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+{"prompts":"Is It Better to Have a High or Low Asset Turnover?","response":"Generally, a higher ratio is favored because it implies that the company is efficient in generating sales or revenues from its asset base. A lower ratio indicates that a company is not using its assets efficiently and may have internal problems."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Asset Turnover Value?","response":"Asset turnover ratios vary across different\u00a0industry sectors, so only the ratios of companies that are in the same sector should be compared. For example, retail or service sector companies have relatively small asset bases combined with high sales volume. This leads to a high average asset turnover ratio. Meanwhile, firms in sectors like utilities or manufacturing tend to have large asset bases, which translates to lower asset turnover."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Autocorrelation Problematic?","response":"Most statistical tests assume the independence of observations. In other words, the occurrence of one tells nothing about the occurrence of the other. Autocorrelation is problematic for most statistical tests because it refers to the lack of independence between values."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Behavioral Finance View Asset Allocation?","response":"Behavioral finance explores how common cognitive errors might influence our financial choices. For our asset allocation, we might be swayed too much by recent market trends, overconfidence, sunk-cost reasoning, or loss aversion, which can lead to less beneficial allocation choices. Awareness of these cognitive biases can help you keep a disciplined, long-term approach aligned with your goals."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Bond's Coupon Rate?","response":"The coupon rate of a bond is the stated amount of interest that the bond will pay an investor at the time of its issue. A bond's coupon rate is different from a bond's yield. A bond's yield is its effective rate of return when the bond's price changes. A bond's yield is calculated as coupon rate \/ current bond price."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Claim the American Opportunity Tax Credit?","response":"To claim the AOTC, complete Form 8863 and submit it with your Form 1040 or 1040-SR when filing your annual income tax return. Enter the nonrefundable part of the credit on Schedule 3 of your 1040 or 1040-SR, line 3. The refundable portion of the credit goes on line 29 of the 1040 or 1040-SR."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Use Anchoring to My Advantage?","response":"If you are selling something or negotiating a salary, you can start with a higher price than you expect to get as it will set an anchor that will tend to pull the final price up. If you are buying something or a hiring manager, you would instead start with a lowball level to induce the anchoring effect lower."}
+{"prompts":"What Changes Can a Policy Owner Make to an Adjustable Life Policy?","response":"An adjustable life policy allows a policy owner to make changes to the death benefit amount, adjust their payment on their premiums, modify the guaranteed protection or premium payment periods, and add money to or remove funds from their cash value."}
+{"prompts":"Why is Understanding Annualization Important when Determining Loan Costs?","response":"Understanding annualization allows borrowers to better understand the annual costs associated with a loan. Most lenders display an APR, which is the yearly rate of costs, such as fees and interest, expressed as a percentage of the amount borrowed.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate APR?","response":"The formula for calculating APR is straightforward. It consists of multiplying the periodic interest rate by the number of periods in a year in which the rate is applied. The exact formula is as follows:APR=((Fees+InterestPrincipaln)\u00d7365)\u00d7100where:Interest=Total\u00a0interest\u00a0paid\u00a0over\u00a0life\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0loanPrincipal=Loan\u00a0amountn=Number\u00a0of\u00a0days\u00a0in\u00a0loan\u00a0term\\begin{aligned} &\\text{APR} = \\left ( \\left ( \\frac{ \\frac{ \\text{Fees} + \\text{Interest} }{ \\text {Principal} } }{ n } \\right ) \\times 365 \\right ) \\times 100 \\\\ &\\textbf{where:} \\\\ &\\text{Interest} = \\text{Total interest paid over life of the loan} \\\\ &\\text{Principal} = \\text{Loan amount} \\\\ &n = \\text{Number of days in loan term} \\\\ \\end{aligned}\u200bAPR=((nPrincipalFees+Interest\u200b\u200b)\u00d7365)\u00d7100where:Interest=Total\u00a0interest\u00a0paid\u00a0over\u00a0life\u00a0of\u00a0the\u00a0loanPrincipal=Loan\u00a0amountn=Number\u00a0of\u00a0days\u00a0in\u00a0loan\u00a0term\u200b"}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Adjudication?","response":"An adjudication results from any sort of official judgment or decision. For instance, when a judge levies a penalty or sentence against a defendant in court."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between APY and APR?","response":"APY calculates the rate earned in one year if the interest is compounded and is a more accurate representation of the actual rate of return. APR includes any fees or additional costs associated with the transaction, but it does not take into account the compounding of interest within a specific year. Rather, it is a simple interest rate."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Was Alan Greenspan Federal Reserve Chair?","response":"Alan Greenspan served as Chair of the Fed from 1987 to 2006, for a total of five terms."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Acid-Test Ratio?","response":"To calculate the acid-test ratio of a company, divide a company\u2019s current cash, marketable securities, and total accounts receivable by its current liabilities. This information can be found on the company\u2019s balance sheet."}
+{"prompts":"How Does an IPO Determine the Allotment of Shares?","response":"Underwriters must determine how much they expect to sell before an initial public offering takes place by estimating demand. Once this is determined, they are granted a certain number of shares, which they must sell to the public in the IPO. Prices are determined by gauging demand from the market\u2014higher demand means the company can command a higher price for the IPO. Lower demand, on the other hand, leads to a lower IPO price per share."}
+{"prompts":"Is Credit Card Interest Tax Deductible?","response":"Not anymore. According to the Internal Revenue Service, \"Credit card and installment interest incurred for personal expenses,\" cannot be deducted on your tax return. Prior to tax reforms in 1986, however, it was deductible."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Annuity Table Used For?","response":"An annuity table is a tool used mostly by accounting, insurance or other financial professionals to determine the present value of an annuity. It takes into account the amount of money that has been placed in the annuity and how long it's\u00a0been sitting there, so as to decide the amount of money that should be paid out to an annuity buyer or annuitant."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Foreign Companies List ADRs?","response":"Foreign companies often seek to have their shares traded on U.S. exchanges through ADRs to obtain greater visibility in the international market, access to a larger pool of investors, and coverage by more equity analysts. Companies that issue ADRs may also find it easier to raise money in international markets when their ADRs are listed in U.S. markets."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I See How Much of my Payment Is Interest?","response":"Most lenders will provide amortization tables that show how much of each payment is interest versus principle. You can also request this information from your lender."}
+{"prompts":"What Are International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)?","response":"International companies follow the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are set by the International Accounting Standards Board and serve as the guideline for non-U.S. GAAP companies reporting financial statements. They were established to bring consistency to accounting standards and practices, regardless of the company or the country. IFRS is thought to be more dynamic than GAAP in that it is regularly being revised in response to an ever-changing financial environment."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Liability in the Accounting Equation?","response":"A company's liabilities include every debt it has incurred. These may include loans,\u00a0accounts payable, mortgages, deferred revenues, bond issues, warranties, and accrued expenses."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Shareholders' Equity in the Accounting Equation?","response":"Shareholders' equity is the total value of the company expressed in dollars. Put another way, it is the amount that would remain if the company liquidated all of its assets and paid off all of its debts. The remainder is the shareholders' equity, which would be returned to them."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Required in the Air Waybill?","response":"An air waybill contains the names and addresses of the shipper and the recipient, the value of the cargo, three-letter codes for the origin and destination airports, the number of pieces, gross weight, description, special instructions, and other conditions of the contract."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Non-Qualified Annuity?","response":"Annuities can be purchased with either pre-tax or after-tax dollars. A non-qualified annuity is one that has been purchased with after-tax dollars. A qualified annuity is one that has been purchased with pre-tax dollars. Qualified plans include 401(k) plans and 403(b) plans. Only the earnings (and not the contributions) of a non-qualified annuity are taxed at the time of withdrawal as they are after-tax money."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Money Does an Accountant Make?","response":"The median annual pay for an accountant in the U.S. was $78,000 as of 2022, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Accrued Expenses Accounted for?","response":"An accrued expense, also known as an accrued liability, is an accounting term that refers to an expense that is recognized on the books before it is paid. The expense is recorded in the accounting period in which it is incurred. Since accrued expenses represent a company's obligation to make future cash payments, they are shown on a company's balance sheet as current liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"How does ANOVA differ from a T test?","response":"ANOVA differs from T tests in that ANOVA can compare three or more groups while T tests are only useful for comparing two groups at one time."}
+{"prompts":"Does ANOVA rely on any assumptions?","response":"Yes, ANOVA tests assume that the data is normally distributed and that the levels of variance in each group is roughly equal. Finally, it assumes that all observations are made independently. If these assumptions are not accurate, ANOVA may not be useful for comparing groups."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Not Assumable Mean?","response":"Not assumable means that the buyer cannot assume the existing mortgage from the seller. Conventional mortgages are non-assumable. Some mortgages have non-assumable clauses, preventing buyers from assuming mortgages from the seller."}
+{"prompts":"How Does An Assumable Loan Work?","response":"To assume a loan, you must qualify with the lender. If the price of the house exceeds the remaining mortgage, you must remit a down payment worth the difference between the sale price and the mortgage. If the difference is substantial, the buyer may need to secure a second mortgage."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Depreciation Affect the Accounting Rate of Return?","response":"Depreciation will reduce the accounting rate of return. Depreciation is a direct cost and reduces the value of an asset or profit of a company. As such, it will reduce the return of an investment or project like any other cost."}
+{"prompts":"Does the Always Be Closing Strategy Work?","response":"The Always Be Closing sales strategy certainly has its drawbacks. First, some people bolt at the first sign of aggressive sales tactics. Others can be bullied into a sale, but they may back out later if they can. Even if they don't, the Always Be Closing strategist is leaving behind a trail of dissatisfied customers. And that's bad for business."}
+{"prompts":"Is ADX a Good Indicator?","response":"Yes, but it provides better strategy signals when combined with price. Investors should first use ADX to determine whether prices are trending or non-trending and then choose the appropriate trading strategy for the condition."}
+{"prompts":"Is AIIB Owned by China?","response":"While the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was launched on Chinese initiative, China only holds about 27% of the bank's voting shares. India is the next-largest shareholder with less than 8% of voting power."}
+{"prompts":"Where Do I Find a Company's Accounts Payable?","response":"Accounts payable are found on a firm's balance sheet, and since they represent funds owed to others they are booked as a current liability."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Better to Do Pre-Tax or After-Tax Contributions?","response":"Whether it is better to do pre-tax or after-tax contributions will depend on the individual and their financial circumstances. Generally, it is recommended that pre-tax contributions are better for higher-earners while after-tax contributions are better for lower-earners, particularly those who expect to be in a higher tax bracket when they retire."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Accounts Payable Ratio?","response":"As every industry operates differently, every industry will have a different accounts payable ratio that is considered good. However, an AP ratio between six and 10 is considered ideal. A ratio below six indicates that a business is not generating enough revenue to pay its suppliers in an appropriate time frame."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between AGI and Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI)?","response":"AGI and modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) are very similar except that MAGI adds back certain deductions. MAGI will always be larger than or equal to AGI for this reason. Common examples of deductions that are added back to calculate MAGI include foreign earned income, income earned on U.S. savings bonds, and losses arising from a publicly traded partnership."}
+{"prompts":"How Should an Investor Interpret the Altman Z-Score?","response":"Investors can use Altman Z-score Plus to evaluate corporate credit risk.\u00a0A score below 1.8 signals the company is likely headed for bankruptcy, while companies with scores above 3 are not likely to go bankrupt. Investors may consider purchasing a stock if its Altman Z-Score value is closer to 3 and selling, or shorting, a stock if the value is closer to 1.8. In more recent years, Altman has stated a score closer to 0 rather than 1.8 indicates a company is closer to bankruptcy."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Ad Valorem Taxes Assessed?","response":"There are several types of ad valorem taxes. With property taxes, the most common ad valorem tax, taxes are assessed based on the value of your property. Then, specific tax rates are applied according. In the U.S., property taxes are generally assessed with a county tax rate. The value of the property is typically must be certified, such as by a state department of assessments and taxation."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Should I Keep My Account Statements?","response":"The recommended duration for keeping account statements varies, but it's generally advised to retain them for a minimum of one to three years. However, consult with a financial advisor if you're unsure what account information should be retained especially related to tax statements, investment statements, or banking statements."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Use My Account Statements for Budgeting and Financial Planning?","response":"Account statements can be used for budgeting and financial planning by analyzing income, expenses, and patterns of spending. Review your statements to track where your money goes, identify areas for potential savings, and make informed decisions about budget adjustments or financial goals."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance?","response":"Accidental death and dismemberment insurance covers you in the case of accidental death, or if you lose a limb (or other significant injuries) in an accident that causes you to stop working. Besides being dismembered, the insurance may include workplace injuries, injuries caused by a fire or flood, accidents with firearms, or a serious fall."}
+{"prompts":"What's Needed To Open a Binary Options Trading Account?","response":"This typically involves choosing the broker, submitting an application, completing the Know Your Customer forms, funding the account, and verifying your identity for the broker."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Cancel a Bank Draft?","response":"Once a bank draft is given to the person it was intended for, it cannot be cancelled. You, as the purchaser, are responsible for delivering the draft to the payee. If you lose it, you will have to take several steps to get a new draft, which may include providing a surety bond or signing an indemnity."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does a Bank Draft Cost?","response":"The amount a bank draft will cost will vary by financial institution. Some may charge a flat fee while others may charge a percentage of the check amount. For example, TD Bank charges $9.95 for a bank draft."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Back-to-Back Letter of Credit and Transferable Letter of Credit the Same?","response":"A back-to-back letter of credit is not the same as a transferable letter of credit. With a transferable letter of credit, the beneficiary can transfer the letter of credit's rights and protection to another party.\u00a0The transferable letter of credit must be either issued as transferable or amended to make it transferable. A back-to-back letter of credit comprises two different letters of credit that are not transferrable."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Best Practices in Education?","response":"Best practices in education include staying proactive by ensuring your next teaching activity is prepared and set to go before the current one finishes. This allows students to be engaged by reducing disruptions. Encourage communication by involving students in the classroom setting. This can include varying the way in which they provide answers (e.g. verbal, written, visual, in groups, etc.). Work backward by setting an end goal and figuring out how to reach that goal with your students. Always keep your resources, such as lesson plans, so you can build upon what you have done before and refine the way you approach teaching. And lastly, be a role model by setting the examples you want your students to exhibit."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Business-to-Consumer and How Does It Differ From Business-to-Business?","response":"After surging in popularity in the 1990s, business-to-consumer (B2C) increasingly became a term that referred to companies with consumers as their end-users. This stands in contrast to business-to-business (B2B), or companies whose primary clients are other businesses. B2C companies operate on the internet and sell products to customers online. Amazon, Meta (formerly Facebook), and Walmart are some examples of B2C companies."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Boilerplate in a Press Release?","response":"The boilerplate in a press release is often found at the bottom. The text briefly identifies and describes the company issuing the release and provides contact details for further information."}
+{"prompts":"Are Ratings Always Accurate?","response":"Ratings are a forward-looking opinion rendered by rating agencies based on a close examination of a financial institution. As a consequence, there's no guarantee that a financial institution with an excellent rating won't default. That's why ratings should be just one of a variety of indicators of financial soundness that investors take into account before making investments."}
+{"prompts":"Why Was Buying on Margin a Problem?","response":"Prior to the 1929 stock market crash, margin trading encouraged speculation because traders were effectively able to make rapid gains with a relatively low investment. These gains encouraged more margin trading, creating a bubble that pushed asset prices higher. When the bubble collapsed, many of these margin traders owed money that they were not able to repay."}
+{"prompts":"Is Beta a Good Measure of Risk?","response":"Many experts agree that while Beta provides some information about risk, it is not an effective measure of risk on its own. Beta only looks at a stock's past performance relative to the S&P 500 and does not provide any forward guidance. It also does not consider the fundamentals of a company or its earnings and growth potential."}
+{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Brand Equity?","response":"There are several factors that can affect brand equity. One factor is the quality of products or services. Consumers are more likely to have a positive perception of a brand if they consistently provide high-quality products or services. Marketing and branding efforts are also important. Consistent and effective marketing and branding efforts can help build and maintain a positive brand image. Customer experiences also play a role in brand equity. Positive customer experiences can lead to increased loyalty and positive brand associations. The brand's reputation is also important, as consumers are more likely to choose a brand they perceive as trustworthy and reliable. Competition can also impact a brand's equity, as consumers may have multiple options to choose from. Finally, changes in consumer preferences or trends can affect a brand's equity, as consumers may shift towards different brands or products."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Start Bitcoin Mining?","response":"To begin mining Bitcoin, you need to join a mining pool and install a mining client. Some pools have their own mining software; others only provide instructions on how to connect one of several mining clients. Mining pools share rewards based on the amount of work contributed, so the faster your computer or mining machine is, the more you'll receive. You can mine solo, but your chances of ever being rewarded are minuscule at best."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Read a Bar Chart for Trading?","response":"The range between the high price and low price of an asset is represented by the vertical height of a bar chart. This bar uses horizontal lines to note the opening and closing prices."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Bid-Ask Spread in Stocks?","response":"Consider the following example where a trader is looking to purchase 100 shares of Apple for $50. The trader sees that 100 shares are being offered at $50.05 in the market. Here, the spread would be $50.00 - $50.05, or $0.05 wide. While this spread may seem small or insignificant, on large trades, it can create a meaningful difference, which is why narrow spreads are typically more ideal. The total value of the bid-ask spread, in this instance, would be equal to 100 shares x $0.05, or $5."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Internal Risks That Can Impact a Business?","response":"Internal risks that can impact a business often come from decisions made by the management or executive team in pursuit of growth. These decisions can create physical or tangible risks. For example, on-site risks such as fires, equipment malfunctions, or hazardous materials can jeopardize production, endanger employees, and lead to legal or financial penalties. Policies that guarantee a safe working environment would, in this instance, be an effective strategy for managing internal risks."}
+{"prompts":"What are the main reasons why a company would issue bonus shares?","response":"Companies issue bonus shares to make their stock more attractive for retail investors, provide an alternative to a cash dividend, and\/or reflect a position of financial health. In a nutshell,\u00a0a company issues bonus shares to boost investment and reward shareholders."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Place a Buy Limit Order?","response":"To place a buy limit order, you will first need to determine your limit price for the security you want to buy. The limit price is the maximum amount you are willing to pay to buy the security. If your order is triggered, it will be filled at your limit price or lower.You will also need to decide when your buy limit order will expire. You can choose to allow your order to expire at the end of the trading day if it is not filled. Alternatively, you can choose to place your order as good 'til canceled (GTC). Your order will remain open until it is filled or you decide to cancel it. Your brokerage may limit the time you can keep a GTC order open (usually up to 90 days)."}
+{"prompts":"Where are back offices physically located?","response":"Back offices used to be located literally behind the front office or trading desk. These days, many financial corporations have moved their back office locations to lower cost sites, such as Florida or North Carolina, where rents and salaries are generally lower than big cities like New York or Chicago."}
+{"prompts":"What Impact Would Basel III Have on the Profits of the Big Banks?","response":"Given the millions the big banks are spending on commercials opposing Basel III Endgame, it's reasonable to assume they think it will hurt their bottom line. Higher capital requirements can affect bank profitability, as banks may need more capital in reserve instead of using it to generate returns. This could, in turn, influence bank stock valuations and dividend payouts, which would be scrutinized should they not meet some of the capital requirements. However, better-capitalized banks may be viewed as safer investments, which could attract more investors over the long term, and some research has suggested they could do better financially, too."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Long Call Butterfly Spread Constructed?","response":"The long call butterfly spread is created by buying a one in-the-money call option with a low strike price, writing (selling) two at-the-money call options, and buying one out-of-the-money call option with a higher strike price. Net debt is created when you enter the trade.The maximum profit is achieved if the price of the underlying asset at expiration is the same as the written calls. The max profit is equal to the strike of the written option, less the strike of the lower call, premiums, and commissions paid. The maximum loss is the initial cost of the premiums paid, plus commissions."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Long Put Butterfly Spread Constructed?","response":"The long put butterfly spread is created by buying one out-of-the-money put option with a low strike price, selling (writing) two at-the-money put options, and buying one in-the-money put option with a higher strike price. Net debt is created when entering the position. Like the long call butterfly, this position has a maximum profit when the underlying asset stays at the strike price of the middle options.The maximum profit is equal to the higher strike price minus the strike of the sold put, less the premium paid. The maximum loss of the trade is limited to the initial premiums and commissions paid."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the Underground Market Work?","response":"There are a variety of illegal markets and all of them work in different ways. An underground market can be a physical market where two individuals meet to exchange illegal goods, for example, a drug transaction on a street corner. An underground market can also exist online, such as on the dark web, where individuals communicate to exchange goods and payments are made in digital currencies."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Bond Prices Inversely Related to Interest Rates?","response":"A bond that pays a fixed coupon will see its price vary inversely with interest rates. This is because receiving a fixed interest rate, of say 5% is not very attractive if prevailing interest rates are 6%, and become even less desirable if rates can earn 7%. In order for that bond paying 5% to become equivalent to a new bond paying 7%, it must trade at a discounted price. Likewise, if interest rates drop to 4% or 3%, that 5% coupon becomes quite attractive and so that bond will trade at a premium to newly-issued bonds that offer a lower coupon."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Leveraged Buyout?","response":"A leveraged buyout is when one company buys another using a large amount of borrowed money to fund the purchase. Often, the assets of the company being purchased are used as collateral for the loans taken out by the buyer."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Book Runner and a Lead Manager?","response":"A book runner is responsible for the entire underwriting process during the an IPO or a leveraged buyout. A lead manager is responsible for finding buyers for an IPO and ensure there are no barriers to the sale. These roles are often filled by the same firm."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Trade Directly From a Bloomberg Terminal?","response":"Yes, you can place a wide range of order types and trade from the Bloomberg Terminal. The Bloomberg Terminal can serve as a complete end-to-end trading system across a wide range of markets and financial products, such as trading stocks and options.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Can I Buy Bank-Owned Life Insurance?","response":"No. Individuals cannot purchase bank-owned life insurance for themselves. It is only for banks and corporations, who purchase it for specific employees, often executives."}
+{"prompts":"What is a breakeven point?","response":"A breakeven point is used in multiple areas of business and finance. In accounting terms, it refers to the production level at which total production revenue equals total production costs. In investing, the breakeven point is the point at which the original cost equals the market price. Meanwhile, the breakeven point in options trading occurs when the market price of an underlying asset reaches the level at which a buyer will not incur a loss."}
+{"prompts":"What Is BIN Scamming?","response":"BIN scamming is a fraud scheme. It occurs when a fraudster calls impersonating someone from your bank, claiming that your account information has been compromised. The scammer may give you information to try to gain your trust. Once you're hooked, they try to confirm the number of your card and begin by asking where you bank.When they have that information, they give you the bank identification number and ask that you confirm the remaining digits on the card along with any other information they can get from you."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Junk Bond?","response":"Bonds that are non-investment grade are considered to be high-yield or \"junk\" bonds. They are considered to be high-risk and usually have ratings of \"BB+\" to \"D\" or not rated. Investors can profit through buying junk bonds, but they also are at greater risk of losing their investment, as these kinds of companies tend to have liquidity issues."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Official Bank Statement?","response":"An official bank statement is typically sent by the bank to the account holder every month, summarizing all the account's transactions during the month. Bank statements contain bank account information, such as account numbers and a detailed list of deposits and withdrawals.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Bank Statement and a Transaction History?","response":"A\u00a0transaction history\u00a0displays all bank account transactions for a set period you choose. Typically, a bank statement only covers one month of transactions and may leave recent or pending transactions out."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Inputs for Black-Scholes Model?","response":"The inputs for the Black-Scholes equation are volatility, the price of the underlying asset, the strike price of the option, the time until expiration of the option, and the risk-free interest rate. With these variables, it is theoretically possible for options sellers to set rational prices for the options that they are selling."}
+{"prompts":"Who Are the Parties to a Bill of Exchange?","response":"A bill of exchange transaction can involve up to three parties. The drawee is the party that pays the sum specified by the bill of exchange. The payee is the one who receives that sum. The drawer is the party that obliges the drawee to pay the payee. The drawer and the payee are the same entity unless the drawer transfers the bill of exchange to a third-party payee."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the Bandwagon Effect Important to Investors?","response":"The bandwagon effect can lead investors to follow the crowd, which may result in asset bubbles or crashes, depending on if the crowd is buying or selling. In either case, people may invest for fear of missing out (FOMO) rather than making individual evaluations of investments and doing due diligence. Buying or selling simply because everyone else seems to be doing it can lead to bad outcomes."}
+{"prompts":"What Customer Tools Does Bloomberg Offer?","response":"Bloomberg provides technological tools for its clients. From the Bloomberg Terminal to flexible enterprise solutions, Bloomberg helps financial market players integrate their systems, and automate their workflows that inform their decision-making."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Bloomberg Gather Information?","response":"With 2,700 journalists and analysts in 120 locations, Bloomberg publishes over 5,000 new stories a day across multiple platforms."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Get Commercial Insurance?","response":"You can get commercial insurance through an insurance agency that provides the type of policy you need. You can work with an insurance agent at an insurance company who can give you a quote and guide you through your options and application process. You can often get a policy online or by calling the insurance agency."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Changes in Interest Rates Affect Bond Quotes?","response":"Changes in interest rates have an inverse relationship with bond prices. When interest rates rise, bond prices typically fall, and vice versa. These changes are reflected in bond quotes, with the quoted price decreasing or increasing in response to interest rate moves."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Bull Trap vs. Bear Trap?","response":"A bull trap is the opposite of a bear trap, where traders might assume a downward trend is reversing and begin to take long positions, only to watch the market resume its downward trend."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Bookies Make Money?","response":"Bookies make money by charging a fee on each bet they take, known as the \"vigorish\" or the \"vig,\u201d and pay out money when their customers win a bet. Their goal, understandably, is to make sure that incomings exceed outgoings. That is generally achieved by adjusting the odds so that there\u2019s an even amount of people betting on a win or loss."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Bonus Depreciation?","response":"Bonus depreciation allows a taxpayer to reduce their short-term taxable income by the cost of depreciable assets. Bonus depreciation allows a taxpayer to deduct 100% of depreciation upfront on their Federal tax return. This accelerated depreciation method means a company may pay substantially fewer taxes in the tax year in which they claim bonus depreciation."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Bill of Materials Used for?","response":"A bill of materials shows the relationship between the finished product and its components. It's useful for estimating the cost of materials, planning purchases, ensuring availability of parts, and avoiding delays in production."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Create a Bill of Materials?","response":"When creating a bill of materials, include the following key components:Name of product or assemblyBOM levelRaw materials used, including quantity and unit of measureSub-assemblies usedPart number, name, and description for each partUnit costQuantity"}
+{"prompts":"How Much Crude Oil Does It Take to Make One Gallon of Gasoline?","response":"Crude oil is refined into various end products, including gasoline used in cars. Refineries use approximately 2.15 gallons of crude oil to generate one gallon of gasoline."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take to Repair Bad Credit?","response":"This depends on how bad your credit score is to start. If you\u2019re recovering from a bankruptcy, it can take years to build up a good credit score. However, paying down debt to decrease your credit utilization ratio can have an impact in as little as a couple of months. And be sure to keep paying your credit bills on time."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Bond's Yield Tell Investors?","response":"A bond's yield is the return to an investor from the bond's interest, or coupon, payments. It can be calculated as a simple coupon yield or using a more complex method like yield to maturity. Higher yields mean that bond investors are owed larger interest payments, but may also be a sign of greater risk. The riskier a borrower is, the more yield investors demand. Higher yields are often common with a longer maturity bond."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Brand Loyalty Important?","response":"The primary reason that brand loyalty is important is that it is a major driver of profitability: 65% of revenue in most companies comes from repeat business with existing clients\u2014and existing customers loyal to brands purchase 90% more frequently than new customers,"}
+{"prompts":"What Is Business Ethics?","response":"Business ethics concerns ethical dilemmas or controversial issues faced by a company. Often, business ethics involve a system of practices and procedures that help build trust with the consumer. On one level, some business ethics are embedded in the law, such as minimum wages, insider trading restrictions, and environmental regulations. On another, business ethics can be influenced by management behavior, with wide-ranging effects across the company."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Balloon Payment Work?","response":"A balloon payment works like any other loan installment payment. The difference is that it is the final payment on the loan, and is substantially higher than the previous payments.A typical balloon loan requires only interest to be paid each month until the final month of the loan term. In the final month, the entire principal balance is due.The interest paid each month is typically a fixed amount as the principal balance does not change and the interest charged each month is not capitalized as part of the loan but instead paid off immediately."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Principles of Investment According to Benjamin Graham?","response":"Benjamin Graham's main investment principles are:Invest with a margin of safetyAnticipate volatility and benefit from itKnow what type of investor you are and therefore what type of investing you are good at"}
+{"prompts":"What Other Idioms Involve the Ocean?","response":"The phrase \"a drop in the ocean\" or \"a drop in the bucket,\" refers to something that is a very small part of what is\u00a0actually needed to accomplish something. An example might be if a person wants to buy a $500,000 home and all they have saved is $500, an amount that is 'a drop in the ocean.'"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Bookings and Billings?","response":"Bookings represent a customer's intent to commit to a purchase from your business. Billings represent the collection of your customer's money when the purchase is complete."}
+{"prompts":"Should I Sell My Stocks During a Bear Market?","response":"For most investors, a buy-and-hold strategy is the best way to make money through investing, rather than rushing to buy or sell investments every time the market changes. If you have a balanced, diversified portfolio that includes assets such as government bonds, defensive stocks, and cash, as well as equities, you shouldn't need to sell during a bear market. Indeed, if you sell your stocks during a bear market because you are afraid of them dropping further, you may miss out on substantial profits when the market eventually rebounds."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens If I Don't Choose a Beneficiary?","response":"If you don't choose one or more beneficiaries for your assets, then the decision about what happens to your money will be made by someone other than you, such as a financial institution or a court in the state in which you live."}
+{"prompts":"Do Stock Brokers Make Good Money?","response":"Stockbrokers make a solid income. With the average salary in the United States hovering around $58,000, the average salary of a stockbroker at around $73,000 is considerably higher. However, it is still a salary that might deflate those who dream of multi-million dollar"}
+{"prompts":"Are Bonds a Good Investment?","response":"Like any investment, the expected return of a bond must be weighed against its risk. The riskier the issuer, the higher the yield investors will demand. Junk bonds pay higher interest rates but are also at greater risk of default. U.S. Treasuries pay very low-interest rates but have low risk."}
+{"prompts":"Can Investors Lose Money in the Bond Market?","response":"Yes. While not as risky as stocks, bond prices fluctuate and can go down. If interest rates rise, the price of a highly-rated bond will decrease. The sensitivity of a bond's price to interest rate changes is known as its duration. A bond will also lose significant value if its issuer defaults or goes bankrupt, and it can no longer repay in full the initial investment nor the interest owed."}
+{"prompts":"Did People Lose Money on Black Monday?","response":"Yes. Black Monday caused about $500 billion in losses when the Dow Jones Industrial Index fell 508 points. In percentage terms, it is the biggest-ever one-day stock-market loss."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is It called Black Monday?","response":"Black Monday refers not only to the events on Oct.\u00a019, 1987, but also to a number of specific Mondays when sudden, severe, and turbulent events have occurred, from military battles to massacres and stock market crashes. The term seems to have been coined by U.S. Representative John Bell Williams on the floor of Congress in Washington, D.C. on Monday, 17 May 1954. This was the date of the Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, in which the Court ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools were unconstitutional. In opposition to the decision, white citizens' councils were formally organized throughout the South to preserve segregation and defend segregated schools."}
+{"prompts":"How Many Blockchains Are There?","response":"The number of live blockchains is growing every day at an ever-increasing pace. As of 2023, there are more than 23,000 active cryptocurrencies based on blockchain, with several hundred more non-cryptocurrency blockchains."}
+{"prompts":"What\u2019s the Difference Between a Private Blockchain and a Public Blockchain?","response":"A public blockchain, also known as an open or permissionless blockchain, is one where anybody can join the network freely and establish a node. Because of their open nature, these blockchains must be secured with cryptography and a consensus system like proof of work (PoW). A private or permissioned blockchain, on the other hand, requires each node to be approved before joining. Because nodes are considered to be trusted, the layers of security do not need to be as robust."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Benchmark Calculated?","response":"Different indexes use different methods to calculate their performance. For example, the S&P 500 uses a free-float market capitalization method."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Power BI?","response":"Power BI is a business analytics product offered by software giant Microsoft. According to the company, it allows both individuals and businesses to connect to, model, and visualize data using a scalable platform."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Find My BATNA?","response":"The first step to determining a BATNA is to list all the possible courses of action that will be available if the negotiations fail.Next, evaluate the value of each alternative, and determine which ones are most attractive.Having calculated your BATNA, you can make a determination about the lowest-value deal you would be willing to accept."}
+{"prompts":"Are Contingent Convertibles Regulated?","response":"Yes, CoCos are regulated in the European Union under the Basel III regulatory framework. The framework sets minimum standards for the banking industry to improve supervision, risk management, and capital requirements."}
+{"prompts":"What happens if no contingent beneficiary is named?","response":"If someone designates a beneficiary but no contingent beneficiary, and their primary beneficiary is deceased, the assets in question will be considered part of the estate and have to go through probate."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a B2C Company?","response":"Most companies around are B2C (business-to-consumer). This means that a business produces and markets a product for household consumption. This differs from B2B (business-to-business) or C2C (customer-to-customer)."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Cost Per Click?","response":"Cost per click is generally calculated by dividing the overall cost of your ads by the number of clicks your ads received."}
+{"prompts":"How do I calculate home equity?","response":"To calculate the equity in your home, simply subtract the mortgage balance owed from the market value of the property. For example, if your home is valued at $600,000 and you owe $200,000, then you have $400,000 in home equity."}
+{"prompts":"Can a Cash Advance Impact my Credit Score?","response":"It can, indirectly. If you do not pay it back in a short period of time, it can raise the balance on your credit card which impacts your credit utilization rate."}
+{"prompts":"Is Collateral Property?","response":"Collateral guarantees a loan, so it needs to be an item of value. For example, it can be a piece of property, such as a car or a home, or even cash that the lender can seize if the borrower does not pay."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Involved in an Ethical Wall Process?","response":"An ethical wall can be created through the process of notifying upper management of any conflicts of interest and any related or external parties involved in the business. An ethical wall is then put in place to ensure that information remains confidential to the respective person or department, and is not disclosed to other parties. In this way, the other party should not have access to this information when there is a conflict of interest in order to protect the customer and prevent any action that could potentially lead to personal or corporate gain."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Code of Ethics and a Code of Conduct?","response":"A code of ethics is broader in its nature, outlining what is acceptable for the company in terms of integrity and how it operates. A code of conduct is more focused in nature and instructs how a business' employees should act daily and in specific situations, which links these to the values and principles of the organization."}
+{"prompts":"Is Consignment Worth It?","response":"It depends. Providing or producing products for sale by consignment can mean a far bigger audience for your goods, and more sales. On the other hand, you'll have to pay a commission fee if you make a sale, and this can be a significant proportion of the value of the product."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Traders Identify Capitulation?","response":"Traders and analysts may observe a variety of sentiment and technical indicators, such as the relative strength index, fibonacci ratios, candlestick patterns, and the moving average convergence-divergence, to determine when the buy or sell pressure for a certain asset is close to exhaustion. However, none of these methods is faultless, and the only 100% accurate way to identify capitulation is in hindsight."}
+{"prompts":"Do You Pay Back Crowdfunding?","response":"For crowdfunding that operates on a donation basis, the company does not need to pay back investors. However many companies offer incentives for early backers such as an advance copy of the product."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Cost Control Important for Businesses?","response":"In a competitive marketplace, the low-cost producers are the ones that can earn the highest profits. Reducing costs is therefore a key objective for most businesses since it increases both efficiency and profitability."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Disadvantage of Revolving Credit?","response":"If you don't use revolving credit like credit cards responsibly, you can potentially face financial hardship. If you don't make your minimum payments on time, your credit score will likely decline. And if you spend more than you can afford to pay back, your debt can quickly compound with interest."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Effective Yield?","response":"The effective yield is the return on a bond that has its coupon payments reinvested at the same rate by the bondholder. It is the total yield an investor receives, in contrast to the nominal yield\u2014which is the coupon rate. Essentially, effective yield takes into account the power of compounding on investment returns, while nominal yield does not."}
+{"prompts":"Who Is Credited With Inventing Conflict Theory?","response":"Philosophers and sociologists have long used conflict theory to analyze societies.Marxist conflict theory refers to conflict theory as put forward by the 19th-century political philosopher, who led the development of communism as a school of thought in economics. Karl Marx\u2019s two most famous works are The Communist Manifesto, which he published in 1848; and Das Kapital, published in 1867. Although he lived in the 19th century, Marx had a substantial influence on politics and economics in the 20th century and is generally considered one of history\u2019s most\u00a0influential and controversial thinkers."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Largest Downside to a Capital Investment?","response":"Companies must often make a long-term financial or legal commitment when buying capital investments. This means tying up cash, getting rid of flexibility, and taking a risk that may not pan out. Whereas a company can be more nimble by paying for something smaller, a company aims to leverage a single investment to scale growth or innovate. That growth or innovation may not materialize."}
+{"prompts":"When Is the Best Time to Put on a Protective Collar?","response":"If you own shares of a stock, collars are worthwhile if you maintain a moderately bullish outlook but are concerned about downside risks. It's often used by investors who have seen a significant appreciation of their stock's value and want to protect their gains against potential downturns, particularly if they are nearing a financial goal or require capital preservation. Collars also tend to work best when volatility is high."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Cash Flow From Investing Activities Important?","response":"Cash flow from investing activities is important because it shows how a company is allocating cash for the long term. For instance, a company may invest in fixed assets such as property, plant, and equipment to grow the business. While this signals a negative cash flow from investing activities in the short term, it may help the company generate cash flow in the longer term. A company may also choose to invest cash in short-term marketable securities to help boost profit."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Collect Income From Investing in Stocks?","response":"A stock is essentially an ownership interest in a company. You own a small percentage of the enterprise when you purchase one or more of its stocks. You'll receive monetary dividends as payment when and if the company does well. You can use them to reinvest and purchase more shares or you can take dividends as cash payments.You can also sell your stocks. You'll have capital gains income if you can sell your shares for more than your investment in them, including any trading fees."}
