circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What is a payable on death (POD) account?","response":"A bank account or certificate of deposit (CD) with a named beneficiary is called a payable on death (POD) account. People who designate POD accounts do so to avoid probate court when they die."}
{"prompts":"What's a Pip?","response":"A pip is the smallest whole unit measurement of the difference between the bid and ask spread in a foreign exchange quote. A pip equals 1\/100 of 1%, or .0001. Thus, the forex quote extends out to four decimal places. Smaller price increments are measured by fractional pips, or \"pipettes.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Tools for Fundamental Analysis?","response":"Analysts use many tools. Some examples are financial reports, ratios from the reports, spreadsheets, charts, graphs, infographics, government agency reports on industries and the economy, and market reports."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Open a Brokerage Account?","response":"Opening a brokerage account online is a relatively quick and easy process. You have to register on the brokerage site and provide some required personal information such as your address, date of birth, and Social Security number. Account approvals happen fast, and the next step is to fund your new account, which can also be done online via the Automated Clearing House or wire transfer."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Strategic Management?","response":"Having a long-term focus helps a company maintain its goals, even as short-term rough patches or opportunities come and go. As a result, strategic management helps keep a firm profitable and stable by sticking to its long-run plan. Strategic management not only sets company targets but sets guidelines for achieving those objectives even as challenges appear along the way."}
{"prompts":"What Does a High Equity Risk Premium Mean?","response":"The higher the equity risk premium, the more you will earn from investing in stocks than you would by investing in risk-free assets. This makes investing in stocks more enticing; however, since the equity risk premium is based on historical data, the returns are not guaranteed."}
{"prompts":"Is a Car a Fixed Asset?","response":"It depends on how the car is being used. If the car is being used in a company's operations to generate income, such as a delivery vehicle, it may be considered a fixed asset. However, if the car is being used for personal use, it would not be considered a fixed asset and would not be recorded on the company's balance sheet.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does Exposure on a Loan Mean?","response":"Exposure is the maximum potential loss a lender may incur if the borrower defaults. It's a risk measurement technique to assess the position of the lender, the characteristics of the borrower, and the possibility of loss. Exposure is a natural part of lending; in return for being exposed to risk, lenders charge interest to be compensated for their willingness to take on risk."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Buy a Krugerrand?","response":"Krugerrands can be purchased from coin dealers in person or online. All Krugerrand coins, even ones minted during the time when international sanctions were imposed on South Africa, are now legal to own, buy, or sell."}
{"prompts":"Why Is It Called DuPont Analysis?","response":"A DuPont employee by the name of F. Donaldson Brown developed a formula in 1914 that was used by the company as an internal management tool to better understand where its operating efficiency was coming from and where it was falling short. By breaking down ROE into a more complex equation, DuPont analysis shows the causes of shifts in this number."}
{"prompts":"What is the 80% NOL rule?","response":"The 80% NOL rule was introduced by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017 and limits net operating loss carryforwards to 80% of each subsequent year\u2019s net income."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Call Option and a Put Option?","response":"Options are contracts. A call option gives a buyer a contractual right to buy a security at a specific \"strike\" price. A put option is effectively the flip side, giving the buyer of a security the right to sell it, again at its strike price. A grantor in the context of investments writes or creates these options."}
{"prompts":"What Costs Can Be Capitalized?","response":"Companies often set internal thresholds that establish what materiality levels exist for capitalizable assets. In general, costs that benefit future periods should be capitalized and expensed so that the expense of the asset is recognized in the same period as when the benefit is received.In general, examples of costs that can be capitalized include development costs, construction costs, or capital assets such as equipment or vehicles."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Function of SPVs in Public-Private Partnerships?","response":"Public-private partnerships are collaborations between a government agency and a privately owned company. Many private partners in public-private partnerships demand a special purpose vehicle as part of the arrangement. This is especially true for capital-intensive endeavors, such as an infrastructure project. The private company might not want to take on too much financial exposure, so an SPV is created to absorb some of the risks."}
{"prompts":"What Does Ex Works Mean for Shipping?","response":"With an Ex Works agreement, the seller saves on shipping, customs, and liability for damaged goods after being delivered, packaged, and labeled at the shipping terminal. While this may be optimal sometimes for sellers, it is not always possible due to customs requirements in certain jurisdictions. Take the European Union, for example, which restricts non-resident corporations from completing export declaration forms. In this case, an Ex Works contract would be detrimental to both the seller and the buyer. In contrast, a free carrier contract that bears shipping responsibility on the seller could offer a more suitable alternative."}
{"prompts":"How Do Traders Use the Price Rate of Change Indicator?","response":"The price rate of change (ROC) indicator is used in technical analysis to measure momentum. A positive ROC can confirm a bullish trend while a negative ROC indicates a bearish one. When the price is consolidating, the ROC will hover near zero."}
{"prompts":"What are the three trial balances?","response":"There are three types of trial balance: the unadjusted trial balance, the adjusted trial balance, and the post-closing trial balance. Each is used at different stages in the accounting cycle."}
{"prompts":"Do Sites Have to Pay For Syndication?","response":"Web syndication is often free but sometimes a fee is charged by high-traffic sites. The fee usually increases based on the size of the distributor's site because the content provider is paying for traffic. Paying for syndication can ensure premium placement on a high-traffic site and the fee is often less than paying for advertising."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Concerns Surrounding the Use of AI?","response":"Many are concerned with how artificial intelligence may affect human employment. With many industries looking to automate certain jobs with intelligent machinery, there is a concern that employees would be pushed out of the workforce. Self-driving cars may remove the need for taxis and car-share programs, while manufacturers may easily replace human labor with machines, making people's skills obsolete."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Sustainable Growth Rate Important?","response":"The sustainable growth rate is an important measurement because it gives a company an accurate picture of expansion and equity requirements. Not all companies want to take on additional partners or outside financing, so the SGR allows the company to \"toe the line\" when it comes to growth using their own revenues and capital."}
{"prompts":"How Do Morningstar\u2019s Star Risk Rating Work?","response":"The star rating is a quantitative metric that indicates a mutual fund's historical risk-adjusted return. Funds can receive between 1 and 5 stars, with 5 being the best. A fund loses points for having a greater \"risk penalty,\" so if two funds return the same yield in a given period, the fund that experienced greater volatility (variance) in returns would be rated lower, as riskier."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Social Networking?","response":"Social networking connects individuals and businesses by allowing them to share information, ideas, and messages. Companies also use social networks to create and strengthen brand recognition, promote products and services, and answer customer queries and concerns."}
{"prompts":"Does Coinbase One Apply to Advanced Trading?","response":"Coinbase One is the exchange's monthly subscription service. It does not include Advanced Trade."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Global PMI?","response":"The Global PMI is an economic indicator that is derived from questionnaires sent to manufacturing and services companies in more than 40 different countries. The survey gets responses from roughly 28,000 global companies and represents 89% of global GDP."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Effects of Neoliberalism?","response":"Some effects might be freer markets, access to more products and services to meet consumer demand, greater revenue, and higher profits. Price reductions due to greater competition can also be an effect. Savings can result from a more efficient allocation of resources. The better organization of workforces and the ability to hire needed talent for specific jobs can result from neoliberal policies, as well. Others might point out some of the adverse effects believed to be associated with neoliberalism. These could include economic inequality, the growth of monopolies, a lack of job security, the loss of jobs due to outsourcing, and an increasing indifference to the needs and well-being of individuals."}
{"prompts":"How Did President Hoover Use Trickle-Down Economics?","response":"President Hoover believed incentivizing business prosperity would trickle down to the average person and that economic assistance to citizens would stifle the workforce. This philosophy was not effective against the Depression and his failure to end it led to his defeat in the 1932 presidential election against Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal."}
{"prompts":"What Are Price Ceiling Examples?","response":"Rent controls, which limit how much landlords can charge monthly for residences (and often by how much they can increase rents) are an example of a price ceiling.Caps on the costs of prescription drugs and lab tests are another example of a common price ceiling. In addition, insurance companies often set caps on the amount they'll reimburse a doctor for a procedure, treatment, or office visit."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Drawbacks to Married Filing Separately?","response":"Married filing separately is the ideal tax filing status if both spouses want to keep their tax liabilities separate. But if you file separate returns, you miss out on a number of tax credits and deductions that are meant for married couples, such as the earned income tax credit and the American Opportunity Tax Credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Independent and Mutually Exclusive?","response":"To illustrate the difference between what is independent and what is mutually exclusive, consider the war and peace example from earlier. There could be war in France and peace in Italy. These are two independent nations and therefore each one could be in its own state of peace. However, there cannot be war in France and peace in France. Since they cannot coexist, that makes them mutually exclusive."}
{"prompts":"How Does Delta Hedging Work?","response":"Delta hedging is a trading strategy that involves options. Traders use it to hedge the directional risk associated with changes in the price of the underlying asset by using options. This is usually done by buying or selling options and offsetting the risk by buying or selling an equal amount of stock or ETF shares. The aim is to reach a delta-neutral state without a directional bias on the hedge."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Accounting Important for Investors?","response":"The work performed by accountants is at the heart of modern financial markets. Without accounting, investors would be unable to rely on timely or accurate financial information, and companies\u2019 executives would lack the transparency needed to manage risks or plan projects. Regulators also rely on accountants for critical functions such as providing auditors\u2019 opinions on companies\u2019 annual 10-K filings. In short, although accounting is sometimes overlooked, it is absolutely critical for the smooth functioning of modern finance."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Inflation?","response":"Inflation is sometimes classified into three types: demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation. Built-in inflation is an alternative explanation for rising prices that differs from cost-push and demand-pull theories, which highlights the role of expectations for future inflation by consumers and businesses."}
{"prompts":"How Long Should a Cover Letter Be?","response":"According to Indeed, a leading job-seeking site, a typical cover letter should be about three or four paragraphs long and highlight any special experience or achievements that make the applicant exceptionally well-suited to the position."}
{"prompts":"What Does R-Squared Tell You in Regression?","response":"It tells you whether there is a dependency between two values and how much dependency one value has on the other."}
{"prompts":"What Is Capital Stock in Accounting?","response":"In accounting and finance, capital stock represents the value of a company's shares that are held by outside investors. It is calculated by multiplying the par value of those shares by the number of shares outstanding."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Words to Describe A Gentlemen\u2019s Agreement?","response":"Other words to describe a gentlemen's (gentleman's) agreement are an \"informal agreement,\" \"unspoken agreement,\" \"handshake agreement,\" \"verbal agreement,\" \"tacit agreement,\" or \"unwritten agreement.\" Pactum (Latin for pact) is another way to describe it."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World's Largest Stock Exchange?","response":"The world's largest stock exchange is the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The exchange had a market cap of $25.56 trillion as of January 2024."}
{"prompts":"Is Floating a Check Illegal?","response":"Yes, floating a check is illegal in most U.S. states. While writing a check with insufficient funds can result in a bounced check, this is not illegal. However, using the time it takes to clear or detect a bounced check to commit fraud is."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Network Efficiently?","response":"Take the time to explore your options before committing to a specific networking group. Target your time and effort to the group that best fits your needs and interests.Remember, networking is a process of give and take. Don't just jump in when you're looking for a job. Be generous about sharing tips, recommendations, and insights that benefit others in the group."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Capital Invested?","response":"If a private company decides to go public, has an initial public offering, and sells one million shares to raise $17 million, that is an example of capital invested. Similarly, if a company decides to sell $10 million worth of bonds with a coupon of 3%, that is an example of capital invested. Capital investments are generally understood to be land, buildings, and equipment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Advantage of a Pass-Through Entity?","response":"When it comes to the big advantage of a pass-through entity, we have two words for you: tax treatment.Regular incorporated businesses pay a flat corporate income tax on any profits before they distribute those earnings to stockholders and owners. These shareholders must report their dividends or other distributions on their personal tax returns. So the same dollars effectively get taxed twice.A pass-through entity allows profits to avoid this double taxation\u2014specifically, the initial corporate tax round. A pass-through is exempt from business taxes. It passes earnings straight through to stakeholders, who do owe taxes on it. But the money is only taxed once.A pass-through entity also affords owners and investors an extra deduction on their personal taxes in some cases. If the business suffers a loss, that also gets passed through and can be used to reduce overall taxable income."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Prorated and Pro Rata?","response":"Pro rata and prorated are used interchangeably to define the same thing. Both signify that of any given whole unit, a specific section of it has a defined allocation for an underlying reason."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered By Valuable Papers Business Insurance?","response":"Valuable papers insurance covers the loss or damage of important papers such as medical records, contracts, property deeds, blueprints, or any other important documents. Valuable papers insurance generally does not cover the loss of money, securities certificates, or electronic records."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 12 Banks of the Federal Reserve?","response":"The 12 banks of the Federal Reserve are the Federal Reserve Banks of San Francisco, Minneapolis, Dallas, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland, Atlanta, Boston, New York, Richmond, and Philadelphia."}
{"prompts":"How Much of a NCD Is FDIC or NCUA-insured?","response":"NCDs are insured up to $250,000 per depositor per bank. Any amount over this is not insured."}
{"prompts":"Are Price Targets Accurate?","response":"Despite the best efforts of analysts, a price target is a guess with the variance in analyst projections linked to their estimates of future performance. Studies have found that, historically, the overall accuracy rate is around 30% for price targets with 12-18 month horizons. However, price targets do have the ability to sway investor sentiment, especially if they come from credible analysts."}
{"prompts":"What Is Inflation Targeting?","response":"Inflation targeting is a central banking policy that adjusts monetary policy to achieve a specified annual inflation rate. The principle of inflation targeting is based on the belief that long-term economic growth is best achieved by maintaining price stability, and price stability is achieved by controlling inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Prima Facie?","response":"\"Prima facie\" is a Latin term that translates to \"at first sight\" or \"on its face.\" In legal contexts, it refers to evidence that, on its face or at first impression, appears to be sufficient to prove a particular proposition or fact unless rebutted or contradicted by additional evidence."}
{"prompts":"How Much Do People Borrow With a Signature Loan?","response":"They can start at as little as $500 and go up to $50,000. However, keep in mind that not all banks and credit unions offer signature loans."}
{"prompts":"Why Does the IRS Penalize Withdrawals From Qualified Accounts?","response":"The IRS penalizes early withdrawals to prevent misuse of tax-advantaged, qualified retirement accounts that are intended to be used to save for retirement years. It wants to encourage people to keep money growing in their accounts and discourage them from withdrawing it too early."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Seeding\" Mean in Relation to a Viral Marketing Campaign?","response":"Seeding is a marketing technique in which companies purposefully distribute viral information or content to select users who they think will effectively share the campaign. Most often, social media influencers are chosen as seeds to spread the word and solicit feedback about a product."}
{"prompts":"Is INSEAD an Ivy League School?","response":"No, INSEAD is not an Ivy League school. Ivy League schools are a certain grouping of specific schools in the U.S. Schools outside of the U.S., such as INSEAD, are not part of the Ivy League."}
{"prompts":"What Are Basic Tax Planning Strategies?","response":"Some of the most basic tax planning strategies include reducing your overall income, such as by contributing to retirement plans, making tax deductions, and taking advantage of tax credits."}
{"prompts":"Why Did Lehman Brothers File Bankruptcy?","response":"Lehman Brothers was forced to file for bankruptcy after its subprime mortgage portfolio was exposed to be worth far less than people had thought. Clients began to abandon Lehman as its stock price plummeted, and soon creditors would not lend the bank money. On Sept. 15, 2008, Lehman declared bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"Is PayPal a Good Choice for a Consumer?","response":"If you're shopping online in the U.S., PayPal is likely to be the only choice at the checkout other than directly using a credit or debit card for payment. If you card or bank account is already saved in PayPal, it might be a bit faster to go with PayPal rather than reentering your payment information on the website. Additionally, it can be more secure since you don't have to share payment information with the seller, when using PayPal. Also, PayPal offers protection for buyers who don't receive what they ordered.If you're shopping in the real world, you have many payment apps to choose from. Best to compare payment apps for the one that suits you best."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of Using DuPont analysis?","response":"While the DuPont analysis can be a very helpful tool for managers, analysts, and investors, it is not without its weaknesses. Its expansive nature means that it requires several inputs. As with any calculation, the results are only as good as the accuracy of the inputs.This tool utilizes data from a company's\u00a0income statement\u00a0and\u00a0balance sheet, some of which may not be entirely accurate. Even if the data used for calculations are reliable, there are still additional potential problems, such as the difficulty of determining the\u00a0relative values\u00a0of ratios as good or bad compared to industry norms.Seasonal factors, depending on the industry, can also be an important consideration since these factors can distort ratios. For instance, some companies always carry a higher level of inventory at certain times of the year. Different\u00a0accounting practices\u00a0between companies can also make accurate comparisons difficult."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Business Model?","response":"A business model is a strategic plan of how a company will make money. The model describes the way a business will take its product, offer it to the market, and drive sales. A business model determines what products make sense for a company to sell, how it wants to promote its products, what type of people it should try to cater to, and what revenue streams it may expect."}
{"prompts":"Can You Use Delta to Determine How to Hedge Options?","response":"Yes, you can use delta to hedge options. In order to do this, you must figure out whether you should buy or sell the underlying asset. You can determine the quantity of the delta hedge by multiplying the total value of the delta by the number of options contracts involved. Take this figure and multiply that by 100 to get the final result."}
{"prompts":"Who Is a Public Limited Company Owned by?","response":"Like publicly traded companies headquartered in the U.S., PLCs are owned by shareholders. These companies are traded on exchanges where shares can be openly bought or sold by individuals, companies, and mutual funds. This listing contrasts with the limited (Ltd.) listing which does not trade publicly and has limitations on shares and shareholders."}
{"prompts":"Can an Employee Be Salaried and Non-Exempt?","response":"Yes, an employee can be \"salaried, non-exempt,\" meaning that they receive a weekly salary (or however the employer chooses to pay) and qualify for overtime pay for any hours worked over 40 hours a week. Non-exempt employees do not have to be paid hourly; they can be paid in a variety of manners, via commission, salary, hourly, etc, as long as the compensation meets minimum wage requirements."}
{"prompts":"Can Graduates of Cornell Johnson Explore Careers in Consulting?","response":"Nearly 30% of Johnson School graduates pursue careers in consulting with preparation from project-based consulting courses, and a Management Consulting Immersion."}
{"prompts":"Is Michael Bloomberg Married?","response":"Michael Bloomberg was married to the former Susan Brown from 1975 to 1993. They have two daughters. Diana Lancaster Taylor, a former New York State superintendent of banks, was known as New York City's de facto \"first lady\" during Bloomberg's tenure as mayor."}
{"prompts":"How Does Insurtech Make Money?","response":"Insurtech relies on minimal overhead and operational efficient to make money. Though it still earns revenue from clients, the goal is to have minimal costs by eliminating a physical office or personnel to perform tasks that have been eliminated through chatbots or automation. Due to lower costs, insurtech companies are often able to offer lower prices."}
{"prompts":"Do Merchants Pay More When You Use Credit vs. Debit?","response":"Merchants tend to pay lower fees when the customer uses a debit card rather than a credit card. According to the National Retail Federation, swipe fees for credit cards average about 2%, while \"fees for debit cards from the nation's largest banks are capped by the Federal Reserve at 21 cents per transaction plus 0.05% of the transaction amount.\" Debit cards from small banks, it adds, are exempt from that restriction."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Profit Before Taxes and EBITDA?","response":"While profit before tax shows a company's profits before taking into account its tax costs, earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) includes non-cash activities like depreciation and amortization. In this way, EBITDA is used as a measure for profitability, but critics have said that it is less reflective of a company's performance since it leaves out these important aspects. In this way, showing EBITDA versus net income can make a company look more attractive, but may be less indicative of a company's overall performance since it ignores a company's asset costs."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Bayes' Theorem So Powerful?","response":"Mathematically, it shows that two probabilities are equal. Used in statistics, investing, or other industries, it allows you to view conditional probabilities."}
{"prompts":"How Do I File the General Business Credit?","response":"To claim the general business credit, start by completing the specific tax forms for each individual credit you are taking. Next, carry over the total of all these credits to Form 3800, General Business Credit."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Debt-to-Equity Ratio?","response":"A debt-to-equity ratio is another way of looking at the risk that investing in a particular company may hold. It compares a company's liabilities to the value of its shareholder equity. The higher the debt-to-equity ratio, the riskier a company is often considered to be."}
{"prompts":"What Is Value Investing?","response":"Value investing refers to investing in a security with an intrinsic value that's greater than its market value. The idea is that the undervalued security's market value should increase to meet its intrinsic value. Warren Buffett is one example of an investor whose focus on value investing has led to incredible success."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an S Corp and a C Corporation (C Corp)?","response":"C corps pay corporate taxes on their earnings, the way individuals pay income taxes. (In the U.S., corporations are currently taxed at a flat rate of 21%.) Any dividends or other profits are then distributed to shareholders with after-tax funds. S corps, by contrast, are generally exempt from federal tax on most earnings, so they can distribute more gains to stockholders. In return for this tax benefit, S corps face certain IRS-mandated restrictions."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Policies Are Traditionally Level-Premium Contracts?","response":"Level-premium insurance is usually associated with term life policies or with whole life policies, which guarantee the premium will not change. Other forms of insurance like variations of universal life (UL) or annual term may be subject to changing premiums over time as circumstances change."}
{"prompts":"Are Money Market Accounts Safe?","response":"Money market accounts at a bank are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, an independent agency of the federal government. The FDIC covers certain types of accounts, including MMAs, up to $250,000 per depositor per bank. If the depositor has other insurable accounts at the same bank (checking, savings, certificate of deposit), they all count toward the $250,000 insurance limit. For depositors who want to insure more than $250,000, the easiest way to accomplish that is to open accounts at more than one bank or credit union. Joint accounts are insured for $500,000."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Greenshoe Options?","response":"There are three main types of greenshoe option: full, partial, and reverse. With the full option, the underwriter sells the maximum amount of extra shares from the company. With the partial option, they sell more than the originally agreed amount but less than the maximum permitted. And with a reverse option, the underwriter sells the extra shares back to the issuing company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Tax Deduction?","response":"The standard deduction is a specific dollar amount that taxpayers may use to reduce their taxable income if they do not choose to itemize their deductible expenses.For 2023, the standard deduction for single taxpayers and married couples filing separately is $13,850. For married couples filing jointly, it is $27,700. For heads of households, it is $20,800.For 2024, the standard deduction for single taxpayers and married couples filing separately is $14,600. For married couples filing jointly, it is $29,200. For heads of households, it is $21,900."}
{"prompts":"What Does Workers\u2019 Comp Cover?","response":"Workers' comp covers employees that get sick or injured while on the job. It includes death benefits, disability benefits, compensation for lost wages, medical expenses, and lawsuits."}
{"prompts":"What Is Hedging Against Risk?","response":"Hedging is a strategy that tries to limit risks in financial assets. It uses financial instruments or market strategies to offset the risk of any adverse price movements. Put another way, investors hedge one investment by making a trade in another."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Open-End Index Fund?","response":"An open-end index fund is an open-end fund that tracks a specific index. An open-end index fund selects a benchmark to track, such as the S&P 500, and purchases the stocks in that index in order to replicate its returns. An open-end index fund is different from an exchange traded fund (ETF), which also tracks an index, in that it has characteristics reflective of an open-end fund, such as being priced to its NAV once a day and only being able to be purchased and sold once a day."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Commodities?","response":"Hard commodities are usually classified as those that are mined or extracted from the earth. These can include metals, ore, and petroleum (energy) products. Soft commodities instead refer to those that are grown, such as agricultural products. These include wheat, cotton, coffee, sugar, soybeans, and other harvested items."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Forms of Collateral?","response":"Collateral can take many forms, but some of the most common are real estate, art, jewelry, stocks, bank accounts, and letters of credit."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Debit Notes Issued?","response":"Debit notes can be issued for a few reasons. A vendor may create and send their customer a debit note to remind them that there is a payment due for goods and services delivered. In other cases, a customer may issue a debit note to their supplier about an adjustment to their order, including the total amount of goods returned and their value."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Long Gamma Strategy?","response":"If traders are long gamma, the delta of their options position increases with price movements in the underlying asset. For example, a long gamma position will see an ever-increasing delta as the underlying price rises\u2014or ever-decreasing deltas as the price falls. If the trader can sell deltas as prices rise and then buy deltas as prices fall, the long-gamma exposure can lead to net profits by incentivizing the trader to consistently buy low and sell high."}
{"prompts":"What Is Producer Surplus?","response":"Similar to consumer surplus, producer surplus is the economic benefit to producers of goods measured by the difference in market price and where the producer would be willing to sell. A producer surplus thus exists if the market price of a good is higher than the price the producer is willing to sell."}
{"prompts":"What Are SMART Goals?","response":"SMART goals are part of a goal-setting system and philosophy used by many companies and other organizations, as well as by individuals. Following the SMART acronym, it advocates creating goals that are specific, measurable, achievable (or attainable), relevant, and time-bound."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Become a Certified Valuation Analyst (CVA)?","response":"There are six primary steps to becoming a CVA. These are (1) meeting the CVA qualifications and applying for the designation, (2) paying a CVA designation fee or becoming a member at NACVA, (3) studying the provided material for the exam, (4) passing the CVA exam, (5) participating in a peer-reviewed business valuation report, (6) and paying membership fees and completing the continuing education requirements every three years to maintain the designation."}
{"prompts":"Why Would a Company Want to List Its Shares on an Exchange?","response":"The main goal of listing a stock on an exchange is to raise money. Going public and allowing investors to buy and sell shares can help companies raise enough capital to meet their financial needs, including growing their business or paying off their debts. By selling shares on an exchange, the company gives investors equity in the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is Levered Beta?","response":"Levered beta measures the risk of a firm with debt and equity in its capital structure to the volatility of the market. A key determinant of beta is leverage, which measures the level of a company\u2019s debt to its equity. So, a publicly traded security's levered beta measures the sensitivity of that security's tendency to perform in relation to the overall market.\u00a0A levered beta greater than positive 1 or less than negative 1 means that it has greater volatility than the market. A levered beta between negative 1 and positive 1 has less volatility than the market."}
{"prompts":"Does the Internal Revenue Service Charge Late Fees?","response":"The IRS can impose what it calls a \"failure to pay penalty.\" The penalty is \"0.5% of the unpaid taxes for each month or part of a month the tax remains unpaid. The penalty won\u2019t exceed 25% of your unpaid taxes,\" the agency says."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Investors Ladder Bonds?","response":"One reason investors ladder bonds, or buy individual bonds of different maturities and reinvest in new bonds as each matures, is to take advantage of the fixed income cash flows they offer when held to maturity. Laddering protects against market price risk (the risk that their price will drop as interest rates rise) since an investor doesn't plan to sell the bonds. It also helps manage reinvestment risk since the investor reinvests proceeds from each maturity back into the longer-term bond (higher-yield) end of the ladder."}
{"prompts":"What is an imprest account used for?","response":"Companies keep cash on hand in imprest to pay for incidentals like office supplies, small reimbursements, or other minor expenses. Similar to petty cash, imprest should not be used for material expenses such as utilities or to purchase assets for the firm."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Alternative to the Always Be Closing Strategy?","response":"Modern salespeople have learned that a high-pressure sales pitch doesn't work well with a customer base that has the full resources of the internet at its fingertips. Today's alternative mantra might be Always Be Helping. This suggests that a salesperson's goal is to find out what the customer needs and wants and tailor the message to how a product can meet those needs and wants."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Z-Score?","response":"A z-score, or z-statistic, is a number representing how many standard deviations above or below the mean population the score derived from a z-test is. Essentially, it is a numerical measurement that describes a value's relationship to the mean of a group of values. If a z-score is 0, it indicates that the data point's score is identical to the mean score. A z-score of 1.0 would indicate a value that is one standard deviation from the mean. Z-scores may be positive or negative, with a positive value indicating the score is above the mean and a negative score indicating it is below the mean."}
{"prompts":"How Does Absolute Advantage Differ From Comparative Advantage?","response":"Absolute advantage is the ability of an entity to produce a product or service at a lower absolute cost per unit using a smaller number of inputs or a more efficient process than another entity producing the same good or service. Comparative advantage refers to the ability to produce goods and services at a lower opportunity cost, not necessarily at a greater volume or quality."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Cash Management?","response":"Cash management can come in various forms, including the improvement of accounts payable processes. Let's say a business has an existing (and good) relationship with a vendor. The two have been doing business with one another for the last five years. The vendor ships supplies to the business every month and requires payment on its invoices every 30 days. Since the two have an amicable relationship, the business negotiates payment for invoices every 45 days."}
{"prompts":"Can Businesses Charge a Credit Card Surcharge?","response":"A merchant is responsible for paying a credit card transaction fee, and some merchants charge a credit card surcharge to recoup this expense. However, in some states it is illegal for merchants to charge a credit card surcharge."}
{"prompts":"What Is QoQ vs.YoY?","response":"QoQ stands for quarter over quarter, and measures how some metric such as revenues has changed from one quarter to the next, so looking atYoY stands for year over year, and instead measures changes based on 12 months ago until the present."}
{"prompts":"Is the recovery rate the same for all debt?","response":"No. It can vary greatly depending on the kind of debt in question. Generally, senior debt has a higher recovery rate than junior debt. Other factors that influence the recovery rate include corporate capital structure, type of debt instrument, level of indebtedness, and macroeconomic issues."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Profit From Inflation?","response":"There are two schools of thought when it comes to inflation: those who beat inflation, and those who simply match it. Looking to match inflation is possible as a retail investor by investing in asset classes that are more likely to do well during such periods. Two common classes are real estate and commodities. A fixed mortgage will do well in an inflationary environment as it devalues the payments required. More commonly, an investor will place their money in inflation-indexed bonds, such as Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS). Those looking to actively beat inflation could consider value stocks and other companies that are easily able to pass on inflated costs to their consumers."}
{"prompts":"Is Form 8949 Required for Reporting Cryptocurrency Transactions?","response":"Form 8949 may be required when you realize a gain on cryptocurrency by buying and then selling crypto for profit in a taxable account or exchanging crypto for goods or services that realize a gain in value."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Corporate Partnership of Cornell Johnson?","response":"The school partners with 65 companies or corporations to provide students with real-world exposure and industry connections."}
{"prompts":"How Many Mortgages Can I Have on My Home?","response":"Lenders generally issue a first or primary mortgage before they allow for a second mortgage. This additional mortgage is commonly known as a home equity loan. Most lenders don\u2019t provide for a subsequent mortgage backed by the same property. There\u2019s technically no limit to how many junior loans you can have on your home as long as you have the equity, debt-to-income ratio, and credit score to get approved for them."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some of the Risks Involved with Currency Trading?","response":"Risk is inherent in any type of trading. Some of the risks associated with trading currencies include economic, liquidity, and exchange rate risks. Geopolitical issues, counterparty risks, and transaction risk can also affect currency rates."}
{"prompts":"What Maturities Do TIPS Come in?","response":"The original TIPS were set at 20-year maturities. In 2009, 20-year TIPS were discontinued in favor of 30-year TIPS. The U.S. Treasury currently issues five-, 10-, and 30-year TIPS."}
{"prompts":"Is Gross Sales Misleading About a Company's Performance?","response":"Yes, if used alone, gross sales can be misleading because it doesn't consider crucial factors like profitability, net earnings, or cash flow."}
{"prompts":"What Is Take or Pay?","response":"A take-or-pay clause in a contract stipulates that a buyer will take an agreed-upon amount of a commodity from a seller on a certain date or pay a set penalty fee if it does not. The fee is generally less than the full purchase price of the commodity."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Roth IRA?","response":"While Roth IRAs do not include an employer match, they do allow for a greater diversity of investment options. For individuals who anticipate that they will be in a higher tax bracket when they\u2019re older, Roth IRAs also can be a beneficial option. And you can withdraw your contributions (but not earnings) at any time, tax- and penalty-free. Ultimately, you can manage how you want to invest your Roth IRA by setting up an account with a brokerage, bank, or qualified financial institution."}
{"prompts":"Can I Claim the AOTC and the Lifetime Learning Credit?","response":"Yes. You can claim the AOTC and the LLC on the same tax return. However, you can\u2019t claim both credits for the same student or the same expenses during a single tax year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Perpetuity and an Annuity?","response":"A perpetuity and an annuity are similar in that both offer a fixed set of cash flows over time. The key difference is that annuities have a predetermined end date, known as the maturity date, whereas perpetuities are intended to last forever. Importantly, both annuities and perpetuities can be valued using DCF analysis."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Doji and a Spinning Top?","response":"Spinning tops\u00a0appear similarly to doji, where the open and close are relatively close to one another, but with larger bodies. In a doji, a candle's real body will make up to 5% of the size of the entire candle's range; any more than that, it becomes a spinning top."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of Free vs. Premium Stock Screeners?","response":"Free stock screeners often offer basic functionalities, making them suitable for casual investors. Premium stock screeners, on the other hand, provide advanced features, additional screening criteria, and enhanced data analysis capabilities. Many free versions offer a profile where you can save screening criteria, though the full functionality here may be limited."}
{"prompts":"How Many ZCash are Left?","response":"ZCash has a maximum supply of 21 million coins, with 14.6 million in circulation. Once there are 21 million ZCash in circulation, no more can be mined, and you\u2019ll only be able to acquire them by purchasing them on an exchange or from an individual."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Identify a Ponzi Scheme?","response":"The SEC has identified a few traits that often signify a fraudulent financial scheme. If an investment opportunity guarantees a specific high rate of return, guarantees that return by a certain time, and is not registered with the SEC, the SEC advises caution."}
{"prompts":"What Is Decoupling in Sustainable Development?","response":"The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals are a group of long-term projects seeking to reduce economic reliance on environmentally destructive or harmful industrial practices. This includes several provisions for \"decoupling growth from resource generation,\" i.e., exploring ways to achieve economic growth that do not deplete natural resources or cause environmental pressures."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Right of First Refusal?","response":"A right of first refusal is a contract with an asset owner for the ability to match or refuse to match an offer from another party to buy the asset."}
{"prompts":"How Is Gross Merchandise Value Calculated?","response":"GMV is calculated by multiplying the total amount of goods sold by their sales price in a given period. GMV = Sales Price of Goods x Number of Goods Sold."}
{"prompts":"What Is Excess and Surplus (E&S) Lines Insurance?","response":"Excess and surplus (E&S) lines insurance is basically another name for surplus lines insurance that is used by some carriers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Prime Cost and Overhead Cost?","response":"Prime costs are the direct costs involved in production, including raw materials and labor. By contrast, overhead costs refer to costs that are indirectly related to production, which include electricity, rent, or salaries, among others."}
{"prompts":"How Have Regulatory Changes Boosted VC?","response":"The Small Business Investment Act (SBIC) in 1958 boosted the VC industry by providing tax breaks to investors. In 1978, the Revenue Act was amended to reduce the capital gains tax from 49% to 28%. In 1979, a change in the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) allowed pension funds to invest up to 10% of their assets in small or new businesses. The capital gains tax was reduced to 20% in 1981. These developments catalyzed growth in VC and the 1980s turned into a boom period for venture capital, with funding levels reaching $4.9 billion in 1987."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Strongest Type of Deed?","response":"For real estate buyers, a general warranty deed provides greater protection than any other type of deed. While it\u2019s the best deed for the grantee, it gives the grantor the most liability. The grantor is generally bound by several covenants, including:The covenant of seizin\u2014the grantor warrants that they own the property and has a legal right to convey it.The covenant against encumbrances\u2014the grantor warrants that the property is free of liens or encumbrances.The covenant of quiet enjoyment\u2014the grantor guarantees that the grantee\u2019s title will be good against third-party claims."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Transfer Pricing?","response":"Since transfer prices are usually equal to, or lower than, market prices, the entity selling the product is liable to get less revenue. There is also the fact that it is a complicated process. Market prices are based on supply-demand relationships, whereas transfer prices may be subject to other organizational forces. Additionally, intra-entity animosity might arise, especially if the transfer price is appreciably higher or lower than the market price as one of the parties will feel cheated."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of a Negotiable Instrument?","response":"A negotiable instrument is easily transferable. There are no formalities and limited paperwork involved in making such a transfer. The instrument's ownership can be shifted simply by delivery or by a valid endorsement."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Member States of the AIIB?","response":"Any member state of the World Bank or Asian Development Bank is qualified to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. As of 2023, the AIIB has 106 member states, including many outside of the Asian region."}
{"prompts":"When Do You Receive a Form 1099-INT?","response":"Interest-paying entities must submit Form 1099-INT by Jan. 31. Anyone who doesn't receive one should contact the issuer to get another copy. Be mindful that many lending institutions may offer Form 1099-INT as a downloadable form. Upon logging into your online banking portal, search for 'Tax Forms' or a similar area of reporting."}
{"prompts":"What's Available Credit?","response":"Available credit refers to the amount remaining on the credit line. The available credit can be determined by subtracting the account balance from the credit limit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Detachable Warrants?","response":"Detachable warrants are derivatives that are attached to certain securities. They allow the holder the right to buy the underlying asset at a certain price within a certain period of time. As their name implies, these warrants can be detached or removed from the associated asset and sold or traded separately on the secondary market. As such, the holder can sell either the investment or the detachable warrant and keep the other."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Purpose of Economic Exposure Management?","response":"The main purpose of economic exposure management is to reduce the impact that changes in exchange rates have on the cash flows of a company. Economic exposure management seeks to help companies preserve as much foreign profit as they can when profits in foreign currencies are converted to the domestic currency."}
{"prompts":"Why Does a Company Need a Marketing Strategy?","response":"A marketing strategy helps a company direct its advertising dollars to where it will have the most impact. Compared with the data from 2018, the correlation between organization and success in marketers jumped from being almost four times more likely to almost seven times more likely in\u00a02022."}
{"prompts":"What Is IRS Form 1095-B Used For?","response":"IRS Form 1095-B is sent to taxpayers who receive minimum essential health insurance coverage as defined by the Affordable Care Act (ACA), showing health insurance coverage, the insurance provider, coverage dates, and individuals covered."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Get Vested Under a Pension Plan?","response":"Different entities will have different benefit schedules including when employees are vested. Vesting can be immediate, but it may kick in partially from year to year for up to seven years of employment. If you contribute money to the plan, it's yours if you leave. If your employer kicks in money, it's not all yours until you are fully vested."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Authorized Shares and Issued Shares?","response":"Authorized shares are the total number of shares a company can legally issue, while issued shares are the number the company has issued to date. The number of authorized and issued shares may be the same or different, in which case there would be more authorized than issued shares."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Bill of Lading?","response":"A bill of lading has three main purposes. First, it is a document of title to the goods described in the bill of lading. Second, it is a receipt for the shipped products. Finally, it represents the agreed terms and conditions for the transportation and eventual release of the shipped goods."}
{"prompts":"Was the COVID Recession U-Shaped?","response":"Many economists have characterized the economic downturn and recovery following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2021 as K-shaped, whereby certain industries suffered (such as travel and hospitality) while others saw positive growth (such as internet communications and online streaming)."}
{"prompts":"How Can a Margin Call Be Met?","response":"A margin call is issued by the broker when there is a margin deficiency in the trader\u2019s margin account. To rectify a margin deficiency, the trader has to either deposit cash or marginable securities in the margin account or liquidate some securities in the margin account."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Ratio Analysis Important?","response":"Ratio analysis is important because it may portray a more accurate representation of the state of operations for a company. Consider a company that made $1 billion of revenue last quarter. Though this seems ideal, the company might have had a negative gross profit margin, a decrease in liquidity ratio metrics, and lower earnings compared to equity than in prior periods. Static numbers on their own may not fully explain how a company is performing."}
{"prompts":"Can Mutual Fund Shares Be Sold At Any Time?","response":"Yes, mutual funds are considered liquid assets, and shares can be sold anytime. When you sell all or part of your fund holdings, you'll need to identify a cost basis for that sale. While mutual funds themselves only price their shares once per day based on NAV, you can place orders to sell their mutual fund shares at any time. Review the fund's policies for exchange or redemption fees. There may also be tax implications for capital gains earned with a mutual fund redemption."}
{"prompts":"What Is the 25% Dividend Rule?","response":"If a dividend will be high, the price of the stock may fall by the value of the dividend on the ex-dividend date. The 25% dividend rule states that if the dividend is 25% or more than the stock's value then the ex-dividend date will be deferred to one business day after the dividend is paid."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Salary of an MBA?","response":"As of December2023, an MBA earns an estimated total pay of over $119,000 per year. Pay is widely contingent on the industry, company, and underlying position occupied by the degree hold er. For example, the same salary data indicates that most total pay packages range between $89,000 to $161,000 per year for an MBA. Of course some MBAs are paid amounts below this range and some can earn much more."}
{"prompts":"What Can Inventory Tell You About a Business?","response":"One way to track the performance of a business is the speed of its inventory turnover. When a business sells inventory at a faster rate than its competitors, it incurs lower holding costs and decreased opportunity costs. As a result, they often outperform, since this helps with the efficiency of its sale of goods."}
{"prompts":"What Does Tender Mean in Business and Finance?","response":"Tender can have a couple of different meanings in business in finance. The most common definition of the word is the invitation to bid for a project\u2014usually a large bid from contractors for projects by governments and financial institutions. It may also refer to the acceptance of a formal offer, which can include a takeover bid. In this case, shareholders put up their shares to the offering entity."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Industrial Revolution Best Defined?","response":"The Industrial Revolution shifted societies from an agrarian economy to a manufacturing economy where products were no longer made solely by hand but by machines. This led to increased production and efficiency, lower prices, more goods, improved wages, and migration from rural areas to urban areas."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between AML, CDD, and KYC?","response":"Anti-money laundering (AML) refers to legally recognized rules for preventing money laundering. Customer due diligence (CDD) refers to practices financial institutions implement to detect and report AML violations. Know your client (KYC) is the application of a component of CDD that involves screening and verifying prospective clients."}
{"prompts":"Is UNC Kenan-Flagler MBA Worth It?","response":"Kenan-Flagler is rated in the top 30 business schools, and it costs less than its Ivy League or top 10 peers. Whether it is worth the cost depends on your location, budget, and career outlook after graduating. The school has a 96% job offer rate, suggesting employers respect and demand its graduates."}
{"prompts":"What is a school voucher?","response":"A school voucher gives eligible families the right to choose a private or charter school, using a portion of state funding otherwise set aside for public schools."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Warranties?","response":"There are two types of warranties\u2014express and implied. Each has sub-types intended for different circumstances and products."}
