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The Walking Dead (season 8)

The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts , with the second part debuting on February 25 , 2018 . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season . The eighth season has received mostly positive reviews . This season adapts the `` All Out War '' story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the sociopathic and charismatic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's ruthless second - in - command . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , a member of the Saviors . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 , and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors before killing himself . In the Kingdom , Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel . Although they are successful and retake the Kingdom , the Saviors ' lieutenant Gavin is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' TBA TBA March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' TBA TBA March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD 111 12 `` The Key '' TBA TBA March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 , at San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 , for the second part of the season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 73 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and an average episode score of 69 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 1.7 3.58 5.3 11.87 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date , Plus Fear TWD Return Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Walking Dead Will Return in 2018 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=828222625 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 07 : 54 . 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when is the last episode of season 8 of the walking dead

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Persephone

Persephone - Wikipedia Persephone This article is about the Greek goddess . For other uses , see Persephone ( disambiguation ) . Persephone Goddess of the underworld , springtime , flowers and vegetation Statue of Persephone with a sistrum . Heraklion Archaeological Museum , Crete Abode The Underworld , Sicily , Mount Olympus Symbol Pomegranate , Seeds of Grain , Torch , Flowers and Deer Spouse Hades Children Melinoe , Zagreus Parents Zeus and Demeter Siblings Aeacus , Amphitheus I , Angelos , Aphrodite , Apollo , Ares , Arion , Artemis , Athena , Chrysothemis , Despoina , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Eubuleus , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Philomelus , Plutus , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Proserpina ( Proserpine ) This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal In Greek mythology , Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ) , also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː / ; `` the maiden '' ) , is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen of the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic princess of the underworld , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead . Persephone was married to Hades , the god of the underworld . The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation , which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest ; hence , she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation . Similar myths appear in the Orient , in the cults of male gods like Attis , Adonis , and Osiris , and in Minoan Crete . Persephone as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian mysteries , which promised the initiated a more enjoyable prospect after death . In some versions , Persephone is the mother of Zeus 's sons Dionysus , Iacchus , or Zagreus . The origins of her cult are uncertain , but it was based on very old agrarian cults of agricultural communities . Persephone was commonly worshipped along with Demeter and with the same mysteries . To her alone were dedicated the mysteries celebrated at Athens in the month of Anthesterion . In Classical Greek art , Persephone is invariably portrayed robed , often carrying a sheaf of grain . She may appear as a mystical divinity with a sceptre and a little box , but she was mostly represented in the process of being carried off by Hades . In Roman mythology , she is called Proserpina , and her mother , Ceres and her father Jupiter . Contents 1 Name 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Roman Proserpina 1.3 Nestis 2 Titles and functions 2.1 Epithets 3 Origins of the cult 3.1 Near East and Minoan Crete 3.2 Mycenean Greece 4 Mythology 4.1 Abduction myth 4.2 Interpretation of the myth 4.3 Arcadian myths 4.4 Queen of the Underworld 5 Cult of Persephone 5.1 Thesmophoria 5.2 Eleusinian mysteries 5.3 Local cults 6 Ancient literary references 7 Modern reception 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Sources 11 External links Name ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Persephone or `` the deceased woman '' holding a pomegranate . Etruscan terracotta cinerary statue . National archaeological museum in Palermo , Italy In a Linear B ( Mycenean Greek ) inscription on a tablet found at Pylos dated 1400 -- 1200 BC , John Chadwick reconstructed the name of a goddess * Preswa who could be identified with Persa , daughter of Oceanus and found speculative the further identification with the first element of Persephone . Persephonē ( Greek : Περσεφόνη ) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature . The Homeric form of her name is Persephoneia ( Περσεφονεία , Persephoneia ) . In other dialects , she was known under variant names : Persephassa ( Περσεφάσσα ) , Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ) , or simply Korē ( Κόρη , `` girl , maiden '' ) . Plato calls her Pherepapha ( Φερέπαφα ) in his Cratylus , `` because she is wise and touches that which is in motion '' . There are also the forms Periphona ( Πηριφόνα ) and Phersephassa ( Φερσέφασσα ) . The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin . Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ) is considered to mean `` female thresher of grain '' ; the first constituent of the name originates in Proto - Greek `` perso - '' ( related to Sanskrit `` parṣa - '' ) , `` sheaf of grain '' and the second constituent of the name originates in Proto - Indo European * - gwn - t - ih , from the root * gwhen - `` to strike '' . An alternative etymology is from φέρειν φόνον , pherein phonon , `` to bring ( or cause ) death '' . Roman Proserpina ( edit ) Cinerary altar with tabula representing the rape of Proserpina . White marble , Antonine Era , 2nd century Rome , Baths of Diocletian Persephone opening a cista containing the infant Adonis , on a pinax from Locri The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia , who used the dialectal variant Proserpinē ( Προσερπίνη ) . Hence , in Roman mythology she was called Proserpina , a name erroneously derived by the Romans from proserpere , `` to shoot forth '' and as such became an emblematic figure of the Renaissance . At Locri , perhaps uniquely , Persephone was the protector of marriage , a role usually assumed by Hera ; in the iconography of votive plaques at Locri , her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an emblem of the marital state , children at Locri were dedicated to Proserpina , and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed . Nestis ( edit ) In a Classical period text ascribed to Empedocles , c. 490 -- 430 BC , describing a correspondence among four deities and the classical elements , the name Nestis for water apparently refers to Persephone : `` Now hear the fourfold roots of everything : enlivening Hera , Hades , shining Zeus . And Nestis , moistening mortal springs with tears . '' Of the four deities of Empedocles ' elements , it is the name of Persephone alone that is taboo -- Nestis is a euphemistic cult title -- for she was also the terrible Queen of the Dead , whose name was not safe to speak aloud , who was euphemistically named simply as Kore or `` the Maiden '' , a vestige of her archaic role as the deity ruling the underworld . Titles and functions ( edit ) The epithets of Persephone reveal her double function as chthonic and vegetation goddess . The surnames given to her by the poets refer to her character as Queen of the lower world and the dead , or her symbolic meaning of the power that shoots forth and withdraws into the earth . Her common name as a vegetation goddess is Kore , and in Arcadia she was worshipped under the title Despoina , `` the mistress '' , a very old chthonic divinity . Plutarch identifies her with spring and Cicero calls her the seed of the fruits of the fields . In the Eleusinian mysteries , her return is the symbol of immortality and hence she was frequently represented on sarcophagi . In the mystical theories of the Orphics and the Platonists , Kore is described as the all - pervading goddess of nature who both produces and destroys everything , and she is therefore mentioned along or identified with other mystic divinities such as Isis , Rhea , Ge , Hestia , Pandora , Artemis , and Hecate . The Orphic Persephone is further said to have become by Zeus the mother of Dionysus , Iacchus , Zagreus , and the little - attested Melinoe . Epithets ( edit ) As a goddess of the underworld , Persephone was given euphemistically friendly names . However it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses : Despoina ( dems - potnia ) `` the mistress '' ( literally `` the mistress of the house '' ) in Arcadia . Hagne , `` pure '' , originally a goddess of the springs in Messenia . Melindia or Melinoia ( meli , `` honey '' ) , as the consort of Hades , in Hermione . ( Compare Hecate , Melinoe ) Melivia Melitodes Aristi cthonia , `` the best chthonic '' . Praxidike , the Orphic Hymn to Persephone identifies Praxidike as an epithet of Persephone : `` Praxidike , subterranean queen . The Eumenides ' source ( mother ) , fair - haired , whose frame proceeds from Zeus ' ineffable and secret seeds . '' As a vegetation goddess , she was called : Kore , `` the maiden '' . Kore Soteira , `` the savior maiden '' , in Megalopolis . Neotera , `` the younger '' , in Eleusis . Kore of Demeter Hagne in the Homeric hymn . Kore memagmeni , `` the mixed daughter '' ( bread ) . Demeter and her daughter Persephone were usually called : The goddesses , often distinguished as `` the older '' and `` the younger '' in Eleusis . Demeters , in Rhodes and Sparta The thesmophoroi , `` the legislators '' in the Thesmophoria . The Great Goddesses , in Arcadia . The mistresses in Arcadia . Karpophoroi , `` the bringers of fruit '' , in Tegea of Arcadia . Origins of the cult ( edit ) Gold ring from Isopata tomb , near Knossos , Crete , 1400 -- 1500 BC . Depicted are female figures dancing among blossoming vegetation ; Heraklion Archaeological Museum The myth of a goddess being abducted and taken to the Underworld is probably Pre-Greek in origin . Samuel Noah Kramer , the renowned scholar of ancient Sumer , has posited that the Greek story of the abduction of Persephone may be derived from an ancient Sumerian story in which Ereshkigal , the ancient Sumerian goddess of the Underworld , is abducted by Kur , the primeval dragon of Sumerian mythology , and forced to become ruler of the Underworld against her own will . The location of Persephone 's abduction is different in each local cult . The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the `` plain of Nysa '' . The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past . Demeter found and met her daughter in Eleusis , and this is the mythical disguise of what happened in the mysteries . Persephone is an old chthonic deity of the agricultural communities , who received the souls of the dead into the earth , and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil , over which she reigned . The earliest depiction of a goddess who may be identified with Persephone growing out of the ground , is on a plate from the Old - Palace period in Phaistos . The goddess has a vegetable - like appearance , and she is surrounded by dancing girls between blossoming flowers . A similar representation , where the goddess appears to come down from the sky , is depicted on the Minoan ring of Isopata . Rape of Persephone . Hades with his horses and Persephone ( down ) . An Apulian red - figure volute krater , c. 340 BC . Antikensammlung Berlin In some forms Hades appears with his chthonic horses . The myth of the rape of Kore was derived from the idea that Hades catches the souls of the dead and then carries them with his horses into his kingdom . This idea is vague in Homer , but appears in later Greek depictions , and in Greek folklore . `` Charos '' appears with his horse and carries the dead into the underworld . The cults of Persephone and Demeter in the Eleusinian mysteries and in the Thesmophoria were based on old agrarian cults . A lot of ancient beliefs were based on initiation into jealously - guarded mysteries ( secret rites ) because they offered prospects after death more enjoyable than the final end at the gloomy space of the Greek Hades . There is evidence that some practices were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenaean age . Kerenyi asserts that these religious practices were introduced from Minoan Crete. , The idea of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning . Near east and Minoan Crete ( edit ) Lady of Auxerre Louvre - An Archaic ( 640 BC ) image from Crete . A version of a Minoan goddess who may be identified with Kore In the Near eastern myth of the early agricultural societies , every year the fertility goddess bore the `` god of the new year '' , who then became her lover , and died immediately in order to be reborn and face the same destiny . Some findings from Catal Huyuk since the Neolithic age , indicate the worship of the Great Goddess accompanied by a boyish consort , who symbolizes the annual decay and return of vegetation . Similar cults of resurrected gods appear in the Near East and Egypt in the cults of Attis , Adonis and Osiris . In Minoan Crete , the `` divine child '' was related to the female vegetation divinity Ariadne who died every year . The Minoan religion had its own characteristics . The most peculiar feature of the Minoan belief in the divine , is the appearance of the goddess from above in the dance . Dance floors have been discovered in addition to `` vaulted tombs '' , and it seems that the dance was ecstatic . Homer memorializes the dance floor which Daedalus built for Ariadne in the remote past . On the gold ring from Isopata , four women in festal attire are performing a dance between blossoming flowers . Above a figure apparently floating in the air seems to be the goddess herself , appearing amid the whirling dance . An image plate from the first palace of Phaistos , seems to be very close to the mythical image of the Anodos ( ascent ) of Persephone . Two girls dance between blossoming flowers , on each side of a similar but armless and legless figure which seems to grow out of the ground . The goddess is bordered by snake lines which give her a vegetable like appearance She has a large stylized flower turned over her head . The resemblance with the flower - picking Persephone and her companions is compelling . The depiction of the goddess is similar to later images of `` Anodos of Pherephata '' . On the Dresden vase , Persephone is growing out of the ground , and she is surrounded by the animal - tailed agricultural gods Silenoi . Kerenyi suggests that the name Ariadne ( derived from ἁγνή , hagne , `` pure '' ) , was an euphemistical name given by the Greeks to the nameless `` Mistress of the labyrinth '' who appears in a Mycenean Greek inscription from Knossos in Crete . The Greeks used to give friendly names to the deities of the underworld . Cthonic Zeus was called Eubuleus , `` the good counselor '' , and the ferryman of the river of the underworld Charon , `` glad '' . Despoina and `` Hagne '' were probably euphemistic surnames of Persephone , therefore he theorizes that the cult of Persephone was the continuation of the worship of a Minoan Great goddess . The labyrinth was both a winding dance - ground and , in the Greek view , a prison with the dreaded Minotaur at its centre . It is possible that some religious practices , especially the mysteries , were transferred from a Cretan priesthood to Eleusis , where Demeter brought the poppy from Crete . Besides these similarities , Burkert explains that up to now it is not known to what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenean religion . In the Anthesteria Dionysos is the `` divine child '' . Mycenean Greece ( edit ) Two women or goddesses on a chariot . Fresco from Tiryns , 1200 BC . National Archaeological Museum of Athens . There is evidence of a cult in Eleusis from the Mycenean period ; however , there are not sacral finds from this period . The cult was private and there is no information about it . As well as the names of some Greek gods in the Mycenean Greek inscriptions , also appear names of goddesses , like `` the divine Mother '' ( the mother of the gods ) or `` the Goddess ( or priestess ) of the winds '' , who do n't have Mycenean origin . In historical times , Demeter and Kore were usually referred to as `` the goddesses '' or `` the mistresses '' ( Arcadia ) in the mysteries . In the Mycenean Greek tablets dated 1400 -- 1200 BC , the `` two queens and the king '' are mentioned . John Chadwick believes that these were the precursor divinities of Demeter , Persephone and Poseidon . Some information can be obtained from the study of the cult of Eileithyia at Crete , and the cult of Despoina . In the cave of Amnisos at Crete , Eileithyia is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with Enesidaon ( The earth shaker ) , who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon . Persephone was conflated with Despoina , `` the mistress '' , a chthonic divinity in West - Arcadia . The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar with the `` megaron '' of Despoina at Lycosura . Demeter is united with the god Poseidon , and she bears a daughter , the unnameable Despoina . Poseidon appears as a horse , as it usually happens in Northern European folklore . The goddess of nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult , where the following words were uttered `` Mighty Potnia bore a great sun '' . In Eleusis , in a ritual , one child ( `` pais '' ) was initiated from the hearth . The name pais ( the divine child ) appears in the Mycenean inscriptions , and the ritual indicates the transition from the old funerary practices to the Greek cremation . In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with an unknown location . Nysion ( or Mysion ) , the place of the abduction of Persephone was also probably a mythical place which did not exist on the map , a magically distant chthonic land of myth which was intended in the remote past . Mythology ( edit ) Abduction myth ( edit ) Sarcophagus with the abduction of Persephone . Walters Art Museum . Baltimore , Maryland The story of her abduction by Hades against her will is traditionally referred to as the Rape of Persephone . It is mentioned briefly in Hesiod 's Theogony , and told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter . Persephone used to live far away from the other gods , a goddess within Nature herself before the days of planting seeds and nurturing plants . In the Olympian telling , the gods Hermes and Apollo had wooed Persephone ; but Demeter rejected all their gifts and hid her daughter away from the company of the Olympian gods . Zeus , it is said , permitted Hades , who was in love with the beautiful Persephone , to abduct her as her mother Demeter was not likely to allow her daughter to go down to Hades . Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena -- the Homeric Hymn says -- in a field when Hades came to abduct her , bursting through a cleft in the earth . Demeter , when she found her daughter had disappeared , searched for her all over the earth with Hecate 's torches . In most versions she forbids the earth to produce , or she neglects the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow . Helios , the sun , who sees everything , eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered the place of her abode . Finally , Zeus , pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish , forced Hades to return Persephone . The Rape of Proserpina by Gian Lorenzo Bernini at the Galleria Borghese in Rome . Hades indeed complied with the request , but first he tricked her , giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat . Persephone was released by Hermes , who had been sent to retrieve her , but because she had tasted food in the underworld , she was obliged to spend a third of each year ( the winter months ) there , and the remaining part of the year with the gods above . With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus , Persephone 's time in the underworld becomes half the year . Various local traditions place Persephone 's abduction in a different location . The Sicilians , among whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists , believed that Hades found her in the meadows near Enna , and that a well arose on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world . The Cretans thought that their own island had been the scene of the rape , and the Eleusinians mentioned the Nysian plain in Boeotia , and said that Persephone had descended with Hades into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus . Later accounts place the rape in Attica , near Athens , or near Eleusis . The return of Persephone , by Frederic Leighton ( 1891 ) The Homeric hymn mentions the Nysion ( or Mysion ) which was probably a mythical place . The location of this mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past . Before Persephone was abducted by Hades , the shepherd Eumolpus and the swineherd Eubuleus saw a girl in a black chariot driven by an invisible driver being carried off into the earth which had violently opened up . Eubuleus was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her , and the myth is an etiology for the relation of pigs with the ancient rites in Thesmophoria , and in Eleusis . In the hymn , Persephone returns and she is reunited with her mother near Eleusis . Demeter as she has been promised established her mysteries ( orgies ) when the Eleusinians built for her a temple near the spring of Callichorus . These were awful mysteries which were not allowed to be uttered . The uninitiated would spend a miserable existence in the gloomy space of Hades after death . In some versions , Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds . When Demeter and her daughter were reunited , the Earth flourished with vegetation and color , but for some months each year , when Persephone returned to the underworld , the earth once again became a barren realm . This is an origin story to explain the seasons . In an earlier version , Hecate rescued Persephone . On an Attic red - figured bell krater of c. 440 BC in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Persephone is rising as if up stairs from a cleft in the earth , while Hermes stands aside ; Hecate , holding two torches , looks back as she leads her to the enthroned Demeter . The 10th - century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda introduces a goddess of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates . This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades , but no mother is mentioned . Interpretation of the myth ( edit ) Pinax of Persephone and Hades from Locri . Reggio Calabria , National Museum of Magna Graecia . In the myth Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm . Pluto ( Πλούτων , Ploutōn ) was a name for the ruler of the underworld ; the god was also known as Hades , a name for the underworld itself . The name Pluton was conflated with that of Ploutos ( Πλούτος Ploutos , `` wealth '' ) , a god of wealth , because mineral wealth was found underground , and because Pluto as a chthonic god ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest . Plouton is lord of the dead , but as Persephone 's husband he has serious claims to the powers of fertility . In the Theogony of Hesiod , Demeter was united with the hero Iasion in Crete and she bore Ploutos . This union seems to be a reference to a hieros gamos ( ritual copulation ) to ensure the earth 's fertility . This ritual copulation appears in Minoan Crete , in many Near Eastern agricultural societies , and also in the Anthesteria . Nilsson believes that the original cult of Ploutos ( or Pluto ) in Eleusis was similar with the Minoan cult of the `` divine child '' , who died in order to be reborn . The child was abandoned by his mother and then it was brought up by the powers of nature . Similar myths appear in the cults of Hyakinthos ( Amyklai ) , Erichthonios ( Athens ) , and later in the cult of Dionysos . The Greek version of the abduction myth is related to grain -- important and rare in the Greek environment -- and the return ( ascent ) of Persephone was celebrated at the autumn sowing . Pluto ( Ploutos ) represents the wealth of the grain that was stored in underground silos or ceramic jars ( pithoi ) , during summer months . Similar subterranean pithoi were used in ancient times for burials and Pluto is fused with Hades , the King of the realm of the dead . During summer months , the Greek grain - Maiden ( Kore ) is lying in the grain of the underground silos in the realm of Hades , and she is fused with Persephone , the Queen of the Underworld . At the beginning of the autumn , when the seeds of the old crop are laid on the fields , she ascends and is reunited with her mother Demeter , for at that time the old crop and the new meet each other . For the initiated , this union was the symbol of the eternity of human life that flows from the generations which spring from each other . Arcadian myths ( edit ) From L-R , Artemis , Demeter , Veil of Despoina , Anytus , Tritoness from the throne of Despoina at Lycosura . National Archaeological Museum of Athens The primitive myths of isolated Arcadia seem to be related to the first Greek - speaking people who came from the north - east during the bronze age . Despoina ( the mistress ) , the goddess of the Arcadian mysteries , is the daughter of Demeter and Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) , who represents the river spirit of the underworld that appears as a horse as often happens in northern - European folklore . He pursues the mare - Demeter and from the union she bears the horse Arion and a daughter who originally had the form or the shape of a mare . The two goddesses were not clearly separated and they were closely connected with the springs and the animals . They were related with the god of rivers and springs ; Poseidon and especially with Artemis , the Mistress of the Animals who was the first nymph . According to the Greek tradition a hunt - goddess preceded the harvest goddess . In Arcadia , Demeter and Persephone were often called Despoinai ( Δέσποιναι , `` the mistresses '' ) in historical times . They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults , and evidently they come from a more primitive religion . The Greek god Poseidon probably substituted the companion ( Paredros , Πάρεδρος ) of the Minoan Great goddess in the Arcadian mysteries . Seated goddess , probably Persephone on her throne in the underworld , Severe style ca 480 -- 60 , found at Tarentum , Magna Graecia ( Pergamon Museum , Berlin ) Queen of the underworld ( edit ) Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld , within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name . This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ( the mistress ) , whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries . As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx , the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic queen of the shades , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead , along with her husband Hades . In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns , Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone . Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world , which itself was called `` house of Persephone '' . Her central myth served as the context for the secret rites of regeneration at Eleusis , which promised immortality to initiates . Cult of Persephone ( edit ) Persephone was worshipped along with her mother Demeter and in the same mysteries . Her cults included agrarian magic , dancing , and rituals . The priests used special vessels and holy symbols , and the people participated with rhymes . In Eleusis there is evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions . The Cult of Demeter and the Maiden is found at Attica , in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries and in a lot of local cults . These festivals were almost always celebrated at the autumn sowing , and at full - moon according to the Greek tradition . In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter . Thesmophoria ( edit ) Main article : Thesmophoria Kore , daughter of Demeter , celebrated with her mother by the Thesmophoriazusae ( women of the festival ) . Acropolis Museum , Athens Thesmophoria , were celebrated in Athens , and the festival was widely spread in Greece . This was a festival of secret women - only rituals connected with marriage customs and commemorated the third of the year , in the month Pyanepsion , when Kore was abducted and Demeter abstained from her role as goddess of harvest and growth . The ceremony involved sinking sacrifices into the earth by night and retrieving the decaying remains of pigs that had been placed in the megara of Demeter ( trenches and pits or natural clefts in rock ) , the previous year . These were placed on altars , mixed with seeds , then planted . Pits rich in organic matter at Eleusis have been taken as evidence that the Thesmophoria was held there as well as in other demes of Attica . This agrarian magic was also used in the cult of the earth - goddesses potniai ( mistresses ) in the Cabeirian , and in Knidos . The festival was celebrated over three days . The first was the `` way up '' to the sacred space , the second , the day of feasting when they ate pomegranate seeds and the third was a meat feast in celebration of Kalligeneia a goddess of beautiful birth . Zeus penetrated the mysteries as Zeus - Eubuleus which is an euphemistical name of Hades ( Chthonios Zeus ) . In the original myth which is an etiology for the ancient rites , Eubuleus was a swineherd who was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her . Eleusinian mysteries ( edit ) Main article : Eleusinian mysteries The Eleusinian trio : Persephone , Triptolemus and Demeter on a marble bas - relief from Eleusis , 440 -- 430 BC . National Archaeological Museum of Athens The Eleusinian mysteries was a festival celebrated at the autumn sowing in the city of Eleusis . Inscriptions refer to `` the Goddesses '' accompanied by the agricultural god Triptolemos ( probably son of Ge and Oceanus ) , and `` the God and the Goddess '' ( Persephone and Plouton ) accompanied by Eubuleus who probably led the way back from the underworld . The myth was represented in a cycle with three phases : the `` descent '' , the `` search '' , and the `` ascent '' , with contrasted emotions from sorrow to joy which roused the mystae to exultation . The main theme was the ascent of Persephone and the reunion with her mother Demeter . The festival activities included dancing , probably across the Rharian field , where according to the myth the first grain grew . At the beginning of the feast , the priests filled two special vessels and poured them out , the one towards the west , and the other towards the east . The people looking both to the sky and the earth shouted in a magical rhyme `` rain and conceive '' . In a ritual , a child was initiated from the hearth ( the divine fire ) . It was the ritual of the `` divine child '' who originally was Ploutos . In the Homeric hymn the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos The high point of the celebration was `` an ear of grain cut in silence '' , which represented the force of the new life . The idea of immortality did n't exist in the mysteries at the beginning , but the initiated believed that they would have a better fate in the underworld . Death remained a reality , but at the same time a new beginning like the plant which grows from the buried seed . In the earliest depictions Persephone is an armless and legless deity , who grows out of the ground . Local cults ( edit ) A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto , 4th century BC Hades abducting Persephone , wall painting in the small royal tomb at Vergina . Macedonia , Greece Italy . Renaissance relief , Rape of Persephone . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection Fragment of a marble relief depicting a Kore , 3rd century BC , from Panticapaeum , Taurica ( Crimea ) , Bosporan Kingdom Local cults of Demeter and Kore existed in Greece , Asia Minor , Sicily , Magna Graecia , and Libya . Attica : Athens , in the mysteries of Agrae . This was a local cult near the river Ilissos . They were celebrated during spring in the month Anthesterion . Later they became an obligation for the participants of the `` greater '' Eleusinian mysteries . There was a temple of Demeter and Kore and an image of Triptolemos . Demeter drives her horse - drawn chariot containing her daughter Persephone at Selinunte , Sicily 6th century BC Piraeus : The Skirophoria , a festival related to the Thesmophoria . Megara : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore . The city was named after its megara . Aegina : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore . Phlya , near Koropi , in the mysteries of Phlya : These have very old roots and were probably originally dedicated to Demeter Anesidora , Kore , and Zeus Ktesios , who was the god of the underground stored grain . Pausanias mentions a temple of Demeter - Anesidora , Kore Protogone , and Zeus Ktesios . The surname Protogonos , indicates a later Orphic influence . It seems that the mysteries were related to the mysteries of Andania in Messene . Boeotia : Thebes , which Zeus is said to have given to her as an acknowledgement for a favour she had bestowed upon him . Pausanias records a grove of Cabeirian Demeter and the Maid , three miles outside the gates of Thebes , where a ritual was performed , so - called on the grounds that Demeter gave it to the Cabeiri , who established it at Thebes . The Thebans told Pausanias that some inhabitants of Naupactus had performed the same rituals there , and had met with divine vengeance . The Cabeirian mysteries were introduced from Asia Minor at the end of the archaic period . Nothing is known of the older cult , and it seems that the Cabeiri were originally wine - daemons . Inscriptions from the temple in Thebes mention the old one as Cabir , and the new one as son ( pais ) , who are different . According to Pausanias , Pelarge , the daughter of Potnieus , was connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian ( potniai ) . A feast in Boeotia , in the month Demetrios ( Pyanepsion ) , probably similar with the Thesmophoria . Thebes : Cult of Demeter and Kore in a feast named Thesmophoria but probably different . It was celebrated in the summer month Bukatios . Peloponnese ( except Arcadia ) Hermione : An old cult of Demeter Chthonia , Kore , and Klymenos ( Hades ) . Cows were pushed into the temple , and then they were killed by four women . It is possible that Hermione was a mythical name , the place of the souls . Asine : Cult of Demeter Chthonia . The cult seems to be related to the original cult of Demeter in Hermione . Lakonia : Temple of Demeter Eleusinia near Taygetos . The feast was named Eleuhinia , and the name was given before the relation of Demeter with the cult of Eleusis . Lakonia at Aigila : Dedicated to Demeter . Men were excluded . near Sparta : Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Demeters ( Δαμάτερες , `` Damaters '' ) . According to Hesychius , the feast lasted three days ( Thesmophoria ) . Corinth : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton . Triphylia in Elis : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Hades . Pellene : Dedicated to the Mysian Demeter . Men were excluded . The next day , men and women became naked . Andania in Messenia ( near the borders of Arcadia ) : Cult of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Hagne . Hagne , a goddess of the spring , was the original deity before Demeter . The temple was built near a spring . Arcadia Pheneos : Mysteries of Demeter Thesmia and Demeter Eleusinia . The Eleusinian cult was introduced later . The priest took the holy book from a natural cleft . He used the mask of Demeter Kidaria , and he hit his stick on the earth , in a kind of agrarian magic . An Arcadian dance was named kidaris . Pallantion near Tripoli : Cult of Demeter and Kore . Karyai : Cult of Kore and Pluton . Tegea : Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Karpophoroi , `` Fruit givers '' . Megalopolis : Cult of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore Sotira , `` the savior '' . Mantineia : Cult of Demeter and Kore in the fest Koragia . Trapezus : Mysteries of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore . The temple was built near a spring , and a fire was burning out of the earth . near Thelpusa in Onkeion : Temple of Demeter Erinys ( vengeful ) and Demeter Lusia ( bathing ) . In the myth Demeter was united with Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) and bore the horse Arion and the unnamed . The name Despoina was given in West Arcadia . Phigalia : Cult of the mare - headed Demeter ( black ) , and Despoina . Demeter was depicted in her archaic form , a Medusa type with a horse 's head with snaky hair , holding a dove and a dolphin . The temple was built near a spring . Lycosura , Main article : Despoina Cult of Demeter and Despoina . In the portico of the temple of Despoina there was a tablet with the inscriptions of the mysteries . In front of the temple there was an altar to Demeter and another to Despoine , after which was one of the Great Mother . By the sides stood Artemis and Anytos , the Titan who brought up Despoine . Besides the temple , there was also a hall where the Arcadians celebrated the mysteries A fire was always burning in front of the temple of Pan ( the goat - god ) , the god of the wild , shepherds and flocks . In a relief appear dancing animal - headed women ( or with animal - masks ) in a procession . Near the temple have been found terracotta figures with human bodies , and heads of animals . Islands Paros : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Amorgos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Delos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Probably a different feast with the name Thesmophoria , celebrated in a summer month ( the same month in Thebes ) . Two big loaves of bread were oferred to the two goddesses . Another feast was named Megalartia . Mykonos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Buleus . Crete : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios . Rhodes : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios . The two goddesses are the Damaters in an inscription from Lindos Asia Minor Knidos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton . Agrarian magic similar to the one used in Thesmophoria and in the cult of the potniai ( Cabeirian ) . Ephesos : Cult of Demeter and Kore , celebrated at night - time . Priene : Cult of Demeter and Kore , similar to the Thesmophoria . Sicily Head of Persephone . Earthenware . From Sicily , Centuripae , c. 420 BC . The Burrell Collection , Glasgow , UK Syracuse : There was a harvest festival of Demeter and Persephone at Syracuse when the grain was ripe ( about May ) . A fest Koris katagogi , the descent of Persephone into the underworld . Magna Graecia Epizephyrian Locri : A temple associated with childbirth ; its treasure was looted by Pyrrhus . Archaeological finds suggest that worship of Demeter and Persephone was widespread in Sicily and Greek Italy . Libya Cyrene : Temple of Demeter and Kore Ancient Literary references ( edit ) Homer : Iliad : `` the gods fulfilled his curse , even Zeus of the nether world and dread Persephone . '' ( 9 , line 457 ; A.T. Murray , trans ) `` Althea prayed instantly to the gods , being grieved for her brother 's slaying ; and furthermore instantly beat with her hands upon the all - nurturing earth , calling upon Hades and dread Persephone '' ( 9 , 569 ) Odyssey : `` And come to the house of Hades and dread Persephone to seek sooth saying of the spirit of Theban Teiresias . To him even in death Persephone has granted reason that ... '' ( book 10 , card 473 ) Hymns to Demeter Hymn 2 : `` Mistress Demeter goddess of heaven , which God or mortal man has rapt away Persephone and pierced with sorrow your dear heart ? ( hymn 2 , card 40 ) Hymn 13 : `` I start to sing for Demeter the lovely - faced goddess , for her and her daughter the most beautiful Persephone . Hail goddess keep this city safe ! '' ( hymn 13 , card 1 ) Pindar Olympian : `` Now go Echo , to the dark - walled home of Persephone . '' ( book O , poem 14 ) Isthmean : `` Aecus showed them the way to the house of Persephone and nymphs , one of them carrying a ball . '' ( book 1 , poem 8 ) Nemean : `` Island which Zeus , the lord of Olympus gave to Persephone ; he nodded descent with his flowers hair . '' ( book N , poem 1 ) Pythian : `` You splendor - loving city , most beautiful on earth , home of Persephone . You who inhabit the hill of well - built dwellings . '' ( book P , poem 12 ) Aeschylus Libation bearers : Electra : `` O Persephone , grant us indeed a glorious victory ! '' ( card 479 ) Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae : Mnesilochos : `` Thou Mistress Demeter , the most valuable friend and thou Persephone , grant that I may be able to offer you ! '' ( card 266 ) Euripides Alcestis : `` O you brave and best hail , sitting as attendand Beside 's Hades bride Persephone ! '' ( card 741 ) Hecuba : `` It is said that any of the dead that stand beside Persephone , that the Danaids have left the plains to Troy . '' ( card 130 ) Bacchylides Epinicians : `` Flashing thunderbolt went down to the halls of slender - ankled Persephone to bring up into the light of Hades . '' ( book Ep . poem 5 ) Vergil The Aeneid : `` For since she had not died through fate , or by a well - earned death , but wretchedly , before her time , inflamed with sudden madness , Proserpine had not yet taken a lock of golden hair from her head , or condemned her soul to Stygian Orcus . '' ( IV. 696 -- 99 ) Modern reception ( edit ) Main article : Persephone in popular culture In 1934 , Igor Stravinsky based his melodrama Perséphone on Persephone 's story . In 1961 , Frederick Ashton of the Royal Ballet appropriated Stravinsky 's score , to choreograph a ballet starring Svetlana Beriosova as Persephone . Persephone also appears many times in popular culture . Featured in a variety of young adult novels such as `` Persephone '' by Kaitlin Bevis , `` Persephone 's Orchard '' by Molly Ringle , `` The Goddess Test '' by Aimee Carter , `` The Goddess Letters '' by Carol Orlock , and `` Abandon '' by Meg Cabot , her story has also been treated by Suzanne Banay Santo in `` Persephone Under the Earth '' in the light of women 's spirituality . Here Santo treats the mythic elements in terms of maternal sacrifice to the burgeoning sexuality of an adolescent daughter . Accompanied by the classic , sensual paintings of Frederic Lord Leighton and William - Adolphe Bouguereau , Santo portrays Persephone not as a victim but as a woman in quest of sexual depth and power , transcending the role of daughter , though ultimately returning to it as an awakened Queen . See also ( edit ) Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Eleusinian Mysteries Rape of Persephone Anthesphoria , festival honoring Proserpina , and Persephone Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The actual word in Linear B is 𐀟𐀩𐁚 , pe - re - * 82 or pe - re-swa ; it is found on the PY Tn 316 tablet . Jump up ^ Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who was a citizen of Agrigentum , a Greek colony in Sicily . Jump up ^ Kingsley 1995 identifies Nestis as a cult title of Persephone . Jump up ^ Hom . Hymn. to Demeter 470 : `` Awful mysteries which no one may in any way transgress or pry into or utter , for deep awe of the gods checks the voice . Happy is he among men upon earth who has seen these mysteries ; but he who is uninitiate and who has no part in them , never has lot of like good things once he is dead , down in the darkness and gloom '' . Jump up ^ `` This is the time when Zeus mated with Semele , who is also Persephone , and Dionysos was conceived . It is also the time when Dionysos took Ariadne to be His wife , and so we celebrate the marriage of the Basilinna ( religious Queen ) and the God '' . References ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I pp 462 -- 463 , 479 -- 480 Jump up ^ Fraser . The golden bough . Adonis , Attis and Osiris . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 215 Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. `` pe - re - * 82 '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . `` PY 316 Tn ( 44 ) '' . DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo . University of Oslo . Jump up ^ Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Comments about the goddess pe - re - * 82 of Pylos tablet Tn 316 , tentatively reconstructed as * Preswa `` It is tempting to see ... the classical Perse ... daughter of Oceanus ... ; whether it may be further identified with the first element of Persephone is only speculative . '' John Chadwick . Documents in Mycenean Greek . Second Edition Jump up ^ Homer ( 1899 ) . Odyssey . Clarendon Press . p. 230 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon Jump up ^ Martin P. Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , Volume I , C.F. Beck Verlag , p. 474 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , pp. 1179 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , `` Perse'phone '' Jump up ^ Cicero . De Natura Deorum 2.26 Jump up ^ Welch ( 2013 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Christiane Sourvinou - Inwood , `` Persephone '' The Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 ( 1978 : 101 -- 121 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Kingsley , in Ancient Philosophy , Mystery , and Magic : Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29.16 Jump up ^ Schol . ad . Theocritus 2.12 Jump up ^ In the Hymn to Melinoe , where the father is Zeus Chthonios , either Zeus in his chthonic aspect , or Pluto ; Radcliffe G. Edmonds III , `` Orphic Mythology , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology ( Blackwell , 2011 ) , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche I , pp. 206 -- 210 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 478 -- 480 Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29 to Persephone Jump up ^ `` PERSEPHONE - Greek Goddess of Spring , Queen of the Underworld ( Roman Proserpina ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 466 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , pp. 477 -- 480 : `` The Arcadian Great goddesses '' Jump up ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece 5.15. 4 , 5 , 6 Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah . Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. : Revised Edition . University of Pennsylvania Press , 1961 , Philadelphia . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1047 - 6 ( Pages 76 - 79 ) available at sacred-texts.com . `` Moreover , the crime involved is probably that of abducting a goddess ; it therefore brings to mind the Greek story of the rape of Persephone . '' Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 17 . Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463 ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with unknown location , the birthplace of the god Dionysos . '' : Fox , William Sherwood ( 1916 ) , The Mythology of All Races , v. 1 , Greek and Roman , General editor , Louis Herbert Gray , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 285 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 453 -- 455 ^ Jump up to : Charon , `` glad '' , probably euphemistically `` death '' . Liddell and Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon ( Oxford : Clarendon Press 1843 , 1985 printing ) , entries on χαροπός and χάρων , pp. 1980 -- 1981 ; Brill 's New Pauly ( Leiden and Boston 2003 ) , vol. 3 , entry on `` Charon '' , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Vol I , p. 470 Jump up ^ Dietrich `` The origins of the Greek Religion '' p. 220,221 Jump up ^ `` Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos , archetypal image of indestructible life. Princeton University Press . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Karl Kerenyi ( 1967 ) . Eleusis . Archetypal image of mother and daughter . Princeton University Press . p. 31f Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 289 Jump up ^ `` According to the Greek popular belief , ἕν ἀνδρῶν , ἕν θεῶν γένος ''. ( One is the nature of men , another one the nature of gods ) : Erwin Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche Band I , p. 293 Jump up ^ Burkert p. 12 Jump up ^ J. Frazer The Golden Bough , Part IV , Adonis , Attis and Osiris Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1972 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart , pp. 141 , 308 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) pp. 34 -- 40 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ `` Hermes and the Anodos of Pherephata '' : Nilsson ( 1967 ) p. 509 taf. 39 , 1 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : archetypal image of indestructible life , pp. 89 , 90 ISBN 0 - 691 - 02915 - 6 Jump up ^ Hesychius , listing of ἀδνόν , a Cretan - Greek form for ἁγνόν , `` pure '' Jump up ^ Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer '' :. Burkert ( 1985 ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ G. Mylonas ( 1932 ) . Eleusiniaka . I , 1 ff Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ John Chadwick ( 1976 ). The Mycenean World . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` Wa - na - ssoi , wa - na - ka - te , ( to the two queens and the king ) . Wanax is best suited to Poseidon , the special divinity of Pylos . The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi , is uncertain `` : George Mylonas ( 1966 ) Mycenae and the Mycenean age '' p. 159 : Princeton University Press ^ Jump up to : Dietrich p. 220,221 ^ Jump up to : `` Pausanias 8.37. 9 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Achileus becomes immortal by the divine fire . His heel was his only mortal element , because it was not touched by the fire : Wunderlich ( 1972 ) , The secret of Crete p. 134 Jump up ^ Nilsson , Vol I p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Hesiod , Theogony 914 . Jump up ^ `` Loves of Hermes : Greek mythology '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 4 -- 20 , 414 -- 434 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theoi Project - Persephone '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Reference to the Thesmophoria in Lucian 's Dialogues of the Courtesans 2.1 . Jump up ^ The figures are unmistakable , as they are inscribed `` Persophata , Hermes , Hekate , Demeter '' ; Gisela M.A. Richter , `` An Athenian Vase with the Return of Persephone '' The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 26. 10 ( October 1931 : 245 -- 248 ) Jump up ^ Suidas s.v. Makariai , with English translation at Suda On Line , Adler number mu 51 Jump up ^ William Hansen ( 2005 ) Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , pp. 180 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Classical Mythology , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Ap . Athanassakis ( 2004 ) , Hesiod . Theogony , Works and Days , Shield , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 56 . Jump up ^ The Anthesteria Archived 20 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliotheca Arcana ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 215 -- 219 ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Nilsson , The Greek popular religion , The religion of Eleusis , pp 51 - 54 '' . Sacred-texts.com. 2005 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 473 -- 474 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 2.30. 