+{"prompts":"What is the difference between counterparty risk and credit risk?","response":"Credit risk and counterparty risk are related but different. Credit risk is a particular type of risk referring to the chance of a loss as a result of a borrower\u2019s failure to pay a loan. Typically, credit risk is associated with banks and other lending institutions. Counterparty risk, on the other hand, broadly refers to the risk of a loss as a result of any party defaulting in a transaction."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Credit Spread Mean in Bonds?","response":"This is the difference in basis points between a corporate bond and a U.S. Treasury bond with the same maturity. A single percentage point, or 1.00%, is equal to 100 basis points. So, if the corporate bond has a yield that is 2.00% higher than the Treasury bond, the credit spread would be 200 basis points."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the Price-to-Cash Flows Ratio Used?","response":"The price-to-cash flow (P\/CF) ratio is a stock multiple that measures the value of a stock\u2019s price relative to its operating cash flow per share. This ratio uses operating cash flow, which adds back non-cash expenses such as depreciation and amortization\u00a0to net income.P\/CF is especially useful for valuing stocks with positive cash flow but are not profitable because of large\u00a0non-cash charges."}
+{"prompts":"What is a Good Credit Score to Have?","response":"What a good credit score is will ultimately be determined by the lenders. Ranges vary depending on the credit scoring model. Generally, credit scores from 580 to 669 are considered fair; 670 to 739 are considered good; 740 to 799 are considered very good; and 800 and higher are considered excellent."}
+{"prompts":"When Were Put Options First Listed on the CBOE?","response":"When the CBOE launched in 1973, it only listed call options. It was not until 1977 that the exchange added put options as well."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Limited Liability Company and a Corporation?","response":"Both a limited liability company (LLC) and a corporation are structures that offer similar legal advantages to their owners: they cannot be held liable for the debts of either entity.An LLC is a \"pass-through\" entity. That is, its profits and the responsibility to pay taxes on the profits are passed to the owners rather than being paid by the LLC.Establishing an LLC is a relatively straightforward process. By comparison, a corporation must elect a board of directors, conduct annual meetings, and adopt bylaws."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Invest in Consumer Discretionary Companies?","response":"You can buy the stocks of companies found in the various industries within the consumer discretionary sector. For convenience and diversification purposes, you can buy a mutual fund that invests in them, such as the Vanguard Consumer Discretionary Index Fund Admiral Shares. Additionally, you can purchase an exchange-traded fund that follows the sector, such as the Consumer Discretionary Select Sector SPDR\u00ae\u00a0Fund."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Find a Cup and Handle Pattern?","response":"Consider a scenario where a stock has recently reached a high after significant momentum but has since corrected, falling almost 50%. At this point, an investor may purchase the stock, anticipating that it will bounce back to previous levels. The stock then rebounds, testing the previous high resistance levels, after which it falls into a sideways trend. In the final leg of the pattern, the stock exceeds these resistance levels, soaring 50% above the previous high.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Can a Company Increase Its Competitive Advantage?","response":"Lasting competitive advantages tend to be things competitors cannot easily replicate or imitate. Warren Buffet calls sustainable competitive advantages economic moats, which businesses can figuratively dig around themselves to entrench competitive advantages. This can include strengthening one's brand, raising barriers to new entrants (such as through regulations), and the defense of intellectual property."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Job Outlook for Accountants and How Much Do They Earn?","response":"According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, accountants earned an average of $77,250 annually in 2021. The industry is expected to grow 6% between 2021 and 2031 with an additional 81,800 jobs during that time."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Capitalization Rate and Return on Investment?","response":"Return on investment indicates what the potential return of an investment could be over a specific time horizon. The capitalization rate will tell you what the return of an investment is currently or what it should actually be."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Included in the Cost of Goods Sold?","response":"Cost of Goods Sold represents the direct costs attributable to the production of goods sold by a company. It includes various costs directly associated with the production or acquisition of the goods that a company sells during a specific period. These costs typically include:Direct materialsDirect laborManufacturing overheadFreight and shipping costsDirect costs of production"}
+{"prompts":"Are Salaries Included in COGS?","response":"COGS does not include salaries and other general and administrative expenses; however, certain types of labor costs can be included in COGS, provided that they can be directly associated with specific sales. For example, a company that uses contractors to generate revenues might pay those contractors a commission based on the price charged to the customer. In that scenario, the commission earned by the contractors might be included in the company\u2019s COGS, since that labor cost is directly connected to the revenues being generated."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Cash Ratio Measure?","response":"The cash ratio is one way to measure a company's liquidity. Liquidity is a measurement of a person or company's ability to pay their current liabilities. If a company has high liquidity, it is able to pay their short-term bills as they come due. If a company has low liquidity, it is going to have a more difficult time paying short-term bills."}
+{"prompts":"Which Positions Are Part of the C-Suite?","response":"The C-suite refers to a company's top management positions, where the \"C\" stands for \"chief.\" Various chief officers (e.g., CEO, CIO, CFO, etc.) are the occupants of the C-suite. These individuals, while highly paid and influential managers, are still employees of the firm. The number of C-level positions varies by firm, depending on variables such as a company's size, mission, and sector.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Which Is the Highest-Paid C-Suite Position?","response":"According to Salary.com, in 2024 the highest paid C-Suite positions and their median salaries were:CEO - $754,713COO - $457,468CFO - $363,559CITO - $266,171CTO - $234,700CMO - $230,735"}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Churn Rate?","response":"Ideally, a churn rate of zero would be the best churn rate, as that would indicate a business is not losing any subscribers; however, that is never the reality. A business will always lose subscribers for one reason or another.In this case, it is important to compare the churn rate of the business to its industry's average churn rate, taking into consideration if the business is new or mature. Knowing an industry's churn rate versus that of the business is the only way to understand if a churn rate is acceptable or poor. Every industry has a different business model and, therefore, will have different acceptable churn rates."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a High Churn Rate Mean?","response":"A high churn rate indicates that a business is losing significant customers, certainly more than it is bringing in. This would mean that the business is doing something wrong, whether that be delivering a poor product, having poor customer service, or a host of other negative reasons that would explain why it is losing customers fast. A high churn rate would most likely mean a company is suffering significant losses."}
+{"prompts":"How Is the Current Ratio Calculated?","response":"Calculating the current ratio is very straightforward: Simply divide the company\u2019s current assets by its current liabilities. Current assets are those that can be converted into cash within one year, while current liabilities are obligations expected to be paid within one year. Examples of current assets include cash, inventory, and accounts receivable. Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, wages payable, and the current portion of any scheduled interest or principal payments."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Central Plans Work in a Command Economy?","response":"Communist nations with command economies are prone to introducing multi-year plans that are expected to result in improved conditions for all its people. China has had no fewer than 14 five-year plans, with the current one ending in 2025.Central plans generally set goals for each industry and establish strategies for every sector. Industries are required to participate in government objectives such as reducing carbon emissions or revitalizing rural economies."}
+{"prompts":"How do I get a credit card if I don\u2019t have any credit?","response":"Building credit history can be a bit of a catch-22. If you don\u2019t have any credit, merchants or banks are less likely to extend credit to you since you\u2019re an unproven borrower. Opening a secured credit card is one of the simplest ways to get started. Since spenders are only borrowing from the money they put down as a deposit, there is little risk for the lender, and it gives them a snapshot of your spending and repayment habits.Another way to start building credit is to become an authorized user on an established credit account, such as a parent or spouse. The cardholder\u2019s credit history will appear on your account, adding longevity to your credit report. But be sure that the person with whom you partner has good credit habits. If their financial choices are poor, that will also reflect on you."}
+{"prompts":"What is the difference between the transaction date and the posting date?","response":"The transaction date is the day of the purchase or payment using your card. These transactions will usually move into a pending category while the company processes the activity. The posting date is the day that the purchase or payment is added or deducted from your account balance."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Best Type of Core Competency?","response":"One type of core competency is not necessary better than the rest. However, some core competencies may be more difficult for other companies to overcome. For example, consider the Coca-Cola brand. The company's core competency of brand recognition may be very difficult for a new beverage company to overtake. However, Coca-Cola's approach to customer service or company culture may be easier for a competing company to overtake."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Core Competencies Matter?","response":"Core competencies lead to operational excellence which leads to superior products, happier customers, and\/or greater profitability. When a company is able to doing part of the sale process exceptionally well, it gains a positive reputation for its core competence. This reputation may lead to stronger sales, happier employees, and better business operations."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Considered a High Rate of Unemployment?","response":"Unemployment rates that reach 10% are considered high. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the unemployment rate reached 14.8%."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Steps of Creating a Cash Budget?","response":"The first step to creating a cash budget is to establish reliable forecasts of the company's cash inflows and outflows. Some of these flows will be predictable, such as rent and payroll costs. Others, like sales figures, will tend to be more variable. Once these figures have been estimated, it is possible to prepare a cash budget that accounts for all expected inflows and outflows."}
+{"prompts":"What Expenses Should Be Included in a Cash Budget?","response":"A cash budget should take into account expected cash flows, such as revenue, as well as operational outflows due to returns, payroll, rent, utilities, supplies, and other costs of running the business."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization?","response":"Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organizations (NRSROs) are credit rating agencies that are overseen by the Office of Credit Ratings (OCR) in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.The OCR was created by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 to \"enhance the regulation, accountability, and transparency\" of the credit rating agencies.There are currently 10 NRSROs, of which the largest are Fitch Ratings, Moody's Investors Service, and S&P Global Ratings."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Use Common Stock to Vote at Company Meetings?","response":"Most ordinary common shares come with one vote per share, granting shareholders the right to vote on corporate actions, often conducted at company shareholder meeting. If you cannot attend, you can cast your vote by proxy, where a third party will vote on your behalf. The most important votes are taken on issues like the company engaging in a merger or acquisition, whom to elect to the board of directors, or whether to approve stock splits or dividends."}
+{"prompts":"How Big Is the Chicago Mercantile Exchange?","response":"As of March 2022, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange reported almost $206 billion of total assets and just over $178 billion of liabilities. At the end of 2021, CME group had 3,480 employees and offices in more than 15 countries."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Money Does the Chicago Mercantile Exchange Make?","response":"Through the first quarter of 2022, CME had generated $711 million of net income, approximately $136 million more than the same period last year. CME Group reported a net income of $2.6 billion in 2021, with total revenues of $4.7 billion."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Communism?","response":"An example of communism would be a commune where people live together and share responsibilities and possessions. Many of these communities function well, although they do tend to be small in scale."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Cross Elasticity of Demand Differ From Demand Elasticity?","response":"Cross elasticity looks at the proportional changes in demand among two goods. Demand elasticity (or price elasticity of demand) by itself looks at the change in demand of a single item as its price changes."}
+{"prompts":"Why Would Investors Buy Convertible Preferred Stock?","response":"Convertible preferred stock offers the investor the benefits of both preferred stock and common stock. Investors get the stability, liquidation priority, and higher dividends of preferred stock, but they also have the option to convert their shares into common stock later if they believe that the price will go up.This conversion feature can generate a potentially higher return on investment than investors would get with traditional preferred stock, while also offering a level of flexibility that is not possible with either preferred stock or bonds."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Capitalism Harmful?","response":"Because of how it is structured, capitalism will always pit business owners and investors (i.e., capitalists) against the working class. Capitalists are in competition against one another, and so will seek to increase their profits by cutting costs, including labor costs. At the same time, workers seek higher wages, fairer treatment, and better working conditions. These two incentives are fundamentally at odds, which creates class conflict."}
+{"prompts":"Is Capitalism the Same as Free Enterprise?","response":"Capitalism and free enterprise are often seen as synonymous. In truth, they are closely related yet distinct terms with overlapping features. It is possible to have a capitalist economy without complete free enterprise, and a free market without capitalism. Any economy is capitalist as long as private individuals control the factors of production. However, a capitalist system can still be regulated by government laws, and the profits of capitalist endeavors can still be taxed heavily. \"Free enterprise\" can roughly be understood to mean economic exchanges free of coercive government influence."}
+{"prompts":"Which Kinds of Cash Flows Show Up in Operations?","response":"Cash inflows and outflows from business activities such as buying and selling inventory and supplies, paying salaries, accounts payable, depreciation, amortization, and prepaid items booked as revenues and expenses."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Cost of Capital and the Discount Rate?","response":"The two terms are often used interchangeably, but there is a difference. In business, the cost of capital is generally determined by the accounting department. It is a relatively straightforward calculation of the breakeven point for the project. The management team uses that calculation to determine the discount rate, or hurdle rate, of the project. That is, they decide whether the project can deliver enough of a return to not only repay its costs but reward the company's shareholders."}
+{"prompts":"Which Is Better: an MBA or CPA?","response":"The master of business administration (MBA) is an academic degree in management. If you are interested in starting or running a business, the MBA program will help you prepare.The certified public accountant (CPA) is a license for working accountants that signals a degree of professional expertise. If you are an accountant or want to be one, it's a valuable tool to help you move up the ladder."}
+{"prompts":"Is Credit Facility Used in Debt?","response":"A credit facility is a way for a company to take on debt. It's an agreement between a company and a lender that, should the company need funds, it can draw on the facility and borrow money. Just because a company has a credit facility doesn't mean it has incurred debt. A credit facility simply grants the company the right to take on loan funds."}
+{"prompts":"Is Cost of Revenue an Expense?","response":"Yes, cost of revenue is an accumulation of the costs necessary to generate income specific to a product. Be mindful that some aspects of cost of revenue (i.e. returns or warranties) may be reported as contra revenue accounts."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Choose Which CRM to Go With?","response":"Today, there are several vendors of CRM platforms, so choosing a CRM boils down to cost, service, and functionality. That means you want the best bang for your buck, and not to spend extra money on added features that you won't use. Establish a budget that revolves around the business' goals and then select the features or functions that you require. Then, shop around and research vendors' customer reviews and feedback."}
+{"prompts":"Where Are Commodities Traded?","response":"The major U.S. commodity exchanges are ICE Futures U.S. and the CME Group, which operate four major exchanges: the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), and the Commodity Exchange, Inc. (COMEX). There are also major commodities exchanges located around the world."}
+{"prompts":"What Factors Can Lenders Consider When Making Loans?","response":"Lending institutions can only consider factors relevant to an applicant's creditworthiness (their ability to pay). It's illegal for lenders to consider factors that are unrelated to creditworthiness, including the applicant's race, color, religion, national origin, sex, marital status, age, and participation in public assistance programs."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Net Income and Comprehensive Income?","response":"Net income is the actual profit or gain that a company makes in a particular period. Comprehensive income is the sum of that net income plus the value of yet unrealized profits (or losses) in the same period."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Definition of Compound Interest?","response":"Compound interest simply means you're earning interest on both your original saved money and any interest you earn on that original amount. Although the term \"compound interest\" includes the word interest, the concept applies beyond interest-bearing bank accounts and loans, including investments such as mutual funds."}
+{"prompts":"Are CML and Security Market Line (SML) the Same?","response":"The CML is sometimes confused with the security market line (SML). The SML is derived from the CML. While the CML shows the rates of return for a specific portfolio, the SML represents the market\u2019s risk and return at a given time, and shows the expected returns of individual assets. And while the measure of risk in the CML is the standard deviation of returns (total risk), the risk measure in the SML is systematic risk or beta."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Startups Need Cap Tables?","response":"Startup companies generally have only a small number of equity owners. These often include the founders, friends and family of the founders, and angel investors. Keeping track of who owns what stake in the new company is important as it grows and raises capital from other sources such as venture capitalists, and ultimately to the public via an IPO. The cap table will be updated after each subsequent funding round, showing how ownership becomes diluted and spread across new owners as it grows."}
+{"prompts":"What Information Does the Cap Table Keep Track of?","response":"The cap table will keep track of stock ownership as well as convertible securities, warrants and options, and stock compensation grants. This allows for a fully-diluted picture of equity ownership. The cap table will show who owns how many shares (or rights), the current market value, and the proportion of the ownership as an overall percentage,"}
+{"prompts":"Why Are CUSIP Numbers Important?","response":"CUSIP numbers are unique identifiers attached to listed stocks and bonds. They provide a standardized method for identifying securities to facilitate the clearance and settlement of trading market transactions."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Covenants in a Contract?","response":"A contract can outline any covenant one party wishes to require as long as the other party agrees to its compliance. As part of the contracting stage, the two parties must communicate their requirements and negotiate what to include and exclude in a contract. The covenants listed from one contract to another may be entirely different, as different parties may wish to be protected in different ways."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Cross-Selling on eBay?","response":"eBay features a Cross-Promotion Connections program whereby eBay sellers can connect with each other. When a buyer wins a bid, they are able to see the seller's other listings, as well as their connections listings. Previously, eBay featured a no-cost Cross-selling tool that allowed sellers to promote related products. Sellers could choose to either promote related items or promote discounts for larger orders. This feature was discontinued and is only allowed for select users at certain times."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Consumer Packaged Goods?","response":"Consumer packaged goods are bought, consumed, and replenished quickly and regularly. Examples are food, beverages, tobacco products, cosmetics, toilet paper, shampoo, cleaning supplies, and other household items."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does Direct Deposit Take?","response":"It normally takes one to three days for a direct deposit to process. Sometimes the payment will show up right away with a \u201cpending\u201d designation until it's finalized."}
+{"prompts":"Do Debt Collectors Report Information to Credit Bureaus?","response":"Yes, a debt collector may report a debt to the credit bureaus, but only after it has contacted the debtor about it. The delinquent debt may also be reflected on the person's credit report under the name of the original creditor. Both can remain on credit reports for up to seven years and have a negative effect on the individual's credit score, a large portion of which is based on their payment history."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Covariance?","response":"Covariance is a statistical measure of the directional relationship between two asset returns. Finding that two stocks that have a high or low covariance might not be a useful metric on its own. Some investors may choose to supplement their analysis by looking at the dispersion of returns, or correlation before deciding to invest."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Debt Security?","response":"The most common example of a debt security is a bond, whether that be a government bond or corporate bond. These securities are purchased by an investor and pay out a stream of income in the form of interest payments. At the bond's maturity, the issuer buys back the bond from the investor."}
+{"prompts":"Who Issues Debt Securities?","response":"The most common issuer of debt securities are corporations and governments. Both issue debt securities to raise money: governments to finance projects or for day-to-day operations and corporations to fund growth, pay down other debt, and also to finance day-to-day operations."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Payor Relate to a Drawee?","response":"A payor, or drawer, is the person with the money who issues a check. The drawee is the entity that honors the check and distributes funds to the person who presents, and is identified by, the check."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Depreciation?","response":"Depreciation is an accounting process by which a company allocates an asset's cost throughout its\u00a0useful life. In other words, it records how the value of an asset declines over time.\u00a0Firms depreciate assets on their financial statements and for tax purposes in order to better match an asset's productivity in use to its costs of operation over time."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Opposite of a Dead Cat Bounce?","response":"An inverted dead cat bounce is a temporary and often severe sell-off during an otherwise secular bull market. It has many of the characteristics of a dead cat bounce, but in reverse."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Double-Top Pattern Bullish?","response":"No, the double-top pattern is not regarded as bullish. The pattern on the chart is bearish and points to a possible trend change from an uptrend to a downtrend."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Did the Dotcom Bubble Last?","response":"The dotcom bubble lasted about two years between 1998 and 2000. The time between 1995 and 1997 is considered to be the pre-bubble period when things started to heat up in the industry."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Donchian Channels Differ From Other Moving Average Indicators?","response":"Donchian channels, unlike standard moving average indicators, focus on the highest and lowest price points over a set time frame. While moving averages give a smoothed average price trend, Donchian channels create a band enclosing the extreme highs and lows. This can be particularly useful for identifying breakout points and the size of volatility."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Get Rich Day Trading?","response":"While some day traders can make money, studies suggest that the majority either lose money or underperform the market. Studies by professional economists suggest that most day trading strategies are no more effective than random chance."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications of Day Trading?","response":"Intraday trades are considered short-term capital gains, meaning that they are taxed at the same level as your income. You are required to pay taxes on each profitable trade, but you can use your losing trades to offset the taxes on your gains. You can also use up to $3,000 of losses to offset income tax on your salary, and carry over additional losses to the next tax year."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Data Analytics Important?","response":"Implementing data analytics into the business model means companies can help reduce costs by identifying more efficient ways of doing business. A company can also use data analytics to make better business decisions."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Small Business Case in Bankruptcy?","response":"A small business case is a type of simplified Chapter 11 bankruptcy for businesses with debts of $3,024,725 or less. It was created by the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act (BAPCPA) in 2005. Small businesses that qualify can use either it or the more recent Subchapter V."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Subchapter V?","response":"Subchapter V is a special category of Chapter 11 for small businesses created in 2019 by the Small Business Reorganization Act (SBRA). Its goal is to speed up and streamline the bankruptcy process for businesses that qualify, currently those with debts of $7.5 million or less."}
+{"prompts":"What Skills Are Needed in Digital Marketing?","response":"Strong communication skills are essential if a marketer is going to be successful in telling a company or product's story to potential customers. Data analytics skills are also important for understanding how well a marketing campaign is performing and where it might be improved. Finally, social media skills are another must."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Implicit Bias in Digital Marketing?","response":"Implicit bias, also known as unconscious bias, refers to messages that unintentionally convey negative stereotypes or derogatory attitudes toward certain groups. In recent years it has come in for particular notice in the fields of advertising and marketing. In digital marketing it may manifest itself in something as simple as the choice of stock photos for a marketing campaign. For instance, without even thinking about it, companies may use images of only heterosexual White individuals while excluding Black, Indigenous, and other people of color, along with those of different body types and abilities. While digital marketers often use supposedly unbiased algorithms to help craft their campaigns, those algorithms are created by human beings who may bring their own unconscious biases to them."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Discrete Distribution?","response":"The most common discrete distributions used by statisticians or analysts include the binomial, Poisson, Bernoulli, and multinomial distributions. Others include the negative binomial, geometric, and hypergeometric distributions."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the Debt-to-Income Ratio Differ from the Debt-to-Limit Ratio?","response":"Sometimes the debt-to-income ratio is lumped in together with the debt-to-limit ratio. However, the two metrics have distinct differences. The debt-to-limit ratio, which is also called the credit utilization ratio, is the percentage of a borrower\u2019s total available credit that is currently being utilized. In other words, lenders want to determine if you're maxing out your credit cards. The DTI ratio calculates your monthly debt payments as compared to your income, whereby credit utilization measures your debt balances as compared to the amount of existing credit you've been approved for by credit card companies."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good DSO Ratio?","response":"A good or bad DSO ratio may vary according to the type of business and industry that the company operates in. That said, a number under 45 is considered to be good for most businesses. It suggests that the company's cash is flowing in at a reasonably efficient rate, ready to be used to generate new business."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Get on the Dark Web?","response":"You can access the dark web by installing specific, anonymous browsers, such as TOR. Once installed, the browser works the same way traditional ones do. But it can be a little difficult to access information because it doesn't use an index to locate the desired information. Make sure that you install security software to make sure your computer and personal information are ketp safe."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Default?","response":"A default is a missed payment or multiple missed payments on money that you've borrowed. An example of a default would be not paying your credit card bill or your monthly mortgage payment."}
+{"prompts":"What does tulipmania have to do with market bubbles?","response":"Tulipmania reflects the general cycle of a bubble, from the irrational biases and group mentalities that push up prices of an asset to an unsustainable level, to the eventual collapse of those inflated prices. The example of tulipmania is now used as a parable for other speculative assets, such as cryptocurrencies or dotcom stocks."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Single-Entry Accounting and Double-Entry Accounting?","response":"In single-entry accounting, when a business completes a transaction, it records that transaction in only one account. For example, if a business sells a good, the expenses of the good are recorded when it is purchased the good, and the revenue is recorded when the good is sold. With double-entry accounting, when the good is purchased, it records an increase in inventory and a decrease in assets. When the good is sold, it records a decrease in inventory and an increase in cash (assets). Double-entry accounting provides a holistic view of a company's transactions and a clearer financial picture."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between DPO and DSO?","response":"Days payable outstanding (DPO) is the average time for a company to pay its bills. By contrast, days sales outstanding (DSO) is the average length of time for sales to be paid back to the company. When a DSO is high, it indicates that the company is waiting extended periods to collect money for products that it sold on credit. By contrast, a high DPO could be interpreted multiple ways, either indicating that the company is utilizing its cash on hand to create more working capital, or indicating poor management of free cash flow."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Economic Theory of David Ricardo?","response":"David Ricardo, although well known for his vast contributions to economics, is best known for developing the comparative advantage economic theory. Comparative advantage theorizes that, for international trade, countries most benefit from producing goods with low production opportunity costs."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Debt?","response":"Debt is anything owed by one party to another. Examples of debt include amounts owed on credit cards, car loans, and mortgages."}
+{"prompts":"Which Stock Has the Highest Dividend Yield?","response":"This will depend on the timeframe you look at. Dividend yields change daily as the prices of shares that pay dividends rise or fall. Some stocks with very high dividend yields may be the result of a recent downturn in share price, and oftentimes that dividend will be slashed or eliminated by the managers if the stock price does not soon recover."}
+{"prompts":"Who Pays Taxes on a Dynasty Trust?","response":"The grantor is responsible for paying taxes on a dynasty trust. The beneficiaries pay income taxes if they receive income from the trust, and generation-skipping taxes are deferred until the trust terminates and the final beneficiaries receive the remaining assets."}
+{"prompts":"Can a Debt Ratio Be Negative?","response":"If a company has a negative debt ratio, this would mean that the company has negative shareholder equity. In other words, the company's liabilities outnumber its assets. In most cases, this is considered a very risky sign, indicating that the company may be at risk of bankruptcy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Dow Theory?","response":"The overall goal of the Dow Theory is to identify the market's primary trend through proof and confirmation."}
+{"prompts":"What Factors Affect Dow?","response":"The Dow Jones Industrial Average, known as the Dow, is affected by the prices of the stocks that make up the index. Stock prices are affected by many factors."}
+{"prompts":"What is a debt-to-income (DTI) ratio?","response":"A debt-to-income (DTI) ratio is similar to a debt-service coverage ratio, although typically used in personal (nonbusiness) borrowing. The DTI ratio measures an individual\u2019s ability to service their debts by dividing their gross income by their debt obligations for the same time period. For example, someone who earns $5,000 a month and pays $2,000 a month on their mortgage will have a DTI of 40%. An acceptable DTI will vary from lender to lender and according to the type of loan product."}
+{"prompts":"Is Discounted Cash Flow the Same As Net Present Value (NPV)?","response":"No, it's not, although the two concepts are closely related. NPV adds a fourth step to the DCF calculation process. After forecasting the expected cash flows, selecting a discount rate, discounting those cash flows, and totaling them, NPV then deducts the upfront cost of the investment from the DCF. For instance, if the cost of purchasing the investment in our above example were $200, then the NPV of that investment would be $248.68 minus $200, or $48.68."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Depreciation Recapture?","response":"Depreciation recapture is calculated by subtracting the adjusted cost basis from the sale price of the asset. The adjusted cost basis is the original price paid to acquire the asset minus any allowed or allowable depreciation expense incurred. If, for example, the adjusted cost basis is $2,000 and the asset is sold for $3,000, there is a gain of $1,000 to be taxed. The rate it will be taxed depends on the taxpayer\u2019s income tax rate and whether the asset is real estate."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Key Requirements for Disruptive Innovation?","response":"To be a successful disruptor, the network of partners\u2014suppliers, contractors, and distributors\u2014must also benefit from the new business model. Certain core requirements include having enabling technology, an innovative business model, and a coherent value network where upstream and downstream business partners benefit from a successful disruption."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Dodd-Frank Act Still in Effect?","response":"Yes, it is; however, its regulatory strength was diluted with the passage of the Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act in 2018. Still, certain aspects, such as the bank stress tests it called for, are in use today. The Federal Reserve publishes stress test results regularly."}
+{"prompts":"What is a long-legged doji candle?","response":"The long-legged doji is a type of candlestick pattern that signals to traders a point of indecision about the future direction of a security\u2019s price. This doji has long upper and lower shadows and roughly the same opening and closing prices. In addition to signaling indecision, the long-legged doji can also indicate the beginning of a consolidation period where price action may soon break out to form a new trend. These doji can be a sign that sentiment is changing and that a trend reversal is on the horizon."}
+{"prompts":"How Often Are Dividends Distributed to Shareholders?","response":"Dividends are commonly distributed to shareholders quarterly, though some companies may pay dividends semi-annually. Payments can be received as cash or as reinvestment into shares of company stock."}
+{"prompts":"Why is it called Dow 30?","response":"It is called Dow 30 because it was created by Charles Dow and consists of 30 companies."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Indirect Taxes?","response":"Common examples of indirect taxes include sales tax, excise tax, value-added tax (VAT), and goods and services tax (GST). Often, businesses get individual consumers to foot the bill and cover these costs by charging higher prices."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Another Term for Data Mining?","response":"Data mining also goes by the less-used term \"knowledge discovery in data,\" or KDD."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Importance of Demand?","response":"Economically speaking, the principle of demand has importance for both consumers and businesses that sell products and\/or services. For businesses, understanding demand is vital when making decisions about inventory, pricing, and aiming for a particular profit. Consumers who have an understanding of demand can make confident decisions about what products to buy and when to buy them."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Debit?","response":"A debit is an accounting entry that results in either an increase in assets or a decrease in liabilities on a company\u2019s balance sheet."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Retirement Drawdown the Same As a Stock Drawdown?","response":"No. While a stock drawdown refers to the decline of a stock from its peak before it hits that peak again, a retirement drawdown is different. A drawdown in retirement is the receipt of income during retirement. Retirees take out a certain portion of their retirement savings to maintain a certain standard of living. This is commonly known as a drawdown percentage. Drawing down too much means a retiree may struggle financially while drawing down too little means they may leave money behind after they die."}
+{"prompts":"What Would Happen If There Were No Federal Regulations in the U.S.?","response":"Hazards would increase for people taking medicine, driving cars, eating food, and using other consumer products that were no longer subject to regulated safety standards.Workplaces would lack safe environments or conditions. Weekends and overtime might be eliminated, forcing employees to work long hours or face the prospect of losing their jobs. For example, rivers and other bodies of water could become heavily polluted and even catch fire, as they did before the passage of the Clean Water and Environmental Protection acts in 1970."}
+{"prompts":"Do Dividends Grow Every Year?","response":"Whether or not dividends grow every year will depend on the company. Generally, well-established companies that pay dividends will ensure that dividends grow every year; however, it is not guaranteed that dividends grow every year."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Have Deferred Revenue in Accrual Accounting?","response":"No, accrual accounting records revenue for products or services that have been delivered before payment has been received. In a way, this is the opposite of deferred revenue, which records revenue for services or products yet to be delivered. Accrual accounting records revenue for payments that have not yet been received for products or services already delivered."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Tax Deadweight Loss Relate to Economic Efficiency?","response":"Tax deadweight loss is a measure of the efficiency loss in a market due to taxes. When taxes are introduced, they somewhat mess up the natural order of markets. This is because they change the way consumers interact with goods and make decisions. All else being equal, the most inefficient taxes will have the largest deadweight losses as they will prove to drive the most consumers away from favorable economic activity."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Equilibrium Price Mean in Economics?","response":"Economic equilibrium as it relates to price is used in microeconomics. It is the price at which the supply of a product is aligned with the demand so that the supply and demand curves intersect."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does the Stock Price Fall on the Ex-Dividend Date?","response":"The price of a stock tends to fall by the amount of the dividend on its ex-dividend date, reflecting that its assets will soon be dropping by the amount of the dividend."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Excess and Required Reserves?","response":"Required reserves are the amount of capital a nation's central bank makes depository institutions hold in reserve to meet liquidity requirements. Excess reserves are amounts above and beyond the required reserve set by the central bank."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Taxes Affect Economic Growth?","response":"Taxes affect economic growth, at least in the short term, through their impact on demand. A tax cut increases demand by raising personal disposable income and encouraging businesses to hire and invest. However, the size of the effect is dependent on the strength of the economy. If it is operating close to capacity, the effect is likely to be small. If it is operating significantly below its potential, the impact will be more pronounced. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimates that the effect is three times larger in the latter case than in the former.The CBO also found that tax cuts are generally not as effective in stimulating economic growth as government spending increases. That is because most of the spending boosts demand, while tax cuts boost savings as well as demand. One way to mitigate this effect is to target tax cuts to lower- and middle-income households, which are less likely to put the money into savings."}
+{"prompts":"Is an Investment In Another Company the Same As an Acquisition?","response":"One company can invest in another at any amount, and it is not always considered an acquisition. It is considered an acquisition if a company buys most or all of another company's shares (50% or more) because the investor has effectively gained control of the investment company. However, an investor company can still exert significant influence even if it owns less than 50% of the investee's shares."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between Neoclassical Economics and Environmental Economics?","response":"Neoclassical economics is a broad theory that focuses on supply and demand as the driving forces of economic activity. Environmental economics is based on the neoclassical model but places a greater emphasis on negative externalities, such as pollution and ecosystem loss."}
+{"prompts":"What Types of Income Are Tax Exempt?","response":"Income from municipal bonds and distributions from Roth 401(k)s and Roth IRAs are tax-exempt.Income from employer-sponsored benefits\u2014including supplemental disability insurance and most benefits from employer-sponsored health insurance plans\u2014are exempt."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between E-commerce and E-business?","response":"E-commerce involves the purchase and sale of goods and services online and is actually just one part of e-business. An e-business involves the entire process of running a company online. Put simply, it's all of the activity that takes place with an online business."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Most Important Economic Indicator?","response":"Every economist may come up with their own favorite economic indicator. For many, a country's GDP usually represents the best overall picture of a country's economic health. It combines the monetary value of every good and service produced in an economy for a certain period, and it considers household consumption, government purchases, and imports and exports."}
+{"prompts":"Is Inflation an Economic Indicator?","response":"Yes, inflation is a lagging indicator that is reported after a rise in prices has occurred. This type of economic indicator is helpful for government agencies to set public policy, as without this type of data, they would not know the direction of the economy. Therefore, while inflation and other lagging indicators are still useful to investors, they are especially critical for developing future policy responses."}
+{"prompts":"Do Traders Use Economic Indicators?","response":"Traders and investment professionals may use economic indicators to predict how broad economic policy will impact their trades or investment strategy."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Find a Proxy Document in the EDGAR Database?","response":"One can find a proxy filing, or any other public filing, by searching the EDGAR database by company name. The search results may need to be refined with additional specifications like filing date or category. Proxy statements are filed under form 14K."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Engel's Coefficient?","response":"The Engel coefficient, based on Engel's Law, is a commonly used measure of a nation's standard of living. Some countries also use it to set their poverty line. The coefficient is arrived at by dividing food expenditures by total expenditures."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an End-to-End Product?","response":"An end-to-end product is an item that manages the full development process of a new product from the start of development through final delivery to customers. The end-to-end process may incorporate multiple departments, but it refers to the full span of activities needed from start to finish to furnish the final deliverable."}
+{"prompts":"Is Salary Considered an Expense?","response":"Yes, salary is considered an expense and is reported as such on a company's income statement."}
+{"prompts":"Is Economic Justice Achievable?","response":"Pure economic justice is a rarity. Many developed economies offer some form of welfare and implement a progressive taxation system to ensure that bigger earners contribute more to public finances. However, in most of these countries, inequality is still widespread. Loopholes that favor the wealthy undermine attempts to reduce inequality, and big businesses often threaten to relocate elsewhere if forced to share a greater portion of their earnings with employees."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Penalty for Violating the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA)?","response":"Lenders found in violation of ECOA can potentially face class-action lawsuits from the Department of Justice (DOJ) if the DOJ or any affiliate agencies recognize a pattern of discrimination. The\u00a0Consumer Financial Protection Bureau\u00a0enforces ECOA with other federal agencies. If found guilty, the offending organization could have to pay out\u00a0punitive damages\u00a0that can be significant and cover any costs incurred by the wronged party."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Inflation Impact the Sustainability of Economic Recovery?","response":"Inflation impacts the sustainability of economic recovery by influencing purchasing power and consumer confidence. Moderate inflation can be a sign of a healthy economy, but excessive inflation may erode the value of money, leading to decreased consumer spending. When excessive inflation occurs, the government may also decide to pull back some favorable policies, meaning the economy is somewhat likely to slow (and thus risks recovery)."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Interest Earned and Interest Rate?","response":"The interest rate is a percent of your total deposits, paid to you as interest earned."}
+{"prompts":"Will I a Get Dividend If I Sell Before the Ex-Date?","response":"No, you won't get the dividend if you sell before the ex-date, because you would not be recorded as an investor entitled to dividends on the record date. You'll need to hold the shares until the ex-date or later to receive the payout."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Equity Funds Provide Diversification?","response":"Equity funds provide diversification by investing in a wide range of stocks across different sectors and industries. By spreading investments among companies, funds reduce the impact of any single stock's poor performance on the overall portfolio. This diversification reduces the unsystematic risk associated with investing in individual stocks, as the success or failure of one company has a limited effect on the fund as a whole."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Implicit Costs?","response":"Implicit costs are not clearly defined and don\u2019t get reported as expenses. When a company allocates its resources, it forgoes the ability to earn money off the use of those resources elsewhere. It is the cost of the use of an asset."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Escrow Mean in Mortgage?","response":"Escrow relating to mortgages involves property tax and insurance payments. This escrow account can last for the length of a mortgage loan. Lenders don't always require escrow. However, if you are required to set up an escrow account, many lenders will consider a written request to end escrow after you've made, typically, a year of on-time mortgage payments and your loan-to-value is at most 90% \u2014 some lenders may require 80% or lower."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Excluded From Employers' Liability Insurance?","response":"There are a number of circumstances not covered by Employers' liability insurance including criminal acts, fraud, illegal profit, violation of the law and any claims that are the result of downsizing, layoffs, restructurings, mergers or acquisitions."}
+{"prompts":"Which Is Lower: the Effective Tax Rate or the Marginal Tax Rate?","response":"An individual's effective tax rate is lower than the marginal rate. That's because the marginal tax rate breaks up your income into different levels. The first level of income incurs a lower tax rate while higher levels of income are taxed at the highest rate. Any amounts that fall in between are charged taxes based on levels in between."}
+{"prompts":"What are common exit strategies used by startups?","response":"Exit strategies used by early-stage companies include initial public offerings (IPOs), strategic acquisitions, and management buyouts (MBOs). Entrepreneurs typically select an exit plan before launching a business that fits their longer-term business development decisions and goals. The exit strategy that an entrepreneur chooses depends on factors such as how much involvement they want to retain in the business and its future long-term potential."}