{"prompts":"Is a Payday Loan Secured or Unsecured?","response":"Most payday loans are unsecured. This means that you do not have to give the lender any collateral or borrow against a valuable item as you do in a pawn shop.Instead, the lender will normally ask you for permission to electronically take money from your bank, credit union, or prepaid card account. Alternatively, the lender may ask you to write a check for the repayment amount, which the lender will cash when the loan is due. Under federal law, lenders cannot condition a payday loan on obtaining authorization from the consumer for \u201cpreauthorized\u201d (recurring) electronic fund transfers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Zacks ETF Rank?","response":"Zacks ETF Rank is a similar ranking system that seeks to identify exchange-traded funds that have a favorable one-year outlook. These rankings are based on a wide range of quantitative metrics, such as expense ratio, momentum, yields, and the assets contained in each ETF."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Non-Tariff Barriers Play in Trade Agreements?","response":"Companies can employ several strategies to overcome non-tariff barriers in international trade. They can invest in thorough research to understand. This knowledge allows them to adapt their products and operations to meet the required standards and regulations. Collaboration with local partners or trade associations can provide valuable insights and support in navigating nontariff pays. Additionally, companies can engage in dialogue with government authorities to advocate for trade facilitation measures and compliance support."}
{"prompts":"Do I Lose Control of My Living Will If I Appoint a Proxy?","response":"You will not lose control of your living will while you have the ability or capacity to make decisions. If incapacitated, the proxy has the legal authority to act on your behalf, making decisions about your healthcare.Review the living will with the proxy to ensure they understand your wishes and agree to enforce them when needed."}
{"prompts":"How Does One Mark Assets to Market?","response":"Mark to market is an accounting standard governed by the\u00a0Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), which establishes the accounting and financial reporting guidelines for corporations and nonprofit organizations in the United States. FASB Statement of Interest \"SFAS 157\u2013Fair Value Measurements\" provides a definition of \"fair value\" and how to measure it in accordance with\u00a0generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Assets must then be valued for accounting purposes at that fair value and updated on a regular basis."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Round Lot Holder?","response":"A round lot holder is a party who owns a round lot of unrestricted shares. A round lot is made up of 100 shares or a multiple of 100 shares. Unrestricted shares are those that do not required any conditions to be filled before they can be transferred or sold."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Demand and Quantity Demanded?","response":"Demand and quantity demanded both pertain to purchasing but in different ways. Demand is just how many of an item a consumer is willing to buy\u2014the sheer quantity. Quantity demanded is how many things a consumer will purchase at a specific price. Quantity demanded is a more detailed metric. Graphed out, demand is the entirety of the demand curve, whereas quantity demanded is a single point."}
{"prompts":"How Do Options Work?","response":"Options are a type of derivative product that allow investors to speculate on or hedge against the volatility of an underlying stock. Options are divided into call options, which allow buyers to profit if the price of the stock increases, and put options, in which the buyer profits if the price of the stock declines. Investors can also go short an option by selling them to other investors. Shorting (or selling) a call option would therefore mean profiting if the underlying stock declines while selling a put option would mean profiting if the stock increases in value."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Qualifying Child and a Qualifying Relative?","response":"A taxpayer must choose to claim a dependent as a qualifying child or qualifying relative. If a dependent meets these criteria, they are considered a qualifying child and not a qualifying relative:A qualifying child is commonly the taxpayer\u2019s biological or adopted child but may be a stepchild or a foster child.A sibling, half-sibling, or step-sibling may also qualify as a qualifying child.A qualifying child must meet be younger than the taxpayer and under age 19 or a full-time student under 24 years old. The age requirement does not apply if the qualifying child is permanently disabled during the tax year."}
{"prompts":"How Is the IRR Rule Used?","response":"The IRR rule is used as a guideline for deciding whether to proceed with a project or investment. The higher the projected IRR on a project, the higher the net cash flows to the company as long as the IRR exceeds the cost of capital. In this case, a company would be well off to proceed with the project or investment. But if the IRR is lower than the cost of capital, the rule declares that the best course of action is to forego the project or investment."}
{"prompts":"What Happens in a Margin Call?","response":"A margin call can occur when the customer's account falls below the brokerage firm's minimum maintenance requirement. When they receive a margin call, the customer must deposit additional cash or securities into the account to bring it up to a level where it satisfies the requirement. If they fail to do so within a prescribed period (often two to five days), the broker will sell enough of the securities already in the account to make up the difference.However, as the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission notes, brokers are not required to issue a margin call and \"may be able to sell your securities at any time\u00a0without consulting you first.\u00a0Under most margin agreements, even if your firm offers to give you time to increase the equity in your account, it can sell your securities without waiting for you to meet the margin call.\""}
{"prompts":"What Is The Meaning of Novation Agreement?","response":"In novation, the rights and obligations of one party to a two-party contract are transferred to a third party, with the agreement of all three parties."}
{"prompts":"Are Retained Earnings the Same as Profits?","response":"The main difference between retained earnings and profits is that retained earnings subtract dividend payments from a company\u2019s profit, whereas profits do not. Where profits may indicate that a company has positive net income, retained earnings may show that a company has a net loss depending on the amount of dividends it paid out to shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Rule of Indemnity in Insurance?","response":"With indemnity insurance,\u00a0one party commits to compensate another for prospective loss or damage. In insurance policies, in exchange for premiums paid by the insured to the insurer, the insurer offers to compensate the insured for any potential damage or losses."}
{"prompts":"Do All Schools Require GRE Scores?","response":"No, not all schools require GRE scores for admission. In recent years, some programs have waived the GRE requirement, especially for specific intakes, due to factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic or changes in admissions policies."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Material Misrepresentation?","response":"A material misrepresentation is a promise, false statement, or omission of facts that would cause another party to act differently if the whole truth were known. An example of a material misrepresentation is incorrectly stating one's income on a mortgage application or omitting key risk factors on an application for insurance coverage."}
{"prompts":"Who Introduced the Consumption Function?","response":"The consumption function was introduced by economist John Maynard Keynes. He is known as the father of modern macroeconomics and the founder of Keynesian economics. This branch of economics suggests that governments should be actively involved in their economies. Rather than let their economies fall under the free market, Keynes said government spending can be used as a tool to cut back on weakness in the economy."}
{"prompts":"What Is SEO in Digital Marketing?","response":"Search engine optimization (SEO) describes a variety of techniques that companies use in an effort to increase traffic to their website and raise its position in search results. The higher a site appears on the search results page, the more likely consumers are to see it and potentially click to visit it."}
{"prompts":"Is Bootstrapping Bad?","response":"Bootstrapping is not necessarily bad. If a business owner doesn't have all the resources it needs on the first day of operations, they may need to take special considerations to make sure the business needs are met. Many successful businesses have bootstrapped during its infancy and though some may negatively view the process, others may find charm in bootstrapping and have greater respect for these types of companies."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top Companies on the London Exchange?","response":"The largest companies by market cap listed on the LSE as of June 21, 2023, are:AstraZeneca PLCShell PLCHSBC Holding PLCUnilever PLCBP PLC"}
{"prompts":"How Long Do You Have to Repay a Revolving Loan Facility?","response":"Unlike a term loan with fixed payments, a revolving loan facility has no established term. Money is withdrawn by the company, reducing the amount available to borrow. It is then paid back, replenishing the line of credit."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Resident Alien Defined in the United States?","response":"An individual is classified as a resident alien of the U.S. for tax purposes if they meet either the green card test or the substantial presence test for the calendar year (January 1-December 31). The green card test states that a person needs to either have a current green card or have had one in the previous calendar year. The substantial presence test requires that a person has been in the U.S. for more than 31 days during the current year and 183 days during a three-year period that includes the current year and the two years prior."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Federal Income Tax Brackets for 2023 and 2024?","response":"The U.S. federal income tax is a marginal tax rate system based on an individual's income and filing status. For the 2023 and 2024 tax years, the tax brackets are 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, and 37%."}
{"prompts":"What are the Assets than can be Used with the Inverse Head and Shoulders Chart Patterns?","response":"The inverse head and shoulders chart pattern is a versatile tool that can be applied to a variety of asset classes. These include equities, commodities, forex, fixed income, ETFs and mutual funds, futures, options and REITs."}
{"prompts":"How Are Venture Capitalist Firms Structured?","response":"VC firms typically control a pool of funds collected from wealthy individuals, insurance companies, pension funds, and other institutional investors. Although all of the partners have partial ownership of the fund, the VC firm decides how the monies will be invested. Investments are usually made in businesses with attractive growth potential that are considered too risky for banks or capital markets. The venture capital firm is referred to as the general partner, and the other financiers are referred to as limited partners."}
{"prompts":"Are FAANG Stocks Overvalued?","response":"Investors disagree about whether the FAANG stocks are overvalued. Their proponents will argue that their valuations are justified based on their fundamental strength as businesses. But critics argue that, even with impressive business performance, the FAANG stocks\u2019 prices have become so expensive that it may be difficult to realize attractive long-term profits from investing in them. Ultimately, this \u201cdebate\u201d between investors is best captured by the buying and selling patterns in the FAANG stocks themselves."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Obtain a CRPC?","response":"Most applicants can expect to spend between 90 and 135 hours on course-related activities before sitting for the exam, according to Kaplan Financial Education. Classes can be taken online, either live or on demand."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a CEO and COO?","response":"A CEO is the top-most ranking person at a firm, responsible for the long-term health and direction of the firm, while a COO is the second-highest individual in the firm, reporting to the CEO and responsible for the day-to-day operations of the firm."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade on OTC Markets?","response":"Most brokerages allow retail investors to trade on OTC markets, although they may have additional requirements due to the risk of OTC trades. Interactive Brokers, TradeStation, and Zacks Trade are all examples of brokers that offer OTC markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Positive Linear Relationship?","response":"A positive linear relationship is represented by an upward line on a graph. It means that if one variable increases then the other variable increases. Conversely, a negative linear relationship would show a downward line on a graph. If one variable increases then the other variable decreases."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tariff and a Quota?","response":"A tariff imposes a tax on a particular good coming in from another country, while a quota limits the quantity of such goods."}
{"prompts":"Is the OTC Market Safe to Trade?","response":"OTC markets are safe to trade but there are some risks with the process, such as less information available about the securities and less liquidity. Picking companies in the tiers that have stronger financial standards can help reduce the risks in OTC trading."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Banks Sell Nonperforming Loans?","response":"Banks may sell nonperforming loans to focus on the loans that bring in money each month. Selling the loans at a discount may be more profitable than trying to collect money from a delinquent borrower."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a CFO?","response":"Generally speaking, the CFO position is reserved for very experienced professionals with established track records in their field. CFOs are generally equipped with advanced educational designations, such as a Master of Finance or Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) designation. Many CFOs have professional backgrounds in fields such as accounting, investment banking, or financial analysis. For financial professionals, the CFO is among the most prestigious and highly paid positions available in a firm."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Your Health Insurance When You Get Laid Off?","response":"In most cases, your employer will stop paying for health insurance at the end of the month if you are laid off. You can then continue your coverage through the federal COBRA program for a term of 18 to 36 months. You will get the same insurance you had as an employee at the rate that the company has negotiated for its employee coverage.COBRA coverage is significantly more expensive than employer-provided health insurance. You may be better off getting coverage through one of the plans offered under the Affordable Care Act. During the time you're unemployed, you should qualify for a substantial subsidy for the coverage and may pay little or nothing for it."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Journal and a Diary?","response":"The terms are virtually interchangeable. However, the word diary implies a personal record of daily activities and events, while a journal is often used to explore thoughts and ideas in depth."}
{"prompts":"What GPA Do You Need to Get Into Kellogg?","response":"There is no set GPA required by the school, but the higher your GPA, the better your chances. The average GPA for the class of 2024 is 3.7, so you'll need to be close to or above that."}
{"prompts":"Is a Budget Surplus a Good Thing?","response":"A budget surplus is generally considered a good thing, because it means that the government has money left over that can be reinvested or spent to pay off debts. However, it depends on how wisely the government is spending money: if the government has a surplus because of high taxes or reduced public services, that can result in a net loss for the economy as a whole."}
{"prompts":"Has the Tragedy of the Commons Led to Extinction of a Resource?","response":"The extinction of the dodo bird is a historical example of the tragedy of the commons. An easy-to-hunt, flightless bird native to only a few small islands, the dodo was a source of meat for sailors traveling the southern Indian Ocean. Due to overhunting, the dodo was driven to extinction less than a century after its discovery by Dutch sailors in 1598."}
{"prompts":"When Do I Pay Tax on an NQDC Plan?","response":"Compensation that is put into an NQDC plan is taxed when you actually receive it. This should be after you retire; otherwise, you may owe a penalty in addition to tax on the compensation. There are also other triggering events that can prompt distributions, such as a disability."}
{"prompts":"How Safe Are Wire Transfers?","response":"A wire transfer is generally safe and secure, provided you know the recipient. A legitimate service will vet the identity of each entity involved in a transaction so that anonymous transfers are impossible.International wire transfers that originate in the United States are monitored by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, an agency of the U.S. Treasury. This agency makes sure the money being sent overseas is not being used to fund terrorist activities or for money laundering purposes. They are also tasked with preventing money from going to countries that are the subject of sanctions by the U.S. government."}
{"prompts":"Is the Nepal Rupee the Same as the Indian Rupee?","response":"No, the Nepal rupee is not the same as the Indian rupee. They are two different currencies belonging to two different nations. The Nepal rupee, however, is pegged to the Indian rupee. \"Rupee\" is the name of the currency for many countries, much as the dollar is. For example, the U.S. dollar, Canadian Dollar, and Australian dollar."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Likely Outcome of a Prisoner's Dilemma?","response":"The likely outcome for a prisoner's dilemma is that both players defect (i.e., behave selfishly), leading to suboptimal outcomes for both. This is also the Nash Equilibrium, a decision-making theorem within game theory that states a player can achieve the desired outcome by not deviating from their initial strategy. The Nash equilibrium in this example is for both players to betray one other, even though mutual cooperation leads to a better outcome for both players; however, if one prisoner chooses mutual cooperation and the other does not, one prisoner's outcome is worse."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Series 24 Pass Rate?","response":"The pass rate for the Series 24 is not published. However, many who sit for the exam consider it very difficult compared to the prerequisite exams. This is why study prep courses and FINRA itself recommend an extended period of time to prepare for the intense exam."}
{"prompts":"Why might you want a noncancellable disability insurance policy?","response":"A noncancellable policy prevents your insurance premiums from going up. These policies also offer protection when income changes. Under a noncancellable policy,\u00a0even if your income declines in the future, the company must pay\u00a0the original disability benefit\u00a0amount. With disability insurance, if you take up another job for lesser pay, you would still be able to keep your insurance with a noncancellable policy and draw the original benefit as needed."}
{"prompts":"Do You Get Your Money Back at the End of a Term Life Insurance Policy?","response":"If you're alive when the term expires, you get nothing back from your term life insurance policy. The death benefit is only payable to your beneficiaries if you die. That is the reason why term life insurance is relatively inexpensive. Most people outlive their term life insurance policies."}
{"prompts":"What is a hammer candlestick?","response":"A hammer candlestick is a technical trading pattern that resembles a \u201cT\u201d whereby the price trend of a security will fall below its opening price, illustrating a long lower shadow, and then consequently reverse and close near its opening. Hammer candlestick patterns occur after a downtrend. They are often considered signals for a reversal pattern."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Covenants?","response":"Covenants may be related to finances, property, law, or religion. In business, a loan covenant may disallow a company from acquiring another company or may require a certain amount of cash on hand. A property covenant may require the grass to be cut a specific number of times per year. A religious covenant may be a promise from God to never send a destructive flood like the one Noah experienced again."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Tax Avoidance?","response":"There are many strategies that taxpayers can use to avoid paying taxes. These are very legal and legitimate options. They include taking the standard deduction, contributing to a qualified retirement account, claiming work-related expenses, and offshoring profits."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Efficient Frontier Important?","response":"The curvature of the efficient frontier graphically shows the benefit of diversification and how this can improve a portfolio's risk versus reward profile."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do I Need To Pay Mortgage Insurance?","response":"If you have a conventional loan, you'll generally need to pay mortgage insurance until you have at least 20% equity in the home. If you have an FHA loan, you'll have to pay mortgage insurance premiums (MIP) until you pay off the mortgage or refinance."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Futures Contract Is Held Until It Expires?","response":"Unless the contract position is closed out prior to its expiration, the short is obligated to make delivery to the long, who is obligated to take it. Depending on the contract, the values exchanged can be settled in cash. Most often, the trader will simply pay or receive a cash settlement depending on whether the underlying asset increased or decreased during the investment holding period. In some cases, however, futures contracts will require physical delivery. In this scenario, the investor holding the contract upon expiration would be responsible for storing the goods and would need to cover costs for material handling, physical storage, and insurance."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When the Federal Reserve Limits the Money Supply?","response":"A country\u2019s money supply has a significant effect on its macroeconomic profile, particularly in relation to interest rates, inflation, and the business cycle. In America, the Federal Reserve is responsible for the monetary supply. When the Fed limits the money supply via contractionary or \"hawkish\" monetary policy, interest rates rise and the cost of borrowing goes higher.There is a delicate balance to these decisions. Limiting the money supply can slow down inflation, as the Fed intends. But there is also the risk that it will slow economic growth too much, leading to more unemployment."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Differences Between a Bill of Exchange and a Check?","response":"A check always involves a bank while a bill of exchange can involve anyone, including a bank. Checks are payable on demand while a bill of exchange can specify that payment is due on demand or at a specified future date.\u00a0Bills of exchange generally do not pay interest, making them in essence post-dated checks. They may accrue interest if not paid by a certain date, but that rate must be specified on the instrument. Unlike a check, a bill of exchange is a written document outlining a debtor's indebtedness to a creditor."}
{"prompts":"Where Do I Find a Company\u2019s Accounts Receivable?","response":"Accounts receivable are found on a firm\u2019s balance sheet. Because they represent funds owed to the company, they are booked as an asset. Investors need to dig into the numbers shown under accounts receivable to determine if the company follows sound practices."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit?","response":"A back-to-back letter of credit refers to two separate letters of credit issued for the same transaction when a middleman is involved. The buyer will provide a letter of credit to the middleman (such as a re-seller or broker), assuring them that they'll be paid. Based on the first letter, the middleman can then provide a separate letter of credit to their supplier (such as a manufacturer). The two letters ensure that all parties get paid."}
{"prompts":"When Should the Poisson Distribution Be Used?","response":"The Poisson distribution is best applied to statistical analysis when the variable in question is a count variable. For instance, how many times X occurs based on one or more explanatory variables. For instance, to estimate how many defective products will come off an assembly line given different inputs."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between TOD and POD?","response":"A payable on death (POD) designation is an arrangement between a bank and a client that designates beneficiaries to receive assets after the client's death, without going through probate. A POD designation is usually associated with bank accounts and certificates of deposit, while a TOD is used for stocks, bonds, deeds, and similar assets."}
{"prompts":"Is the Minimum Wage Set by States or Cities?","response":"All U.S. states may set their own minimum wage rates or accept the federal rate as the state's minimum. Cities and counties may impose higher rates than the state's rate.For example, California's minimum wage is $16 an hour as of Jan. 1, 2024. However, many cities and counties in the state have set their rates higher."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the difference between FIFO and LIFO?","response":"FIFO (first in, first out) refers to an accounting system that assumes the oldest products are sold first, followed by newer ones. LIFO (last in, first out) assumes the most recent products are sold before older ones."}
{"prompts":"What Happens in Each Phase of the Economic Cycle?","response":"In the expansionary phase, the economy experiences growth over two or more consecutive quarters. Interest rates are typically lower, employment rates rise, and consumer confidence strengthens. The peak phase occurs when the economy reaches its maximum productive output, signaling the end of the expansion. After that point, employment numbers and housing starts to decline, leading to a contractionary phase. The lowest point in the business cycle is a trough, which is characterized by higher unemployment, lower availability of credit, and falling prices."}
{"prompts":"How Does Economic Order Quantity Work?","response":"Economic order quantity will be higher if the company\u2019s setup costs or product demand increases. On the other hand, it will be lower if the company\u2019s holding costs increase."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between European and American options?","response":"European options can be exercised only on their expiration date, while American options can be exercised at any time."}
{"prompts":"Did Bitcoin Lose Value?","response":"Bitcoin is a volatile asset. Its value changes daily; it reached a record price of $69,000 in late 2021, so it has dropped in value since then. However, it has increased in value over its lifetime many times over."}
{"prompts":"How Is PP&E Accounted for?","response":"PP&E is recorded on a company's financial statements, specifically on the balance sheet. To calculate PP&E, add the amount of gross property, plant, and equipment, listed on the balance sheet, to capital expenditures. Next, subtract\u00a0accumulated depreciation. The result is the overall value of the PP&E. It's often referred to as the company's book value."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When a Drawee Receives a Bill of Exchange?","response":"A bill of exchange represents instructions to the drawee to pay the person presenting it with a certain amount of money. This type of transaction occurs every day in the normal course of business. That's why you can walk into your bank with a check written to you and can rest assured that you or your account at that bank will receive those funds."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Economic Order Quantity Important?","response":"Economic order quantity is important because it helps companies manage their inventory efficiently. Without inventory management techniques such as these, companies will tend to hold too much inventory during periods of low demand while also holding too little inventory during periods of high demand. Either problem creates missed opportunities."}
{"prompts":"What Tends to Cause Structural Unemployment?","response":"Structural unemployment is caused when there are major changes to how the world operates. Consider the implications of COVID-19. As consumer trends change and the world adapts to new preferences, workers must adapt or they risk losing their jobs due to obsolescence."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Audit Risk?","response":"There are three main types of audit risk: Inherent risk, control risk, and detection risk."}
{"prompts":"What Do the Morningstar Stars Mean?","response":"Morningstar rates mutual funds and exchange-traded funds' past performance in relation to other funds within the same category. Ratings range from one to five stars, with one star assigned to the lowest rating and five assigned to the highest."}
{"prompts":"Can portfolio diversification protect against risks?","response":"Portfolio diversification is an effective strategy used to manage unsystematic risks (risks specific to individual companies or industries); however, it cannot protect against systematic risks (risks that affect the entire market or a large portion of it). Systematic risks, such as interest rate risk, inflation risk, and currency risk, cannot be eliminated through diversification alone. However, investors can still mitigate the impact of these risks by considering other strategies like hedging, investing in assets that are less correlated with the systematic risks, or adjusting the investment time horizon."}
{"prompts":"Are BBB bonds investment grade?","response":"Bonds that have a BBB rating from either Standard & Poor\u2019s or Fitch are considered investment-grade bonds, although they are the lowest tiers of investment-grade bonds. Non-investment-grade bonds are rated BB+ through CC. (Moody\u2019s uses a different rating system.)"}
{"prompts":"Who Runs the Lightning Network?","response":"Lightning Labs, led by Elizabeth Stark, is the company that developed the Lightning Network. The network itself is deployed on the internet and runs on thousands of nodes located around the world."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Mean Reversion Strategy?","response":"A mean reversion strategy is a trading approach that capitalizes on the tendency of financial assets to revert to their historical mean or average price over time. The strategy aims to identify assets that are significantly overvalued or undervalued and take positions based on the expectation that they will revert to their mean."}
{"prompts":"How Can One Deal With Multicollinearity?","response":"To reduce the amount of multicollinearity found in a statistical model, one can remove the specific variables identified as the most collinear. You can also try to combine or transform the offending variables to lower their correlation. If that does not work or is unattainable, there are modified regression models that better deal with multicollinearity, such as ridge regression, principal component regression, or partial least squares regression. In stock analysis, the best method is to choose different types of indicators."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Countries Impose a Marginal Tax Rate Over a Proportional Tax Rate?","response":"Developed countries tend to use a graduated or marginal tax system where those with lower incomes pay a smaller percentage of their income in taxes. The common argument for a marginal tax system is that those who have low incomes need most to all of their income to provide for basic needs such as food and shelter."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Types of Noncurrent Assets?","response":"Other noncurrent assets include long-term investments and intangibles. Intangible assets are those that can lack physical existence but can still be used over the long term. These types of assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, and intellectual property. Long-term investments can include bonds that won't be sold or mature within a year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Formula for Tax Shield?","response":"\u00a0The formula for tax shield is,\u00a0Tax Shield = Value of Tax-Deductible Expense\u00a0x Tax Rate."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Wharton So Famous?","response":"Wharton has been teaching business finance for more than 120 years, creating a brand and education that is in demand by students and industries worldwide."}
{"prompts":"What Is Bearish Overhang?","response":"Bearish overhang refers to a situation in which buyers are reluctant to purchase a certain asset, due to the presence of a large block of that asset that would cause prices to fall if the block were sold. This usually refers to stock shares, but it can also refer to commodities. For example, during the negotiations over U.S.\u2013Iran sanctions, some analysts warned of a \"bearish overhang\" caused by a potential sell-off of the Iranian oil supply."}
{"prompts":"Are There Any Other Yield Curve Strategies?","response":"There are bullet, barbell, and laddering strategies, as well as spread trades such as the butterfly spread. Investors employ these yield curve strategies to optimize returns and manage risks based on their expectations of interest rate changes and the economy."}
{"prompts":"How Do Roth 401(k) Plans Work?","response":"Roth 401(k) plans are only available through an employer, which means you can't set one up on your own. Contributions are made using after-tax dollars through payroll deductions. The contributions grow tax-free in your account. Withdrawals are also tax-free as long as you've held the account for at least five years and you're at least 59\u00bd. The required minimum distribution must be taken for those who turn 72 in 2022 or before. That age increased to 73 after Jan. 1, 2023."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Tax-to-GDP Ratio?","response":"A tax-to-GDP ratio of 15% or higher is believed to ensure economic growth and, thus, poverty reduction in the long term, according to the World Bank. The\u00a0tax-to-GDP ratio\u00a0in the United States was 26.6% in 2021. "}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Do Foreign Currency Swaps?","response":"Foreign currency swaps serve two essential purposes. They offer a company access to a loan in a foreign currency that can be less expensive than when obtained through a local bank. They also provide a way for a company to hedge (or protect against) risks it may face due to fluctuations in foreign exchange."}
{"prompts":"What Is Inflation?","response":"Inflation is the decline of\u00a0purchasing power\u00a0of a given currency over time. The rate of inflation, or the rate of decline in purchasing power, is reflected by the Consumer Price Index (CPI). CPI measures the change in an average price of a\u00a0basket of selected goods\u00a0and services over a specific period of time.The rise in the general level of prices, often expressed as a percentage, means that a unit of currency effectively buys less than it did in prior periods. Inflation can be contrasted with\u00a0deflation, which occurs when the purchasing power of money increases and prices decline."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Zombie Foreclosure\" Mean?","response":"A zombie foreclosure refers to an incident in which a homeowner is presented with a pending foreclosure notice and abandons their house before legally necessary. Because the foreclosure process can be a long one, homeowners are still responsible for taxes and home insurance. If an owner leaves their home and it becomes zombie foreclosure, it often means the house can fall into disrepair."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Commodity and a Security or Asset?","response":"Commodities are physical products that are meant to be consumed or used in the production process. Assets, on the other hand, are goods that are not consumed through their use. For instance, money or a piece of machinery are used for productive purposes, but persist as they are used. A security is a financial instrument that is not a physical product. It is a legal representation (e.g., a contract or claim) that represents certain cash flows generated from various activities (such as a stock representing the future cash flows of a business)."}
{"prompts":"What Business Structures Feature Limited Liability?","response":"There are several company structures that feature limited liability, including a limited liability company (LLC), an S corporation, and a C corporation. Partnerships may have limited liability partners, but at least one partner must have unlimited liability."}
{"prompts":"What Are Best Practices in Healthcare?","response":"Best practices in healthcare include training your staff so that they know how to deliver great service and put patient care and experience as their main priority. Ensure patient education, which has been proven to improve the overall healthcare experience. A patient that understands the what and why of their health and the care they are getting are usually happier and more comfortable. Establish a care-orientated environment by incorporating small details, such as remembering a patient's name, smiling, listening carefully, and incorporating follow-up calls."}
{"prompts":"How Do Income Taxes Work in the U.S.?","response":"In the U.S., taxation progressively increases as an individual\u2019s income grows. There are currently seven federal tax brackets in the U.S., with rates ranging from 10% to 37%."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Skewness Evident in the Economy?","response":"The broad stock market is often considered to have a negatively skewed distribution. The notion is that the market often returns a small positive return and a large negative loss. However, studies have shown that the equity of an individual firm may tend to be left-skewed.A common example of skewness is displayed in the distribution of household income within the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Types of Lines of Credit?","response":"The most common types of lines of credit are personal, business, and home equity. In general, personal LOCs are typically unsecured, while business LOCs can be secured or unsecured. HELOCs are secured and backed by the market value of your home."}
{"prompts":"Do NSF Fees Affect Your Credit?","response":"NSF fees don't affect a customer's credit or credit score directly because banks do not report the transactions to credit bureaus such as Equifax, TransUnion, and Experian.However, a bounced check can make delay a credit card or loan payment which may affect a customer's credit score."}
{"prompts":"How Do Structured Notes Work?","response":"A structured note is a complicated investment. It is a derivative that brings together the features of different investments into one vehicle. As such, they track the performance of an underlying asset. Put simply, it is a debt obligation with a derivative embedded into it. There is some degree of flexibility that provides limited losses with limited gains. But they provide investors with low levels of liquidity and can be hard to trade on the secondary market."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Cash and Cash Equivalents?","response":"Cash is ownership of actual U.S. dollars or other currencies. Cash equivalents are interest-earning financial vehicles\/investments that are widely traded, highly liquid, and easy to convert to cash. Cash equivalents are not identical to cash in hand, though they have such low risk and high liquidity that they're often considered as accessible."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Earn a Profit in a Straddle?","response":"To determine how much an underlying security must rise or fall in order to earn a profit on a straddle, divide the total premium cost by the strike price. For example, if the total premium cost was $10 and the strike price was $100, it would be calculated as $10 divided by $100, or 10%. In order to make a profit, the security must rise or fall more than 10% from the $100 strike price.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Internal Audit Process?","response":"The internal audit process entails planning the audit, performing the audit procedures, compiling the audit report, and monitoring post-audit changes. Management may choose to expand the scope of an audit at any point of the audit if findings during the audit cause the scope to shift a different direction."}
{"prompts":"Do Statutory or Judgement Liens Affect Your Credit?","response":"Involuntary liens can negatively affect your credit. A judgement or statutory lien can remain on your credit report for up to seven years. Liens don't appear on your credit report, but they are available through public records."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Communism and Socialism?","response":"Both communism and socialism advocate public over private ownership, champion equality, and seek to give power to the working class. However, socialism is viewed as a more moderate ideology. Unlike communism, it permits the continued existence of capitalism in some parts of the economy and favors gradual change over revolution."}
{"prompts":"What Is Modified Whole Life Insurance?","response":"Modified whole life insurance is permanent life insurance in which premiums increase after a specific period. Policyowners pay lower premiums than they would for a level premium policy during the first few years, and higher premiums in the later years. Traditional whole life insurance premiums, in contrast, remain the same throughout the life of the policy."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top 10 Overseas Tax Havens?","response":"The top tax havens currently are the British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Bermuda, The Netherlands, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Hong Kong, Jersey, Singapore, and the United Arab Emirates."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Margin Call?","response":"A margin call is a scenario in which a broker who had previously extended a margin loan to an investor sends a notice to that investor asking them to increase the amount of collateral in their margin account. When faced with a margin call, investors often need to deposit additional cash into their account, sometimes by selling other securities. If the investor refuses to do so, the broker has the right to forcefully sell the investor\u2019s positions in order to raise the necessary funds. Many investors fear margin calls because they can force investors to sell positions at unfavorable prices."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Efficient Frontier Constructed?","response":"The efficient frontier rates portfolios on a \u00a0coordinate plane. Plotted on the x-axis is the risk, while return is plotted on the y-axis\u2014annualized standard deviation is typically used to measure risk, while compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is used for return."}
{"prompts":"How Are Ethics and Supply Chain Management Related?","response":"Ethics has become an increasingly important aspect of supply chain management, so much so that a set of principles called supply chain ethics was born. Many investors today want to know how companies produce their products, treat their workforce, and protect the environment. As a result, companies respond by instituting measures to reduce waste, improve working conditions, and lessen their impact on the environment\u2014all of which can involve SCM."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Accounting Policies?","response":"Accounting policies appear in a business when accounting principles allow leeway in how the rules are applied to a situation. Situations that involve management discretion include:Valuation of inventoryValuation of investmentsValuation of fixed assetsDepreciation methodsCosts of R&DTranslation of foreign currency"}
{"prompts":"What Fees and Charges Are Associated with Demand Drafts?","response":"Fees associated with demand drafts include an issuance fee charged by the bank for providing the draft. Additionally, there may be additional charges for services like courier delivery if the draft needs to be sent to the payee through postal services or courier. The fees can vary between banks, so check with your bank for the specific charges."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Sampling Error?","response":"In survey research, sampling errors occur because all samples are representative samples: a smaller group that stands in for the whole of your research population. It's impossible to survey the entire group of people you'd like to reach.It\u2019s not usually possible to quantify the degree of sampling error in a study since it's impossible to collect the relevant data from the entire population you are studying. This is why researchers collect representative samples (and representative samples are the reason why there are sampling errors)."}
{"prompts":"Can Merchants Charge Extra for Using a Credit Card?","response":"In most states in the U.S., merchants are allowed to charge customers extra for using a card rather than cash, in effect covering some or all of the merchant discount rate they have to pay on the transaction. This is commonly known as a surcharge and is typically calculated as a percentage of the transaction amount. In some cases, merchants can also charge convenience fees, which are typically a flat amount."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Income Effect Depict?","response":"The income effect is a part of consumer choice theory\u2014which relates preferences to consumption expenditures and consumer demand curves\u2014that expresses how changes in relative market prices and incomes impact consumption patterns for consumer goods and services. In other words, it is the change in demand for a good or service caused by a change in a consumer's purchasing power resulting from a change in real income. This income change can be the result of a rise in wages etc., or because existing income is freed up by a decrease or increase in the price of a good that money is being spent on."}
{"prompts":"Are Gift Letters Legally Binding?","response":"Yes, a gift letter is legally binding. The information on the letter is used and relied upon by multiple parties, and both the donor and recipient are expected to be bound to the terms of the gift letter."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good EBITDA?","response":"A strong EBITDA is considered to be at least two times the company's interest expense. For example, if a company's annual interest expense is $1 million, then a strong EBITDA would be at least $2 million.In some industries, a higher EBITDA margin above 15% or more, may be considered favorable. A good EBITDA varies by industry, company size, industry norms, growth stage, and capital structure."}
{"prompts":"Who Went to Jail for the 2008 Financial Crisis?","response":"Although the 2008 financial crisis caused a public outcry, there was no reckoning for the bankers who were blamed for the crisis. Two managers at Bear Stearns hedge funds were arrested for misleading investors, but they were found not guilty. The only successful prosecution was of Kareem Serageldin, a Credit Suisse executive who was convicted of mismarking bond prices to hide the bank's losses."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Ways a Loan Can Be Modified?","response":"A modification can help you lower the interest rate, extend the loan term, switch from a variable rate to a fixed rate, and move missed payments to the end of the loan term. Any one of these actions could lower your monthly payment amount and make it easier to repay."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Standard Deduction Amounts for 2023 and 2024?","response":"For single taxpayers and those who are married but filing separately, the standard deduction is $13,850 in 2023 and $14,600 in 2024. For heads of households, the standard deduction is $20,800 in 2023 and $21,900 in 2024. For taxpayers who are married and filing jointly, the standard deduction is $27,700 in 2023 and $29,200 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"How Does Compounding Grow Your Principal?","response":"The principal amount of an investment can earn interest, but compounding is when the interest you earn is added back to the principal balance. Effectively, you're earning interest on your interest\u2014compounding your return."}
{"prompts":"Is Novation a New Contract?","response":"Yes, because the old contract is invalidated or \"extinguished\" when the new contract is signed."}
{"prompts":"What does a 30% maintenance requirement mean?","response":"A maintenance requirement of 30% means an investor borrowing on margin must have at least 30% of the total market value of the securities in their margin account at all times.\u00a0 So, if the securities that you borrowed money to buy are valued at $20,000, the maintenance requirement would be $6,000."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Nations With an Absolute Advantage?","response":"A clear example of a nation with an absolute advantage is Saudi Arabia, a country with abundant oil supplies that provide it with an absolute advantage over other nations.Other examples include Colombia and its climate\u2014ideally suited to growing coffee\u2014and Zambia, possessing some of the world\u2019s richest copper mines. For Saudi Arabia to try and grow coffee and Colombia to drill for oil would be an extremely costly and, likely, unproductive undertaking."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Home Appraisal Cost?","response":"On average, a home appraisal can cost anywhere from $300 to $450. The price may be higher for appraisals of multi-family homes or properties that are above average in size. The buyer is most often responsible for paying appraisal fees at the time the appraisal is ordered."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Functions of the World Trade Organization?","response":"The World Trade Organization (WTO) administers the trade agreements made among its member nations. It also mediates any trade disputes that arise."}
{"prompts":"What Activities Promote Sustainability?","response":"Many sustainable businesses seek to reduce their environmental footprint by using renewable energy or by reducing waste. Companies may also be more sustainable by promoting diversity and fairness in their workforce, or enacting policies that benefit the local community."}
{"prompts":"How Did Short Covering Contribute to the GameStop Short Squeeze?","response":"Retail traders noticed a high level of short interest in GameStop and worked together through Reddit trading group WallStreetBets to coordinate frenzied buying in the company\u2019s shares and options. The increased sudden buying pressure forced several hedge funds who had bet against the videogame retailer to promptly cover their large short positions at a significant loss, creating a short squeeze in the stock. The short squeeze was exacerbated by several funds shorting more shares than the available float of shares in the market, making it difficult to cover all their short positions."}
{"prompts":"Do Loan Origination Fees Vary Depending on the Type of Loan?","response":"Yes, loan origination fees can vary depending on the type of loan and the lender's policies. Different loan programs such as conventional mortgages, FHA loans, VA loans, or jumbo loans may have different origination fee structures."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies As an Institutional Investor?","response":"An institutional investor is an entity that makes investments on behalf of someone else. They gather insight and analytical data from Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) providers that help them make informed shareholder decisions. Institutional investor examples include pension funds, mutual funds, insurance companies, university endowments, and sovereign wealth funds."}
{"prompts":"Can Pennant Formations Signal Both Continuation and Reversal Patterns?","response":"Pennant formations are primarily considered continuation patterns, signaling a brief pause before the resumption of the existing trend. However, in certain contexts, they may also act as reversal patterns."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Annuity Fund?","response":"An annuity fund is an investment portfolio in which an annuity holder's payments are invested. It can contain stocks, bonds, and other securities. The annuity fund earns returns, which correlate to the payout that an annuity holder receives."}
{"prompts":"Who Has To Pay a Windfall Tax?","response":"Companies and industrial sectors that can be subject to windfall taxes are those with massive increases in profits, generally due to situations such as wartime, commodities shortages, and other situations and events that drive up prices. Individuals may also be taxed on windfalls, such as those from inheritances or lottery winnings."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Return on an Investment?","response":"Knowing how to calculate the return on an investment (ROI) is crucial for evaluating your investment's performance. ROI gives you a quantitative measure of how well an investment is doing, taking into consideration either gains or losses.The most straightforward way to calculate ROI is using the following formula:ROI = (Final Investment Value - Initial Principal) \/ (Initial Principal) x 100Final Value of Investment: This is the value of the investment at the end of the period you are examining. It includes any profits made and dividends received and subtracts any losses or costs associated with the investment.Initial Principal: This is the original amount you invested.Multiplying by 100: This step converts the ROI into a percentage, making it easier to compare with other investments or rates of return."}
{"prompts":"What Is Sampling Error vs. Sampling Bias?","response":"In statistics, sampling\u00a0means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research.Sampling bias is the expectation, which is known in advance, that a sample won't be representative of the true population. For instance, if the sample ends up having proportionally more women or young people than the overall population.Sampling errors\u00a0are statistical\u00a0errors\u00a0that arise when a\u00a0sample\u00a0does not represent the whole population once analyses have been undertaken."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Fund?","response":"The purpose of a fund is to set aside a certain amount of money for a specific need. An emergency fund is used by individuals and families to use in times of emergency. Investment funds are used by investors to pool capital and generate a return. College funds are usually set up by parents to contribute money to a child's future college education."}
{"prompts":"What Can You Do With Old Bearer Bonds?","response":"If you have old bearer bonds, you can reach out to the U.S. Treasury to redeem the bond. You will need to send the government the bond certificate and coupons via insured mail as well as your address for them to send you a check. You will also need to fill out IRS Form W-9."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Businesses Need an OMS?","response":"Businesses benefit from an OMS by streamlining the order fulfillment process. This can manage everything from point of sale to delivery. Ecommerce sellers can especially benefit from an OMS that can automate logistics, shipment, returns, and interface with platforms like Amazon, eBay, or AliExpress."}
{"prompts":"Are Excess Reserves a Liability?","response":"If there is interest paid on reserves or excess reserves, it is a liability for the central bank because it owes money."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of ERP?","response":"Generally there are three deployment options for ERP systems; Cloud-based, on-premise, and a hybrid of the two. Within these options, a business can choose from hundreds of types such as finance, supply chain management, and human resource management."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Probability and Non-Probability Sampling?","response":"Probability sampling gives researchers the chance to come to stronger conclusions about the entire population that is being studied. It involves the use of random sampling, which means that all of the participants in the group are equally likely to get a chance to be chosen as a representative sample of the entire population. The result is often unbiased.Non-probability sampling, on the other hand, allows researchers to easily collect information. This type of sampling is generally biased as it is unknown which participants will be chosen as a sample."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements to Get Additional Time on the Series 24 Exam?","response":"There is no information on the FINRA website regarding extra time for the Series 24 exam. However, it is designed and structured in a way that exam takers should have plenty of time to answer all the questions and return to ones that they missed or had reservations about."}