+{"prompts":"What are common exit strategies used by established companies?","response":"More established companies favor mergers and acquisitions as an exit strategy because it often leads to a favorable deal for shareholders, particularly if a rival company wants to increase its market share or acquire intellectual property. Larger companies may exit a loss-making business by liquidating their assets or declaring bankruptcy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Nominal Interest Rate?","response":"A nominal interest rate does not consider any fees or compounding of interest. It is often the rate stated by financial institutions."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Better to Have a Higher EAR?","response":"It is better for savers\/investors to have a higher EAR, though it is worse for borrowers to have a higher EAR. In either situation, the EAR will likely be higher than the nominal rate; it may be more strategic to understand how the EAR has changed in recent history and what future trends look like when evaluating future transactions."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Equity Financing?","response":"Companies use two primary methods to obtain\u00a0equity financing: the private placement of stock with investors or venture capital firms and public stock offerings. It is more common for young companies and startups to choose private placement because it is more straightforward."}
+{"prompts":"Is Equity Financing Better Than Debt?","response":"The most important benefit of\u00a0equity financing\u00a0is that the money does not need to be repaid. However, the cost of equity is often higher than the\u00a0cost of debt."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Autocorrelation in Econometrics?","response":"Autocorrelation measures the relationships between a single variable at different time periods. For this reason, it is sometimes called lagged correlation or serial correlation, since it is used to measure how the past value of a certain variable might predict future values of the same variable. Autocorrelation is a useful tool for traders, especially in technical analysis."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Linear Growth and Exponential Growth?","response":"Linear growth is growth that happens at the same rate of change. Every increase in x would bring about the same increase in y. It is constant. With exponential growth, there is a constant multiplier, so the growth rate is changing."}
+{"prompts":"Can Markets Be Inefficient?","response":"There are certainly some markets that are less efficient than others. An inefficient market is one in which an asset's prices do not accurately reflect its true value, which may occur for several reasons. Market inefficiencies may exist due to information asymmetries, a lack of buyers and sellers (i.e. low liquidity), high transaction costs or delays, market psychology, and human emotion, among other reasons. Inefficiencies often lead to\u00a0deadweight losses. In reality, most markets do display some level of inefficiencies, and in the extreme case, an inefficient market can be an example of a\u00a0market failure.Accepting the EMH in its purest (strong) form may be difficult as it states that all information in a\u00a0market, whether public or private, is accounted for in a stock's price. However, modifications of EMH exist to reflect the degree to which it can be applied to markets:Semi-strong efficiency: This form of EMH implies\u00a0all public (but not non-public) information is calculated into a stock's current share price. Neither fundamental nor\u00a0technical analysis\u00a0can be used to achieve superior gains.Weak efficiency: This type of EMH claims that all past prices of a stock are reflected in today's stock price. Therefore, technical analysis cannot be used to predict and beat the market."}
+{"prompts":"Is EBITDA the Same as Gross Profit?","response":"No, EBITDA is not the same as gross profit. While they are related, EBITDA and gross profit are distinct financial metrics. Gross profit represents revenue minus the cost of goods sold (COGS), indicating the profitability of core business operations before deducting other expenses. EBITDA, however, reflects operating performance by excluding interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization, providing a clearer view of operational profitability by excluding non-operating expenses and non-cash items."}
+{"prompts":"Did People Believe Roosevelt's Fireside Chat About the Emergency Banking Act?","response":"Yes, they did. Confidence in the act and in Roosevelt was demonstrated clearly when people lined up to put their money back into their bank accounts once banks reopened. Roosevelt famously said during this fireside chat, \"I can assure you that it is safer to keep your money in a reopened bank than under the mattress.\""}
+{"prompts":"What Is Peak Efficiency?","response":"Peak energy is the highest level of efficiency you can reach. This kind of efficiency occurs when all capital, resources, and individual participants are properly allocated and fully functional to the best of their ability. For instance, peak economic efficiency occurs when the economy is productive and the standard of living for citizens is high."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Externalities Affect the Economy?","response":"Externalities may positively or negatively affect the economy, although it is usually the latter. Externalities create situations where public policy or government intervention is needed to detract resources from one area to address the cost or exposure of another. Consider the example of an oil spill; instead of those funds going to support innovation, public programs, or economic development, resources may be inefficiently put towards fixing negative externalities."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Send an E-Check Instantly?","response":"E-checks are sent online instantly, but processing them tends to take longer than other online payments done through apps because they are transferred using the automated clearing house (ACH) network. E-checks can take several business days to clear."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Economic Profit Important?","response":"It can be important because it can help a company's management understand potential flaws in its choices for business strategies or ventures, missed financial opportunities, and how efficiently it uses company resources."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Other Kinds of Endorsements?","response":"The signature on the back of a check is an endorsement that authorizes the transfer of funds. A public statement approval for a product or person running for office is another kind of endorsement."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is EBIT Important?","response":"EBIT is a measure of a firm's operating efficiency. Because it does not account for indirect expenses such as taxes and interest due on debts, it shows how much the business makes from its core operations."}
+{"prompts":"What Countries Are Classified As Emerging Markets?","response":"Classifications differ. However, the so-called BRICS countries represent 5 emerging markets with major economic growth and opportunities for investment. The GDP of these countries\u2014Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa\u2014has increased steadily from 2000 to the present day. That trend is expected to continue through the years ahead. Thailand and Indonesia have also made the emerging market scene."}
+{"prompts":"Do Emerging Markets Make Good Investments?","response":"They can make good investments due to their propensity for rapid GDP growth compared to more mature markets. At the same time, investing in emerging markets can be risky. For instance, potential political instability, lack of dependable information, currency fluctuations, lower liquidity, and investment volatility. Carefully weigh potential risks and rewards before making any investment."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of E-Filing Taxes?","response":"There are no real disadvantages to e-filing taxes. Most tax software saves your information even if you accidentally close out of the program or your computer crashes. If your taxes are extremely complicated, that may be the only limitation to e-filing."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Implications of Receiving Employee Stock Options?","response":"While the option grant is not a taxable event, taxation begins at the time of exercise. The sale of acquired stock triggers another taxable event. Tax payable at the time of exercise is a major deterrent against early exercise of ESOs.Despite the large tax liability and loss of time value incurred through early exercise, it may be justified in certain cases, such as when cashflow is needed, portfolio diversification is required, the stock or market outlook is deteriorating, or stock needs to be delivered for a hedging strategy using calls."}
+{"prompts":"What are the types of external debt?","response":"External debt is money borrowed by a government or corporation from a foreign source. It can include:Public and publicly guaranteed debtNon-guaranteed private-sector external debtCentral bank depositsLoans from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)"}
+{"prompts":"What are the effects of external debt?","response":"High levels of external debt can be risky, especially for developing economies. Among other things, it could increase the risk of default and being in another country\u2019s pocket, ruin credit ratings, leave little funds to invest and spur growth, and expose the borrower to exchange rate risk."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Fundamental Analysis?","response":"Fundamental analysis attempts to determine the intrinsic value of a particular stock by studying both its unique financial data and trends in the larger economy. In that way, fundamental analysts hope to identify stocks that are trading at lower or higher prices than their actual worth."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens During Market Equilibrium?","response":"When a market is in equilibrium, prices reflect an exact balance between buyers (demand) and sellers (supply). While elegant in theory, markets are rarely in equilibrium at a given moment. Rather, equilibrium should be thought of as a long-term average level."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Enterprise Value?","response":"Enterprise value is a good indicator of a company's total value, but the EV\/EBITDA is a better indicator, demonstrating the total value to actual earnings. An EV\/EBITDA below 10 is considered healthy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Command Economy?","response":"A command economy is an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government. A communist society has a command economy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of the European Union?","response":"The European Union was created to bind the nations of Europe closer together for the economic, social, and security welfare of all. It is one of several efforts after World War II to bind together the nations of Europe into a single entity."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Economics in Real Life?","response":"All of us participate in an economy, with the possible exception of a hermit living on a desert island. We contribute something to the whole, by producing or helping to produce a product or offering a service. In return, we receive money that allows us to buy the goods and services that we can't produce for ourselves."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Ethereum Make Money?","response":"Ethereum is not a centralized organization that makes money. Validators who participate in the Ethereum network earn ETH rewards for their contributions."}
+{"prompts":"What type of debt are student loans?","response":"Student loans are considered unsecured installment debts, meaning there isn't a physical asset tied to them, and they're paid back in a set number of installments over an agreed-upon period of time."}
+{"prompts":"Is Cash Losing Popularity as the Use of eMoney Rises?","response":"In 2022, only 18% of all payments were made with cash in the United States."}
+{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If a Property Is Encumbered?","response":"It means that some party has placed a claim on the property that affects what the property owner may do with it."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Principles of Financial Literacy?","response":"There are five broad principles of financial literacy. Though other models may list different key components, the overarching goal of financial literacy is to teach individuals about earning, spending, saving, borrowing, and protecting their money."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Fixed Assets and Current Assets?","response":"The major difference between the two is that fixed assets are depreciated, while current assets are not. Both current and fixed assets do, however, appear on the balance sheet.Fixed assets are company-owned, long-term tangible assets, such as forms of property or equipment. These assets make up its day-to-day operations to generate income. Being fixed means they can't be consumed or converted into cash within a year. As such, they are subject to depreciation and are considered illiquid.Current assets, on the other hand, are used or converted to cash in less than one year (the short term) and are not depreciated. Current assets include cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventory, and prepaid expenses."}
+{"prompts":"Do I Have to Report 1099-B on My Taxes?","response":"While you don't send the actual Form 1099-B to the IRS with your tax return, you must include the information that's on it on Form 8949 and send that along with Schedule D, which is what you'll use to record your totals for all transactions shown on Form 8949."}
+{"prompts":"What Are The Major Forecasting Techniques?","response":"Several forecasting methods can be broadly segmented as either qualitative or quantitative. Within each category, there are several techniques available.Under qualitative methods, techniques may involve interviews, on-site visits, the Delphi method of pooling experts\u2019 opinions, focus groups, and text analysis of financial documents, news items, and so forth.Under quantitative methods, techniques generally employ statistical models that look at time series or cross-sectional data, such as econometric regression analysis or causal inference (when available)."}
+{"prompts":"Why are Fibonacci retracements important?","response":"In technical analysis, Fibonacci retracement levels indicate key areas where a stock may reverse or stall. Common ratios include 23.6%, 38.2%, and 50%, among others. Usually, these will occur between a high point and a low point for a security, designed to predict the future direction of its price movement."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a 1098 Tax Form From College?","response":"Colleges and universities use Form 1098-T to report payments to students for qualified tuition and other expenses, like scholarships and grants. The educational institution files it with the IRS, and the student receives a copy. Taxpayers use the info on Form 1098-T to claim an education credit on Form 1040 (the tax return)."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Fibonacci Spiral?","response":"The limits of the squares of successive Fibonacci numbers create a spiral known as the Fibonacci spiral. It follows turns by a constant angle close to the golden ratio and is commonly called the golden spiral. The numbers of spirals in pinecones are Fibonacci numbers, as is the number of petals in each layer of certain flowers. In spiral-shaped plants, each leaf grows at an angle compared to its predecessor, and sunflower seeds are packed in a spiral formation in the center of their flower in a geometry governed by the golden ratio."}
+{"prompts":"Where Is the Fibonacci Sequence Evident?","response":"In almost all flowering plants, the number of petals on the flower is a Fibonacci number. It is extremely rare for the number of petals not to be so and examples of this phenomenon include corn marigold, cineraria, and daisies with 13 petals and asters and chicory with 21 petals."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Handle Financial Risk?","response":"Financial risk can often be mitigated, although it may be difficult or unnecessarily expensive for some to completely eliminate the risk. Financial risk can be neutralized by holding the right amount of insurance, diversifying your investments, holding sufficient funds for emergencies, and maintaining different income streams."}
+{"prompts":"Who invented the FMS?","response":"Jerome H. Lemelson (1923\u20131997), an American industrial engineer and inventor, is credited with developing the concept of flexible manufacturing. His initial design featured a robot-based system that could weld, rivet, convey, and inspect manufactured goods. Systems based on his design began showing up on factory floors in the United States and Europe in the late 1960s, becoming even more popular in the 1970s."}
+{"prompts":"Can I File Form 8379 Electronically?","response":"Yes, and the IRS will process your injured spouse allocation faster if it is sent online. Electronic submissions take about eleven weeks to process, compared to fourteen weeks for paper filings."}
+{"prompts":"Does a Franchisee Own a Business?","response":"Yes, a franchisee is the owner of the business. The owner is licensed to use products supplied by the franchisor. The franchisee is contractually obligated to use only products and services supplied by or authorized by the franchisor.This limits the business owner's scope and autonomy. A McDonald's franchisee cannot sell a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or even hang a picture on the wall that isn't issued by McDonald's."}
+{"prompts":"Who can file Form 8283?","response":"The form can be utilized by individuals, partnerships, and corporations. Each form has room for five donations, and you can submit as many forms as you have donations."}
+{"prompts":"Why Were Free Trade Zones Created in China?","response":"Starting in 2013, China began establishing free trade zones around key ports and coastal areas. These were areas where national regulations were relaxed in order to facilitate foreign investment and business development."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does My Lender Want a Form 4506-T?","response":"Mortgage lenders may require you to fill out Form 4506-T as part of your mortgage application. It allows them to obtain a transcript of your tax return information directly from the IRS. They use it to verify the other income documentation you provided during the loan application process."}
+{"prompts":"What Do I Do With Form 1095-A?","response":"You don't need to send form 1095-A to the government with your tax return. However, if you are eligible for a subsidy or tax credit, you need to transfer that information to Form 8962 and include it with your tax return. You don't need to send form 1095-A in this instance, just copy the information across."}
+{"prompts":"What is the Difference Between Forward Price and Spot Price?","response":"Forward price refers to a predetermined future delivery price for an underlying commodity, currency, or financial asset agreed upon by the buyer and seller of a forward futures contract. In contrast, a spot price refers to the asset\u2019s current market price.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Does an FHA 203(k) Loan Work and What Are the Types?","response":"An FHA 203(k) loan is for home purchase and home renovation. There are two types: limited and standard. The amount borrowed accounts for both the purchase price of the home and its renovation costs, which include materials and labor. It is intended to help rehabilitate poorer communities and aid lower-income people."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the 5-Year Rule for Inherited IRA?","response":"The 5-year rule applies to taking distributions from an\u00a0inherited IRA. To withdraw earnings from an inherited IRA, the account must have been opened for a minimum of five years at the time of death of the original account holder."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a Firm?","response":"Though an oversimplification, the purpose of a firm is to make money. A nonprofit is often not referred to as a firm; therefore, a firm's purpose is to facilitate trade between a manufacturer or retailer with a client. A firm's purpose is to ensure a good or service is transmit to those who need it with the expectation that the firm can generate a profit along the way."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Main Downside to the Fixed Asset Turnover Ratio?","response":"The fixed asset turnover ratio does not incorporate any company expenses. Therefore, the ratio fails to tell analysts whether or not a company is even profitable. A company may be generating record levels of sales and efficiently using their fixed assets; however, the company may also have record levels of variable, administrative, or other expenses. The fixed asset turnover ratio also doesn't consider cashflow, so companies with good fixed asset turnover ratios may also be illiquid."}
+{"prompts":"Who Must File SEC Form 13F?","response":"Institutional managers with assets under management of $100 million or more must file SEC Form 13F, disclosing their equity holdings."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the New 13F Rule?","response":"The new 13F rule, announced by the SEC in 2022, requires filers to round the security holding values to the nearest dollar rather than the nearest thousandth dollar. It also requires that Form 13F be filed via the SEC's Electronic Data Gathering, Analysis, and Retrieval (EDGAR) system."}
+{"prompts":"Which Country Has the Highest Federal Income Tax?","response":"Ivory Coast has the highest tax rate at 60%. Finland (56.95%), Denmark (56%), Japan (55.97%), Austria (55%), Sweden (52.3%), Aruba (52%), Belgium (50%), Israel (50%), and the Netherlands (49.5%) round out the top 10 as of 2023."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Fast Fashion Examples?","response":"Some examples of companies in fast fashion are Stradivarius, Victoria's Secret, Urban Outfitters, and Zara."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good P\/E Ratio?","response":"The higher the P\/E ratio means the more willing investors are to pay a higher share price now for a stock with the expectation of growth in the future. The average P\/E ratio of the S&P 500 since inception is 15.97 while its current P\/E ratio is 24.29."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are FANG Stocks Popular?","response":"FANG stocks are famous for their impressive growth and popularity, with each member more than doubling its stock price at times over the past five years. However, despite exhibiting growth stock behavior, FANG stocks are not too volatile. This stability, along with delivering superior rates of return, has made these quite attractive to investors."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid FATCA?","response":"There is no way to avoid FATCA if you are an American taxpayer and have assets that are held in foreign financial institutions.Moreover, the penalties for trying to avoid it are harsh."}
+{"prompts":"What Is FUTA vs. FICA?","response":"FUTA is a payroll tax implemented on just an employer to help fund federal unemployment programs. FICA is a payroll tax implemented on both the employer and employee that provides funding for Medicare and Social Security."}
+{"prompts":"What Are 3 Things not Insured by FDIC?","response":"Three of the biggest things that the FDIC doesn't insure are stock investments, bond investments, and mutual funds. Life insurance policies; annuities; municipal securities; safe deposit boxes (and their contents); U.S. Treasury bills, bonds, and notes; and crypto assets are also not covered by FDIC deposit insurance."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Fractional Reserve Banking and 100% Reserve?","response":"Fractional reserve banking permits banks to use funds (i.e., the bulk of deposits) that would be otherwise unused and idle to generate returns in the form of interest rates on new loans\u2014and to make more money available to grow the economy. It can thus allocate capital better to where it is most needed. Reserves of 100% require banks to hold all deposited money."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury?","response":"While the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury are separate entities, they work together on various issues, including managing the national debt. The Fed purchases and holds Treasury securities, and the U.S. Treasury issues these securities to finance government activities."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the Federal Reserve Board Respond to Financial Crises?","response":"During financial crises, the Fed provides liquidity to banks and financial markets to prevent a collapse of the financial system. It can make emergency loans and employ unconventional monetary policy measures to stabilize the economy and restore confidence."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Finder's Fee Legally Binding?","response":"Normally, it is not unless a contract, or legally binding agreement, is made for a finder's fee to be paid between the person facilitating a sale and the person who wishes to make the sale."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Fully Amortizing Loan?","response":"A fully amortizing loan has a set repayment period that will allow the borrower to repay the principal and interest due by a specified date. Fully amortizing loans assume that the borrower makes each scheduled payment in full and on time."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Socialism and Free Enterprise?","response":"Whereas free enterprise is the notion around letting goods and services freely generate market results on their own, socialism is focused on governing how resources are distributed. These government policies may dictate how resources are used, who receives goods, or what pricing mechanisms certain market participants may face."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is There Unemployment at Full Employment?","response":"Full employment and zero unemployment are not the same thing in the real world. Some types of unemployment are unavoidable or even necessary to prevent inflation, allow workers to move between jobs, or give people the chance to improve their education or job skills. Industries and companies also change, which changes the available jobs, and this process is eventually beneficial to the economy even if it leaves some workers temporarily unemployed."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Front-End Debt-to-Income Ratio?","response":"Front-end debt-to-income ratio is a measure of how much of monthly income goes toward housing costs. That includes mortgage payments, property taxes, homeowners insurance premiums, and homeowners association fees, if applicable."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Debt-to-Income Ratio for a Mortgage?","response":"Some of the best ways to improve debt-to-income ratio include paying down revolving or installment debts, reducing housing costs, and increasing income. A lower DTI can increase the amount of home you may be able to afford when qualifying to mortgage a property."}
+{"prompts":"How Big Is the Forex Market?","response":"The daily trading volume on the forex market dwarfs that of the stock and bond markets.According to the latest triennial survey conducted by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), trading in foreign exchange markets averaged $6.6 trillion per day in 2019.\u00a0By contrast, the total notional value of U.S. equity markets on Dec. 31, 2021, was approximately $393 billion."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Fiat Money Valuable?","response":"In contrast to commodity-based money, such as gold coins or paper bills redeemable for precious metals, fiat money is backed entirely by the full faith and trust in the government that issued it. One reason this has merit is that governments demand that you pay taxes in the fiat money it issues. Since everybody needs to pay taxes, or else face stiff penalties or prison, people will accept it in exchange (this is known as chartalism).Other theories of money, such as the credit theory, suggest that since all money is a credit-debt relation, it does not matter if money is backed by anything to maintain value."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Real Estate Agents Get Paid?","response":"A real estate agent who represents a seller is paid a percentage commission based on the final sale price. If another agent represents the buyer, they are also paid a percentage commission based on that price. Both commissions are paid by the seller from the proceeds of the sale.The commissions are paid at the closing and typically add up to an average of 5% to 6% of the sale price."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Examples of the Factors of Production?","response":"Land refers to physical lands, such as the acres used for a farm or the city block on which a building is constructed. Labor refers to all wage-earning activities, such as the work of professionals, retail workers, and so on. Entrepreneurship refers to the initiatives taken by entrepreneurs, who typically begin as the first workers in their firms and then gradually employ other factors of production to grow their businesses.Finally, capital refers to the capital goods needed to start or grow a business. These can include things such as factory machinery, tractors, and computers\u2014basically any items needed to run a given business."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Flotation Mean?","response":"In finance, flotation means a company is selling its shares to the public for the first time. \u201cFloating\u201d company shares, or making units of ownership available to the public to buy, is a common way for companies to raise money to expand."}
+{"prompts":"Why Should I Choose a Fixed-Rate Over an Adjustable-Rate Mortgage?","response":"There are several reasons why you may want to choose a fixed-rate mortgage over an ARM. Fixed-rate loans provide with you stability and predictability. Your rate is locked in for the entire length of the loan even when rates go up. Fixed rates take the guesswork of figuring out how much you have to pay. This means you'll know exactly what your payment is, allowing you to budget for other financial obligations and for your savings."}
+{"prompts":"Are Student Loans Ever Forgiven?","response":"Depending on the type of repayment plan you have, your student loan may be forgiven after a certain amount of time."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Fundamental Analysis?","response":"There are two types of fundamental analysis, qualitative and quantitative."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Floating Exchange Rate?","response":"An example of a floating exchange rate would be on Day 1, 1 USD is equal to 1.4 GBP. On the next day, 1 USD is equal to 1.6 GBP, and on day three, 1 USD is equal to 1.2 GBP. This shows that the value of the currencies float, meaning they change constantly due to the supply and demand of those currencies. The opposite would be a fixed currency, where 1 USD would always equal 1.4 GBP, for example."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of Franchises?","response":"Some of the widely recognized advantages of franchises include a ready-made business formula to follow, market-tested products and services, and, in many cases, established brand recognition. For example, if you're a McDonald's franchisee, decisions about what products to sell, how to layout your store, or even how to design your employee uniforms have already been made. Some franchisors offer training and financial planning, or lists of approved suppliers; however, despite these benefits, success is never guaranteed."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Risks of Franchises?","response":"Disadvantages include heavy start-up costs as well as ongoing royalty costs. By definition, franchises have ongoing fees that must be paid to the franchisor in the form of a percentage of sales or revenue. This percentage can range between 4.6% and 12.5%, depending on the industry.There is also the risk of a franchisee being duped by inaccurate information and paying high dollar amounts for no or low franchise value. Franchisees also lack control over territory or creativity with their business. Financing from the franchisor or elsewhere may be difficult to come by and franchisees could be adversely affected by poor location or management."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Finance?","response":"Finance involves borrowing & lending, investing, raising capital, and selling & trading securities. The purpose of these pursuits is to allow companies and individuals to fund certain activities or projects today, to be repaid in the future based on income streams generated from those activities. Without finance, people would not be able to afford to buy homes (entirely in cash), and companies would not be able to grow and expand as they can today. Finance, therefore, allows for the more efficient allocation of capital resources."}
+{"prompts":"Does Every Estate Have to File a Form 706?","response":"Not all estates must file a Form 706. A form has to be filed on behalf of someone who has died when the gross estate, adjusted taxable gifts and tax exemption surpasses the filing limit for the year of the person's death."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between FCA and DDP?","response":"Under DDP shipping terms, the seller has to pay for the transportation costs. In addition, the seller holds all risks and responsibilities for the transportation of the goods until the buyer receives them. FCA shipping terms are usually paid for by the buyer since the carrier is nominated by the buyer."}
+{"prompts":"Who Pays for FCA Shipping?","response":"Under FCA shipping terms, the buyer often pays for the transportation as they are the party responsible for nominating the carrier to use."}
+{"prompts":"Can Form 1040-X Refunds Be Direct Deposited?","response":"Yes. Beginning in processing year 2023, direct deposit can be requested for electronically filed amended returns for tax year 2021 and later. The bank account information should be entered on the electronically filed Form 1040-X."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Intrinsic Value of a Stock?","response":"Fair value is the price an investor pays for a stock and may be considered the present value of the stock, when the stock's intrinsic value is considered and the stock's growth potential. The intrinsic value is calculated by dividing the value of the next year\u2019s dividend by the rate of return minus the growth rate."}
+{"prompts":"What Causes a Financial Crisis?","response":"A financial crisis can be caused by many factors, maybe too many to name. However, often a financial crisis is caused by overvalued assets, systemic and regulatory failures, and resulting consumer panic, such as a large number of customers withdrawing funds from a bank after learning of the institution's financial troubles. Some believe that financial crises are an inherent feature in how modern capitalist economies function, where the business cycle fuels speculative growth during economic booms, only to be met by contractions and recession. During these contractions, borrowers default on their loans and creditors tighten their lending criteria."}
+{"prompts":"What Was the Cause of the 2008 Financial Crisis?","response":"Although the crisis was attributed to many breakdowns, it was largely due to the bountiful issuance of sub-prime mortgages, which were frequently sold to investors on the secondary market. Bad debt increased as sub-prime mortgagors defaulted on their loans, leaving secondary market investors scrambling. Investment firms, insurance companies, and financial institutions slaughtered by their involvement with these mortgages required government bailouts as they neared insolvency. The bailouts adversely affected the market, sending stocks plummeting. Other markets responded in tow, creating global panic and an unstable market."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Expensive to Run a Family Limited Partnership?","response":"Yes. It can be expensive to set-up and run a family limited partnership because it has many moving parts, and if if the business is complex, you may need advice from tax experts and\/or estate lawyers."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross National Product and Gross Domestic Product?","response":"Gross national product accounts for its citizen\u2019s productions both within and outside its borders. This figure then subtracts income earned by foreign residents within the country. By contrast, gross domestic product measures the production of goods and services made within a country\u2019s borders by both citizens and foreign residents overall."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Green Marketing?","response":"Green marketing focuses on myriad environmentally friendly policies and initiatives that illuminate products and services that are more beneficial (or at least less harmful) to the environment than other products."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do I Have to Pay a Gas Fee?","response":"The Ethereum gas fee exists to pay network validators for their work securing the blockchain and network. Without the fees, there would be few reasons to stake ETH and become a validator. The network would be at risk without validators and the work they do."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Gross Debt Service Ratio?","response":"To calculate the gross debt service ratio, you'd divide total housing costs by gross income. Housing costs include principal, interest, taxes, and utility costs. Gross income represents what you make before taxes and other deductions are taken out."}
+{"prompts":"Where Are Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) Used?","response":"GAAP is used primarily in the United States, while the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are in wider use internationally."}
+{"prompts":"When Do Women Encounter a Glass Cliff?","response":"Women in leadership roles, such as\u00a0business executives\u00a0in the corporate world and\u00a0female candidates for political office, are more likely than men to be promoted to leadership roles during periods of crisis or downturn when the chance of failure is highest."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Nash Equilibrium?","response":"The\u00a0Nash equilibrium\u00a0is an important concept referring to a stable state in a game where no player can gain an advantage by unilaterally changing a strategy, assuming the other participants also do not change their strategies. The Nash equilibrium provides the solution concept in a non-cooperative (adversarial) game. It is named after John Nash, who received the Nobel Prize in 1994 for his work."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of the Glass Ceiling?","response":"There are many examples of glass ceilings that individuals have broken through. Kamala Harris shattered a glass ceiling when she became the first woman Vice President of the United States. She is also the first Black person and the first person of South Asian descent to be elected to the role of Vice President.From the first U.S. presidential election in 1789 until the early 21st-century, no Black person served as president. It was not until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that all Black people could vote. However, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States."}
+{"prompts":"When Is Green Monday?","response":"Green Monday occurs on the second Monday in December each year. In 2023, Green Monday takes place on Dec. 11."}
+{"prompts":"Why is greenwashing bad?","response":"Greenwashing is deceitful and unethical because it misleads investors and consumers that are genuinely seeking environmentally friendly companies or products. Often, green products can be sold at a premium, making them more expensive, which can lead consumers to overpay. If greenwashing is revealed, it can seriously damage a company\u2019s reputation and brand."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 2 Types of Growth Curves?","response":"The two types of growth curves are exponential growth curves and logarithmic growth curves. In an exponential growth curve, the slope grows greater and greater as time moves along. In a logarithmic growth curve, the slope grows sharply, and then over time the slope declines until it becomes flat."}
+{"prompts":"Are Greeks Part of the Price of an Option?","response":"The Greeks are not part of the price of an option. They are used to estimate what the price of an option might do in response to changes in the market or the value of the underlying stock. This can help you judge the underlying risk of an option and whether it is a good investment or not."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Maximum Greenshoe?","response":"Usually, the maximum amount of extra shares the underwriters can sell is 15% more than the initial agreed-upon amount."}
+{"prompts":"What is the purpose of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)?","response":"The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was set up to eliminate protectionism, get countries trading freely among themselves, and help restore economic prosperity following the devastation of World War II."}
+{"prompts":"How Is GST Calculated?","response":"The goods and services tax (GST) is computed by simply multiplying the price of a good or service by the GST tax rate. For instance, if the GST is 5%, a $1.00 candy bar would cost $1.05."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Is the Gift Tax?","response":"The gift tax is applied on a sliding scale, depending on the size of the gift. It only kicks in on gifts above and beyond a certain threshold established by the IRS. First, a flat amount is assessed; additional tax is then levied at a rate that ranges from 18% to 40%."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Can I Gift My Child?","response":"You can gift your child or grandchild the same amount that you can gift other relatives or friends without incurring the gift tax, namely:$17,000 in 2023 per recipient and $18,000 in 2024$12.92 million in 2023 over the course of your lifetime, and $13.61 million as of 2024The IRS regularly adjusts these maximums for inflation. Since the annual thresholds apply to one donor, a married couple can each give that amount to the same child."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Working Capital and Net Working Capital?","response":"Gross working capital reflects a company's working capital prior to subtracting a company's short-term debt. Net working capital reflects a company's working capital after short-term debt has been omitted. Gross working capital only includes current assets, while net working capital reflects both current assets and current liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Inputs for the Gordon Growth Model?","response":"The three inputs in the GGM are dividends per share (DPS), the growth rate in dividends per share, and the required rate of return (RoR). DPS is the annual payments a company makes to its common equity shareholders, while the DPS growth rate is the yearly rate of increase in dividends. The required rate of return is the minimum rate of return at which investors will buy a company's stock."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Grant a Form of Income?","response":"Yes, it is, which means that it is considered taxable at both the federal and state level unless the law dictates otherwise."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Guaranteed Payments to Partners?","response":"Guaranteed payments to partners are intended to compensate them for services made or the use of capital. They are made without any link to the partnership\u2019s profitability and, indeed, represent a net loss to the partnership. In effect, they act as a salary for the partner, shielding partners from risk if the partnership is not successful."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Gamma Risk?","response":"For options positions that are short gamma, there is a risk that price movements in the underlying will cause compounding losses. For instance, if such a position begins delta-neutral and the stock rises, it will produce increasingly short deltas for the position, so that as the underlying rises, the options will lose more and more money. The risk, however, is that if the deltas are bought at these ever higher prices, the underlying asset can reverse direction and fall, creating long deltas on the way down, compounding those earlier losses."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Synthetic Guaranteed Investment Contract (GIC)?","response":"The U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency defines a synthetic guaranteed investment contract (GIC) as \u201ca diversified portfolio of fixed-income securities that are insulated from interest rate volatility by contracts (wraps) from banks and insurance companies. In this arrangement, the 401(k) plan and its participants own the underlying invested assets (the portfolio of fixed-income securities that supports the stable value fund).\u201d With a regular GIC, by contrast, the insurance company owns the underlying assets as part of its general account."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Green Bonds Different From Climate Bonds?","response":"\u201cGreen bonds\u201d and \u201cclimate bonds\u201d are sometimes used interchangeably, but some authorities use the latter term specifically for projects focusing on reducing carbon emissions or alleviating the effects of climate change. The Climate Bonds Initiative has set standards for certifying climate bonds."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Features of GDRs?","response":"GDRs can be listed on multiple global stock exchanges, They also provide investors with the benefits and rights of the underlying shares, which could include voting rights and dividends. GDRs trade like shares and can be bought and sold throughout the day via a standard brokerage account."}
+{"prompts":"What are the types of gap analysis?","response":"Gap analysis can be performed in an assortment of business situations. Most often more strategic in nature, gap analysis can be performed to better understand market positioning, product success, labor needs, or long-term financial positioning. Gap analysis can also be used to analyze more operational aspects such as short-term budget deficiencies or current employee satisfaction.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Is the U.S. Gini Coefficient High or Low?","response":"The United States has a Gini coefficient estimated at 39.8, according to The World Bank. That is a high reading for a developed economy.Economists blame rising income inequality in the U.S. on factors such as technological change, globalization, the decline of unions, and the eroding value of the minimum wage."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Consumer Price Index (CPI)?","response":"The Consumer Price Index is a measure of the\u00a0weighted average\u00a0of prices of a basket of consumer goods and services, such as transportation, food, and medical care. It is calculated by taking price changes for each item in the predetermined\u00a0basket of goods\u00a0and averaging them.Changes in the CPI are used to assess price changes associated with the\u00a0cost of living.The CPI is one of the most frequently used measures of\u00a0inflation and deflation. It may be compared with the\u00a0producer price index (PPI), which instead of considering prices paid by consumers looks at what businesses pay for inputs."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Government-Wide Acquisition Contracts Used?","response":"Government-wide acquisition contracts are used to provide government agencies with IT and computer-related services at a reduced cost. The idea behind them is that one government agency initiates the contract with the expectation that others will sign on. GWAC providers offer services for a specified time rather than a certain, finite quantity."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Rules Around Garden Leave?","response":"Garden leave laws will vary across jurisdictions. In general, most garden leave laws require advanced notice of resignation and last between 30 and 90 days. During this time, the employee remains on the company's payroll but are generally relieved of most (if not all) of their duties. An employee can often not return to the physical workplace, and the employee may be required to communicate with only select co-workers during the garden leave period."}
+{"prompts":"Does Gross Profit Include Tax?","response":"No, gross profit does not include tax, debt charges, or any other expenses other than direct costs."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Cheapest Form of Green Energy?","response":"The cheapest form of alternative energy is solar power, according to the International Energy Agency. In its 2020 World Outlook Report, the Agency found that photovoltaic solar energy is \"consistently cheaper than new coal- or gas-fired power plants in most countries, and solar projects now offer some of the lowest-cost electricity ever seen.\""}
+{"prompts":"Why Did Greece Stop Using the Drachma?","response":"Greece stopped using the drachma as part of the European Union's switch to utilizing one international unit of exchange. Greece had been part of the EU since the 1980s and as all the countries moved to adopt one currency with the goal of benefiting from more efficient trade and financial markets, Greece moved with the process as well."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Gravestone Doji Indicate?","response":"A gravestone doji is a trading pattern that occurs in technical analysis. It looks like an inverted T with a long upper shadow. It is a bearish trend that indicates a reversal is on the horizon. Traders can assume that the reversal will be accompanied by a downtrend in the security's price. When a trader identifies a gravestone doji, they may be able to profit on a bullish position or by taking a position on a bearish trade."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Residential Service Contract?","response":"A residential service contract is another name for a home warranty, which protects your homes systems and appliances if they break during the period that is protected by the warranty."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Markowitz View As the Biggest Mistake of Amateur Investors?","response":"Harry Markowitz has said that \u201cthe chief mistake of the small investor is they buy when the market goes up, on the assumption that it\u2019s going to go up further, and they sell when the market goes down, on the assumption that the market is going to go down further.\u201d"}
+{"prompts":"Are HUD-1 Forms Still Used?","response":"HUD-1 forms are still used for reverse mortgages and refinancing. The government form used to be used by settlement agents to list all the charges that borrowers and sellers were responsible for in any real estate deal. The HUD-1 form was replaced by the Closing Disclosure form in 2015."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Sovereign Wealth Fund?","response":"A sovereign wealth fund can take many forms, but generally, it is an investment instrument created by a government or entity for social programs, emergency events, political purposes, or other uses."}
+{"prompts":"What Were Some of the Flaws of the Original Hawthorne Study?","response":"Scholars have identified several flaws in the studies that led to the Hawthorne Effect. For one, the sample size was very small: just five individual workers. Moreover, the members of the sample changed over time. The researchers conducting the study were not blinded and so could have been biased. The data collected, even if it had been sound, has been further criticized as being misinterpreted."}
+{"prompts":"What Caused the Decline of the Middle Class?","response":"The squeezing of the middle class has been blamed on several different factors, including the outsourcing of jobs abroad, the arrival of labor-saving technologies, and the rising costs of education, healthcare, and housing."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does the IRS Limit Contributions for Highly Compensated Employees?","response":"The IRS places limits on HSE contributions because it wants to ensure that the tax benefit of 401(k) contributions doesn't favor highly-paid employees over others. If HSEs were able to make larger contributions compared to other employees, they'd be able to reduce their taxable income to a greater degree."}
+{"prompts":"When Did Canada\u2019s Halloween Massacre Take Place?","response":"The Halloween Massacre took place on Oct. 31, 2006. On this date, the Canadian government made an unexpected announcement that all income trusts domiciled in Canada would be taxed like corporations."}
+{"prompts":"Can hawks become doves and vice versa?","response":"Yes, as the recent history of U.S. Fed leadership shows.Alan Greenspan, who served as chair of the Fed from 1987 to 2006, was considered to be fairly hawkish in 1987, but he changed over time to a relatively dovish stance. Ben Bernanke, who served in the post from 2006 to 2014, also alternated between hawkish and dovish tendencies.\u00a0Janet Yellen, Fed chief from 2014 to 2018, was generally seen as a dove who was committed to maintaining low lending rates. Jerome Powell, named to the post in 2018, was rated as neutral (neither hawkish nor dovish) by the Bloomberg Intelligence Fed Spectrometer."}