{"prompts":"What Is Margin?","response":"In finance, the margin is the collateral that an investor has to deposit with their broker or exchange to cover the credit risk the holder poses for the broker or the exchange. For example, a short position cannot be established without sufficient margin. In the case of short sales, under Regulation T, the Federal Reserve Board requires all short sale accounts to have 150% of the value of the short sale at the time the sale is initiated. The 150% consists of the full value of the short sale proceeds (100%), plus an additional margin requirement of 50% of the value of the short sale."}
{"prompts":"What Coin Does Hyperledger Use?","response":"There is no native coin for Hyperledger. It is a blockchain framework that puts the emphasis on creating enterprise-grade solutions rather than using or creating a particular coin or cryptocurrency."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Goodwill on the Balance Sheet?","response":"Consider the case of a hypothetical investor who purchases a small consumer goods company that is very popular in their local town. Although the company only had net assets of $1 million, the investor agreed to pay $1.2 million for the company, resulting in $200,000 of goodwill being reflected in the balance sheet. In explaining this decision, the investor could point to the strong brand and consumer following of the company as a key justification for the goodwill that they paid. If, however, the value of that brand were to decline, then they may need to write off some or all of that goodwill in the future."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Find the Expected Value of a Stock That Doesn't Pay Dividends?","response":"For non-dividend stocks, analysts often use a multiples approach to come up with expected value. For example. the price-to-earnings (P\/E) ratio is often used and compared to industry peers. So, if the tech industry has an average P\/E of 25x, a tech stock's EV would be 25 times its earnings per share. This is again different than the statistical expected value presented in this article. However, it is another commonly used method for examining a stock's value."}
{"prompts":"What Are General and Administrative (G&A) Expenses?","response":"The G&A of SG&A may be called overhead expenses. A business has many expenses that are not directly related to making or selling a product. Office rent, utilities, and insurance are all costs of doing business. Departments like human resources and information technology support the company but do not take a direct role in product creation."}
{"prompts":"In Addition to Time Decay, When Do Options Traders Lose Money?","response":"Any trader making a directional bet on the underlying asset by buying options can still lose money if the underlying does not move in the desired direction quickly. For example, a bullish trader buys a call option with a strike price of $55 when the current price is $50. The trader will make money if the stock moves above $55\u00a0minus\u00a0the premium paid, but it must do so before the option expires."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Get Cheap Travel Insurance?","response":"Your\u00a0homeowners\u00a0or\u00a0renters insurance\u00a0may provide some protection for personal belongings, and airlines and cruise lines are responsible for loss and damage to your baggage during transport.\u00a0Also, credit cards may provide automatic protection for things like delays and luggage or\u00a0rental car accidents if used for deposits or\u00a0other trip-related expenses."}
{"prompts":"Can Next of Kin Override a Power of Attorney?","response":"No. Next of kin or other family members do not have any legal authority to override or nullify an existing power of attorney."}
{"prompts":"Can Theta Be Positive, and What Would That Mean?","response":"Theta can appear positive, particularly when you\u2019re short (or \u201cwriting\u201d) an option. If you\u2019ve sold an option, the passage of time works in your favor, making the option less valuable\u2014which is good when you eventually buy it back at a lower price or let it expire worthless. In the case of selling options, while the theta of the option itself is still technically negative, the effect on your position is positive."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Sharpe Ratio?","response":"Sharpe ratios above 1 are generally considered \u201cgood,\" offering excess returns relative to volatility. However, investors often compare the Sharpe ratio of a portfolio or fund with those of its peers or market sector. So a portfolio with a Sharpe ratio of 1 might be found lacking if most rivals have ratios above 1.2, for example. A good Sharpe ratio in one context might be just a so-so one, or worse, in another."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Business Write-Off Accounted for Under GAAP?","response":"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) detail the accounting entries required for a write-off. The two most common business accounting methods for write-offs include the direct write-off method and the allowance method. The entries used will usually vary depending on each individual scenario. Three of the most common scenarios for business write-offs include unpaid bank loans, unpaid receivables, and losses on stored inventory."}
{"prompts":"What Defines a Capital Asset?","response":"A capital asset is an asset with future economic benefit often extending beyond one year. Companies and individuals hold capital assets for long-term benefit, and this group of assets is defined by the nature of its long-lasting value, its uniqueness in relation to not being part of a normal course of business, and its often higher dollar value."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Steps in Project Management?","response":"Project management can be broken down into five steps: initiation, planning, execution, monitoring, and closing. These obviously are broad steps, and a project manager's job is to apply them specifically to the project at hand in a way that is most efficient. How those steps are executed can vary depending on the type of project management being used."}
{"prompts":"How Can Management Preempt a Hostile Takeover?","response":"One of the ways to prevent hostile takeovers is to establish stocks with differential voting rights, like establishing a share class with fewer voting rights and a higher dividend. These shares become an attractive investment, making it harder to generate the votes needed for a hostile takeover, especially if management owns a majority of shares with more voting rights."}
{"prompts":"Should I Form a Limited Liability Company or a Sole Proprietorship?","response":"That depends on your business. A sole proprietorship is best suited to small businesses with low risk and low profits. Generally, these businesses don\u2019t have a wide range of customers but rather a small, dedicated group. Sole proprietorships often start as hobbies that grow into a business.The reasons to start a limited liability company (LLC) are the opposite of the reasons above. The business entails some liability risks, has the potential for large profits and a large customer base, and is positioned to benefit from certain tax structures."}
{"prompts":"Who is eligible for stock dividends?","response":"Shareholders who buy or already own a company\u2019s stock before the ex-dividend date will receive dividends on the date of payment.\u00a0A company\u2019s board of directors determines these dates."}
{"prompts":"What Is Central Limit Theorem (CLT)?","response":"In the study of probability theory, the central limit theorem (CLT) states that the distribution of sample approximates a normal distribution (also known as a \u201cbell curve\u201d) as the sample size becomes larger, assuming that all samples are identical in size, and regardless of the population distribution shape. Sample sizes equal to or greater than 30 are considered sufficient for the CLT to predict the characteristics of a population accurately. The z-test's fidelity relies on the CLT holding."}
{"prompts":"Can You Retake the GRE?","response":"Yes, you can retake the GRE. There is no strict limit on how many times you can take the test, but there is a waiting period of 21 days between attempts. You can take the GRE up to five times within any continuous rolling 12-month period."}
{"prompts":"Do I Need Travel Insurance?","response":"You might consider travel insurance if you can't afford to cancel and then rebook an expensive or long trip. You might also consider travel health insurance if your health insurance doesn't cover international costs. An alternative is to book an easily cancellable vacation\u2014look for a pay-later hotel room and car rental options, flexible cancellation terms, and the ability to rebook without a fee."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Creditworthiness Important?","response":"Creditworthiness is very important when you are applying for loans because your creditworthiness determines whether you are approved for the loan and under what terms. The better your credit score and credit history, the better terms you can get on a loan, which means you can save money in the long term."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Price-to-Book (P\/B) Ratio of 1.0 Mean?","response":"A P\/B ratio of 1.0 indicates that the market price of a company\u2019s shares is exactly equal to its book value. For value investors, this may signal a good buy since the market price of a company generally carries some premium over book value."}
{"prompts":"What is meant by underinsurance?","response":"Underinsurance basically refers to a person having insurance coverage but with a policy that won\u2019t pay out enough to cover the full expenses incurred when filing a claim. For example, if Roy has his house insured for $200,000, but the cost to repair it in the event of a bout of bad weather would be at least $300,000, then he is underinsured\u2014in this case, by $100,000."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Knock-in Option?","response":"An example of a knock-in option would be buying one to purchase a company's share for a strike price of $40 with a knock-in price of $50. If the price of the stock does not hit $50, then no option exists. If the price hits $50 then the option is \"activated,\" which creates a regular option with a $40 strike price."}
{"prompts":"Does a Lease-to-Own Agreement Help Build Your Credit?","response":"Lease-to-own agreements are typically not reported to credit bureaus, according to Experian, making them unlikely to appear on your credit report. However, you can always ask your landlord to report your rent payments, thereby helping to raise your credit score. Of course, that cuts both ways\u2014a missed or late payment could end up reducing your credit."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Bank Account Number?","response":"A bank account number is usually eight to 12 digits long, but some account numbers have up to 17 digits. Note that this is not the same as your debit card number or credit card number."}
{"prompts":"How Does Duration Impact a Roll-Down Return Strategy?","response":"Duration plays a significant role in the effectiveness of a roll-down return strategy by impacting the sensitivity of a bond's price to changes in interest rates. Duration influences the bond's price sensitivity and, thus, the potential for capital gains. Investors should ensure their duration exposure aligns with their expectations for interest rates and risk tolerance."}
{"prompts":"What Are Considered Jumbo Loans?","response":"A loan is considered jumbo if the amount of the mortgage exceeds loan-servicing limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac\u2014currently $766,550 in 2024 for a single-family home in all states (except Hawaii, Alaska, and a few federally designated high-cost markets, where the limit is $1,149,825)."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Operating Cash Flow Important?","response":"Operating cash flow is an important benchmark to determine the financial success of a company's core business activities as it measures the amount of cash generated by a company's normal business operations. Operating cash flow indicates whether a company can generate sufficient positive cash flow to maintain and grow its operations, otherwise, it may require external financing for capital expansion."}
{"prompts":"What Is Negative and Positive Convexity?","response":"If a bond's duration increases as yields increase, the bond is said to have negative convexity. The bond price will decline by a greater rate with a rise in yields than if yields had fallen.If a bond's duration rises and yields fall, the bond is said to have positive convexity. As yields fall, bond prices rise by a greater rate or duration."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a CFP\u00ae Cost?","response":"How much a CFP\u00ae costs will depend on your specific needs. On average, a CFP\u00ae charges between $1,800 and $2,500 for preparing a full financial plan. You also should expect $4,000 for a flat-fee retainer or $250 per hour for hourly services."}
{"prompts":"How Have New Industries Used White Papers?","response":"Cryptocurrencies have also been known to publish white papers during initial coin offerings (ICOs) and frequently issued white papers to entice users and \"investors\" to their projects.Bitcoin famously launched a few months after the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto issued its famous white paper online in October 2008."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2022 Trust and Estate Exemption Amounts?","response":"In 2022, a decedent's estate is allowed a $600 exemption, a trust required to distribute all income is allowed a $300 exemption, and a qualified disability trust is allowed a $4,400 exemption. All other trusts are allowed a $100 exemption."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Notch Downgrade?","response":"A notch downgrade is a decrease in the credit rating of a particular bond from a debt issuer. It is expressed in terms of notches, with each notch representing a difference in credit risk. For example, if a bond issuer's credit rating is downgraded from A- to BBB+, the downgrade would be expressed as one notch.A notch downgrade can occur when the creditworthiness of the bond or debt issuer deteriorates. This can be due to a variety of factors, including declining financial performance, increased debt levels, or changes in market conditions that affect the issuer's ability to meet its financial obligations. A notch downgrade can have significant implications for the issuer, as it may make it more difficult for the issuer to access funding in the future and may also lead to an increase in the issuer's borrowing costs. It can also have negative consequences for investors in the issuer's bonds, as a downgrade may indicate an increased risk of default and may lead to a decrease in the value of the bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Happened With Enron's Balance Sheets?","response":"Enron was an American energy, services, and commodity company. The corporation hid millions of dollars of debt and losses that it amassed from a series of failed projects and schemes from investors and analysts by using special purpose vehicles and special purpose entities. These were all kept off the company's balance sheets, thereby misleading board members and investors of these high-risk practices. Investors began losing confidence, which trickled down to Enron's SPVs and SPEs. Enron was forced to declare bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Medicare Part A Cost?","response":"For those who receive benefits from the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund, or Medicare Part A, most people don\u2019t pay a Part A premium because they paid Medicare taxes while they were employed. However, those who don't qualify for free Part A may pay up to $505 each month in 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Are All the Chapters of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code?","response":"There are currently six chapters in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. They are: Chapter 7 (liquidation for individuals or businesses), Chapter 9 (for municipalities), Chapter 11 (reorganization, usually for businesses), Chapter 12 (for family farmers and fishermen), Chapter 13 (reorganization for individuals), and Chapter 15 (international bankruptcies). Of these, Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and Chapter 13 are the most common."}
{"prompts":"Is There a Barry Minkow Movie Being Made?","response":"There was a Barry Minkow movie made in 2011 that was eventually released in 2018, titled Con-Man. During the filming, Barry was arrested and pleaded guilty to insider trading charges. In January of 2022, a docuseries titled King of the Con was released on Discovery+."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Fundamental and Technical Analysis?","response":"Fundamental analysis is a method of evaluating securities by attempting to measure the intrinsic value of a stock. The core assumption of technical analysis, on the other hand, is that all known fundamentals are factored into price; thus, there is no need to pay close attention to them. Technical analysts do not attempt to measure a security's intrinsic value, but instead, use stock charts to identify patterns and trends that might suggest what the security will do in the future."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Create a Stock Watchlist?","response":"Most online trading platforms offer functionality for users to create their own watchlists, allowing them to easily track any security that catches their interest. To create a watchlist, you should first identify your key investment criteria and decide what kinds of investments you are looking for. Then, using a stock screener or similar tool, search for stocks that fit those criteria and add them to your watchlist."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Simple Random Sample Simple?","response":"No easier method exists to extract a research sample from a larger population than simple random sampling.\u00a0Selecting enough subjects completely at random from the larger population also yields a sample that can be representative of the group being studied."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Be a Named Beneficiary?","response":"A named beneficiary is often an individual or a group of people, such as a person' acquaintance or family member. But the beneficiary can also be an estate or a non-profit organization, chosen by the account holder's insurance policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Silent Bank Run?","response":"A silent bank run is when depositors withdraw funds electronically in large volumes without physically entering the\u00a0bank. Silent bank runs are similar to other bank runs, except funds are withdrawn via ACH transfers,\u00a0wire transfers, and other methods that do not require physical withdrawals of cash."}
{"prompts":"How Often Do the Tax Brackets Change?","response":"Tax brackets are set by Congress and enforced by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Changes typically come in the form of legislation like the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which kept seven brackets but lowered the rates that applied to almost every one."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Price Abnormalities Observed on Quadruple Witching?","response":"One interesting quirk is that the price of a security may artificially tend toward a strike price with large open interest as gamma hedging takes place, a process known as pinning the strike. Pinning a strike imposes\u00a0pin risk\u00a0for options traders, where they become uncertain whether or not options with strike prices near the market price will finish in the money and be exercised."}
{"prompts":"When Did Bancassurance Begin?","response":"Bancassurance as we know it today appears to have begun in France in the 1970s (which would account for its seemingly French name). Spain was also an early adopter, in the 1980s. Both of those countries continue to be bancassurance market share leaders."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate an Ex-Ante Interest Rate?","response":"As the name implies, an ex-ante interest rate is one that is determined before the actual interest rate is announced. So if you pay $10 interest on a $100 loan, you're paying 10% in interest. Keep in mind, though, that the ex-ante rate isn't adjusted for inflation. In this case, there is zero inflation."}
{"prompts":"Are Bearer Bonds Illegal in the U.S.?","response":"Yes, bearer bonds were discontinued in the U.S. in 1982 and no new bearer bonds have been issued since and are not allowed to be issued. Bearer bonds from before they were discontinued can still be redeemed with the government."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Costs do Businesses Incur?","response":"In general, business costs can be categorized as fixed vs. variable and direct vs. indirect.Fixed costs are those that do not change, such as rent or insurance payments.Variable costs will change with productivity such as wage labor or energy usage.Direct costs are those involved with production or operations, such as costs of raw materials.Indirect costs include things like overhead, which are not directly related to the business's core operations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Contribution Limits for a Roth IRA?","response":"The contribution limit for a Roth IRA in 2021 and 2022 is $6,000. If you are aged 50 and older, you can contribute an additional $1,000."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if I Don't Agree to an Adhesion Contract?","response":"While you can't make changes to an adhesion contract, if you don't like what it states, you can turn it down and go elsewhere to make your purchase."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Federal Funds Rate Determined?","response":"It is customary for the Federal Open Market Committee to meet eight times annually to determine the federal funds rate. These rates are influenced by economic indicators, such as the core inflation rate and the durable goods orders report, which provide signals about the economic health of the country."}
{"prompts":"What Mathematical Concepts Are Attributed to John Nash Jr.?","response":"Nash is associated with several mathematical concepts, including the Nash-Moser inverse function theorem and the Nash\u2013De Giorgi theorem. But his most famous work is probably the Nash embedding theorems, which the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letter called the \"most original results in geometric analysis.\""}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between trading and investing?","response":"There are two major approaches to the financial markets: trading and investing. While they share some similarities, trading and investing differ in terms of time horizon, risk tolerance, and investment style, as well as approach. Trading is short-term in nature, while investing is long-term in nature. With investing, a more passive approach is taken. Investors will adjust their portfolios occasionally to reflect their long-term goals. Trading is much more active, with the frequent buying and selling of securities."}
{"prompts":"Is Paper Trading Real or Fake?","response":"Paper trading is a way for investors to learn and practice buying and selling stocks and other securities before they start doing so with real money. While it doesn't use real money, paper trading does involve the use of real strategies and tools to get the same results. Keep in mind that there are no real returns and losses realized by the investor."}
{"prompts":"Does the FLSA Cover Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Differently?","response":"The FLSA's minimum wage and record keeping sections apply to both part-time and full-time employees. However, the sections on overtime pay primarily affect full-time employees. Those working over 40 hours per week are more likely to be full-time employees, not part-time workers."}
{"prompts":"What Is a High Price Sensitivity?","response":"High price sensitivity means consumers are especially sensitive to price changes and are likely to spurn a good or service if it suddenly costs more than similar alternatives."}
{"prompts":"How Does Basic Group Term Life Differ From Supplemental Insurance?","response":"Employers provide a basic level of group term life insurance at little or no cost to all eligible employees. Supplemental coverage is optional insurance at work that employees can purchase for an additional premium if they want more coverage for themselves, their spouse, or their children."}
{"prompts":"How Do Offshore Banking Units Ensure Privacy and Confidentiality?","response":"Offshore banking units ensure privacy and confidentiality through strict regulations and robust legal frameworks. Offshore jurisdictions often have stringent penalties for breaching confidentiality, discouraging unauthorized disclosures. However, it's essential to note that privacy should not be confused with secrecy, as offshore banks are required to comply with anti-money laundering regulations and may be obligated to share information with relevant authorities under certain circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Offshore Banking?","response":"Offshore banking describes a relationship that a company or individual has with a financial institution outside the country of their residence. This requires opening a bank account, and making deposits, withdrawals, and transfers from that account\u2014the exact same way you would with a bank account at home."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Harry Markowitz Model?","response":"The Harry Markowitz model is a financial model that is used for portfolio optimization. It helps investors choose the most efficient portfolio out of a wide array of portfolios for a specific set of securities. Markowitz won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1990 along with William F. Sharpe and Merton Miller."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Outcome of a Circular Flow Model?","response":"A circular flow model doesn't necessarily end or have an outcome. Instead, it describes the current position of an economy regarding how its inflows and outflows are used. This information can be used to make changes about the economy. For example, if a country realizes it has deficient national income, it may choose to reduce its imports and scale back certain government programs."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Financial Model Validated?","response":"Errors in financial modeling can cause expensive mistakes. For this reason, a financial model may be sent to an outside party to validate the information it contains. Banks and other financial institutions, project promoters, corporations seeking funds, equity houses, and others may request model validation\u00a0to reassure the end-user that the calculations and assumptions within the model are correct and that the results produced by the model are reliable."}
{"prompts":"How Does BVPS Differ from Market Value Per Share?","response":"While BVPS is calculated using historical costs, the market value per share is a forward-looking metric that takes into account a company's future earning power. An increase in a company\u2019s potential profitability or expected growth rate should increase the market value per share. Essentially, the market price per share is the current price of a single share in a publicly traded stock. Unlike BVPS, market price per share is not fixed as it fluctuates based solely on market forces of supply and demand."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can You Inherit Without Paying Taxes?","response":"The six U.S. states with inheritance taxes provide varying exemptions based on the size of the inheritance and the familial relationship of the heir to the deceased. The federal estate tax exemption exempts $12.92 million over a lifetime in 2023, and $13.61 million over a lifetime as of 2024. There's no income tax on inheritances."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Report a 1035 Exchange on My Tax Return?","response":"A 1035 exchange must be reported on a tax return. If the funds are transferred from institution to institution, the transferring company will issue a 1099-R form, recording the amount transferred and a distribution code of 6\" which denotes a 1035 exchange. Although the transaction is reportable, it is not taxable. If the exchange occurs in-house, the financial institution may not issue a 1099-R."}
{"prompts":"Where Is Microeconomics Used?","response":"Microeconomics has a wide variety of uses. For example, policymakers may use microeconomics to understand the effect of setting a minimum wage or subsidizing production of certain commodities. Businesses may use it to analyze pricing or production choices. Individuals may use it to assess purchasing and spending decisions."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Avoid Paying Back Depreciation Recapture?","response":"Investors can avoid paying tax on depreciation recapture by turning a residential property into a primary residence. In addition, the taxpayer could conduct a 1031 tax-deferred exchange. Also, when an investor passes away, their heirs often receive the property on a stepped-up basis."}
{"prompts":"What Does Ichimoku Mean in English?","response":"In Japanese, \"ichimoku\" translates to \"one look,\" referring to the fact that support and resistance levels can be gauged in just a glance."}
{"prompts":"How is a flexible management system (FMS) set up?","response":"An FMS may be set up in a number of ways. After all, its main lure is its adaptability. One configuration might involve interconnected computer workstations that process the end-to-end creation of a product. This starts with loading\/unloading functions and proceeds to machining and assembly, storing, quality testing, and data processing. The FMS programming can automatically switch from one set of products in a certain amount to another set in a different amount."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Prepare for an IRS Audit?","response":"Although it may seem daunting, an IRS audit shouldn't worry you. The agency routinely conducts audits for corporations and individuals\u2014some randomly while others are flagged because of certain types of income, credits, and deductions. The best way to prepare for an audit is to keep your tax records, including any receipts and tax documents, in a location that's easily accessible for up to three years."}
{"prompts":"Why Are They Called 'Cottage Industries?'","response":"Cottage industries may be the original remote work system. Before the Industrial Revolution, they opened a way for people living in rural areas to make a living doing labor-intensive jobs like spinning wool, tanning leather, and sewing clothing. In modern terminology, they were often subcontractors, finishing goods and sending them on to businesses that packaged them for shipment to suppliers and retailers.In Europe and America, this work really was mostly done in cottages, primarily by women who did not have access to other trades and professions."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Unused Pell Grant Money?","response":"Generally, your school will first apply the money from your Pell Grant and other aid, such as loans, toward your tuition, fees, and room and board. If there's anything left over in your account after that (often referred to as a \"credit balance\"), the school is required to pay it to you within 14 days, unless you've authorized the school to apply it toward your future bills. These federal funds are typically disbursed each school term or at least twice a year."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Objective of Investing in a Natural Gas ETF?","response":"The objective of investing in a natural gas ETF is to gain exposure to the natural gas market. Investors may seek to profit from price movements, hedge against natural gas price changes, or diversify their investment portfolios."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Disadvantages of Living Trusts?","response":"The downsides of trusts, aside from their cost, will depend on whether it is a revocable or irrevocable trust\u2014each of which serves its own purpose. A revocable trust is not sheltered from tax authorities or creditors, which limits its usefulness as a way to protect assets while one is still alive. An irrevocable trust involves forfeiting all ownership and control of the assets put inside of it, along with very little flexibility in how the trust can be directed after it is established."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of the Least Squares Method?","response":"Consider the case of an investor considering whether to invest in a gold mining company. The investor might wish to know how sensitive the company\u2019s stock price is to changes in the market price of gold. To study this, the investor could use the least squares method to trace the relationship between those two variables over time onto a scatter plot. This analysis could help the investor predict the degree to which the stock\u2019s price would likely rise or fall for any given increase or decrease in the price of gold."}
{"prompts":"Do Compensatory Damages Include Emotional Distress?","response":"Compensatory damages can refer to emotional distress, including mental anguish and loss of enjoyment of life."}
{"prompts":"Is Bitcoin Banned in South Korea?","response":"No, owning and trading bitcoin on regulated exchanges is legal in South Korea."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Start a REIG?","response":"Before starting, do thorough research and make sure it's feasible for you. Consult real estate professionals or others who operate REIGs to get an understanding of what's involved and what to expect. Create a plan on how you want your REIG to operate\u2014including rules, fees, and meetings\u2014and what types of real estate you want to invest in. Then solicit members, including those who are experienced and skilled in real estate investments. Once the group is formed, market to investors."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Jewelry Floater Cover?","response":"Jewelry floaters typically cover a broader range of damage to your jewelry than homeowners insurance would. For example, a jewelry floater may cover:Accidental lossTheft, both at home and away from homeDamage to the jewelry, such as broken prongs or clasps"}
{"prompts":"What Time Is NAVPS Declared?","response":"The NAVPS values of mutual funds are declared daily after the close of the U.S. stock market at 4 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST). There is no set deadline when a mutual fund must update and submit its NAVPS to regulatory agencies. Typically, the NAVPS is declared between 4 p.m. and 6 p.m. EST. For more on this topic, read When Do Mutual Funds Update Their Prices?"}
{"prompts":"When Would You Use Stratified Random Sampling?","response":"Stratified random sampling is often used when researchers\u00a0want to know about different subgroups or strata based on the entire population being studied\u2014for instance, if one is interested in differences among groups based on race, gender, or education."}
{"prompts":"Are Restructuring Charges Always Made When a Company's in Trouble?","response":"Not always. They're made when a company feels that a reorganization is necessary for its financial well-being, which can be for a variety of reasons. For instance, they can occur when high demand for a company's products requires it to add more production space and employees. But they also can occur when a slow economy has depressed consumer spending and a company must shut down a plant to save money."}
{"prompts":"What Is MACD DEMA?","response":"The moving average convergence\/divergence (MACD) is an indicator that seeks to add greater insight to the moving average by determining the relative momentum of the price movement. The MACD is calculated by subtracting the 26-period EMA from the 12-period EMA. The result may help a trader determine whether a price trend appears to be gaining or losing strength. Some traders use MACD in combination with the DEMA rather than with a standard moving average."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Value Investment?","response":"Value investing is an investment philosophy that involves purchasing assets at a discount to their intrinsic value. This is also known as a security\u2019s margin of safety. Benjamin Graham, known as the father of value investing, first established this term with his landmark book, The Intelligent Investor, in 1949. Notable proponents of value investors include Warren Buffett, Seth Klarman, Mohnish Pabrai, and Joel Greenblatt."}
{"prompts":"How Is Gray Box Testing Used in Cybersecurity?","response":"Gray box testing can be used to see what kind of access a user has when signing into a website or app, and therefore, how easy or difficult it might be for someone to hack into the site with similar credentials, or without any credentials."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Main Components of Personal Finance?","response":"The five main components are income, spending, savings, investing, and protection."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Cost of Equity?","response":"The cost of equity is the return that a company must realize in exchange for a given investment or project. When a company decides whether it takes on new financing, for instance, the cost of equity determines the return that the company must achieve to warrant the new initiative. Companies typically undergo two ways to raise funds: through debt or equity. Each has differing costs and rates of return."}
{"prompts":"How Is the FHA UFMI Premium Calculated?","response":"The UFMI premium the FHA requires on a mortgage is 1.75% of the loan amount. So, if the initial loan is $200,000, 1.75% of that amount would be $3,500. The mortgage amount would thus become $203,500 with the UFMI premium included."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Accredited Investor?","response":"An accredited investor\u2014usually described as a sophisticated investor. They are someone with enough experience or wealth to make certain risky investments that are not available or permitted to the general public. In the United States, an accredited investor must have a net worth of over $1 million, excluding the value of their primary residence."}
{"prompts":"What Is Development Economics Used for?","response":"Development economics is the study of how emerging nations become more financially stable. It can be used as a tool for\u00a0students and economists working to develop policies that can be used in creating domestic and international policy."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Owners' Equivalent Rent?","response":"Owners' equivalent rent (OER) is calculated using a monthly survey of consumers living in a unit. The survey poses the question of how much the owner would pay to rent their home rather than own it."}
{"prompts":"What does it mean for a derivative warrant to be dilutive?","response":"A derivative warrant is dilutive because it dilutes or reduces each other shareholder's ownership in the issuing company. If you hold a warrant allowing you to buy 1 share in a company that currently has 10 shares outstanding and you exercise it, the number of shares outstanding will increase to 11. You'll gain ownership while each other shareholder will lose a percentage of their stake in the company."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Sector of the Economy?","response":"The tertiary sector is the largest sector in the United States since the service industry represents the largest share of economic activity."}
{"prompts":"Why Did Bill Gross Resign From PIMCO?","response":"Bill Gross clashed with PIMCO's management, including Chief Executive Officer Mohamed El-Erian, and was known for his outbursts and boasts. Tensions allegedly forced Gross to resign in September 2014, when he left PIMCO for Janus."}
{"prompts":"Does China Still Have the One-Child Policy?","response":"No. China reverted to a two-child policy after its one-child policy ended in 2015, and the restrictions were gradually loosened before its official end."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction?","response":"Tax credits and tax deductions both reduce the amount of tax you owe, but they work in different ways. Tax credits directly lower the amount of tax you owe, while tax deductions decrease your taxable income.Say you're eligible for a $1,000 tax credit and a $1,000 tax deduction. The tax credit reduces your tax bill by $1,000. So, if you owed $1,500 in taxes and then took a $1,000 credit, your tax bill would be $500 ($1,500 - $1,000). On the other hand, the tax deduction reduces your taxable income by $1,000. So, if you fall into the 22% tax bracket, the $1,000 deduction would save you $220 ($1,000 \u00d7 22%). Tax credits are more favorable because they save you more money than tax deductions."}
{"prompts":"How Is Solvency Determined?","response":"There are several ways to figure a company's solvency ratio, but one of the most basic formulas is to subtract their liabilities from their assets. If there is still value after the liabilities have been subtracted, the company is considered solvent."}
{"prompts":"Is Paper Money Fiat Money?","response":"Yes, paper money is fiat money. Fiat money is any money that is considered legal tender. Paper money and coins are legal tender."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Goal of BRICS?","response":"The overarching goals of BRICS are cooperation, development, and influence in international affairs. Drilling down, BRICS seeks to build economic cooperation, development financing, political coordination, social and cultural exchanges, technology and innovation, sustainable development, and peace and security."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of a Money Market Account?","response":"Some disadvantages of a money market account include a lower yield than some other investment accounts, possible limits on the number of transactions allowed in a certain period, and minimum account balances."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Investors in a Business?","response":"The three types of investors in a business are pre-investors, passive investors, and active investors. Pre-investors are those that are not professional investors. These include friends and family that are able to commit a small amount of capital towards your business. Passive investors are those that are professional investors that commit capital but do not play an active role in managing the business. An example would be angel investors. Active investors are those that commit capital but are also actively involved in the business. They make decisions on strategy, senior management, and more. Examples include venture capitalists and private equity firms."}
{"prompts":"How Old Is Alan Greenspan?","response":"Alan Greenspan was born on March 6, 1926, making him 97 years old as of October 2023."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Time Value of Money Important?","response":"The concept of the time value of money can help guide investment decisions. For instance, suppose an investor can choose between two projects: Project A and Project B. They are identical except that Project A promises a $1 million cash payout in year one, whereas Project B offers a $1 million cash payout in year five. The payouts are not equal. The $1 million payout received after one year has a higher present value than the $1 million payout after five years."}
{"prompts":"Can Owner Financing Be Transferred to a Third Party?","response":"In some cases, owner financing can be transferred to a third party, subject to the terms of the original agreement and approval from the seller."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Negotiable Check?","response":"A non-negotiable check has no monetary value. It is essentially a paper receipt provided to a payee as a record of payment.Non-negotiable checks are typically given to employees whose paychecks are automatically deposited."}
{"prompts":"What Are LME Warehouse and Stock Reports?","response":"The LME regularly publishes a number of reports on its website which include opening and closing stocks, stock movements, wait times, and canceled and live warrants across locations and metals. Check the LME's website for the latest warehouse and stock reports."}
{"prompts":"Is Inflation Good or Bad?","response":"Too much inflation is generally considered bad for an economy, while too little inflation is also considered harmful. Many economists advocate for a middle ground of low to moderate inflation, of around 2% per year.Generally speaking, higher inflation harms savers because it erodes the purchasing power of the money they have saved; however, it can benefit borrowers because the inflation-adjusted value of their outstanding debts shrinks over time."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Compute Amortization of Intangibles?","response":"There are several ways to calculate the amortization of intangibles. The most common way to do so is by using the straight line method, which involves expensing the asset over a period of time. Amortization is calculated by taking the difference between the cost of the asset and its anticipated salvage or book value and dividing that figure by the total number of years it will be used."}
{"prompts":"How Are Stocks Evaluated for Inclusion in the Russell 3000?","response":"FTSE Russell calculates the total market capitalization of each stock to determine whether it is large enough to include in the Russell indices. Total market capitalization is determined by multiplying total outstanding shares by the market price as of the rank day for stocks considered at annual reconstitution."}
{"prompts":"Why Is SWOT Analysis Used?","response":"A SWOT analysis is used to strategically identify areas of improvement or competitive advantages for a company. In addition to analyzing thing that a company does well, SWOT analysis takes a look at more detrimental, negative elements of a business. Using this information, a company can make smarter decisions to preserve what it does well, capitalize on its strengths, mitigate risk regarding weaknesses, and plan for events that may adversely affect the company in the future."}
{"prompts":"Who Came Up With the Triple Bottom Line?","response":"The triple bottom line was conceived by\u00a0entrepreneur and business writer John Elkington\u00a0in 1994 while at the think tank SustainAbility, and it was later incorporated into the oil company Shell's first sustainability report in 1997. As interest in sustainable investing has grown, the need for a transparent and consistent measurement framework led to the creation of the non-profit Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB)."}
{"prompts":"Who Does the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA) Protect?","response":"The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA)\u00a0is intended to protect consumers who are seeking to become eligible for a mortgage loan. However, RESPA does not protect all types of loans. Loans secured by real estate for a business or agricultural purpose are not covered by RESPA."}
{"prompts":"Can Vertical Mergers Benefit Small Businesses?","response":"Vertical mergers can have mixed effects on small businesses. On one hand, small businesses may benefit from increased access to distribution channels or improved relationships with larger vertically integrated companies. However, vertical mergers can also create challenges if small businesses face increased competition or encounter barriers to accessing certain markets controlled by the merged entity."}
{"prompts":"Do You Pay Taxes on LEAPS?","response":"Yes, when LEAPS are sold at a profit, the gain is taxable. If the LEAP contract was held for at least one year and one day, the taxpayer will be taxed at the long-term capital gain rate. If the contract was held for shorter, the taxpayer will be taxed at a short-term capital gain rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Aggregate Demand?","response":"Aggregate demand is the term used to describe the total demand for all finished goods and services in the market during a certain time. This figure is commonly expressed as a dollar figure\u2014notably the prices at which consumers pay for finished products. Aggregate demand is calculated by adding together consumption spending, government spending, investment spending, and a country's net exports."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Show Interpersonal Skills?","response":"You show interpersonal skills by the way you behave toward other people. Someone with good interpersonal skills will be supportive, kind, empathetic, patient, and respectful in the way they work with colleagues. Typically, they'll be a pleasure to be around."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Average Salary of a CFO?","response":"The average salary of a CFO as of Jan. 2024 is roughly $437,711 a year, according to Salary.com."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Estoppel?","response":"Estoppel comes in many different forms. Some are more common while others are lesser known. They include equitable estoppel, promissory estoppel, collateral estoppel, and estoppel by deed. Others include estoppel by record, estoppel by deed, laches, estoppel by silence, and reliance-based estoppel."}
{"prompts":"How Is Net Margin Different from Other Profit Margin Measures?","response":"Net profit margin takes into account all costs involved in a sale, making it the most comprehensive and conservative measure of profitability. Gross margin, on the other hand, simply looks at the costs of goods sold (COGS) and ignores things such as overhead, fixed costs, interest expenses, and taxes. Operating margin further takes into account all operating costs but still excludes any nonoperating costs."}
{"prompts":"Can Anybody Get a Mortgage?","response":"Mortgage lenders will need to approve prospective borrowers through an application and underwriting process. Home loans are only provided to those who have sufficient assets and income relative to their debts to practically carry the value of a home over time. A person\u2019s credit score is also evaluated when making the decision to extend a mortgage. The interest rate on the mortgage also varies, with riskier borrowers receiving higher interest rates.Mortgages are offered by a variety of sources. Banks and credit unions often provide home loans. There are also specialized mortgage companies that deal only with home loans. You may also employ an unaffiliated mortgage broker to help you shop around for the best rate among different lenders."}
{"prompts":"Can You Cancel Life Insurance Policy at Any Time?","response":"You can cancel a life insurance policy at any time. However, if you cancel a policy after your free look period ends, you will not have your premium refunded although you can receive your cash value in a lump sum, minus any fees."}
{"prompts":"Does the U.S. Dollar's Global Role Depend on Its Use to Settle Oil Sales?","response":"No, the U.S. dollar is used to settle oil sales because of its wide global acceptance. That acceptance makes it easier for oil exporters to invest the export proceeds."}
{"prompts":"How Are Production Costs Determined?","response":"For an expense to qualify as a production cost it must be directly connected to generating revenue for the company. Manufacturers carry production costs related to the raw materials and labor needed to create their products. Service industries carry production costs related to the labor required to implement and deliver their service. Royalties owed by natural resource-extraction companies also are treated as production costs, as are taxes levied by the government."}
{"prompts":"What Information Is Needed for a Telegraphic Transfer (TT)?","response":"The most pertinent information required for the telegraphic transfer is the account numbers and routing numbers of the parties and the financial institutions involved. Then there is the amount of money being transferred and the bank or non-bank transfer provider, such as Western Union, that is chosen to actually carry out the transaction (though, strictly speaking, TTs are carried out between two banks and don't involve third parties). Other details may also be required for security purposes and to confirm the identity of the sender."}
{"prompts":"How Are Cash Equivalents Used?","response":"If a company has excess cash on hand, it might invest it in a cash equivalent called a money market fund. This fund is a collection of short-term investments (i.e., generally, with maturities of six months or less) that earns a higher yield than money in a bank account. When the company decides it needs cash, it sells a portion of its money market fund holdings and transfers the proceeds to its operating account."}
{"prompts":"What Technical Indicators Can Be Used to Spot Whipsaws?","response":"Certain technical indicators are useful in identifying a whipsawing market. Envelopes, momentum indicators, parabolic SAR, and the vortex indicator are some good examples."}
{"prompts":"How Do Leveraged and Inverse ETPs Work?","response":"Leveraged ETPs seek to magnify the returns of an underlying index or asset class using financial derivatives and debt. Inverse ETPs, on the other hand, aim to provide the opposite (inverse) performance of the underlying index. These ETPs are designed for sophisticated investors seeking to capitalize on short-term market movements, often contrasting how the ETF is naturally moving."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered by Uninsured Motorist Insurance?","response":"UM coverage has two parts: bodily injury and property damage. UM bodily injury typically pays for medical expenses for you and your passengers, and may also pay for lost wages. UM property damage generally pays to repair or replace your car and other items damaged by the accident. The exact coverage terms depend on your state laws and insurance policy, so make sure to read the fine print."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Apply for TSA PreCheck?","response":"First, submit a short online application via the TSA's PreCheck website, then schedule an in-person interview at an enrollment center. Enrollment centers are located by zip code or address search."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Profitability Ratios Significant?","response":"They're significant because they can indicate the ability to make regular profits (after accounting for costs), and how well a company manages investments for a return for shareholders. They can reflect management's ability to achieve these two goals, as well as the company's overall financial well-being."}
{"prompts":"Is Coinbase Pro Being Phased Out?","response":"Coinbase Pro was rebranded in 2022, becoming Coinbase Advanced Trade. It offers the same services as Coinbase Pro."}
{"prompts":"How Did the EMS Evolve Over Time?","response":"Over time, the EMS underwent several changes. The most significant change was the transition from the EMS to the European Economic and Monetary Union with the introduction of the euro in 1999. This marked a culmination of efforts to establish a single currency for the eurozone."}
{"prompts":"What is an example of an asset-backed security (ABS)?","response":"A\u00a0collateralized debt obligation (CDO) is an example of an asset-based security (ABS). It is like a loan or bond, one backed by a portfolio of debt instruments\u2014bank loans, mortgages, credit card receivables, aircraft leases, smaller bonds, and sometimes even other ABSs or CDOs. This portfolio acts as collateral for the interest generated by the CDO, which is reaped by the institutional investors who purchase it."}
{"prompts":"Does the IRS Need to Know About Related-Party Transactions?","response":"Yes. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examines related-party transactions for any conflicts of interest. If it finds conflicts, the IRS will not allow any tax benefits claimed from the transaction. In particular, the IRS often scrutinizes property sales between related parties and deductible payments between related parties.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What's a Commodity Trading Advisor?","response":"A commodity trading advisor, or CTA, is a person or firm that advises clients in the use of derivatives as investments. CTAs are required to be registered by the National Futures Association, the industry's independent, self-regulatory organization."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is the GRE?","response":"The total testing time for the GRE is approximately 3 hours and 45 minutes, including time for breaks and instructions. The individual sections' durations vary, with Verbal and Quantitative sections lasting around 1 hour each, and Analytical Writing taking about 1 hour."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does Wharton's MBA Cost?","response":"The first-year of Wharton's MBA program costs $124,476, which includes tuition and fees, room and board, books and supplies, and health insurance. Second-year costs are $122,476."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Collateralized Loan Obligation (CLO)?","response":"A Collateralized Loan Obligation (CLO) is a type of security that allows investors to purchase an interest in a diversified portfolio of company loans. The company selling the CLO will purchase a large number of corporate loans from borrowers such as private companies and private equity firms, and will then package those loans into a single CLO security. The CLO is then sold off to investors in a variety of pieces, called \u201ctranches\u201d, with each tranche offering its own risk-reward characteristics."}
{"prompts":"Is Binance Banned in the U.S.?","response":"Binance is not banned in the U.S. However, on May 13, 2021, Bloomberg reported that Binance Holdings is under investigation by the Justice Department and Internal Revenue Service. According to the report, laundering and tax sleuths have probed individuals with insight into Binance's business.\u201cWe take our legal obligations very seriously and engage with regulators and law enforcement in a collaborative fashion,\u201d Binance spokeswoman Jessica Jung said. \u201cWe have worked hard to build a robust compliance program that incorporates anti-money laundering principles and tools used by financial institutions to detect and address suspicious activity.\u201dBinance is incorporated in the Cayman Islands."}
{"prompts":"What is a qualified charitable organization?","response":"A qualified charitable organization must be a nonprofit entity that meets the requirements of the U.S. Treasury under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 1040-X Form Used for?","response":"The 1040-X allows a taxpayer to amend or correct a previously filed tax return. If you forgot to claim a credit or record a deduction, this is the form to use. If you made a mathematical error, forget about it. The IRS always runs the numbers and corrects that kind of error."}
{"prompts":"Is a High HDI Good or Bad?","response":"The higher the HDI, the better. A high HDI essentially means that the country in question offers a generally high standard of living, with decent healthcare, education, and opportunities to earn money."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Improve Your Cash Management?","response":"There are a number of ways an individual or business can improve their cash management. Some of these steps include improving their accounts receivables (increasing income, encouraging clients to pay early\/on time), investing excess cash, seeking out better financing rates on debt, safeguarding bank accounts to prevent fraud, and implementing better accounts payable processes."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Pay FICA?","response":"Yes. The Federal Insurance Contributions Act, or FICA, requires that wage earners contribute a portion of their earnings to fund the Social Security and Medicare programs. Ultimately, you'll be entitled to what's referred to as earned benefits. You paid for them and they're owed to you."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Transactions Are Conducted Through Vostro Accounts?","response":"Vostro accounts facilitate a range of transactions including fund transfers, foreign currency exchanges, trade settlements, payment processing, and collection of local currency funds on behalf of the respondent bank's customers."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Additional Paid-in Capital?","response":"The APIC\u00a0formula\u00a0is APIC = (Issue Price \u2013 Par Value) x Number of Shares Acquired by Investors."}
{"prompts":"Why Was the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) Terminated?","response":"Members of Congress became concerned when a significant number of FmHA loans defaulted and, in 1992, directed\u00a0the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) to conduct a study. \u00a0It found a multitude of problems related to weak lending practices. In 1994, the FmHA was terminated and its functions transferred to the Farm Service Agency at the USDA, and in the years that followed, to USDA Rural Development.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Origin of the Term \u2018Grandfather Clause\u2019?","response":"The term \u201cgrandfather clause\u201d was coined to describe laws put in place in the South after the U.S. Civil War to prevent African Americans from voting. New laws governing who could and could not vote were implemented that required literacy tests, owning property, and the payment of poll taxes. However, anyone whose grandfather had had the right to vote was exempt from these new laws, hence the name. As slaves were considered property and thus could not vote, it ensured that all African Americans would be subject to the new voting restrictions, while most White Americans would not."}
{"prompts":"How Is TSR Measured?","response":"TSR, short for total shareholder return, measures the appreciation in the price of a stock's shares, plus the total sum paid in dividends per share, over a specific time period."}
{"prompts":"How Does Keynesian Economics Differ From Classical Economics?","response":"According to Keynes, classical economics held that swings in employment and economic output create profit opportunities that individuals and entrepreneurs have an incentive to pursue, eventually correcting imbalances in the economy. In contrast, Keynes argued that, during recessions, business pessimism and certain characteristics of market economies would exacerbate economic weakness and cause aggregate demand to plunge further. Keynesian economics holds that, during periods of economic woe, governments should undertake deficit spending to make up for the decline in investment and boost consumer spending to stabilize aggregate demand."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Real Estate Agent Do?","response":"A real estate agent juggles various tasks, like property appraisals, negotiations, and administrative duties while also meeting with clients. Their research typically involves studying market trends, property values, local zoning laws, neighborhood features, and marketing strategies. They also keep abreast of the latest real estate laws and regulations."}
{"prompts":"What is the difference between MBO and management by exception (MBE)?","response":"In management by exception (MBE), management only addresses instances where objectives or standards are transgressed. Thus, workers are left alone until and unless proficiency is not met."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Companies Accumulate War Chests?","response":"War chests are sizable funds set aside by a company. These are useful for making large investments or purchases when opportunities arise or can serve as a buffer against economic downturns. By having a war chest, a company can wait until the time is right and jump on such opportunities. Having a large war chest can also be used as a defense against a hostile takeover."}
{"prompts":"What Is Requisition Reconciliation in Accounting?","response":"Requisition reconciliation in accounting is the process by which two sets of records are compared for accuracy, completeness, and consistency. The comparison will help identify and explain discrepancies. Under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), the required double-entry accounting method helps to pinpoint when and where errors exist."}
{"prompts":"Why Use Basis Points Versus Percentages?","response":"The reason that traders use basis points to express changes in value or rate is because it can be clearer and prevent any ambiguity. This can help expedite communications and avoid trading mistakes. Since the values of financial instruments are often highly sensitive to even small changes in underlying interest rates, ensuring clarity can be very important for traders."}
{"prompts":"Can Joint Tenants Add New Co-Owners to the Property?","response":"Generally, joint tenancy requires all joint tenants to acquire their interests at the same time. Adding new co-owners after the initial purchase would likely create a tenancy in common instead of a joint tenancy. However, joint tenants can sell or transfer their shares, and new co-owners can be added through this process."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Independent T-Test?","response":"The samples of independent t-tests are selected independent of each other where the data sets in the two groups don\u2019t refer to the same values. They may include a group of 100 randomly unrelated patients split into two groups of 50 patients each. One of the groups becomes the control group and is administered a placebo, while the other group receives a prescribed treatment. This constitutes two independent sample groups that are unpaired and unrelated to each other."}
{"prompts":"What Makes FAANG Stocks So Popular?","response":"The five stocks that make up the \u201cFAANG\u201d acronym\u2014Meta (META), Amazon (AMZN), Apple (AAPL), Netflix (NFLX), and Alphabet (GOOG)\u2014are all well-known brands among consumers. But they are also famous for their remarkable growth in recent years, with market capitalizations ranging from $166 billion (in the case of Netflix) to $2.7 trillion (in the case of Apple), as of Q1 2022. From an investment perspective, these five stocks are generally praised for their stellar historical track records and clear leadership positions within their industries."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Options Contract and a Right of First Refusal?","response":"An options contract is an agreement between futures traders, where the contract buyer purchases the right but not the obligation to exercise the transaction. A right of first refusal is the right but not the obligation to match an offer on an asset and purchase it."}
{"prompts":"How Hard Is It to Get Into Wharton Grad School?","response":"Wharton's MBA program is extremely difficult to get into. The school receives between 6,000 and 7,000 applicants a year and accepts approximately 1,000 of those."}
{"prompts":"What Is Included in Housing Expenses?","response":"Lenders will typically include in your monthly mortgage payment, property taxes, homeowners insurance premiums, and homeowners association fees, if any, in your housing expenses. Some lenders may include your utilities, too, but this would generally be categorized as contributing to your total debts."}
{"prompts":"Why Is IFRS Important?","response":"IFRS fosters transparency and trust in the global financial markets and the companies that list their shares on them. If such standards did not exist, investors would be more reluctant to believe the financial statements and other information presented to them by companies. Without that trust, we might see fewer transactions and a less robust economy.IFRS also helps investors analyze companies by making it easier to perform \u201capples to apples\u201d comparisons between one company and another and for fundamental analysis of a company's performance."}
{"prompts":"Who Counts as Immediate Family for a Green Card?","response":"A U.S. citizen can petition for members of their immediate family to receive permanent resident (\"green card\") status. For these purposes, the immediate family is defined as one's spouse, a child who is unmarried and less than 21 years old, or a parent (if the applying citizen is over 21 years old). Older children, married children, siblings, half-siblings and adoptive siblings are also eligible, although they may face longer wait times."}
{"prompts":"Are Balloon Payments a Good Idea for a Car Purchase?","response":"A balloon payment may be suitable for borrowers who are in urgent need of a car but are unprepared to deal with a large monthly payment.In such cases, the borrower will probably pay a higher interest rate than is charged on a conventional car loan.Most importantly, the borrower must keep an eye on that looming balloon payment at the end of the loan term and be ready to pay it."}
{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Upstream Companies?","response":"The upstream sector involves companies that search for deposits of oil or gas (exploration) and then its extraction through drilling or other methods. Upstream also includes related services companies such as those dealing in rig operations, feasibility studies, machinery rental, and extraction of chemical supply."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Caveat Emptor and Uberrimae Fidei?","response":"Uberrimae fidei and caveat emptor are two completely opposing principles: two sides of the coin. While uberrimae fidei implies \"utmost good faith,\" where both parties disclose all information, caveat emptor implies \"buyer beware,\" where all material information is not disclosed and the risk is unknown to the buyer who is solely responsible for uncovering any risks."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Quantum Computer Cost?","response":"A quantum computer cost billions to build. However, in 2020, China-based Shenzhen SpinQ Technology planned to sell a $5,000 desktop quantum computer to consumers for schools and colleges. The previous year, it had began selling a quantum computer for $50,000."}
{"prompts":"What Is Indifference Curve Analysis?","response":"Indifference curve analysis operates on a simple two-dimensional graph. Each axis represents one type of economic good. The consumer is indifferent between any of the combinations of goods represented by points on the indifference curve because these combinations provide the same level of utility to the consumer. Indifference curves are heuristic devices used in contemporary microeconomics to demonstrate consumer preference and the limitations of a budget."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Monetary Base Formula?","response":"The formula to calculate a country's monetary base is by adding together the currency in circulation and its reserves or MB = CC + R. So if there's a $1 billion worth of currency in circulation and $2 billion in reserves, the monetary base is $3 billion."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Last Mile in Terms of Internet Service?","response":"In Internet\u00a0industries, the last mile refers to the final leg of the\u00a0telecommunications networks\u00a0that deliver telecommunication services to customers. It is the portion of the telecommunications network chain that physically reaches the customer's premises."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Code of Ethics in Business?","response":"A code of ethics in business is a set of guiding principles to inform how decisions are made across an organization. In this way, it informs not only employees, but also customers, business partners, suppliers, or investors about how the company conducts business. Companies will use a code of ethics to state the values they consider important and the way in which these guide their operations."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Venture Capital Important?","response":"New businesses are often highly risky and cost-intensive ventures. As a result, external capital is often sought to spread the risk of failure. In return for taking on this risk through investment, investors in new companies can obtain equity and voting rights for cents on the potential dollar. Venture capital, therefore, allows startups to get off the ground and founders to fulfill their vision."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Show a Promotion on a Resume?","response":"You can show a promotion on a resume by listing it as a separate line item above your previous job. Your goal should be to demonstrate that you had escalating responsibility while working for a single company; this is often done by listing each role on a different line to clearly show job growth."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Traders Need an OMS?","response":"An OMS helps traders enter and execute orders, from the simple to the complex, more efficiently. This lowers transaction costs, helps gain best execution, and reduces errors. It also reports fills, books trades, and updates one\u2019s positions or portfolio. Some OMSs can also automate trading strategies or risk-mitigating measures such as stop-losses and trailing stops."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should I Rebalance?","response":"That depends on your investment goals, risk tolerance, and financial needs. For example, long-term investors who take a buy and hold approach to the markets might consider reviewing their allocations once a year with their financial advisors to see if rebalancing is warranted. Other investors with shorter-term goals may wish to rebalance more frequently to be sure they stay on track to meet those goals."}
{"prompts":"Which Nation Has a Very Low PDI?","response":"Denmark scores an 18 on the PDI scale. \"Danes do not lead,\" the summary states, \"they coach and employee autonomy is required.\" Danes have a highly egalitarian mind-set and expect to be consulted, not ordered around."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Iran\u2019s Rial So Weak?","response":"The Iranian rial is weak primarily because of the political instability of Iran. The country operates an authoritarian regime that is unpopular amongst many of its citizens. It also has been accused of supporting terrorism, which has resulted in strict economic sanctions on the country, which has decimated its economy. Furthermore, the country depends heavily on oil. With sanctions, the country has difficulty selling its oil globally. Furthermore, when the price of oil drops, Iran's economy is hit hard."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Typical Commission for Options Trades?","response":"Many brokers charge a fixed commission plus a per-contract fee for options trades. This could be something like $5.95 + $1.00 per contract (so, the total fee on a 10-lot trade would be $5.95 + $10 = $15.95). The exact commission structure will vary based on your broker and the level of trading that you do with them. For example, E\u2022TRADE charges $0.65 per contract but reduces it to $0.50 per contract for accounts with more than 30 trades in a month."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between DAP and DDP?","response":"DAP and DDP are two Incoterms used in international trade. Under DAP or delivered-at-place, the buyer and seller share some of the responsibilities of the shipment of goods. The seller loads and ships goods to the buyer. They also bear the cost of transport and must pay for any losses that may result en route. Once the goods arrive at the destination, the buyer assumes control. This means they are responsible for any taxes, duties, or fees, and for unloading the cargo.DDP or delivered duty paid works a little differently. Under this rule, the seller takes on all of the risk, responsibility, and costs associated with transport. This includes the cost of shipping, insurance, duties (import and export), and any other agreed-upon expenses with the buyer."}
{"prompts":"Is Mercantilism Still Used Today?","response":"Yes, to some extent it exists in certain countries whose governments seek to maintain control over property ownership, trade, and the creation of wealth."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Report Distributions From a 409A Plan?","response":"Distributions from a 409A Plan are income that you previously earned but did not receive until you took the distribution. This means that they will be reported by your employer on a W-2 form, which you should receive, even if you are no longer an employee at that company. It may also be reported on form 1099-MISC."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Role of a Non-Executive Director?","response":"A non-executive director is an individual appointed to a company's board of directors. They are not employed by the company but act as independent advisors or directors to help the company achieve its goals. They are involved in policymaking and planning exercises and routinely monitor the company's executive directors to ensure they act in the interest of corporate stakeholders."}
{"prompts":"What's Purchasing Power?","response":"Purchasing power refers to how much you can buy with your money. As prices rise, your money can buy less. As prices drop, your money can buy more."}
{"prompts":"Can Freemium Lead to a Loss of Income?","response":"Theoretically, businesses with freemium models can lose money if their conversion rate to premium users is too low."}
{"prompts":"What Do National Insurance Contributions Fund?","response":"National Insurance contributions made by employees in the United Kingdom are used to fund various social benefit programs. These include the country's pension system, unemployment benefits, and sickness benefits, among others."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of Nash Equilibrium?","response":"The primary limitation of Nash equilibrium is that it requires an individual to know their opponent\u2019s strategy. A Nash equilibrium can only occur if a player chooses to remain with their current strategy if they know their opponent\u2019s strategy.In most cases, such as in war\u2014whether that be a military war or a bidding war\u2014an individual rarely knows the opponent\u2019s strategy or what they want the outcome to be. Unlike dominant strategy, the Nash equilibrium doesn\u2019t always lead to the most optimal outcome. It just means that an individual chooses the best strategy based on the information they have.Furthermore, in multiple games played with the same opponents, the Nash equilibrium does not take into consideration past behavior, which often predicts future behavior."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does a Performance Bond Last?","response":"The time limit for claiming a performance bond will be spelled out in the bond contract. However, most performance bonds have a duration of twelve months, with some lasting for 36 months. In addition, your bond may be renewable or non-renewable."}
{"prompts":"What Qualifies as Predatory Lending?","response":"Predatory lending is any lending that takes advantage of the borrower through unfair and abusive practices or loan terms. These can include extremely high-interest rates, high fees, undisclosed costs and terms, and any characteristic that reduces the equity of the borrower."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should a PEST Analysis Be Done?","response":"A PEST analysis can be done as often as a business would like. It is good to perform a PEST analysis when there have been significant changes that may impact a business, such as a change in interest rates, new government policies, or the introduction of new technology. It should be done often so as not to become outdated."}
{"prompts":"What Is Unlevered Free Cash Flow Margin?","response":"Cash flow margins are ratios that divide a cash flow metric by overall sales revenue. UFCF margin would therefore represent the amount of cash available to a firm before financing charges as a percentage of sales."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Principles of TQM?","response":"Various iterations of TQM have been developed, each with its own set of principles. Certain core elements persist nonetheless. These include good leadership, emphasis on quality, customer priority, error correction and improvement as an ongoing process, and job training."}
{"prompts":"Do Contra Accounts Have Debit or Credit Balances?","response":"Contra assets have natural credit balances. Whereas assets normally have positive debit balances, contra assets, though still reported along with other assets, have an opposite type of natural balance.Contra liability, equity, and revenue accounts have natural debit balances. These three types of contra accounts are used to reduce liabilities, equity, and revenue which all have natural credit balances. Therefore, for these three, the debit balance actually represents a negative amount."}
{"prompts":"How Does Default Affect Your Ability to Get Credit in the Future?","response":"Defaulting on a debt makes an individual or company considerably less attractive to prospective lenders. It may be impossible for them to borrow again anytime soon, except at exorbitant interest rates (and maybe not even then). In the case of individuals, a default can remain on your credit report and have a negative effect on your credit score for up to seven years."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Paying Tax on Investment Income?","response":"There are a number of investments and savings vehicles that yield returns that are tax-free at least at the federal level.The biggest category of these is municipal bonds. These are issued by state and local governments and public institutions like school districts and water departments in order to raise money. The money may be used for specific projects that benefit the community, or it may go into the general fund.In any case, the interest they pay their bondholders is free of federal tax. It may or may not be free of state and local tax. Each state and municipality sets its own rules, but often the interest is tax-exempt if it is issued in that state.Keep in mind that municipal bonds pay a lower rate of return than corporate bonds in return for that tax break. They are a popular choice for high-net-worth investors who want to shelter some of their income from taxes."}
{"prompts":"Has there been an increase in speculative trading in recent years?","response":"Yes, there has been an increase in speculative trading in recent years. Several factors have contributed to this growth:Technology advancements: The rise of online trading platforms and mobile apps has made it easier and more accessible for individual investors to engage in speculative trading.Lower costs: Online brokerages have reduced trading costs, including commissions and fees, making it more affordable for individual investors to participate in speculative trading.Greater access to information: The internet and social media have made it easier for investors to access financial news, analysis, and opinions.The popularity of new asset classes: The emergence of cryptocurrencies and other alternative investments has attracted many speculators looking for high returns and unique opportunities."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Internal Controls Important?","response":"Internal controls are the mechanisms, rules, and procedures implemented by a company to ensure the integrity of financial and accounting information, promote accountability, and prevent fraud. Besides complying with laws and regulations and preventing employees from stealing assets or committing fraud, internal controls can help improve operational efficiency by improving the accuracy and timeliness of financial reporting.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, enacted in the wake of the accounting scandals in the early 2000s, seeks to protect investors from fraudulent accounting activities and improve the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Definition of Checks and Balances in the U.S. Government?","response":"In the U.S. government, checks and balances refers to the separation of power in the government, which is ensured through the establishment of three different branches: the executive branch, the judicial branch, and the legislative branch. All hold different powers and, therefore, can check the power of the other branches."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Know if a Fund Is Open-Ended?","response":"You can tell if a fund is open-end through the information provided in its prospectus or its website. You can also determine if it is open-ended in how it is priced, which would be its net asset value (NAV)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Keltner Channel Used for?","response":"The Keltner Channel is used to identify trade opportunities in swing action as prices move within an upper and lower band."}
{"prompts":"What happens if someone doesn\u2019t pay their HOA fees?","response":"Property owners who don\u2019t pay their monthly or annual fees, as well as any special assessments, may face action by the HOA.\u00a0These actions depend on the contract between the HOA and the homeowner. Some allow the HOA to charge late fees, while others allow them to initiate a lawsuit, place a lien on the property, or foreclose on the owner\u2019s property to collect the delinquent payments."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Bond Market and How Does It Work?","response":"The bond market is where various debt instruments are sold by corporations and governments. Bonds are issued to raise debt capital to fund operations or seek growth opportunities. Issuers promise to repay the original investment amount plus interest."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does an NDA Last?","response":"Every NDA is unique so each one will last a different amount of time. Common timeframes range between one year to 10 years, however, depending on the information that is to be kept private, an NDA may be indefinite. For an NDA to be enforceable in certain states, it must not be too open-ended or generic, or the courts will throw it out."}
{"prompts":"Who Needs To Make Adjusting Journal Entries?","response":"Companies that use accrual accounting and find themselves in a position where one accounting period transitions to the next must see if any open transactions exist. If so, adjusting journal entries must be made accordingly."}
{"prompts":"How Does One File for Bankruptcy?","response":"Bankruptcy is a legal process, so it begins when the debtor files a petition with the relevant bankruptcy court. This is often achieved through the help of a lawyer specialized in these types of cases."}
{"prompts":"How do you calculate gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate?","response":"The GDP growth rate, according to the formula above, takes the difference between the current and prior GDP level and divides that by the prior GDP level. The real economic (real GDP) growth rate will take into account the effects of inflation, replacing real GDP in the numerator and denominator, where real GDP = GDP \/ (1 + inflation rate since base year)."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)?","response":"The DSCR is calculated by taking net operating income and dividing it by total debt service (which includes the principal and interest payments on a loan). For example, if a business has a net operating income of $100,000 and a total debt service of $60,000, its DSCR would be approximately 1.67."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Chapter 11 Bankruptcy?","response":"Chapter 11 bankruptcy is typically used by businesses. Rather than have their assets liquidated and go out of business, as in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, Chapter 11 allows them to reorganize under a court-appointed trustee's supervision and continue to operate. At the same time, they must agree to a plan to repay their creditors, typically over a period of several years."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Capital Investment?","response":"When a company buys land, that is often a capital investment. Because of the long-term nature of buying land and the illiquidity of the asset, a company usually needs to raise a lot of capital to buy the asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Bank Credit?","response":"Examples of bank credit include any money that a bank has loaned out to you. This includes mortgages, auto loans, personal loans, and credit cards. A bank credit is a loan made from a bank to a borrower that needs to be paid back."}
{"prompts":"Did the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act Cause the Great Depression?","response":"The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act did not cause the Great Depression; however, it worsened conditions during that time. The Act increased tariffs, which further stressed struggling nations\u2014including those in debt to the U.S.\u2014and caused other nations to retaliate by imposing their own tariffs. As a result, international trade decreased significantly."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy Cryptocurrencies?","response":"You can purchase cryptocurrency from popular crypto exchanges such as Coinbase, apps such as Cash App, or through brokers. Another popular way to invest in cryptocurrencies is through financial derivatives, such as CME's Bitcoin futures, or other instruments, such as Bitcoin trusts and ETFs."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a CLO and a Collateralized Mortgage Obligation (CMO)?","response":"CLOs are similar to Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), in that both securities are based on a large portfolio of underlying debt instruments. The main difference between them, however, is that CLOs are based on debts owed by corporations, whereas CMOs are based on mortgage loans. Both CLOs and CMOs are examples of credit derivatives."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a DCF Calculation?","response":"You have a discount rate of 10% and an investment opportunity that would produce $100 per year for the following three years. Your goal is to calculate the value today\u2014the present value\u2014of this stream of future cash flows.Since money in the future is worth less than money today, you reduce the present value of each of these cash flows by your 10% discount rate. Specifically, the first year\u2019s cash flow is worth $90.91 today, the second year\u2019s cash flow is worth $82.64 today, and the third year\u2019s cash flow is worth $75.13 today. Adding up these three cash flows, you conclude that the DCF of the investment is $248.68."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantage of a Free Trade Area?","response":"It can cause jobs to migrate to a country where the cost of production is lower, harm the growth of nascent industries that are just beginning to develop, allow an economy to become dependent on too few products, endanger security if a country becomes dependent on the importation of a vital resource, and lead to reduced environmental standards due to the need to compete with other countries that have lower standards."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use My Mobile Wallet on My Smartwatch?","response":"Many tech wearables are now capable of using mobile wallets. Depending on the device, it may come preloaded with a mobile wallet, such as Apple Pay on an Apple Watch."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls Zoning?","response":"There is no federal agency for zoning, so who controls the zoning in your area depends almost entirely on where you live. It is controlled at the county level in some cases, at the city level in others. Sometimes zoning is decided by a zoning office, and sometimes it is controlled by a land use office."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Invest in the MSCI ACWI Index?","response":"You cannot directly invest in the MSCI ACWI index because it is only an index, not a fund. You can, however, invest in funds that track the index, such as the iShares MSCI ACWI ETF. You can purchase this ETF as you would any other stock or ETF through your brokerage account."}
{"prompts":"Does the Roth 5-Year Rule Apply for Those Aged 59\u00bd or Older?","response":"Yes, the account must be five years old for earnings within a Roth IRA to be distributed without owing taxes or penalties even if you\u2019re already 59\u00bd years old."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Report Form 1099-INT?","response":"Form 1099-INT often reports taxable income earned during the year. This information is remitted to the IRS and must be included as ordinary income on your tax return. Disregarding tax-exempt income, taxpayers are required to report the contents of Form 1099-INT on their federal tax returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Asset To Trade Using Mean Reversion?","response":"The selection of an asset to trade using mean reversion is dependent on various factors such as market conditions, the entity's trading and investing expertise, and risk tolerance.Some commonly traded assets well-suited for mean reversion strategies include stocks, forex, commodities, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and fixed income instruments."}
{"prompts":"Where Can You Find a Proxy Statement?","response":"Public companies will send their proxy statements to the shareholders of record, either through the mail or electronically. You can usually find proxy statements on the company's website. In addition, public companies are also required to file their proxy statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the equivalent regulator in the country where the company is domiciled."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Boilerplate Clause in a Contract?","response":"A boilerplate clause is a standard section of a contract that outlines certain conditions to which all parties must adhere. For example, it may describe how any problems and disputes will be resolved."}
{"prompts":"Do Nigerian Letter Scams Originate in Nigeria?","response":"Not necessarily. Of the Nigerian letter scam criminals who could be traced, 71% lived in the United States. Nigeria accounted for the next highest portion, at 8%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World's Total GDP Per Capita?","response":"According to the World Bank, the total world's GDP per capita was $12,263 in 2021. With 7.9 billion people in the world in 2021, that amounts to a total global GDP of around $97 trillion."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Cost Basis of a Stock Determined?","response":"The cost basis of a stock is generally the amount you paid for your shares plus any dividends that you reinvested. In addition, you can add in any commissions or fees you paid as a part of those transactions. If you inherited the stock, its basis is whatever it was worth when the person who left it to you died."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Network Effects Platform?","response":"Platforms that operate on the network effect include the internet, mobile phone and landline networks, as well as social media websites."}
{"prompts":"What Is the World Economic Forum Agenda?","response":"The World Economic Forum has three focus areas that drive its agenda and activities: mastering the fourth industrial revolution, solving the problems of the global commons, and addressing global security issues."}
{"prompts":"What is the minimum amount you need to invest in municipal bonds?","response":"Most municipal bonds are issued in $5,000 increments. Municipal bonds may be included in some exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as well as mutual funds, allowing investors to purchase bond fractions."}
{"prompts":"What Does Moral Hazard Mean?","response":"In economics, the term \u201cmoral hazard\u201d refers to a situation where a party lacks the incentive to guard against a financial risk due to being protected from any potential consequences."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between the Assessed Value and the Appraised Value?","response":"To begin with, they're both values associated with your home. However, the assessed value is determined by your local tax authority and used to determine your property tax. The appraised value is determined by an industry professional and normally used in the mortgage application process to verify that the home is worth the amount sought by the borrower. In addition, homebuyers (or sellers) may seek an appraisal of a property that they wish to buy (or sell)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Generation Jones?","response":"Generation Jones, or GenJones, refers to baby boomers born in the U.S. in the years 1954 to 1965. The term was coined by writer Jonathan Pontell, who maintains that these later boomers are different enough from their early boomer counterparts to constitute their own generation."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does a Financial Advisor Make?","response":"The amount that a financial advisor makes depends on a variety of factors, such as their experience, the region in which they work, their types of clients, the types of products they sell, and the type of financial advice they provide. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2021, the median pay of a financial advisor was $94,170 per year\/$45.27 an hour."}
{"prompts":"Is Face Value the Same As Par Value?","response":"Yes. Face value refers to the dollar value of a financial instrument when it is issued. The face value of a bond is the price that the issuer pays at the time of maturity, also referred to as \u201cpar value.\u201d By comparison, the face value of a stock is the price set by the issuer when the stock is first issued.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is Net vs. Gross Exposure?","response":"Gross exposure refers to the absolute level of a fund's investments, including both long and short positions. Net exposure accounts for offsetting positions between longs and shorts (e.g., hedges) that effectively cancel each other out."}
{"prompts":"How Many People Are Unbanked?","response":"The Fed found that 6% of adults in the U.S. did not have a bank account in 2022. The FDIC, which uses different criteria, said that an estimated 5.9 million or 4.5% of American households were unbanked in 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Does a P\/E Ratio of 15 Mean?","response":"A P\/E ratio of 15 means that the company\u2019s current market value equals 15 times its annual earnings. Put literally, if you were to hypothetically buy 100% of the company\u2019s shares, it would take 15 years for you to earn back your initial investment through the company\u2019s ongoing profits. However, that 15-year estimate would change if the company grows or its earnings fluctuate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Better a Pension or a 401(k)?","response":"Whether a pension or 401(k) is better will depend on the individual and their financial circumstances as well as their preferences. Both have their pros and cons. Generally, a pension is more stable because it provides a fixed amount of income every month from retirement till the death of the individual. 401(k)s are less stable because the assets are invested in the market so the value will always fluctuate. A 401(k), however, has growth potential. If you invest aggressively and well in a 401(k), the amount in your account can grow substantially, providing you with more money in retirement than a pension could."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Living Will and a Last Will and Testament?","response":"A living will addresses the type of medical treatment given to a person who is unable to make those decisions for themselves. The living will carries out the expressed wishes regarding the medical care of a person should they become unable to manage their care.The last will and testament are the expressed wishes of a person regarding how their assets will be allocated or disposed of upon their death."}
{"prompts":"Is a Hard Money Loan a Good Investment?","response":"It depends what you use the money for. Hard money loans are a good fit for wealthy investors who need to get funding for an investment property quickly, without any of the red tape that goes along with bank financing. They can be useful to pay for a one-time expense or project, but only if you are reasonably sure you'll have the money to pay back the loan."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Methods of Diversification?","response":"There are many different ways to diversify; the primary method of diversification is to buy different types of asset classes. For example, instead of putting your entire portfolio into public stock, you may consider buying some bonds to offset some market risk of stocks.In addition to investing in different asset classes, you can diversify into different industries, geographical locations, term lengths, or market caps. The primary goal of diversification is to invest in a broad range of assets that face different risks."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Prohibited Bases of Reg B?","response":"Prohibited basis under Regulation B refers to a borrower's race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, or age. Also included may be the fact that all or part of the applicant's income derives from any public assistance program; or the fact that the applicant has in good faith exercised any right under the Consumer Credit Protection Act or any related state law. As such, lenders cannot discriminate based on any of the above factors."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Flat Tax Work?","response":"A flat tax imposes the same tax rate on all individuals, regardless of their income levels. A sales tax is considered a flat tax."}
{"prompts":"Does a Grant Have to Be Paid Back?","response":"No, it does not, unless the grantee fails to satisfy all the obligations of the grant."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Right of First Offer?","response":"A right of first offer is a contractual obligation that grants the holder the ability but not the requirement to issue the first bid on the sale of property. Before a seller can go to the broad market to sell the property, they must receive an offer from the holder."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Tax Credits and Tax Deductions?","response":"Tax credits and tax deductions both save you money at tax time, but credits are more favorable. Tax credits lower the amount of tax you owe\u2014dollar for dollar\u2014while tax deductions reduce your taxable income. For instance, a $1,000 tax credit cuts $1,000 off your tax bill, and a $1,000 tax deduction lowers your taxable income by $1,000. So, if you fall into the 22% tax bracket, a $1,000 deduction would reduce your tax bill by $220."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Customer Order Decoupling Point?","response":"In logistics, the customer order decoupling point is a link in the supply chain where information from individual customer orders enters the production and distribution process. Prior to the customer order decoupling point, production decisions are typically aggregated, based on historical data and forecasts of consumer demand. After the decoupling point, individual data and customer orders are introduced to increase efficiency in allocations."}
{"prompts":"How Does Industrialization Impact Society?","response":"Industrialization creates jobs that draw people from farms and villages to cities where manufacturing takes place. However hard those jobs were, they were often preferable to the precarious existence of a small farming family.The result is a new generation of urban consumers. Businesses of all kinds spring up to provide goods and services to these consumers. Over time, a larger middle class of artisans and shopkeepers emerges.A large working class also emerges, and conditions were often much harsher for them. The evolution of labor unions is a direct result of the conditions faced by the powerless workers of the Industrial Revolution."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Supply in the Economy?","response":"There are a number of factors that affect supply in the economy. These things include prices, production costs, the number of producers, (production) technology, and the labor market."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Midstream\" Mean in the Oil and Gas Industry?","response":"In extractive industries, \"midstream\" refers to intermediate operations between extracting and delivering final products to consumers. This includes piping and transportation operations between extraction points and refineries. It also includes processing plants that remove sulfur from raw natural gas and produce natural gas liquids."}
{"prompts":"Is a Debit Card a Check Card?","response":"A debit card and a check card are essentially the same thing. This card lets you make transactions using funds in your checking account, including cash withdrawals from ATMs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Benefits and Risks of Derivatives?","response":"Derivatives can be a very convenient way to achieve financial goals. For example, a company that wants to hedge against its exposure to commodities can do so by buying or selling energy derivatives such as crude oil futures. Similarly, a company could hedge its currency risk by purchasing currency forward contracts. Derivatives can also help investors leverage their positions, such as by buying equities through stock options rather than shares. The main drawbacks of derivatives include counterparty risk, the inherent risks of leverage, and the fact that complicated webs of derivative contracts can lead to systemic risks."}
{"prompts":"How Can Investment Companies Be Socially Responsible?","response":"Socially responsible investing (SRI) is a growing trend in the investment industry, and some investment companies specialize in SRI strategies. These companies invest in companies that have a positive impact on society and the environment, while avoiding companies that engage in practices that are harmful to people or the planet.Investment companies can play a role in philanthropy. Donor-advised funds (DAFs) allow individuals to donate money to a charitable organization, while still retaining some control over how the funds are invested and distributed. This can be a tax-efficient way to support charitable causes while also benefiting from the investment returns."}
{"prompts":"Why Do You Need an Attorney-in-Fact?","response":"There can be a variety of reasons to designate an attorney-in-fact. It can simply be for convenience, if, for example, you are buying or selling an asset and it is a burden for you to appear in person to close the deal. It can also be for cases in which you cannot act for yourself, whether due to physical or mental incapacity or something less serious, such as travel, illness, or accident."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Social Scientist?","response":"Typically, the path to obtaining a career in the social sciences begins by getting a four-year university degree in one of the social science subjects. If you\u2019re interested in pursuing a career in social work or psychology, these careers often require additional schooling, certificates, and licenses."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Trade an Inverse Head and Shoulders?","response":"An inverse head and shoulders pattern is the reverse of a head and shoulders pattern. It is usually a bullish sign, indicating that prices have reached a bottom. The conventional move is to go long after the pattern is confirmed, in anticipation of new highs."}
{"prompts":"When is the Best Time To Trade Binary Options?","response":"This largely depends on the market conditions and the events or assets involved. Optimal trading times would then relate to the volatility of the product, economic events, data releases, and market liquidity."}
{"prompts":"Did China's One-Child Policy Increase Its Economic Growth?","response":"There's a chicken or egg quality to any answer: China's one-child policy, by initially reducing population growth, could have contributed to economic gains by creating a larger working-age population relative to children, which would have boosted productivity and savings. However, it's also the case that countries with increases in national wealth tend to have population growth that slows down. Thus, the increase in economic growth in China may have helped reduce the number of Chinese newborns over this time, not the other way around. Whatever the case, the long-term effects of these demographic shifts from about 1979 to 2015 include a shrinking labor force and a greater proportion of the population that is retired, posing challenges for continued economic growth and the social safety net."}
{"prompts":"What Happens If a Company Is Not a Going Concern?","response":"If a company is not a going concern, that means there is risk the company may not survive the next 12 months. Management is required to disclose this fact and must provide the reasons why they may not be a going concern. Management must also identify the basis in which the financial statements are prepared and often disclose these financial reports with an audit report with a going concern opinion."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Term \"Redlining\" Come From?","response":"The term \u201credlining\u201d was coined by sociologist John McKnight in the 1960s. It is derived from the literal practice\u2014used by the federal government and lenders beginning in the 1930s\u2014of drawing a red line on a map around the neighborhoods they would not invest in based on the racial demographics of the neighborhood."}
{"prompts":"What Is Expat Taxation?","response":"Americans living overseas still have to file U.S. tax returns unless they relinquish their American citizenship. Several international tax treaties exist to help minimize double taxation."}
{"prompts":"Why Would Companies Do Buybacks?","response":"A buyback allows companies to invest in themselves. If a company feels that its shares are undervalued, then it may do a buyback to provide investors with a return.\u00a0By repurchasing shares, it reduces available open market shares and makes each worth a greater percentage of the corporation. Companies with cash on hand can use buybacks for employees and management compensation purposes, using the shares for employee stock options, The buyback helps avoid the dilution of existing shareholders.\u00a0Finally, a buyback can be a way to prevent other shareholders from taking a controlling stake and avert a takeover bid."}
{"prompts":"How Often Can You Take the GRE?","response":"The GRE can be taken once every 21 days, up to five times within any 12-month period. The number of times you can take the GRE resets after 12 months from your first test."}
{"prompts":"Are Inferior Goods Bad?","response":"Inferior goods aren't necessarily bad; they simply represent a more economical way of achieving the same goal. Instead of a catered fancy meal, it is not bad to make a simple meal at home. Inferior goods represent items that simply in less demand as people have more disposable income."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Tools or Methods Used in Cost-Benefit Analysis?","response":"Depending on the specific investment or project being evaluated, one may need to discount the time value of cash flows using net present value calculations. A benefit-cost ratio (BCR) may also be computed to summarize the overall relationship between the relative costs and benefits of a proposed project. Other tools may include regression modeling, valuation, and forecasting techniques."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Lead Time?","response":"The main types of lead time are customer lead time, material lead time, factory, or production lead time, and cumulative lead time. The first three types of lead time are summed to arrive at the fourth type of lead time."}
{"prompts":"Where Do Negative Interest Rates Exist?","response":"Some central banks have set a negative interest rate policy (NIRP) in order to stimulate economic growth in the financial sector, or else to protect the value of a local currency against exchange-rate increases due to large inflows of foreign investment. Countries including Japan, Switzerland, Sweden, and even the ECB (eurozone) have adopted NIRPs at various points over the past two decades."}
{"prompts":"Can an Irrevocable Letter of Credit Be Amended?","response":"Yes, an ILOC can be amended if both the buyer and the beneficiary agree to the changes. Amendments can modify the ILOC's terms, extend the expiry date, or adjust other conditions. All parties involved, including the issuing bank, need to agree and endorse the amendment."}
{"prompts":"What are the 3 types of contingent liabilities?","response":"GAAP recognizes three categories of contingent liabilities: probable, possible, and remote. Probable contingent liabilities can be reasonably estimated (and must be reflected within financial statements). Possible contingent liabilities are as likely to occur as not (and need only be disclosed in the financial statement footnotes). Remote contingent liabilities are extremely unlikely to occur (and do not need to be included in financial statements at all)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 10% Warrant?","response":"Warrant coverage is a percentage based on the principal amount of the loan as opposed to the value of the company. For example, a 10% warrant coverage on a $1,000,000 loan equals $100,000 in warrants."}
{"prompts":"How Do Investors Utilize Bond Yields?","response":"Yields are used for more sophisticated analyses. Bonds of different maturities can be traded to take advantage of the yield curve, which plots the interest rates of bonds having equal credit quality but differing maturity dates.The slope of the yield curve gives an idea of future interest rate changes and economic activity. They may also look at the difference in interest rates between different categories of bonds, holding some characteristics constant.A yield spread is a difference between yields on differing debt instruments of varying maturities, credit ratings, issuer, or risk level, calculated by deducting the yield of one instrument from the other such as the spread between AAA corporate bonds and U.S. Treasuries. This difference is most often expressed in basis points (bps) or percentage points."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Banking Services Are Offered by Offshore Banking Units?","response":"Offshore banking units offer a range of banking services, similar to those provided by traditional banks. These services include deposit accounts, international wire transfers, foreign currency exchange, investment products, loans, credit cards, and wealth management services. Additionally, offshore banking units may assist with the establishment and administration of offshore companies, trusts, and investment funds."}
{"prompts":"Does the Federal Reserve Set Interest Rates?","response":"Not directly. The prime rate, which is used by many lenders is based on the Federal funds rate. Individual lenders use the prime rate as a base for how much to charge in interest, but they typically add more as a way to make profit."}
{"prompts":"What Are Capital Gains Tax Rates?","response":"The capital gains tax is levied on the sale of certain investments or properties that have been held for more than a year. In 2023 (the tax return filed in 2024) the capital gains tax rates are 0%, 15%, or 20% of the profit, depending on the filer's income."}
{"prompts":"Why do companies issue debt?","response":"By issuing debt (e.g., corporate bonds), companies are able to raise capital from investors. Using debt, the company becomes a borrower and the bondholders of the issue are the creditors (lenders). Unlike equity capital, debt does not involve diluting the ownership of the firm and does not carry voting rights. Debt capital is also often cheaper than equity capital and interest payments may be tax-advantaged."}
{"prompts":"When Can I Start Taking Money Out of My IRA?","response":"You can start taking money out of a traditional IRA at the age of 59\u00bd without any penalties. If you take out money before then, you will incur a 10% early withdrawal penalty. You can take money out of a Roth IRA at any time, but only the amount you have contributed, not any earnings. Earnings can be taken out at age 59\u00bd."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Average Annual Growth Rate (AAGR)?","response":"The average annual growth rate (AAGR) is calculated by finding the arithmetic mean of a series of growth rates."}