+{"prompts":"How are interest rates determined?","response":"At eight annual meetings, a group from the Fed examines economic indicators such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI)\u00a0and the Producer Price Index (PPI) and determines if interest rates should go up or down, or stay the same. Those who support high rates are hawks, while those who favor low rates are labeled doves.High interest rates\u00a0make borrowing less attractive. As a result, consumers become less likely to make large purchases or take out credit. The lack of spending equates to lower demand, which helps to keep prices stable and prevent inflation.In contrast, low interest rates entice consumers into taking out loans for cars, houses, and other goods. Consumers spend more, and, ultimately, inflation occurs.It is the Fed\u2019s responsibility to balance economic growth and inflation, and it does this by manipulating interest rates."}
+{"prompts":"How Can You Prevent Prescreening?","response":"While prescreening by credit card and insurance companies results only in soft inquiries, if you wish to prevent it for privacy reasons or to lessen the amount of junk mail you receive, you can do so on the website OptOutPrescreen.com."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Computer Heuristics?","response":"In computer science, a heuristic refers to a method of solving a problem that proves to be quicker or more efficient than traditional methods. This may involve using approximations rather than precise calculations or with techniques that circumvent otherwise computationally intensive routines."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the SEC Define a Security?","response":"Securities are fungible and tradable financial instruments used to raise capital in public and private markets. The public sales of securities are regulated by the SEC.The definition of a security offering was established by the Supreme Court in a 1946 case called SEC v. W.J. Howey Co."}
+{"prompts":"Does Anyone Make Money From a HYIP?","response":"The scheme organizers make money when they accept funds from investors. So may those investors who get involved early in the life of the fraudulent scheme and are paid by the organizers with money invested by later investors. But investor funds received by the organizers are never actually invested legitimately."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Adjustable Rate Mortgage?","response":"The interest rate on an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) can go up and down over time affecting a homebuyer's mortgage payment and causing it to increase or decrease periodically. Most ARMs have rate caps and other controls to prevent frequent, dramatic, and painful swings. The advantage of this type of mortgage is that the interest rate is typically less than that of a fixed-rate mortgage in the early years of the loan."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Fair Value Hedge?","response":"A fair value hedge is used to hedge against a company's exposure to volatility and changes in the fair value of an asset or liability. In order to qualify for hedge accounting, the potential changes in the asset or liability's fair value must have the potential to affect the company's reported earnings. Examples of items that may qualify for fair value hedging include inventory and assets or liabilities denominated in a foreign currency."}
+{"prompts":"What Credit Score do You Need to Buy a House?","response":"The exact answer for what credit score you need to buy a house can depend on the type of loan and the lender\u2019s requirements. For example, it\u2019s possible to get a Federal Housing Administration loan with a credit score as low as 500, but if you\u2019re applying for a conventional loan, the lender might require a credit score of 620 or higher."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Hedge Funds Compare to Other Investments?","response":"Hedge funds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds (ETFs) all pool money contributed by many investors and attempt to earn a profit for themselves and their clients.Hedge funds are actively managed by professional managers who buy and sell certain investments with the stated goal of exceeding the returns of the markets, or some sector or index of the markets. They take the greatest risks while trying to achieve these returns. In addition, hedge funds are more loosely regulated than competing investments, and they can invest in options and derivatives as well as esoteric investments that mutual funds cannot invest in."}
+{"prompts":"Are Bonds and Warrants the Same?","response":"Bonds and warrants are not the same thing. Bonds are fixed-income investments that guarantee investors the return of their principal along with a set interest rate by a certain period of time. Warrants, on the other hand, are derivatives that give the holder the right but not the obligation to purchase or sell the underlying security at a certain price by the expiration date. Warrants can be attached to bonds. Bond-linked warrants give perks to both investors and bond issuers."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Hash Function?","response":"Hash functions are algorithms that transform or \"map\" a given set of data into a bit string of fixed size, also known as the \"hash.\""}
+{"prompts":"What Are Hashes Used for in Blockchains?","response":"Hashes are used in several parts of a blockchain system. Each block header contains the previous block's hash, which ensures that nothing has been tampered with as new blocks are added. Cryptocurrency blockchains use hashes to secure information and make the ledger immutable."}
+{"prompts":"When Was the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) Active?","response":"The Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) was a loan modification program introduced in 2009 to help mitigate the impact of the 2008 subprime mortgage crisis. It expired in 2016."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Qualify for a Homestead Exemption in Florida?","response":"Individuals in Florida must have occupied the property as their permanent residence before Jan. 1 of the year for which they're applying. An applicant must be a Florida resident and a U.S. citizen or a permanent U.S. resident. Applicants can't claim or receive any type of tax exemption on any other property in the United States. An exemption application must be completed and submitted to the property appraiser in the county where the property is located\u00a0by the statutory deadline of March 1.The homestead exemption in Florida provides a tax exemption of up to $50,000. The first $25,000 applies to all property taxes, including school district taxes. An additional exemption of up to $25,000 applies to the assessed value over $50,000 but only to non-school taxes."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Lagging Indicator?","response":"A lagging indicator is one that's based on events and trends of the past. It's something of a warning system that a similar event not only could happen again but is likely to occur unless circumstances change. Leading indicators anticipate and help to prepare safeguards against negative events in the future."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Average Pay of All Workers in the United States?","response":"The average hourly rate of pay for all workers excluding farm payrolls was $34.55 as of January 2024. That was a 4.5% increase over the previous year."}
+{"prompts":"Are HECMs Expensive?","response":"Yes, HECMs carry very high origination, mortgage insurance premiums, and maintenance fees."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Most Popular Hyperledger?","response":"Hyperledger Fabric is the most popular Hyperledger framework. Hyperledger Fabric 2.0, released in January 2020, allows for faster transactions, updated smart contract technology, and streamlined data sharing."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Hawala Money?","response":"Hawala money is funds that are transferred using the hawala system, in which no actual movement of funds from one account to another account happens, no paper trail is created, and no promissory notes exist."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Homeowner Association Cover?","response":"A homeowner association is an organization tasked with governing the affairs of a real estate development owned by multiple parties, such as an apartment building. HOAs are responsible for tasks such as ensuring building maintenance, deciding on whether to pursue larger renovation projects, and drafting\/enforcing the building\u2019s bylaws.In order to fund its operations, HOAs charge their members monthly HOA fees, typically in the range of $200 to $400 per month. They also have the authority to enforce the community\u2019s bylaws, such as by imposing fines on residents who refuse to comply."}
+{"prompts":"What Does the Term \"Hard Money\" Mean for Political Contributions?","response":"In politics, \"hard money\" is donated directly to a politician or a political action committee. Hard money contributions carry limitations and regulations, including the amount contributed and the use of the funds. By comparison, donations to political parties, without limits and controls, are referred to as soft money\u00a0contributions."}
+{"prompts":"Does the Cryptocurrency Market Use High-Frequency Trading?","response":"Yes, high-frequency trading does occur in the cryptocurrency market. It works the same way HFT does in other markets. Using algorithms, it analyzes crypto data and facilitates a large volume of trades at once within a short period of time\u2014usually within seconds."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Household Income?","response":"Gather all of the gross income of anyone age 15 or older. Make sure you include any type of income, such as wages, tips, bonuses, retirement income, and welfare payments. Social Security benefits, and others. Add these together to get the total household income."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Haircut in Debt Restructuring?","response":"A haircut in debt restructuring is yet another unique use of the term \"haircut\" in finance. Specific to debt restructuring, a haircut is the reduction of outstanding interest payments or a portion of a bond payable that will not be repaid. This condition may arise when a company considers restructuring its debt and negotiates new terms with existing bondholders."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Home Modification Loan Program?","response":"The Home Modification Loan Program (HMLP) was established by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1999. It provides no-interest loans to modify the homes of adults and children with disabilities. The loan limit is $50,000 for property owners and $30,000 for owners of manufactured or mobile homes."}
+{"prompts":"What is the purpose of the HST?","response":"The goal of the HST system is to streamline the recording and collection of federal and provincial sales taxes by combining them into a single, consistent levy across the country.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Can an Investor Use Horizontal Analysis?","response":"Investors can use horizontal analysis to determine the trends in a company's financial position and performance over time to determine whether they want to invest in that company. However, investors should combine horizontal analysis with vertical analysis and other techniques to get a true picture of a company's financial health and trajectory."}
+{"prompts":"Will the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund Be Depleted by 2031?","response":"According to the 2023 report from the Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees, it is projected that the Hospital Insurance Trust Fund will be able to pay 100% of the total scheduled benefits until 2031. However, the Congressional Budget Office projects the Fund will be solvent until 2033."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Horizontal Acquisition Differ From a Vertical Acquisition?","response":"Horizontal and vertical acquisitions both occur between companies that operate in the same industry. But there is a subtle difference between the two. A horizontal acquisition happens between two companies that are in the same production stage while a vertical acquisition takes place between two companies that are in different stages of the production process. It allows the acquiring company to access equipment that is either closer to or further away from the end client."}
+{"prompts":"Do You Need a Home Inspection?","response":"Because a home inspection can provide a thorough assessment of the home's safety and condition, it is always a good idea to have a one before purchase."}
+{"prompts":"How Many Kilograms Are There in a Hundredweight (CWT)?","response":"One pound equals 0.453592 kilograms. A hundredweight in the U.S. measurement of 100 pounds would equal 45.3592 kilograms. A hundredweight in the British measurement of 112 pounds is 50.8023 kilograms."}
+{"prompts":"Is Beta the Same As Idiosyncratic Risk?","response":"A stock's beta estimates its volatility in reference to the S&P 500. In that respect, it might be seen as a measure of idiosyncratic risk. However, this is mistaken. Beta is actually a measure of a stock's contribution to overall systematic risk and is arrived at using the capital asset pricing model (CAPM)."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of an Individual Retirement Account (IRA)?","response":"An IRA offers a tax-advantaged way to save for retirement. Depending on what type of IRA you use, it can reduce your tax bill either when you make contributions or when you take withdrawals in retirement. Investment gains are tax deferred (for a traditional IRA) or tax free (for a Roth IRA).That means contributing money towards your retirement either reduces your taxes on income for the year or eliminates the taxes from your retirement money.IRAs are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC), a government-run agency that provides protection when a financial institution fails. The FDIC covers customer deposits\u2014up to $250,000 per account in most cases\u2014that are held at FDIC-insured banks or savings and loan associations."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Effects of Inflation?","response":"Inflation can affect the economy in several ways. For example, if inflation causes a nation\u2019s currency to decline, this can benefit exporters by making their goods more affordable when priced in the currency of foreign nations.On the other hand, this could harm importers by making foreign-made goods more expensive. Higher inflation can also encourage spending, as consumers will aim to purchase goods quickly before their prices rise further. Savers, on the other hand, could see the real value of their savings erode, limiting their ability to spend or invest in the future."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Inflation So High Right Now?","response":"In 2022, inflation rates around the world rose to their highest levels since the early 1980s. While there is no single reason for this rapid rise in global prices, a series of events worked together to boost inflation to such high levels.The COVID-19 pandemic led to lockdowns and other restrictions that greatly disrupted global supply chains, from factory closures to bottlenecks at maritime ports. Governments also issued stimulus checks and increased unemployment benefits to counter the financial impact on individuals and small businesses. When vaccines became widespread and the economy bounced back, demand (fueled in part by stimulus money and low-interest rates) quickly outpaced supply, which still struggled to get back to pre-COVID levels.Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine in early 2022 led to economic sanctions and trade restrictions on Russia, limiting the world's supply of oil and gas since Russia is a large producer of fossil fuels. Food prices also rose as Ukraine's large grain harvests could not be exported. As fuel and food prices rose, it led to similar increases down the value chains. The Fed raised interest rates to combat the high inflation, which significantly came down in 2023, though it remains above pre-pandemic levels."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Rs Stand for in Money?","response":"The rupee sign \"Rs\" is used for currency in the Seychelles, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Mauritius. It was also used in India before the introduction of the Indian rupee symbol \u20b9 in 2010."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Indian Rupee Backed by Gold?","response":"All banknotes that are issued by the Reserve Bank of India are backed by assets such as gold, government securities, or foreign currency assets."}
+{"prompts":"What Types of Assets Are Considered Intangible Personal Property?","response":"Intangible personal property is anything with no obvious and assigned value and can't be physically held. Examples include copyrights, patents, intellectual property, investments, digital assets, along with anything that has image, social, or reputational capital."}
+{"prompts":"Which Countries Use the Iranian Rial?","response":"The only country to use the Iranian rial is Iran."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Inflation Adjustment?","response":"Inflation adjustment means removing the effect of price inflation from data. For example, if a stock rose 23% in a year that inflation was running at 3%, we could conclude, more or less, that the actual return, accounting for the increased cost of living, was about 20%.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Current ISM Manufacturing Index?","response":"As of November 2022, the United States ISM Manufacturing PMI is 49.00."}
+{"prompts":"When Is ISM Data Released?","response":"The ISM Manufacturing Report On Business is released the first business day of each month at 10:00am EST. The Services ISM Report on Business is released the third business day of each month at the same time."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Read PMI Data?","response":"The ISM Manufacturing Index states figures as a number that indicates whether the manufacturing sector is growing or contracting. A PMI reading over 50 (or over 50%) means the sector is growing compared to the previous month, while a PMI reading under 50 (or under 50%) means the sector has month-over-month contracted."}
+{"prompts":"Why Was the Investment Company Act of 1940 Passed?","response":"The Investment Company Act of 1940 was established after the 1929 Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression that followed in order to protect investors and bring more stability to the financial markets in the U.S."}
+{"prompts":"What Constitutes an Investment Company Under the 1940 Act?","response":"The Act defines an investment company as \"an issuer that is engaged or proposes to engage in the business of investing, reinvesting, owning, holding, or trading in securities, and owns or proposes to acquire 'investment securities' having a value exceeding 40% of the value of its total assets (exclusive of government securities and cash items) on an unconsolidated basis.\""}
+{"prompts":"Is the Industry Life Cycle the Same As the Economic Cycle?","response":"The phases ofan industry life cycle have the same names as the general economic cycle: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough. These phases may overlap, with an industry's peak occurring at the same time as an economic peak, and an industry's trough at the same as an economic trough. However, whether or not this happens often depends on the industry itself. Some industries may see their peaks at the same time as the overall economy experiences a trough, or they may be in an expansion phase when the economic cycle is at a peak."}
+{"prompts":"Is Inside Sales the Same As Telemarketing?","response":"Telemarketing, or telesales, involves selling over the phone or by email, often using cold calls, and is one aspect of inside sales. On whole, inside sales encompasses a broader range of sales & marketing tools and techniques including social media marketing, mobile marketing, search engine optimization (SEO), and customer relationship management (CRM)."}
+{"prompts":"What Can Prolong the Industry Life Cycle?","response":"Production efficiencies, new developments that position the industry\/business for greater achievements, effective management, new technologies that are harnessed properly, and ongoing customer base and relationship development can all help maintain the growth and maturity phases."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Bond Prices React Inversely to Interest Rate Changes?","response":"A bond is a debt instrument that typically pays a fixed rate of interest over its lifetime. Say that prevailing interest rates are 5%. If a bond is priced at par = $1,000 and has an interest rate (coupon) of 5%, it will pay $50 a year to bondholders. If interest rates rise to 10%, new bonds issued will pay double\u2014i.e., $100 per $1,000 in face value. An existing bond that only pays $50 will have to sell at a steep discount in order for somebody to want to buy it. Likewise, if interest rates drop to 1%, new bonds will only pay $10 per $1,000 in face value. Hence, a bond that pays $50 will be in high demand and its price will be bid up quite high."}
+{"prompts":"Is IRR the Same as ROI?","response":"Although IRR is sometimes referred to informally as a project\u2019s \u201creturn on investment,\u201d it is different from the way most people use that phrase. Often, when people refer to ROI, they are simply referring to the percentage return generated from an investment in a given year or across a period. However, that type of ROI does not capture the same nuances as IRR, and for that reason, IRR is generally preferred by investment professionals.Another advantage of IRR is that its definition is mathematically precise, whereas the term ROI can mean different things depending on the context or the speaker."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Impact-Focused Investing?","response":"Impact-focused investing, or simply impact investing, is an investment strategy that seeks to achieve social or environmental goals, as well as generate profit. Unlike philanthropic endeavors, impact investors typically expect a return on their investment, although this may be a secondary consideration."}
+{"prompts":"Does Impact Investing Work?","response":"Most impact investors seek returns that are comparable to market rates, and some impact funds can even outperform the market. Generally speaking, the returns from impact investing tend to be slightly lower than the market average. In a 2021 study by the University of California, the median impact fund had a median internal rate of return of 6.4%, compared to 7.4% from non-impact-seeking funds."}
+{"prompts":"Who Can Cancel an Indication of Interest?","response":"The buyer submitting the notice can cancel the indication of interest. If left unconfirmed beyond the confirmation period, it will be canceled automatically."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Should You Pay for an Index Fund?","response":"Index funds generally have low annual fees, and these fees, on average, have been declining over the past several years. According to the last-published data from the Investment Company Institute in 2023, the average fee for an index fund is 0.04%, with some index funds offering even lower expense ratios. All else being equal, you might wish to choose the lower-cost fund among those that equally track the same index well."}
+{"prompts":"How Is the IRS Funded?","response":"The IRS operates on a budget approved by Congress. This is divided into four accounts: Taxpayer Services, Enforcement, Operations Support, and Business Systems Modernization. The money allotted to each cannot be reallocated to other sections. IRS Commissioner Danny Werfel was appointed as the agency's 50th commissioner on March 13, 2023."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to File a Tax Return?","response":"It\u2019s best to file taxes electronically, as 93.8% of taxpayers did in the IRS's 2022 fiscal year. Individuals can still file a paper return by mail, but doing so will delay refunds."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Conceptual Basis for IRP?","response":"IRP is the fundamental equation that governs the relationship between interest rates and currency exchange rates. Its basic premise is that hedged returns from investing in different currencies should be the same, regardless of their interest rates. Essentially, arbitrage (the simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from a difference in the price) should exist in the foreign exchange markets. In other words, investors cannot lock in the current exchange rate in one currency for a lower price and then purchase another currency from a country offering a higher interest rate."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Investment Grade vs. High Yield?","response":"High yield bonds are generally considered higher risk than investment grade bonds. High yield bonds, however, tend to offer a higher return\u2014to compensate for the higher risk of default of the issuer."}
+{"prompts":"Who Needs an Introducing Broker?","response":"An introducing broker is a financial adviser who specializes in futures investing. An investor who is interested in futures but not inclined to dive in alone would consult with an introducing broker.Futures investing is relatively risky and relatively complex, even compared to stock investing. Anyone determined to participate directly should have a good understanding of the ins and outs of futures trading before jumping into it."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Identify an Inflationary Gap?","response":"An\u00a0inflationary gap\u00a0is a difference between the full employment gross domestic product and the actual reported GDP number. \u00a0It represents the extra output as measured by\u00a0GDP\u00a0between what it would be under the natural rate of\u00a0unemployment\u00a0and the reported GDP number."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Inflationary Gap?","response":"The Inflationary Gap equals the\u00a0real or actual GDP minus the anticipated GDP."}
+{"prompts":"Are There International Bond ETFs for Investors?","response":"There are a number of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that either focus on or include international bonds.A few of them are iShares International Treasury Bond ETF (IGOV), SPDR Bloomberg International Treasure Bond ETF (BWX), and Invesco Total Return Bond ETF (GTO).A note of caution: \"high-yield bond\" can be a euphemism for \"junk bond.\" When investing in bonds, foreign or domestic, check their credit ratings and be sure you know the degree of risk you're taking on."}
+{"prompts":"Do Inferior Goods Have an Inferior Quality?","response":"Not necessarily. \"Inferior good\" is an economic term that refers to an item that becomes less desirable as the income of consumers increases. In other words, inferior goods are those whose price elasticity is negative, but this doesn't always involve a lower quality. As consumers\u2019 incomes increase, they tend to decrease their purchases of inferior goods, opting for normal goods or luxury goods instead."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Interest Coverage Ratio?","response":"A ratio above one indicates that a company can service the interest on its debts using its earnings or has shown the ability to maintain revenues at a fairly consistent level. While an interest coverage ratio of 1.5 may be the minimum acceptable level, two or better is preferred for analysts and investors. For companies with historically more volatile revenues, the interest coverage ratio may not be considered good unless it is well above three."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Bad Interest Coverage Ratio Indicate?","response":"A bad interest coverage ratio is any number below one as this means that the company's current earnings are insufficient to service its\u00a0outstanding debt. The chances of a company being able to continue to meet its\u00a0interest expenses\u00a0on an ongoing basis are still doubtful even with an interest coverage ratio below 1.5, especially if the company is vulnerable to seasonal or cyclical dips in revenues."}
+{"prompts":"What Types of Retirement Accounts Allow In-Service Withdrawals?","response":"Today, most defined-contribution plan types (such as 401(k), 403(b)\/457(b), and thrift savings plans) allow for in-service withdrawals. Depending on how the plans' rules and how it is structured, there may be various limitations or qualifications on when or how such withdrawals can be made."}
+{"prompts":"Who signs an incumbency certificate?","response":"An incumbency certificate is issued by the company\u2019s corporate secretary, who must sign it. If the secretary\u2019s incumbency must be certified, it is co-signed by one of the company officers. It also often includes the signatures of the directors, officers, and key shareholders listed on it to signify that their signatures are genuine."}
+{"prompts":"How Can You Choose the Right Investment Fund?","response":"To choose the right investment fund, you must consider your investing goals and risk tolerance. Examine funds that invest in assets that match your tolerance for risk and look for management that has a strong track record. Also, try to keep fees low."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Testamentary Will?","response":"A testamentary will is another name for a traditional will, sometimes referred to as a last will and testament. The person whose wishes the will represents is known as the testator."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Multipliers?","response":"A variety of multipliers are used in economics and finance. Examples other than investment multiplier include\u00a0fiscal multiplier,\u00a0earnings multiplier\u00a0, and equity multiplier."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Solvency and Insolvency?","response":"When a company or person is insolvent, they cannot meet their financial obligations. Solvency is when you have enough funds to cover the payments you owe. A company is considered solvent when they have more assets than liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens to an Intentionally Defective Grantor Trust When the Grantor Dies?","response":"If there was an installment note, the principal and any accumulated interest are included in the grantor's taxable estate. However, if the assets were sold into the IDGT, they are not included in the taxable estate and can be passed on to the beneficiaries."}
+{"prompts":"Is an Invoice a Bill or Receipt?","response":"An invoice is generally used to document products or services sold and delivered to a customer, so it is a bill. A receipt is a document that shows payment was received."}
+{"prompts":"Why Was IBAN Created?","response":"IBAN was developed to reduce errors and improve the verification of cross-border payments by reducing rejected payments, transfer delays, and associated bank charges and fees."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Become an Intrapreneur?","response":"Intrapreneurs are high-performing employees who are typically assigned to explore new ways for a company to innovate, improve its existing products, or stay ahead of the competition; however, intrapreneurs are not always assigned this role and individuals with innovative ideas can also surface them or work on these projects on the side, before introducing them to senior leadership."}
+{"prompts":"Who Owns IBES?","response":"IBES is owned by the financial data and media company Thomson Reuters, which it acquired in 2000 when Thomson Reuters purchased the Primark Company."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Four Main Types of Inventory Management?","response":"The four types of inventory management are just-in-time management (JIT), materials requirement planning (MRP), economic order quantity (EOQ) , and days sales of inventory (DSI). Each inventory management style works better for different businesses, and there are pros and cons to each type."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Isoquant and Isocost?","response":"Both isocosts and isoquants are curves plotted on a graph. Used by producers and manufacturers, they display the best interplay of two factors that will result in the maximum output at minimum cost. An isoquant shows all combinations of factors that produce a certain output. An isocost show all combinations of factors that cost the same amount."}
+{"prompts":"Why are Incoterms used?","response":"Incoterms are used to clarify business terms in international trade. The many benefits of Incoterms outweigh the negatives for most transactions, which is why many trade agreements are facilitated using Incoterms. There are still preferences between parties, and the terms themselves must be negotiated before an agreement is finalized."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Become an Independent Contractor?","response":"You can become an independent contractor by working for yourself. Many freelancers in a gig-centric economy transition to independent contractors who work on a contractual basis to provide goods or services. Independent contractors may have a registered legal business name, earn any necessary certifications or licenses, and pay their estimated taxes quarterly to the IRS."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Spot Transaction?","response":"A spot transaction dictates the sale or purchase of a commodity or a currency for immediate delivery on a specific date, usually within two business days. The deadline can shift a little, however, depending on the nature of the market involved."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Virtual Credit Card Number?","response":"A virtual credit card number is a number that's different from your regular credit card number but linked to the same account. Virtual credit cards, sometimes called single-use cards, are often used in online shopping as a way of keeping your main card number from being compromised or stolen."}
+{"prompts":"What Does It Mean to Claim Itemized Deductions?","response":"When you file your income tax return, you can take the standard deduction, a fixed dollar amount based on your filing status, or you can itemize your deductions. Unlike the standard deduction, the dollar amount of itemized deductions will vary by taxpayer, depending on the expenses on Schedule A of Form 1040. The amount is subtracted from the taxpayer\u2019s taxable income."}
+{"prompts":"Which Expenses Can I Itemize?","response":"You itemize your deductions on Schedule A of Form 1040. You can generally deduct unreimbursed medical and dental expenses, long-term care premiums, home mortgage interest, charitable donations, certain taxes, casualty and theft losses, and some gambling losses."}
+{"prompts":"Is an Internet Service Provider (ISP) the Same as a WiFi Provider?","response":"No, an Internet service provider (ISP) and a WiFi provider are two different things. The main difference is that an ISP provides access to the Internet often through cable, digital subscriber line (DSL), fiber, or satellite connections. ISPs, such as AT&T or Verizon, can be wired to a location such as a home or an office building directly. By contrast, WiFi providers allow you to access the Internet through a wireless connection. With WiFi technology, a modem delivers Internet service and a wireless router connects to the modem. The Internet is converted into a wireless signal by the modem."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Different Types of ISPs?","response":"The two main types of ISPs are cable or DSL. However, other types exist, often in more remote locations. Cable connections are used by multiple neighbors, which can affect the cable access speed. Telephone service providers offer DSL connections, which connect a DSL router to a phone jack or phone cable.Dial-up connections are most often used in rural areas, which use a phone connection that is connected to a remote server."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Insurance Important?","response":"Insurance helps protect you, your family, and your assets. An insurer will help you cover the costs of unexpected and routine medical bills or hospitalization, accident damage to your car or injury of others, and home damage or theft of your belongings. An insurance policy can even provide your survivors with a lump-sum cash payment if you die. In short, insurance can offer peace of mind regarding unforeseen financial risks."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Judgment Lien?","response":"A judgment lien is a court ruling that allows one party to take possession of another's property, usually in satisfaction of a debt or similar obligation. A judgment lien allows the creditor to take over the debtors' real or personal property, such as houses, vehicles, or other personal property."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Jordanian Dinar Strong?","response":"Yes, the Jordanian dinar is a strong currency because it is pegged to the U.S. dollar rather than the strength of its economy."}
+{"prompts":"What Was the Jasdaq-Top20?","response":"The Jasdaq-Top20 was an index comprised of the top 20 stocks listed on the Jasdaq exchange, based on factors like market capitalization, net profit, and dividends. It was discontinued with the closure of the Jasdaq on April 4, 2022."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Junk Fees Found in Mortgage Contracts?","response":"These can include items such as a\u00a0document preparation fee, an application fee, a funding fee, a verification of employment fee, a sign-up fee, a translation fee, or an automated underwriting fee."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Negotiate To Remove Junk Fees in My Mortgage?","response":"Yes, it's possible to ask a mortgage lender to remove or modify some of these fees during the closing process. Remember that, as the borrower, it's best to carefully review and question fees in the mortgage that appear unnecessary."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Tax Lien?","response":"A tax lien is a type of lien imposed by the federal, state, or local government on a person or business as a result of their failure to pay taxes they owe. As the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) explains it, \"The lien protects the government's interest in all your property, including real estate, personal property, and financial assets.\" The IRS says it will release its lien within 30 days after the debt is paid off."}
+{"prompts":"What Are John Stuart Mill's Most Important Works?","response":"John Stuart Mill's most important works include\u00a0Principles of Political Economy (1848), On Liberty\u00a0(1859),\u00a0Utilitarianism\u00a0(1861), and\u00a0The Subjection of Women\u00a0(1869)."}
+{"prompts":"Can Joint Probability Be Greater Than 1?","response":"No, joint probability can never be greater than 1. Joint probability falls between 0 and 1, where 0 denotes that the likelihood of two events occurring simultaneously is impossible while 1 indicates that their outcome is certain."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Japan's Biggest Industries?","response":"Japan is one of the world's leading exporters of manufactured goods. The country is the world's second-largest exporter of automobiles, and also produces significant quantities of machinery and electronic equipment."}
+{"prompts":"What Famous Family Owns Juventus?","response":"The football club, Juventus FC, is owned by the Agnelli family through its holding company, Exor."}
+{"prompts":"How Is the Minimum Wage Justified?","response":"The federal government has set a minimum wage since 1938. The goals were to stabilize the economy and to protect the health and well-being of American workers. It also addressed the needs of a substantial portion of the population: low-wage workers who lacked the bargaining power to demand a subsistence wage. States and counties, particularly those in parts of the country with high living costs, set their own minimum wages at a higher level that the federal requirement of $7.25."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the Jones Act Affect Cruise Ships?","response":"While the Jones Act does not cover passenger vessels, a related law has a similar effect on cruise ships. Under the 1886 Passenger Vessel Services Act, a foreign ship cannot transport passengers directly between two U.S. ports. This means that a foreign-flagged cruise ship (the vast majority of cruise ships) must include foreign ports in any itinerary that begins and ends in a U.S. port. This often results in confusion or even fines for passengers who disembark at ports that violate the Jones Act."}
+{"prompts":"Why Did John R. Hicks Win the Nobel Prize?","response":"John Hicks won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1972 with Kenneth J. Arrow. The two economists were awarded the prize for their work on general equilibrium analysis and welfare economics."}
+{"prompts":"What Was the Advantage of Joint-Stock Companies?","response":"Joint-stock companies (then and now) can raise a large amount of money by issuing shares to various individuals. This made them practical for U.S. colonial-era ventures that couldn't be financed by one person or entity alone. Of course, the shareholders all expected to receive a portion of any earnings, commensurate with their investments"}
+{"prompts":"What Is Schumpeterian Growth?","response":"Schumpeterian growth is economic\u00a0growth\u00a0that is driven by innovation and governed by the process of creative destruction. Formal economic models have been created that operationalize Schumpeter\u2019s notion of creative destruction. These models of growth help economists understand the role of competition, firm dynamics, and cross-firm and cross-sector reallocation."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens If One Joint Tenant Stops Contributing to the Property Expenses?","response":"Each joint tenant has a legal responsibility to contribute to property expenses, such as mortgage payments, property taxes, and maintenance costs, in proportion to their ownership share. If one joint tenant stops contributing, the other joint tenants may need to cover their share to avoid default or financial issues. If disputes arise, legal action may be necessary to enforce the co-ownership agreement."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Collect Unemployment if I Quit My Job?","response":"No, you cannot collect unemployment if you quit your job. Any voluntary unemployment is not eligible for unemployment benefits. This means you are only eligible for unemployment benefits if you are laid off, and in certain cases, if you are fired."}
+{"prompts":"How Did Jack Welch Transform GE?","response":"Jack Welch joined GE in 1960 as a junior engineer. He worked his way up the corporate ladder and became the company's chair and CEO in 1981. As the leader of GE, he made major changes to the company and how it operated, using aggressive tactics to achieve short-term results. He made structural changes to the company, including streamlining its businesses and getting rid of entire divisions. He also found and fixed inefficiencies like closing down factories and laying off workers in an attempt to increase profitability and productivity."}
+{"prompts":"What Happened to GE After Jack Welch Retired?","response":"Jack Welch retired from his role as chair and CEO of GE in 2001. He was succeeded by Jeffrey Immelt, who called his reign \"controversial.\" The company's share price dropped significantly during his term as CEO, unlike his predecessor. The company saw as much as $150 billion wiped out from its market value with Immelt at the helm, compared to the transformation of $14 billion to $410 billion when Welch ran the company."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Kin in Crypto?","response":"Kin was a cryptocurrency designed as an incentive for using the social media app Kik and its services. The project shut its doors in 2023."}
+{"prompts":"Who Is the CEO of American Express?","response":"After Kenneth I. Chenault retired as CEO of American Express in 2018, Stephen Squeri, a former Vice Chairman of the company, took over as CEO."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Was Katie Couric Paid?","response":"In 2006, Couric's salary was estimated to be $15 million a year, becoming CBS's highest-paid newscaster. Other high-paid female journalists include Diane Sawyer, Megyn Kelly, and Rachel Maddow."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does One Krugerrand Cost?","response":"Since a Krugerrand contains one ounce of pure gold, the price of one of these coins closely follows the market price of gold, which is quoted per-ounce."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Kaizen?","response":"Toyota is a famous example of a company using kaizen to sustain its success. Another commonly known example of kaizen in action involves Ford Motor Company, which embraced kaizen to cut the time it took to complete various manufacturing processes."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Better than the Kelly Criterion?","response":"While there are many investors who integrate the Kelly Criterion into successful moneymaking strategies, it is not foolproof and can lead to unexpected losses. Many investors have specific investment goals, such as saving for retirement, that are not well-served by seeking optimal returns. Some economists have argued that these constraints make the formula less suitable for many investors."}
+{"prompts":"Are New Zealand Dollars One of the Best Currencies To Trade?","response":"NZD is one of the most traded currencies in the world, making it a liquid currency in forex markets. New Zealand has a high FX turnover when compared to GDP due to international traders seeking yield, New Zealand having many companies and banks that are owned by international companies, resulting in currency swaps to minimize FX risk, export and imports being a large part of the New Zealand economy, and because New Zealand companies and organizations borrow heavily from international markets."}
+{"prompts":"Who Was Chester Keltner?","response":"The Keltner Channels were originally developed by market technician Chester Keltner in his 1960 book\u00a0How to Make Money in Commodities."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Knock-Out vs. a Knock-in Option?","response":"A knock-out option expires worthless if a certain price of an asset is reached. A knock-in option is the opposite. It is an option that becomes a regular option once a set price is achieved. If this price is not reached, it is almost as if the option never existed as it does not come into play."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Karl Marx's Main Theory?","response":"Karl Marx\u2019s theories on communism and capitalism formed the basis of Marxism. His key theories were a critique of capitalism and its shortcomings. Marx thought that the capitalistic system would inevitably destroy itself. The oppressed workers would become alienated and ultimately overthrow the owners to take control of the means of production themselves, ushering in a classless society."}
+{"prompts":"Who Uses Lorenz Curves?","response":"Government agencies are especially interested in Lorenz curves, especially for net worth and income distributions within their country. Lorenz curves inform governments of how public policy is working (or not working). It may also be an indicator of how a government should establish its tax brackets based on gaps or ranges of income."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Stock Lending?","response":"Stock lending is the lending of shares to another party for a fee as well as with interest charges. Stock lending is primarily done in short-sell trades where the seller doesn't own the stock but needs it for the trade. It can also be used for hedging and arbitrage trades."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is There a Last Mile Problem?","response":"In supply chain management, the last mile describes the difficult last part of the transportation of packages from hubs to their final destinations. Some of the problems of last-mile delivery include minimizing cost, ensuring transparency, increasing efficiency, and improving infrastructure.The very last part of the delivery process of a product\u2014from the last distribution center to the end customer\u2014tends to be the most difficult because it can be the most complicated and expensive."}
+{"prompts":"What is a Simple Explanation of the Law of Demand?","response":"The law of demand tells us that if more people want to buy something, given a limited supply, the price of that thing will be bid higher. Likewise, the higher the price of a good, the lower the quantity that will be purchased by consumers."}
+{"prompts":"Are LEAPS a Good Investment?","response":"LEAPS are simply long-date call or put options listed on stocks or indexes. As such, they will have higher initial premiums than shorter-dated options and lose value over time, all else equal. Like any investment, LEAPS will change in value - in the case of a call, it will rise and fall along with the underlying security (and for a put, inversely). For some investors, LEAPS may provide a more affordable way to take a long position than purchasing the actual stock."}
+{"prompts":"How Often Can the IRS Levy My Bank Account?","response":"There is no limit to the number of levies the IRS can place to collect unpaid taxes. However, the IRS can only levy up to 15% of Social Security benefits, and it cannot levy veterans' benefits. In addition, the IRS may release a levy if the lost funds would create an undue economic hardship."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Futures Contracts?","response":"Futures, or futures contracts, are agreements to purchase a certain commodity at a certain price at a predetermined date. They are used to lock in future income and reduce exposure to volatility."}
+{"prompts":"Why Should I Invest in a Landlocked Property?","response":"There are many reasons why a person would want to invest in a landlocked property. Landlocked properties are lower in value so they might be an entry point into an otherwise expensive neighborhood that would be out of the person's budget. If a landlocked property is next to a business or area of business that is likely to expand in the future, then holding onto a landlocked property and selling it in the future for a higher price when the business area expands is also another reason to purchase such property."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Limitations of the LCR?","response":"A limitation of the LCR is that it requires banks to hold more cash and might lead to fewer loans issued to consumers and businesses which could result in slower economic growth.\u00a0Another one is that it won't be known until the next financial crisis if the LCR provides banks with enough of a financial cushion to survive before governments and central banks could come to their rescue."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Simple Way to State the Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility?","response":"The law of diminishing marginal utility means that as you use or consume more of something, you will get less satisfaction from each additional unit of that thing."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Contingent Liability?","response":"A contingent liability is an obligation that might have to be paid in the future, but there are still unresolved matters that make it only a possibility and not a certainty.\u00a0Lawsuits and the threat of lawsuits are the most common contingent liabilities, but unused gift cards, product warranties, and recalls also fit into this category."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Average Life Expectancy in the US?","response":"The average lifespan at birth for a woman in the United States is 79.1 years as of 2021, according to the Centers for Disease Control. The average lifespan for men at birth was 73.2 years. This represents a decline from prior years, largely due to drug overdoses, accidents, and the COVID-19 pandemic. The overall life expectancy is 76.1 years."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the Lindahl Equilibrium Important?","response":"Although it's only theoretical, the Lindahl equilibrium can highlight the role that personal preferences may play in financing and the efficient allocation of resources. It can underscore for decision-makers the value of understanding how the public perceives what it is asked to pay for."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of the Loan Syndication Process?","response":"The main drawback to the loan syndication process is the amount of time it takes to get approved (or denied). That's because it can take a number of days (even weeks) to get approval and the syndicate together."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Lessor a Landlord?","response":"A lessor may be called a landlord. A lessor is a person or legal entity that owns a property and rents it out to a lessee, who in term pays the lessor to live in their property."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Residual Value?","response":"Residual value refers to what an asset is worth after it has been fully depreciated for accounting purposes. The item may still be saleable to another buyer, in which case the seller will recoup some of the item's expected lifetime cost. A car, for example, may still have some resale or trade-in value even if you've driven it for quite a few years."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Backdated Liability Coverage?","response":"Usually, you must have liability coverage in place when an event happens that results in a claim. Backdated liability insurance, however, is insurance that provides coverage for a claim that occurred before the insurance policy was purchased. These policies are uncommon and usually available only to businesses."}