{"prompts":"How Does Pro Rata Apply to Dividends Per Share?","response":"When a company distributes dividends, typically it is executed on a pro rata basis. For example, consider a majority shareholder, such as a founder or key executive, who owns 50% of a company's total 1,000 shares and the company is issuing a $1 dividend. Of the $1,000 in dividends, the majority shareholder would receive $500 in value. The formula would be as follows: (50 \/ 100) x $1,000 = $500.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Does AUM Tell Potential Investors?","response":"When evaluating a specific fund, investors often look at its AUM as an indication of the size of the fund. Typically, investment products with high AUMs have higher market trading volumes making them more liquid, meaning investors can buy and sell the fund easily."}
{"prompts":"Does the Word Modus Operandi Have a Negative Connotation?","response":"Modus operandi, or M.O. was popularized in the context of criminal investigations. Suspects could be identified and captured based on understanding their usual habits, hangouts, and contacts. Because of that, the phrase may still carry negative connotations. That said, a modus operandi can also be neutral or even positive when used to describe non-criminal activities."}
{"prompts":"When Did the Fed Start Reporting Monthly Data on Monetary Aggregates?","response":"In 1944, the Fed began to release monthly reports on what was to become the M1 aggregate. Years later, in 1971, it added monthly reports for two additional aggregates, called M2 and M3."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between EBIT, EBITDA, and EBITDAR?","response":"EBIT, EBITDA, and EBITDAR are all calculations that adjust a company's earnings to eliminate less controllable aspects of the company's operations. The difference between the three is the amount of items that are taken out of earnings for analysis purposes. Calculations with longer acronyms will have more items adjusted out of earnings."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Stop-Limit Order Used for a Short Position?","response":"A short position would necessitate a buy-stop limit order to cap losses. For example, if a trader has a short position in stock ABC at $50 and would like to cap losses at 20% to 25%, they can enter a stop-limit order to buy at a price of $60 and a limit price of $62.50. If the stock trades at a price of $60 to $62.50, then the stop-limit order will be executed, capping the trader\u2019s loss on the short position in the desired 20%\u201325% range. However, if the stock gaps up\u2014say, to $65\u2014then the stop-limit order will not be executed and the short position will remain open."}
{"prompts":"What Are Swap Points?","response":"The difference between the forward rate and spot rate is known as swap points. If this difference (forward rate minus spot rate) is positive, it is known as a forward premium; a negative difference is termed a forward discount. A currency with lower interest rates will trade at a forward premium in relation to a currency with a higher interest rate.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Does Bid-Ask Spread Work?","response":"In financial markets, a bid-ask spread is the difference between the asking price and the bidding price of a security or other asset. The bid-ask spread is the difference between the highest price a buyer will offer (the bid price) and the lowest price a seller will accept (the ask price). Typically, an asset with a narrow bid-ask spread will have high demand. By contrast, assets with a wide bid-ask spread may have a low volume of demand, therefore influencing wider discrepancies in its price."}
{"prompts":"What Is Diversification?","response":"Diversification involves owning assets and asset classes that have been shown over time to move in opposite directions. When one asset class performs poorly, other asset classes usually prosper. This provides a cushion to your portfolio, offsetting losses. Moreover, financial mathematics shows that proper diversification can increase a portfolio's overall expected return while reducing its riskiness."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered to Be a Growth Stock?","response":"When it comes to stocks, \"growth\" means that the company has substantial room for capital appreciation. These tend to be newer and smaller-cap companies, and\/or those in growth sectors like technology or biotech. Growth stocks may have low or even negative earnings, often making them high P\/E stocks."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Better: A Revocable or Irrevocable Trust?","response":"Revocable and Irrevocable trusts are intended to be used for different purposes, and therefore each is best suited for those purposes. Revocable trusts are best for estate planning in conjunction with a will, where the assets remain under the control of the trustor. An irrevocable trust cannot be changed or altered once established, and the trust itself becomes a legal entity that owns the assets put inside of it. Because the trustor no longer controls those assets, there are certain tax advantages and creditor protections. These are best used for transferring high-value assets that could cause gift or estate tax issues in the future."}
{"prompts":"What Type of Math Do Actuaries Use?","response":"Actuaries often have a background in probability, statistics, and financial mathematics. Most often, an actuary will assess the probability of an event happening, then apply statistical methods to determine what the financial impact of that outcome will be. Actuaries usually do not use calculus at work, though calculus may be a prerequisite to meeting other course requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Do Insurers Do With the Premiums?","response":"Insurers use the premiums paid to them by their customers and policyholders to cover liabilities associated with the policies they underwrite. Some insurers invest in the premium to generate higher returns. By doing so, the companies can offset some costs of providing insurance coverage and help an insurer keep its prices competitive within the market."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Simple Moving Average and DEMA?","response":"The double exponential moving average may be best described as a \"smoothed\" simple moving average. A standard moving average displays a lag time that increases with the amount of time being charted. The double exponential moving average seeks to shorten that lag time to a consistent level. Overall, it gives the trader an earlier warning of a change in the direction of an asset's price."}
{"prompts":"Is DLT Better Than Blockchain?","response":"Each has a different purpose. For example, blockchain is designed to be public and permissionless, while DLT is intended for private uses and can be permissioned or permissionless."}
{"prompts":"How Can an Investor Trade the VIX?","response":"Like all indices, the VIX cannot be bought directly. However, the VIX can be traded through futures contracts and exchange traded funds (ETFs) and exchange traded notes (ETNs) that own these futures contracts."}
{"prompts":"Is Payment for Order Flow Front-Running?","response":"Payment for order flow (PFOF) is when a broker receives compensation for routing customer orders first to a particular market maker or trading firm. This practice has been criticized for discouraging best-execution for customers, but it is not considered front running since the firm receiving the flow will trade with the customer, not place trades going in the same direction in front of them."}
{"prompts":"How Much Can I Lose on a Short Position?","response":"Short selling occurs when a trader borrows a security and sells it on the open market, planning to buy it back later for less money. Theoretically, the price of an asset has no upper bound and can climb to infinity. This means that, in theory, the risk of loss on a short position is unlimited."}
{"prompts":"Are Green Funds Profitable?","response":"While profit is not the only goal for green investing, some studies have found that funds with ESG criteria are competitive with the returns of more traditional funds. A Morningstar analysis of 4,900 funds over ten years found that 58.8% of sustainable funds \"have beaten their average surviving traditional peer.\" In the same analysis, sustainable funds delivered an average annual return of 6.9%, compared with 6.3% from more traditional funds."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Common Criticisms of Conflict Theory?","response":"One common criticism of conflict theory is that it fails to capture the way in which economic interactions can mutually benefit the different classes involved. For example, conflict theory describes the relationship between employers and employees as one of conflict, in which the employers wish to pay as little as possible for the employees' labor, while the employees wish to maximize their wages. In practice, however, employees and employers often have a harmonious relationship. Moreover, institutions such as pension plans and stock-based compensation can further blur the boundary between workers and corporations by giving workers an additional stake in the success of their employer."}
{"prompts":"What Other Services Do Custodian Banks Offer?","response":"Custodians today do more than maintain the security of assets. They also provide accounting and settlement services, such as managing dividends or interest that has been distributed to the account or managing stock splits. The custodian bank performs such actions in the client's name, and the SEC ensures that custodians will notify customers when certain activities are conducted on their behalf in addition to sending regular account statements."}
{"prompts":"Is Salary a Direct Expense?","response":"Salary is considered an indirect expense as it is not directly involved in a manufacturer\u2019s production."}
{"prompts":"What Was a Canadian Income Trust?","response":"A Canadian income trust was an investment fund that held income-producing assets and distributed payments to unitholders on a periodic basis, typically monthly or quarterly. The trusts were required to distribute a minimum of 90% of net cash flows to shareholders."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Renewable Resource?","response":"The wind is one example. So are the sun and water. Biomass is a source of renewable energy from plants and animals. It includes wood, agricultural crops, food waste, and animal manure."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Basis of Islamic Banking?","response":"Islamic banking is grounded in the tenets of the Islamic faith as they relate to commercial transactions. The principles of Islamic banking are derived from the Quran, the central religious text of Islam. In Islamic banking, all transactions must comply with Shariah, the legal code of Islam based on the teachings of the Quran. The rules that govern commercial transactions in Islamic banking are referred to as fiqh al-muamalat."}
{"prompts":"What Does Price Ceiling Mean?","response":"A price ceiling, aka a price cap, is the highest point at which goods and services can be sold. It is a type of price control and the maximum amount that can be charged for something. It often is set by government authorities to help consumers, when it seems that prices are excessively high or rising out of control."}
{"prompts":"Why Is a Credit Rating So Important?","response":"The level of credit rating that an issuer receives has significant implications on the cost of borrowing in the open market.\u00a0The better the credit rating\u2014with AAA being the best\u2014the lower the cost to borrow, and vice versa.As an investor, you\u2019ll need to balance the risk you\u2019re willing to take against the yield you\u2019re seeking."}
{"prompts":"How Often Should a Business Plan Be Updated?","response":"How frequently a business plan needs to be revised will depend on the nature of the business. A well-established business might want to review its plan once a year and make changes if necessary. A new or fast-growing business in a fiercely competitive market might want to revise it more often, such as quarterly."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Earn Income From Owning Stock?","response":"There are two ways to earn money by owning shares of stock is through dividends and capital appreciation. Dividends are cash distributions of company profits. If a company has 1,000 shares outstanding and declares a $5,000 dividend, then stockholders will get $5 for each share they own. Capital appreciation is the increase in the share price itself. If you sell a share to someone for $10, and the stock is later worth $11, the shareholder has made $1."}
{"prompts":"What Skills Are Required for Accounting?","response":"Accountants hail from a wide variety of backgrounds. Generally speaking, however, attention to detail is a key component in accountancy, since accountants must be able to diagnose and correct subtle errors or discrepancies in a company\u2019s accounts. The ability to think logically is also essential, to help with problem-solving. Mathematical skills are helpful but are less important than in previous generations due to the wide availability of computers and calculators."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of BPO and What Are Its Types?","response":"BPO is the abbreviation for business process outsourcing, which refers to when companies outsource business processes to a third-party (external) company. The primary goal is to cut costs, free up time, and focus on core aspects of the business. Two types of BPO are front-office and back-office. Back-office BPO entails the internal aspects of a business, such as payroll, inventory purchasing, and billing. Front-office BPO focuses on activities external to the company, such as marketing and customer service."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Average Collection Period Important?","response":"The average collection period indicates the effectiveness of a firm\u2019s accounts receivable management practices. It is very important for companies that heavily rely on their receivables when it comes to their cash flows. Businesses must manage their average collection period if they want to have enough cash on hand to fulfill their financial obligations."}
{"prompts":"How does asset securitization work?","response":"Asset securitization begins when a lender (or any company with loans) or a firm with income-producing assets earmarks a bunch of these assets, then arranges to sell the lot to an investment bank or other financial institution. This institution often pools these assets with comparable ones from other sellers, then establishes a special purpose vehicle\u00a0(SPV)\u2014an entity set up specifically to acquire the assets, package them, and issue them as a single security.The issuer then sells these securities to investors, usually institutional investors (hedge funds, mutual funds, pension plans, etc.). The investors receive fixed- or floating-rate payments from a trustee account funded by the cash flows generated by the portfolio of assets.Sometimes the issuer divides the original asset portfolio into slices, called tranches. Each tranche is sold separately and bears a different degree of risk, indicated by a different credit rating."}
{"prompts":"What States Have Death Taxes?","response":"Twelve states and one district have estate taxes\u2014Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and the District of Columbia."}
{"prompts":"Will a Stock Split Affect My Taxes?","response":"No. The receipt of the additional shares will not result in taxable income under existing U.S. law. The tax basis of each share owned after the stock split will be half of what it was before the split.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Benefit of Free Enterprise?","response":"Some may argue the main benefit of free enterprise is freedom. In one sense, individuals may transact with little to no restricting barriers, especially those set by policy or trade regulation. In another sense, individuals are allowed to creatively express and transact based on a seemingly endless range of consumer choices."}
{"prompts":"Does an Auditor Have to Follow GAAS?","response":"If an auditor is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (whose Accounting Standard Board issues GAAS), the auditor is required to follow GAAS."}
{"prompts":"Is Lying on a Loan Application Illegal?","response":"If you lie on a loan application, you could be committing a crime, especially if it is an intentional lie. You could potentially go to jail for lying on a loan application."}
{"prompts":"When Is a Sale Complete?","response":"Normally, a sale is considered complete when the agreed-upon price is paid and the product is handed over to the buyer. This often includes a signed receipt as proof of the agreement."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Stock Exchange in the World?","response":"As of September 2023, the NYSE was the largest stock market in the world, boasting over $25 trillion in equity market capitalization."}
{"prompts":"What Is IRS Form 4506 and 4506-T?","response":"IRS Form 4506 can be filed by taxpayers to request an exact copy of a previously filed return and tax information. For situations not requiring an exact copy of a return, Forms 4506-T and 4506-T-EZ can be filed to get free transcripts of a previously filed tax return."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Crack Spread?","response":"In commodities trading, the \"crack spread\" is the differences in price between a barrel of unrefined crude oil and the refined products (such as gasoline) that are derived from it. Traders look to changes in the crack spread as a market signal for price movements in oil and refined products."}
{"prompts":"What States Have No Income Tax?","response":"There are a handful of states that don't levy state income taxes. This includes Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. However, if residents of these states work or perform services in other states, it's possible that income may still be taxed by those other states."}
{"prompts":"How Does Depreciation Differ From Amortization?","response":"Depreciation refers only to physical assets or property. Amortization essentially depreciates intangible assets, such as intellectual property like trademarks or patents, over time."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Elements of Brand Equity?","response":"The elements of brand equity include:Brand awareness: This refers to the extent to which consumers are familiar with and recognize a brand.Brand loyalty: This refers to the degree to which consumers consistently choose a specific brand over others.Brand image: This refers to the perception that consumers have of a brand and its associated attributes, such as quality, reliability, and uniqueness.Brand associations: This refers to the emotional or psychological associations that consumers have with a brand, such as feelings of trust, reliability, or nostalgia.Brand value: This refers to the perceived benefits and overall value that consumers attribute to a brand, which can influence their purchasing decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If Marginal Revenue Is Negative?","response":"If marginal revenue is negative, this means total revenue falls as additional units are sold. This may be the result of a company needing to cut prices to sell those additional units. In this case, strictly looking at just marginal revenue, it is ideal for a company to have sold fewer goods for a higher average price as more revenue would have been received."}
{"prompts":"How does a swap execution facility work?","response":"Swap execution facilities (SEFs) are electronic matching platforms that bring together buyers and sellers of swaps contracts, much like any other electronic exchange. These are regulated venues that rely on a request-for-quote mechanism."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements to Refinance a USDA Loan?","response":"Under either program, the home to be refinanced must be a primary residence and have a mortgage from a USDA direct or guaranteed home loan, among other requirements. Neither requires a home appraisal or inspection. However, a standard refinance has more requirements than the streamlined-assist, including debt-to-income (DTI) ratio requirements."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Weighted Averages Used In Finance?","response":"Many weighted averages are found in finance, including the volume-weighted average price (VWAP), the weighted average cost of capital, and exponential moving averages (EMAs) used in charting. Construction of portfolio weights and the LIFO and FIFO inventory methods also make use of weighted averages."}
{"prompts":"What Is Soft Skills Training?","response":"Soft skills training is training to help develop or improve interpersonal skills. It consists of lessons to improve communication, increase active listening, resolve conflicts, and more."}
{"prompts":"How to Mitigate Agency Problems?","response":"While it is not possible to eliminate the agency problem, principals can take steps to minimize the risk, known as agency cost, associated with it. Principal-agent relationships can be regulated, and often are, by contracts, or laws in the case of fiduciary settings.\u00a0Another method is to incentivize an agent to act in better accordance with the principal's best interests.\u00a0For example, if an\u00a0agent is paid not on an hourly basis but by the completion of a project, there is less incentive to not act in the principal\u2019s best interest."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Federal Funds and Regular Interest Rates?","response":"Both the federal funds rate and interest rates are some of the most important financial indicators in the U.S. The chief distinction is that the federal funds rate sets the range that banks will lend or borrow to each other overnight. Because this impacts borrowing costs and financial conditions, stock markets are typically sensitive to changes in these rates. The federal funds rate also indirectly affects short-term interest rates. Conversely, interest rates, which are set by the Federal Reserve, determine the rate that it costs for banks to borrow."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Type of Customer?","response":"Loyal customers are the best because they make repeat purchases over the long-term (sometimes decades) and they are likely to recommend you to friends, social media connections, or business associates."}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Acquisition Costs Play in Pricing Strategies?","response":"Acquisition costs play an important role in pricing strategies as they directly impact the cost structure of products or services. A company may wish to recoup these acquisition costs quickly; therefore, they may price their goods higher. Companies with more patience may try to recover these costs over a longer period of time but may face more risk in doing so."}
{"prompts":"What Is Revenue Risk in a Public-Private Partnership?","response":"Revenue risk is the chance that the private party to a PPP will not be able to recover its costs or ongoing expenses from operating a piece of infrastructure. For a toll road, this may be due to lower than expected traffic or limits set on toll rates. Extensive studies should be conducted ahead of time to avoid this risk and plan for contingencies."}
{"prompts":"Is Social Security the Same As FICA?","response":"No, but it's related to it. FICA is an acronym that stands for an act passed by the U.S. Congress back in 1935 at about the time Social Security was established. This Federal Insurance Contributions Act called for all working people in the U.S. to fund Social Security so that it could provide them with financial benefits later in life. The dollar amounts on your paycheck labeled as FICA are the payroll taxes contributed to Social Security, and since 1965, Medicare."}
{"prompts":"Are My Bank Deposits Insured?","response":"Yes, bank deposits of up to $250,000 are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Commission (FDIC). The National Credit Union Association (NCUA) insures accounts of up to $250,000 for credit unions."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Good ROA?","response":"A ROA of over 5% is generally considered\u00a0good and over 20% excellent. However, ROAs should always be compared amongst firms in the same sector. For instance, a software maker has far fewer assets on the balance sheet than a car maker. As a result, the software company's assets will be understated and its ROA may get a questionable boost."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Most Commonly Used Organizational Charts?","response":"The two types of organizational chart formats that are most often used are hierarchical and flat. Hierarchical is the most common and it shows the ranking of individuals based on their role in the company in a descending vertical order. A flat format, also known as a \"horizontal\" organizational chart, places all individuals on only a few levels or just one level, and is indicative of an autonomous decision-making ability where this power is equally shared."}
{"prompts":"Do all Student Loans Eligible for a Deferment Period?","response":"Not all. Most federally administered loans have a deferment option available, but if you have private loans, this option is not required. Many private student loan companies do have deferment options, but there is no requirement."}
{"prompts":"How Did Nelson Peltz Change Snapple?","response":"When Nelson Peltz invested in Snapple, the turnaround was featured as a\u00a0Harvard Business School\u00a0case study. Peltz concluded that the brand and culture were out of alignment at Snapple and both the brand and the corporate owner would suffer. His investment and influence created a successful change."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Law of Demand?","response":"The law of demand is a fundamental economic concept. It states that when prices rise, the demand for a good or service will decrease.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Solve Rate of Change Problems?","response":"Rate of change problems can generally be approached using the formula R = D\/T, or rate of change equals the distance traveled divided by the time it takes to do so. Depending on the context involved in the problem, the change in distance can be replaced with a different variable, such the change in value or price."}
{"prompts":"Who Created the Misery Index?","response":"The Misery Index was created by economist Arthur Okun in the 1970s and it was initially called the Economic Discomfort Index."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Open a Uniform Gifts to Minors Account?","response":"A Uniform Gifts to Minors account is an easy-to-understand vehicle that can be opened at a brokerage institution or a bank. Anyone can contribute assets to these accounts. One thing that depositors should remember is that whatever they put into the accounts becomes irrevocable and the property of the beneficiary."}
{"prompts":"What Countries Are Subject to a U.S. Embargo?","response":"Trade with Cuba, North Korea, Iran and Syria is prohibited under broad U.S. embargoes. U.S. restrictions on trade with Russia and Ukrainian territories under Russian occupation have also been described as an embargo."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Swap Structured?","response":"A swap is an over-the-counter (OTC) derivative product that typically involves two counterparties that agree to exchange cash flows over a certain time period, such as a year. The exact terms of the swap agreement are negotiated by the counterparties and are then formalized in a legal contract. These terms will include precisely what is to be swapped and to whom, the notional amount of the principal, the maturity of the contract, and any contingencies. The cash flows that are ultimately exchanged are computed based on the terms of the contract, which maybe an interest rate, index, or other underlying financial instrument."}
{"prompts":"Is Working-Age Population Different From Labor Force Participation?","response":"Working-age population is different from the labor force participation rate. The working-age population is those who, due to their age, are able and likely to work. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of the working-age population who are working or actively looking for work. Someone can be part of the working-age population but not working or seeking work, such as a parent who is staying home to care for young children."}
{"prompts":"Is Floating Stock Good or Bad?","response":"Stock float isn't good or bad, but it can affect an investor's decisions. The amount of floating stock a company has\u2014the shares made available to trade\u2014can affect the liquidity of that stock. Stocks with a smaller float tend to have high volatility, while stocks with a larger float tend to have lower volatility. Some investors may prefer stocks with higher float, because it's easier to enter and exit positions for these stocks."}
{"prompts":"Is It Smart to Own a Vacation Home?","response":"This answer will be different for every individual, as some may use a vacation property more often or have greater disposable income that can be used towards a second property. Very broadly speaking, a vacation home may be a risky investment as it does not guarantee a steady income stream but does come with operational, ongoing costs. A vacation home is a more viable option for a more financially-secure individual with sufficient savings to cover these ongoing expenses."}
{"prompts":"Who Has to Pay GST?","response":"In general, goods and services tax (GST) is paid by the consumers or buyers of goods or services. Some products, such as from the agricultural or healthcare sectors, may be exempt from GST depending on the jurisdiction."}
{"prompts":"What Are Cross-chain Atomic Swaps?","response":"Cross-chain atomic swaps are cryptocurrency exchanges or trades between cryptocurrencies that use separate blockchains."}
{"prompts":"Can I Invest in Bloomberg's Company?","response":"No, Bloomberg, LP, the maker of the Bloomberg Terminal (owned by billionaire and former NYC mayor Michael Bloomberg), is a privately-held company."}
{"prompts":"Is a Follow-on Offering a Primary or Secondary Offering?","response":"There are two types of follow-on offerings: primary and secondary. A primary follow-on offering is a direct sale of a company's shares from the company that are newly issued. A secondary follow-on offering is a public resale of existing shares from current stockholders. A primary offering is dilutive while a secondary offering is non-dilutive."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Test?","response":"A two-tailed hypothesis test is designed to show whether the sample mean is significantly greater than\u00a0or\u00a0significantly less than the mean of a population. The two-tailed test gets its name from testing the area under both tails (sides) of a normal distribution. A one-tailed hypothesis test, on the other hand, is set up to show only one test; that the sample mean would be higher than the population mean, or, in a separate test, that the sample mean would be lower than the population mean."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Digital Marketing Agency?","response":"A digital marketing agency is a company that deals exclusively in marketing to consumers or businesses through digital channels. This includes creating and launching campaigns for clients through social media, pay-per-click advertising, videos, and custom websites, among other means."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits Available to a Surety?","response":"Surety bonds provide a defense against false claims and act as clear-cut representation when claims occur. Because surety bonds also lower risk for lenders, they can reduce interest rates for borrowers."}
{"prompts":"Who Pays the Inheritance Tax When the Life Tenant Dies?","response":"If an estate is subject to an inheritance tax, the life tenant's estate is responsible for paying the tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is Market Mid-Cycle?","response":"A market mid-cycle occurs when an economy is strong but growth is moderating or slightly slowing. Corporate profits are delivering as expected and interest rates are low. This tends to be the longest part of the market cycle."}
{"prompts":"How Many Coins Does the U.S. Mint Produce?","response":"In 2021, the U.S. Mint produced more than 14 billion circulating coins. Circulating coins, such as the penny, nickel, dime, and quarter, are defined as those used for everyday transactions. The U.S. Mint also produces commemorative coins and precious metal coins."}
{"prompts":"When Evaluating Terminal Value, Should I Use the Perpetuity Growth Model or the Exit Approach?","response":"In DCF analysis, neither the perpetuity growth model nor the exit multiple approach is likely to render a perfectly accurate estimate of terminal value. The choice of which method of calculating terminal value to use depends partly on whether an investor wishes to obtain a relatively more optimistic estimate or a relatively more conservative estimate.Generally speaking, using the perpetuity growth model to estimate terminal value renders a higher value. Investors can benefit from using both terminal value calculations and then using an average of the two values arrived at for a final estimate of NPV."}
{"prompts":"Is speculative trading only for professionals?","response":"Speculative trading is not exclusively for professionals, but it does require a certain level of knowledge and experience to navigate effectively. Both amateurs and professional traders can engage in speculative trading, but it's essential to understand the risks involved and have a solid strategy in place. Before diving into speculative trading, it's crucial to educate yourself on market trends, technical analysis, and risk management. Always remember that speculative trading can be highly volatile, and it's essential to approach it with caution, regardless of your experience level."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Homoskedasticity Important?","response":"Homoskedasticity is important because it identifies dissimilarities in a population. Any variance in a population or sample that is not even will produce results that are skewed or biased, making the analysis incorrect or worthless."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Buy Government Bonds?","response":"U.S. Treasury securities are available to investors through their broker or bank, or directly through the TreasuryDirect website. Investors can also look to ETFs or mutual funds that invest in Treasuries. Municipal bonds are available via your broker."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Costs Associated with SIP Investments?","response":"SIP investments may involve certain costs such as expense ratios, which cover fund management expenses, and transaction charges. These costs are deducted from the invested amount or reflected in the NAV (Net Asset Value) of the investment instrument."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Blue Chip NFT?","response":"A \"blue chip NFT\" is a digital artwork or collectible issued by one of the more reputable players in the market for non-fungible tokens. Because these companies are relatively well-established in the NFT space, they are considered less risky than some of their upstart competitors. However, because digital assets represent a new and risky market, it may be a stretch to apply the blue chip label to such a speculative asset."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Dividend Yield Fund?","response":"A dividend yield fund is a fund that tracks an index of companies that have a history of paying regular, high dividends. These funds will seek to mirror the performance of the underlying index. Investors who favor a dividend-based strategy will lean heavily on these funds for the core of their investment portfolio."}
{"prompts":"How Was the ZZZZ Best Fraud Discovered?","response":"Minkow was visited by his past when a homemaker who was overcharged just a few hundred dollars by Minkow tracked down a few others who Minkow had defrauded. When the homemaker located the others, she passed her findings onto the Los Angeles Times. The newspaper then ran a story exposing Minkow's relatively minor fraud. This caused a domino effect and ZZZZ Best was quickly outed as a Ponzi scheme."}
{"prompts":"What Periods do Investors Typically Annualize?","response":"Investors annualize returns of less than one year. As mentioned, a monthly rate of return is often annualized to project the returns on a stock over the next 12 months. Quarterly figures are also frequently annualized when analyzing a company\u2019s metrics, such as its earnings and sales."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Market Value of NEX?","response":"NEX Group trades on the London Stock Exchange under the ticket NXGN. As of December 2022, the company had a market capitalization value of GBP 4.23 billion. TMX Group, which owns the NEX exchange in Canada is valued at CAD $7.70 billion."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Time Value of Money Used in Finance?","response":"It would be hard to find a single area of finance where the time value of money does not influence the decision-making process. The time value of money is the central concept in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, which is one of the most popular and influential methods for valuing investment opportunities. It is also an integral part of financial planning and risk management activities. Pension fund managers, for instance, consider the time value of money to ensure that their account holders will receive adequate funds in retirement."}
{"prompts":"Does ZCash Use Proof of Work?","response":"Yes, it uses Equihash, a proof-of-work mining algorithm based on the Generalized Birthday Problem concept."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Total Shareholder Return?","response":"To calculate total shareholder return (TSR), first, subtract a stock's current price per share from the price originally paid for it. Then add the dollar amount of dividends received per share, along with any other special distributions or payouts (like from a stock buyback, for example). Divide this sum by the stock's purchase price per share. Multiply by 100 to arrive at a percentage figure for the TSR."}
{"prompts":"What's a Short Call?","response":"When investors sell a call option, the transaction is called a short call. Short is a trading term that refers to selling a security."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Different Companies Have Different Capital Structure?","response":"Firms in different industries will use capital structures better suited to their type of business. Capital-intensive industries like auto manufacturing may utilize more debt, while labor-intensive or service-oriented firms like software companies may prioritize equity."}
{"prompts":"How Does Cost Accounting Differ From Traditional Accounting Methods?","response":"In contrast to general accounting or\u00a0financial accounting, the cost-accounting method is an internally focused, firm-specific system used to implement\u00a0cost controls. Cost accounting can be much more flexible and specific, particularly when it comes to the subdivision of costs and inventory valuation. Cost-accounting methods and techniques will vary from firm to firm and can become quite complex."}
{"prompts":"What Types of Businesses Use Financial Modeling?","response":"Professionals in a variety of businesses rely on financial modeling. Here are just a few examples: Bankers use it in sales and trading, equity research, and both commercial and investment banking, public accountants use it for due diligence and valuations, and institutions apply financial models in private equity, portfolio management, and research."}
{"prompts":"What Boards Did Ben Bernake Serve on?","response":"After stepping down as the chair of the board of governors of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Ben Bernake served as a member of the Montgomery Township Board of Education in New Jersey for two years and is now an economist for the Brookings Institution and advisor for financial services firm Citadel."}
{"prompts":"What Is Another Way to Say Quid Pro Quo?","response":"Other idioms that have similar meanings to quid pro quo are \"I scratch your back, you scratch mine,\" \"this for that,\" or \"tit for tat.\""}
{"prompts":"What Role Do Education and Skills Play in Emigrants' Economic Impact?","response":"The education and skills of emigrants significantly influence their economic impact. Skilled emigrants are often better positioned to secure high-paying jobs and contribute positively to the host country's economy. However, the sending country may face a resource drain if too many skilled individuals emigrate."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Invisible Hand Used Today?","response":"As former Fed Chair Ben Bernanke explained, the \"market-based approach is regulation by the invisible hand\" which \"aims to align the incentives of market participants with the objectives of the regulator.\""}
{"prompts":"Can I Invest in the Lightning Network?","response":"While you are unable to directly invest in the Lightning Network, private investors can invest in Lightning Labs, the company behind the network."}
{"prompts":"What Are Special Purpose Vehicles Used for?","response":"A special purpose vehicle (SPV) is a subsidiary company that is formed to undertake a specific business purpose or activity.\u00a0SPVs\u00a0are commonly utilized in certain structured finance applications, such as asset securitization, joint ventures, property deals, or to isolate parent company assets, operations, or risks. While there are many legitimate uses for establishing SPVs, they have also played a role in several financial and accounting scandals."}
{"prompts":"Is Money Factor Based on Credit?","response":"A borrower's money factor is largely based on the borrower's credit score. Borrowers with higher credit scores will often have a lower money factor on a lease, while lower credit borrowers will have higher money factors."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Brand Loyalty?","response":"Consumers are often swayed by their head, heart, or hand. Heart loyal customers are usually driven by a non-tangible benefit of a brand such as its impact on the local community or the environment. Head loyal customers that make rational choices often see the analytical reasoning behind supporting a specific brand or product. Hand loyal customers often buy without regard for outside factors such as price; these customers are extremely difficult to convert."}
{"prompts":"How Are Normal Goods Affected During a Recession?","response":"Most products, or normal goods, will experience a decrease in demand during a recession since periods of economic contraction reduce consumer income and they buy fewer goods."}
{"prompts":"When Did the Great Depression Start?","response":"The Great Depression started following the stock market crash of 1929, which wiped out both private and corporate nominal wealth. This sent the U.S. economy into a tailspin and eventually trickled out beyond the U.S. border to Europe."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Steps to Implement a Blue Ocean Strategy?","response":"In Blue Ocean Shift, Kim and Mauborgne lay out a five-step process for a company seeking to pivot to a blue ocean strategy. In short, they are:Start the process: choose a starting point and create the right team. Understand where you are now: identify the current state of play for your team, including strengths and weaknesses.Imagine where you could be: determine hidden pain points, and identify the non-customers you would like to reach.Find how you get there: develop alternative options and start reconstructing market boundaries.Make your move: formalize a big-picture model and rapidly test your blue-ocean move."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Swap?","response":"A swap allows counterparties to exchange cash flows. For instance, an entity receiving or paying a fixed interest rate may prefer to swap that for a variable rate (or vice-versa). Or, the holder of a cash-flow generating asset may wish to swap that for the cash flows of a different asset. The purpose of such a swap is to manage risk, to obtain funding at a more favorable rate than would be available through other means, or to speculate on future differences between the swapped cash flows."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Basic Difference Between Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma?","response":"Lean Six Sigma uses the Six Sigma methodology (define, measure, analyze, improve, control) with the specific goal of eliminating waste in a company's, or other organization's, processes or use or materials\u2014that is, making it \"leaner.\" It derives in part from the principles of lean manufacturing."}
{"prompts":"Who must file Form 1099-MISC?","response":"You must complete and file Form 1099-MISC with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), including sending a copy to the payee, payments of at least $10 in royalties or broker payments in lieu of dividends or tax-exempt interest to another person and at least $600 for certain rent paid, prizes, and awards, and other listed income payments as mandated by the IRS. You must send the form to the recipient by Feb. 1 and file it with the IRS by March 1 (March 31 if filing electronically)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Gold Options?","response":"Call options on gold give the contract holder the right, but not the obligation, to buy the metal at a preset price before the contract expires. A call option increases in value when the price of gold increases, as it locks in a lower buying price. Meanwhile, put options give the contract holder the right to sell gold at a predetermined level before the expiration date. As gold prices decline, a put option becomes more valuable, as it locks in a higher selling price."}
{"prompts":"What Is MAU and DAU?","response":"Monthly active users and daily active users are measurements used by companies that offer services or products for their customers to use. Each one reflects how many customers are using their services daily or monthly. Whether a user is active depends on the business' definition."}
{"prompts":"Is Wharton School an Ivy League School?","response":"Yes, The Wharton School is an Ivy League school as it is part of the University of Pennsylvania, which is one of the eight Ivy League schools. The other schools are Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Yale, and Brown. The term \"Ivy League\" applies only to U.S. schools, which were originally tied together through athletics before the formation of the United States. They are now considered to be some of the best schools in the world and admittance into them is extremely competitive."}
{"prompts":"Can a Lender Come for My Personal Assets With a Non-Recourse Loan?","response":"No. A non-recourse loan is secured only by the listed collateral. A mortgage is a good example. If you default on your mortgage, the bank can seize the house to recoup their investments, but they can't seize your car or bank accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Keltner Channel and Bollinger Bands?","response":"Both technical indicators are similar; however, the Keltner channel utilizes average true range (ATR) while Bollinger bands use standard deviation."}
{"prompts":"Are Covered Calls Risky?","response":"Covered calls are considered relatively low risk. Covered calls, however, would limit any further upside profit potential if the stock continued to rise, and would not protect much from a drop in the stock price. Note that, unlike covered calls, call sellers that do not own an equivalent amount in the underlying\u00a0shares are\u00a0naked call writers. Naked short calls have theoretically unlimited loss potential if\u00a0the underlying security rises."}
{"prompts":"Under What Conditions Is Groupthink Most Likely to Occur?","response":"Groupthink is most likely to occur in highly cohesive groups with a strong sense of shared identity, where there is a strong pressure to arrive at the correct decision. This pressure may lead some members of the group to withhold key information, in order to avoid undermining the sense of group agreement. A strong or charismatic leader is also a major contributor to groupthink since members will be under pressure to agree with the leader's decisions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Early Withdrawal Penalty for a CD?","response":"Generally, if a CD is not held to maturity there will be an early withdrawal penalty. This is often in the form of interest credited. For example, the penalty on a 24-month CD may be six months' interest. Note that some banks today offer CDs with more flexible terms, with some carrying no penalty for early withdrawals."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find Nash Equilibrium?","response":"To find the Nash equilibrium in a game, one would have to model out each of the possible scenarios to determine the results and then choose what the optimal strategy would be. In a two-person game, this would take into consideration the possible strategies that both players could choose. If neither player changes their strategy knowing all of the information, a Nash equilibrium has occurred."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Zakat?","response":"Muslims should take inventory of their possessions and wealth. Once they reach nisab or the threshold, which is the value of 87.48 grams of gold or 612.36 grams of silver, they must pay zakat. The total amount to be paid is 2.5% or 1\/40 of their total savings and wealth. Muslims can use any number of zakat calculators which are available online to determine their obligations."}
{"prompts":"Why Do They Call It a Black Swan Event?","response":"A black swan is considered to be rare, since most swans are white. In fact, the story goes that black swans were thought once to not at all exist, until finally one was discovered. The lesson is that what we think are very rare events may be more common than previously thought."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Sector Rotation?","response":"In the financial markets, there are sub-sectors of the economic sectors that contain groupings of companies engaged in similar business activities such as financial services or technology. Sector rotation is the process of shifting investments from one sector of an economy to another."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Chargeback?","response":"A chargeback is the return of money to a customer following the successful dispute of a particular credit transaction. It reverses a money transfer from the payer's bank account or credit card."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Defined Contribution Plan Different From a Defined Benefit Plan?","response":"With a DB plan, retirement income is guaranteed by the employer and computed using a formula that considers several factors, such as length of employment and salary history. DC plans offer no such guarantee, don\u2019t have to be funded by employers, and are self-directed."}
{"prompts":"What Is Greenwashing?","response":"Greenwashing is when a company makes claims about its positive environmental endeavors but is misleading the public about them, or outright lying. If a company's green marketing activities are found to be false, the company may be hit with heavy penalties and bad press."}
{"prompts":"How Do Bonds Work?","response":"Bonds are a type of security sold by governments and corporations, as a way of raising money from investors. From the seller\u2019s perspective, selling bonds is therefore a way of borrowing money. From the buyer\u2019s perspective, buying bonds is a form of investment because it entitles the purchaser to guaranteed repayment of principal as well as a stream of interest payments. Some types of bonds also offer other benefits, such as the ability to convert the bond into shares in the issuing company\u2019s stock.The bond market tends to move inversely with interest rates because bonds will trade at a discount when interest rates are rising and at a premium when interest rates are falling."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Names for the Profitability Index?","response":"The profitability index is also called the profit investment ratio (PIR), cost-benefit ratio, or the value investment ratio (VIR)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Considered a Long-Term Investment?","response":"Long-term investments are any securities that are held for more than a year, generally. These can include stocks, bonds, real estate, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs)."}
{"prompts":"Is Preferred or Common Stock a Better Investment?","response":"Each type has pros and cons. Common stock tends to offer higher potential returns, but more volatility. Preferred stock may be less volatile but have a lower potential for returns. This suggests that long-term investors who can handle greater volatility will prefer common stock, while those who want to avoid such fluctuations are more likely to choose preferred stock."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Cash Flow Hedge?","response":"A cash flow hedge is used to reduce the exposure to volatility of cash flows from an existing asset or liability or a forecasted transaction. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, the potential changes in cash flows from the asset, liability, or future transaction must have the potential to affect the company's reported earnings. Examples of items that may qualify for cash flow hedging include variable interest rate assets or liabilities, assets or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency, forecasted purchases or sales, and forecasted debt issuances."}
{"prompts":"Why Can Low Unemployment Be Bad for the Economy?","response":"If inflation falls below ideally 5% to 6%, strong consumer demand can cause inflation to rise faster than the Federal Reserve's ideal rate of 2%."}
{"prompts":"How does a home equity loan work?","response":"A home equity loan is a loan for a set amount of money, repaid over a set period of time that uses the equity you have in your home as collateral for the loan. If you are unable to pay back the loan, you may lose your home to foreclosure."}
{"prompts":"Who Regulates Bancassurance in the United States?","response":"Generally speaking, in the U.S., the individual states continue to regulate insurance products and sales practices as well as to license insurance salespeople. However, since the passage of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act in 1999, \"state laws generally cannot 'prevent or restrict' insurance activities conducted by national banks and their subsidiaries,\" according to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency."}
{"prompts":"Is an ESPP Income or Capital Gains?","response":"If you sell stock purchased through your ESPP more than 12 months after you purchased it, any gain beyond the discount that you received through the plan is taxed as a capital gain. The discount is taxed as ordinary income. In general, capital gains tax rates are much lower than ordinary income tax rates, ranging from 0% to 20% depending on your income bracket."}
{"prompts":"Are Golden Crosses Reliable Indicators?","response":"As a lagging indicator, a golden cross is identified only after the market has risen, which makes it seem reliable. However, as a result of the lag, it is also difficult to know when the signal is false until after the fact. Traders often use a golden cross to confirm a trend or signal in combination with other indicators."}
{"prompts":"What Are Unliquidated Damages?","response":"Unliquidated damages are similar to liquidated damages. Both seek to compensate a harmed party for a breach of contract. The amount of unliquidated damages, however, is not specified in the contract, as is the case for liquidated damages."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Financial Institutions?","response":"The most common types of financial institutions include banks, credit unions, insurance companies, and investment companies. These entities offer various products and services for individual and commercial clients, such as deposits, loans, investments, and currency exchange."}
{"prompts":"Who Files a 1099-Q, the Parent or the Student?","response":"The recipient of the distributions from an education plan will have to file Form 1099-Q, which can be either the parent or the student, depending on who received the money. For example, if the money goes directly from the education plan to the school, then the student is the recipient and will need to fill out the form."}
{"prompts":"How Do Individuals Invest in Commercial Paper?","response":"The minimum investment in commercial paper is usually $100,000. So the best way for smaller investors to invest in commercial paper is to put their money in the companies that buy it. These include money market funds, mutual funds, and even exchange-traded funds."}
{"prompts":"What Is Intellectual Property Theft?","response":"Intellectual property theft is a white-collar crime that robs people or companies of their ideas, inventions, and creative expressions, known as intellectual property, and may include trade secrets and proprietary products or movies, music, and software."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Aggressive Type of Bull Spread?","response":"In a bull call spread, the options trader buys a call option for certain security and sells another call with a higher strike price. The most aggressive bull spreads are those where both calls are initially out-of-the-money because OTM calls tend to be cheaper (and riskier) than in-the-money calls."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Lose Earnest Money?","response":"In an agreement between a buyer and seller, there are often a number of contingencies outlined that spell out the terms where a buyer may back out of an agreement. These contingencies include failure of a home inspection, failure to secure financing, or failure to sell a separate existing property.If the buyer decides to not proceed with the sale for reasons outside of these agreed to contingencies, the buyer is at risk of losing earnest money."}