+{"prompts":"Why Was Lehman Brothers Not Bailed Out?","response":"Regulators claimed they could not have rescued Lehman because it did not have adequate collateral to support a bailout loan under the Federal Reserve's emergency lending powers. Furthermore, the financial system was by then more fragile compared to when the Fed saved Bear Stearns. This was one reason why the government was not able to find a private-sector buyer for Lehman.Some have alternatively speculated that regulators wanted to make an example out of Lehman to show the cost of fiscal irresponsibility and excessive risk-taking on Wall St.; however, if true, this proved disastrous as contagion from Lehman's failure rippled throughout the global economy."}
+{"prompts":"Which Is Easier, LIFO or FIFO?","response":"They don't differ in complexity. You can find an online calculator for either or both from sites such as OMNI Calculator or the Corporate Finance Institute."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does a Last Will and Testament Cost?","response":"Cost depends on the nature of one's estate and how complex the process of designating beneficiaries may be. A basic will can be drafted for free by an individual on their own. Online will makers range from tens to hundreds of dollars depending on scope. Hiring a lawyer can cost hundreds to thousands of dollars."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Most Liquid Assets or Securities?","response":"Cash is the most liquid asset, followed by cash equivalents, which are things like money market accounts, certificates of deposit (CDs), or time deposits. Marketable securities, such as stocks and bonds listed on exchanges, are often very liquid and can be sold quickly via a broker. Gold coins and certain collectibles may also be readily sold for cash."}
+{"prompts":"What Do Labor Unions Do?","response":"Labor unions represent their members, collectively and individually.Negotiators for labor unions meet with negotiators for management to agree on pay, benefits, and working conditions for the workers they represent. The talks result in a contract that must receive the approval of the membership.From day to day, labor unions may represent individual workers who have grievances against their employers or who face firing or disciplinary action.They also have a role in ensuring that the terms of the contract between employees and employers are followed, usually through rank-and-file members who hold positions in the union."}
+{"prompts":"Is the U.S. in a Liquidity Trap Now?","response":"As of early 2023, the U.S. economy is experiencing inflation and rising interest rates. These may pose problems but not the kinds that can lead to a liquidity trap.By definition, a liquidity trap exists only during a period of very low interest rates. In other words, the central bank has forced lending rates down to very attractive levels, but consumers, businesses, and investors aren't responding. They're keeping their money in cash."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Is the Lifetime Learning Credit?","response":"The LLC is worth up to $2,000 or 20% of the first $10,000 of qualified education expenses, each tax year, depending on your MAGI."}
+{"prompts":"Who Issues Lis Pendens?","response":"Anyone who believes they have a claim on a property can file a lis pendens with the Clerk of Court in the county they live in. There must be a pending lawsuit for the lis pendens to be valid."}
+{"prompts":"Can a Company Be Delisted?","response":"Yes. If companies fail to pay annual fees or they can no longer meet the financial and liquidity requirements of an exchange, they can be delisted. Also, if share prices drop below a certain minimum, a company can be delisted. Once delisted from a particular exchange, investors won't be able to trade a company's stock on that exchange."}
+{"prompts":"Do Interest Rate Changes Impact Leveraged ETF Performance?","response":"For fixed-income LETFs, yes, since bond prices react to changes or expectations of changes in interest rates. For other LETFs, interest rates can significantly affect certain LETFs that use borrowed money or rate-sensitives derivatives instruments, so rising interest rates can increase borrowing costs, thus reducing returns. In addition, changes in interest rates can affect the sectors or assets they track, influencing their performance. For example, higher interest rates might negatively influence debt-heavy sectors, which in turn would affect LETFs tracking those sectors."}
+{"prompts":"What Does It Mean If a Company's LAE Increases Each Year?","response":"If a company's LAE increases each year, it could mean that management is overly aggressive in its financial reporting. Specifically, it might be habitually under-reserving for losses and overstating income."}
+{"prompts":"How Long After Being Laid Off Can I File for Unemployment?","response":"According to the U.S. Department of Labor, you should file for unemployment insurance benefits as soon as possible if you become unemployed. To be eligible for unemployment insurance, you must be laid off or fired through no fault of your own and meet certain wage and work requirements, such as the length of time you held your previous job. Some states have additional requirements."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens to My 401(k) After a Layoff?","response":"Depending on the size of your 401(k), you may be able to leave it with your former employer.It may be better to transfer the balance, either to a new employer or into an Individual Retirement Account (IRA).It is essential to transfer the balance through a direct transfer between financial institutions rather than allowing the administrator of your former employer's 401(k) plan to cut you a check. Otherwise, you could owe income taxes on the entire balance."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Line of Best Fit Used in Finance?","response":"For financial analysts, the method of estimating a line of best fit can help to quantify the relationship between two or more variables\u2014such as a stock\u2019s share price and its\u00a0earnings per share\u00a0(EPS). By performing this type of analysis investors often try to predict the future behavior of stock prices or other factors by extrapolating that line out in time."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of a Limited Partnership?","response":"Limited partnerships are ideal entities for raising capital for a particular investment or set of assets. They allow limited partners to invest while keeping their liability limited."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does It Take To Get a Legal Separation?","response":"The length of the separation process can vary depending on the state and the complexity of the agreement, but the process typically takes around six months to a year."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Intellectual Property?","response":"As the World International Property Organization, a United Nations agency, defines it, intellectual property refers to \u201ccreations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.\u201d The legal ownership of intellectual property is protected by trademarks, copyrights, and patents."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Leverage Ratio Calculated?","response":"There are various leverage ratios and each of them are calculated in different ways. In many cases, it involves dividing a company\u2019s debt by something else, such as shareholders equity, total capital, or EBITDA."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Leverage Ratio?","response":"That depends on the particular leverage ratio being used as well as the type of company. For example, capital-intensive industries rely more on debt than service-based firms, so they\u2019d expect to have more leverage. To gauge what is an acceptable level, look at leverage ratios across a certain industry. It\u2019s also worth remembering that little debt is not necessarily a good thing. Companies can use debt to deliver shareholders greater returns."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Land in Economics?","response":"In economics, land is considered a factor of production similar to labor as one of the crucial elements in creating goods and services. Land resources, specifically, are raw materials in the production process, such as trees, oil, and metals."}
+{"prompts":"What is underwriting?","response":"Underwriting refers to taking on risk in return for a fee. Part of the underwriting process is assessing the risk involved and setting the fee accordingly."}
+{"prompts":"What is marine insurance?","response":"One of the oldest forms of insurance, marine insurance can cover ships, their cargoes, and related risks. The hull of the Titanic, for example, was insured for a total of \u00a31 million, with multiple Lloyd\u2019s syndicates taking on portions of the policy."}
+{"prompts":"What Are PD and LGD?","response":"LGD is loss given default and refers to the amount of money a bank loses when a borrower defaults on a loan. PD is the probability of default, which measures the probability, or likelihood that a borrower will default on their loan."}
+{"prompts":"Do level death benefit policies charge lower premiums than those with increasing death benefits?","response":"Normally, yes. Insurance companies can charge less for a level death benefit policy because the insurer can more accurately forecast their future financial liability. The eventually payout for an increasing death benefit is less precise to anticipate."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Federalism Connected to the Idea of Limited Government?","response":"Federalism refers to a political system that delegates certain powers to local or provincial bodies. In a federalist system, local governments may have their own legislature, courts, tax authority, and other functions of government. In some cases, they may also have the power to secede from the central government."}
+{"prompts":"Who Came Up With the Idea of Limited Government?","response":"While the concept of limited government dates back to the Magna Carta, the idea was further developed by Enlightenment thinkers in the 17th and 18th centuries. The idea that government power requires the consent of the governed originates from John Locke.The concept of separating the government into three branches is attributed to Baron de Montesquieu, and the idea that the government should avoid intervening in commerce is frequently attributed to Adam Smith. Many of these ideas were later integrated into the American and French Revolutions."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Letter of Credit?","response":"Consider an exporter in an unstable economic climate, where credit may be more difficult to obtain. A bank could offer a buyer a letter of credit, available within two business days, in which the purchase would be guaranteed by the bank's branch. Because the bank and the exporter have an existing relationship, the bank is knowledgeable of the buyer's creditworthiness, assets, and financial status.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Do Traders Have Access to Level III Quotes?","response":"Level III quotes are used by institutions and registered\u00a0Nasdaq market\u00a0makers, who enter quotes, execute orders, and send out trade-related information. Level III quotes are not available to individual investors or traders but are reserved for those involved in executing customer orders."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Lot in Forex Trading?","response":"A lot in terms of options represents 100 shares of the underlying stock but forex is traded in micro (1,000 of base currency), mini (10,000 of base currency), and standard lots of 100,000."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Different Labor Categories?","response":"Labor is generally categorized into unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled. Unskilled labor is that which does not require any skill or education and that can be performed by almost anyone. Unskilled labor tends to focus on physical labor as opposed to mental labor. Semi-skilled labor requires some skills and education but not as much as skilled labor. Skilled labor requires extensive education, such as a college degree, with jobs that are in need of judgment, decision-making, and complex thought."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Layaway Plan Better Than Using a Credit Card?","response":"It depends. Credit cards allow you to own your purchase immediately and don\u2019t require a down payment to do so. Using them responsibly can build your credit score, which layaway plans usually don\u2019t do. Furthermore, credit cards come with rewards programs, unlike layaway plans.That said, layaway plans usually don\u2019t charge interest, while credit card interest rates can be quite high and mount quickly. And in the case of a default, with a credit card, your credit score will be damaged; with a layaway plan, it won\u2019t be affected. And of course, you need good credit to get a credit card but not to be eligible for a layaway plan.If you can pay your credit card bill in full every month, it is a better way to buy goods than a layaway plan is. If you can\u2019t, however, then layaway is probably the way to go."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Listed Company a Public Company?","response":"All listed companies are public companies by definition. That is, they are permitted to list shares of their stock for trading to the public on one of the exchanges. They have met the standards of the exchange and are regulated as public companies by the SEC."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens to the Employees and Shareholders of a Liquidated Company?","response":"When a company is liquidated, it ceases to operate and its employees will often lose their jobs. However, they are still often entitled to receive unpaid wages and other benefits owed to them by contract, which would be paid out of the proceeds of the liquidation. In some cases, employees may also be able to claim unemployment from the government while receiving these unpaid wages.When a company goes bankrupt, its creditors are repaid first from the liquidation proceeds, followed by preferred shareholders. Only after both of those categories are made whole will common-stock shareholders receive what\u2019s left. This is often pennies on the dollar, if anything at all."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Laissez-Faire?","response":"An economy would follow the principles of Laissez-Faire if it followed an approach where the government was not at all involved in the workings of the economy, business, or markets. Instead, the free market would regulate not only prices but also discipline producers to remain good actors. In reality, such an economy does not exist. All economies, even in countries with highly Libertarian values, have some degree of government regulation and intervention."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Get a Mortgage with Bad Credit?","response":"Getting a mortgage when you have bad credit is possible, but a larger down payment, mortgage insurance, and a higher interest rate will likely be required."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Larry Ellison\u2019s Charitable Causes?","response":"Ellison has donated hundreds of millions of dollars to medical research and education, including $200 million to the University of Southern California for a cancer treatment research center in 2016. He also signed the Giving Pledge in 2010, a campaign launched by Warren Buffett to encourage fellow billionaires to contribute most of their wealth to charitable causes."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a 70% LTV Mean?","response":"A 70% (0.70) loan-to-value (LTV) ratio indicates that the amount borrowed is equal to seventy percent of the value of the asset. In the case of a mortgage, it would mean that the borrower has come up with a 30% down payment and is financing the rest. For instance, a $500,000 property with a 70% LTV would have a $150,000 down payment and a $350,000 mortgage."}
+{"prompts":"How Is LTV Calculated?","response":"Loan-to-value (LTV) is calculated simply by taking the loan amount and dividing it by the value of the asset or collateral being borrowed against. In the case of a mortgage, this would be the mortgage amount divided by the property's value."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Ledger Balance and Available Balance?","response":"Ledger balance is the amount of money in your account that might not account for transactions made during the day, such as charges or deposits. The available balance is the ledger balance less transactions made during the day."}
+{"prompts":"What Companies Does the London Stock Exchange Group Own?","response":"Apart from the London Stock Exchange (LSE) itself, the LSEG also owns FTSE Russell, Refinitiv, and LCH Clearing."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens When the M2 Money Supply Increases?","response":"When there is more cash out there, more cash is spent. A little more can be good. A lot more can increase the risk of inflation. That's why the Federal Reserve constricts the money supply when the inflation rate rises\u2014it is trying to slow down spending to control the inflation rate."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Examples of Master Limited Partnerships?","response":"In general, master limited partnerships are companies that engage in the exploration, development, processing, or transportation of natural resources. They may also focus on real estate. An MLP could own and operate oil and gas pipelines. Or, it might focus on exploring for and producing crude oil. You could also find MLPs that gather and process natural gas."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection?","response":"Moral hazard is a phenomenon wherein being protected from the consequences of one\u2019s actions encourages additional risk-taking. Adverse selection refers to situations in which one party utilizes information they possess that another party doesn\u2019t to ensure a trade is in their favor.As an example, a moral hazard is the risk that an employee who is enrolled in their company\u2019s dental insurance plan may be less concerned about their oral hygiene, whereas someone who knowingly has a high-risk lifestyle is making an adverse selection by taking out a life insurance policy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Middle Market Private Equity?","response":"Middle market private equity refers to the sector of private equity businesses that invest in companies worth between $50 million and $500 million. Companies in this range tend to be well-established, without the risks of investing in a small startup."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Marginal Benefit?","response":"The marginal benefit can be calculated from the slope of the demand curve at that point. For example, if you want to know the marginal benefit of the nth unit of a certain product, you would take the slope of the demand curve at the point where current consumption is equal to n. "}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Tax Benefits of Depreciation?","response":"Depreciation\u00a0expenses lower the amount of income on which taxes are based, thereby reducing the amount of taxes owed. The benefit of accelerated depreciation is that you are getting a greater tax reduction in the earlier years of an asset's useful life."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Morbidity and Mortality?","response":"The term morbidity refers to the rate at which an illness or disease occurs in a population. Mortality rate is the rate of death in a population."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Write an MOU?","response":"Usually, a lawyer will draft an MOU. An MOU should clearly state the following: what parties are involved, the context of the agreement, the proposed date of when the agreement will become effective, the contact details of all relevant parties, the broad purpose of the agreement, and what each party is hoping to achieve, as well as a space for all necessary signatures."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Merchandising Entail?","response":"Essentially, merchandising is the promotion and sale of products. It often is used to mean retail sales itself in that its goal is to influence the buying decisions of consumers. However, it should not be confused with the sale itself. It is the process leading up to a sale. It includes the determination of quantities, setting prices for goods and services, creating display designs, developing marketing strategies, and establishing discounts or coupons."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Main Inputs for MRP?","response":"The three basic inputs of an MRP system include the Master Production Schedule (MPS), Inventory Status File (ISF), and Bill of Materials (BOM)."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between M0, M1, and M2?","response":"The U.S. money supply is reported in two main categories, M1 and M2. MO is included in both M1 and M2.MO is the total amount of paper money and coins in circulation, plus the current amount of central bank reserves.M1 is the most frequently reported headline number. It is MO plus money held in regular savings accounts and in travelers' checks.M2 is all of M1 plus money invested in short-term assets that mature in less than a year, like some certificates of deposit. "}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Market Segment?","response":"Consider a company that markets health and beauty products to both men and women. These products, such as razors or skin care, are typically more expensive for women than they are for men. The product packaging also differs\u2014products targeted to women having pinks and floral accents that align with gender stereotypes. On the other hand, the company's male-targeted products are characterized by more rugged blacks and greys.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Macro Environment?","response":"Political factors are an example of a macro-environmental force that can impact a business. These include laws or government regulations governing companies or the industry in which they operate.For example, a government can enact tariffs that increase the cost of an imported good a company needs to manufacture its products. Rather than paying the tariff, the company can look for a domestic source for these goods that is cheaper than the imported good. If they can't find a domestic source, they will have to purchase the more expensive imported goods. In many cases, the company will need to pass the additional cost on to the consumer in the form of increased product prices. This could reduce the company's revenue if sales decrease because of the company's higher prices."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Gross Lease, Modified Gross Lease and Net Lease?","response":"Gross lease is where the landlord pays for operating expenses, while a net lease means the tenant takes on the property expenses. A modified gross lease means that the operative expenses are borne by the tenant and the landlord."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Mission Statement?","response":"Microsoft's mission statement is: \"Our mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more.\""}
+{"prompts":"Are Mortgage Rates Going Up or Down in 2023?","response":"You and every economist in the country want the answer to this question, but one reliable source is Sam Khater, chief economist for the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp., also known as Freddie Mac.On June 15, 2023, Khater noted that mortgage rates had decreased slightly the previous week in anticipation of a pause in rate hikes by the Federal Reserve. He expects rates to continue to decline into next year.\"As inflation continues to decelerate, economic growth is slowing and the tightening cycle of monetary policy is reaching its apex, which means mortgage rates are expected to decrease later this year and into next,\" he said in a statement."}
+{"prompts":"Are Mortgage Rates Bad Right Now?","response":"Depends on your perspective. If you were around in 1980, or even 1990, the average 7.2% rate for mid-July 2023 looks pretty good to you. If you were house-shopping during the Great Recession that followed the 2008-2009 financial meltdown, the current rate looks high.In fact, mortgage rates stayed at a historically low level from the Great Recession through the height of the Covid pandemic.Now, rates have climbed back to a level that might be considered closer to normal."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Marketing So Important?","response":"Marketing is important for a few reasons. First, marketing campaigns may be the first time a customer interacts or is exposed to a company's product. A company has the opportunity to educate, promote, and encourage potential buyers.Marketing also helps shape the brand image a company wants to convey. For example, an outdoor camping gear company that wants to be known for its rugged, tough goods can embark on specific campaigns that embody these traits and make these emotions memorable to prospective customers."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Flat Tax?","response":"A flat tax, also known as a regressive tax, applies the same tax rate to every taxpayer regardless of income bracket. A flat tax typically applies the same tax rate to all taxpayers with no deductions or exemptions allowed. Most flat tax systems or proposals do not tax income from dividends, distributions, capital gains, or other investments."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Is a Medallion Stamp Good for?","response":"The Medallion stamp is valid for the date it is signed."}
+{"prompts":"What Is MLM, and Is It Legal?","response":"Broadly speaking, multilevel marketing is a sales structure where members of a company are encouraged to recruit new members. Once recruited, this salesperson receives a cut of their recruiter's sales. At the same time, each salesperson profits from the sale of a given product. MLMs are often legal, legitimate businesses whose distributors earn money from the sale of actual products and from commissions on products sold by distributors that they recruit."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Marketing Plan Template?","response":"A marketing plan template is a document that an individual can use to create a marketing plan. The marketing plan template will contain all the important elements and the various needed language with blank sections. A user can insert their own information related to their business in the blank sections to ultimately create their own marketing plan."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Bottom-Up Marketing Strategy?","response":"A bottom-up marketing strategy focuses on discovering a workable strategy and then building on that strategy to create an impactful advertising campaign. Today's consumer wants to relate to a product or service in a meaningful way and a bottom-up marketing strategy is better suited to this. A bottom-up marketing strategy should focus on the target market and how better to create value for them."}
+{"prompts":"Is inflation a market risk?","response":"Inflation can contribute to market risk by impacting business performance, consumer behavior, and investor confidence. Monetary policy may be used to counter inflation through higher interest rates, which can in turn lead to a recession, causing the entire market to slow down.This is different from inflationary risk, or the possibility that the rising prices caused by inflation could outpace the returns from your investment.Inflationary risk is not a specific type of market risk because it doesn\u2019t impact the overall performance of financial markets. However, it is a type of investing risk. Diversification, investing early to take advantage of compound interest, and investing more aggressively when you are younger can all help minimize inflationary risk."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Withdraw Money From a Money Purchase Plan?","response":"Like other retirement plans, withdrawals before age 59-1\/2 will incur a penalty. After retirement age, money can be distributed as a lump sum or as an annuity."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Price Competition?","response":"Consider the way that a consumer might shop for fruits and vegetables. They may browse produce sectinos at grocery stores, farmer's markets, superstores, and discount retailers across their city. Because there are many firms that sell produce, there will be some that set lower prices than others to entice shoppers. This is a form of price competition."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Avoid Paying Mortgage Insurance?","response":"If you don't want to pay private mortgage insurance when you borrow funds for a new home, you'll need to put down at least 20%. Depending on the lender, you might also be able to avoid PMI by choosing a mortgage with a higher interest rate that compensates the lender for the additional risk. However, some loans, such as FHA loans, will require mortgage insurance premiums regardless of the equity you hold in the home."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an SPAC Merger?","response":"A special-purpose acquisition company (SPAC) merger generally occurs when a publicly traded SPAC uses the public markets to raise capital to buy an operating company. The operating company merges with an SPAC and becomes a publicly-listed company."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Manufacturing?","response":"Manufacturing is the process of converting a raw material into a finished, tangible product. Manufacturing entails making a process efficient as it converts specific resources into a different resource, often to be sold to a customer."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Indexes Useful to Investors?","response":"Indexes provide investors with a simplified snapshot of a large market sector, without having to examine every single asset in that index. For example, it would be impractical for an ordinary investor to study hundreds of different stock prices in order to understand the changing fortunes of different technology companies; however, a sector-wide index like the NASDAQ-100 Technology Sector Index can show the average trend for the sector."}
+{"prompts":"How Does M&A Activity Affect Shareholders?","response":"Generally speaking, in the days leading up to a merger or acquisition, shareholders of the acquiring firm will see a temporary drop in share value. At the same time, shares in the\u00a0target firm\u00a0typically experience a rise in value. This is often due to the fact that the acquiring firm will need to spend capital to acquire the target firm at a premium to the pre-takeover share prices.After a merger or acquisition officially takes effect, the stock price usually exceeds the value of each underlying company during its pre-takeover stage. In the absence of unfavorable\u00a0economic conditions, shareholders of the merged company usually experience favorable long-term performance and dividends.Note that the shareholders of both companies may experience a\u00a0dilution\u00a0of voting power due to the increased number of shares released during the merger process. This phenomenon is prominent in\u00a0stock-for-stock mergers, when the new company offers its shares in exchange for shares in the target company, at an agreed-upon\u00a0conversion rate. Shareholders of the acquiring company experience a marginal loss of voting power, while shareholders of a smaller target company may see a significant erosion of their voting powers in the relatively larger pool of stakeholders."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Modified Endowment Contract a Good Thing?","response":"Generally speaking, converting a life insurance policy to an MEC isn't good. This is because the MEC loses many of its prior tax advantages in place when it was classified as life insurance. However, purposefully creating an MEC can be an estate planning tool under certain circumstances."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Lose Money in the Money Market?","response":"For depositors, most money market accounts are insured by the FDIC up to $250,000 per institution. Because money market instruments are very low risk, there is virtually no chance you will lose your money by owning a CD or T-bill either. During periods of extreme financial stress, for example, during the height of the 2008 financial crisis, some money market funds did \"break the buck\" and briefly incur losses, but this was quickly corrected."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of MSCI?","response":"MSCI provides tools to support and inform the investment industry. The firm provides research, data, and tools to help clients analyze and invest in different global markets. MSCI is also known for its stock indexes, which are used as benchmarks for funds tracking different global markets."}
+{"prompts":"How Many Stocks Are In the MSCI World?","response":"The MSCI All Country World Index includes nearly 3,000 stocks from 47 markets. It includes both developed and emerging markets around the world."}
+{"prompts":"What Makes a Corporation Multinational?","response":"A multinational corporation has business offices and operations in two or more countries. These companies are often managed from a central office headquartered in the home country. Simply exporting goods for sale abroad does not make a business a multinational company."}
+{"prompts":"How Reliable Are Morningstar Ratings?","response":"While star ratings provide an easy heuristic for measuring risk-adjusted return in the past, they tend to be relatively poor predictors of future performance. A research study by Vanguard found that Morningstar ratings did not predict a profitable investment relative to a fund's benchmark. Moreover, the study found that one-star funds had the greatest excess returns of all compared to their benchmarks."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Margin of Safety in Dollars?","response":"The margin of safety in dollars is calculated as current sales minus breakeven sales.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Standard Deduction for Married Filing Jointly?","response":"The standard deduction for married couples filing jointly in the 2023 tax year is $27,700. This is the amount that is not subject to taxation. This threshold increases to $29,200 in 2024."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Management Buyouts Work?","response":"Management buyouts work when one or more members of a company's management team want to buy the operations from the owner(s). The goal is to take the company private to help it grow and succeed. These buyouts are typically funded with one or more types of financing, including debt and equity."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Use Market Sentiment Indicators To Predict Stock Market Crashes?","response":"Market sentiment indicators like the VIX can help decipher the mood and expectations of investors, but they are not foolproof for predicting market crashes. These indicators reflect current or short-term expectations of volatility but cannot account for unforeseen events or long-term economic trends."}
+{"prompts":"Which Countries Have a Mixed Economy?","response":"Countries that have a mixed economy include the United States, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Iceland, and India."}
+{"prompts":"What Factors Are Evaluated in a Monte Carlo Simulation?","response":"A Monte Carlo simulation in investing is based on historical price data on the asset or assets being evaluated.The building blocks of the simulation, derived from the historical data, are drift, standard deviation, variance, and average price movement."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Disadvantages of an MBA?","response":"Obtaining an MBA is considered a very strenuous endeavor. For starters, MBAs are usually more difficult to get into. Candidates may find it demanding to compile a resume impressive enough to be accepted into their goal program. MBA programs may also be expensive. Not only is there is a considerable financial burden, MBA candidates may have to scale back or step away from work as they pursue their degree. Though an MBA carries substantial long-term value, there are several short-term hurdles a candidate must overcome."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the M1 Money Supply Affect Inflation?","response":"As the Federal Reserve increases the money supply, money is easier to come by. Debt usually costs less, or tax breaks approved by the Federal government may reduce tax liabilities. As a result, consumers have more capital available to spend. An unfortunate downside of increasing the money supply is that the demand for goods broadly increases as consumers have greater purchasing power. As a result, prices for good broadly tend to increase. For example, when the cost of debt is low and the money supply increases, the cost of taking a home mortgage (i.e. mortgage rates) are low, thus applying upward pressure on housing prices."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Monetary Base and Money Supply?","response":"A country's monetary base includes any currency in circulation as well as money held in reserves at banks and with the central bank. The money supply of a country, on the other hand, refers to the total amount of money in circulation. This includes banknotes, coins, and money held by consumers at bank accounts."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Verify Material Participation?","response":"Taxpayers need to keep records of the number of hours of material participation in an activity, and be able to provide written evidence if need be. Tasks an investor might typically undertake, like reviewing stock charts, would not meet the participation burden, unless that taxpayer was substantially involved in the management of a particular activity."}
+{"prompts":"Is Poverty a Market Failure?","response":"Poverty is considered to be a result of market failure. When a recession hits, the poverty rate increases because employees lose their jobs or lose working hours, which results in no income or less income. Inequality, which is a component of market failure, can eventually lead to poverty when wealth is not distributed equally throughout society. This can be remedied with government intervention, such as by taxing the wealthy more or incorporating subsidies for those below the poverty level."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Marketing Strategy Look Like?","response":"A marketing strategy will detail the advertising, outreach, and public relations campaigns\u00a0to be carried out by a firm, including how the company will measure the effect of these initiatives.They will typically follow the four Ps. The functions and components of a marketing plan include market research to support pricing decisions and new market entries, tailored messaging\u00a0that targets certain demographics and geographic areas, and platform selection for product and service promotion\u2014digital, radio, Internet, trade magazines,\u00a0and the mix of those platforms for each campaign, and metrics that measure the results of marketing efforts and their reporting timelines."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the General Terms of a Microfinance Loan?","response":"Like conventional lenders, microfinanciers must charge interest on loans, and they institute specific repayment plans with payments due at regular intervals. Some lenders require loan recipients to set aside a part of their income in a savings account, which can be used as insurance if the customer defaults. If the borrower repays the loan successfully, then they have gained accrued extra savings.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Market Penetration and Market Share?","response":"Though both terms are used interchangeably, market penetration and market share are different. Market penetration is often used to describe just the percentage of target audience a company sells to, while market share takes a more holistic approach and looks at the percentage of the total addressable market a company sells to."}
+{"prompts":"What does marginal propensity to save (MPS) describe?","response":"Marginal propensity to save (MPS) refers to the amount of a raise in income that a person saves as opposed to spends."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Benefits of Make to Stock?","response":"One of main benefits of the make to stock (MTS) production strategy is the ability to produce inventory based on anticipated consumer demand. MTS allows a company to avoid having to much or too little inventory."}
+{"prompts":"When Should a Business Shut Down, When Considering Marginal Profit?","response":"If marginal profit is negative at all levels of production, the firm's best course of action is probably to cease all production for the time being, rather than keep producing units at a loss."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Fixed vs. Variable Mean on a Mortgage?","response":"Many mortgages carry a fixed interest rate. This means that the rate will not change for the entire term of the mortgage\u2014typically 15 or 30 years\u2014even if interest rates rise or fall in the future. A variable- or adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) has an interest rate that fluctuates over the loan\u2019s life based on what interest rates are doing."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between MAGI and AGI?","response":"Your modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) is your adjusted gross income (AGI) plus additional items such as student loan interest, qualified education expenses, passive income or losses, IRA contributions, and foreign income, among others."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Monetary Aggregates Important?","response":"They're important to the Fed, policymakers, economists, and investors, because they can signal potential for slowing economic growth, inflation, deflation, unemployment, and recession."}
+{"prompts":"What Criteria Do Lenders Use to Calculate the Maximum Loan Amount?","response":"Lenders will consider several factors including credit score, debt-to-income ratio, the purpose of the loan, the type of loan, and more. In general, the lower your debt-to-income ratio and the higher your credit score, the higher you can expect the maximum loan amount to be."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Marginal Cost?","response":"Marginal cost is the cost to produce one additional unit of production. It is an important concept in cost accounting as marginal cost helps determine the most efficient level of production for a manufacturing process. It is calculated by determining what expenses are incurred if only one additional unit is manufactured."}
+{"prompts":"When Are the Mean and Median Different?","response":"In a skewed data set, the mean and median will typically be different. The mean is calculated by adding up all of the values in the data and dividing by the number of observations. If there are sizable outliers, or if the data clumps around certain values, the mean (average) will not be the midpoint of the data.For instance, in a set of data {0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 10, 10} the average would be 24\/8 = 3. The median, however, would be 1 (the midpoint value).This is why many economists favor the median for reporting a nation's income or wealth, since it is more representative of the actual income distribution."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between an Exempt Employee and a Non-Exempt Employee?","response":"The difference between an exempt employee and a non-exempt employee is that non-exempt employees are entitled to overtime pay. Exempt employees, on the other hand, do not qualify for overtime pay."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Covered Call Differ from a Naked Call?","response":"A covered call strategy involves selling call options while simultaneously owning an equal number of shares in the underlying asset. This approach is considered safer than selling naked calls because the potential losses are offset by gains in the owned shares if the stock price rises. The primary goal of a covered call is to generate income through the premiums received, with the security of owning the underlying asset to cover the obligation if the option is exercised."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Neoliberalism in Simple Terms?","response":"It's an economic model or philosophy that emphasizes that, in a free society, greater economic and social progress can be made when government regulation is minimized, government spending and taxes are reduced, and the government doesn't have strict control over the economy. Neoliberalism does not oppose all government intervention. However, it does wish to see it limited to only when it's necessary to support free markets and free enterprise."}
+{"prompts":"Are Non-Competes Really Enforceable?","response":"State laws differ on the legality and enforceability of non-competes. The law firm Beck Reed Riden LLP has surveyed states and compiled a list of their stances on non-compete agreements, protected interests, standards, and exemptions."}
+{"prompts":"How Old Is India's NSE?","response":"The NSE was established in 1992 but didn't commence operations until 1994."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the NSE's Purpose?","response":"The exchange believes its purpose is to improve the financial well-being of people. Key characteristics are reliability, expertise, innovation and trust."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Flaws In Natural Law Theory?","response":"Since natural law assumes universalizing rules, it does not account for the fact that different people or different cultures may view the world differently. For instance, if people interpret differently what it means for something to be fair or just, the results will differ."}
+{"prompts":"Are Non-Executive Directors Compensated?","response":"Most non-executive directors are compensated for their time. Compensation can be through fees, equity, or cash. Their compensation can be high because of their experience and connections within their respective industries."}
+{"prompts":"Should NFC Be on or Off?","response":"Because NFC draws battery power, and because it could pose potential security risks such as digital pickpocketing, NFC should usually be turned off when not in use."}
+{"prompts":"What was the Housing Act of 1949?","response":"The Housing Act of 1949 was passed to help address the decline of urban housing following the post-World War II exodus to the suburbs. A part of the Harry Truman administration\u2019s \u201cFair Deal,\u201d it provided governance over how government financial resources would shape the growth of American cities, specifically by increasing the FHA\u2019s mortgage insurance\u2014thus making home financing and homeownership more widespread\u2014and providing federal funds for slum clearance and public housing projects, committing the government to build 810,000 new units.The consensus is that the act mostly failed, in part because large-scale slum clearance proved a crude and largely unworkable redevelopment method. Urban renewal also failed because concerns over social equity, such as where to house dislocated people, were inadequately addressed. Twenty-five years after the act\u2019s passage, many observers concluded that public housing and urban renewal programs were fostering the slums and blight that they were meant to eradicate.However, the act\u2019s homeownership goals were, by and large, met successfully: Expanding FHA authorization did make it easier for many Americans to own homes\u2014although FHA guidelines did still discriminate against non-White borrowers."}
+{"prompts":"What Is NAVPS?","response":"The net asset value per share (NAVPS) of a fund is reported with its price quote with a broker or online financial portal. This value differs slightly from the fund's actual market price since NAVPS is calculated once per day, while the assets held by a fund may change in price throughout the day."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Natural vs. Cyclical Unemployment?","response":"The cyclical unemployment rate is the difference between the natural unemployment rate and the current rate of unemployment as defined by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics."}
+{"prompts":"Is Net Income Before Taxes or After?","response":"Net income is what a business or individual makes after taxes, deductions, and other expenses are taken out, In business, net income is what a company has left after all expenses are subtracted, including taxes, wages, and the cost of goods."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Good to Invest in an NFO?","response":"While investing in an NFO may present an opportunity for large profits, investors should be wary of investing their money into a fund with no proven track record of success."}
+{"prompts":"Can a company with positive revenues still have a net loss?","response":"Yes, even if a company has a large volume of sales, it can still end up losing money if the cost of goods or other expenses related to those sales (e.g., marketing) are too high. Other factors like taxes, interest expenses, depreciation and amortization, and one-time charges like a lawsuit can also take a company from a profit to a net loss."}
+{"prompts":"Who Pays Net Premium?","response":"Policyholders pay the insurance premiums. The pricing is based on them being either individuals or part of a group. The premiums paid are the costs associated with purchasing insurance for an individual or business."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Premium Tax Credit?","response":"A premium tax credit (PTC) is a credit available to families that helps them pay for premiums for health insurance bought through the Health Insurance Marketplace. It is a refundable credit."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does It Cost to Be a Notary?","response":"The fees to be a notary vary by state. In some states, notaries are required to recertify, adding to the costs. They also must buy their seal."}
+{"prompts":"What Does N.V. Stand For?","response":"N.V. stands for Naamloze Vennootschap, which is a public limited company in the Netherlands and other Dutch-influenced countries. The term Naamloze Vennootschap translates to nameless venture."}
+{"prompts":"Do REITs Do Well During a Recession?","response":"A REIT can perform well during a recession if it invests in real estate holdings that are not affected by the market downturn. Some areas of real estate can outperform the general market during a recession. But REITs would underperform compared to a market index (such as the S&P500) if a recession hit the real estate sector particularly hard."}
+{"prompts":"Should I Invest in a Mutual Fund With a High NAVPS?","response":"Some investors may incorrectly believe that a high NAVPS means it is too expensive and will provide a poor return on investment. However, mutual funds with both high and low NAVPS can perform well because the NAVPS is not an indicator of the performance of the fund.The NAVPS is simply the dollar amount per unit. If you have $20,000 to invest, you could receive 200 units of a mutual fund with a NAVPS of $100 or 100 units of a mutual fund with a NAVPS of $200."}
+{"prompts":"How Did Canada Benefit From NAFTA?","response":"After NAFTA went into full effect, U.S. and Mexican investments in Canada tripled. U.S. investment alone\u00a0grew from $70 billion in 1993 to more than $368 billion in 2013."}
+{"prompts":"When Is a Loan Issued as Non-Recourse?","response":"Whether a debt is a recourse or nonrecourse loan often depends on state law.Some states may require that all mortgages are nonrecourse debt and in the instance of a default, lenders cannot pursue a deficiency judgment after collateral has been seized."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Net Profit Margin Important?","response":"Net profit margin is perhaps the most important measure of a company\u2019s overall profitability. It is the ratio of net profits to\u00a0revenues\u00a0for a company or business segment. Expressed as a percentage, the net profit\u00a0margin\u00a0shows how much profit is generated from every $1 in sales, after accounting for all business expenses involved in earning those revenues. Larger profit margins mean that more of every dollar in sales is kept as profit."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Negative Assurance Mean?","response":"Negative assurance\u00a0refers to the level of certainty that something is accurate because no proof to the contrary is present. In other words, since there is no proof that the information is inaccurate or that deceptive practices (e.g., fraud) occurred, it is presumed to be accurate."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Net Present Value Important?","response":"Net present value is important because it allows businesses and investors to assess the profitability of a project or investment, taking into account the cost of capital and the expected rate of return. By discounting future cash flows to their present value, NPV helps in making informed choices, ensuring that undertaken projects contribute positively to the overall financial health and growth."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between NPV and Internal Rate of Return (IRR)?","response":"NPV and internal rate of return (IRR) are closely related concepts, in that the IRR of an investment is the discount rate that would cause that investment to have an NPV of zero. Another way of thinking about the differences is that they are both trying to answer two separate but related questions about an investment. For NPV, the question is, \u201cWhat is the total amount of money I will make if I proceed with this investment, after taking into account the time value of money?\u201d For IRR, the question is, \u201cIf I proceed with this investment, what would be the equivalent annual rate of return that I would receive?\u201d"}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does Early Retirement Affect Social Security Benefits?","response":"You can take Social Security benefits as early as age 62 but doing so will permanently reduce your benefits to 70% of what you would have received at full retirement age."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Net Interest Income Mean?","response":"Net interest income is the difference between the revenue a bank earns from its interest-bearing assets and the expenses of its interest-bearing liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Numismatic Gold?","response":"Numismatic gold refers to collectible gold coins that hold more value than the spot or current market price of gold. The increased value is largely due to rarity, age, and other factors."}