{"prompts":"Is FATCA Only for U.S. Citizens?","response":"FATCA impacts all U.S. taxpayers who have assets held abroad. That includes citizens and green card holders as well as businesses owned by U.S. citizens and anyone that spends a certain number of days per year in the U.S. and has foreign accounts. All banks worldwide are affected by FATCA if they hold the assets of U.S. taxpayers."}
{"prompts":"What Is Average Propensity to Consume?","response":"Average propensity to consume is an economic indicator of how much income is spent. A specific entity is selected such as an individual, an income class, or an entire country. Average propensity to consume measures how much money is saved compared to spent.Average propensity to consume is used by economists to forecast future economic growth. When average propensity to consume is higher, more people are spending more money. This drives economic growth through product demand and job creation."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Negotiable Instrument?","response":"A negotiable instrument is a document that has monetary value, guaranteeing payment of a specified amount. Negotiable instruments can be exchanged and sold, allowing their legal ownership to be easily transferred from one party to another.Cash is a negotiable instrument."}
{"prompts":"Is It Better to Have Taxes Withheld From Unemployment?","response":"The IRS recommends withholding taxes from unemployment wages to avoid owing the full amount due on the tax deadline."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Shadow Banking?","response":"Its supporters argue that an advantage of shadow banking is that it reduces the dependency on traditional banks as a source of credit. This is a positive benefit for the economy because it acts as an additional source of lending and provides diversification in the financial system."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Financial Analysis Useful?","response":"The financial analysis aims to analyze whether an entity is stable, liquid, solvent, or profitable enough to warrant a monetary investment. It is used to evaluate economic trends, set financial policies, build long-term plans for business activity, and identify projects or companies for investment."}
{"prompts":"What Does Revenue in Business Mean?","response":"Revenue is the money earned by a company obtained primarily from the sale of its products or services to customers. There are specific accounting rules that dictate when, how, and why a company recognizes revenue. For instance, a company may receive cash from a client. However, a company may not be able to recognize revenue until they've performed their part of the contractual obligation."}
{"prompts":"How Much Electricity Does One REC Represent?","response":"One REC is 1 MWh of electricity generated and delivered to the grid. This is about a month's worth of electricity for the typical American home."}
{"prompts":"What Is Covered by UnderInsured Motorist Coverage?","response":"Underinsured motorist coverage typically has two parts: UIM bodily injury covers medical bills and may cover lost wages, and UIM property damage covers the costs to repair or replace your vehicle. Both coverages apply to costs over the limit of the at-fault driver's insurance. However, only UIM bodily injury coverage is available in some states. If you're not sure what's required where you live, ask your state's department of motor vehicles or your insurance agent."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Loan Drawdown?","response":"The term loan drawdown refers to the disbursement of funds from a lender to a borrower. Put simply, it's the act of borrowing money from a lender. The date when the money is disbursed by the lender is referred to as the drawdown date. For instance, a home loan or mortgage is a drawdown loan used to purchase property."}
{"prompts":"Which Generations of the Walton Family Hold Leadership Positions at Walmart Inc.?","response":"In addition to members of the second generation, Jim Walton's son Steuart Walton was elected to the board and is the first member of the Walton family's third generation to join the company's leadership in 2016."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Loan Officer?","response":"A loan officer is a bank employee who is responsible for approving mortgages, car loans, and other loans. Each state has different licensing requirements, but the standard is at least 20 hours of pre-licensing classes.In addition, mortgage loan officers must pass the NMLS National Test, in addition to a criminal background check and credit check. Commercial loan officers have fewer requirements, but their employers may still require additional credentials."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Get a Social Security Number?","response":"The Social Security Administration mails individuals their social security cards as soon as it receives all the necessary information and documentation. This can take as long as two to four weeks, especially when the administration is facing delays."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Invoice Used for?","response":"Besides notifying a customer that payment is due, it also serves as a paper trail for accounting purposes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Position of Subsidy Opponents?","response":"Technically speaking, a free market economy is free of subsidies. Subsidy opponents feel free market forces should determine if a business survives or fails. If it fails, those resources will be allocated to more efficient and profitable use. Opponents argue that subsidies unnecessarily distort markets, preventing efficient outcomes as resources are diverted from more productive uses to less productive ones."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Business Model?","response":"Best Buy, Target, and Walmart are some of the largest examples of retail companies. These companies acquire goods from manufacturers or distributors to sell directly to the public. Retailers interface with their clients and sell goods, though retails may or may not make the actual goods they sell."}
{"prompts":"How Should I Pay for Incidentals on a Business Trip?","response":"How you should pay for incidentals on a business trip will depend on your employer's reimbursement policies. Your employer may require that you submit receipts after the fact, use a business credit card for all expenses, or have an entirely different policy. You will need to check the employee handbook ahead of your trip or talk to your supervisor to ensure that you comply with all company policies."}
{"prompts":"What Must You Do When Emailing PII?","response":"Because email is not always secure, try to avoid emailing PII. If you must, use encryption or secure verification techniques."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Dividend Discount Models?","response":"The main types of dividend discount models are the Gordon Growth model, the two-stage model, the three-stage model, and the H-Model."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Current and Noncurrent Assets?","response":"Current assets are considered short-term assets because they generally are convertible to cash within a firm's fiscal year, and are the resources that a company needs to run its day-to-day operations. Typically, they are reported on the balance sheet at their current or market price. Noncurrent assets can be viewed as investments required for the long-term needs of a business for which the full value will not be realized within the accounting year. They are typically highly illiquid, meaning these assets cannot easily be converted into cash and are capitalized for accounting purposes."}
{"prompts":"Is Net Income the Same As Profit?","response":"Net income and profit are both business terms that refer to the excess of income over expenses. However, there is a difference: Net income is the difference between a company's total revenues and all expenses, including overhead and operational costs, taxes, depreciation and amortization of assets, and any other expenses. Profit refers to the revenue that remains after some expenses. There are several different calculations for profitability, such as gross profit and operational profit, each of which has a separate importance to analysts."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Index Fund?","response":"An index fund is a type of\u00a0mutual fund\u00a0or\u00a0ETF\u00a0with a\u00a0portfolio constructed to track the components of a financial\u00a0market index, such as the Russell 3000."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Real and Nominal Economic Growth?","response":"Real economic growth adjusts GDP for inflation, providing a more accurate picture of an economy's actual expansion or contraction. Nominal growth does not consider inflation, making it less precise."}
{"prompts":"Does Social Security Count As Income?","response":"Yes, for most people, Social Security does count as income, and is, therefore, subject to income taxes. More specifically, it counts as unearned income. Whether you actually pay taxes on it, however, depends on your overall gross income. In 2023, up to 50% of Social Security income is taxable for individuals with a total gross income of at least $25,000, or couples filing jointly with a combined gross income of at least $32,000. Up to 85% of Social Security benefits are taxable for an individual with a combined gross income of at least $34,000, or a couple filing jointly with a combined gross income of at least $44,000. (These sums include your benefit payments.)"}
{"prompts":"Should RevPAR Be High or Low?","response":"For almost all hotels, RevPAR should be higher as this indicates a company is earning more revenue per available room. However, there are several things to consider. First, even though the hotel may be able to charge more, RevPAR does not consider expenses and a company may be better suited avoiding certain expenses and charging less.Second, a hotel's RevPAR should be in line with its strategic plan and business motel. Hotels aiming to be budget-friendly may want to have a fairly low RevPAR; otherwise, they'll be known for their higher prices and their operating model may have failed."}
{"prompts":"Which Brokerage Accounts Let Me Trade for Free?","response":"Since Robinhood opened the doors to commission-free trading, dozens of online brokerage platforms have followed suit. These include major names such as Schwab, TD Ameritrade, E*TRADE, and Fidelity. Some fees other than trading commissions may apply."}
{"prompts":"What Is the USA Freedom Act?","response":"To help prevent the Patriot Act from infringing on the civil liberties of American citizens, President Barack Obama signed the USA Freedom Act into law on June 2, 2015, ending the bulk collection of phone records under Section 215 of the Patriot Act. It also required transparency between the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court and the American people but allows the government to track suspected foreign terrorists for 72 hours after they enter the United States."}
{"prompts":"What Is Conflict Theory?","response":"Conflict theory is a sociopolitical theory that is heavily associated with Karl Marx. It seeks to explain political and economic events in terms of an ongoing struggle over finite resources. In this struggle, Marx emphasizes the antagonistic relationship between social classes, in particular the relationship between the owners of capital\u2014whom Marx calls the \u201cbourgeoisie\u201d\u2014and the working class, whom he calls the \u201cproletariat.\u201d Conflict theory had a profound influence on 19th- and 20th-century thought and continues to influence political debates to this day."}
{"prompts":"Are CDs insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC)?","response":"The majority of CDs are provided through banks or credit unions, and these bank options are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) for up to $250,000. The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) provides similar protection for credit union options. There are uninsured options, typically offered through a brokerage. These options include offshore CDs, bull CDs,\u00a0bear CDs, and Yankee CDs."}
{"prompts":"What Does an Investment Portfolio Manager Do?","response":"An investment portfolio manager meets with a client one-on-one to get a detailed picture of the person's current financial situation, long-term goals, and tolerance for risk. From there, the portfolio manager can draw up a proposal for how the client can meet their goals. If the client accepts the plan, the portfolio can be created by buying the selected assets. The client may start out by contributing a lump sum, or add to the portfolio's balance periodically, or both. The portfolio manager takes responsibility for monitoring the assets and making changes to the portfolio as needed, with the approval of the client. Portfolio managers generally charge a fee for their service that is based on the client's assets under management."}
{"prompts":"Who Is Responsible for Performing the Accounting Cycle?","response":"Usually, accountants are employed to manage and conduct the accounting tasks required by the accounting cycle. If a small business or one-person shop is involved, the owner may handle the tasks, or outsource the work to an accounting firm."}
{"prompts":"How Much of my Jumbo CD Is FDIC- or NCUA-insured?","response":"The FDIC or NCUA insures up to the first $250,000 in each account at an affiliated bank or credit union."}
{"prompts":"Is a Debenture an Asset or a Liability?","response":"This depends on whose perspective is considered. As a debt instrument, a debenture is a liability for the issuer, who is essentially borrowing money via issuing these securities. For an investor (bondholder), owning a debenture is an asset."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Types of Business-to-Consumer Models?","response":"Typically, B2C models fall into the following five categories: direct sellers, online intermediaries, advertising-based B2C, community-based, and fee-based. The most frequently occurring is the direct seller model, where goods are purchased directly from online retailers. By contrast, an online intermediary model would include companies like Expedia, which connect buyers and sellers. Meanwhile, a fee-based model includes services such as Disney+, which charges a subscription to stream their video-on-demand content."}
{"prompts":"What is an Incoterm?","response":"\u201cIncoterm\u201d is short for International Commercial Term, a set of terms and definitions published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). These terms are standardized to prevent confusion and clarify the obligations of buyers and sellers, such as transport and export clearance obligations."}
{"prompts":"Do Liability-Driven Investment Portfolios Usually Include Equities?","response":"They can be included depending on the investor's tolerance for risk but many portfolios don't have them, due to their greater risk. The main goal of an LDI is to match assets to liabilities and manage risk so that income is available to satisfy specific financial obligations. Investments that offer high returns can potential interfere with with goal, if their risk is too great."}
{"prompts":"What Eliminates Economic Profits in the Long Run?","response":"There is perfect competition in the long run. This means that firms can easily enter the market. Since there is the possibility of having an infinite number of competing firms in the same space, profits can easily be eliminated. Keep in mind, though, that companies can also easily leave the market, wiping out losses, too."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Write a Business Plan?","response":"Business plans are essential to running your business and can help you secure the funding you need to start your operations. You can choose between a traditional or lean plan.A traditional business plan has a lot of details, including a summary of the company, how it plans to succeed, market information, management, products and services, marketing, and sales projections.Lean formats are concise with very useful information such as partnership details, outlines of the business activities and customer relationships, cost structures, and revenue streams.Templates are available online or you can design your own business plan."}
{"prompts":"Does the Industry Life Cycle Apply to All Businesses?","response":"Ultimately, yes. However, the discrete stages may occur differently, and have different durations depending on a business and its industry."}
{"prompts":"How Is a Two-Tailed Test Designed?","response":"A two-tailed test is designed to determine whether a claim is true or not given a population parameter. It examines both sides of a specified data range as designated by the probability distribution involved. As such, the probability distribution should represent the likelihood of a specified outcome based on predetermined standards."}
{"prompts":"Why Is DSO Important?","response":"A high DSO number can indicate that the cash flow of the business is not ideal. It varies by business, but a number below 45 is considered good. It's best to track the number over time. If the number is climbing, there may be something wrong in the collections department, or the company may be selling to customers with less than optimal credit. In any case, the company's cash flow is at risk.The debt collections experts at Atradius suggest that tracking DSO over time also creates an incentive for the payments department to stay on top of unpaid invoices. Needless to say, a small business can use its days sales outstanding number to identify and flag customers that are weighing it down by not paying promptly."}
{"prompts":"How Does the IRS Verify Cost Basis in Real Estate?","response":"In real estate transactions, the IRS can verify the cost basis by looking at the closing statement of when the property was purchased, or any other legal documents associated with the property, such as tax statements."}
{"prompts":"Who Were the Lehman Brothers?","response":"A new immigrant from Germany to the U.S., Henry Lehman opened a dry goods store in Montgomery, Alabama. With the subsequent arrival of his two brothers Emmanuel and Mayer, the store became known as Lehman Bros. During the U.S. Civil War, cotton became an increasingly important domestic commodity. The Lehman brothers decided to capitalize on this by provisioning raw cotton at the dry goods store and then engaging in cotton trading in New York. The firm eventually abandoned the South entirely, relocating its headquarters to New York where it focused almost entirely on commodities trading and brokerage. In the following decades, the operations expanded into a full-service financial firm."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Top 3 Altcoins?","response":"By percentage of the market, the top three altcoins are ETH, USDT, and BNB."}
{"prompts":"How Long Before a Debt Becomes Uncollectible?","response":"The amount of time before debt becomes uncollectible varies based on the type of debt as well as the state. The time frame typically ranges from three to six years but can be as high as 15 years."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Data Warehouse Example?","response":"Consider a company that makes exercise equipment. Its best seller is a stationary bicycle, and it is considering expanding its line and launching a new marketing campaign to support it.It goes to its data warehouse to understand its current customer better. It can find out whether its customers are predominantly women over 50 or men under 35. It can learn more about the retailers that have been most successful in selling their bikes, and where they're located. It might be able to access in-house survey results and find out what their past customers have liked and disliked about their products.All of this information helps the company to decide what kind of new model bicycles they want to build and how they will market and advertise them. It's hard information rather than seat-of-the-pants decision-making."}
{"prompts":"What Does Gravestone Doji Mean?","response":"A gravestone doji is a trading pattern that occurs in technical analysis. Traders use it to identify trading opportunities. It represents a bearish pattern during a reversal that will be followed by a downtrend in price. Traders can use the pattern to determine when to take profits\u2014either through a bearish trade or on a bullish position."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Greeks In Options?","response":"The five main Greeks in options trading are delta (\u0394), theta (\u0398), gamma (\u0393), vega (\u03bd),\u00a0and rho (\u03c1). Each Greek\u00a0has a number value that provides information about how the option\u00a0is moving or the risk associated with buying or selling that option. These values change over time, so savvy traders will check them daily or multiple times a day before making trades."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Risk of a Unit Investment Trust?","response":"The benefit above may also translate to one of the greatest downsides of a UIT. Because the assets are not frequently bought or sold, investments often lock into an investment plan that is not changed. The assets may not be re-evaluated as they are being held, and investors may lose money."}
{"prompts":"Can You Eat Expired Food If It Hasn't Been Opened?","response":"The \"use by,\" \"sell by,\" and \"best by\" stamps all suggest an end date for the product in its unopened state. Most products are good for some time after the dates marked on the package if the package remains unopened. Whether it's opened or sealed, look at it, sniff it, or taste it before you throw it out.In general, nonperishable foods like canned goods, pasta, and rice have a long shelf life and are good well past any expiration dates marked on them. Meat, dairy, and eggs are perishable, but a sniff test is more reliable than a \"sell by\" date."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of Using a UTMA Account?","response":"The main advantage of using a UTMA account is that the money contributed to the account is exempted from paying a gift tax of up to a maximum of $18,000 per year for 2024. Any income earned on the contributed funds is taxed at the tax rate of the minor who is being gifted the funds. Since the minor\u2019s income is presumably significantly lower than that of the adult donor, this can lead to significant tax savings.One of the drawbacks of using a UTMA account, however, is that it can make the recipient less eligible for need-based college scholarship programs and other such initiatives."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Avoid Kiddie Tax?","response":"Parents or grandparents can avoid the kiddie tax by keeping the child\u2019s annual investment income at $2,500 or less. This can be accomplished in a number of ways, including investing in assets that don\u2019t pay much in the way of income or dividends or in bonds where the payment of interest can be deferred until the child is no longer subject to the kiddie tax."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Identify an Externality?","response":"Companies must be mindful of their entire production process when assessing production externalities. This includes not only implications of the final product but residual impacts of byproducts, disposal of items not used, and how antiquated equipment is handled. This also includes projecting outcomes of items yet to occur, such as waste yet to be properly disposed of.Consumers can identify consumption externalities by being mindful of the inputs and outputs that go beyond what they are attempting to achieve. Consider an example of an individual consuming alcohol. A consumer must be mindful that excessive drinking may lead to noise pollution, an unsafe environment, or adverse health effects."}
{"prompts":"What Does Tenor Mean?","response":"Tenor refers to the length of time remaining before a financial contract expires. It is often used interchangeably with the term \"maturity.\""}
{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of a Bell Curve?","response":"A bell curve is a symmetric curve centered around the mean, or average, of all the data points being measured. The width of a bell curve is determined by the standard deviation\u201468% of the data points are within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% of the data are within two standard deviations, and 99.7% of the data points are within three standard deviations of the mean."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between First-Party and Third-Party Claims?","response":"In a first-party claim, the insurance company makes a payment directly to the insured person or business. In a third-party claim, the payment is made to someone other than the insured or insurer. This happens when the insured person is liable for damages. If your homeowner's insurance repays you for a repair to your roof, that's a first-party claim. But if it pays for the medical bills of someone who slipped on your front steps, that's a third-party claim."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Elements of Interactive Media?","response":"Interactive media often provides audio and visual components, as well as animated images and graphics, but it doesn't have to be that fancy. You're engaging in this type of media whenever you simply enter text into an app or tap a key on your laptop, tablet or smartphone. Interactive media is basically anything that gives you some measure of control over what you're watching or contributing."}
{"prompts":"How Is Elasticity Related to Deadweight Loss of Tax?","response":"The more elastic a good is, the greater the potential for deadweight loss because consumers and producers can more easily adjust their behavior in response to tax-induced price changes. If something is elastic, consumers may choose a substitute or avoid the good altogether."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Gemini Exchange Scandal?","response":"Gemini used Genesis Global, a subsidiary of Digital Currency Group, as a lender. Genesis declared bankruptcy in January 2023, withholding funds for Gemini's Earn program. Thousands of Gemini customers were unable to withdraw funds as Gemini froze its withdrawals\u2014all of which followed the collapse of FTX, which had impacted Gemini financially as well."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Hedging?","response":"Purchasing insurance against property losses, using derivatives such as options or futures to offset losses in underlying investment assets, or opening new foreign exchange positions to limit losses from fluctuations in existing currency holdings while retaining some upside potential are all examples of hedging.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do Taxes Affect Economic Efficiency?","response":"Taxes often have the effect of reducing economic efficiency by introducing deadweight losses. For example, a sales tax on a certain product increases the price, thereby reducing sales. These lost sales are considered a deadweight loss because they represent potential economic activity that was not realized because of the sales tax."}
{"prompts":"What Is Allocative Efficiency Important?","response":"Allocative efficiency is important because it ensures that resources are used to satisfy the highest number of wants."}
{"prompts":"What Time Is the Opening Bell for the Nasdaq?","response":"The Nasdaq opens at 9:30 AM on weekdays. Although trading is automatic, the opening bell ritual has strong symbolic importance. Many business people see an opportunity to ring the bell as a chance to build their brands and highlight their companies."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Certified and Cashier's Check?","response":"Both a certified check and a cashier's check are considered more secure checks than personal checks. Cashier's checks are signed by banks and drawn against a bank's account, while certified checks are signed by an individual and drawn against a personal account. Both checks are guaranteed by the bank, which makes them more secure."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 4 Main Topics in Development Economics?","response":"The topics, or types of development economics include mercantilism, economic nationalism, linear stages of growth model, and structural-change theory."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of a Forward Rate Agreement?","response":"A forward rate agreement (FRA) is an over-the-counter (OTC) contract, meaning that there are lower levels of regulation and oversight related to the transaction compared with futures contracts. It can sometimes be difficult for a party to close an FRA before the maturity date, and the agreements are also subject to counterparty risk, as there is a potential that a participant in the contract could default on its obligations."}
{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Demand?","response":"The economic principle of demand concerns the quantity of a particular product or service that consumers are willing to purchase at various prices. Demand looks at a market's pricing and purchases from a consumer's point of view. On the other hand, the principle of supply underscores the point of view of the supplier of the product or service."}
{"prompts":"What Are Product Life Cycle Strategies?","response":"Depending on the stage a product is in, a company may adopt different strategies along the product life cycle. For example, a company is more likely to incur heavy marketing and R&D costs in the introduction stage. As the product becomes more mature, companies may then turn to improving product quality, entering new segments, or increasing distribution channels. Companies also strategically approach divesting from product lines including the sale of divisions or discontinuation of goods."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Finance My Home Modification?","response":"There are several ways to finance your home modification. One option is a\u00a0home improvement loan. Also, state and local agencies may be able to offer grants and loans with less-restrictive qualification requirements. If you are a veteran, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs offers several grants to help service members and veterans modify a home for qualifying service-related disabilities. Finally, you can opt for home modification loans and grants from nonprofit groups."}
{"prompts":"Which Kinds of Life Insurance Have Cash Surrender Values?","response":"Whole, universal, variable universal, and indexed universal life insurance often have a cash value component to them. If you surrender the policy, you receive your cash value minus any surrender charges."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Stock Gaps Fill?","response":"A stock gap is a large jump in a stock's price after the market closes, usually due to some news. When a gap has been filled, this means the stock's price has returned to its \"normal\" price; the pre-gap price. This happens quite often as the price settles after irrational buying and trading has stopped after the news."}
{"prompts":"Why Is the Management Discussion & Analysis Section Important?","response":"The MD&A section is important because it doesn't have as restrictive guidelines compared to the numerically-prepared financial statements. Management can use its own wording to explain unusual events or material considerations. It can also explain its future plans which are not conveyed in backwards-looking financial statements."}
{"prompts":"How Do Criminals Steal Credit Card Information?","response":"Fraudsters steal credit card information in various ways. They use skimmers, which steal credit and debit card information from ATMs and gas pumps in which they have been installed. They also gain information through phishing scams, site compromises, or even by purchasing the information on carder forums."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Value Proposition?","response":"A value proposition is meant to convince stakeholders, investors, or customers that a company or its products or services are worthwhile. If the value proposition is weak or unconvincing it may be difficult to attract investment and consumer demand."}
{"prompts":"When Did the DJIA Top 10,000 for the First Time?","response":"The Dow Jones Industrial Average hit 10,000 for the first time in March 1999. The DJIA then hit 11,750 in January 2000, before falling to below 7,200 in October 2002 after the dot-com crash."}
{"prompts":"What's Needed To Open a Binary Options Trading Account?","response":"This typically involves choosing the broker, submitting an application, completing the Know Your Customer forms, funding the account, and verifying your identity for the broker."}
{"prompts":"What Are Depositary Banks?","response":"Depositary banks play a crucial role in the issuance and management of ADSs, ADRs, and other related securities. These banks act as a bridge between U.S. investors and foreign companies, allowing for easier access to foreign investments. Major depositary banks include JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM), Citigroup (C), Bank of New York Mellon (BK), and Deutsche Bank (DB)."}
{"prompts":"How Many Years Can a Loss Be Carried Forward?","response":"A business can carry a loss forward over 20 years, with a carryover limit of 80% of each subsequent year's net income."}
{"prompts":"Can You Declare Bankruptcy if You're Judgment Proof?","response":"You can file for bankruptcy if you're judgment proof, but there is little reason to do so if most of your assets are already off limits to debt collectors or you don't have any assets to speak of. However, if your financial situation improves to the extent that you're no longer judgment proof, and you do have assets you want to protect, bankruptcy could become an option worth exploring with a knowledgeable lawyer. Bankruptcy also has the advantage of finality, while a judgment can hang over your head for many years.Bankruptcy, however, can have a significant negative impact on your credit score. A\u00a0debt relief company\u00a0or credit counseling service could be a better option in the long term. While this may still damage your credit, it won't be as bad compared to declaring bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"What is the minimum maintenance requirement?","response":"The minimum maintenance requirement by law is 25%, which was set out by Regulation T. However, brokers are free to be more rigorous and most are."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Sinking Fund and an Emergency Fund?","response":"A sinking fund is used for a very specific purpose: to pay down debt or a bond. An emergency fund is a general reserve fund that can be used for a variety of emergencies that may come up. Even though an emergency fund is used for a specific purpose, emergencies, it has a different function than a sinking fund."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Schedule D and Form 4797?","response":"Schedule D is used to report gains from personal investments, while Form 4797 is used to report gains from real estate dealings\u2014those that are done primarily in relation to business rather than personal transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ways to Minimize Risk With Stocks?","response":"Ways to minimize risk when investing in stocks is to do thorough research before picking a stock, diversifying one's portfolio, investing alongside one's risk appetite, having a long-term investment horizon, not panicking in terms of volatility, and regularly evaluating your portfolio."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Debt Added to Total Enterprise Value (TEV)?","response":"Higher debt triggers a higher TEV because it represents an added cost that must be paid by any would-be acquirer.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility?","response":"The law of diminishing marginal utility is important in economics and business. Because it predicts consumer behavior, it can be used by businesses to find the balance in supply and production. It can inform a business's marketing and sales strategies as well."}
{"prompts":"Can I use a gift card to withdraw cash at an ATM?","response":"Yes, it\u2019s possible to use a gift card to withdraw cash at an ATM if the card allows it. Typically, this is only an option with open-loop cards, which are not affiliated with any store or merchant brand."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Find a Last Will and Testament Maker Online?","response":"Investopedia has reviewed several top online will makers. To suggest the best, we've taken into consideration ease of use, availability in all states, and the ability to update information easily.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is the Financial System of Hong Kong?","response":"Hong Kong is a large financial center with many banks and financial institutions. The region has favorable tax laws and a strong financial market with its own stock market. The currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is pegged to the U.S. dollar."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between BOT and PPP?","response":"A public-private partnership (PPP) is when a private entity takes over, finances, and operates large-scale government projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and hospitals. A BOT contract is just one of a series of potential PPP agreements."}
{"prompts":"What Is Perfect Competition?","response":"In economic theory, perfect competition occurs when all companies sell identical products, market share does not influence price, companies are able to enter or exit without barriers, buyers have perfect or full information, and companies cannot determine prices. In other words, it is a market that is entirely influenced by market forces. It is the opposite of imperfect competition, which is a more accurate reflection of a current market structure."}
{"prompts":"Are High-Yield Bonds Better Investments Than Low-Yield Bonds?","response":"Bond investment depends on an investor's circumstances, goals, and risk tolerance. Low-yield bonds may be better for investors who want a virtually risk-free asset, or one who is hedging a mixed portfolio by keeping a portion of it in a low-risk asset. High-yield bonds may be better suited for investors who are willing to accept a degree of risk in return for a higher return."}
{"prompts":"Are Uncovered Calls Worth It?","response":"When deciding whether uncovered calls are worth it, it's very important to remember that the reward is unlikely to outweigh the unlimited risk in these scenarios."}
{"prompts":"What is several but not joint liability?","response":"Several liability (or proportionate liability) is when all parties are liable for just their own respective obligations. In effect, it is the opposite of joint liability."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Write-Off?","response":"The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) allows individuals to claim a standard deduction on their income tax return and also itemize deductions if they exceed that level. Deductions reduce the adjusted gross income applied to a corresponding tax rate. Tax credits may also be referred to as a type of write-off because they are applied to taxes owed, lowering the overall tax bill directly. The IRS allows businesses to write off a broad range of expenses that comprehensively reduce taxable profits."}
{"prompts":"What Was One of the Most Successful Penny Stock Offerings?","response":"True Religion Jeans traded under a dollar per share in the early to mid-2000s and in 2013 the company was acquired by Towerbrook Capital Partners for $32 per share, netting investors a 5,000% increase."}
{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between a Federal Housing Administration (FHA) Loan and a Conventional Loan?","response":"FHA loans are designed to make homeownership possible and easier for low- to moderate-income borrowers with poor credit history or limited savings. Conventional loan\u00a0interest rates may be higher than government-backed mortgages, such as\u00a0FHA loans, and you will need a higher credit score and down payment to qualify."}
{"prompts":"Why Is it Called a Collar?","response":"The collar strategy is named that because it essentially puts both a \"floor\" and \"ceiling\" on the stock position, like a collar around the neck. The stock price is effectively \"collared\" within those two strike prices, giving some downside protection but limiting potential upside gains."}
{"prompts":"What is current ratio?","response":"Analysts and creditors often use the current ratio, which measures a company\u2019s ability to pay its short-term financial debts or obligations. The ratio, which is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities, shows how well a company manages its balance sheet to pay off its short-term debts and payables. It shows investors and analysts whether a company has enough current assets on its balance sheet to satisfy or pay off its current debt and other payables."}
{"prompts":"What Effect Does a Higher Discount Rate Have on the Time Value of Money?","response":"The discount rate reduces future cash flows, so the higher the discount rate, the lower the present value of the future cash flows. A lower discount rate leads to a higher present value. As this implies, when the discount rate is higher, money in the future will be worth less than it is today\u2014meaning it will have less purchasing power."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Quality for Business Expense Deduction?","response":"For a business expense to qualify as a deduction, it must meet two criteria required by the IRS: The expense must be ordinary and necessary to the business. An expense is considered ordinary if it is common and accepted in your industry.\u00a0An expense is considered necessary if it is helpful and appropriate for your business."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Typical Brokerage Fee for a Real Estate Deal?","response":"Realtors and real estate brokers typically charge around 5% to 6% of the selling price of a house. This is often split between the seller's agent and the buyer's agent. Some discount real estate brokerages may charge a lower rate or instead offer a fixed-fee service."}
{"prompts":"Who Was Pell?","response":"Pell Grants are named for the late U.S. Senator Claiborne de Borda Pell of Rhode Island, who championed them."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Benefit of Incremental Analysis?","response":"A primary benefit of its examination of costs is that it can help a business make the best use of available resources and maintain a focus on profitability."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Can Banks Use When Making Loans?","response":"Banks and other lending institutions are allowed to take economic factors into account when making loans. If these decisions are based solely on economic factors, then lending institutions are not required to approve all loan applications on the same terms and may impose higher rates or stricter repayment terms on some borrowers. However, according to U.S. law, they cannot base their approval decisions on race, religion, national origin, sex, or marital status."}
{"prompts":"How Are Retention Bonuses Paid?","response":"Retention bonuses may be paid as a lump sum or in a series of payments, such as at the beginning and at the end of a specific period.Should the agreement be modified or terminated early, the employee may receive a pro rata proportion of the bonus or may forego the bonus entirely.Some agreements may be structured so that the employee receives small portions over time (i.e. 5% of the bonus each month for five months, then the remaining 75% bonus in the final month of employment)."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Virtual Currency, Digital Currency and Cryptocurrency?","response":"All virtual currencies and cryptocurrencies are digital currencies. But the opposite is not true\u2014not all digital currencies are virtual currencies or cryptocurrencies. For example, CBDCs are digital currencies, but they are neither virtual currencies, which are unregulated, nor cryptocurrencies, which are usually tokens on decentralized networks."}
{"prompts":"What Is a TILA Volation?","response":"Some examples of TILA violations include a creditor failing to accurately disclose the APR and finance charge, the misapplication of the daily interest factor, and the application of penalty fees exceeding TILA limits. A creditor is also in violation if they do not allow the borrower to rescind the contract within the prescribed limit."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Investing in Diamonds ETF?","response":"Investing in the DIA ETF offers several benefits, including diversification across a range of industries, liquidity, and the ability to access the broader U.S. stock market. DIA provides investors with a well-rounded exposure to some of the most established and influential U.S. companies. The composition of DIA includes a bunch of blue chip stocks, but it also diversifies across a few industries."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Qualified vs. Non-Qualified Annuuity","response":"Annuities can be purchased using either pre-tax or after-tax dollars. A non-qualified annuity is one that has been purchased with after-tax dollars. A qualified annuity is one that has been purchased with pre-tax dollars. Other qualified plans include 401(k) plans and 403(b) plans. Only the earnings of a non-qualified annuity are taxed at the time of withdrawal, not the contributions, as they are after-tax money"}
{"prompts":"Who Collects Demographic Data?","response":"The U.S. Census Bureau collects demographic data on the American population every year through the American Community Survey (ACS) and every 10-years via an in-depth count of every American household. Companies use marketing departments or outsource to specialized marketing firms to collect demographics on users, customers, or prospective client groups. Academic researchers also collect demographic data for research purposes using various survey instruments. Political parties and campaigns also collect demographics in order to target messaging for political candidates."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Effective Annual Interest Rate?","response":"The effective annual interest rate is calculated using the following formula:Effective\u00a0Annual\u00a0Interest\u00a0Rate=(1+in)n\u22121where:i=Nominal\u00a0interest\u00a0raten=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\\begin{aligned} &Effective\\ Annual\\ Interest\\ Rate=\\left ( 1+\\frac{i}{n} \\right )^n-1\\\\ &\\textbf{where:}\\\\ &i=\\text{Nominal interest rate}\\\\ &n=\\text{Number of periods}\\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bEffective\u00a0Annual\u00a0Interest\u00a0Rate=(1+ni\u200b)n\u22121where:i=Nominal\u00a0interest\u00a0raten=Number\u00a0of\u00a0periods\u200bAlthough it can be done by hand, most investors will use a financial calculator, spreadsheet, or online program. Moreover, investment websites and other financial resources regularly publish the effective annual interest rate of a loan or investment. This figure is also often included in the prospectus and marketing documents prepared by the security issuers."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Balance Sheet Formula?","response":"A balance sheet is calculated by balancing a company's assets with its liabilities and equity. The formula is: total assets = total liabilities + total equity.Total assets is calculated as the sum of all short-term, long-term, and other assets. Total liabilities is calculated as the sum of all short-term, long-term and other liabilities. Total equity is calculated as the sum of net income, retained earnings, owner contributions, and share of stock issued."}
{"prompts":"What About Limited Partnerships?","response":"In limited partnerships (LPs), there are general partners who maintain operations of the firm and have full liability, whereas limited (silent) partners, who are often passive investors or otherwise not involved in day-to-day operations, enjoy limited liability. A limited liability partnership (LLP) is different from an LP. \u00a0In an LLP, partners are not exempt from liability for the debts of the partnership, but they may be exempt from liability for the actions of other partners.\u00a0A limited liability limited partnership (LLLP) is a relatively new business form that combines aspects of LPs and LLPs."}
{"prompts":"What Does Regulation Z Not Cover?","response":"Regulation Z doesn't dictate loan terms, what type of loans lenders offer, or who can apply for loans. The law is designed to help ensure transparency in the lending and credit process by requiring lenders to provide certain disclosures to consumers, observe appropriate practices with regard to credit cards, resolve billing disputes in a timely manner, provide monthly billing statements to borrowers, notify borrowers when lending terms change, and avoid unfair practices in mortgage lending."}
{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Types of Damages?","response":"The three types of damages are economic\u00a0damages, non-economic\u00a0damages, and punitive\u00a0damages."}
{"prompts":"Are Guaranteed Investment Contracts Federally Insured?","response":"No, there is no federal insurance for guaranteed investment contracts, unlike certificates of deposit (CDs), many of which are covered by either the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) or the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA).Some insurance products are covered by state insurance guaranty associations. However, many of those associations do not extend their coverage to include GICs."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Requirements for Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs)?","response":"The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) lists accounting and reporting requirements for lenders seeking to establish troubled debt restructurings (TDRs) for nonaccrual loans. A borrower in financial difficulties can work with the lender to determine whether a TDR is appropriate in their situation."}
{"prompts":"Are Bonds a Good Investment?","response":"Bonds tend to be less volatile than stocks, and are typically recommended to make up at least some portion of a diversified portfolio. Because bond prices vary inversely with interest rates, they tend to rise in value when rates are falling. If bonds are held to maturity, they will return the entire amount of principal at the end, along with the interest payments made along the way. Because of this, bonds are often good for investors who are seeking income and who want to preserve capital. In general, experts advise that as individuals get older or approach retirement, they should shift their portfolio weights more towards bonds."}
{"prompts":"What Makes a Product Inelastic?","response":"If a price change for a product doesn\u2019t lead to much, if any, change in its supply or demand, it is considered inelastic. Generally, it means that the product is considered to be a necessity or a luxury item for addictive constituents. Examples would be gasoline, milk, and iPhones."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Investment Grade Bond?","response":"An investment-grade bond is a so-called high-quality or low-risk bond. It is considered to be a fairly safe bet and has a very low rate of default. Bonds rated \"AAA,\" \"AA,\" \"A,\" and \"BBB\" are considered investment grade."}
{"prompts":"What Are Payroll Taxes?","response":"Payroll taxes include Social Security, which takes out 6.2% of your income up to $132,900.\u00a0 Payroll taxes also pay for Medicare, which takes out 1.45% of your income. Employers also pay payroll taxes. They pay 6.2% of your income, so the government gets 12.4% of your total income, and your employer pays 1.45% of your income toward Medicare."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Debt Tranche and an Equity Tranche?","response":"There are two main types of tranches used when selling a CLO: debt tranches and equity tranches. Debt tranches, also called mezzanine, are those that offer the investor a specified stream of interest and principal payments, similar to those offered by other debt instruments such as debentures or corporate bonds.Equity tranches, on the other hand, do not pay scheduled cash flows to the investor, but instead offer a share of the value of the CLO if the CLO is re-sold in the future. Within each of these categories, many different tranches might be available, with the riskier tranches offering higher potential returns."}
{"prompts":"What Is Historical Cost Accounting?","response":"Fair value accounting measures assets and liabilities at estimates of their current value whereas historical cost accounting measures the value of an asset based on the original cost of an asset."}
{"prompts":"How Is Social Security and Medicare Taxed for Self-Employed Individuals?","response":"Self-employed individuals (independent contractors, sole proprietors, etc.) must pay both halves of Social Security and Medicare taxes\u2014the entire 15.3% FICA tax. It is paid on the net income of their business, or the sum of their self-employed earnings after expenses and losses are deducted. While the Social Security and Medicare tax rate is the same as for employees, the self-employed can take a deduction for half the amount on their tax returns."}
{"prompts":"How Do Options Buyers Choose an Expiration Date?","response":"An options buyer chooses the expiration date based on cost and the length of the contract. Options can range from a week to several years. The farther out the expiration date, the more expensive the option.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"How Do You Compute ROIC?","response":"The ROIC formula is net operating profit after tax (NOPAT) divided by invested capital. Companies with a steady or improving return on capital are unlikely to put significant amounts of new capital to work."}
{"prompts":"What Is Recaptured Depreciation?","response":"Recapture is a process through which the IRS gets back some of the money it previously allowed the taxpayer to deduct through depreciation. For example, when a taxpayer takes depreciation deductions for an asset, that reduces their cost basis in the asset. If they later sell the asset for more than its cost basis, they can owe tax on that profit.In the case of listed property, if the taxpayer claimed a Section 179 deduction for a particular asset, they may be subject to recapture if their business use of it falls to 50% or less at any time during that asset's recovery period. The recovery period is the number of years over which an asset would normally be depreciated under IRS rules. An automobile, for example, has a recovery period of five years under the general depreciation system."}
{"prompts":"Which regulatory agency do RIAs register with?","response":"RIAs may register with the SEC if they manage at least $25 million in assets, and are required to do so if they manage more than $100 million. Investment advisors managing smaller amounts of money are typically required to register with state-level agencies."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Look Up a CUSIP Number?","response":"There are several ways to do this. Perhaps the simplest is to request a stock quote on a broker's website, which often will include the CUSIP. You can also find the numbers on a brokerage's official statements sent to clients, or on physical stock or bond certificates if you own them. Certain bond CUSIPs may also be obtained through the\u00a0Municipal Securities Rule-Making Board\u00a0via the Electronic Municipal Market Access system."}
{"prompts":"What Is the British Government's Threshold for Ring-Fencing?","response":"The British government introduced a \u00a325 billion threshold on core deposits when it implemented the ring-fencing rule in January 2019. This means that eligible banks must ring-fence assets above this limit as of 2023. This threshold could be raised to \u00a335 billion as the government is reviewing proposals to further strengthen the country's banking and financial sector."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Earn Proof-of-Stake?","response":"Proof of Stake (POS) is a built-in consensus mechanism used by a blockchain network. It cannot be earned, but you can help secure a network and earn rewards by using a cryptocurrency client that participates in PoS validating or becoming a validator."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Beneficial Owner of a Charity or Nonprofit?","response":"For charities and nonprofits, the beneficial ownership rule does not apply to those with over 25% of the company, because these entities do not typically have percentage-based controlling interests. However, they must still disclose the information of any executive or officer who has significant control over the company."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Start Investing?","response":"You can choose the do-it-yourself route, selecting investments based on your investing style, or enlist the help of an investment professional, such as an advisor or broker. Before investing, it's important to determine what your preferences and risk tolerance are. If risk-averse, choosing stocks and options, may not be the best choice. Develop a strategy, outlining how much to invest, how often to invest, and what to invest in based on goals and preferences. Before allocating your resources, research the target investment to make sure it aligns with your strategy and has the potential to deliver desired results. Remember, you don't need a lot of money to begin, and you can modify as your needs change."}
{"prompts":"What Documents Do I Need to Keep for My Tax Returns?","response":"For accurate tax filing, it's crucial to retain various documents such as W-2s, 1099s, and receipts for deductions. These documents serve as evidence of your income, expenses, and eligibility for tax credits."}