+{"prompts":"Who Has the Biggest Coin Collection?","response":"The Smithsonian Collection is revered as the biggest coin collection in the United States and one of the largest in the world, with more than 1.6 million objects in its collection."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Non-Negotiable Documents?","response":"Non-negotiable documents are contracts that are issued to a single owner. They cannot be readily transferred to another owner.For example, U.S. government savings bonds are non-negotiable, meaning they can only be cashed by the owner of the bond."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Investors Care More About Real Interest Rates?","response":"To avoid purchasing power erosion through inflation, investors consider the real interest rate, rather than the nominal rate. One way to estimate the real rate of return in the United States is to observe the interest rates on Treasury Inflation-Protected Securities (TIPS). The difference between the yield on a Treasury bond and the yield on TIPS of the same maturity provides an estimate of inflation expectations in the economy."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate the Effective Rate If Nominal Rate Is Known?","response":"The effective rate, which factors in compounding, can be calculated from the nominal rate which is often the rate that is stated. The formula for effective interest rate (e) is:e = (1 + n\/m)^m - 1(where n = nominal rate and m = number of compounding periods)"}
+{"prompts":"What Is Cost Basis for an Investment?","response":"Cost basis is the original purchase price for an asset, and it is used to calculate the profit or loss that a taxpayer gets from selling that asset. For investments, the cost basis of a security may be adjusted due to stock splits, dividends, and other corporate actions."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Normative Statement in Economics?","response":"In economics, normative statements are those that state a value judgment or preference on one outcome over another. Statements on how to prevent certain tragedies, raise wages or otherwise improve conditions are considered normative statements."}
+{"prompts":"What Makes Up the Nasdaq 100?","response":"The Nasdaq 100 is made up of the 100 largest companies by modified market cap that trade on Nasdaq exchanges in the basic materials, consumer discretionary, consumer staples, healthcare, industrials, technology, telecommunications, and utilities sectors."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Notch in Bond Rating?","response":"In bond trading, a notch is a measure of the difference in credit risk between two bonds, usually issued by the same issuer. It is calculated by taking the difference in the credit ratings of the two bonds and expressing it in terms of notches. For example, if one bond has a credit rating of A- and another bond has a credit rating of BBB+, the difference in credit risk between the two bonds would be expressed as one notch."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Statistical Hypotheses Tested?","response":"Statistical hypotheses are tested by a four-step process. The first step is for the analyst to state the two hypotheses so that only one can be right. The next step is to formulate an analysis plan, which outlines how the data will be evaluated. The third step is to carry out the plan and physically analyze the sample data. The fourth and final step is to analyze the results and either reject the null hypothesis or claim that the observed differences are explainable by chance alone."}
+{"prompts":"Is the U.S. Dollar Stronger Than the Norwegian Krone?","response":"The U.S. dollar is stronger than the Norwegian Krone and has steadily strengthened against it since 2015. This is likely due to changes in the respective interest rates between the two countries, fluctuations in the price of oil, and the weakening of the Eurozone economy."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Norwegian Krone to USD Exchange Rate?","response":"One U.S. dollar is equal to 9.77 Norwegian Krone (NOK) as of August 23, 2022."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Norwegian Krone a Good Investment?","response":"Although the Norwegian Krone (NOK) is generally considered a safe and reliable currency, it falls to each individual investor to decide whether it is worth investing in."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Advance Fee Scam?","response":"An advance fee scam happens when a victim pays money to a fraudster who has promised something of greater value in return\u2014such as a gift, contract, loan, or investment. The victim, of course, receives little or nothing, even if they cooperate with the scammer's demands. The Nigerian letter scam is an example of an advance fee scam because the victim is promised a cut of a large sum of money in exchange for providing banking details and making upfront payments."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between the Official Settlement Account and a Country's Exchange Rate Policy?","response":"OSAs play a key role in implementing a country's exchange rate policy. If the national currency is depreciating, the central bank can use foreign currency reserves to purchase its own currency, which increases demand and can help strengthen the exchange rate. Conversely, if the currency is appreciating too much and impacting exports, the central bank can sell foreign currency to weaken the exchange rate."}
+{"prompts":"Do Seniors Get Exemptions on the Sale of Their Homes?","response":"Seniors, along with anyone, can receive a tax exemption on the amount of money they earn from selling their home if they meet specific criteria, such as having owned and lived in their home for two years before they sold."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Offshore Banking Units Handle Anti-Money Laundering and Know Your Customer Regulations?","response":"Offshore banking units handle AML and KYC regulations through robust policies, conducting thorough customer due diligence, monitoring transactions, reporting suspicious activities, and ensuring ongoing compliance with regulatory requirements to prevent money laundering and illicit financing."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Deferred Compensation Work?","response":"With deferred compensation, the plan withholds a portion of your pay until a specific date, usually when you retire. It is part of your salary that is not paid or taxed until the future. Deferred compensation is usually used as an incentive to hold onto key employees."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Interest OID?","response":"OID is a form of interest on a debt instrument such as a bond or note issued at less than its face amount. A debt instrument generally has a discount when it's issued for a price less than its stated redemption price at maturity. For tax purposes, this interest is considered income."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is an Organizational Chart Important?","response":"Org charts depict an organization's hierarchy, which can clearly identify seniority and lines of authority that ought to be followed. It can also show which roles are responsible for what tasks, divisions, departments, or regions. This can remove ambiguity and improve communication."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do Out of the Money Options Have Value Prior to Expiration?","response":"Out of the money options still have time (extrinsic) value. This is because there is some probability that the option will finish in the money come expiration. Thus, the longer until expiration, the more valuable an out of the money will be, all else equal, since with more time, there are more chances for the underlying to move favorably."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Main Goals of OPEC?","response":"OPEC's main goal is to maintain oil prices at a profitable level for its members while keeping the market as free as possible from restrictions. The organization ensures its members receive a steady stream of income from an uninterrupted supply of oil."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Levels of Organizational Behavior?","response":"The first is the individual level, which involves organizational psychology and understanding human behavior and incentives. The second level is groups, which involves social psychology and sociological insights into human interaction and group dynamics. The top-level is the organizational level, where organization theory and sociology come into play to undertake systems-level analyses and the study of how firms engage with one another in the marketplace."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Operating Cash Flow Ratio?","response":"The operating cash flow ratio represents a company's ability to pay its debts with its existing cash flows. It is determined by dividing operating cash flow by current liabilities. A ratio greater than 1.0 indicates that a company is in a strong position to pay its debts without incurring additional liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the 10 a.m. Rule?","response":"Some traders follow something called the \"10 a.m. rule.\" The stock market opens for trading at 9:30 a.m., and the time between 9:30 a.m. and 10 a.m. often has significant trading volume. Traders that follow the 10 a.m. rule think a stock's price trajectory is relatively set for the day by the end of that half-hour. For example, if a stock closed at $40 the previous day, opened at $42 the next, and reached $43 by 10 a.m., this would indicate that the stock is likely to remain above $42 by market close."}
+{"prompts":"Are There Strategies For Trading Based on the Closing Price of a Stock?","response":"Yes, several strategies are used that focus on the closing price of a stock. The closing price\u2014the last price at which a stock trades during a regular session\u2014is the focus of the end-of-day trading strategies, which involves deciding trades based on the price moves at the end of the trading day. Traders look for signals from the closing price to predict the next day's market direction. A prominent method is the closing price reversion strategy, where, if a stock's closing price deviates significantly from its historical average, traders try to profit should it revert to the mean. Closing price breakout strategies involve looking for stocks whose closing prices have broken out of a particular range. For instance, a breakout above a resistance level could indicate a bullish trend."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Market Capitalization?","response":"Market capitalization refers to the total dollar value of a company's outstanding shares. You can easily calculate this figure by multiplying the price of one share by the total number of shares outstanding."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Biggest Crypto Ponzi Schemes?","response":"There have been a number of other big Ponzi schemes in addition to OneCoin, the biggest crypto scheme ever. Bitconnect was exposed in 2018, ultimately crashing\u00a0and causing its investors to lose $3.5 billion. PlusToken scammed investors until 2019, when it was closed down, after costing investors over $3 billion. GainBitcoin was an India-based coin that robbed investors of over $300 million before it closed down. Mining Max scammed investors out of $250 million until authorities shut it down in 2021."}
+{"prompts":"Is the OTC Market Safe?","response":"The OTC market is generally considered risky due to lenient reporting requirements and lower transparency associated with these securities. Many stocks that trade OTC have a lower share price and may be highly volatile. While some stocks in the OTC market are eventually listed on the major exchanges, other OTC stocks fail."}
+{"prompts":"Are Offshore Accounts Legal?","response":"Offshore accounts are perfectly legal, as long as they are not used for illicit purposes. But keep in mind, though, that hiding your offshore assets is illegal. This means you must report any and all offshore accounts you hold to your country's taxing authority."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Bank Rate the Same as the Overnight Rate?","response":"No, the bank rate and the overnight rate are not the same. The bank rate is also known as the discount rate, which is the rate that banks can borrow from the central bank. The overnight rate, also known as the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks can borrow from one another."}
+{"prompts":"How Useful Is Okun\u2019s Law?","response":"While most economists accept the relationship between employment and output, there have been many periods where observed data departed from the predictions of the model. A review by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City found that the relationship between unemployment and productivity tends to be unstable over longer time horizons, although Okun's law may still be useful to policymakers so long as they take these instabilities into account."}
+{"prompts":"What Is On-Chain Governance?","response":"On-chain governance is a blockchain voting system that grants stakeholders the ability and right to vote on and affect the outcomes of decisions about a blockchain's future."}
+{"prompts":"When Is the Deadline to Submit an Order for the Opening Cross?","response":"Orders for the Opening Cross should be submitted before 9:28 a.m. Orders submitted after 9:28 a.m. are considered late regular-hours orders and treated as imbalance-only orders. Buy orders only execute at or below the 9:30 a.m. ask, while sell orders execute at or above the 9:30 a.m. bid price. These orders help add liquidity during the Opening Cross."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 5 Levels of Risk?","response":"Companies often gauge risk by determining whether it is highly likely, likely, possible, unlikely, or highly unlikely an event will occur. Highly likely is often assigned a percentage of greater than 90%, while likely includes a range that is always above 50%. Management uses these percentages to determine the best course of action when evaluating the cost of mitigation against the cost of a detrimental outcome."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Best Organizational Structure?","response":"There is no one best organizational structure, as it depends on the nature of the company and the industry it operates in."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Borrower the Obligor?","response":"In cases of debt, the borrower or the one with the debt is the obligor. They have an obligation to pay the lender or bond issuer, or the obligee. In other cases, an obligor may not have a debt to an obligee, but they may be responsible for paying them, such as in cases of child support."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Mean in Cars?","response":"In the auto repair industry, OEM parts are those products used by a car manufacturer. Aftermarket parts are made by a third-party manufacturer but may be compatible with the same vehicles."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) Mean in Software?","response":"In computer and electronics sales, OEM refers to the software or hardware pre-installed on a new computer or device."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Worth Paying for OEM Parts?","response":"OEM parts tend to be more expensive than third-party manufacturers but are made to a more exact set of specifications. Some third-party products are considered as reliable as OEM parts, and others may be significantly cheaper. When searching for replacements, consumers should research different brands to determine which manufacturer offers the best combination of price and quality."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Use Online Banking to Pay Bills?","response":"You can use online banking to pay bills by logging into your online banking account to arrange bill payments electronically or by check. Online bill pay is a simple way to take care of your bills and help ensure you're always on time with payment by setting up automatic payments. It works especially well for bills with regular, set amounts, such as a mortgage payment, insurance premium, or car payment.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Who Runs OTCM?","response":"OTCM is run by itself. It is a publicly-traded company that is headquartered in New York. The President and CEO is Cromwell Coulson."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Overnight Trading Strategy?","response":"One overnight trading strategy is to place orders just before the market closes and hold the position until the market opens the next day. Other traders use overnight trading to take advantage of market changes that occur after the markets close. However, keep in mind that overnight trading carries additional risks due to decreased volume, including lower liquidity and increased volatility. So it's important to manage those risks as well as you can."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Outsourcing?","response":"First seen as a formal business strategy in 1989, outsourcing is the process of hiring third parties to conduct services that were typically performed by the company. Often, outsourcing is used so that a company can focus on its core operations. It is also used to cut costs on labor, among others. While privacy has been a recent area of controversy for outsourcing contractors, it has also drawn criticism for its impact on the labor market in domestic economies."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Outsourcing?","response":"Consider a bank that outsources its customer service operations. Here, all customer-facing inquiries or complaints with concern to its online banking service would be handled by a third party. While choosing to outsource some business operations is often a complex decision, the bank determined that it would prove to be the most effective allocation of capital, given both consumer demand, the specialty of the third-party, and cost-saving attributes.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Much Are Origination Points Usually?","response":"Origination points on residential mortgages tend to be between 0.50% and 1.50%, with 1.00% being the industry average."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Operating Profit Tell You?","response":"Operating profit is a useful and accurate indicator of a business's health because it removes any irrelevant factor from the calculation. Operating profit only takes into account those expenses that are necessary to keep the business running. This includes asset-related depreciation and amortization, which result from a firm's operations. Operating profit is also referred to as operating income."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Operating Profit?","response":"Operating profit is calculated by taking revenue and then subtracting the cost of goods sold, operating expenses, depreciation, and amortization."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does an Ombudsman Investigation Take?","response":"Investigations conducted by ombudsmen vary. The length is determined by the type and complexity of the complaint, available resources to resolve the complaint, as well as other factors. If simple, it could be six to eight weeks."}
+{"prompts":"How Did You Trade in OTCBB Penny Stocks?","response":"Penny stocks didn't trade on the OTCBB. Penny stocks trade for less than $1 per share but they trade through a brokerage. The OTCBB helped track prices for penny stocks but did not facilitate penny stock trading."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Safe to Buy OTC Stocks?","response":"There are two key risks to trading OTC stocks: the first is the poor liquidity, as they are thinly traded; and the second is the lack of reliable information available about the company."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Buy OTC Stocks on RobinHood?","response":"OTC stocks are not available on RobinHood, although the trading app does allow the trading of certain penny stocks."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Second Home Owner-Occupied?","response":"No. A second home does not qualify as owner-occupied. If an owner decides later to make their second home their primary residence, then they could potentially refinance it at that point as their primary residence."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Blockchain Reach Consensus?","response":"Many different consensus algorithms are designed to bring a distributed ledger to a consensus. Most are constructed to have many transaction validators reach a majority agreement about the state of the blockchain and the transactions taking place."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Risks Associated With Project Finance?","response":"Some of the risks associated with project finance include volume, financial, and operational risk. Volume risk can be attributed to supply or consumption changes, competition, or changes in output prices. Inflation, foreign exchange, and interest rates often lead to financial risk. Operational risk is often defined by a company's operating performance, the cost of raw materials, and the cost of maintenance, among others."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a PAC?","response":"There are plenty of examples of PACs in various sizes. One of the biggest PACs in terms of contributions to candidates is the National Association of Realtors PAC, which was formed by the National Association of Realtors to promote the interests of its industry."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Pro Rata Mean?","response":"Pro rata is a defined portion in relation to the entirety of an item. Instead of getting all of the items, someone can get a pro rata share, a proportional offering based on how much they are entitled to. For example, if I own 10% of a building, I may expect a pro rata share of 10% of the building's rental income."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Pro Rata?","response":"Naturally, calculating the pro rata of different items varies since it calculates a proportion of a given whole. To calculate the prorated interest rate over six months, for instance, consider a company that charges 20% interest per year. Here, the prorated interest rate would be calculated as (20% \/ 12) x 6 = 10%.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Prepayment and Prepaid Expense?","response":"Prepayments and prepaid expenses are different from one another. A prepayment means that you are just paying your bill earlier. For example, if you have a debt obligation, such as a loan, and you owe $1,000 next month but decide to pay that amount this month, that is a prepayment. A prepaid expense on the other hand is any good or service that you've paid for but have not used yet."}
+{"prompts":"Can Poverty Be Solved?","response":"The answer to this question is complicated and nuanced. Social welfare programs and private philanthropy are some avenues through which to provide for those in poverty, along with access to essentials like clean water, good food, and adequate healthcare. However, more is needed. Programs that encourage impoverished individuals to obtain skills, jobs, and education are also important as a longer-term cure."}
+{"prompts":"When Does a Proxy Statement Need To be Filed?","response":"Public companies must file a proxy statement before any meeting where the management submits proposals for a shareholder vote. This can include the election of directors, votes on shareholder proposals, or other corporate decision-making."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Relationship Between PVIF and PVIFA?","response":"The PVIF formula calculates the current worth of a lump sum to be received at a future date, while the PVIFA calculates the present value of a series of annuities."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Improve My Personal Productivity?","response":"Some basic ways to increase personal productivity on a daily basis include:Listing tasks in order of importance and tackling them one by oneCompleting your most hated tasks before all the othersTaking well-calculated breaks to boost overall productionExercising regularlyEating a healthy diet"}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Demonstrate Productivity at Work?","response":"Ways to show productivity at work are setting goals, focusing on one task at a time, meeting deadlines, being on time, taking breaks, focusing on the largest tasks first, blocking out your calendar, having productive meetings, and delegating tasks."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Asset Allocation?","response":"Asset allocation involves spreading the investor's money among different asset classes so that risks are reduced and opportunities are maximized. Stocks, bonds, and cash are the three most common asset classes, but others include real estate, commodities, currencies, and crypto. Within each of these are sub-classes that play into a portfolios allocation. For instance, how much weight should be given to domestic vs. foreign stocks or bonds? How much to growth stocks vs. value stocks? And so on."}
+{"prompts":"Who Qualifies for EITC?","response":"Taxpayers must meet a number of different criteria in order to qualify for the EITC. For the 2023 tax year, those with no children filing as single, head of household, or married filing separately face an income limit of $17,640. For those married filing jointly, the income limit is $24,210. These income limits increase incrementally depending on the number of qualifying children. In addition, taxpayers must meet other criteria, such as limits on investment income."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Pros and Cons of a Promissory Note?","response":"A promissory note can be advantageous when an entity is unable to secure a loan from a traditional lender, such as a bank. However, promissory notes can be risky, as the lender may not have the same means and scale of resources as traditional financial institutions. At the same time, legal issues could arise for both the issuer and payee in the event of default. Because of this, getting a promissory note notarized can be important."}
+{"prompts":"What Types of Documents Can Be Used As Proof of Funds?","response":"Common types of proof of funds documents include bank statements, investment account statements, balance certificates issued by financial institutions, and letters from financial institutions confirming the availability of funds."}
+{"prompts":"Are There Any Specific Formatting Requirements for a Proof of Funds Document?","response":"While formatting requirements may vary, the document should clearly display necessary information such as the account holder's name, account number, financial institution details, and the available balance. In addition to substantiating the financial information, the user of the proof of funds documentation will want sufficient evidence that you are the owner of the account."}
+{"prompts":"How Expensive Is the Positive Pay Service?","response":"The costs associated with the positive pay system depend entirely on where you bank. Other factors can also affect the fees, including your relationship with the bank, the type of client you are, and your net worth. Some banks offer the service for free while others charge monthly fees or offer it on a per-use basis."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Determine Per Capita Figures?","response":"To calculate per capita, simply divide the figure or value in question by the size of the population."}
+{"prompts":"Which Comes First: Price Discovery or Valuation?","response":"Valuation comes first. A buyer or seller determines an acceptable price, or price range, for an asset based on many factors. In fundamental stock analysis, for example, this includes looking at a company's earnings history, its competition, its management, and the product plans it has in the pipeline. That gives the buyer a way to project a stock's potential growth and set a fair price or price range for it. The buyer only then is ready to enter the interactive process of price discovery."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Role of the Primary Market?","response":"The primary market is like a debutante ball or a wedding: It marks the launch of a new security\u2014a corporate stock shares or a bond\u2014into the financial marketplace. Primary markets enable companies and governments to attract investors and raise money\u2014to pay debts or to expand. They also enable investors with assets to put their money into, to generate income, or get in on the ground floor of a promising young venture."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a PPO and a POS?","response":"The biggest difference between PPO and POS plans is generally flexibility. Both plans cover you whether you use providers and facilities in or out of the network. However, a POS requires you to have a primary care physician and get referrals from them if you want to see a specialist or anyone else. PPOs don't. Costs are another consideration. PPOs tend to be more expensive than POS plans\u2014the premiums are higher and they usually come with deductibles that must be met before your coverage begins."}
+{"prompts":"Who Owns Pledged Collateral?","response":"If you pledge your assets as collateral for a loan, you will still own the pledged collateral. If you fail to make payments according to the terms of the loan, the lender could seize the collateral and you would no longer own it at that time."}
+{"prompts":"Are Price Controls Good or Bad?","response":"Price controls can be both good and bad. They help make certain goods and services, such as food and housing, more affordable and within reach of consumers. They can also help corporations by eliminating monopolies and opening up the market to more competition. But it can also have a negative effect, as it may lead to shortages or an overabundance of supplies, underground markets, and a decrease in the quality of goods and services available on the market."}
+{"prompts":"What is the difference between gross national income (GNI) and personal income?","response":"Personal income focuses on how much money a country\u2019s inhabitants are earning. Gross national income (GNI), on the other hand, reveals the total amount of money earned by a nation\u2019s residents and businesses."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Porter's Five Forces Model?","response":"Similar to the Porter Diamond Model, Porter's Five Forces model of business strategy identifies and analyzes five competitive forces that shape every industry and help determine an industry's weaknesses and strengths.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between the Producer Price Index and the Consumer Price Index?","response":"Both the CPI and the PPI measure inflation. PPI measures inflation from the viewpoint of the producers; the average selling price they receive for their output over a period of time. The CPI measures inflation from the viewpoint of the consumer; the value of a basket of goods and services that consumers have bought over a period of time."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Best Example of a Population?","response":"Imagine you're a teacher trying to see how well your fifth-grade math class did on a standardized test compared to all fifth-graders in the U.S. The population would be all fifth-grade math scores in the country."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between Pro Forma and GAAP Financials?","response":"There are no universal rules that companies must follow when reporting pro forma earnings. This is why it is important for investors to distinguish between pro forma earnings and those reported using generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).GAAP enforces strict guidelines when companies report earnings, while pro forma figures are better thought of as hypothetical earnings.For this reason, investors must examine not only the pro forma earnings, but also GAAP earnings, and never mistake one for the other."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Compare Pro Forma Statements From Different Companies?","response":"Maybe, but it is not advised. Companies' definitions of pro forma vary along with their internal methods for forecasting and making assumptions.If you don't know how each of the companies defines its pro forma figures, you may be comparing apples to oranges.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Do Partnerships Pay Taxes?","response":"The partnership itself does not pay business taxes. Instead, taxes are passed through to the individual partners to file on their own tax returns, often via a Schedule K."}
+{"prompts":"What Causes the Principal-Agent Problem?","response":"The primary cause of the principal-agent problem is agency costs. These costs arise due to the inability of the principal to constantly monitor the work of the agent, which could result in the agent avoiding responsibilities, making poor decisions, or acting in a way contrary to the benefit of the principal."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Way to Overcome the Principal-Agent Problem?","response":"A good way to overcome the principal-agent problem is by aligning the interests of both the principal and the agent and removing any conflict of interest. One of the best ways to do this is by aligning the compensation of the agent to a performance evaluation. If the agent performs well, they will see a direct financial benefit; if they perform poorly, the opposite will be true. Methods to achieve a link between performance and compensation are stock options, deferred-compensation plans, and profit sharing."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Calculate Percent Change?","response":"If you are tracking a particular stock\u2019s price increase, use the formula (New Price -\u00a0Old Price)\/Old Price and then multiply that number by 100.\u00a0If the price decreased, use the formula (Old Price - New Price)\/Old Price and multiply that number by 100.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Commercial Invoice Differ From a Pro Forma Invoice?","response":"A traditional commercial invoice for international shipments must list substantial information such as the buyer and the seller, a description of the goods, the quantity, the value for all the shipped items, the location of the purchase, currency, mode of transport, payment terms and method of payment. A pro forma invoice requires only enough information to allow customs to determine the duties on the shipment, from a general examination of the included goods."}
+{"prompts":"Is Paid-In Capital a Debit or a Credit?","response":"Paid-in capital appears as a credit (that is, an increase) to the paid-in capital section of the balance sheet, and as a debit, or increase, to cash.If not distinguished as its own line item, there will be a debit to cash for the total amount received and credits to common or preferred stock and additional paid-in capital."}
+{"prompts":"Is My Debit Card's CVV Number the Same as a PIN?","response":"No, a debit card's CVV number is different from a PIN. A CVV is used when making payments online or over the phone to verify the physical card's information. A PIN is more useful to authorize in-person transactions to ensure the user using the card is an authorized person that is allowed to spend using the card."}
+{"prompts":"Are Private Equity Firms Regulated?","response":"While private equity funds are exempt from regulation by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the Investment Company Act of 1940 or the Securities Act of 1933, their managers remain subject to the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 as well as the anti-fraud provisions of federal securities laws. In February 2022, the SEC proposed extensive new reporting and client disclosure requirements for private fund advisers including private equity fund managers. The new rules would require private fund advisers registered with the SEC to provide clients with quarterly statements detailing fund performance, fees, and expenses, and to obtain annual fund audits. All fund advisors would be barred from providing preferential terms for one client in an investment vehicle without disclosing this to the other investors in the same fund."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Prospect Theory Important?","response":"It's useful for investors to understand their biases, where losses tend to cause greater emotional impact than the equivalent gain. The prospect theory helps describe how decisions are made by investors."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a PDF vs. a CDF?","response":"A probability density function (PDF) explains which values are likely to appear in a data-generating process at any given time or for any given draw. A cumulative distribution function (CDF) instead depicts how these marginal probabilities add up, ultimately reaching 100% (or 1.0) of possible outcomes. Using a CDF, we can see how likely it is that a variable's outcome will be less than or equal to some predicted value."}
+{"prompts":"Do I Pay the Same Percentage of Tax on All My Income?","response":"No. With a progressive tax, you only pay your highest percentage on the portion of income that exceeds the minimum threshold. For example, if a single person makes $100,000 in 2023, they fall into the 24% bracket (as well as lower brackets). However, only the portion of their income that exceeds the bracket's minimum threshold of over $95,375 is taxed at that rate. Thus, income is taxed at 10% on the first $11,000, then 12% on income up to $44,725, and 22% on income up to $95,375. In this scenario, only $4,625 ($100,000 - $95,375) would be taxed at 24%."}
+{"prompts":"What Information Is Normally in a Prospectus?","response":"A prospectus includes pertinent information such as a brief summary of the company\u2019s background and financial information. The name of the company and its principals, age of the company, management experience, and management's involvement in the business. Furthermore, the number of shares being issued, the type of securities being offered, whether an offering is public or private, and the names of the banks or financial companies performing the underwriting are also listed."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You File an Objection in Probate Court?","response":"The probate court website usually has forms available to file an objection, whether it's an objection to tampering with the will, forgery, or something else. These forms must be submitted at the beginning of the process."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Contract and Promissory Estoppel?","response":"In contract law, the doctrine of consideration states that there must be an exchange of consideration in order for a contract to be enforced. If one party fails to uphold their end of a contract, the other party can withdraw from that contract.Promissory estoppel is the exception to this rule. Under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, even the existence of a promise may be sufficient to enforce an agreement, if the other party has suffered damage as a result of acting on that promise."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Payment Bond?","response":"A payment bond is similar to a performance bond, but it is used to guarantee payment to the contractors and subcontractors in the event that the principal becomes insolvent or otherwise unable to pay."}
+{"prompts":"Are All Companies Required to Prepare P&L Statements?","response":"Publicly traded companies are required to prepare P&L statements and must file their financial statements with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) so that they can be scrutinized by investors, analysts, and regulators. Companies must comply with a set of rules and guidelines known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) when they prepare these statements.Private companies, on the other hand, are not necessarily required to comply with GAAP. Some smaller companies, though, may not even prepare formal financial statements at all."}
+{"prompts":"How Big Is the Market for Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending?","response":"The global peer-to-peer lending market was worth $134.35 billion in 2022, according to figures from SNS Insider. This figure is projected to reach $705.81 billion by 2030."}
+{"prompts":"Is Anything Being Done to Shorten Post-Trade Processing?","response":"Yes. In Spring of 2022, the SEC announced a new proposal to shorten the clearing time for most stock trades to T+1 and solicit comment on further shortening it to same-day settlement, or T+0. If approved, the proposal anticipates an effective date around Q1 2024."}
+{"prompts":"What Kinds of Securities Currently Clear T+2? T+1?","response":"Most stocks, ETFs, corporate bonds, municipal bonds, and spot FX trades settle T+2. Listed options and government securities clear T+1. Certificates of deposit (CDs) and commercial paper settle T+0."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Pari-Passu Mean in Finance?","response":"Pari-passu is a Latin phrase used in contract law that describes situations where two or more assets, securities, creditors, or obligations are equally managed without preference. The term is most commonly found in reference to elements of bankruptcies, loans, and bonds."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Four Types of Permanent Life Insurance?","response":"The four types of permanent life insurance policies are universal life, whole life, variable universal life, and variable life."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Corollary to the Peter Principle?","response":"Peter's Corollary is an extension of the Peter Principle. It states that in time, every position within an organization will be filled with someone who is not competent to fulfill the duties of their role. This may result in compounded mismanagement and poor leadership."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Peter Principle for Women?","response":"Sometimes dubbed \"the Paula Principle,\" this rule states that women tend to work in positions that are below the level of their competence. Tom Schuller, who coined the term, suggested five potential reasons for this competency gap:Sexist discrimination still exists.Women lack the \"old boy's network\" of professional contacts that male colleagues use to gain promotions.Women are more likely to admit that they lack some of the skills for a job.Women bear most of the burdens of child care.Women may make a \"positive choice\" not to rise as high as they might."}
+{"prompts":"What Does the Pork Barrel Represent?","response":"Prior the advent of refrigeration, pork barrels were literal barrels made of wood, which preserved salted pork. Today, the term has become an emblem of wasteful government spending."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Pork Barrel?","response":"One of the most infamous and commonly cited examples of pork barrel spending is a proposed $400 million bridge, which would have connected the town of Ketchika, Alaska, with Gravina Island, where there was located an airport. Elected officials from Alaska were vocal proponents of the proposal, but it was held up as an egregious example of a pork barrel project, and eventually scrapped."}
+{"prompts":"How Is the Profitability Index Computed?","response":"The profitability index is a calculation determined by dividing the present value of futures cash flows by the initial investment in the project.\u00a0The present value of the future cash flows is calculated using the time value of money, which takes into account the fact that money today is worth more than the same amount of money in the future due to the potential for earning interest. The initial investment is the amount of capital required to start the project."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Ponzi Scheme and a Pyramid Scheme?","response":"Both a Ponzi scheme and a pyramid scheme rely on a steady stream of new investors who are motivated by reports of the big profits earned by early investors.A Ponzi scheme repays each investor using money deposited by new investors, falsifying records of nonexistent transactions to characterize the money as profit.A pyramid scheme usually promises a lucrative business opportunity that requires an initial investment. Each investor is rewarded for attracting new investors. The earliest participants really do make a profit, earning money for every new recruit and those the new recruit signs up. Each new recruit makes less money than the previous one until no more recruits can be found."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Property Taxes?","response":"Property taxes are determined by multiplying a tax rate, determined by the local tax authority, by the assessed value of the property. If the value of a property is $100,000 and the tax rate is 4%, the property taxes are $4,000."}
+{"prompts":"Do Shareholders Get Anything if a Company Goes Private?","response":"Yes. Shareholders first must agree to give up ownership in the company in exchange for some amount of money. If approved, all shareholders will receive a certain amount per share, often at a premium to the market price. Afterward, they are no longer shareholders and the company's shares would be de-listed from exchanges."}
+{"prompts":"Where Can I Find Information on OTC Bitcoin Investing?","response":"The SEC provides information on OTC offerings and states that digital assets and technology bring increased risk of fraud and manipulation because the markets for these assets are less regulated than traditional capital markets."}
+{"prompts":"What is portfolio variance?","response":"Portfolio variance measures the risk in a given portfolio, based on the variance of the individual assets that make up the portfolio. The portfolio variance is equal to the portfolio\u2019s standard deviation squared."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Elements of Product Differentiation?","response":"Any aspect of a product can differentiate it in a consumer's mind. Therefore, a producer or manufacturer should consider opportunities for differentiation in all of its production areas: marketing, product management, engineering, sales, and customer support."}
+{"prompts":"What is classified as a day trade?","response":"Day trading refers to buying, then selling or selling short, then buying, the same security on the same day. Just purchasing a security, without selling it later that same day, would not be considered a day trade."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Price Targets Calculated?","response":"Price targets try to predict what a given security will be worth at some point in the future. Analysts attempt to satisfy this basic question by projecting a security's future price using a blend of fundamental data points and educated assumptions about the security's future valuation."}
+{"prompts":"Do Mutual Life Insurance Companies Issue Participating Policies?","response":"Yes, mutual life insurers are limited to offering only participating policies by most U.S. states. Their dividends are paid to policyholders regularly as refunds."}
+{"prompts":"How do you set up a POD account?","response":"A bank account or CD can be set up as a POD account by completing forms that designate the beneficiary or beneficiaries upon the death of the account owner. This is a simple process that can be accomplished online by completing the beneficiary section that includes the full name, address, and Social Security number of the beneficiary."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Different Types of Profit Margins?","response":"There are four ways of looking at a company's profit margin: gross profit margin, operating profit margin, pretax profit margin, and net profit margin."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Gross Profit and Net Profit?","response":"Gross profit measures a company's total sales revenue minus the total cost of goods sold (or services performed). Net profit margin also subtracts other expenses, including overhead, debt repayment, and taxes. Net profit is considered a company's bottom line."}
+{"prompts":"When Would a Company Use the Payback Period for Capital Budgeting?","response":"The payback period is favored when a company is under liquidity constraints because it can show how long it should take to recover the money laid out for the project. If short-term cash flows are a concern, a short payback period may be more attractive than a longer-term investment that has a higher NPV."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Yuan Pegged to the Dollar?","response":"The yuan has been pegged to a basket of international currencies, which includes the U.S. dollar, since 2005. This allows the country's central bank to maintain full control of the currency by setting a daily rate of parity against the greenback. Any changes to the rate are restricted, meaning they can only fall within 2% of that mark.The yuan was pegged solely to the U.S. dollar before this. In 1994, the peg was set at 8.28 yuan to a single U.S. dollar. Its major trading partners put pressure on China's leaders to allow it to appreciate against the dollar in 2005."}
+{"prompts":"Where Do You Buy Penny Stocks?","response":"Penny stocks are traded on the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) or the OTC Markets Group. They are also available to trade through a brokerage account, such as Fidelity or Charles Schwab."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does Ongoing Debate About the Relevance of the Phillips Curve Matter?","response":"Disagreements over the dependability of the Phillips curve can result in different economic policies. For instance, a policymaker who believes that lower unemployment is linked to higher inflation may seek to implement measures to keep inflation down, such as raising interest rates. Another policymaker might not agree with such a response."}
+{"prompts":"Why Has the Phillips Curve Flattened?","response":"There have been periods when unemployment rates have declined even as inflation remained low, suggesting a \"flattening\" of the Phillips curve. In part, this can be attributed to concerted efforts by the Federal Reserve to keep inflation low and stable, which may have weakened the relationship between inflation and labor market performance."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Bond's Par Value?","response":"A bond is essentially a written promise that the amount loaned to the issuer will be repaid. The par value is the amount of money that the issuer promises to repay bondholders at the maturity date of the bond. The par value also determines the dollar value of coupon payments."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Stock's Par Value?","response":"Par value is the stock's value stated in the corporate charter. Shares usually have no par value or low par value, such as one cent per share does not reflect a stock's market price. Some states require that companies set a par value below which shares cannot be sold."}
+{"prompts":"What is product portfolio analysis?","response":"Analyzing a profit portfolio is de rigueur for the successful operation of a company. Knowing which products are making the most money, which have low profits but growth potential, and which are underperforming is crucial to economic success."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Quantitative Easing Increase Bank Lending?","response":"QE replaces bonds in the banking system with cash, effectively increasing the money supply, and making it easier for banks to free up capital, so they can underwrite more loans and buy other assets."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Quantity Discount Calculated?","response":"To calculate the quantity discount, divide the total cost by the number of items at each quantity level to determine the per-unit cost. For example, if you are getting 100 items for $300, the per-unit cost is $3 (300\/100). If you are getting 200 items for $400, the per-unit cost is $2 (400\/200). You can then compare these per-unit costs to the cost of buying the unit individually without a quantity discount."}
+{"prompts":"Can Quarterly Revenue Growth Be Negative?","response":"Yes, if a company generates less revenues quarter-over-quarter, it will be recorded as negative growth. This doesn't necessarily mean that the company is losing money, just that it's subsequent quarter saw fewer sales than the prior one."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of a QDRO?","response":"The purpose of a QDRO, which is typically used in divorce agreements, is to fairly divide assets in a qualified retirement plan. In addition to an ex-spouse, a QDRO can also recognize a child, or other dependent, as entitled to receive some of the retirement account\u2019s assets."}
+{"prompts":"What is the purpose of a quid pro quo contribution?","response":"Offering something of value in return for a donation is a way for a charitable organization to prompt donations that otherwise might not be forthcoming."}
+{"prompts":"Is a quid pro quo contribution tax deductible?","response":"Yes, but it does have tax implications. A regular contribution to a qualified charitable organization can be deducted in full by taxpayers who itemize their deductions. However, with a quid pro quo donation, the donor must deduct the fair market value of what they received from the charity from the full amount of their donation to arrive at the allowable tax deduction."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Use Queuing Theory?","response":"Queuing theory is used to identify and correct points of congestion in a process. The queue may consist of people, things, or information. In any case, they are being forced to wait for service. That is inefficient, bad for business, and annoying (when the queue consists of people). Queuing theory is used to analyze the existing process and map out alternatives with a better result."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Fiscal Calendar?","response":"A fiscal calendar is an arbitrary range of dates that defines a company's annual reporting cycle. Instead of simply using a standard calendar year that runs from January to December, a company can decide to use a different calendar cycle for reporting that better aligns with its operations, cyclicality, or seasonality.For example, a company may elect to have a fiscal year ending in June. Although the calendar year runs from January to December, the company's year-end income statement will run from July 1 to June 30."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Quality of Life Calculated?","response":"Quality of life can be calculated in many ways. One is from the World Health Organization: \u00a0\"WHO defines Quality of Life as an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, and concerns.\""}
+{"prompts":"Are Qualified Adoption Expenses Different for Special Needs Children?","response":"Taxpayers who adopt a special needs child are usually eligible for the maximum amount of the credit in the year the adoption is finalized. This maximum amount is still reduced by qualified adoption expenses claimed in prior years and is still subject to MAGI limitations."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an AGU Agreement?","response":"An AGU agreement is an automatic give-up agreement. A give-up agreement allows one broker to execute trades for another broker. The \"give-up\" relates to the executing broker giving up credit on the trade on the record books. An AGU automatically locks in a transaction in the system."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Cost of a QLAC?","response":"A QLAC requires only the investment from your IRA or qualified retirement account, paid in a lump sum to an insurance company or provider. There are no fees associated with the purchase."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Quid Pro Quo Legal?","response":"A quid pro quo is only illegal if it breaks the law, as in the case of a bribe, blackmail, or some sort of contingency (for example, requesting something non-work related in return for not firing an employee). Even if an instance of a quid pro quo is deemed legal, however, it may still be viewed unfavorably."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Quota for People?","response":"A quota for people refers to the limit, either minimum or maximum, on the number of people who are allowed to be included or excluded from something."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the Quick Ratio Important?","response":"The quick ratio communicates how well a company will be able to pay its short-term debts using only the most liquid of assets. The ratio is important because it signals to internal management and external investors whether the company will run out of cash. The quick ratio also holds more value than other liquidity ratios such as the current ratio because it has the most conservative approach on reflecting how a company can raise cash."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Reverse ICO Differ from a Regular ICO?","response":"A reverse ICO and an ICO are essentially quite similar. Both involve the launch and sale of a new cryptocurrency token. The company launching the token is what distinguishes these two events: A company launching an ICO is typically just starting out, while one putting on a reverse ICO is usually well-established and looking for additional funds or a new business line."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Implied Volatility Impact Risk Reversals?","response":"When implied volatility is high, option prices tend to be more expensive, impacting the overall cost and potential returns of a risk reversal strategy."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Some Drawbacks of RoR?","response":"The rate of return disregards some key factors in an investment, like the time value of money, the timing and size of cash flows, and the risk and uncertainty associated with any investment."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Return on Capital Employed Calculated?","response":"Return on capital employed is calculated by dividing net operating profit, or earnings before interest and taxes, by capital employed. Another way to calculate it is by dividing earnings before interest and taxes by the difference between total assets and current liabilities."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good ROCE Value?","response":"While there is no industry standard, a higher return on capital employed suggests a more efficient company, at least in terms of capital employment. However, a lower number may also be indicative of a company with a lot of cash on hand since cash is included in total assets. As a result, high levels of cash can sometimes skew this metric."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Percentage for Return on Capital Employed?","response":"The general rule about ROCE is the higher the ratio, the better. That's because it is a measure of profitability. A ROCE of at least 20% is usually a good sign that the company is in a good financial position. But keep in mind that you shouldn't compare the ROCE ratios of companies in different industries. As with any financial metric, it's best to do an apples-to-apples comparison."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Risk Premium Calculated?","response":"The risk premium can be calculated by subtracting the expected return of a risk-free investment from the expected return of an investment with risk. What you are left with is the compensation for the risk you\u2019re taking on."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Become a Real Estate Agent?","response":"To become a real estate agent, you need to complete some steps, though these vary by jurisdiction. Here's what's typical: you are above a certain age, a legal resident of where you plan to practice, have completed the necessary pre-license education, passed your state's real estate exam, have activated your license, and finally, have joined a real estate brokerage."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Three Types of U.S. Resident Aliens?","response":"According to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), there are three categories of resident alien. A permanent resident, also known as a green card holder, is someone who has been given the lawful and legal right by the government to live in the United States. A conditional resident is a person who receives a two-year green card, which is usually given to people who have applied for residency based on marriage or due to large financial investments. Returning resident is any lawful permanent resident who has been outside the U.S. and is returning to the country. A subset of this is a \"special immigrant\" who must apply for readmission if they have been outside the U.S. for more than 180 days.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Does Remuneration Mean According to the IRS?","response":"Remuneration is the total amount paid to an employee. It may include a salary or hourly rate, bonuses, commissions, or any other payment. According to the IRS, remuneration is the total of earnings and other taxable benefits and allowances."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Reverse Repurchase Agreement Work?","response":"In a reverse repurchase agreement (RRP, or reverse repo), a party sells securities to a counterparty with the stipulation that it will buy them back at a slightly higher price. The agreement functions much like a collateralized loan. The original seller (engaging in a reverse repurchase agreement) receives an infusion of cash, while the original buyer (engaging in a repurchase [repo] agreement) essentially provides a loan and earns interest from the higher resale price. In general, the assets that serve as collateral for the transaction do not physically change hands."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Kyoto Protocol?","response":"The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and greenhouse gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. The essential tenet of the Kyoto Protocol is that industrialized nations needed to lessen the amount of their CO2 emissions. The protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, when greenhouse gases were rapidly threatening our climate, life on the earth, and the planet itself."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Become a Revenue Officer?","response":"A bachelor's degree is required, preferably with a concentration in mathematics, statistics, or economics."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Do Revenue Officers Make?","response":"These professionals earned an average annual salary of $56,780 per year in 2021. This is a job in public service, so substantial salary differences can be expected depending on the town, city, or state that is doing the hiring."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Return on Assets (ROA) and ROE?","response":"Return on assets (ROA) and ROE are similar in that they are both trying to gauge how efficiently the company generates its profits. However, whereas ROE compares net income to the net assets of the company, ROA compares net income to the company\u2019s assets alone, without deducting its liabilities. In both cases, companies in industries in which operations require significant assets will likely show a lower average return."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Internal Rate of Return and the Required Rate of Return?","response":"The internal rate of return looks at the investment's annual growth rate, stating that an investment should be pursued if this rate is greater than the minimum required rate of return."}
+{"prompts":"What Changes Were Made to Rule 105b-1?","response":"In December 2022, the SEC adopted amendments to the rule that increase disclosure requirements and add conditions to the use of the affirmative defense to insider trading liability, including a cooling-off period before trading can begin."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Residual Income Important?","response":"Residual income is often passive income. Passive income is, by definition, relatively effortless. Stock dividends and bond premiums are examples. To quote legendary investor Warren Buffet: \"If you don't find a way to make money while you sleep, you will work until you die.\""}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Goal of Robotic Process Automation (RPA)?","response":"RPA is meant to automate and streamline certain redundant clerical processes for an organization using software or related technologies. This is meant to reduce costs while also increasing efficiency."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Set Up a Renko Chart on Thinkorswim?","response":"Thinkorswim is a popular brokerage and trading app from TD Ameritrade. Although candlestick charts are the default, you can easily set your account to display renko charts as well. Simply navigate to the \"Chart Styles\" menu and change the \"Range Type\" to Renko Bars. Then set the price range equal to the desired box size."}
+{"prompts":"Why is the recency, frequency, monetary value (RFM) model useful?","response":"The recency, frequency, monetary value (RFM) model is based on those three quantitative factors. Each customer is ranked in each of these categories, generally on a scale of 1 to 5 (the higher the number, the better the result). The higher the customer ranking, the more likely it is that they will do business again with a firm. Essentially, the RFM model corroborates the marketing adage that \u201c80% of business comes from 20% of the customers.\u201d"}
+{"prompts":"What is monetary value in the RFM model?","response":"Monetary value stems from how much the customer spends. A natural inclination is to put more emphasis on encouraging customers who spend the most money to continue doing so. While this can produce a better return on investment (ROI) in marketing and customer service, it also runs the risk of alienating customers who have been consistent but have not spent as much with each transaction."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Best Way to Avoid Sampling Bias?","response":"The simplest way to avoid sampling bias is to use a simple random sample, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. While this type of sample is statistically the most reliable, it is still possible to get a biased sample due to chance or sampling error."}
+{"prompts":"Is Ripple Better Than Bitcoin?","response":"Ripple transactions use less energy than Bitcoin, are confirmed in seconds, and cost very little, whereas Bitcoin transactions use more energy, take longer to confirm, and include higher transaction costs."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Ripple Different from XRP?","response":"Ripple is a global payments network with major banks and financial services providers as its customers. XRP is an open source cryptocurrency developed by Ripple that is used in Ripple products to facilitate quick conversion between different currencies."}
+{"prompts":"What Other Aspects Should I Consider During Retirement?","response":"Retirement planning is such an important part of your financial well-being. But there are other things you need to consider outside of what happens after you retire. Ensure that your finances are giving you the biggest tax breaks possible, so a Roth conversion may be a good idea if you believe you'll be earning some income later on in life. You may also want to consider what happens to your assets after you die, which is where estate planning comes into play. Life insurance can help offset any expenses that you leave behind for your loved ones if you become injured or die unexpectedly."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Board Lot?","response":"The term board lot refers to the standard number of units of shares set by an exchange as a single trading unit. For most exchanges, this is generally the same as a round lot, which represents 100 shares or a multiple of 100 shares. Keep in mind, though, that the size of a board lot may change based on the exchange, so it may be higher in some cases. For instance, Japanese exchanges have board lot sizes of 1,000 shares."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Limitation of the Rule of 70?","response":"The Rule of 70 assumes a constant rate of growth or return. As a result, the rule can generate inaccurate results since it does not consider changes in future growth rates."}
+{"prompts":"Is Risk Aversion the Same As Loss Averson?","response":"No. Risk aversion is one's general attitude toward avoiding risk. Loss aversion is instead the asymmetric propensity to feel the pain of a loss more than the pleasure from an equivalent gain (e.g. losing $100 feels usually worse than gaining $100 feels good). Being risk averse can be completely rational given one's personal situation. Loss aversion, however, is an irrational tendency identified by behavioral economics."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Lower Reserve Requirement Mean?","response":"A lower reserve requirement means the Federal Reserve is pursuing an expansionary monetary policy. The lower reserve requirement means banks do not need to keep as much cash on hand. This gives them more money for consumer and business loans."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Routing Number?","response":"A routing number is a series of nine digits used to identify an institution. Banks use routing numbers to process transactions, as the routing number tells all parties involved which institutions are involved and which parties are receiving or distributing funds."}
+{"prompts":"Where Can I Find My Bank's Routing Number?","response":"Your bank's routing number can be found on the bottom of a paper check. Alternatively, you can often find the routing number when you log into an online banking portal. The routing number is often reported in the same location as your account number."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Regulation W Work?","response":"Regulation W establishes the rulemaking authority granted to the Federal Reserve pursuant to sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act. It regulates covered transactions, which include the extension of credit to an affiliate, asset purchases from an affiliate, acceptance of securities issued by an affiliate as collateral for credit, and other specifically defined transactions."}
+{"prompts":"What Industries Have the Highest ROI?","response":"Historically, the average ROI for the S&P 500 has been about 10% per year. Within that, though, there can be considerable variation depending on the industry. During 2020, for example, many technology companies generated annual returns well above this 10% threshold. Meanwhile, companies in other industries, such as energy companies and utilities, generated much lower ROIs and in some cases faced losses year-over-year. Over time, it is normal for the average ROI of an industry to shift due to factors such as increased competition, technological changes, and shifts in consumer preferences."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Rent Controlled Mean?","response":"Rent control refers to an apartment whose rent has a limit on the amount that a landlord can charge. The limit is set by a government program, and rent control laws are put into place by local municipalities. Not all states or cities have them in place. When rent is \"controlled\" in such a way, a landlord can not unfairly raise the price of the rent year-to-year, and this may help keep some housing affordable for those who cannot afford a market or above-market rate home."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Reinsurance Ceded and Reinsurance Assumed?","response":"Reinsurance ceded and reinsurance assumed are the actions taken by the two parties involved in this type of contract between two insurance companies.Reinsurance ceded is the action taken by an insurer to pass off a portion of its obligation for coverage to another insurance company.Reinsurance assumed is the acceptance of that obligation by another insurance company."}
+{"prompts":"Do Restricted Stock Units Carry Voting Rights?","response":"Restricted stock units do not carry voting rights until they become vested.Once they are vested, the units are converted into common stock shares and carry all the usual rights of stock ownership.The same goes for dividends: restricted stock units do not pay dividends until they vest."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a 60\/40 Portfolio Structure?","response":"A moderate risk-tolerant investor may choose to invest in a 60\/40 structure which may include a 60% investment in stocks, 30% in bonds, and 10% in cash."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Roll Risk in Derivatives Trading?","response":"In derivatives trading, contracts expire on regular schedules and so positions must be \"rolled over\" to longer-dated contracts in order to maintain them. Roll risk in this context is the risk of losses resulting from this type of transaction."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does the ETN I Own Have So Many Reverse Splits?","response":"Some exchange-traded products like exchange-traded notes (ETNs) naturally decay in value over time and must undergo reverse splits regularly, but these products are not intended to be held for longer than a few hours or days. This is because ETNs are technically debt instruments that hold derivatives on products like commodities or volatility-linked instruments and not the actual underlying assets."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Real GDP More Accurate Than Nominal GDP?","response":"Real GDP is considered to be more accurate than nominal GDP because it factors inflation (or price changes) into its calculation. As such, it measures the total health of the economy. Nominal GDP, on the other hand, doesn't necessarily provide an accurate picture of the economy or where it's headed. That's because it factors current market prices into its calculation. This means that it can only be used as a comparative metric to others that aren't adjusted for inflation."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Strengths of Rational Choice Theory?","response":"One of the strengths of rational choice theory is the versatility of its application. It can be applied to many different disciplines and areas of study. It also makes reasonable assumptions and compelling logic. The theory also encourages individuals to make sound economic decisions. By making sound economic decisions, it is possible for an individual to acquire more tools that will allow them to further maximize their preferences in the future."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Stock Options?","response":"Stock options give the right, but not the obligation, to purchase shares at a set price. Options can be offered to employees or bought and sold by investors on the open market. Options, especially those bought and sold by investors, tend to have an expiration date."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Purchasing Power Parity Important?","response":"Purchasing power parity is important because it allows economists to compare two different economies, primarily the economic productivity and the standard of living among nations. It seeks to equalize currencies to determine the value of a basket of goods."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Roll Yield for Futures Contracts?","response":"Roll yield is essentially the opportunity to gain profits by buying long-term futures contracts and selling short-term ones. It is calculated based on the difference in price between two futures contracts, and the spot price of the underlying commodity. It is calculated by the formula (total change in futures prices) - (total change in spot price) = roll yield."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the RPI Considered a Legacy Measurement?","response":"Over time, the RPI calculation has not been updated or corrected to create a correct measure of inflation. The U.K. Statistics Authority considers RPI to be \u201ca legacy measure\u201d for this reason and publishes it only because it is required to do so."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Included in the CPI?","response":"The CPI includes all spending by private and institutional households and foreign nationals when visiting the United Kingdom."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Regular Money Market Account Different from a 401(k)?","response":"A regular\u00a0money market account is similar to a savings account in that the money is liquid and offers a specific rate of interest. A 401(k) is a tax-deferred account that acts as a vehicle for a wide range of investments to save for retirement. Contributions to a 401(k) are made with pre-tax money and you must pay taxes on your withdrawals. A regular money market account is funded with after-tax dollars, and there are no tax benefits associated with these accounts. Money market accounts come with an interest rate that guarantees returns, but it can change over time. A 401(k) account invests money in funds, stocks, and bonds, and returns are not guaranteed."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Purpose of Regression?","response":"In statistical analysis, regression is used to identify the associations between variables occurring in some data. It can show both the magnitude of such an association and also determine its statistical significance (i.e., whether or not the association is likely due to chance). Regression is a powerful tool for statistical inference and has also been used to try to predict future outcomes based on past observations."}
+{"prompts":"How Is a Revenue Deficit Calculated?","response":"You can calculate a business or government's revenue deficit by taking the total revenue expenditure\u00a0and subtracting it from total revenue receipts."}
+{"prompts":"How Can a Revenue Deficit Be Reduced?","response":"A business or government can remedy a revenue deficit by borrowing or raising money, or by cutting expenses or selling assets.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Revenue Recognition Important?","response":"Public companies are required to report their financial statements based on GAAP accounting. Revenue recognition is one of the principles associated with GAAP reporting. This principle means that revenue must be recognized at the moment it is earned. This is an important consideration for two reasons. Not only does it prevent companies from cooking their books but it also provides an accurate picture of the financial health of a corporation."}
+{"prompts":"Who Is Eligible for a Retention Bonus?","response":"Any employee is technically eligible for a retention bonus. However, companies most often offer retention bonuses to executives and to highly skilled, technically proficient workers who would be difficult to replace.Employees with integral knowledge about a company, a project, or a department, may be more likely to receive an incentive to stay."}
+{"prompts":"How Does the Russell 2000 Differ From the S&P 500 Index?","response":"The Russell 2000 is an index that tracks two thousand small-cap companies, while the S&P 500 tracks five hundred large-cap companies. Therefore, the two differ in both the number of stocks in the index and the sizes of those companies. Because of this, there is not much overlap, if any, between the stocks held in each index.Both the S&P 500 and Russell 2000 indexes are market-cap-weighted. However, unlike the S&P 500 index, the securities in the Russell 2000 index are not selected by a committee. Instead, the holdings are determined through a formula based on their market cap and current index membership."}
+{"prompts":"What Should I Look for in a REIG?","response":"When evaluating a REIG, several key characteristics should be considered to determine investment strategy. You should look for a group with a proven track record of successful real estate investments. Also, a reliable REIG should be transparent about their business operations, investment strategies, property acquisitions, and financial performance.Evaluate the experience and expertise of the management team. You should review the financial statements of the REIG to assess its financial stability and performance. Finally, regulatory compliance is important. You should see that the REIG follows all relevant regulations and has not been subject to disciplinary actions."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Real-Time Gross Settlement Fee?","response":"The fee for real-time gross settlement will vary depending on the institution\/country in which the settlement occurs as well as the size of the transfer. There are times when the fees can be waived by the institution."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between RFP and RFQ?","response":"Say a hardware store is expanding its gardening supplies department and needs to find the suppliers necessary to fill its shelves. It might send out a request for quotation (RFQ) to a number of potential suppliers of gardening products. The responses will enable it to establish a relationship with one or more suppliers of the quantity and quality of goods it needs, at a price that is established.When a company or other organization sends out an RFQ it knows exactly what it needs and is seeking the best supplier or suppliers.An RFP is a more open-ended process. The business or organization is seeking qualified contractors to carry out a new project. The project and its goals are defined in some detail but there is room for creativity in the responses. For example, an RFP for a children's park might allow the contractor to propose the precise layout, equipment, and amenities the park might contain."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens After the RFP?","response":"The RFP is followed by the Ps. The proposals are submitted for review. Depending on the size and scope of the project, this review may be a multi-level process involving a number of committees. Government agencies, particularly, are not known for moving nimbly.However long it takes, the review process is used to narrow down the proposals to a few finalists who may be asked to submit additional information with a view to a final selection and a start date for the project."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Risk-Adjusted Return on Real Estate?","response":"The popular measurements can be used to evaluate real-estate risk and returns if you have the information. For the Sharpe ratio, you'd need to know the property's average return and standard deviation. Using the 10-year Treasury rate, you could determine the property's risk-adjusted return."}
+{"prompts":"Does Rebalancing Have Costs?","response":"Yes, it does. It involves the fees related to the transactions to purchase and sell securities. It can also involve the cost of performance. For example, to rebalance, you might sell securities that have increased in value and pushed your allocations out of whack. However, you could miss out on a continued upswing in prices that those securities experience. By making rebalancing part of an investment plan that you commit to, you'll be aware of (and can accept) these and other potential costs in advance."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Right of First Offer and Right of First Refusal?","response":"A right of first offer gives the holder the right to submit the first bid on the potential sale of a property. A right of first refusal gives the holder the right to match or refuse to match an offer that has been made to a seller."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Characteristics of the U.S. Treasury Bills (T-Bills)?","response":"Treasury bills (T-bills) are assumed to have zero default risk because they represent and are backed by the good faith of the U.S. government. They are sold at a discount from par at a weekly auction in a competitive bidding process. They don't pay traditional interest payments like their cousins, the Treasury notes and Treasury bonds, and are sold in various maturities in denominations of $1,000. Finally, they can be purchased by individuals directly from the government."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Downside to Range Trading?","response":"All trading strategies come with some component of risk and risk increases when market trends are changing from contraction to expansion and back again. The success of range trading depends heavily on a trader being able to identify a market's trend during their times of trading."}
+{"prompts":"Which Agencies Regulate Securitization?","response":"Companies that engage in securities or investment activities are regulated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc. (FINRA)."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Scale-Up in Business?","response":"A scale-up often refers to a business that has survived its start-up phase, established itself in its market, and moved into an early growth phase."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Personal and Business Sweeps?","response":"Individual sweeps are typically used by brokerages to store client funds until the owner decides how to invest the money. For example, a sweep account might move excess cash to a money market fund, where it will earn greater returns than an ordinary checking account. Business sweep accounts are often used by small companies with large cash flows. They allow the company to earn interest on excess cash reserves while ensuring that they have enough cash on hand to pay for business expenses."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Sweep Accounts Useful?","response":"Sweep accounts, whether for business or personal use, are an easy way to ensure that money is earning a return rather than sitting in a low-interest bank account.\u00a0Some institutions offer an auto-sweep feature whereby the sweep account is linked to the non-sweep account and the transfers are initiated automatically when the defined thresholds (upper and lower) are crossed."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does a Standby Letter of Credit Cost?","response":"Since a bank is taking a risk by offering a SBLC, there are fees to obtain one. Typically, banks will charge between 1% and 10% of the total guaranteed price for each year that the SBLC is active."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Standard Deviation?","response":"Standard deviation is calculated as the square root of the variance. Alternatively, it is calculated by finding the mean of a data set, finding the difference of each data point to the mean, squaring the differences, adding them together, dividing by the number of points in the data set less 1, and finding the square root."}
+{"prompts":"Which Is Better, Small-Cap or Mid-Cap?","response":"Whether small-cap stocks or mid-cap stocks are better depends on the specific company. Any company with good fundamentals, a strong business strategy, smart leadership, and a competitive edge, can be a good investment, whether they are a small- or mid-sized company. Small-cap stocks have more growth potential than mid-cap stocks, so investors may see a better return; however, small-cap stocks are also more risky and volatile than mid-cap stocks, so the loss potential is greater."}
+{"prompts":"Is Small-Cap Good for the Long Term?","response":"Yes, small-cap stocks can be good for the long term. If you can invest in a small-cap stock that has good fundamentals and overall healthy analysis, the stock will most likely grow over the long term. If you can invest before a bull run on the market and hold the stock for the long term, then you could see a strong financial return."}
+{"prompts":"Can a Stock Split Be Anything Other Than 2-for-1?","response":"While a 2:1 stock split is the most common, any other ratio may be used so long as it is approved by the company's board of directors and, in some cases, by shareholders. Split ratios may be, for instance, 3:1, 10:1, 3:2, etc. In the last case, if you owned 100 shares you would receive 50 additional shares post-split."}
+{"prompts":"What Areas Is Synergy Realized?","response":"Synergies are primarily realized in three areas: revenue, cost, and financial. Revenue synergies result in higher revenues for the parties involved, cost synergies result in lower costs, and financial synergies result in overall improved finances, such as lower interest rates on debt."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do I Always Need a Stop-Loss Order When I Have an Open Position?","response":"Not every trade is a winner. Every position has the potential to move against you an lose money. A stop-loss order will limit your losses to about the specified level you define. It's important to note that you should create a complete strategy (entry, stop-loss, and take-profit) to manage your position before you enter that position. That way, you avoid the emotional uncertainty that comes with having an open position."}
+{"prompts":"Are Strike Prices and Exercise Prices the Same?","response":"Yes, the terms strike price and exercise price are synonymous. Some traders will use one term over the other and may use the terms interchangeably, but their meanings are the same. Both terms are widely used in derivatives trading."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Strike Price and Spot Price?","response":"The strike price of an option tells you at what price you can buy or sell the underlying security. when the option is exercised.The spot price is another word for the current market price of the underlying security.The difference between the strike price and the spot price determines an option's moneyness and greatly informs its value."}
+{"prompts":"What does SME mean?","response":"SME stands for small and midsize enterprise. As opposed to multinational conglomerates with locations around the world, SMEs are much smaller businesses that create a majority of jobs across the world economy."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the 3 Principles of Sustainability?","response":"The principles of sustainability refer to the three core concepts of environmental, social, and economic sustainability\u2013sometimes broken down as \"people, planet, and profits.\" This means that in order to be considered sustainable, a business must be able to conserve natural resources, support a healthy community and workforce, and earn enough revenue to remain financially viable for the long-term."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate a Spread in Finance?","response":"Most basically, a spread is calculated as the difference in two prices. A bid-ask spread is computed as the offer price less the bid price. An options spread is priced as the price of one option less the other, and so on."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Statute of Frauds?","response":"Real estate such as the sale of land falls under the statue of frauds. In order to acquire land, you must enter into a written agreement. This is to ensure both parties agree to the exact area of land being sold, the exact terms of the agreement, and other relevant terms to the contract."}
+{"prompts":"What Is B2B SaaS?","response":"B2B SaaS simply refers to companies that sell software services to other businesses. These products help organizations optimize a wide variety of functions including marketing, sales, and customer service."}
+{"prompts":"Is the Median Symmetric?","response":"The median describes the point at which 50% of data values lie above, and 50% lie below. Thus it is the mid-point of the data. In a symmetrical distribution, the median will always be the mid-point and create a mirror image with the median in the middle. This is not the case for an asymmetric distribution."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Statistics Important?","response":"Statistics provide the information to educate how things work. They're used to conduct research, evaluate outcomes, develop critical thinking, and make informed decisions. Statistics can be used to inquire about almost any field of study to investigate why things happen, when they occur, and whether reoccurrence is predictable."}
+{"prompts":"Who Gets an IRS Schedule K-1?","response":"Among those likely to receive a Schedule K-1 are:S corporation shareholdersPartners in limited liability corporations (LLCs), limited liability partnerships (LLPs), or other business partnershipsInvestors in limited partnerships (LPs) or master limited partnerships (MLPs)Investors in certain exchange-traded funds (ETFs)\u00a0Trust or estate beneficiaries"}
+{"prompts":"Why Is Supply Chain Management Important?","response":"Supply chain management is important because it can help achieve several business objectives. For instance, controlling manufacturing processes can improve product quality, reducing the risk of recalls and lawsuits while helping to build a strong consumer brand. At the same time, control over shipping procedures can improve customer service by avoiding costly shortages or periods of inventory oversupply. Overall, supply chain management provides multiple opportunities for companies to improve their profit margins and is especially important for businesses with large and international operations."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Become a Social Entrepreneur?","response":"You can become a social entrepreneur by considering who you want to help and what problem you want to solve. Once you have a targeted idea, it's often best to gather resources, understand where your limitations are, and decide what external parties you want to help craft the enterprise."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Sensitivity Analysis?","response":"Sensitivity analysis is often performed in analysis software, and Excel has built in functions to help perform the analysis. In general, sensitivity analysis is calculated by leveraging formulas that reference different input cells. For example, a company may perform NPV analysis using a discount rate of 6%. Sensitivity analysis can be performed by analyzing scenarios of 5%, 8%, and 10% discount rates as well by simply maintaining the formula but referencing the different variable values.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Are Examples of Socioeconomic Factors?","response":"In addition to income, socioeconomic status also includes other factors such as educational levels, financial security, environmental factors, and subjective perceptions of social status and class."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Protect Against Losing Leads's Private Information?","response":"As companies store more data from sales leads and customers, the impact of a privacy breach becomes more serious. Businesses can spend significant money dealing with the fallout of a data breach. Some companies concerned about potential losses they could suffer from privacy breaches of their customers' confidential information will opt to buy cyber and privacy insurance."}
+{"prompts":"Why Does Short Selling Have Negative Reputation?","response":"Unfortunately, short selling gets a bad name due to the practices employed by unethical speculators who have used short-selling strategies and derivatives to deflate prices and conduct bear raids on vulnerable stocks artificially. Most forms of market manipulation like this are illegal in the U.S. but may happen periodically."}
+{"prompts":"Why Would You Choose an S Corp?","response":"S corps combine the benefits of corporations with the tax advantages of partnerships. They offer the limited liability protection of the corporate structure\u2014meaning that an owner\u2019s personal assets can\u2019t be accessed by business creditors or legal claims against the company. But like partnerships, they don\u2019t pay corporate taxes on any earnings and income that they generate. They can also help owners avoid self-employment tax."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Workers Affected by Stagnation?","response":"Stagnation is evident with higher unemployment and falling wages, making it difficult for individual workers to compete for jobs and wages."}
+{"prompts":"When Can I Start Making Withdrawals From a SEPP Plan?","response":"You can begin making withdrawals from a SEPP plan before you turn 59\u00bd. Keep in mind, though, that you must take these payments in accordance with one of the three calculations set up by the IRS. These are the amortization, annuitization, and required minimum distribution methods. Each method leaves you with a different annual distribution. The method you choose should suit your own financial situation."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Take SEPP Withdrawals From My 401(k)?","response":"Yes and no. You can use make withdrawals from your 401(k) through a SEPP program if you are no longer employed with the company. As such, you cannot take any money from your account if you still work for the employer that sponsors the plan."}
+{"prompts":"What Does Slippage Mean in Crypto?","response":"Slippage can happen with all asset classes. With crypto, it\u2019s perhaps more likely as the market for digital currencies tends to be more volatile and, in certain cases, less liquid."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a 2% Slippage?","response":"Some brokers allow investors to specify a maximum slippage tolerance. 2% slippage means an order being executed at 2% more or less than the expected price. For example, if you placed an order for shares in a company when they were trading at $100 and ended up paying $102 per share, you would have 2% negative slippage."}
+{"prompts":"What are the limitations of using short interest?","response":"Short interest is a useful tool but should not be the sole determinant of an investment decision. Changes in short interest, and even extremes, may not lead to significant price changes in a timely fashion. A stock can stay at an extreme reading for long periods or a major price decline. Short interest is published only monthly by most exchanges, so traders are using slightly outdated information, and the actual short interest may already be significantly different than what the report indicates."}
+{"prompts":"What Kind of Events Cause Supply Shocks?","response":"They can be anything from a natural disaster to an economic recession to a pandemic to an act of war or terrorism. Technological breakthroughs can also be a culprit, as can political acts, such as the 1973 oil embargo organized by OPEC in response to the Arab-Israeli War."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Social Media Marketing?","response":"Social media marketing is the use of social networks as a sales and marketing tool. Companies with products or services to promote can go beyond traditional advertising to build an online presence and engage directly with their customers.In particular, social media marketing has opened up opportunities for local businesses to reach out to potential customers without spending a fortune on ad placement."}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Replace my Social Security Card?","response":"You can request a new card online\u00a0at SSA's website if you need to replace your Social Security card but require no other changes.\u00a0You can also fill out a print version of the\u00a0application and return it by mail."}
+{"prompts":"What States Have the Lowest Sales Tax?","response":"The states with the lowest average sales taxes are Hawai'i (4.44%), Wyoming (5.36%), and Alaska (1.76%). In addition, four states (Delaware, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Montana) do not allow any sales tax to be charged at all."}
+{"prompts":"What Does SIC Code Stand for?","response":"SIC code stands for standard industrial classification (SIC) code This four digit-number identifies a very specific short descriptor of the type of business a company is engaged in."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Calculate Straight-Line Depreciation?","response":"To calculate depreciation using a straight-line basis, simply divide the net price (purchase price less the salvage price) by the number of useful years of life the asset has."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act?","response":"The Clayton Act was introduced later, in 1914, to address some of the specific practices that the Sherman Act did not clearly prohibit or failed to properly clarify. The Sherman Act, the first of its kind, was deemed too vague, allowing some companies to find ways to maneuver around it.Essentially, the Clayton Act deals with similar topics, such as anti-competitive mergers, monopolies, and price discrimination but adds more detail and scope to eliminate some of the previous loopholes. Over the years, antitrust laws continue to be amended to reflect the current business environment and fresh observations."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of SWOT Analysis?","response":"Home Depot conducted a SWOT analysis, creating a balanced list of its internal advantages and disadvantages and external factors threatening its market position and growth strategy. High-quality customer service, strong brand recognition, and positive relationships with suppliers were some of its notable strengths; whereas, a constricted supply chain, interdependence on the U.S. market, and a replicable business model were listed as its weaknesses.Closely related to its weaknesses, Home Depot's threats were the presence of close rivals, available substitutes, and the condition of the U.S. market. It found from this study and other analysis that expanding its supply chain and global footprint would be key to its growth."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Sampling Distributions Used?","response":"Sampling distributions are used in statistics and research. They highlight the chance or probability of an event that may take place. This is based on a set of data that is gathered from a small group within a larger population."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Schedule A?","response":"Schedule A is an Internal Revenue Service tax form that allows you to itemize their deductions when filing their taxes. Itemized deductions reduce your taxable income. Filers can choose between either the standard deduction or itemized deduction."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Sister Companies?","response":"Two or more subsidiaries majority owned by the same parent company are called sister companies."}
+{"prompts":"How Do You Value a Startup Company?","response":"Valuing a startup can be difficult as startups don't usually have longevity in which to determine their success. Startups also don't generate profits or even revenue for a few years after starting. As such, using the traditional financial statement metrics for valuations doesn't apply. Some of the best ways to value a startup include the cost to duplicate, market multiples, discounted cash flow, and valuation by stage."}
+{"prompts":"What are the Different Types of Swaps?","response":"The common types of swaps are interest rate swaps, currency swaps, credit default swaps (CDS), commodity swaps, equity swaps, total return swaps and volatility swaps."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Not Allowed in a 1035 Exchange?","response":"Transfers between qualified accounts, such as IRAs and 401(k)s, are not characterized as 1035 exchanges. The IRS allows exchanges of like-kind insurance policies, such as deferred annuities and life insurance policies, without triggering a taxable event. Such permissible transactions include insurance policies exchanged into annuities, annuities into annuities, and endowments into endowments. The IRS disallows the following under a 1035 exchange:Transfer of funds from the account holder to the institution (must be directly transferred from the financial institution)Exchanges between like-kind accounts where the annuitant or owner on the existing account is not the same on the new accountAnnuity to life insuranceEndowment to life insuranceAnnuity to endowment"}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Chapter 13 Bankruptcy?","response":"A Chapter 13 bankruptcy for individuals is similar to Chapter 11 for companies. Rather than liquidating most of an individual's assets, like Chapter 7, a Chapter 13 bankruptcy allows them to keep more assets if they agree to, and adhere to, a court-approved plan to repay their creditors."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Sharpe Ratio of S&P 500?","response":"As of June 30, 2023, the S&P 500 Portfolio Sharpe ratio is 0.88."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is an SDR Called Paper Gold?","response":"An SDR is called paper gold because at the time of its creation, it was viewed as an asset that could act as a reserve asset that would supplement gold reserves and other currencies, thus the name, paper gold."}
+{"prompts":"How Is Social Justice Related to Equity?","response":"The concept of equity focuses on outcomes. It\u2019s related to the belief that social determinants massively affect how people\u2019s lives turn out and that, therefore, a truly fair arrangement of society will account for the tangible ways that this harms socially and economically disadvantaged groups."}
+{"prompts":"Are Safe Havens Good for My Portfolio?","response":"They can be one of the ways that you can diversify your portfolio to protect against risk. Safe havens offer stable returns during unstable times. Though their low risk comes with lower potential returns, they can provide stability when high risk investments stumble."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Does a Safe Deposit Box Cost?","response":"The cost of a safe deposit box will depend on the size of the box, the bank, the city it is located in, and of course, availability. Rough estimates place the average cost of a box at a commercial U.S. bank between $15 and $350 per year."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the 1933 and 1934 Securities Acts?","response":"The Securities Exchange Act of 1933 regulates newly issued securities, such as those being sold through an initial public offering. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 regulates securities that are already being actively traded on the secondary market."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Term Sheet Format?","response":"A term sheet may take many different forms. In general, it must outline the economic transaction agreed to by the parties. These transactions may range from mergers, acquisitions, loans, joint ventures, or commercial real estate transactions. The format of each term sheet must be tailored to each specific type of instrument."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does a Title Search Take to Complete?","response":"The average title search can take anywhere between 10 and 14 days to complete. But it may take longer for title searches to be executed on older properties."}