{"prompts":"What Were the Underpayment Penalties for 2023?","response":"The IRS underpayment penalty was 7% for most underpayments and 9% for large corporate underpayments through the first three quarters of 2023. It increased to 8% in Q4."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trust Fund Baby?","response":"A trust fund baby is someone whose parents set up a trust fund in their name. The term is a popular cultural reference that is often used negatively. When people use the expression, there's an implication that beneficiaries are born with silver spoons in their mouths, are overly privileged, and don't have to work to live.It's true that trust funds can provide beneficiaries with security. But in reality, many so-called trust fund babies don't live luxuriously or in high society."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Product Differentiation Important?","response":"Product differentiation is important because it allows different brands or companies to gain a competitive advantage in the market. If differentiation were unachievable, the bigger companies with economies of scale would always dominate the market because they can undercut smaller producers in terms of price. Product differentiation is also a way to control costs for the consumer by maintaining a competitive market."}
{"prompts":"What Is Trailing?","response":"Trailing refers to the property of a measurement, indicator, or data series that reflects a past event or observation. It is usually attached to a specified time interval by which the data trail or over which that data is aggregated, summed, or averaged. Trailing data and indicators are used to reveal underlying trends but can delay recognition of trend turning points. Trailing can also refer to a type of stop order used by traders."}
{"prompts":"Is ISM A Leading Indicator?","response":"ISM PMI data is considered to be a leading indicator of economic trends. Not only does the ISM Manufacturing Index report information on the prior two months, it outlines long-term trends that have been building over time based on prevailing economic conditions."}
{"prompts":"What Monetary Policy Reduces Inflation?","response":"Opposite of expansionary policy, the Federal Reserve may also enact contractionary policies. These policies are meant to slow the economy, make debt more expensive to come by, and shrink the money supply. By slowing the economy, reducing consumer demand, and slowing business growth, inflation often slows though unemployment is put at risk to increase."}
{"prompts":"What Is Technical Analysis?","response":"Technical analysis is a trading discipline that uses different tools and techniques to identify trading patterns and trends in the market. Technical analysts use historical data, indexes, signals, graphs, and charts to make future predictions about the movement of assets and markets. it is the opposite of fundamental analysis, which measures an asset or market's fair value based on intrinsic factors, including financial and economic factors."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between the Bond Market and the Stock Market?","response":"Worldwide, the bond market is larger than the stock market, with about $130 trillion in bonds outstanding and about $101 trillion in stock market capitalization, according to the last data available. The bond and stock markets serve different purposes and offer different risk-reward profiles for investors. In the bond market, investors buy and sell debt securities, typically issued by governments (local, state, and federal) or corporations. When you invest in bonds, you're essentially lending money for regular interest payments and the return on the bond's face value at maturity.The stock market involves buying and selling shares and derivatives (instruments whose value correlates in some way to particular stocks) of publicly traded companies. Investing in stocks means buying a piece of ownership in a company. Stocks offer the potential for higher returns than bonds since investors can get both dividends when the company is profitable and returns when the stock price goes up. They also have a higher risk, as stock prices can be more volatile."}
{"prompts":"Is Spoofing Illegal?","response":"Spoofing can be illegal depending on the type of spoof, the intent, and the jurisdiction involved. If you mask your phone number but there is no harm, spoofing is legal. But in the U.S., the FCC prohibits anyone from transmitting misleading or inaccurate caller ID information with the intent to defraud,\u00a0with fines up to $10,000 per instance."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Calculate a Company's ROA?","response":"ROA is calculated by dividing a firm's net income by the average of its total assets. It is then expressed as a percentage.Net profit can be found at the bottom of a company's income statement, and assets are found on its balance sheet. Average total assets are used in calculating ROA because a company's asset total can vary over time due to the purchase or sale of vehicles, land, equipment, inventory changes, or seasonal sales fluctuations. As a result, calculating the average total assets for the period in question is more accurate than the total assets for one period."}
{"prompts":"How Are Freight Prices Calculated With CWT?","response":"The shipping charge will be quoted as a price per cwt. For example, the quoted price might be $30 per cwt. A 500-pound shipment is five hundredweight. The total price is 30 x 5, or $150."}
{"prompts":"Who enforces antitrust laws?","response":"The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) are responsible for making sure that antitrust laws are abided by. The FTC mainly focuses on segments of the economy where consumer spending is high, while the DOJ holds sole antitrust jurisdiction in sectors such as telecommunications, banks, railroads, and airlines and has the power to impose criminal sanctions."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Index Investing?","response":"There are several key benefits of index investing. They give you broad exposure to the market. That's because they are made up of stocks from a wide range of different sectors. For instance, the Nasdaq is heavily focused on technology stocks but also has exposure to consumer discretionary, healthcare, and financial stocks among others.Index investing is easier to manage because securities like mutual funds and ETFs are reallocated whenever the corresponding index changes. This eliminates any bias as portfolio managers only make adjustments when the index does."}
{"prompts":"What Is the DTCC?","response":"DTCC and its family of companies, including its subsidiary DTC, serve as the post-trade market infrastructure in the industry, providing automation, centralization, standardization, and streamlining of processes critical to the markets\u2019 safety and security."}
{"prompts":"Can the UFMI Be Paid in Cash, or Can It Be Financed Into the Loan Payments?","response":"The UFMI premium can be paid either in cash or financed into the loan, but must be entirely paid in one way the other, not split. Any UFMIP amounts paid in cash are added to the total cash settlement requirements."}
{"prompts":"Is a Chart of Accounts Required?","response":"No, but it's considered necessary by all kinds of companies seeking to categorize all of their transactions so that they can be referenced quickly and easily.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Requirements for a Discrete Probability Distribution?","response":"The probabilities of random variables must have discrete (as opposed to continuous) values as outcomes. For a cumulative distribution, the probability\u00a0of each discrete observation must be between 0 and\u200b 1; and the sum of the\u00a0probabilities\u00a0must equal one (100%)."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a General Partnership?","response":"General partnerships can be simple to set up. People can get together, declare that they're a partnership, and start working immediately. In most cases, a general partnership isn't required to register with the state it does business in. Incorporation isn't required, either. It can be dissolved automatically when one partner leaves. And it doesn't pay taxes (though the partners do)."}
{"prompts":"Are NSF Fees Legal?","response":"Yes, NSF fees are legal on bounced checks and should not be charged on debit card transactions or ATM withdrawals. The U.S. government doesn't regulate NSF fees or the size of fees but The Truth in Lending Act does require banks to disclose their fees to customers when they open an account."}
{"prompts":"Are Commodities Financial Instruments?","response":"While commodities themselves, such as precious metals, energy products, raw materials, or agricultural products, are traded on global markets, they do not typically meet the definition of a financial instrument. That\u2019s because they do not confer a claim or obligation over something else. But commodities derivatives are financial instruments, They include futures, forwards, and options contracts that use a commodity as the underlying asset."}
{"prompts":"What Are Common Resume Mistakes?","response":"Common resume mistakes include typos, vague details without a lack of specifics, either being too long in detail or too short, grammatical errors, poor verb usage, adding impertinent information, and not including enough information on skills."}
{"prompts":"Who Controls a Trust?","response":"The one establishing a trust is called the trustor or grantor. The one who oversees and manages the trust is called the trustee. In a revocable trust, the trustor may control the trust as well, but in an irrevocable trust, the trustee must be somebody else. The trust's beneficiaries are those who benefit from the trust, and the trustee ensures that the beneficiaries are paid."}
{"prompts":"How Is Petroleum Formed?","response":"Petroleum is a fossil fuel that was formed over millions of years through the transformation of dead organisms, such as algae, plants, and bacteria, that experienced high heat and pressure when trapped inside rock formations."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Horizontal Acquisition?","response":"Horizontal acquisitions allow companies to eliminate competition, reduce their production costs, boost their profits, and grow their businesses. Other benefits include gaining access to new markets, adopting new product lines and brands, and increasing their market share."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Example of Compounding?","response":"High-yield savings accounts are a great example of compounding. Let's say you deposit $1,000 in a saving account. In the first year, you will earn a given amount of interest. If you never spend any money in the account and the interest rate at least stays the same as the year before, the amount of interest you earn in the second year will be higher. That is because savings accounts add interest earned to the cash balance that is eligible to earn interest."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Basic Areas of Finance?","response":"Finance is generally divided into these three basic areas:Public finance includes\u00a0tax, spending, budgeting, and debt issuance policies that affect how a government pays for the services it provides to the publicCorporate finance refers to the financial activities related to running a company or business, usually with a division or department set up to oversee those financial activities.Personal finance involves money matters for individuals and their families, including budgeting, strategizing, saving and investing, purchasing financial products, and safeguarding assets. Banking is also considered a component of personal finance."}
{"prompts":"How Often Does Assessed Value Change?","response":"That depends on the state or jurisdiction where the property is located. Some areas update assessments annually. Others may do so every few years. Check with the tax department of your town for details."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Skewness?","response":"Skewness reflects a data set in which activity is heavily condensed in one range and less condensed in another. Imagine scores being measured at an Olympic long jump contest. Many jumpers will likely land larger distances, while a smaller amount will likely land short distances. This often creates a right-skewed distribution. Therefore, the relationship between the data points and how often they occur causes skewness."}
{"prompts":"What Does DTC Eligibility Mean?","response":"A DTC \u201celigible security\u201d is a security that is freely tradable pursuant to U.S. securities laws and is otherwise qualified to be held at DTC and serviced. The eligibility criteria are more fully described in DTC\u2019s\u00a0Operational Arrangements.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Did the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 Do?","response":"The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates secondary financial markets to ensure a transparent and fair environment for investors. It prohibits fraudulent activities, such as insider trading, and ensures that publicly traded companies must disclose important information to current and potential shareholders."}
{"prompts":"How Can Companies Choose the Right Wholesale Bank?","response":"Companies should consider factors such as the bank's expertise, reputation, global reach, services offered, industry knowledge, and relationship-building capabilities when choosing a wholesale bank."}
{"prompts":"How Do Gold Bugs Buy Gold?","response":"Gold bugs buy gold in minted coins, bullion or bars, gold stocks, jewelry, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Gold investors buy gold online and can even use a 401(k) to purchase gold."}
{"prompts":"Does Bitcoin Have Smart Contracts?","response":"Initially, Bitcoin's blockchain was not able to execute smart contracts. However, the Taproot upgrade in 2021 allowed the blockchain to use smart contracts in transactions."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Financial Instrument for a Bank Guarantee?","response":"The financial instrument used in a bank guarantee is called a banker's acceptance."}
{"prompts":"Should the Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio Be High or Low?","response":"Companies with higher fixed asset turnover ratios earn more money for every dollar they've invested in fixed assets. For most, a higher fixed asset turnover ratio is better."}
{"prompts":"What Is Chapter 7 Bankruptcy?","response":"In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the debtor's assets (except for some that are considered exempt) will be sold off, and the proceeds will be used to pay their creditors to the extent possible. Both businesses and individuals can file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. It is sometimes referred to as a liquidation bankruptcy."}
{"prompts":"Do Stop-Limit Orders Work After Hours?","response":"Stop-loss orders will only be triggered during standard market hours, which is generally 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. EST. They will not get executed during extended-hours sessions or when the market is closed for weekends and holidays."}
{"prompts":"What Led to Y2K?","response":"Y2K came about largely due to economics. At the dawn of the computer age, the programs being written required the type of data storage that was extremely costly. Since not many anticipated the success of this new technology or the speed with which it would take over, firms were judicious in their budgets. This lack of foresight, especially given that the millennium was just about 40 years away, led to programmers being forced to using a 2-digit code instead of a 4-digit code to designate the year."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Price to Free Cash Flow Ratio?","response":"A good price to free cash flow ratio is one that indicates its stock is undervalued. A company's P\/FCF should be compared to the ratios of similar companies to determine whether it is under- or over-valued in the industry it operates in. Generally speaking, the lower the ratio, the cheaper the stock is."}
{"prompts":"Should I Take Bonus Depreciation?","response":"Electing to take bonus depreciation is often favorable for taxpayers seeking to minimize short-term tax liabilities. Though future year liabilities may be higher due to having a lower amount of bonus depreciation to claim, this may also create a net business loss that may be rolled over and carried to future years. There may be situations that make more sense to elect out of the program; for more information, consult your advisor to see whether you qualify for bonus depreciation and whether it strategically makes sense to claim."}
{"prompts":"How Does the CFPB Help Prevent Usury?","response":"The CFPB identifies abusive conduct against consumers. In 2010, Congress passed the Consumer Financial Protection Act, which allows the CFPB, federal banking regulators, and states, to identify wrongdoing and target firms that are committing abusive acts or practices."}
{"prompts":"Do Nonprofits Make Money?","response":"Like any other form of business, a nonprofit must strive to operate perpetually. For this reason, nonprofits may build reserves, show a net profit, and attempt to raise enough money to ensure they can serve their mission for the long term.They have special accounting needs and rules they must follow and often require specialized accounting software to track their income, expenses, and outflow."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Quieting a Title?","response":"Quieting a title is the legal process of removing competing claims or challenges to title to real property."}
{"prompts":"What Are Risk Metrics?","response":"Risk metrics are mathematical approaches to gauging the possible loss of a security or investment portfolio. When evaluating stocks, risk metrics help investors determine the potential downside."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Use Price Discovery When I Use an Online Broker?","response":"Whether you're aware of it or not, you're using price discovery every time you buy or sell a stock or other asset. The current quote is either acceptable or unacceptable to you as a buyer or seller. If it's unacceptable, you wait until it changes."}
{"prompts":"How Does a HRA Work?","response":"The employer determines the amount of money that will go into the plan, and the employee can ask to be reimbursed for qualified medical expenses up to the designated amount. Employers can take a tax deduction for the reimbursements made through these plans, and the reimbursements given to employees are usually tax-free."}
{"prompts":"Does the 4% Rule Work for Early Retirement?","response":"The 4% Rule is\u00a0focused on preparing for retirement at age 65. If you're hoping to retire early or expect to keep working past age 65, your long-term financial needs will be different."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good APY Rate?","response":"APY rates fluctuate often, and a good rate at one time may no longer be a good rate due to shifts in macroeconomic conditions. In general, when the Federal Reserve raises interest rates, the APY on savings accounts tends to increase. Therefore, APY rates on savings accounts are usually better when monetary policy is tight or tightening. In addition, there are often low-cost, high-yield savings accounts that consistently deliver competitive APYs."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to a Revocable Trust When the Grantor Dies?","response":"When the grantor (trustor) of a revocable trust dies, the trust automatically converts into an irrevocable trust."}
{"prompts":"What Does MSCI EAFE Stand for?","response":"MSCI EAFE is an international equity index. The two acronyms stand for Morgan Stanley Capital International and Europe, Australasia, and Far East."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Market and Secondary Market?","response":"Both the primary market and the secondary market are aspects of a capitalist financial system, in which money is raised by the buying and selling of securities\u2014financial assets like stocks and bonds. New securities are issued (created) and sold to investors for the first time in the\u00a0primary market. Thereafter, investors trade these securities on the\u00a0secondary market.The primary market is also known as the new issues market. The secondary market is what we commonly think of as the stock market or stock exchange."}
{"prompts":"What Information Should Be Included in a Financial Model?","response":"To create a useful model that's easy to understand, you should include sections on assumptions and drivers, an income statement, a balance sheet, a cash flow statement, supporting schedules, valuations, sensitivity analysis, charts, and graphs."}
{"prompts":"What Is An Automatic Contribution Notice?","response":"An automatic contribution notice is a notification from an employer that an employee has been enrolled in either an eligible automatic contribution arrangement (EACA), or a qualified automatic contribution arrangement (QACA).\u00a0Employers must notify all employees 30 to 90 days before the plan year begins. With plans that automatically enroll employees on the day of hire, the notice may be given to employees on the hiring date."}
{"prompts":"How Many U.S. Workers Belong to Labor Unions?","response":"In 2023, about 14.4 million workers in the U.S. were members of labor unions. That is about 10% of the working population."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Growth Rate?","response":"A growth rate can be calculated by dividing the difference between the ending and starting values for the period being analyzed and dividing that by the starting value. The growth rate formula is (Current Year - Base Year) \/ Base Year. The base year represents the starting point from which to determine growth."}
{"prompts":"Why might you be interested in yearly renewable term life insurance?","response":"YRTs offer flexible, low-cost coverage that appeals to those who only need insurance for a short period of time. Policyholders lock in a length of time during which they remain insurable. During this time, the policy can be renewed without the need for a medical exam."}
{"prompts":"Is Coinsurance the Same as Copay?","response":"Though both represent an out-of-pocket expense for you, the insured person,\u00a0coinsurance is not the same as copay. A copay is a set figure you're charged for prescriptions, doctor visits, and other types of health care\u2014generally at the time of service. Your copay applies even if you haven't met your deductible yet.\u00a0Coinsurance is the percentage of costs of the services and treatment you're responsible for after you've met your health plan's overall deductible."}
{"prompts":"Which Companies Are Qualified for an Exemption?","response":"There are a variety of companies that can qualify for exemptions based on how they are structured, their activities, as well as their size. This includes companies that only give advice about the economy but not on securities, certain subsidiaries, and companies having less than 100 investors."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Macroeconoic and Microeconomic Fundamentals?","response":"The main difference relies on the scale of the subjects that the fundamentals are applied to. Macroeconomic fundamentals include the broad trends that have implications for the global economy, seen as a whole, like GDP, inflation, unemployment, growth, and international trade. Microeconomics fundamentals are those factors that affect smaller segments of the economy, such as a particular market, sector, or entity. For example, supply\/demand, labor, and price levels within a specific segment."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Affect Treasury Bills?","response":"Treasuries also have to compete with inflation, which measures the pace of rising prices. Even if T-bills are the most liquid and safest debt security in the market, fewer investors tend to buy them when the inflation rate is higher than the T-bill return. If an investor buys a T-bill with a 2% yield while inflation is at 3%, the investor would have a net loss on the investment when measured in real terms. As a result, T-bill prices tend to fall during inflationary periods as investors sell them and opt for higher-yielding investments."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Features of a Debit Card?","response":"Debit cards come with personal identification numbers (PINs) that let you withdraw cash from ATMs. You can also make purchases with these cards. If they come from a credit card issuer, they might offer cashback programs and other perks."}
{"prompts":"What Is Joseph Schumpeter\u2019s History of Economic Analysis?","response":"At the time of his death, in 1950, Schumpeter was working on a new book, History of Economic Analysis.  In the book, Schumpeter attempts a complete history of the field of economics, from ancient Greece to the present day (the end of World War II). Not just limited to economics, the book also traced the history of political and philosophical ideas and served as a record of significant events.Although never fully completed, History of Economic Analysis has gained recognition as an important work, due to its broad scope and original examination of significant historical events.\u00a0Some notable topics it addresses include the techniques of economic analysis, contemporaneous developments in other sciences, and the sociology of economics."}
{"prompts":"Who Coined the Term FANG Stocks?","response":"While Jim Cramer certainly popularized the term, he himself credits Bob Lang, a Real Money and The Street colleague of Cramer's, with identifying these four stocks and inventing the acronym."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Most Out of the Money Option?","response":"An option with a zero delta would be the most OTM option, since it has effectively zero chance of finishing in the money. Such an option would also probably be very close to worthless. It will also have a delta very close to zero."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Claim the Child Tax Credit?","response":"Form 8812, which is filed with Form 1040, is used to claim the Child Tax Credit. Each qualified dependent must have a Social Security number, otherwise the credit cannot be issued. It also calculates the amount you qualify to receive."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tenor in Banking?","response":"Tenor, in regards to banking, refers to the length of time that will be taken by the borrower to repay the loan along with the interest. Generally, a home loan\u00a0tenure\u00a0may be from 5\u201320 years with some\u00a0banks\u00a0allowing up to 25 years"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Line of Credit?","response":"A line of credit refers to a loan from a bank or other financial institution that makes a certain amount of credit available to the borrower for them to draw on as needed, rather than taking all at once. One type is the home equity line of credit (HELOC), which allows owners to borrow against the value of their home for renovations or other purposes."}
{"prompts":"When Were Usury Laws First Enacted in the United States?","response":"The first usury laws were adopted by 18th-century American colonies, setting the interest cap at 8%."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a HECM and a Reverse Mortgage?","response":"All HECMs are reverse mortgages, but not all reverse mortgages are HECMs. HECMs are reverse mortgages backed by the FHA and issued by an FHA-approved lender."}
{"prompts":"Can Same-Sex Couples Claim Qualified Adoption Expenses?","response":"Yes, qualified adoption expenses include costs paid by a domestic partner who lives in a state that allows same-sex parents."}
{"prompts":"What Factors Can Affect the Supply Curve?","response":"The supply curve can shift based on numerous factors including changes in production or raw materials costs, technological progress, the level of competition, the number of producers, the number of sellers, and changes in the regulatory and tax environment."}
{"prompts":"What Causes Inflation?","response":"There are three main causes of inflation: demand-pull inflation, cost-push inflation, and built-in inflation.Demand-pull inflation refers to situations where there are not enough products or services being produced to keep up with demand, causing their prices to increase.Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, occurs when the cost of producing products and services rises, forcing businesses to raise their prices.Built-in inflation (which is sometimes referred to as a wage-price spiral) occurs when workers demand higher wages to keep up with rising living costs. This in turn causes businesses to raise their prices in order to offset their rising wage costs, leading to a self-reinforcing loop of wage and price increases."}
{"prompts":"What Is a 30-Year Amortization Schedule?","response":"A 30-year amortization schedule breaks down how much of a level payment on a loan goes toward either principal or interest over the course of 360 months (for example, on a 30-year mortgage). Early in the life of the loan, most of the monthly payment goes toward interest, while toward the end it is mostly made up of principal. It can be presented either as a table or in graphical form as a chart."}
{"prompts":"When Can You Claim a Worthless Stock?","response":"You can claim a worthless stock in the tax year in which it becomes worthless."}
{"prompts":"Is Price Discovery a Transparent Process?","response":"Price discovery has to be transparent in order to work correctly for both buyers and sellers. Consider the traditional auction process. If a bidder did not know what prices were being offered by other buyers, it would be impossible to establish a fair price for any participant."}
{"prompts":"What are some types of market risk?","response":"The most common types of market risk include interest rate risk, equity risk, commodity risk, and currency risk.Interest rate risk covers the volatility that may accompany interest rate fluctuations and is most relevant to fixed-income investments.Equity risk is the risk involved in the changing prices of stock investments.Commodity risk covers the changing prices of commodities such as crude oil and corn.Currency risk, or exchange-rate risk, arises from the change in the price of one currency in relation to another. This may affect investors holding assets in another country."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does the Series 6 Exam Cost?","response":"As of 2022, the Series 6 exam costs\u00a0$75."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Types of Investments?","response":"There are many types of investments to choose from. Perhaps the most common are stocks, bonds, real estate, and ETFs\/mutual funds. Other types of investments to consider are real estate, CDs, annuities, cryptocurrencies, commodities, collectibles, and precious metals."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Times-Revenue?","response":"Times-revenue is calculated by dividing the selling price of a company by the prior 12 months revenue of the company. The result indicates how many times of annual income a buyer was willing to pay for a company."}
{"prompts":"What Is a RORO ETFs?","response":"Some financial institutions offer fund investment that follows a RORO strategy. A RORO ETF rotates offensively or defensively between higher-risk equities and lower-risk U.S. treasuries. The ATAC US Rotation ETF is an example of a fund that follows this strategy."}
{"prompts":"How does ROAA differ from ROA?","response":"If return on assets (ROA) uses average assets, then ROA and ROAA will be identical. If, however, an analyst uses only beginning or ending assets (as opposed to the average), then ROAA will provide a more accurate picture since average assets will smooth out changes or volatility in assets over an accounting period."}
{"prompts":"How Do Individuals Buy IPO Shares?","response":"IPOs are usually discounted to ensure sales, which makes them even more attractive, especially when they generate a lot of buyers. All investors can participate, but individual investors must have trading access. The most common way for an investor to get shares is to have an account with a brokerage platform that has received an allocation of IPO shares to sell to clients."}
{"prompts":"Are Green Investments Profitable?","response":"While profit is not the only goal of green investing, there is evidence that environmentally-friendly investments can match or beat the profits of more traditional assets. A 2022 study by Morningstar Inc. reported \"another year of broken records\" between environmentally sustainable funds and the wider market. The study also found that sustainable U.S. large-blend funds \"beat their traditional peers in 2021 as well as the trailing three- and five-year periods.\""}
{"prompts":"Was George H.W. Bush a Voodoo Economist?","response":"As vice president, George H.W. Bush wisely did not make any reference to voodoo economics. He supported President Ronald Reagan's program of tax cuts on corporations and wealthy individuals.As president, Bush might have been a more moderate proponent of voodoo economics. In 1990, he raised the maximum individual income tax rate to 31%, from 28%, two years after promising to do no such thing. That contributed to his failure to be reelected to a second term."}
{"prompts":"Why should you pair guaranteed renewable and non-cancellable insurance?","response":"A guaranteed renewable policy allows the insurer to change your future premiums. If you choose non-cancellable and guaranteed renewable coverage together, you are in control of any future changes. You don't have to worry about a price increase."}
{"prompts":"How Fast Do Cars Depreciate?","response":"How fast a car depreciates can vary greatly from model to model. As a general rule, the lender Capital One says that a new car may lose 20% of its value in the first year and another 10% to 15% each year over the next five years."}
{"prompts":"What Is W.P. Carey's Mission?","response":"The school's mission emphasizes a commitment to creating new knowledge through research and educating principled, innovative leaders. The school's mission statement is to spark positive change in business and society by educating students, growing talent, producing groundbreaking research, and engaging with a variety of communities."}
{"prompts":"Are Petrodollars Fueling War and Oppression?","response":"Saudi human rights violations and Russia's invasion of Ukraine have led to suggestions those countries' rulers have been emboldened by their oil wealth. Like any other resource, petrodollars can be deployed for good or ill."}
{"prompts":"Can I Get a Debit Card Online?","response":"You can usually get a debit card online from any financial institution that lets you open a checking account online and provides a debit card. This applies to online banks and traditional brick-and-mortar banks that sign people up digitally."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Payday Loan?","response":"A payday loan is a short-term loan meant to be repaid by your next payday. Payday loans typically have extremely high interest rates and are often considered a form of predatory lending."}
{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Cleared Check and a Canceled Check?","response":"With a cleared check, the funds have been successfully cleared, or moved, from the payor's account to the payee's account. When a check has cleared, it is then canceled to prevent it from being used again."}
{"prompts":"What Kinds of Purchases Benefit From a TCO Analysis?","response":"Considering TCO is important before purchasing any item, but especially larger purchases. Cars, homes, and other major purchases should have a TCO analysis. For businesses, a TCO analysis could apply to new technology or equipment needed for the job."}
{"prompts":"Is a Wash Sale Window 30 or 60 Days?","response":"A wash sale is a total of a 60-day window\u2014starting from 30 days before the sale to 30 days after the sale."}
{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Study for AAMS?","response":"Once you receive access to the online material, you have 120 days to pass your final exam. How long it takes depends on your study habits and knowledge retention."}
{"prompts":"Are Stakeholders and Shareholders the Same?","response":"Although shareholders are an important type of stakeholder, they are not the only stakeholders. Examples of other stakeholders include employees, customers, suppliers, governments, and the public at large. In recent years, there has been a trend toward thinking more broadly about who constitutes the stakeholders of a business."}
{"prompts":"Do Companies Need to Report a Cash Flow Statement?","response":"The cash flow statement complements\u00a0the balance sheet and income statement\u00a0and is part of a public company's financial reporting requirements since 1987."}
{"prompts":"What is Implied Volatility?","response":"Implied volatility is a metric that attempts to capture the market's expectations of the future volatility of a security's price."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Real Property?","response":"A natural formation like a hill or a pond can be real property. An artificial addition such as a house, a driveway, or a garden shed can also be considered real property. If you own the land that structures are situated on, you have the right to use, manage, and dispose of the structures. These rights are derived from English common law and they are constrained by state and local laws."}
{"prompts":"What Do Green Funds Invest in?","response":"Broadly speaking, green funds seek to invest in businesses with positive environmental impacts, but there are several strategies to do so. Some green funds simply seek to create a portfolio of companies that do not rely on fossil fuels, deforestation, or other unsustainable business activities. Others actively seek to support companies engaged in new energy research, sustainable materials, or other technologies with environmental benefits."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Merger and an Acquisition?","response":"The main difference is that in an acquisition, the parent company fully takes over the target company and integrates it into the parent entity. In a merger, the two companies combine, but create a brand new entity (e.g., a new company name and identity that combines aspects of both)."}
{"prompts":"What Is Unearned Income?","response":"Examples of unearned income subject to taxation by federal or state authorities include interest, dividends, and rents, along with capital gains. Other forms of taxable income can derive from loans that have been forgiven, government benefits (like disability or unemployment benefits), and winnings from casinos or lotteries."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read Form 1099-B?","response":"Issuers include their information and yours on Form 1099-B. It also includes a description of the property sold, the acquisition date, the sale date and price, the original price, and any deductions that apply. Other information includes any federal tax withheld, gains or losses incurred, and state tax withholdings."}
{"prompts":"What Does 'Sticky' Mean in Economics?","response":"In economics, \"stickiness\" refers to the tendency of goods prices to change more slowly than the supply and demand in the market for that good. This may be because sellers wish to reduce menu costs by avoiding frequent price changes, or because it is difficult to accurately determine how production costs are changing in real time. A more formal term for stickiness is nominal rigidity."}
{"prompts":"What are hard skills to include on a resume?","response":"If you are listing hard skills on a resume, include any technical skills you have acquired and any foreign languages. List hard skills relevant to the position for which you are applying. These are typically spelled out in job postings."}
{"prompts":"Is Decreasing Life Insurance Cheaper Than Regular Term?","response":"Yes, because as the death benefit decreases over time, so too do the corresponding premiums."}
{"prompts":"Can I File an Over-55 Home Sale Exemption?","response":"Prior to the passage of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, qualifying homeowners age 55 or older weren't required to pay taxes on the sale of their primary home. When the act passed, it stripped the age requirement out of the home sale exemption."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Pigovian Tax?","response":"Calculating a Pigovian tax is notoriously difficult to get right. In theory, the amount of the tax should be exactly equal to the net cost of the externality it seeks to remedy. Thus, the tax represents the difference between the social cost and the marginal private cost at a given level of production."}
{"prompts":"What Is \"Hard\" vs. \"Soft\" Human Resource Planning?","response":"Hard HRP evaluates various quantitative metrics to ensure that the right number of the right sort of people are available when needed by the company. Soft HRP focuses more on finding employees with the right corporate culture, motivation, and attitude. Often these are used in tandem."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Fortune 100 and Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For?","response":"The Fortune 500 ranks the highest revenue-generating companies in the United States each year. By contrast, the Fortune 100 Best Companies to Work For are ranked according to a survey of employees, who are asked about topics including trust in their organization, reaching their potential, and the effectiveness of leaders, among other variables. To be eligible, companies must employ at least 1,000 employees, and government agencies are not applicable."}
{"prompts":"Who Offers Subprime Mortgages?","response":"While any financial institution could offer a loan with subprime rates, there are lenders that focus on subprime loans with high rates. Arguably, these lenders give borrowers who have trouble getting low-interest rates the ability to access capital to invest, grow their businesses, or buy homes. At the same time, the higher interest rates on subprime loans can translate into tens of thousands of dollars in additional interest payments over the life of a loan."}
{"prompts":"Is Burrow a Hyperledger Project?","response":"Hyperledger Burrow was one of the projects associated with Hyperledger, but it shutdown in May 2022."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Being Unbanked a Problem?","response":"Being unbanked can be undesirable for several reasons. Alternative financial services, such as cash-checking services and payday loans, are much more costly. What\u2019s more, without a bank account, people don\u2019t generate the data they need to establish creditworthiness. As a result, when it comes time to cover an emergency car repair or medical bill, a payday loan may be their only option. These extra costs significantly hurt families who are already struggling to make ends meet."}
{"prompts":"What Are Good Tools for Viral Marketing Campaigns?","response":"There are many tools companies can use in their viral marketing campaigns. Companies can create and sponsor communities, which can be tapped to promote your products or services. Create and promote sweepstakes, contests, and rewards to generate buzz and capture a large audience. Other tools include sponsoring messages and chat blasts."}
{"prompts":"What is marginal propensity to consume (MPC)?","response":"Marginal propensity to consume (MPC) refers to the amount of a raise in income that a person spends as opposed to saves. This makes it the complement to MPS; added together, they should always equal one."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Trade Subsidy?","response":"A trade subsidy is a financial benefit that a government provides to a company or industry in order to make its products more competitive at home and in international markets."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for 2023 and 2024?","response":"For 2023, the standard deduction is $13,850 for single and married filing separately taxpayers, $20,800 for heads of household, and $27,700 for married filing jointly filers and surviving spouses. Each of these amounts increase for 2024. In 2024, the standard deduction for single and married filing separate taxpayers is $14,600, while the standard deduction for heads of household is $21,900. In 2024, the standard deduction for married filing joint filers or surviving spouses is $29,200."}
{"prompts":"How Are ARMs Calculated?","response":"Once the initial fixed-rate period ends, borrowing costs will fluctuate based on a reference interest rate, such as the prime rate, the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR), the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), or the rate on short-term U.S. Treasuries. On top of that, the lender will also add its own fixed amount of interest to pay, which is known as the ARM margin."}
{"prompts":"When Do You Need a CFP\u00ae?","response":"If you are just looking to invest money in stocks and bonds, a CFP\u00ae probably isn't needed.If you are looking to manage your finances, investment choices, estate planning, and retirement planning, a CFP\u00ae can help you with all of those needs.A CFP\u00ae is a step above a non-designated financial advisor and has demonstrated expertise in financial planning."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Merchandising and a Service Company?","response":"A merchandising company, both wholesale and retail, sells tangible goods to its consumer. These companies incur costs, such as labor and materials, to present and ultimately sell products. Service companies do not sell tangible goods to produce income. Instead, they provide their expertise as a service to their clients. Examples of service companies include consultants, accountants, and financial planners."}
{"prompts":"What Is an example of a KPI?","response":"One of the most basic examples of a KPI is revenue per client (RPC). For example, if you generate $100,000 in revenue annually and have 100 clients, then your RPC is $1,000. A company can use this KPI to track its RPC over time."}
{"prompts":"How Long Is a Deed Valid for?","response":"It depends. A deed of trust, as noted above, works the same as a mortgage and has a time limit in which the money loaned for the property must be repaid in full. At that time, the trustee should take care of the paperwork to replace it with another deed that transfers the title to the owner. Unless a deed has an expiration date on it, it doesn't expire."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does it Cost to Raise a Child to 18 in America?","response":"The cost to raise a child is increasing along with inflation. Estimates vary on the exact cost, but it will likely cost roughly between $200,000 and $300,000. According to a Brookings Institution study, the average middle income family will pay $310,605 to raise a child born in 2015 to age 17. The U.S. Department of Agriculture estimates that cost to be $233,610."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Checking Account and a Savings Account?","response":"Checking accounts are typically used to make frequent deposits and withdrawals and to cover everyday expenses. Meanwhile, a savings account holds money for medium- and long-term needs. A savings account typically pays higher interest rates than a checking account."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a QTIP and Marital Trust?","response":"The two are similar, except that a QTIP cannot be changed by the surviving spouse and requires that at least one annual distribution occur."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Acid-Test Ratio Tell You?","response":"The acid-test, or quick ratio, shows if a company has, or can get, enough cash to pay its immediate liabilities, such as short-term debt. For most industries, the acid-test ratio should exceed 1.0. If it's less than 1.0, then companies do not have enough liquid assets to pay their current liabilities and should be treated with caution. If the acid-test ratio is much lower than the current ratio, it means that a company's current assets are highly dependent on inventory. On the other hand, a very high ratio could indicate that accumulated cash is sitting idle rather than being reinvested, returned to shareholders, or otherwise put to productive use."}
{"prompts":"Do Consumers Benefit From Adhesion Contracts?","response":"Yes, generally speaking, because it standardizes contracts and makes transactions faster and easier to conduct. If consumers had to read every contract for every purchase they make or hire a lawyer to review them on their behalf, it's possible that far fewer transactions would take place. Despite that, it's important to understand the terms of any adhesion contract provided to you."}
{"prompts":"Does mass production mean lower wages for workers?","response":"In some areas, factory workers are paid less and work in dismal conditions. However, this does not have to be the case. Workers in the United States tend to make higher wages and often have unions to advocate for better working conditions. Elsewhere, mass production jobs may come with poor wages and working conditions."}
{"prompts":"Who Invented Queuing Theory?","response":"Agner Krarup Erlang, a Danish mathematician, statistician, and engineer, is credited with creating not only queuing theory but the entire field of telephone traffic engineering.In the early 20th century, Erlang was head of a technical laboratory at the Copenhagen Telephone Co. His extensive studies of wait time in automated telephone services and his proposals for more efficient networks were widely adopted by telephone companies."}
{"prompts":"Can I Use Digital or Scanned Copies of Proof of Funds Documents?","response":"In many cases, digital or scanned copies of proof of funds documents are acceptable, as long as they are clear and legible. However, it is advisable to verify the specific requirements of the involved parties or institutions."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital?","response":"The weighted average cost of capital represents the average cost of the company's capital, weighted according to the type of capital and its share on the company balance sheet. This is determined by multiplying the cost of each type of capital by the percentage of that type of capital on the company's balance sheet and adding the products together."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Short Squeeze?","response":"Short positions represent borrowed shares that have been sold in anticipation of buying them back in the future. As the underlying asset prices rise, investors are faced with losses to their short position. Aside from the pressure of mounting paper losses, maintaining a short position can also become more difficult because, if the price of the underlying asset rises, so does the amount of margin required as collateral to ensure that the investor will be able to buy back the shares and return them to the broker. When investors are forced to buy back shares to cover their position, it is referred to as a short squeeze. If enough short sellers are forced to buy back shares at the same time, then it can result in a surge in demand for shares and therefore an extremely sharp rise in the underlying asset's price."}
{"prompts":"What Is Tape Reporting?","response":"Tape reporting is consolidated tape reporting. It is a digital transmission of financial information, primarily used for stocks. It includes a stock's symbol, price, trading volume, and other details. It can be seen as the modern version of the ticker tape."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Merger and an Acquisition?","response":"A merger is when two companies come together and combine their resources and respective advantages to create a brand-new company. An acquisition is when a company buys another company and the company that is bought is folded into the company that bought it."}
{"prompts":"How Can Traders Take Advantage of a Pullback to Enter at a Cheaper Level?","response":"First, look at the fundamental story underpinning the uptrend. If nothing serious in the way of bad news has hit the security, you're likely looking at just a mild pullback. In this case, traders can use a variety of orders to establish long positions at relatively cheaper levels. Traders can enter immediately with a buy market order or wait for lower levels with a limit buy order. In case the pullback ends and prices begin to move higher, traders can use a stop buy entry order at a level above the current market."}
{"prompts":"Do Mortgage Brokers Have Conflicts of Interest?","response":"Perhaps. Since mortgage brokers usually earn a commission when they bring lenders business, there's room for a fundamental conflict of interest. Also, they could potentially steer borrowers to lenders that pay them better than others (lenders that may suit a borrower better). Loan officers who are paid salaries rather than commissions aren't motivated in this way."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Isoquant and Its Properties?","response":"An isoquant is a concave-shaped curve on a graph that measures output, and the trade-off between two factors needed to keep that output constant. Among the properties of isoquants:An isoquant slopes downward from left to rightThe higher and more to the right an isoquant is on a graph, the higher the level of output it representsTwo isoquants can not intersect each otherAn isoquant is convex to its origin pointAn isoquant is oval-shaped"}
{"prompts":"How Is Employers' Liability Insurance Different From General Liability?","response":"In terms of the scope of what it encompasses, general liability insurance only covers a business from outside claims including customer injuries or negligence. It does not protect a business from employee-related negligence. Employers' liability insurance is for legal claims filed by injured workers."}
{"prompts":"Is Operating Cash Flow the Same as EBIT?","response":"EBIT is a financial term meaning earnings before interest and taxes, sometimes referred to as operating income. This is different from operating cash flow (OCF), the cash flow generated from the company's normal business operations. The main difference is that OCF also accounts for interest and taxes as part of a company's normal business operations."}
{"prompts":"Do Macroeconomic Factors Influence the Hurdle Rate?","response":"External economic factors such as interest rates, inflation, and market volatility can significantly influence a company's hurdle rate. For instance, an increase in interest rates would lead to a higher cost of debt, which would raise the company's WACC and, thus, the hurdle rate. Similarly, higher inflation can increase the hurdle rate since the reduced buying power of future cash flows needs to be considered. Therefore, hurdle rates are not static even for the same project. Companies must regularly reassess and adjust their hurdle rate to reflect changes in the wider economy."}
{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money on a Credit Spread?","response":"As with any investment strategy, there is risk and the possibility that you could lose money. On a credit spread, you could lose money if the premiums received are less than the premiums paid."}
{"prompts":"Is the Series 65 a Hard Exam?","response":"The NASAA does not release official pass rates, however test preparation programs estimate that the pass rate is around 65-70% of test takers."}
{"prompts":"What Does Taxable Income Mean?","response":"The term taxable income refers to any gross income earned that is used to calculate the amount of tax you owe. Put simply, it is your adjusted gross income less any deductions. This includes any wages, tips, salaries, and bonuses from employers. Investment and unearned income are also included."}
{"prompts":"What Happens if a Value Proposition Fails?","response":"If a company cannot convince others that it has value or that its products or services or valuable, it will lose profitability and access to capital and may ultimately go out of business."}
{"prompts":"Where Does the Word \"Writ\" Come From?","response":"The etymology of the word writ comes from Old English, as a general term denoting written matter, which is itself from the Old Germanic base of \"write\" (gewrit)."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Book Runner?","response":"A book runner is a primary underwriter or lead coordinator in issuing new equity, debt, or securities instruments. These types of underwriters also may coordinate with others to mitigate their own risk, for example, those representing companies in large, leveraged buyouts (LBOs). Because they combine the duties of an underwriter while coordinating the efforts of multiple involved parties and information sources, book runners become the central point for all information regarding the potential offering or issue."}
{"prompts":"Is GmbH the same as LLC?","response":"GmbH is considered an equivalent of\u00a0LLC (limited liability company), which is used in the United States, or Ltd. (limited), which is used in the United Kingdom, and is the most common form of incorporation in Germany."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Primary Objectives of the RBI as Outlined in the Reserve Bank of India Act of 1934?","response":"The primary objectives of the RBI, as outlined in the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, include regulating the issuance of banknotes, maintaining monetary stability, operating the currency and credit system to the country's advantage, and fostering economic growth."}
{"prompts":"What Are Ways of Becoming House Poor?","response":"Buying a home you cannot afford and tying up all of your cash into a down payment and income into mortgage payments is the most obvious way of becoming house poor. However, you can also grow house poor if your housing costs increase dramatically. This can be due to increasing property taxes and\/or rising interest rates (if you have an adjustable mortgage like an ARM). If your income drops or you lose your job, you can also see yourself become house poor."}
{"prompts":"What Is Technical Analysis?","response":"Technical analysis is a type of trading strategy where traders analyze markets and make predictions about future market movements based on past performance. This trading strategy uses tools and techniques to evaluate historical data, including asset prices and trading volumes, rather than business results. Some of the tools used include charts and graphs, including triangles and candlesticks."}
{"prompts":"What Happens When You Inherit an IRA From a Parent?","response":"If a child is not yet of age, a custodian may manage the money in the IRA until the child reaches the state's recognized age of adulthood. Then, at that time, the child would have complete access to the funds. They may choose to withdraw funds from the IRA but depending on the type of account, they may be subject to taxes on withdrawal."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Read Exponential Moving Averages?","response":"Investors tend to interpret a rising EMA as a support to price action and a falling EMA as a resistance. With that interpretation, investors look to buy when the price is near the rising EMA and sell when the price is near the falling EMA."}
{"prompts":"Is Commercial Real Estate a Good Investment?","response":"It can be. Commercial real estate can have impressive returns and considerable monthly cash flows, and returns stood up well during the market shocks of the past decade. As with any investment, however, commercial real estate comes with risks."}
{"prompts":"What Services Are Available on M-Pesa?","response":"M-Pesa allows users to deposit or withdraw cash, accept mobile deposits, pay for goods or services at participating businesses, and more. It functions much like a checking account with the same mobile features offered by standard checking accounts."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Stock Market and a Stock Exchange?","response":"A stock exchange is a specific organization\/marketplace that facilitates equity trading. For example, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq. A stock market is used as an umbrella term to refer to all of the stocks that trade in a particular country or region. Such as all of the companies that trade on both the New York Stock Exchange and the Nasdaq."}
{"prompts":"How Are Commissioners Appointed to the Uniform Law Commission?","response":"According to the Uniform Law Commission, \"Each jurisdiction determines the method of appointment and its number of commissioners.\u00a0In most states, the governor appoints the state's commissioners to serve a specified term.\u00a0In a few states, ULC commissioners serve at the will of the appointing authority and have no specific term.\"It adds that \"ULC commissioners are volunteers who do not receive salaries or other compensation for their public service.\""}
{"prompts":"Is a Grant Deed the Same as a Mortgage?","response":"Grant deeds are not the same as a mortgage. Grant deeds (and other types of deeds) are used to transfer real estate ownership from a seller to a buyer. On the other hand, a mortgage is a conditional transfer or pledge of real estate as security (collateral) for the payment of a debt."}
{"prompts":"How Can Variable Costs Impact Growth and Profitability?","response":"If companies ramp up production to meet demand, their variable costs will increase as well. If these costs increase at a rate that exceeds the profits generated from new units produced, it may not make sense to expand. A company in such a case will need to evaluate why it cannot achieve economies of scale. In economies of scale, variable costs as a percentage of overall cost per unit decrease as the scale of production ramps up."}
{"prompts":"What Are Other Names for a Transfer Tax?","response":"In real estate, the transfer tax may also be known as the stamp tax, deed tax, mortgage registration tax, documentary transfer tax, or recordation tax."}
{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Affect Fixed Income?","response":"Inflation will often have a negative effect on the value of fixed-income securities when it leads to higher interest rates. This is because the prices of bonds and other fixed-income securities are negatively correlated with interest rate changes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Elliott Wave Theory?","response":"In technical analysis, the Elliott Wave theory looks at long-term trends in price patterns and how they correspond with investor psychology. These price patterns or \u2018waves\u2019 depend on rules developed by Ralph Nelson Elliott in the 1930s. They identify and predict wave patterns within stock markets and help predict future movement.\u00a0"}
{"prompts":"What Is IRS Schedule K-1?","response":"Schedule K-1 is an Internal Revenue Service (IRS) tax form that's issued annually. It reports the gains, losses, interest, dividends, earnings, and other distributions from certain investments or business entities for the previous tax year. These are usually pass-through entities that don't pay corporate tax themselves, because they directly pass profits on to their stakeholders or investors. Participants in these investments or enterprises use the figures on the K-1 to compute their income, and the tax due on it."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Market Study?","response":"A market study is an analysis of consumer demand for a product or service. It looks at all of the factors that influence demand for a product or service. These include the product\u2019s price, location, competition, and substitutes as well as general economic factors that could influence the new product\u2019s adoption, for better or worse."}
{"prompts":"What States Have the Highest Sales Tax?","response":"Louisiana has the highest sales tax, with a statewide average tax of 9.55% according to the AARP. This includes both state and (average) local taxes. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Washington also have high average sales taxes of above 9%."}
{"prompts":"Is Hawala Legal in Dubai?","response":"Hawala is legal in Dubai as long as the hawala provider is registered with the United Arab Emirates Central Bank and abides by the regulations that exist."}
{"prompts":"Who Is the Current Chair of the Federal Reserve?","response":"The current chair of the Federal Reserve is Jerome H. Powell. He was sworn in for a second four-year term on May 23, 2022. He assumed the role following his confirmation in February 2018."}
{"prompts":"Who Are the Warehouse Lenders to Small Banks?","response":"Commercial banks and large consumer banks are typically warehouse lenders. They extend credit to smaller institutions so that they don't need to use their own capital to offer mortgage loans to borrowers. The loans are then sold, and the money is repaid."}
{"prompts":"What Does DDA Mean on a Bank Statement?","response":"The acronym DDA stands for \"demand deposit account,\" indicating that funds in the account (usually a checking or regular savings account) are available for immediate use\u2014on-demand, so to speak. DDA can also stand for \"direct debit authorization,\" meaning a transaction, such as a transfer, cash withdrawal, bill payment, or purchase, which has immediately subtracted money from the account."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Conservative and Aggressive Accounting?","response":"Conservative accounting uses accounting policies that tend to understate revenue and\/or overstate expenses. On the other hand, aggressive accounting uses policies that tend to overstate revenue and\/or understate expenses.A company using conservative accounting policies will have lower earnings in the current year, while a company using aggressive accounting policies will show better financial performance in the current year. Conservative accounting policies will tend toward better financial performance in the long run, while aggressive accounting policies tend to lead to a decline in financial performance over the long run."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Risk Management Important?","response":"Risk management is a key part of the investment and financial world. It requires investors and fund managers to identify, analyze, and make important decisions about the uncertainty that comes with reaching their goals. Risk management allows individuals to reach their goals while mitigating or dealing with any of the associated losses."}
{"prompts":"Does Everyone on Social Security Get the COLA Increase?","response":"Yes, everyone on Social Security will get the COLA increase. The purpose of COLA is to ensure that benefits are not eroded because of inflation."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Primary Market and Secondary Market in India?","response":"The primary and secondary markets in India function as they do anywhere: \u00a0In the primary market, the investor purchases shares or bonds directly from a company in a one-time transaction; in the Secondary Market, investors buy and sell the stocks and bonds among themselves, and can do so an infinite number of times.In India, when companies wish to go public and establish a primary market for their shares, they must get approval from the Securities and Exchange Board of India\u00a0(SEBI), the equivalent of the SEC in the U.S.The secondary market in India includes the BSE Limited (BSE), and the National Stock Exchange (NSE)\u2014the Subcontinent's two most widely traded exchanges."}
{"prompts":"What Fees Are Associated with the MLS?","response":"There are hundreds of MLS organizations nationwide, and they all charge different fees directly to the real estate brokers who belong to their MLS network. The MLS does not charge fees directly to the public."}
{"prompts":"Is personal income before or after taxes?","response":"Personal income represents all payments made to individuals before tax. It\u2019s not disposable income, which reveals how much people actually have left to spend, save, or invest after income taxes have been deducted."}
{"prompts":"What Is Real Estate Development?","response":"Real estate development, or\u00a0property development, includes activities that range from renovating existing\u00a0buildings\u00a0to the purchase of raw\u00a0land\u00a0and the sale of\u00a0developed land\u00a0or parcels to others."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of a Letter of Indemnity?","response":"A LOI is designed to manage risks, but some could come with using them. Any LOI must be properly executed to be legally enforceable, explicitly defining what is covered and specifying the obligations of all parties. How effective and enforceable an LOI is depends on its precise wording and the jurisdiction in which it's executed."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Endowment?","response":"An endowment is an investment structure for non-profit organizations that allows for their donations to be invested in order to generate returns with the ultimate goal of financing their operations."}
{"prompts":"How Is Annualized Total Return Calculated?","response":"The annualized total return is a metric that captures the average annual performance of an investment or portfolio of investments. It is calculated as a geometric average, meaning that it captures the effects of compounding over time. The annualized total return is sometimes called the compound annual growth rate (CAGR)."}
{"prompts":"What Happened to Cynthia Cooper?","response":"Cynthia Cooper was largely responsible for bringing attention to WorldCom's questionable accounting practices. She discovered several inconsistencies in the company's financial statements and reported them to auditors and the company's board. In her book. Extraordinary Circumstances: The Journey of a Corporate Whistle-Blower, Cooper said it was a difficult time in her career. But she was awarded by Time by being named a Person of the Year in 2002. She is now a speaker and consultant."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Drawbacks of a Simple Random Sample?","response":"Among the disadvantages of this technique are difficulty gaining access to respondents that can be drawn from the larger population, greater time, greater costs, and the fact that bias can still occur under certain circumstances."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Key Characteristics of an Uptrend on a Price Chart?","response":"Key characteristics of an uptrend encompass a sequence of higher highs and higher lows. Higher highs signify the price reaching progressively elevated levels, indicating sustained upward momentum. Similarly, higher lows demonstrate that during pullbacks or retracements, the price doesn't decline as much as in previous downturns."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Know If a Distribution Is Discrete?","response":"The data are discrete if there are only a set array of possible outcomes (e.g., zero, one, or only integers)."}
{"prompts":"How Much Is the Gift Tax?","response":"In 2023, gifts\u00a0worth less than $17,000 are not subject to income tax. This value increases to $18,000 in 2024."}
{"prompts":"What Are Some Modern Cottage Industries?","response":"Take a look at Etsy or Amazon Handmade for a comprehensive overview of the thousands of handmade products being created by skilled artisans working independently. Most are modern cottage industries.This is, of course, going on all over the world, with many artisans focusing on traditional local skills. In India, the top cottage industries are silk weaving, carpet making, leatherworking, metalworking, and specialty food processing."}
{"prompts":"Which Banks Offer Medallion Signature Guarantee?","response":"Many U.S. banks offer Medallion signature guarantee, but not every branch of a participating bank can provide the service. Most large financial institutions, such as Bank of America, Chase, and Capital One, provide the Medallion signature guarantee. If one of their branches does not have an on-site reviewer, the documents must be sent for review."}
{"prompts":"What Is Pareto Analysis Used for?","response":"Pareto analysis is used to identify problems or strengths within an organization. As an overwhelming amount of impact is often tied to a relatively smaller proportion of a company, Pareto analysis strives to identify the more material issues worth resolving or the more successful aspects of a business."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Credit Score?","response":"A credit score is a calculated value that serves as a proxy for your creditworthiness or ability and likelihood that you will repay any debts on time according to the terms of the loan agreement. Credit scores are generated based on information collected by credit reporting agencies such as Experian, Equifax, and TransUnion. They use formulas that assign weights to factors like payment history, amounts owed, length of credit history, and credit utilization."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Example of Structural Unemployment?","response":"As cell phone became more popular, the industry shifted away from landline telephones and technology. As a result, those that gained technical knowledge in the mobile phone industry likely found new jobs, while those that fell behind didn't. Due to the structural change of the world, some people who did not adapt from the world moving towards cell phones may have experienced structural unemployment."}
{"prompts":"What Is Interest Rate Parity in Simple Terms?","response":"Interest rate parity looks at two core components: the currency exchange between two countries and each currency\u2019s interest rate. Interest rate parity is a theory that suggests that the difference between these two countries is equal to the changes in the foreign exchange rate over a given time period."}
{"prompts":"What Does Expense Ratio Mean?","response":"The expense ratio is how much of a fund's assets are used towards administrative and other operating expenses. Because an expense ratio reduces a fund's assets, it reduces the returns investors receive."}
{"prompts":"What Does ESOP Stand for?","response":"ESOP stands for employee stock ownership plan. An ESOP grants company stock to employees, often based on the duration of their employment. Typically, it is part of a compensation package, where shares will vest over a period of time. ESOPs are designed so that employees\u2019 motivations and interests are aligned with those of the company\u2019s shareholders. From a management perspective, ESOPs have certain tax advantages, along with incentivizing employees to focus on company performance."}
{"prompts":"What Is SEC Form ADV Part 1 and Part 2?","response":"Part 1 of SEC Form ADV is meant to identify the firm that is submitting the form. It includes information about the firm, the services it provides, who owns the business, the clients it serves, any business affiliations, and any disciplinary actions it faced in the past. This section is a fill-in-the-blank or check-box format, which makes it easier to complete."}
{"prompts":"How Is EMEA Used in Business News Reporting?","response":"Stock market and exchange news traditionally categorize activity by region and use EMEA to distinguish financial news for that region, such as EMEA Stocks or EMEA market indexes."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Entrepreneur and an Intrapreneur?","response":"An entrepreneur envisions creating a company from the ground up. An intrapreneur works within an established corporation to develop an innovative idea or project."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Heir and a Beneficiary?","response":"An heir is someone who is set to inherit the property of the deceased when no will or testament has been made. A beneficiary is someone who was chosen by the deceased to inherit their property as laid out in a will or testament. An heir is typically a close living relative whereas a beneficiary can be anyone."}
{"prompts":"How Much Are War Bonds Worth Today?","response":"The U.S. government has an online tool to calculate the current value of war bonds. For a Series E bond issued in 1942 with a face value of $100, the current value as of September 2022 would be $377.40."}
{"prompts":"How Does a Demand Shock Differ From a Supply Shock?","response":"A demand shock occurs when there is an unexpected change in demand, such that suppliers cannot quickly enough respond. A supply shock, on the other hand, is when there is an unexpected change in supply (often a sudden reduction, although supply shocks also exist when there is a glut)."}
{"prompts":"How Does Expected Return Differ From Standard Deviation?","response":"Expected return and standard deviation are two statistical measures that can be used to analyze a portfolio. The expected return of a portfolio is the anticipated amount of returns that a portfolio may generate, making it the mean (average) of the portfolio's possible return distribution. Standard deviation of a portfolio, on the other hand, measures the amount that the returns deviate from its mean, making it a proxy for the portfolio's risk."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of Commercial Real Estate?","response":"Rules and regulations are the primary deterrents for most people wanting to invest in commercial real estate. The taxes, mechanics of purchasing, and maintenance responsibilities for commercial properties are buried in layers of legalese, and they can be difficult to understand without acquiring or hiring specialist knowledge."}
{"prompts":"How Long Do Tax Holidays Last?","response":"State tax holidays generally last from two to seven days, according to a list compiled by the Federation of Tax Administrators."}
{"prompts":"What Does Wall Street Speculation Mean?","response":"Speculation refers to the act of investing in securities that have a high risk-reward profile with the goal of obtaining substantial gains, despite the risk of substantial losses. An investor who speculates is likely focused on price fluctuations. They may believe that the market has inaccurately priced a security and they're trying to capitalize on that disparity. Wall Street speculators tend to be professional traders as opposed to retail investors who buy and hold stocks or other assets for the long term."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Types of Payments?","response":"Traditionally, cash, debit cards, credit cards, and checks were the main types of payments. Now, more advanced forms of digital payments are becoming more popular. This includes online payment services, digital currencies, and electronic transfers."}
{"prompts":"What Kind of Transport Is Eligible for CIP?","response":"Any form of recognized transport can be used, including road, rail, sea, inland waterway, air, and any combination thereof."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Determine Beneficial Ownership?","response":"In banking, beneficial ownership is determined based on ownership and control of the legal entity in question. Ownership means any person with more than 25% equity in the legal entity, and control means any individual with significant decision-making responsibility, such as a CEO or CFO."}
{"prompts":"What Does Capital Mean in Economics?","response":"To an economist, capital usually means liquid assets. In other words, it's cash in hand that is available for spending, whether on day-to-day necessities or long-term projects. On a global scale, capital is all of the money that is currently in circulation, being exchanged for day-to-day necessities or longer-term wants."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Vendor Loan Agreement?","response":"A vendor loan agreement is a financing agreement between a vendor and a buyer in which the vendor agrees to provide capital to the buyer for the purchase of the vendor's product. The buyer will pay an upfront cost, and the remainder of the cost, plus interest, will be paid over time or at a later date in the future. The vendor loan agreement lays out all of the terms of the financing arrangement, such as the parties to the agreement, the amount financed, the time to maturity, and the interest rate."}
{"prompts":"What Is Taxable Income?","response":"Taxable income is the total of all income from all sources and in any form, minus any tax-exempt amounts or allowable deductions. This is the amount that is subject to income taxation."}
{"prompts":"What Are Wisdom of Crowds Criticisms?","response":"One of the main criticisms of wisdom of crowds is that if the crowd itself is not particularly educated or diverse, then the outcome of the wisdom of the crowd will be no better and most often worse than that of an individual expert. The wisdom of crowds idea significantly depends on the quality of the crowd. In addition, humans tend to conform in groups, which leads to \"groupthink,\" defeating the purpose of having a diversified group."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Disadvantage of Issuing Shares?","response":"The disadvantages of going public include following extra regulations and disclosure requirements. Being a publicly traded company can bring extra scrutiny and increase accounting and other costs.Issuing more shares later also has disadvantages. Shareholders generally don\u2019t like being asked to cough up more money if they don\u2019t wish to have their ownership stake diluted. Rights issues can damage a company\u2019s reputation and make investors want to steer clear. Thus, to raise the required funds, it\u2019s usually necessary to offer the new shares at a notable discount to their current price."}
{"prompts":"What Does the \"X\" Stand for in Generation X?","response":"The letter \"X\" refers to an unknown variable (as in mathematics), or to the generation's desire not to be defined."}
{"prompts":"What Does MBA Mean?","response":"MBA stands for Masters of Business Administration. An MBA is an advanced degree that provides theoretical and practical training in business principles and leadership skills. MBA recipients obtain this postgraduate degree to further enhance their marketability as a professional."}
{"prompts":"Why Are Oil Reserves Important to the United States?","response":"The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency supply of crude oil that can be used to offset a severe oil supply shortage. The SPR was created to provide the United States with crude oil in the event of a severe oil supply or economic disruption. Only the President of the United States can give permission to use it and maintaining the Strategic Petroleum Reserve is an important national security tool and the reserve is intended to serve as America\u2019s insurance policy against a severe oil supply disruption or a severe economic disruption."}
{"prompts":"Is Step-Up in Basis a Tax Loophole?","response":"The step-up in basis is a duly legislated provision of the U.S. tax code, though it is certainly responsible for a significant loss of public revenue. Because the exemption from capital gains taxes on assets held until death disproportionately benefits the wealthiest households, disparaging descriptions are likely to persist."}
{"prompts":"What are the Three Different Hedge Accounting Models?","response":"Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) topic 815 addresses derivatives and hedging. There are three categories of hedge accounting described in ASC 815:Fair value hedgesCash flow hedgesNet investment hedges"}
{"prompts":"What Is a Counter-Cyclical Stock?","response":"As the term \"counter\" implies, a counter-cyclical stock is noncyclical. Its price is inclined to move in the opposite direction from that in which the economy appears to be headed. The prices of these stocks tend to go up when the economy is struggling and a recession is looming or has already begun."}
{"prompts":"Can a Company Have a Negative Total Enterprise Value (TEV)?","response":"Yes. It is possible for a company to have more cash than its market value and debt. In theory, that would make it an attractive investment."}
{"prompts":"What Did the Federal Reserve Act Do?","response":"The Federal Reserve Act created the Federal Reserve System after it was passed by Congress in 1913. The Fed was originally created to combat banking \"panics\" that were causing havoc on the U.S. banking system at the time."}
{"prompts":"What Does the Phrase Glass Ceiling Mean?","response":"The glass ceiling is a metaphor that refers to the barrier that marginalized people, such as women and minorities, encounter when seeking career advancements."}
{"prompts":"Can I Open a Health Savings Account (HSA) If I\u2019m Self-Employed?","response":"You can open a Health Savings Account (HSA) if you have a high-deductible health plan. If you are self-employed, you can look into HSAs offered by brokerages or banks like Fidelity, HealthEquity, or Lively. Research your options carefully to ensure you get the best HSA to suit your needs."}
{"prompts":"Should I Take the Standard Deduction?","response":"You should take the standard deduction or itemize deductions depending on which results in a lower tax bill.You may have to estimate your allowable deductions, at least roughly, to figure that out. Also, keep in mind that you have to maintain records and receipts of deductible expenses throughout the year in order to back up the numbers you enter on Schedule A.There may be some years when you have good reason to itemize your deductions. For example, if you have very high unreimbursed medical expenses for one year, they could amount to tax savings greater than the standard deduction."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Social Justice Important?","response":"Advocates say that social justice is worth pursuing because it defends people from suffering deprivations due to unfair prejudices and because it tries to provide everyone with the essentials for a good life."}
{"prompts":"What Does IRA Stand for?","response":"The acronym \"IRA\" is used to refer to two distinct but overlapping concepts. For the Internal Revenue Service, the term stands for \"individual retirement arrangement,\" a selection of plans available that provide tax advantages to people saving for retirement.In common usage, IRA also stands for \"individual retirement account,\" or a type of plan that one can pay into throughout their career and withdraw from in retirement. In such cases, a plan would be both a retirement account for a specific person, as well as an individual retirement arrangement in the eyes of the IRS."}
{"prompts":"How Much Money Do You Need to Trade on Margin?","response":"FINRA rules require that investors \u201cdeposit with your brokerage firm a minimum of $2,000 or 100% of the purchase price of the margin securities, whichever is less,\u201d according to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). However, if the brokerage designates you as a pattern day trader, then the cash requirement rises to a minimum of $25,000."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Good Front-End Ratio?","response":"Many lenders require a minimum front-end ratio of 28% to approve you for a mortgage. The lower your front-end and back-end ratios, the more likely you are to qualify for a mortgage."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Bonds With Lower Ratings Have Higher Yields?","response":"Bonds with lower ratings have a greater risk of default than bonds with higher ratings. These bonds tend to have higher yields so as to still be able to entice investors, despite bringing greater risk."}
{"prompts":"When Did the Great Resignation End?","response":"By March 2023, the Great Resignation showed signs of slowing down as fewer workers quit their jobs and the job market became more competitive."}
{"prompts":"How Is the Null Hypothesis Identified?","response":"The analyst or researcher establishes a null hypothesis based on the research question or problem that they are trying to answer. Depending on the question, the null may be identified differently. For example, if the question is simply whether an effect exists (e.g., does X influence Y?) the null hypothesis could be H0: X = 0. If the question is instead, is X the same as Y, the H0 would be X = Y. If it is that the effect of X on Y is positive, H0 would be X > 0. If the resulting analysis shows an effect that is statistically significantly different from zero, the null can be rejected."}
{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Produce a Dollar Bill?","response":"The cost to produce a U.S. dollar in 2022 is 7.5 cents. This means the seigniorage is 92.5 cents per dollar bill."}
{"prompts":"What Is Laissez-Faire Capitalism?","response":"In Laissez-Faire capitalism, companies could operate with a pure profit motive and not have to worry about government regulation or taxation. This, of course, could create negative externalities and information asymmetries that can allow producers to behave as bad actors and get away with it. Proponents of Laissez-Faire say that costly and exhaustive regulation is not needed since the market would weed out such bad actors. In reality, however, bad actors may continue operating for a long while. For instance, if a vitamin company is filling their capsules with sawdust instead of herb powder, it may remain unknown without government testing and regulatory oversight to protect consumers."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Fed Use Interest Rates in the Economy?","response":"The Federal Reserve, along with other central banks around the world, uses interest rates as a monetary policy tool. By increasing the cost of borrowing among commercial banks, the central bank can influence many other interest rates such as those on personal loans, business loans, and mortgages. This makes borrowing more expensive in general, lowering the demand for money and cooling off a hot economy. Lowering interest rates, on the other hand, makes money easier to borrow, stimulating spending and investment."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Elasticity of Demand Formula?","response":"The elasticity of demand can be calculated by dividing the percentage change in the quantity demanded of a good or service by the percentage change in price. It reflects how demand for a good or service changes as its quantity or price varies."}
{"prompts":"Who Was John Maynard Keynes?","response":"John Maynard Keynes (1883\u20131946) was a British economist, best known as the founder of Keynesian economics and the father of modern\u00a0macroeconomics. Keynes studied at one of the most elite schools in England, the King's College at Cambridge University, earning an undergraduate degree in mathematics from the latter in 1905. He excelled at math but received almost no formal training in economics."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Annuity Due and an Ordinary Annuity?","response":"The main difference between an annuity due and an ordinary annuity is when the payments are required. Annuity due payments are required at the beginning of the period, whereas an ordinary annuity requires the payment at the end. Annuity due payments tend to favor the recipient, as it provides them access to capital at the beginning of the period, which they can then use to invest."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Disdvantages of a TOD?","response":"One consideration to keep in mind with TOD accounts is that the assets are still considered part of the estate of the deceased. That means that creditors can seek to have debts repaid before beneficiaries have access to the assets."}
{"prompts":"What Does \"Account in Dispute\" Mean?","response":"Under the Fair Credit Billing Act, \"account in dispute\" refers to the 90-day period in which a credit issuer is investigating a consumer's dispute. The credit issuer must either remedy the situation or send a letter to the consumer explaining why it considers the dispute invalid."}
{"prompts":"How Can I Buy Options on Gold?","response":"Gold options are available the U.S. through the\u00a0Chicago Mercantile Exchange\u00a0(CME). These options contracts use gold futures as their underlying asset. To trade gold options, you will need a margin brokerage account with access to options markets. You could contact your current broker to see if they offer options trading or shop around for an options trading account."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Reverse ICO?","response":"A reverse ICO refers to the launch and sale of a cryptocurrency token by a preexisting company. Reverse ICOs can be used to generate funds for the company, to facilitate decentralizing through a new crypto token, or to expand into the blockchain and cryptocurrency industries."}
{"prompts":"How Can Porter's Five Forces Address the Affects of Globalization on an Industry?","response":"Porter's model has been used to analyze how globalization affects industry competition. For instance, globalization lowers barriers to entry in specific industries, intensifying the threat of new entrants from different regions. It can also expand the pool of potential substitutes and alter the power dynamics with suppliers and customers worldwide. While Porter and others were doing this analysis for industries facing global competition decades ago, it's still applicable to sectors undergoing this process in the 2020s."}
{"prompts":"What Is Risk Overhang?","response":"In insurance, risk overhang refers to situations where continuous exposure to past transactions can limit an insurer's actions in the present. This is usually the case when an insurer has to pass on lucrative opportunities because they cannot take on any more risk."}
{"prompts":"Why Didn't I Receive a Form 1099-DIV Even Though I Was Paid Dividends?","response":"You only receive Form 1099-DIV if you received dividends exceeding $10. If your dividend payments were more than this and you still haven't received a form, contact the issuer for a replacement."}
{"prompts":"How Does the Fed Set Interest Rates?","response":"The Federal Reserve sets the rate for its Overnight Reverse Repurchase (ON RREP) Agreement Facility, where it buys and sells securities. This rate helps set the bottom number for the rate range. It also pays Interest on Reserve Balances (IORB), the rate of which helps set the top number for the range. The Fed also uses the rate at its discount window and open market operations to help establish interest rates that it believes will influence the economy to produce an average inflation rate of 2% over the long run."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Main Differences Between Private and Public Goods?","response":"A private good is consumed exclusively by one person. Most often, there is a cost associated with it that prohibits its use by some others. A private good is available to all. One person's use of it does not prevent others from using it."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Surplus?","response":"Surplus is the amount of an asset or resource that exceeds the portion that is utilized. To calculate consumer surplus one merely needs to subtract the actual price the consumer paid by the amount they were willing to pay."}
{"prompts":"What Are Signs of Money Laundering?","response":"Money laundering red flags include suspicious or secretive behavior by an individual around money matters, making large transactions with cash, owning a company that seems to serve no real purpose, conducting overly complex transactions, or making several transactions just under the reporting threshold."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Limitations of the Black-Scholes Model?","response":"The Black-Scholes model is only used to price European options and does not take into account that American options could be exercised before the expiration date. Moreover, the model assumes dividends, volatility, and risk-free rates remain constant over the option's life.Not taking into account taxes, commissions or trading costs or taxes can also lead to valuations that deviate from real-world results."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Financial Statements?","response":"While there are many types of financial statements, the big three are:Balance sheet, which lists a business\u2019 assets\/revenues, liabilities\/obligations, and owners\u2019 equity at a specific point in time.Income statement, which summarizes results from business operations\u2014revenues, expenses, and profits or losses during a specific period.The cash flow statement complements the balance sheet and income statement. Categorized into operating, investing, and financing activities, it captures how funds are employed\u2014literally, how the cash flows\u2014throughout the business."}
{"prompts":"How Do You Find the Upper Quartile of a Data Set?","response":"A spreadsheet and the QUARTILE function is the quickest way to find the upper quartile. For example, the function \"=QUARTILE(A1:A53,3)\" returns the third (upper) quartile of your dataset."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Best Asset Allocation Strategy for My Age?","response":"Generally, the younger and further you are from needing to access the capital invested, the more you should invest in stocks. One common guideline that\u2019s ordinarily quoted is that you should hold a percentage of stocks that is equal to 100 minus your age. So, if you are 30, 70% of your portfolio should supposedly consist of stocks. The rest would then be allocated to safer assets, such as bonds. But a lot of these rules don't work for everyone. For advice that reflects your personal circumstances, reach out to a financial advisor."}
{"prompts":"Who Can Claim the Foreign Tax Credit?","response":"If you are a U.S. citizen, the U.S. taxes your worldwide income, no matter where you live. To avoid double taxation, the U.S. lets you tax credit for foreign taxes you pay or accrue. U.S. citizens and resident aliens who paid foreign income tax and are subject to U.S. tax on that same income can take the foreign tax credit. A nonresident alien can take the credit if they were a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico for the entire tax year or paid foreign income taxes connected to a trade or business in the U.S."}
{"prompts":"Can You Be Hacked Through NFC?","response":"It is possible for an attacker to hack into a device using NFC technology, although the likelihood of this happening these days is relatively low. NFC operates over very short distances, typically less than four inches, so an attacker would need to be in close proximity to the device in order to access it. Additionally, most NFC-enabled devices are configured to only establish a connection when the user specifically allows it, so an attacker would need to trick the user into initiating the connection.However, even if an attacker is able to establish an NFC connection with a device, they would still need to find a way to exploit a vulnerability in the device's software in order to gain access. This is not necessarily an easy task, and the level of difficulty would depend on the specific device and its security measures. In general, it is always a good idea to keep your device up to date with the latest security patches and to be cautious when connecting to unfamiliar devices using NFC."}
{"prompts":"What Is the CFDA Called Now?","response":"In 2018, the CFDA was integrated into other government systems and is now accessible through the Assistance Listings section of SAM.gov."}
{"prompts":"Is INSEAD Better Than Harvard?","response":"Depending on the publication, INSEAD can be considered a better MBA degree than Harvard. According to the Financial Times, in 2023, INSEAD ranked number two for best MBA programs while Harvard ranked number four."}
{"prompts":"Is Racketeering the Same as Money Laundering?","response":"Money laundering involves cleaning \"dirty\" money so that it appears as if it were earned legitimately when it was not. Money laundering can fall under the umbrella of racketeering if it is part of an organized scheme."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Frequency Distribution?","response":"The types of frequency distribution are grouped frequency distribution, ungrouped frequency distribution, cumulative frequency distribution, relative frequency distribution, and relative cumulative frequency distribution."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis?","response":"Both technical analysis and fundamental analysis are used by traders and investors in picking an investment as well as when to enter and exit the investment. Technical analysis uses historical data, mainly price and volume data to chart and predict an asset's future movements. Fundamental analysis aims to understand intrinsic value by analyzing economic and financial factors, such as the information found in a company's financial statements and how the macroeconomy will impact an asset."}
{"prompts":"Why Is Infrastructure Important to a Society?","response":"Infrastructure powers businesses and connects workers to their jobs and citizens to opportunities for healthcare and education. It creates opportunities within communities and an economy needs reliable infrastructure to connect supply chains and move goods and services."}
{"prompts":"Is a Triple Top Pattern a Good Sign?","response":"The opposite of a triple bottom pattern, a triple top pattern is a bearish chart pattern that suggests a move to the downside."}
{"prompts":"What is an MLS number?","response":"An MLS number is essentially a serial number for each property on the market. It was created to make it easier to differentiate properties and find properties quickly. In contrast, the NMLS number, while similar and involved in real estate transactions, is issued by the Nationwide Multistate Licensing System and is permanently assigned to each individual who works as a mortgage loan officer."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Double-Dip Recession?","response":"A double-dip recession is a term used to refer to a recession that is followed by a short-lived recovery, and then is followed by yet another recession. Such a relapse into recession after already being in a recession isn't uncommon as investors start to question the conviction of a recovery based on new or changing information."}
{"prompts":"Do Jumbo CDs Earn a Higher Interest Rate than a Normal CD?","response":"Since jumbo CDs require a much higher minimum deposit, banks and credit unions typically reward savers with higher interest rates than for smaller accounts. Longer terms also earn higher interest rates. Those higher rates are an incentive to reduce the liquidity of your savings."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Nonforfeiture Clauses Exist?","response":"Nonforfeiture clauses offer protection in the event that a policyholder stops paying their premium. Sometimes, a policy expires after a so-called grace period. If cash has accumulated in the policy, state law forbids companies from keeping it and canceling the policy."}
{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Explanation of the Law of Supply and Demand?","response":"If you've ever wondered how the supply of a product matches demand or how market prices are set, the law of supply and demand holds the answers. Higher prices cause supply to increase while demand drops. Lower prices boost demand while limiting supply. The market-clearing price is one at which supply and demand are balanced."}
{"prompts":"Is Bootstrapping Sustainable?","response":"The idea behind bootstrapping is to temporarily find solutions to meet business needs until more permanent solutions are possible. It is usually not in the best interest of the company to permanently bootstrap as this exposes a company to higher financial risk than necessary. Bootstrapping may also be taxing to the owner who often prefers to have a more stable, scalable strategy to develop their company."}
{"prompts":"What Does Demand-Pull Mean in Economics?","response":"Demand-pull is a form of inflation. It refers to instances when demand for goods and services exceeds the available supply of those goods and services in the economy. Economists suggest that prices can be pulled higher by an increase in aggregate demand that outstrips the available supply of goods in an economy. The result can be inflation."}
{"prompts":"What is a normal mortality rate?","response":"The 2021 mortality rate in the United States was 835.4 deaths per 100,000 people. This meant an average life expectancy of 76.1 years. However, your expected mortality changes as you get older. The life expectancy for a 65-year-old was 83.4 years in 2021."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and How Does It Relate to PDFs?","response":"The central limit theorem (CLT) states that the distribution of a random variable in a sample will begin to approach a normal distribution as the sample size becomes larger, regardless of the true shape of the distribution. Thus, we know that flipping a coin is a binary process, described by the binomial distribution (heads or tails).However, if we consider several coin tosses, the odds of getting any particular combination of heads and tails begin to differ. For instance, if we were to flip the coin 10 times, the odds of getting five of each are most likely, but getting 10 heads in a row is extremely rare. Imagine 1,000 coin flips, and the distribution approaches the normal bell curve."}
{"prompts":"Where Can I Buy Series I Savings Bonds?","response":"U.S. savings bonds, including Series I bonds, can only be purchased online from the U.S. Treasury, using the TreasuryDirect website. You can also use your federal tax refund to purchase Series I bonds."}
{"prompts":"Can an Individual Be a Corporation?","response":"The simple answer is yes. A corporation can consist of just one person. S Corps and C Corps are popular options for corporations with one or a small number of owners. A regular corporation can also be just one person. However, LLCs are often a better option when there is just one owner. They can even elect for S Corp taxation if it's advantageous to them."}
{"prompts":"Is It Okay to Use Some Medicines After Their Expiration Dates?","response":"It is a bad idea to use any medicine after its expiration date. It is no longer guaranteed to be safe or effective, according to the Food & Drug Administration (FDA).For that matter, the FDA warns that medicines should be stored properly to remain good until their expiration dates. If they don't need to be refrigerated, store them in a cool dry place (not the bathroom cabinet)."}
{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Deferred Tax Liability?","response":"A deferred tax liability usually occurs when standard company accounting rules differ from the accounting methods used by the government. The depreciation of fixed assets is a common example.Companies typically report depreciation in their financial statements with a straight-line depreciation method. Essentially, this evenly depreciates the asset over time.But for tax purposes, the company will use an accelerated depreciation approach. Using this method, the asset depreciates at a greater rate in its early years. A company may record a\u00a0straight-line depreciation of $100 in its financial statements versus an accelerated depreciation of $200 in its tax books. In turn, the deferred tax liability would equal $100 multiplied by the tax rate of the company."}
{"prompts":"How Does Monetary Policy Affect Scarcity?","response":"In the U.S., the Federal Reserve controls the money supply. When governments print too much money, the value of the money decreases. Supply is high and money is less scarce. However, too much money in an\u00a0economy can lead to\u00a0inflation.\u00a0Governments tend to keep the money supply relatively scarce through contractionary policy. The main contractionary policies employed by the United States include raising interest rates, increasing bank reserve requirements, and selling government securities."}
{"prompts":"Can I Open Too Many Credit Cards?","response":"There\u2019s no set limit on how many lines of credit you can have open at one time. However, applying for too many cards in a short period can hurt your credit score. Consider how much credit you actually need before opening a new card account."}
{"prompts":"What Is Inflation?","response":"Inflation is the decline of\u00a0purchasing power\u00a0of a given currency over time. A quantitative estimate of the rate at which the decline in purchasing power occurs can be reflected in the increase of an average price level of a\u00a0basket of selected goods\u00a0and services in an economy over some period of time. The rise in the general level of prices, often expressed as a percentage, means that a unit of currency effectively buys less than it did in prior periods."}
{"prompts":"What Are the Open, High, Low, and Close Prices?","response":"These prices monitor the value of a stock over a period of time. An open or opening price is the first price a stock trades at when the market opens in the morning. The closing price is the last price of the day. High and low prices track whether a stock has lost or gained value during the day."}
{"prompts":"What Does Delta Mean in Trading?","response":"Delta is a measurement of how much the price of an option is likely to go up or down based on the price of the underlying security. It's gauged by each $1 change. An option's price should increase by $0.15 for each dollar change in the security's price if the Delta is 0.15."}
{"prompts":"What Does a Negative Cash Flow From Financing Mean?","response":"A negative number can show that a company is paying off debt, making dividend payments or buying back its stock."}
{"prompts":"Is Investment the Same As Speculation?","response":"Not really. An investment is typically a long-term commitment, where the payoff from putting that money to work can take several years. Investments are typically made only after due diligence and proper analysis have been undertaken to understand the risks and benefits that could unfold. Speculation, on the other hand, is a pure directional bet on the price of something, and often for the short-term."}
{"prompts":"Why Do Traders Place Orders?","response":"Orders allow traders to enter or exit a trade at a specific price and during a set timeframe. Trading orders are used to maximize profits and limit losses. They can also allow traders to take advantage of sudden or unexpected price movements."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Keogh and IRA?","response":"Keogh plans are designed for the self-employed. While the self-employed can contribute to an IRA, Keogh plans have much higher contribution limits."}
{"prompts":"Does Subrogation Affect the Insured Victim?","response":"The subrogation process, which is meant to protect insured parties, is very passive for the insured victim of an accident from the fault of another insured party. The insurance companies of the two parties involved work to mediate and legally come to a conclusion over the payment. Policyholders are simply covered by their insurance company and can act accordingly. It benefits the insured in that the at-fault party must make a payment during subrogation to the insurer, which helps keep the policyholder's insurance rates low."}
{"prompts":"What Happens to Group Life Insurance Coverage After I Retire?","response":"Once you leave the organization, group life insurance terminates (either immediately or after a short grace period). This includes being fired, quitting, changing jobs, or retirement. Certain employees may be able to convert their group coverage into an individual policy upon retirement, but the employer may not continue to pay these premiums."}
{"prompts":"Do I Have to Use All of the Money in My HSA Every Year?","response":"Unlike a Flexible Spending Account (FSA), contributions to your Health Savings Account (HSA) can roll over yearly. Since the funds can also be invested, you can build capital for more significant medical needs or use it as an investment fund after retirement."}
{"prompts":"How Do I Build a Business Model?","response":"There are many steps to building a business model, and there is no single consistent process among business experts. In general, a business model should identify your customers, understand the problem you are trying to solve, select a business model type to determine how your clients will buy your product, and determine the ways your company will make money. It is also important to periodically review your business model; once you've launched, feel free to evaluate your plan and adjust your target audience, product line, or pricing as needed."}
{"prompts":"What Is the Main Objective of a Feasibility Study?","response":"A feasibility study is designed to help decision-makers determine whether or not a proposed project or investment is likely to be successful. It identifies both the known costs and the expected benefits.In business, \"successful\" means that the financial return exceeds the cost. In a nonprofit, success may be measured in other ways. A project's benefit to the community it serves may be worth the cost."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Avoid Paying a Judgment?","response":"While a judgment should not be ignored, there are ways to protect some property from being collected. Most state laws offer exemptions that protect certain types of property, such as a primary home or vehicle, as long as the value of that property is below a certain limit.In addition, some types of personal property can be protected under a chapter 7 bankruptcy, allowing debtors to discharge their obligations without giving up their basic property."}
{"prompts":"Do You Get Out of All Your Debts if You File for Bankruptcy?","response":"Bankruptcy can renegotiate or erase many types of unsecured debts, such as those on credit cards or personal loans. Other debts cannot be discharged in bankruptcy. The U.S.\u00a0Bankruptcy\u00a0Code lists 19 different categories of debts that cannot be discharged:Alimony and child supportCertain unpaid taxes, such as tax liens. However, some federal, state, and local taxes may be eligible for discharge if they date back several yearsDebts for willful and malicious injury to another person or property (\u201cWillful and malicious\u201d here means deliberate and without just cause. In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, this applies only to injury to people; debts for property damage may be discharged.)Debts for death or personal injury caused by the debtor\u2019s operation of a motor vehicle while intoxicated from alcohol or impaired by other substancesDebts that you failed to list in your bankruptcy filingCommon\/maintenance fees for condo association (or similar)"}
{"prompts":"What Is Vendor Financing?","response":"Vendor financing is financing that a business obtains directly from the vendor when purchasing inventory or equipment. Vendor financing stands in contrast to traditional methods of financing, such as obtaining a loan from a bank. Vendor financing is often a deferred loan and can lead to building a strong relationship between a vendor and a customer."}
{"prompts":"Do You Need EPLI and ELI?","response":"EPLI, or Employment Practices Liability Insurance (EPLI) is different from ELI or Employers' Liability Insurance. Employers need to buy EPLI to make sure that they are covered from employee lawsuits that allege discrimination, sexual harassment, or wrongful termination -- none of which are covered by Employers' Liability Insurance."}
{"prompts":"Which Is Higher Internal Growth Rate or Sustainable Growth Rate?","response":"Sustainable growth rate is always higher than an internal growth rate because it factors in leverage, or debt."}
{"prompts":"What are the Key Differences between a Volatility Skew and a Volatility Smile?","response":"While both volatility skew and volatility smile relate to the IV across different strike prices, they represent different market expectations and conditions. The volatility skew typically reflects a greater fear of downside risk, while the smile suggests a higher probability of large price moves in either direction."}
{"prompts":"Are NSF Fees Legal?","response":"Yes, NSF fees are legal on bounced checks and should not be charged on debit card transactions or ATM withdrawals. The U.S. government doesn't regulate NSF fees or the size of fees but The Truth in Lending Act does require banks to disclose their fees to customers when they open an account."}
{"prompts":"How Can You Avoid MEC Status?","response":"A life insurance policy can avoid triggering MEC status as long as the amount of cash held in the policy remains beneath the required corridor below the death benefit. If you use a policy to accumulate cash value, one solution is to increase the death benefit through paid-up additional insurance (PUA), which raises the corridor's ceiling."}
{"prompts":"Is Equity Financing Riskier Than Debt Financing?","response":"Equity financing comes with a risk premium because if a company goes bankrupt, creditors are repaid in full before equity shareholders receive anything."}