+{"prompts":"How Does Theta React to Volatility in the Market?","response":"Theta and volatility have a complex relationship. Generally speaking, when market volatility is high, option prices go up, which can also cause theta to increase. This is because the higher premium associated with the option will have more to lose each day as it approaches expiration.However, it's important to understand that an increase in theta doesn't necessarily mitigate the impact of rising volatility. In a volatile market, the option price can swing dramatically quickly, overshadowing the slow erosion of time decay. So, while theta might increase in a high-volatility market, the option's price could still rise if the increased volatility is even more significant."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Commercial Letter of Credit?","response":"With a commercial letter of credit, the bank makes payment directly to the beneficiary (typically the seller in a transaction) by releasing the buyer's funds when the beneficiary has fulfilled its obligations. This contrasts with a standby letters of credit, in which the bank pays the seller directly only if the buyer fails to do so."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a Letter of Credit Cost?","response":"Banks typically charge a percentage of the amount of money they are guaranteeing for a letter of credit, but the fee can also vary based on the applicant's creditworthiness. A review of lender websites shows fees generally ranging from about 0.75% to 2%."}
+{"prompts":"How Does a Trailing Stop Work?","response":"When the price of a security with a trailing stop increases, it \"drags\" the trailing stop up along with it. Then when the price finally stops rising, the new stop-loss price remains at the level it was dragged to, thus automatically protecting an investor's downside, while locking in profits as the price reaches new highs.\u00a0Many online brokers provide this service at no additional cost."}
+{"prompts":"How Is TBL Different From the Financial Bottom Line?","response":"Including social, human, and environmental capital along with a company's financial capital makes it possible to get a more accurate picture of a company's impact on society. While a company's financial line is helpful in knowing the profitability of the company, a company's triple bottom line is used to evaluate non-financial, philanthrophic performance."}
+{"prompts":"Can Stocks Trade Between Tick Sizes?","response":"Yes, stocks can trade below the official tick size of $0.01. Orders can be priced in sub-penny increments if they are priced to execute against a particular hidden order or used in a retail price improvement program (where a retail investor's order is executed at a slightly better price than the best available public quote). In dark pools (private exchanges for trading securities not accessible by the public investing community) and through internalization (where a broker might fill an order from their own inventory), transactions can sometimes occur at sub-penny increments. However, these trades are not publicly displayed."}
+{"prompts":"What Increases a Trade Surplus?","response":"A trade surplus rises when a country increasingly sells more to other countries than it buys from other countries. This isn\u2019t always sustainable as growing demand tends to push the value of the currency up, making it more expensive for foreign clients to keep buying."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a TQM Diagram?","response":"A TQM diagram is a visual depiction of the business and process layout. The diagram usually shows different processes or steps, allowing management to see a process, analyze weaknesses or risks in the flow, and strategically adjust how things are done."}
+{"prompts":"What Assumptions Do Technical Analysts Make?","response":"Professional technical analysts typically accept three general assumptions for the discipline. The first is that, similar to the efficient market hypothesis, the market discounts everything. Second, they expect that prices, even in random market movements, will exhibit trends regardless of the time frame being observed. Finally, they believe that history tends to repeat itself. The repetitive nature of price movements is often attributed to market psychology, which tends to be very predictable based on emotions like fear or excitement.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Low Should My TDS Be for a Mortgage?","response":"To be approved for a mortgage, you should have a TDS ratio of no more than 43% (the maximum most lenders allow)\u2014but ideally, your TDS should be as close as possible to 36% (the low end of the benchmark range that lenders prefer)."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between TDS (Total Debt Service) and GDS (Gross Debt Service)?","response":"TDS and GDS are similar ratios, but the difference is that GDS does not factor any non-housing payments\u2014such as credit card debts or car loans\u2014into the equation."}
+{"prompts":"Is It Safe to Keep Money in a Trading Account?","response":"Yes, it's generally safe to keep money in a trading account. Most reputable brokerages provide Securities Investor Protection Corp. (SIPC) insurance for up to $500,000. This doesn't protect you from investment losses, but rather from the risk of investment firm failure."}
+{"prompts":"Who Can Be a Trustee in a Deed of Trust?","response":"Some states have laws limiting who can act as a trustee in a deed of trust. In these states, the trustee must be a bank, credit union, thrift, title insurance company, attorney, or other company specifically authorized to hold a trust. In other states, anyone can act as a trustee."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a Sector and an Industry?","response":"In general, an industry is a group of companies that are all similar in type. A sector is a segment of the broader economy. For example, the semiconductor industry is part of the technology sector. However, these terms are often used interchangeably."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Single and Double Net Leases?","response":"The lease with the least tenant risk is a Single Net (N) lease. The tenant pays just the property taxes. Double Net (NN) leases are also common in commercial real estate. The tenant pays two instead of three obligations: property taxes, insurance premiums, and rent."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Elasticity of Demand?","response":"Elasticity of demand, or price elasticity of demand, measures how sensitive the demand for a particular good or service is to changes in its price. If raising the price of a product will have little effect on the demand for it, it is said to be relatively inelastic."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Demand Curve?","response":"The demand curve is a graphic illustration of how prices affect supply and demand. As prices rise, the quantity of a particular good or service that consumers demand will decline. Conversely, as prices fall, demand rises."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Commonly Used Methods of Transfer Pricing?","response":"The Comparable Uncontrolled Price Method is one of the most commonly used transfer pricing methods."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Nontaxable Income?","response":"Examples of nontaxable income include earnings made from a religious or charitable organization that are subsequently returned to that organization. Another example can be an employee achievement award, as long as certain conditions are met. If someone dies and you receive a life insurance benefit, that is also nontaxable income (although it may subject you to an estate tax)."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Tier 1 Leverage Ratio of Major Banks?","response":"A tier 1 leverage ratio above 5% is considered to be an indicator of strong financial health for a bank. Most major banks have a ratio well above 5%- Here are some examples as of Q1 2023:Citibank: 8.82 JPMorgan Chase: 8.60Wells Fargo: 8.55Bank of America: 7.88"}
+{"prompts":"How Do I Know If I Have No Tax Liability?","response":"You have no tax liability if you aren't required to file income taxes or have no taxable income for the tax year."}
+{"prompts":"What Other Chart Patterns Are Similar to the Three White Soldiers?","response":"Several other chart patterns bear similarities to the three white solders, each with its own nuances and predictive capabilities. Some of these include the three black crows, the bullish engulfing pattern, morning star, hammer and inverted hammer, the piercing line, the abandoned baby, tweezer bottoms and tops as well as the double bottom and double top."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Good Total Debt-to-Total Assets Ratio?","response":"A company's total debt-to-total assets ratio is specific to that company's size, industry, sector, and capitalization strategy. For example, start-up tech companies are often more reliant on private investors and will have lower total debt-to-total-asset calculations. However, more secure, stable companies may find it easier to secure loans from banks and have higher ratios. In general, a ratio around 0.3 to 0.6 is where many investors will feel comfortable, though a company's specific situation may yield different results."}
+{"prompts":"Is a Low Total Debt-to-Total Asset Ratio Good?","response":"A low total debt-to-total-asset ratio isn't necessarily good or bad. It simply means that the company has decided to prioritize raising money by issuing stock to investors instead of taking out loans at a bank. While a lower calculation means a company avoids paying as much interest, it also means owners retain less residual profits because shareholders may be entitled to a portion of the company's earnings."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tick and a Point in Trading?","response":"Point and\u00a0tick are terms traders use to describe price changes. A point represents a larger movement than a tick. A point is the smallest possible price change on the\u00a0left side\u00a0of a decimal point. Meanwhile, a tick represents the smallest possible price change on the\u00a0right side\u00a0of a decimal point. Let's use an example. Suppose a stock is trading at $50.00. It has moved one point if the stock price increases to $51.00. If the same stock's price moved instead to $50.01, it would have moved one tick or one cent."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Retired Shares?","response":"Retired shares are treasury shares that have been repurchased by the issuer out of the company's retained earnings and permanently canceled.\u00a0While other treasury shares can be reissued or sold on the open market, retired shares cannot be reissued, they have no market value and they no longer represent a share of ownership in the issuing corporation. Retired shares will not be listed as treasury stock on a company's financial statements."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Meaning of Turnover in Business?","response":"There are several different business turnover ratios used, such as accounts receivable inventory, asset, portfolio, and working capital. These turnover ratios are how quickly the company replaces them."}
+{"prompts":"Is an LLC a Tax Shelter?","response":"An LLC may be a tax shelter depending on prevailing tax brackets. Consider how the taxable income of an LLC may be assessed a rate as high as 21%. Should a sole proprietor earning the same revenue but be taxed at their individual marginal tax rate, they may pay a substantially higher rate."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Tomorrow Next Trade?","response":"Tomorrow next is a term used in the currency or forex markets. It allows traders to postpone delivery by rolling over their position in the market two business days later. By doing so, traders can simultaneously avoid taking delivery and holding the currency. Put simply, it allows traders to extend the settlement of a currency trade by one more day."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Can You Save During a Tax Holiday?","response":"That depends largely on the customary sales taxes in the state or locality where you're shopping. A few states, such as Delaware and Oregon, have no state sales tax at all. Others including California and Rhode Island charge 7% or more. When local sales taxes are added, total sales taxes in some areas can top 9%."}
+{"prompts":"Is Times Interest Earned a Profitability Ratio?","response":"No, times interest earned is not a profitability ratio. It is a solvency ratio. The ratio does not seek to determine how profitable a company is but rather its capability to pay off its debt and remain financially solvent. If a company can no longer make interest payments on its debt, it is most likely not solvent."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Trade?","response":"Generally, there are two types of trade\u2014domestic and international. Domestic trades occur between parties in the same countries. International trade occurs between two or more countries. A country that places goods and services on the international market is exporting those goods and services. One that purchases goods and services from the international market is importing those goods and services."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Trade?","response":"Trade offers many advantages, such as increasing quality of life and fueling economic growth. However, trade can be used politically through embargoes and tariffs to manipulate trade partners. It also comes with language barriers, cultural differences, and restrictions on what can be imported or exported. Additionally, intellectual property theft becomes an issue because regulations and enforcement methods change across borders."}
+{"prompts":"Is Tax Lien Investing a Good Idea?","response":"Property tax lien investing may be a plausible investment for investors looking to hold alternative investments and want exposure to real estate. In addition, it's a reasonable way for investors to own real estate without the necessity of holding tangible property. It's usually advised to understand tax lien investing, know the local real estate market and do research on properties prior to investing."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Tariff Example?","response":"One of the best-known tariff examples in the U.S. is the tea tax implemented by the British on the American colonies that led to the Boston Tea Party."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction?","response":"Tax credits and tax deductions reduce the amount of tax you owe, but they work differently. Tax credits reduce your tax bill, while tax deductions reduce your taxable income.Say you\u2019re eligible for a $1,000 tax credit and a $1,000 tax deduction. The tax credit lowers your tax bill by $1,000, while the tax deduction reduces your taxable income\u2014the amount of income on which you owe taxes\u2014by $1,000. Of the two, tax credits save you more money."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Advantages of a Tax Haven?","response":"Corporations and wealthy individuals benefit primarily from low or no taxes on their income in foreign countries where loopholes, credits, or other special tax considerations may be lawful.Tax havens may also offer advantages in the area of credit, since it may be less expensive for U.S.-based companies to borrow funds internationally.\u00a0Some tax havens also have strong privacy protections and share limited or no financial information with foreign tax authorities.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What is the difference between a broker and a transfer agent?","response":"A transfer agent acts as a liaison between a company's registrar and an investor. A broker, on the other hand, acts as an intermediary between an investor and an exchange, buying and selling securities for its clients."}
+{"prompts":"Can I Buy TIPS for My Individual Retirement Account (IRA)?","response":"Yes. You can include TIPS and funds that hold TIPS in an individual retirement account (IRA); however, you cannot use the TreasuryDirect service to buy them directly in an IRA. Instead, you would need to rely on the broker holding your retirement account."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Distinction Between Cross-Sectional and Time Series Data?","response":"A cross section looks at a single point in time, which is useful for comparing and analyzing the effect of different factors on one another or describing a sample. Time series involves repeated sampling of the same data over time. In practice, both forms of analysis are commonly used, and when available, they are used together."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Transactions Different in Accounting?","response":"Accounting transactions are a little different because of the way they may be recorded. In the accrual method of accounting, transactions are recorded once they are executed. But in the cash accounting method, transactions are recorded only when money is received or paid."}
+{"prompts":"What Do Jobless Claims Mean?","response":"Jobless claims are a measure of how many people are out of work at a certain time. There are two sections of jobless claims reported\u2014initial and continuing jobless claims. Initial jobless claims are for new claimants for unemployment benefits while continuing jobless claims are for people who are continuing to receive benefits."}
+{"prompts":"How Do IPO Underwriters Get Paid?","response":"The issuing company selects an underwriting bank that works for its interests. Other institutions may be required, depending on the size and nature of the IPO. The original underwriter becomes the lead and forms a syndicate.Underwriters are generally guaranteed a fee for their services. The lead receives a portion of the gross spread, which is fixed as a percentage of the IPO proceeds. The remaining portion is split between the remaining underwriters. The company may also agree to cover other costs, including out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the underwriter(s) during the process."}
+{"prompts":"Why Do People Engage in the Underground Economy?","response":"There are a variety of reasons why people engage in the underground economy. These reasons can be as simple as obtaining items that they can not legally buy, such as outlawed drugs and weapons. It can also be to avoid taxes, labor laws, and administrative paperwork."}
+{"prompts":"How Many States Have Higher Minimum Wages?","response":"There are 30 states plus Washington, D.C., that offer workers a wage above the federal minimum wage."}
+{"prompts":"What Does UCITS Mean In Stocks?","response":"Undertaking for collective investment in transferable securities (UCITS) is a regulatory framework for mutual funds in the European Union (EU). It governs how mutual funds are sold and managed."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Search for Existing Patents?","response":"The USPTO's Patent Public Search option allows users to see what patents might already exist. Searches can be filtered by keywords and other descriptions."}
+{"prompts":"What Does the Use Tax Mean?","response":"The use tax is a type of sales tax. It is imposed on goods purchased and brought back home from outside a consumer's jurisdiction when no sales tax is charged there. The rate is generally the same"}
+{"prompts":"How Much Tax Do I Pay on Unrecaptured Section 1250 Gain?","response":"The maximum rate attributable to unrecaptured section 1250 gains is 25%."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Make Estimated Tax Payments All at Once?","response":"Some taxpayers, such as sole proprietors, partners, and S corporation shareholders, must pay taxes at least quarterly if they will owe more than $1,000. These payments are referred to as estimated tax payments. You cannot pay estimated tax payments all at once, although you can do so in advance and you can pay monthly in advance if that suits your budget better."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Universal Banking?","response":"Examples of universal banks include JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, UBS, BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, and Barclays. All of these banks provide a gamut of banking services, from retail banking to investment banking."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Disadvantage of a Universal Bank?","response":"Disadvantages of universal banks include risk concentration for the client and a conflict of interest in certain areas between bank and investor, primarily in regards to interest earned on deposits."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Excluded From Unrelated Business Taxable Income?","response":"Income that's excluded includes dividends, interest, capital gains, royalties, and certain other investment income. For a complete list, please see IRS Publication 598."}
+{"prompts":"What is the difference between universal life and whole life insurance?","response":"Whole life insurance is more stable because the death benefit will never go down if you pay your premiums, which are fixed monthly amounts. Universal life insurance offers more flexibility, but your death benefit isn\u2019t guaranteed. You can increase or decrease the amount you spend on premiums with universal life, and you may be able to adjust your death benefit with some policies."}
+{"prompts":"Why Are Startups Called Unicorns?","response":"Startups worth over $1 billion are called unicorns because they are so rare. These companies often have skyrocketing success or market traction, which launches them into almost a mythical category, since they are so rare."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between the UTMA and the Uniform Gift to Minors Act (UGMA)?","response":"The UTMA and the UGMA serve similar purposes, but there are important differences between them. Most notably, the UTMA allows for a broader range of assets to be gifted, including patents, royalties, real estate, and art.The UTMA also provides additional time for the assets being gifted to reach their maturity dates, such as in the case of a bond. By contrast, the UGMA requires the assets to be assumed by the minor once the minor reaches 18 years of age."}
+{"prompts":"When Can a Child Claim Ownership of an UTMA Account?","response":"Depending on the state, a UTMA account is handed over to a child when they reach either age 18 or age 21. In some jurisdictions, at age 18 a UTMA account can only be handed over with the custodian's permission, and at 21 is transferred automatically. Enquire with the bank or brokerage where the UTMA is housed for clarification."}
+{"prompts":"What Currencies Are in the USDX Basket?","response":"The USDX tracks the dollar's (USD) relative strength against a basket of foreign currencies. The weightings have been fixed since 1973 (and later adjusted in 2002 when the euro replaced many European currencies):Euro (EUR) - 57.6% weightJapanese yen (JPY) - 13.6%Pound sterling (GBP) - 11.9%Canadian dollar (CAD) - 9.1%Swedish krona (SEK) - 4.2%Swiss franc (CHF) - 3.6%"}
+{"prompts":"How Can Unlevered Beta Help an Investor?","response":"Unlevered beta removes any beneficial or detrimental effects gained by adding debt to the firm's capital structure. Comparing companies' unlevered betas give an investor clarity on the composition of risk being assumed when purchasing the stock. Since companies have different capital structures and levels of debt, an investor can calculate the unlevered beta to effectively compare them against each other or against the market. This way, only the sensitivity of a firm\u2019s assets (equity) to the market will be factored in."}
+{"prompts":"Where Does the Term Upstart Come From?","response":"The earliest known use of the term is found in the Middle English period (1150\u20141500). Specifically, the first evidence of its use as a verb is from 1303, in the writing of the poet and historian Robert Mannyng. The word upstart is formed within English, by derivation."}
+{"prompts":"What Are LIFO and FIFO?","response":"LIFO, Last In First Out, and FIFO, First In First Out, are two distinct accounting methods to record the inventory of units produced and sold. FIFO is an accounting method in which units that were purchased or produced first are sold first. LIFO records the most recently produced units as sold first.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Uptick and Downtick?","response":"The difference between uptick and downtick is that an uptick is an increase in a stock's price from its previous transaction. The increase has to be by at least 1 cent. A downtick is a decrease in a stock's price from its previous transaction. The decrease has to be at least by 1 cent."}
+{"prompts":"Was There a Real Uncle Sam?","response":"Uncle Sam is based on a real person named Samuel Wilson, who started a meatpacking company after the American Revolution. His company supplied troops in the War of 1812 with meat, earning him the nickname \"Uncle Sam.\""}
+{"prompts":"Which Countries Are Not Members of the United Nations?","response":"There are 193 members of the U.N., all of them sovereign nations. A special category allows so-called observer states to participate in General Assembly meetings, but they cannot vote. The two observer states are the Holy See and Palestine. The Holy See, with the pope at its head, was granted the status of a permanent observer in 1964. Palestine officially applied to join the U.N. in 2011, but the U.N. Security Council has not voted on the application. In 2012, the State of Palestine was officially recognized as a non-member state. Certain other states, including Kosovo and the Republic of China, or Taiwan, are not members because they're not recognized by all members of the U.N."}
+{"prompts":"Who Is the Secretary-General of the UN?","response":"The ninth secretary-general of the U.N., Ant\u00f3nio Guterres, took office on Jan. 1, 2017. The Portugal native was recently sworn in to a second five-year term, which begins in January 2022."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Principles of Utilitarianism?","response":"Utilitarianism puts forward that it is a virtue to improve one's life better by increasing the good things in the world and minimizing the bad things. This means striving for pleasure and happiness while avoiding discomfort or unhappiness."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Utilitarian?","response":"A utilitarian is a person who holds the beliefs of utilitarianism. Today, these people might be described as cold and calculating, practical, and perhaps selfish\u2014since they may seek their own pleasure at the expense of the social good at times."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Rule Utilitarianism?","response":"Rule utilitarians focus on the effects of actions that stem from certain rules or moral guidelines (e.g. the \"golden rule\", the 10 commandments, or laws against murder). If an action conforms to a moral rule then the act is moral. A rule is deemed moral if its existence increases the greater good than any other rule, or the absence of such a rule."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Role of Utilitarianism in Today\u2019s Business Environment?","response":"Because its ideology argues for the greatest good for the greatest number, a business acting in a utilitarian fashion should increase the welfare of others. However, in practice, utilitarianism can lead to greed and dog-eat-dog competition that can undermine the social good."}
+{"prompts":"What Are Uncovered Option Trading Strategies?","response":"Uncovered option trading strategies benefit from collecting the premium without putting up a lot of capital. However, the risk is that the underlying security doesn't perform as expected, and the options seller is obliged to quickly acquire a position regardless of price."}
+{"prompts":"Does the Level of the VIX Affect Option Premiums and Prices?","response":"Yes, it does. Volatility is one of the primary factors that affect stock and index options\u2019 prices and premiums. As the VIX is the most widely watched measure of broad market volatility, it has a substantial impact on option prices or premiums. A higher VIX means higher prices for options (i.e., more expensive option premiums) while a lower VIX means lower option prices or cheaper premiums."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Vetted Credit Check?","response":"A credit check is a form of vetting performed when evaluating the creditworthiness of a potential borrower. A person seeking credit, whether it be for a mortgage, auto loan, or a new credit card, will be subject to a credit check to vet their ability to repay the interest and principal of the loan or line of credit (LOC). As such, the credit check will analyze data such as income, assets, job security, and the number of other debts held."}
+{"prompts":"What Does SIP Means on VoIP Phones?","response":"SIP, or session initiation protocol, is closely related to VoIP and is used to manage multimedia communications channels such as phone calls and videoconferencing. SIP is often used interchangeably with VoIP, but they are not the same thing."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Phases of Value Engineering?","response":"Value engineering is often broken into six stages: information gathering, brainstorming, evaluating, developing plans, presentation, and implementation. The phases range from collecting relevant data to designing alternatives to see what management thinks of the potential changes."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Types of Value in Value Engineering?","response":"Value engineering often breaks values into the use, cost, exchange, and esteem value. Though other departments may use different categories to define consumer benefit, the end goal is to ensure all benefits of a consumer are captured for analysis."}
+{"prompts":"How is variable life insurance closer to a security than insurance policy?","response":"It has separate accounts comprised of different instruments and investment funds, such as stocks, bonds, equity funds, money market funds, and bond funds. Because of investment risks, variable policies are considered securities contracts. They are regulated under the federal securities laws.\u00a0Following the federal\u00a0regulations, sales professionals must provide a prospectus\u00a0of available investment products to potential buyers.\u00a0\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"What Did Vladimir Lenin Want in World War I?","response":"At the time of World War I, Russia was still an empire ruled by a monarch; Czar Nicholas II. Lenin wanted Russia to lose in World War I as he believed it would bring about the political revolution he had been hoping for. He wrote and published various works during this time. Lenin was not in Russia during the war but did return to further flame the revolution that had already started."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Businesses Gain Visibility?","response":"Businesses can gain visibility by paying extreme attention to all numerical data for their business. This can mean making sure that all receipts are kept, expenditures are logged, numbers are exact (not rounded or guessed at), and proper, timely bookkeeping practices are upheld."}
+{"prompts":"What are 2 types of value-based pricing?","response":"Value-based pricing can be applied to a wide range of products, but two of the most common are luxury fashion items and consumer staples such as milk."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of Value Investing?","response":"Common sense and fundamental analysis underlie many of the principles of value investing. The margin of safety, which is the discount a stock trades at compared to its intrinsic value, is one leading principle. Fundamental metrics, such as the price-to-earnings (PE) ratio, for example, illustrate company earnings in relation to their price. A value investor may invest in a company with a low PE ratio because it provides one barometer for determining whether it is undervalued or overvalued."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Employee Value Proposition?","response":"An employee value proposition (EVP) applies to the job market. Here, a company that is hiring will try to frame itself as a good place to work, offering not only monetary compensation but also a range of benefits, perks, and a productive environment. In return, the job candidate will need to convince the hiring company that they have the appropriate skills, experience, demeanor, and ambition to succeed."}
+{"prompts":"Are Vostro Account Balances Insured?","response":"Vostro account balances are generally not insured by deposit insurance schemes since they represent liabilities of the respondent bank held on behalf of the correspondent bank. However, deposit insurance coverage may vary by jurisdiction, so it's important to understand the applicable regulations and safeguards in your specific country."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Steps to Start a Viral Marketing Campaign?","response":"First, identify the purpose of going viral. Are you seeking to improve your brand's image or increase awareness? Then, find out more about your audience. Social media reporting is a good source of information about what is preferred by your target audience. The content you want to go viral needs to be configured to where it can be easily and quickly shared. If not, the campaign will likely fail at the start. Make sure that the content you want to be shared is organic and relatable. Lastly, use trends and hashtags to promote the content as they will capture the attention of your followers."}
+{"prompts":"Does a Venn Diagram Always Use 2 or 3 Circles?","response":"While often employing a pair or triplet of circles, Venn diagram can use any number of circles (or any other shape) to show the differences and intersections of different sets."}
+{"prompts":"How Many Views Do You Need to Go Viral?","response":"There is no single universally accepted calculation of how many views are needed to go viral. In general, the term simply means that content is popular and being widely distributed in a short period of time.Some marketing and business experts may say content needs to have at least a million views within a week of its initial posting to have gone viral, though different experts will have varying opinions. Also, be mindful of how smaller platforms may have smaller thresholds for having saturated a platform."}
+{"prompts":"Is Volatility a Good Thing?","response":"Whether volatility is a good or bad thing depends on what kind of trader you are and what your risk appetite is. For long-term investors, volatility can spell trouble, but for day traders and options traders, volatility often equals trading opportunities."}
+{"prompts":"Are Veblen goods always expensive?","response":"Yes. Veblen goods are always expensive, because price is part of their appeal. The purchasers feel that owning them confers high societal status. In effect, they buy them to show them off, a practice known as \u201cconspicuous consumption.\u201d"}
+{"prompts":"What Does \"Posting\" Mean With a Credit or Debit Card?","response":"Posting refers to the point at which a credit or debit card transaction has been completed, and the money has moved out of, or into, the cardholder's account. The date that will be reflected on their statement is known as the post date or settlement date. In many cases it will be later than the date the transaction actually occurred."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between Value Investing and Deep Value Investing?","response":"Value investing is investing in stocks whose price is significantly lower than their intrinsic value. Deep value investments are cheap stock purchases where investors disregard the quality aspects of the underlying companies."}
+{"prompts":"How Do Fixed Costs Differ From Variable Costs?","response":"Variable costs are directly related to the cost of production of goods or services, while fixed costs do not vary with the level of production. Variable costs are commonly designated as\u00a0COGS, whereas fixed costs are not usually included in COGS. Fluctuations in sales and production levels can affect variable costs if factors such as sales commissions are included in per-unit production costs. Meanwhile, fixed costs must still be paid even if production slows down significantly."}
+{"prompts":"Is Marginal Cost the Same as Variable Cost?","response":"No. Marginal cost refers to how much it costs to produce one additional unit. The marginal cost will take into account the total cost of production, including both fixed and variable costs. Since fixed costs are static, however, the weight of fixed costs will decline as production scales up."}
+{"prompts":"How Far Is Too Far for a Vacation Home?","response":"Again, this is up to each individual's preference. Some may prefer a short drive for a quick change of scenery. Others may prefer a flight to an entirely different geographical area. General guidelines to consider are how long of an average stay your vacation trips will be. For shorter trips, consider buying property easier to to get to (i.e. no more than 5 hours away). For longer trips, it may be more feasible and worthwhile to invest in property further away."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Absolute Value?","response":"Absolute value refers to the value of a number without regard to whether it is positive or negative. It is simply the distance from zero that a number sits. For example, both +5 and -5 have an absolute value of 5."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Value Stock?","response":"A value stock is one whose share price is trading below what a fundamental analysis would otherwise indicate. If an analysis of a company's fundamentals, such as its earnings, dividends, cash flow, operating income, and so on, indicates that its stock should be trading at a specific price, and the share price is below that number, it is considered a value stock. If an investor purchased the stock at this lower price, they would be getting a good value as the stock will most likely at some point correct and increase in price."}
+{"prompts":"What is fixed vs. variable overhead?`","response":"Fixed overhead costs are stable regardless of how much is being produced. For instance, rent and insurance on a factory building will be the same regardless if the factory is churning out a lot or a little in terms of quantity. Variable overhead, however, will increase along with the amount produced, such as raw materials or electricity."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens If You Default on a Vendor Note?","response":"The repercussions of defaulting on a vendor note can vary depending on the arrangement and the terms of the vendor loan agreement. The vendor can repossess the inventory or equipment that was sold, as well as other assets of the business to recoup its losses. The vendor may also be entitled to future cash flows of the business."}
+{"prompts":"Are Annuities FDIC-insured?","response":"No, annuities are not insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC), as they are not bank products. However, they are protected by state guaranty associations in the event that the insurance company providing the product goes out of business."}
+{"prompts":"Is Voluntary Term Life Group Insurance?","response":"Yes. Voluntary life insurance is covered via a group policy put in place by an organization. Because of this, most individual employees can purchase a policy under the umbrella plan without underwriting or a medical exam. Additionally, the cost of the premiums will typically be less than for an individual policy."}
+{"prompts":"Who pays workers\u2019 compensation insurance premiums?","response":"The employer pays workers\u2019 compensation insurance premiums.There is no payroll deduction, as for Social Security benefits. The employer is required by law to pay workers\u2019 compensation benefits as established by individual state laws."}
+{"prompts":"Who is exempt from workers\u2019 compensation?","response":"Generally, only salaried employees are eligible for workers\u2019 compensation; contractors and freelancers are not.Beyond that, every state writes its own rules. For example, Arkansas specifically excludes farm laborers and real estate agents from eligibility. Idaho excludes domestic workers. Louisiana excludes musicians and crop-dusting airplane crew members."}
+{"prompts":"Can You Trade Derivatives in a Wrap Account?","response":"Yes, depending on the investment company you choose to work with, you may be able to trade a wide variety of securities, including derivatives, in your wrap account."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Social Welfare?","response":"A social welfare system provides assistance to those in need whether they are individuals or families. There are various types of welfare available and how much welfare you are eligible for, depends on factors like the country, region, or state you live in. For example, in the U.S., the federal government provides money to each state and the welfare programs operate on a state-by-state basis. However, in certain countries like Canada, some social welfare programs send money directly to the individual or family in need as long as they qualify."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Main Lesson in How to Make Money in Stocks?","response":"William J. O'Neil incorporates his CAN SLIM method in How to Make Money in Stocks as well as lessons in reading charts to improve stock selection, reduce loss, and turn a profit."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Digital Version of Word-of-Mouth Marketing?","response":"Digital word-of-mouth marketing employs technology, particularly the Internet, to facilitate word-of-mouth exchanges. Review boards, social media sites, and blogs are popular digital platforms consumers use to share their experiences, good and bad, and these shared testimonials significantly influence consumer purchase decisions."}
+{"prompts":"What Happens to Your Stock in a Hostile Takeover?","response":"The target company's shares usually see an increase in price during a hostile takeover. In any takeover, actually. This is usually because the acquiring company pays a premium for the shares."}
+{"prompts":"Are Hostile Takeovers Legal?","response":"Yes, hostile takeovers are completely legal. They are typically done through acquiring shares, appealing to shareholders, or removing the current management team. While they are legal, many legal issues may arise during the process, which could ultimately prevent the takeover."}
+{"prompts":"Why Is the Current Ratio Important?","response":"The current ratio or the working capital ratio indicates how well a firm can meet its short-term obligations. It's also a measure of liquidity. If a company has a current ratio of less than 1.0, this means that short-term debts and bills exceed current assets, which could be a signal that the company's finances may be in danger in the short run."}
+{"prompts":"Where Does the Term War Chest Come From?","response":"The etymology of the term \"war chest\" comes from Mediaeval military terminology, where it referred to one's personal cache of weapons and armor kept in the home (in a chest), ready for use if conflict were to break out."}
+{"prompts":"Is the U.S. a Member of the World Trade Organization (WTO)","response":"The U.S. has been a member of the WTO since 1995 and signed its General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1948.In 1999, then-President Bill Clinton facilitated the acceptance of China into the WTO. The impact on China and on the world continues to be debated to this day."}
+{"prompts":"What Are the Career Opportunities in Wholesale Banking?","response":"Wholesale banking offers diverse career opportunities, including roles in corporate banking, investment banking, risk management, treasury services, capital markets, relationship management, and financial advisory."}
+{"prompts":"What Fees Will I Have to Pay at the End of a Walk-Away Lease?","response":"At the end of a walk-away lease, you may have to pay a fee for excessive mileage or wear and tear as well as a disposition fee that covers the costs of getting the car ready to sell to the next owner. Every lease is different, and the contract should clearly state any end-of-lease fees."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between a Holding Company and a Parent Company?","response":"A holding company exists only as a legal entity to hold stock in other companies. A parent company has its own operations. For example:Berkshire Hathaway is a holding company whose business is acquiring shares of other companies.Pepsi is a parent company whose core business is producing Pepsi soft drinks but it owns several subsidiaries, including Sodastream, Gatorade, and Aquafina."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a White Knight and Poison Pill?","response":"White knights and poison pills are two defensive strategies that target firms can use to avoid being taken over by an unfriendly acquirer. A white knight involves a friendly investor or company who makes a better offer to purchase the target and prevent the unfriendly bidder from gaining control.A poison pill, on the other hand, is used by a target by buying back enough outstanding shares to block an acquirer from gaining a majority and, therefore, control."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Writs Used in American Law?","response":"Initially, the American government adopted the writ system it inherited from the British. In 1798, Congress passed the All Writs Act, which authorized the United States federal courts to \"issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law.\" A 1938 Supreme Court ruling greatly curtailed the widespread use of writs in civil cases, though courts today may still use writs to issue injunctions. Note also that the writ of habeas corpus, usually used to test the legality of a prisoner's detention, continues to exist."}
+{"prompts":"Can Winsorized Mean Be Used with Non-Numeric Data?","response":"Not really. Winsorized mean is primarily designed for numeric data, as it involves replacing numerical outliers with other numerical values. For non-numeric data, such as categorical variables or text data, other robust statistical measures or preprocessing techniques may be more appropriate."}
+{"prompts":"How Can I Find a White Collar Job?","response":"Many white-collar jobs require a significant amount of education, training, and experience. Management-level positions may require additional credentials such as an MBA, CPA, or CFA. Professions like doctors or lawyers require additional schooling. For qualified individuals, white-collar job openings may be posted on job boards, but these types of jobs can also be found through word of mouth among people's social networks."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Hardship Withdrawal?","response":"You are allowed to make early withdrawals from qualified retirement accounts under special circumstances. These so-called hardship withdrawals can be made to cover medical emergencies or disability expenses, certain education expenses, and to help purchase a first home. While these will not carry the 10% penalty, you will still owe the deferred taxes on that money."}
+{"prompts":"Who Gets the Working Tax Credit in the U.K.?","response":"The Working Tax Credit (WTC) in the U.K. seeks to provide monetary support to low-income individuals. To receive the credit, one must meet different qualifications, such as already receiving the Child Tax Credit, being of a certain age and correspondingly working a certain number of hours, or if you are disabled, also working a certain number of hours. Your type of employment must also meet the required qualifications."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Income Limit for the Working Tax Credit in the U.K.?","response":"There is no income limit for the Working Tax Credit in the U.K. To be eligible and what you receive depends on a variety of qualifications, but there is no income limit to determine if and what you will receive as a credit."}
+{"prompts":"How Often Is the Working Tax Credit Paid in the U.K.?","response":"The working tax credit in the U.K. is paid either every week or every four weeks. You will be paid from the time you file your first claim to the end of the tax year."}
+{"prompts":"What Is a Fee Waiver?","response":"A fee waiver is a waiver that is signed in order to reduce the fee amount, either partially or fully, of someone who is typically enduring a period of financial hardship. They can also be used to entice a buyer or servicer, when the fee might be a deterrent and mean the difference between closing the sale or losing it."}
+{"prompts":"Do I Qualify for Tax Benefits If My Live-In Partner Dies?","response":"If you are legally married to your partner, then you will qualify for tax benefits as a surviving spouse. If you are only living together, even if recognized by the state, you will not qualify."}
+{"prompts":"What are the claim requirements?","response":"Typically to file a claim a holder must submit a physician's statement and notice from the Social Security Administration (SSA) confirming the disability. The waiver of premiums allows the redirection of limited personal funds to palliative care, personal finances, and living expenses.\u00a0"}
+{"prompts":"How Long Can I Have a Wage Assignment?","response":"Since wage assignments are voluntary, the length of time that you use one can vary. Some loans include a wage assignment agreement, so you'll have to check the language of your loan to determine your obligation. Each state also has its own regulations regarding wage assignments."}
+{"prompts":"How Long Does a Wire Transfer Take?","response":"Domestic bank wires may take up to three days in the United States, but they are usually much faster, especially if the sender and recipient use the same banking institution. International wires can take up to five business days. However, human error and other factors can sometimes cause delays, in extreme cases of up to three weeks."}
+{"prompts":"How Much Should I Have Withheld From My Paycheck?","response":"Many people think it\u2019s better to have less money withheld from their paychecks to pay taxes. Alternatively, others prefer to play it safe and overpay, mindful that they will get a refund later on down the line. Both of these approaches aren\u2019t smart. The best option is to fill out Form W-4 as accurately as possible. Doing that will ensure that you don\u2019t get hit with a nasty tax bill out of the blue or essentially give the IRS an interest-free loan."}
+{"prompts":"What Does a White Candlestick Mean?","response":"A white candlestick means that the candle closed its period at a higher price than when it opened. A white candlestick is the opposite of a red candlestick, which indicates a closing price lower than the opening."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Most Powerful Candlestick Pattern?","response":"Some of the most powerful bullish patterns are the Three Line Strike, Bullish Abandoned Baby, and Morning Star. Some of the most powerful bearish patterns are Three Black Crows, Identical Three Crows, and Evening Star."}
+{"prompts":"Are Hostile Takeovers Unethical?","response":"Hostile takeovers can be seen as unethical as they are acquisitions done without the approval of the target company. Though they are legal, they tend to raise legal and ethical questions during the process."}
+{"prompts":"How Are Worthless Securities Taxed?","response":"They are taxed as a capital loss and can be claimed in the year the security becomes worthless."}
+{"prompts":"What is wealth management?","response":"Wealth management refers to the financial, investment, and advisory services provided to clients with a high net worth."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an IPO?","response":"An IPO is an initial public offering, which means a large company is selling shares to the public for the first time. An IPO is a way for companies to raise money from public investors. After an IPO, the company's shares are available to buy and sell on a public stock exchange."}
+{"prompts":"Where Do Zombie Foreclosures Happen?","response":"Foreclosures can happen in any state but zombie foreclosures often happen in lower-income communities. According to a Q1 2022 report from ATTOM Data Solutions, the Midwest and Northeast are home to states with the most zombie foreclosures."}
+{"prompts":"What Is an Example of a Zk-SNARK?","response":"In blockchains, a zk-SNARK is a proof that an entity has something (knowledge, data, and so on) but didn't reveal it to another entity. For instance, if a blockchain requires a public and secret key for a transaction, a hashed solution could be generated by one party, and the other could generate a solution that falls within a specified range, proving they have the information needed."}
+{"prompts":"What Is the Difference Between ZK-SNARK and ZK-STARK?","response":"Zk-STARK stands for Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Argument of Knowledge and is much more efficient when more witnesses are involved than zk-SNARK."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Zacks Stock Screener?","response":"The Stock Screener is a paid product by Zacks Investment Research that allows an investor to sort and search for stocks according to desirable metrics, such as price changes, dividends, or return on investment. In keeping with their focus on earnings estimates, the Zacks Stock Screener also allows investors to sort stocks according to their Zacks Rank and changes to their earnings per share."}
+{"prompts":"What Is Meant by Zero-Cost Marketing?","response":"A zero-cost marketing strategy stresses the use of low-cost or no-cost ways to promote a product, service, or brand. The purpose of zero cost marketing is to generate greatest impact with the least amount of money. This strategy often relies on free platforms to raise awareness of a company or product."}
+{"prompts":"What's the Difference Between a T-Test and Z-Test?","response":"Z-tests are closely related to t-tests, but t-tests are best performed when the data consists of a small sample size, i.e., less than 30. Also, t-tests assume the standard deviation is unknown, while z-tests assume it is known."}
+{"prompts":"When Should You Use a Z-Test?","response":"If the standard deviation of the population is known and the sample size is greater than or equal to 30, the z-test can be used. Regardless of the sample size, if the population standard deviation is unknown, a t-test should be used instead."}
+{"prompts":"When Did Barry Minkow Get Out of Prison?","response":"Barry Minkow was released from prison most recently in 2018 after serving time for insider trading and embezzlement from his church. Before that conviction, he served a significant jail sentence from 1989 to 1995, being released only six years into his 25-year sentence."}