2 Jump up ^ Nilsson , VoI , p. 444 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 1.3 . Jump up ^ Homer . Odyssey , 10.494 Jump up ^ Orphica , 26 , 71 Jump up ^ Odyssey 10.491 , 10.509 Jump up ^ Károly Kerényi , Eleusis : Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter , 1967 , passim Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 285 -- 289 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 240 -- 243 Jump up ^ Clinton , Greek Sanctuaries , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Potniai : Pelarge daughter of Potnieus is connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian : Pausanias 9.25 , 8 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I pp. 151 , 463 Jump up ^ Pseudo Apollodorus Biblioteca IV. 2 Jump up ^ Kevin Klinton ( 1993 ) , Greek Sanctuaries : New Approaches , Routledge , p. 11 Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.14 , 1 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Pausanias I 42 , 6 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Scholia ad . Euripides Phoen. 487 Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.25. 5 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus Siculus ( v. 4.7 ) : `` At Thebes or Delos the festival occurred two months earlier , so any seed - sowing connection was not intrinsic . '' Jump up ^ For Mantinea , see Brill 's New Pauly `` Persephone '' , II D . Jump up ^ L.H. Jeffery ( 1976 ) . Archaic Greece : The Greek city states c. 800 -- 500 B.C ( Ernest Benn Limited ) p. 23 ISBN 0 - 510 - 03271 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Pausanias 8.37. 1 , 8.38. 2 '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction of interior of Sanctuary of Despoina '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 16 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 464 Jump up ^ Brill 's New Pauly , `` Persephone '' , citing Diodorus 5.4 Jump up ^ Livy : 29.8 , 29.18 ^ Jump up to : `` perseus tufts - persephone '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Virgil : Aeneid IV '' . Poetryintranslation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Persephone ( Daughters of Zeus , # 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Persephone 's Orchard '' . Jump up ^ Santo , Suzanne Banay ( 2012 ) . Persephone Under the Earth . Red Butterfly Publications . ISBN 0 - 9880914 - 0 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) Apollodorus , Apollodorus , The Library , with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer , F.B.A. , F.R.S. in 2 Volumes , Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Bowra Maurice ( 1957 ) , The Greek experience . The World Publishing Company , Cleveland and New York . Burkert Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 Farnell , Lewis Richard ( 1906 ) , The Cults of the Greek States , Volume 3 ( Chapters on : Demeter and Kore - Persephone ; Cult - Monuments of Demeter - Kore ; Ideal Types of Demeter - Kore ) . Gantz , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Homer , The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Janda , Michael ( 2010 ) , Die Musik nach dem Chaos . Innsbruck Kerenyi Karl ( 1967 ) , Eleusis : Archetypal image of mother and daughter . Princeton University Press . Kerenyi , Karl ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life , Princeton : Bollingen , Google Books preview Nilsson Martin ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion , Vol I , C.F Beck Verlag , Muenchen . Revised ed . Nilsson Martin ( 1950 ) , Minoan - Mycenaean Religion , and its Survival in Greek Religion , Lund : Gleerup . Revised 2nd ed . Pausanias , Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones , Litt. D. , and H.A. Ormerod , M.A. , in 4 Volumes , Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1918 . Rohde Erwin ( 1961 ) , Psyche . Seelenkult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellshaft . Darmstad . ( First edition 1893 ) : full text in German downloadable as pdf . Rohde Erwin ( 2000 ) , Psyche : The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks , trans . from the 8th edn . by W.B. Hillis ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1925 ; reprinted by Routledge , 2000 ) , online Schachermeyr Fritz ( 1964 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart . Stephen King ( 2008 ) , Duma Key Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Perse'phone '' Anthony Welch ( 2013 ) , The Renaissance Epic and the Oral Past . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300178867 Zuntz Günther ( 1973 ) , Persephone : Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persephone . Look up persephone in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Martin Nilsson . The Greek popular religion Adams John Paul . Mycenean divinities Theoi project : Persephone Goddess Theoi project : The Rape of Persephone The Princeton Encyclopedia of classical sites : Despoina Theoi project : Despoine Kore Photographs Flickr users ' photos tagged with Persephone Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - Balkan mythology Proto - Indo - European religion Hellenistic religion Alchemy Orphism Pythagoreanism Mycenaean deities Mystery religions and sacred mysteries Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Imbrian Mysteries Mithraism Samotracian Mysteries Main beliefs Apotheosis Euhemerism Greek Heroic Age Interpretatio graeca Monism Mythology Nympholepsy Paganism Paradoxography Polytheism Theism Texts / epic poems / odes Aretalogy Argonautica Bibliotheca Cyranides Derveni papyrus Ehoiai Greek Magical Papyri Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis Sibylline Books Telegony The golden verses of Pythagoras Theogony Works and Days Epic Cycle Theban Cycle Rites and practices Amphictyonic League Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Apotheosis Baptes Curse tablet Daduchos Delphinion Funeral and burial practices Hymns Hero cult Heroon Hierophany Hierophant Hierophylakes Hieros gamos Hypsistarians Iatromantis Interpretatio graeca Libations Mystagogue Nekyia Necromancy Necromanteion Nymphaeum Panegyris Pharmakos Prayers Orgia Sacrifices Temenos Temples Votive offerings Sacred places Oracle Sanctuaries - Necromanteion Aornum Delphi Didymaion Dodona Oracle of Menestheus Athenian sacred ships Cave of Zeus - Aydın Cave of Zeus - Crete Cretea Delos Eleusis Hiera Orgas Olympia Olympus Psychro Cave Sacred Way Mythical beings Dragons in Greek mythology Greek mythological creatures Greek mythological figures List of minor Greek mythological figures Deities Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Titans First generation Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Mnemosyne Oceanus Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Second generation Asteria Astraeus Atlas Eos Epimetheus Helios Leto Menoetius Metis Pallas Perses Prometheus Selene Third generation Hecate Hesperus Phosphorus Twelve Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Aquatic deities Amphitrite Alpheus Ceto Glaucus The Naiads The Nereids Nereus The Oceanids Phorcys Poseidon The Potamoi Potamides Proteus Scamander Thaumas Thetis Triton Love deities Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Himeros Hymen / Hymenaeus Pothos Aphrodite Aphroditus Philotes Peitho War deities Adrestia Alala Alke Amphillogiai Androktasiai Ares Athena Bia Deimos Enyalius Enyo Eris Gynaecothoenas Homados Hysminai Ioke Keres Kratos Kydoimos Ma Machai Nike Palioxis Pallas Perses Phobos Phonoi Polemos Proioxis Chthonic deities Psychopomps Hermanubis Hermes Thanatos Achlys Angelos Hades / Pluto Hecate Hypnos Keres Lampad Macaria Melinoe Persephone Health deities Aceso Aegle Artemis Apollo Asclepius Chiron Eileithyia Epione Hebe Hygieia Iaso Paean Panacea Telesphorus Sleep deities Empusa Epiales Hypnos Morpheus Pasithea Phantasos Phobetor Oneiroi Messenger deities Angelia Arke Hermes Iris Trickster deities Apate Dolos Hermes Momus Magic deities Circe Hecate Hermes Trismegistus Triple deity Other major deities Azone The Erinyes Harmonia The Muses Nemesis Pan Unknown God Zelus Heroes / heroines Abderus Achilles Actaeon Aeneas Argonauts Ajax the Great Ajax the Lesser Akademos Amphiaraus Amphitryon Antilochus Atalanta Autolycus Bellerophon Bouzyges Cadmus Chrysippus Cyamites Daedalus Diomedes Dioscuri ( Castor and Pollux ) Echetlus Eleusis Erechtheus Eunostus Ganymede Hector Heracles Icarus Iolaus Jason Meleager Odysseus Oedipus Orpheus Pandion Peleus Pelops Penthesilea Perseus Theseus Triptolemus Mythical tribes Amazons Anthropophage Atlantians Bebryces Curetes Dactyls Gargareans Halizones Korybantes Lapiths Lotus - eaters Myrmidons Pygmies Telchines Oracles / seers Aesacus Aleuas Amphiaraus Amphilochus Ampyx Anius Asbolus Bakis Branchus Calchas Carnus Carya Cassandra Delphic Sibyl Elatus Ennomus Epimenides Halitherses Helenus Iamus Idmon Manto Melampus Mopsus Munichus Phineus Polyeidos Polypheides Pythia Sibyl Telemus Theiodamas Theoclymenus Tiresias Magic Apotropaic magic Greek Magical Papyri Pella curse tablet Philia Mythical realms Aethiopia Atlantis Hyperborea Libya Nysa Ogygia Panchaia Scythia Themiscyra Underworld Entrances to the underworld Rivers Acheron Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Lakes / swamps Acherusia Avernus Lake Lerna Lake Caves Cave at Cape Matapan Cave Charonium Cave at Lake Avernus Cave at Heraclea Pontica Ploutonion Pluto 's Gate Places Elysium Erebus Fields of Asphodel Fields of Punishment Isles of the Blessed Tartarus Judges of the underworld Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Guards Cerberus Ferryman Charon Charon 's obol Symbols / objects Bident Cap of invisibility Animals / daemons / spirits Ascalaphus Ceuthonymus Eurynomos Hade 's cattle Mythological wars Amazonomachy Attic War Centauromachy Gigantomachy Cranes - 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Judaism

Judaism - wikipedia Judaism This article is about the Jewish religion . For consideration of ethnic , historic and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity , see Jews . Judaica ( clockwise from top ) : Shabbat candlesticks , handwashing cup , Chumash and Tanakh , Torah pointer , shofar and etrog box Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot ) Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal Judaism ( originally from Hebrew יהודה ‬ , Yehudah , `` Judah '' ; via Latin and Greek ) is the religion of the Jewish people . It is an ancient , monotheistic , Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text . It encompasses the religion , philosophy , and culture of the Jewish people . Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel . Judaism encompasses a wide corpus of texts , practices , theological positions , and forms of organization . The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible , and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud . With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide , Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world . Within Judaism there are a variety of movements , most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism , which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah . Historically , this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period ; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period ; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations . Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic . Today , the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism ( Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism ) , Conservative Judaism , and Reform Judaism . Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law , the authority of the Rabbinic tradition , and the significance of the State of Israel . Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin , eternal and unalterable , and that they should be strictly followed . Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal , with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism 's requirements than Reform Judaism . A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews . Historically , special courts enforced Jewish law ; today , these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary . Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization , but in the sacred texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them . The history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years . Judaism has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age . Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions . The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as `` Jews '' in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther , with the term Jews replacing the title `` Children of Israel '' . Judaism 's texts , traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions , including Christianity , Islam and the Baha'i Faith . Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law . Hebraism was just as important a factor in the ancient era development of Western civilization as Hellenism , and Judaism , as the background of Christianity , has considerably shaped Western ideals and morality since Early Christianity . Jews are an ethnoreligious group including those born Jewish , in addition to converts to Judaism . In 2015 , the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million , or roughly 0.2 % of the total world population . About 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel and another 43 % reside in the United States and Canada , with most of the remainder living in Europe , and other minority groups spread throughout Latin America , Asia , Africa , and Australia . Contents 1 Defining characteristics and principles of faith 1.1 Defining characteristics 1.2 Core tenets 2 Jewish religious texts 2.1 Jewish legal literature 2.2 Jewish philosophy 2.3 Rabbinic hermeneutics 3 Jewish identity 3.1 Origin of the term `` Judaism '' 3.2 Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism 3.3 Who is a Jew ? 3.4 Jewish demographics 4 Jewish religious movements 4.1 Rabbinic Judaism 4.1. 1 Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism 4.1. 2 Jewish movements in Israel 4.2 Karaites and Samaritans 4.3 Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) 5 Jewish observances 5.1 Jewish ethics 5.2 Prayers 5.3 Religious clothing 5.4 Jewish holidays 5.4. 1 Shabbat 5.4. 2 Three pilgrimage festivals 5.4. 3 High Holy Days 5.4. 4 Purim 5.4. 5 Hanukkah 5.4. 6 Fast days 5.4. 7 Israeli holidays 5.5 Torah readings 5.6 Synagogues and religious buildings 5.7 Dietary laws : kashrut 5.8 Laws of ritual purity 5.8. 1 Family purity 5.9 Life - cycle events 6 Community leadership 6.1 Classical priesthood 6.2 Prayer leaders 6.3 Specialized religious roles 7 History 7.1 Origins 7.2 Antiquity 7.3 Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) 7.4 Persecutions 7.5 Hasidism 7.6 The Enlightenment and new religious movements 7.7 Spectrum of observance 8 Judaism and other religions 8.1 Christianity and Judaism 8.2 Islam and Judaism 8.3 Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Defining characteristics and principles of faith Defining characteristics Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu -- ( god ) remember us A 19th - century silver Macedonian Hanukkah menorah Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods , the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary ; consequently , the Hebrew God 's principal relationships are not with other gods , but with the world , and more specifically , with the people he created . Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism : the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of mankind . According to the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) , God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation . Many generations later , he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God ; that is , the Jewish nation is to reciprocate God 's concern for the world . He also commanded the Jewish people to love one another ; that is , Jews are to imitate God 's love for people . These commandments are but two of a large corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant , which is the substance of Judaism . Thus , although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism ( Kabbalah ) , Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as `` normal mysticism '' , because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews . This is played out through the observance of the Halakha ( Jewish law ) and given verbal expression in the Birkat Ha - Mizvot , the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled . The ordinary , familiar , everyday things and occurrences we have , constitute occasions for the experience of God . Such things as one 's daily sustenance , the very day itself , are felt as manifestations of God 's loving - kindness , calling for the Berakhot . Kedushah , holiness , which is nothing else than the imitation of God , is concerned with daily conduct , with being gracious and merciful , with keeping oneself from defilement by idolatry , adultery , and the shedding of blood . The Birkat Ha - Mitzwot evokes the consciousness of holiness at a rabbinic rite , but the objects employed in the majority of these rites are non-holy and of general character , while the several holy objects are non-theurgic . And not only do ordinary things and occurrences bring with them the experience of God . Everything that happens to a man evokes that experience , evil as well as good , for a Berakah is said also at evil tidings . Hence , although the experience of God is like none other , the occasions for experiencing Him , for having a consciousness of Him , are manifold , even if we consider only those that call for Berakot . Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent , and whether people have free will or their lives are determined , Halakha is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world . Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism . However , monotheism has not always been followed in practice . The Jewish Bible ( Tanakh ) records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in ancient Israel . In the Greco - Roman era , many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism , including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity . Moreover , some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God . For some , observance of Jewish law is more important than belief in God per se . In modern times , some liberal Jewish movements do not accept the existence of a personified deity active in history . The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians . Core tenets Main article : Jewish principles of faith 13 Principles of Faith : I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created ; He alone has made , does make , and will make all things . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is One , and that there is no unity in any manner like His , and that He alone is our God , who was , and is , and will be . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , has no body , and that He is free from all the properties of matter , and that there can be no ( physical ) comparison to Him whatsoever . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is the first and the last . I believe with perfect faith that to the Creator , Blessed be His Name , and to Him alone , it is right to pray , and that it is not right to pray to any being besides Him . I believe with perfect faith that all the words of the prophets are true . I believe with perfect faith that the prophecy of Moses our teacher , peace be upon him , was true , and that he was the chief of the prophets , both those who preceded him and those who followed him . I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah that is now in our possession is the same that was given to Moses our teacher , peace be upon him . I believe with perfect faith that this Torah will not be exchanged , and that there will never be any other Torah from the Creator , Blessed be His Name . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , knows all the deeds of human beings and all their thoughts , as it is written , `` Who fashioned the hearts of them all , Who comprehends all their actions '' ( Psalms 33 : 15 ) . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them . I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the Messiah ; and even though he may tarry , nonetheless , I wait every day for his coming . I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator , Blessed be His name , and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever . -- Maimonides Scholars throughout Jewish history have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism 's core tenets , all of which have met with criticism . The most popular formulation is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith , developed in the 12th century . According to Maimonides , any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic . Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides ' principles . In Maimonides ' time , his list of tenets was criticized by Hasdai Crescas and Joseph Albo . Albo and the Raavad argued that Maimonides ' principles contained too many items that , while true , were not fundamentals of the faith . Along these lines , the ancient historian Josephus emphasized practices and observances rather than religious beliefs , associating apostasy with a failure to observe Jewish law and maintaining that the requirements for conversion to Judaism included circumcision and adherence to traditional customs . Maimonides ' principles were largely ignored over the next few centuries . Later , two poetic restatements of these principles ( `` Ani Ma'amin '' and `` Yigdal '' ) became integrated into many Jewish liturgies , leading to their eventual near - universal acceptance . In modern times , Judaism lacks a centralized authority that would dictate an exact religious dogma . Because of this , many different variations on the basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism . Even so , all Jewish religious movements are , to a greater or lesser extent , based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible and various commentaries such as the Talmud and Midrash . Judaism also universally recognizes the Biblical Covenant between God and the Patriarch Abraham as well as the additional aspects of the Covenant revealed to Moses , who is considered Judaism 's greatest prophet . In the Mishnah , a core text of Rabbinic Judaism , acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the World to Come . Establishing the core tenets of Judaism in the modern era is even more difficult , given the number and diversity of the contemporary Jewish denominations . Even if to restrict the problem to the most influential intellectual trends of the nineteenth and twentieth century , the matter remains complicated . Thus for instance , Joseph Soloveitchik 's ( associated with the Modern Orthodox movement ) answer to modernity is constituted upon the identification of Judaism with following the halakha whereas its ultimate goal is to bring the holiness down to the world . Mordecai Kaplan , the founder of the Reconstructionist Judaism , abandons the idea of religion for the sake of identifying Judaism with civilization and by means of the latter term and secular translation of the core ideas , he tries to embrace as many Jewish denominations as possible . In turn , Solomon Schechter 's Conservative Judaism was identical with the tradition understood as the interpretation of Torah , in itself being the history of the constant updates and adjustment of the Law performed by means of the creative interpretation . Finally , David Philipson draws the outlines of the Reform movement in Judaism by opposing it to the strict and traditional rabbinical approach and thus comes to the conclusions similar to that of the Conservative movement . Jewish religious texts The following is a basic , structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought . Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) and Rabbinic literature Mesorah Targum Jewish Biblical exegesis ( also see Midrash below ) Works of the Talmudic Era ( classic rabbinic literature ) Mishnah and commentaries Tosefta and the minor tractates Talmud : The Babylonian Talmud and commentaries Jerusalem Talmud and commentaries Midrashic literature : Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Halakhic literature Major Codes of Jewish Law and Custom Mishneh Torah and commentaries Tur and commentaries Shulchan Aruch and commentaries Responsa literature Jewish Thought and Ethics Jewish philosophy Musar literature and other works of Jewish ethics Kabbalah Hasidic works Siddur and Jewish liturgy Piyyut ( Classical Jewish poetry ) Many traditional Jewish texts are available online in various Torah databases ( electronic versions of the Traditional Jewish Bookshelf ) . Many of these have advanced search options available . Jewish legal literature Main article : Halakha The basis of Jewish law and tradition ( halakha ) is the Torah ( also known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses ) . According to rabbinic tradition , there are 613 commandments in the Torah . Some of these laws are directed only to men or to women , some only to the ancient priestly groups , the Kohanim and Leviyim ( members of the tribe of Levi ) , some only to farmers within the Land of Israel . Many laws were only applicable when the Temple in Jerusalem existed , and only 369 of these commandments are still applicable today . While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were based on the written text of the Torah alone ( e.g. , the Sadducees , and the Karaites ) , most Jews believe in the oral law . These oral traditions were transmitted by the Pharisee school of thought of ancient Judaism and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the rabbis . According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition , God gave both the Written Law ( the Torah ) and the Oral law to Moses on Mount Sinai . The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him , transmitted and taught to the sages ( rabbinic leaders ) of each subsequent generation . For centuries , the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition . Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten , Rabbi Judah haNasi undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the Mishnah . The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying Jewish law , which are the basis of the Talmud . According to Abraham ben David , the Mishnah was compiled by Rabbi Judah haNasi after the destruction of Jerusalem , in anno mundi 3949 , which corresponds to 189 CE . Over the next four centuries , the Mishnah underwent discussion and debate in both of the world 's major Jewish communities ( in Israel and Babylonia ) . The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds , the Jerusalem Talmud ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) and the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) . These have been further expounded by commentaries of various Torah scholars during the ages . In the text of the Torah , many words are left undefined and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions . Such phenomena are sometimes offered to validate the viewpoint that the Written Law has always been transmitted with a parallel oral tradition , illustrating the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the details from other , i.e. , oral , sources . Halakha , the rabbinic Jewish way of life , then , is based on a combined reading of the Torah , and the oral tradition -- the Mishnah , the halakhic Midrash , the Talmud and its commentaries . The Halakha has developed slowly , through a precedent - based system . The literature of questions to rabbis , and their considered answers , is referred to as responsa ( in Hebrew , Sheelot U-Teshuvot . ) Over time , as practices develop , codes of Jewish law are written that are based on the responsa ; the most important code , the Shulchan Aruch , largely determines Orthodox religious practice today . Jewish philosophy Main article : Jewish philosophy Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology . Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol , Saadia Gaon , Judah Halevi , Maimonides , and Gersonides . Major changes occurred in response to the Enlightenment ( late 18th to early 19th century ) leading to the post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers . Modern Jewish philosophy consists of both Orthodox and non-Orthodox oriented philosophy . Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler , Joseph B. Soloveitchik , and Yitzchok Hutner . Well - known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include Martin Buber , Franz Rosenzweig , Mordecai Kaplan , Abraham Joshua Heschel , Will Herberg , and Emmanuel Lévinas . Rabbinic hermeneutics 13 Principles of Hermeneutics : A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form A law operating in one situation will also be operative in another situation if the text characterizes both situations in identical terms . A law that clearly expresses the purpose it was meant to serve will also apply to other situations where the identical purpose may be served . When a general rule is followed by illustrative particulars , only those particulars are to be embraced by it . A law that begins with specifying particular cases , and then proceeds to an all - embracing generalization , is to be applied to particulars cases not specified but logically falling into the same generalization . A law that begins with a generalization as to its intended applications , then continues with the specification of particular cases , and then concludes with a restatement of the generalization , can be applied only to the particular cases specified . The rules about a generalization being followed or preceded by specifying particulars ( rules 4 and 5 ) will not apply if it is apparent that the specification of the particular cases or the statement of the generalization is meant purely for achieving a greater clarity of language . A particular case already covered in a generalization that is nevertheless treated separately suggests that the same particularized treatment be applied to all other cases which are covered in that generalization . A penalty specified for a general category of wrongdoing is not to be automatically applied to a particular case that is withdrawn from the general rule to be specifically prohibited , but without any mention of the penalty . A general prohibition followed by a specified penalty may be followed by a particular case , normally included in the generalization , with a modification in the penalty , either toward easing it or making it more severe . A case logically falling into a general law but treated separately remains outside the provisions of the general law except in those instances where it is specifically included in them . Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages . -- R. Ishmael Orthodox and many other Jews do not believe that the revealed Torah consists solely of its written contents , but of its interpretations as well . The study of Torah ( in its widest sense , to include both poetry , narrative , and law , and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud ) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance . For the sages of the Mishnah and Talmud , and for their successors today , the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God 's revelation , but an end in itself . According to the Talmud , These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come ; they are : honoring parents , loving deeds of kindness , and making peace between one person and another . But the study of the Torah is equal to them all . ( Talmud Shabbat 127a ) . In Judaism , `` the study of Torah can be a means of experiencing God '' . Reflecting on the contribution of the Amoraim and Tanaim to contemporary Judaism , Professor Jacob Neusner observed : The rabbi 's logical and rational inquiry is not mere logic - chopping . It is a most serious and substantive effort to locate in trivialities the fundamental principles of the revealed will of God to guide and sanctify the most specific and concrete actions in the workaday world ... Here is the mystery of Talmudic Judaism : the alien and remote conviction that the intellect is an instrument not of unbelief and desacralization but of sanctification . '' To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study how to study the word of God . In the study of Torah , the sages formulated and followed various logical and hermeneutical principles . According to David Stern , all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms : first , the belief in the omni - significance of Scripture , in the meaningfulness of its every word , letter , even ( according to one famous report ) scribal flourish ; second , the claim of the essential unity of Scripture as the expression of the single divine will . These two principles make possible a great variety of interpretations . According to the Talmud , A single verse has several meanings , but no two verses hold the same meaning . It was taught in the school of R. Ishmael : ' Behold , My word is like fire -- declares the Lord -- and like a hammer that shatters rock ' ( Jer 23 : 29 ) . Just as this hammer produces many sparks ( when it strikes the rock ) , so a single verse has several meanings . '' ( Talmud Sanhedrin 34a ) . Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic , because it contains within it a host of interpretations According to Rabbinic tradition , all valid interpretations of the written Torah were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form , and handed down from teacher to pupil ( The oral revelation is in effect coextensive with the Talmud itself ) . When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations , they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments ; some rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai . Thus , Hillel called attention to seven commonly used hermeneutical principles in the interpretation of laws ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ) ; R. Ishmael , thirteen ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ; this collection is largely an amplification of that of Hillel ) . Eliezer b . Jose ha - Gelili listed 32 , largely used for the exegesis of narrative elements of Torah . All the hermeneutic rules scattered through the Talmudim and Midrashim have been collected by Malbim in Ayyelet ha - Shachar , the introduction to his commentary on the Sifra . Nevertheless , R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are perhaps the ones most widely known ; they constitute an important , and one of Judaism 's earliest , contributions to logic , hermeneutics , and jurisprudence . Judah Hadassi incorporated Ishmael 's principles into Karaite Judaism in the 12th century . Today R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are incorporated into the Jewish prayer book to be read by observant Jews on a daily basis . Jewish identity Origin of the term `` Judaism '' A mezuzah case The term `` Judaism '' derives from Iudaismus , a Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Ioudaismos ( Ἰουδαϊσμός ) ( from the verb ἰουδαΐζειν , `` to side with or imitate the ( Judeans ) '' ) , and it was ultimately inspired by the Hebrew יהודה , Yehudah , `` Judah '' ; in Hebrew : יַהֲדוּת , Yahadut . The term Ἰουδαϊσμός first appears in the Hellenistic Greek book of 2 Maccabees in the 2nd century BCE . In the context of the age and period it meant `` seeking or forming part of a cultural entity '' and it resembled its antonym hellenismos , a word that signified a people 's submission to Hellenic ( Greek ) cultural norms . The conflict between iudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the Maccabean revolt and hence the invention of the term iudaismos . Shaye J.D. Cohen writes in his book The Beginnings of Jewishness : We are tempted , of course , to translate ( Ioudaïsmós ) as `` Judaism , '' but this translation is too narrow , because in this first occurrence of the term , Ioudaïsmós has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion . It means rather `` the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean ( or Jews Jewish ) . '' Among these characteristics , to be sure , are practices and beliefs that we would today call `` religious , '' but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term . Thus Ioudaïsmós should be translated not as `` Judaism '' but as Judaeanness . The earliest instance in Europe where the term was used to mean `` the profession or practice of the Jewish religion ; the religious system or polity of the Jews '' is Robert Fabyan 's The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce a 1513 . `` Judaism '' as a direct translation of the Latin Iudaismus first occurred in a 1611 English translation of the apocrypha ( Deuterocanon in Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy ) , 2 Macc . ii. 21 : `` Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for Iudaisme . '' Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism According to Daniel Boyarin , the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself , and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in Platonic philosophy and that permeated Hellenistic Judaism . Consequently , in his view , Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories , such as religion , ethnicity , or culture . Boyarin suggests that this in part reflects the fact that much of Judaism 's more than 3,000 - year history predates the rise of Western culture and occurred outside the West ( that is , Europe , particularly medieval and modern Europe ) . During this time , Jews experienced slavery , anarchic and theocratic self - government , conquest , occupation , and exile . In the Diaspora , they were in contact with , and influenced by , ancient Egyptian , Babylonian , Persian , and Hellenic cultures , as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment ( see Haskalah ) and the rise of nationalism , which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in their ancient homeland , the Land of Israel . They also saw an elite population convert to Judaism ( the Khazars ) , only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols . Thus , Boyarin has argued that `` Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity , because it is not national , not genealogical , not religious , but all of these , in dialectical tension . '' In contrast to this point of view , practices such as Humanistic Judaism reject the religious aspects of Judaism , while retaining certain cultural traditions . Who is a Jew ? Main article : Who is a Jew ? According to Rabbinic Judaism , a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who converted to Judaism in accordance with Jewish Law . Reconstructionist Judaism and the larger denominations of worldwide Progressive Judaism ( also known as Liberal or Reform Judaism ) accept the child as Jewish if one of the parents is Jewish , if the parents raise the child with a Jewish identity , but not the smaller regional branches . All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts , although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud . The conversion process is evaluated by an authority , and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge . Converts are called `` ben Abraham '' or `` bat Abraham '' , ( son or daughter of Abraham ) . Conversions have on occasion been overturned . In 2008 , Israel 's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews , mostly from Russian immigrant families , even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi . Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew , whether by birth or conversion , is a Jew forever . Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish . According to some sources , the Reform movement has maintained that a Jew who has converted to another religion is no longer a Jew , and the Israeli Government has also taken that stance after Supreme Court cases and statutes . However , the Reform movement has indicated that this is not so cut and dried , and different situations call for consideration and differing actions . For example , Jews who have converted under duress may be permitted to return to Judaism `` without any action on their part but their desire to rejoin the Jewish community '' and `` A proselyte who has become an apostate remains , nevertheless , a Jew '' . Karaite Judaism believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent . Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish , and not only the father . They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line . The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when , in the 1950s , David Ben - Gurion requested opinions on mihu Yehudi ( `` Who is a Jew '' ) from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions . This is still not settled , and occasionally resurfaces in Israeli politics . Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent , and halakhic conversions . Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud , around 200 CE . Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh , such as Deuteronomy 7 : 1 -- 5 , by Jewish sages , are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because `` ( the non-Jewish husband ) will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods ( i.e. , idols ) of others . '' Leviticus 24 : 10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is `` of the community of Israel . '' This is complemented by Ezra 10 : 2 -- 3 , where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children . A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line , although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period . Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries , halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged . Jewish Demographics Main article : Jewish population by country The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of `` who is a Jew '' is problematic ; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish , and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews . According to the Jewish Year Book ( 1901 ) , the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million . The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar ( 2005 ) . In 2002 , according to the Jewish Population Survey , there were 13.3 million Jews around the world . The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million . Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent , with 0.3 % growth from 2000 to 2001 . Jewish religious movements Main article : Jewish religious movements Rabbinic Judaism Rabbinic Judaism ( or in some Christian traditions , Rabbinism ) ( Hebrew : `` Yahadut Rabanit '' -- יהדות רבנית ) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE , after the codification of the Talmud . It is characterised by the belief that the Written Torah ( Written Law ) can not be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law . The Jewish Enlightenment of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Ashkenazi ( Western ) Jewry into religious movements or denominations , especially in North America and Anglophone countries . The main denominations today outside Israel ( where the situation is rather different ) are Orthodox , Conservative , and Reform . Orthodox Judaism holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to Moses and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging . Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch ( a condensed codification of halakha that largely favored Sephardic traditions ) to be the definitive codification of Jewish law . Orthodoxy places a high importance on Maimonides ' 13 principles as a definition of Jewish faith . Orthodoxy is often divided into Modern Orthodox Judaism and Haredi Judaism . Haredi Judaism is less accommodating to modernity and has less interest in non-Jewish disciplines , and it may be distinguished from Modern Orthodox Judaism in practice by its styles of dress and more stringent practices . Subsets of Haredi Judaism include Hasidic Judaism , which is rooted in the Kabbalah and distinguished by reliance on a Rebbe or religious teacher ; and Sephardic Haredi Judaism , which emerged among Sephardic ( Asian and North African ) Jews in Israel . Conservative Judaism is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs , including observance of Shabbat and kashrut , a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith , a positive attitude toward modern culture , and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts . Conservative Judaism teaches that Jewish law is not static , but has always developed in response to changing conditions . It holds that the Torah is a divine document written by prophets inspired by God and reflecting his will , but rejects the Orthodox position that it was dictated by God to Moses . Conservative Judaism holds that the Oral Law is divine and normative , but holds that both the Written and Oral Law may be interpreted by the rabbis to reflect modern sensibilities and suit modern conditions . Reform Judaism , called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries , defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms , rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the Torah while observing moral laws , and emphasizes the ethical call of the Prophets . Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular ( along with Hebrew in many cases ) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition . A Reform synagogue with mixed seating and equal participation of men and women Reconstructionist Judaism , like Reform Judaism , does not hold that Jewish law , as such , requires observance , but unlike Reform , Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow . Jewish Renewal is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice but does not address issues of Jewish law . Men and women participate equally in prayer . Humanistic Judaism is a small non-theistic movement centered in North America and Israel that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity . Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism While traditions and customs ( see also `` Sephardic law and customs '' ) vary between discrete communities , it can be said that Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities do not generally adhere to the `` movement '' framework popular in and among Ashkenazi Jewry . Historically , Sephardi and Mizrahi communities have eschewed denominations in favour of a `` big tent '' approach . This is particularly the case in contemporary Israel , which is home to the largest communities of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the world . ( However , individual Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews may be members of or attend synagogues that do adhere to one Ashkenazi - inflected movement or another . ) Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the conservative , and prayer rites are reflective of this , with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception . Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought ; for example , the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel . Jewish movements in Israel Main article : Religion in Israel Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as `` secular '' ( hiloni ) , `` traditional '' ( masorti ) , `` religious '' ( dati ) or Haredi . The term `` secular '' is more popular as a self - description among Israeli families of western ( European ) origin , whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives , but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice . This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life , be it of the official Israeli rabbinate ( Orthodox ) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism ( Reform , Conservative ) . The term `` traditional '' ( masorti ) is most common as a self - description among Israeli families of `` eastern '' origin ( i.e. , the Middle East , Central Asia , and North Africa ) . This term , as commonly used , has nothing to do with the Conservative Judaism , which also names itself `` Masorti '' outside North America . There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways `` secular '' and `` traditional '' are used in Israel : they often overlap , and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance . The term `` Orthodox '' is not popular in Israeli discourse , although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the diaspora . What would be called `` Orthodox '' in the diaspora includes what is commonly called dati ( religious ) or haredi ( ultra-Orthodox ) in Israel . The former term includes what is called `` Religious Zionism '' or the `` National Religious '' community , as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as haredi - leumi ( nationalist haredi ) , or `` Hardal '' , which combines a largely haredi lifestyle with nationalist ideology . ( Some people , in Yiddish , also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as frum , as opposed to frei ( more liberal Jews ) ) . Haredi applies to a populace that can be roughly divided into three separate groups along both ethnic and ideological lines : ( 1 ) `` Lithuanian '' ( non-hasidic ) haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; ( 2 ) Hasidic haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; and ( 3 ) Sephardic haredim . Karaites and Samaritans Karaite Judaism defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the Second Temple period , such as the Sadducees . The Karaites ( `` Scripturalists '' ) accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat ( `` simple '' meaning ) ; they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative . Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all , although most do . The Samaritans , a very small community located entirely around Mount Gerizim in the Nablus / Shechem region of the West Bank and in Holon , near Tel Aviv in Israel , regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age kingdom of Israel . Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written Torah ( Five Books of Moses ) , which they view as the only authoritative scripture ( with a special regard also for the Samaritan Book of Joshua ) . Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) See also : Haymanot ; Beta Israel . Haymanot ( meaning `` religion '' in Ge'ez and Amharic ) refers the Judaism practiced by Ethiopian Jews . This version of Judaism differs substantially from Rabbinic , Karaite , and Samaritan Judaisms , Ethiopian Jews having diverged from their coreligionists earlier . Sacred scriptures ( the Orit ) are written in Ge'ez , not Hebrew , and dietary laws are based strictly on the text of the Orit , without explication from ancillary commentaries . Holidays also differ , with some Rabbinic holidays not observed in Ethiopian Jewish communities , and some additional holidays , like Sigd . Jewish observances Jewish ethics Main article : Jewish ethics Jewish ethics may be guided by halakhic traditions , by other moral principles , or by central Jewish virtues . Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice , truth , peace , loving - kindness ( chesed ) , compassion , humility , and self - respect . Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity ( tzedakah ) and refraining from negative speech ( lashon hara ) . Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews . Prayers Main article : Jewish services A Yemenite Jew at morning prayers , wearing a kippah skullcap , prayer shawl and tefillin Traditionally , Jews recite prayers three times daily , Shacharit , Mincha , and Ma'ariv with a fourth prayer , Mussaf added on Shabbat and holidays . At the heart of each service is the Amidah or Shemoneh Esrei . Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith , the Shema Yisrael ( or Shema ) . The Shema is the recitation of a verse from the Torah ( Deuteronomy 6 : 4 ) : Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad -- `` Hear , O Israel ! The Lord is our God ! The Lord is One ! '' Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer , although communal prayer is preferred . Communal prayer requires a quorum of ten adult Jews , called a minyan . In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles , only male Jews are counted toward a minyan ; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well . In addition to prayer services , observant traditional Jews recite prayers and benedictions throughout the day when performing various acts . Prayers are recited upon waking up in the morning , before eating or drinking different foods , after eating a meal , and so on . The approach to prayer varies among the Jewish denominations . Differences can include the texts of prayers , the frequency of prayer , the number of prayers recited at various religious events , the use of musical instruments and choral music , and whether prayers are recited in the traditional liturgical languages or the vernacular . In general , Orthodox and Conservative congregations adhere most closely to tradition , and Reform and Reconstructionist synagogues are more likely to incorporate translations and contemporary writings in their services . Also , in most Conservative synagogues , and all Reform and Reconstructionist congregations , women participate in prayer services on an equal basis with men , including roles traditionally filled only by men , such as reading from the Torah . In addition , many Reform temples use musical accompaniment such as organs and mixed choirs . Religious clothing Further information : kippah , tzitzit , and tefillin A kippah ( Hebrew : כִּפָּה , plural kippot ; Yiddish : יאַרמלקע , yarmulke ) is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying , eating , reciting blessings , or studying Jewish religious texts , and at all times by some Jewish men . In Orthodox communities , only men wear kippot ; in non-Orthodox communities , some women also wear kippot . Kippot range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large , snug cap that covers the whole crown . Tzitzit ( Hebrew : צִיציִת ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tzitzis ) are special knotted `` fringes '' or `` tassels '' found on the four corners of the tallit ( Hebrew : טַלִּית ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tallis ) , or prayer shawl . The tallit is worn by Jewish men and some Jewish women during the prayer service . Customs vary regarding when a Jew begins wearing a tallit . In the Sephardi community , boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age . In some Ashkenazi communities , it is customary to wear one only after marriage . A tallit katan ( small tallit ) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day . In some Orthodox circles , the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing . Tefillin ( Hebrew : תְפִלִּין ) , known in English as phylacteries ( from the Greek word φυλακτήριον , meaning safeguard or amulet ) , are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses , attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps . They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women . A kittel ( Yiddish : קיטל ) , a white knee - length overgarment , is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the High Holidays . It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities , and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy . Jewish males are buried in a tallit and sometimes also a kittel which are part of the tachrichim ( burial garments ) . Jewish holidays Main article : Jewish holiday Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar , which celebrate moments in Jewish history , as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world , such as creation , revelation , and redemption . Shabbat Main article : Shabbat Two braided Shabbat challahs placed under an embroidered challah cover at the start of the Shabbat meal Shabbat , the weekly day of rest lasting from shortly before sundown on Friday night to nightfall on Saturday night , commemorates God 's day of rest after six days of creation . It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law . At sundown on Friday , the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing . The evening meal begins with the Kiddush , a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine , and the Mohtzi , a blessing recited over the bread . It is customary to have challah , two braided loaves of bread , on the table . During Shabbat , Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under 39 categories of melakhah , translated literally as `` work '' . In fact the activities banned on the Sabbath are not `` work '' in the usual sense : They include such actions as lighting a fire , writing , using money and carrying in the public domain . The prohibition of lighting a fire has been extended in the modern era to driving a car , which involves burning fuel and using electricity . Three pilgrimage festivals Main article : Shalosh regalim Some sukkot in Jerusalem Jewish holy days ( chaggim ) , celebrate landmark events in Jewish history , such as the Exodus from Egypt and the giving of the Torah , and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle . The three major festivals , Sukkot , Passover and Shavuot , are called `` regalim '' ( derived from the Hebrew word `` regel '' , or foot ) . On the three regalim , it was customary for the Israelites to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple . Passover ( Pesach ) is a week - long holiday beginning on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan ( the first month in the Hebrew calendar ) , that commemorates the Exodus from Egypt . Outside Israel , Passover is celebrated for eight days . In ancient times , it coincided with the barley harvest . It is the only holiday that centers on home - service , the Seder . Leavened products ( chametz ) are removed from the house prior to the holiday and are not consumed throughout the week . Homes are thoroughly cleaned to ensure no bread or bread by - products remain , and a symbolic burning of the last vestiges of chametz is conducted on the morning of the Seder . Matzo is eaten instead of bread . Shavuot ( `` Pentecost '' or `` Feast of Weeks '' ) celebrates the revelation of the Torah to the Israelites on Mount Sinai . Also known as the Festival of Bikurim , or first fruits , it coincided in biblical times with the wheat harvest . Shavuot customs include all - night study marathons known as Tikkun Leil Shavuot , eating dairy foods ( cheesecake and blintzes are special favorites ) , reading the Book of Ruth , decorating homes and synagogues with greenery , and wearing white clothing , symbolizing purity . Sukkot ( `` Tabernacles '' or `` The Festival of Booths '' ) commemorates the Israelites ' forty years of wandering through the desert on their way to the Promised Land . It is celebrated through the construction of temporary booths called sukkot ( sing . sukkah ) that represent the temporary shelters of the Israelites during their wandering . It coincides with the fruit harvest and marks the end of the agricultural cycle . Jews around the world eat in sukkot for seven days and nights . Sukkot concludes with Shemini Atzeret , where Jews begin to pray for rain and Simchat Torah , `` Rejoicing of the Torah '' , a holiday which marks reaching the end of the Torah reading cycle and beginning all over again . The occasion is celebrated with singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls . Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are technically considered to be a separate holiday and not a part of Sukkot . High holy days Yom Kippur by Maurycy Gottlieb ( 1878 ) Main article : High Holidays The High Holidays ( Yamim Noraim or `` Days of Awe '' ) revolve around judgment and forgiveness . Rosh Hashanah , ( also Yom Ha - Zikkaron or `` Day of Remembrance '' , and Yom Teruah , or `` Day of the Sounding of the Shofar '' ) . Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year ( literally , `` head of the year '' ) , although it falls on the first day of the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar , Tishri . Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the 10 - day period of atonement leading up to Yom Kippur , during which Jews are commanded to search their souls and make amends for sins committed , intentionally or not , throughout the year . Holiday customs include blowing the shofar , or ram 's horn , in the synagogue , eating apples and honey , and saying blessings over a variety of symbolic foods , such as pomegranates . Yom Kippur , ( `` Day of Atonement '' ) is the holiest day of the Jewish year . It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one 's sins . Observant Jews spend the entire day in the synagogue , sometimes with a short break in the afternoon , reciting prayers from a special holiday prayerbook called a `` Machzor '' . Many non-religious Jews make a point of attending synagogue services and fasting on Yom Kippur . On the eve of Yom Kippur , before candles are lit , a prefast meal , the `` seuda mafseket '' , is eaten . Synagogue services on the eve of Yom Kippur begin with the Kol Nidre prayer . It is customary to wear white on Yom Kippur , especially for Kol Nidre , and leather shoes are not worn . The following day , prayers are held from morning to evening . The final prayer service , called `` Ne'ilah '' , ends with a long blast of the shofar . Pûrîm Main article : Purim Purim street scene in Jerusalem Torah reading , France , 1860 Museum of Jewish Art and History Purim ( Hebrew : פורים ( help info ) Pûrîm `` lots '' ) is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman , who sought to exterminate them , as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther . It is characterized by public recitation of the Book of Esther , mutual gifts of food and drink , charity to the poor , and a celebratory meal ( Esther 9 : 22 ) . Other customs include drinking wine , eating special pastries called hamantashen , dressing up in masks and costumes , and organizing carnivals and parties . Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar , which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar . Hanukkah Main article : Hanukkah Hanukkah ( Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה ‎ , `` dedication '' ) also known as the Festival of Lights , is an eight - day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of Kislev ( Hebrew calendar ) . The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival 's eight nights , one on the first night , two on the second night and so on . The holiday was called Hanukkah ( meaning `` dedication '' ) because it marks the re-dedication of the Temple after its desecration by Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Spiritually , Hanukkah commemorates the `` Miracle of the Oil '' . According to the Talmud , at the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem following the victory of the Maccabees over the Seleucid Empire , there was only enough consecrated oil to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day . Miraculously , the oil burned for eight days -- which was the length of time it took to press , prepare and consecrate new oil . Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism , but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times , mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel . Fast days Main articles : Tisha B'Av , Seventeenth of Tamuz , 10th of Tevet , and Tzom Gedaliah Tisha B'Av ( Hebrew : תשעה באב ‎ or ט ׳ באב , `` the Ninth of Av '' ) is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples , and in later times , the expulsion of the Jews from Spain . There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples . They are the 17th Tamuz , the 10th of Tevet and Tzom Gedaliah ( the 3rd of Tishrei ) . Israeli holidays Main articles : Yom Hashoah , Yom Hazikaron , and Yom Ha'atzmaut The modern holidays of Yom Ha - shoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) , Yom Hazikaron ( Israeli Memorial Day ) and Yom Ha'atzmaut ( Israeli Independence Day ) commemorate the horrors of the Holocaust , the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism , and Israeli independence , respectively . There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the 10th of Tevet . Torah readings Main article : Torah reading The core of festival and Shabbat prayer services is the public reading of the Torah , along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh , called Haftarah . Over the course of a year , the whole Torah is read , with the cycle starting over in the autumn , on Simchat Torah . Synagogues and religious buildings Main article : Synagogue Interior of the Belz Great Synagogue in Jerusalem . Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study . They usually contain separate rooms for prayer ( the main sanctuary ) , smaller rooms for study , and often an area for community or educational use . There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly . The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples . Some traditional features of a synagogue are : The ark ( called aron ha - kodesh by Ashkenazim and hekhal by Sephardim ) where the Torah scrolls are kept ( the ark is often closed with an ornate curtain ( parochet ) outside or inside the ark doors ) ; The elevated reader 's platform ( called bimah by Ashkenazim and tebah by Sephardim ) , where the Torah is read ( and services are conducted in Sephardi synagogues ) ; The eternal light ( ner tamid ) , a continually lit lamp or lantern used as a reminder of the constantly lit menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem The pulpit , or amud , a lectern facing the Ark where the hazzan or prayer leader stands while praying . In addition to synagogues , other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas , or institutions of Jewish learning , and mikvahs , which are ritual baths . Dietary laws : kashrut Main article : Kashrut The Jewish dietary laws are known as kashrut . Food prepared in accordance with them is termed kosher , and food that is not kosher is also known as treifah or treif . People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be `` keeping kosher '' . Many of the laws apply to animal - based foods . For example , in order to be considered kosher , mammals must have split hooves and chew their cud . The pig is arguably the most well - known example of a non-kosher animal . Although it has split hooves , it does not chew its cud . For seafood to be kosher , the animal must have fins and scales . Certain types of seafood , such as shellfish , crustaceans , and eels , are therefore considered non-kosher . Concerning birds , a list of non-kosher species is given in the Torah . The exact translations of many of the species have not survived , and some non-kosher birds ' identities are no longer certain . However , traditions exist about the kashrut status of a few birds . For example , both chickens and turkeys are permitted in most communities . Other types of animals , such as amphibians , reptiles , and most insects , are prohibited altogether . In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher , meat and poultry ( but not fish ) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as shechitah . Without the proper slaughtering practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered treif . The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal . Forbidden parts of animals include the blood , some fats , and the area in and around the sciatic nerve . Jewish law also forbids the consumption of meat and dairy products together . The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies by the order in which they are consumed and by community , and can extend for up to six hours . Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother 's milk , this rule is mostly derived from the Oral Torah , the Talmud and Rabbinic law . Chicken and other kosher birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of kashrut , but the prohibition is Rabbinic , not Biblical . The use of dishes , serving utensils , and ovens may make food treif that would otherwise be kosher . Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food , or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products , render the food treif under certain conditions . Furthermore , all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed grape products made by non-Jews , due to ancient pagan practices of using wine in rituals . Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision . The Torah does not give specific reasons for most of the laws of kashrut . However , a number of explanations have been offered , including maintaining ritual purity , teaching impulse control , encouraging obedience to God , improving health , reducing cruelty to animals and preserving the distinctness of the Jewish community . The various categories of dietary laws may have developed for different reasons , and some may exist for multiple reasons . For example , people are forbidden from consuming the blood of birds and mammals because , according to the Torah , this is where animal souls are contained . In contrast , the Torah forbids Israelites from eating non-kosher species because `` they are unclean '' . The Kabbalah describes sparks of holiness that are released by the act of eating kosher foods , but are too tightly bound in non-kosher foods to be released by eating . Survival concerns supersede all the laws of kashrut , as they do for most halakhot . Laws of ritual purity Main article : Tumah A silver matchbox holder for ritual use on Shabbat with inscription in Hebrew The Tanakh describes circumstances in which a person who is tahor or ritually pure may become tamei or ritually impure . Some of these circumstances are contact with human corpses or graves , seminal flux , vaginal flux , menstruation , and contact with people who have become impure from any of these . In Rabbinic Judaism , Kohanim , members of the hereditary caste that served as priests in the time of the Temple , are mostly restricted from entering grave sites and touching dead bodies . During the Temple period , such priests ( Kohanim ) were required to eat their bread offering ( Terumah ) in a state of ritual purity , which laws eventually led to more rigid laws being enacted , such as hand - washing which became a requisite of all Jews before consuming ordinary bread . Family purity 18th - century circumcision chair Museum of Jewish Art and History Main article : Niddah An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating women . These laws are also known as niddah , literally `` separation '' , or family purity . Vital aspects of halakha for traditionally observant Jews , they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations . Especially in Orthodox Judaism , the Biblical laws are augmented by Rabbinical injunctions . For example , the Torah mandates that a woman in her normal menstrual period must abstain from sexual intercourse for seven days . A woman whose menstruation is prolonged must continue to abstain for seven more days after bleeding has stopped . The Rabbis conflated ordinary niddah with this extended menstrual period , known in the Torah as zavah , and mandated that a woman may not have sexual intercourse with her husband from the time she begins her menstrual flow until seven days after it ends . In addition , Rabbinical law forbids the husband from touching or sharing a bed with his wife during this period . Afterwards , purification can occur in a ritual bath called a mikveh . Traditional Ethiopian Jews keep menstruating women in separate huts and , similar to Karaite practice , do not allow menstruating women into their temples because of a temple 's special sanctity . Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices . Life - cycle events Life - cycle events , or rites of passage , occur throughout a Jew 's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him / her to the entire community . Brit milah -- Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of circumcision on their eighth day of life . The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony . A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls , named zeved habat or brit bat , enjoys limited popularity . Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah -- This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations . In the Reform movement , both girls and boys have their bat / bar mitzvah at age thirteen . This is often commemorated by having the new adults , male only in the Orthodox tradition , lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a `` portion '' of the Torah . Marriage -- Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event . A wedding takes place under a chuppah , or wedding canopy , which symbolizes a happy house . At the end of the ceremony , the groom breaks a glass with his foot , symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple , and the scattering of the Jewish people . Death and Mourning -- Judaism has a multi-staged mourning practice . The first stage is called the shiva ( literally `` seven '' , observed for one week ) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family , the second is the shloshim ( observed for one month ) and for those who have lost one of their parents , there is a third stage , avelut yud bet chodesh , which is observed for eleven months . Community leadership Classical priesthood Jewish students with their teacher in Samarkand , Uzbekistan c. 1910 . The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices . The priesthood is an inherited position , and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties , they are still honored in many Jewish communities . Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future Third Temple and need to remain in readiness for future duty . Kohen ( priest ) -- patrilineal descendant of Aaron , brother of Moses . In the Temple , the kohanim were charged with performing the sacrifices . Today , a Kohen is the first one called up at the reading of the Torah , performs the Priestly Blessing , as well as complying with other unique laws and ceremonies , including the ceremony of redemption of the first - born . Levi ( Levite ) -- Patrilineal descendant of Levi the son of Jacob . In the Temple in Jerusalem , the levites sang Psalms , performed construction , maintenance , janitorial , and guard duties , assisted the priests , and sometimes interpreted the law and Temple ritual to the public . Today , a Levite is called up second to the reading of the Torah . Prayer leaders From the time of the Mishnah and Talmud to the present , Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies . A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself . Some activities -- reading the Torah and haftarah ( a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings ) , the prayer for mourners , the blessings for bridegroom and bride , the complete grace after meals -- require a minyan , the presence of ten Jews . The most common professional clergy in a synagogue are : Rabbi of a congregation -- Jewish scholar who is charged with answering the legal questions of a congregation . This role requires ordination by the congregation 's preferred authority ( i.e. , from a respected Orthodox rabbi or , if the congregation is Conservative or Reform , from academic seminaries ) . A congregation does not necessarily require a rabbi . Some congregations have a rabbi but also allow members of the congregation to act as shatz or baal kriyah ( see below ) . Hassidic Rebbe -- rabbi who is the head of a Hasidic dynasty . Hazzan ( note : the `` h '' denotes voiceless pharyngeal fricative ) ( cantor ) -- a trained vocalist who acts as shatz . Chosen for a good voice , knowledge of traditional tunes , understanding of the meaning of the prayers and sincerity in reciting them . A congregation does not need to have a dedicated hazzan . Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles , which are sometimes , but not always , filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations . In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad - hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis : Shaliach tzibur or Shatz ( leader -- literally `` agent '' or `` representative '' -- of the congregation ) leads those assembled in prayer and sometimes prays on behalf of the community . When a shatz recites a prayer on behalf of the congregation , he is not acting as an intermediary but rather as a facilitator . The entire congregation participates in the recital of such prayers by saying amen at their conclusion ; it is with this act that the shatz 's prayer becomes the prayer of the congregation . Any adult capable of reciting the prayers clearly may act as shatz . In Orthodox congregations and some Conservative congregations , only men can be prayer leaders , but all Progressive communities now allow women to serve in this function . The Baal kriyah or baal koreh ( master of the reading ) reads the weekly Torah portion . The requirements for being the baal kriyah are the same as those for the shatz . These roles are not mutually exclusive . The same person is often qualified to fill more than one role and often does . Often there are several people capable of filling these roles and different services ( or parts of services ) will be led by each . Many congregations , especially larger ones , also rely on a : Gabbai ( sexton ) -- Calls people up to the Torah , appoints the shatz for each prayer session if there is no standard shatz , and makes certain that the synagogue is kept clean and supplied . The three preceding positions are usually voluntary and considered an honor . Since the Enlightenment large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as shatz and baal kriyah , and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations . However , in most Orthodox synagogues these positions are filled by laypeople on a rotating or ad - hoc basis . Although most congregations hire one or more Rabbis , the use of a professional hazzan is generally declining in American congregations , and the use of professionals for other offices is rarer still . Specialized religious roles Dayan ( judge ) -- An ordained rabbi with special legal training who belongs to a beth din ( rabbinical court ) . In Israel , religious courts handle marriage and divorce cases , conversion and financial disputes in the Jewish community . Mohel ( circumciser ) -- An expert in the laws of circumcision who has received training from a previously qualified mohel and performs the brit milah ( circumcision ) . Shochet ( ritual slaughterer ) -- In order for meat to be kosher , it must be slaughtered by a shochet who is an expert in the laws of kashrut and has been trained by another shochet . Sofer ( scribe ) -- Torah scrolls , tefillin ( phylacteries ) , mezuzot ( scrolls put on doorposts ) , and gittin ( bills of divorce ) must be written by a sofer who is an expert in Hebrew calligraphy and has undergone rigorous training in the laws of writing sacred texts . Rosh yeshiva -- A Torah scholar who runs a yeshiva . Mashgiach of a yeshiva -- Depending on which yeshiva , might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct , or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on mussar ( Jewish ethics ) . Mashgiach -- Supervises manufacturers of kosher food , importers , caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher . Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi , if not a rabbi himself . History Main article : Jewish history This section is about the history of Judaism . For the book on Ancient Judaism , see Ancient Judaism ( book ) . Origins Main article : Origins of Judaism Further information : Ancient Canaanite religion and Ancient Semitic religion Scenes from the Book of Esther decorate the Dura - Europos synagogue dating from 244 CE At its core , the Tanakh is an account of the Israelites ' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple ( c. 535 BCE ) . Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people . As a reward for his act of faith in one God , he was promised that Isaac , his second son , would inherit the Land of Israel ( then called Canaan ) . Later , the descendants of Isaac 's son Jacob were enslaved in Egypt , and God commanded Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt . At Mount Sinai , they received the Torah -- the five books of Moses . These books , together with Nevi'im and Ketuvim are known as Torah Shebikhtav as opposed to the Oral Torah , which refers to the Mishnah and the Talmud . Eventually , God led them to the land of Israel where the tabernacle was planted in the city of Shiloh for over 300 years to rally the nation against attacking enemies . As time went on , the spiritual level of the nation declined to the point that God allowed the Philistines to capture the tabernacle . The people of Israel then told Samuel the prophet that they needed to be governed by a permanent king , and Samuel appointed Saul to be their King . When the people pressured Saul into going against a command conveyed to him by Samuel , God told Samuel to appoint David in his stead . The Western Wall in Jerusalem is a remnant of the wall encircling the Second Temple . The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism . Once King David was established , he told the prophet Nathan that he would like to build a permanent temple , and as a reward for his actions , God promised David that he would allow his son , Solomon , to build the First Temple and the throne would never depart from his children . Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the law , which are called the Oral Torah or oral law , were originally an unwritten tradition based upon what God told Moses on Mount Sinai . However , as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten , these oral laws were recorded by Rabbi Judah HaNasi ( Judah the Prince ) in the Mishnah , redacted circa 200 CE . The Talmud was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the Gemara , rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries . The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship , Palestine and Babylonia . Correspondingly , two bodies of analysis developed , and two works of Talmud were created . The older compilation is called the Jerusalem Talmud . It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine . The Babylonian Talmud was compiled from discussions in the houses of study by the scholars Ravina I , Ravina II , and Rav Ashi by 500 CE , although it continued to be edited later . Some critical scholars oppose the view that the sacred texts , including the Hebrew Bible , were divinely inspired . Many of these scholars accept the general principles of the documentary hypothesis and suggest that the Torah consists of inconsistent texts edited together in a way that calls attention to divergent accounts . Many suggest that during the First Temple period , the people of Israel believed that each nation had its own god , but that their god was superior to other gods . Some suggest that strict monotheism developed during the Babylonian Exile , perhaps in reaction to Zoroastrian dualism . In this view , it was only by the Hellenic period that most Jews came to believe that their god was the only god and that the notion of a clearly bounded Jewish nation identical with the Jewish religion formed . John Day argues that the origins of biblical Yahweh , El , Asherah , and Ba'al , may be rooted in earlier Canaanite religion , which was centered on a pantheon of gods much like the Greek pantheon . Antiquity Main articles : Ancient Israel and Judah , Babylonian captivity , Hellenistic Judaism , Hasmonean Kingdom , Iudaea Province , and Bar Kokhba revolt According to the Hebrew Bible , the United Monarchy was established under Saul and continued under King David and Solomon with its capital in Jerusalem . After Solomon 's reign , the nation split into two kingdoms , the Kingdom of Israel ( in the north ) and the Kingdom of Judah ( in the south ) . The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrian ruler Sargon II in the late 8th century BCE with many people from the capital Samaria being taken captive to Media and the Khabur River valley . The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BCE , destroying the First Temple that was at the center of ancient Jewish worship . The Judean elite was exiled to Babylonia and this is regarded as the first Jewish Diaspora . Later many of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent conquest of Babylonia by the Persians seventy years later , a period known as the Babylonian Captivity . A new Second Temple was constructed , and old religious practices were resumed . During the early years of the Second Temple , the highest religious authority was a council known as the Great Assembly , led by Ezra of the Book of Ezra . Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly , the last books of the Bible were written at this time and the canon sealed . Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE . After the Great Revolt ( 66 -- 73 CE ) , the Romans destroyed the Temple . Hadrian built a pagan idol on the Temple grounds and prohibited circumcision ; these acts of ethnocide provoked the Bar Kokhba revolt 132 -- 136 CE after which the Romans banned the study of the Torah and the celebration of Jewish holidays , and forcibly removed virtually all Jews from Judea . In 200 CE , however , Jews were granted Roman citizenship and Judaism was recognized as a religio licita ( `` legitimate religion '' ) until the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity in the fourth century . Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews , Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple , prayer took the place of sacrifice , and worship was rebuilt around the community ( represented by a minimum of ten adult men ) and the establishment of the authority of rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) The Torah Ark of the Beth Jakov synagogue in Macedonia Around the 1st century CE , there were several small Jewish sects : the Pharisees , Sadducees , Zealots , Essenes , and Christians . After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE , these sects vanished . Christianity survived , but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion ; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism ( today , known simply as `` Judaism '' ) . The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings , relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired . Consequently , a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees ' belief system ( which became the basis for modern Judaism ) , were also dismissed by the Sadducees . ( The Samaritans practiced a similar religion , which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism . ) Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah , some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the Mishnah ( and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds ) , relying instead only upon the Tanakh . These included the Isunians , the Yudganites , the Malikites , and others . They soon developed oral traditions of their own , which differed from the rabbinic traditions , and eventually formed the Karaite sect . Karaites exist in small numbers today , mostly living in Israel . Rabbinical and Karaite Jews each hold that the others are Jews , but that the other faith is erroneous . Over a long time , Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas -- amongst others , the Ashkenazi Jews ( of central and Eastern Europe ) , the Sephardi Jews ( of Spain , Portugal , and North Africa ) , the Beta Israel of Ethiopia , and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula . Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers , traditions and accepted canons ; however , these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative ( rabbinic ) Judaism , rather than based on any doctrinal dispute . Persecutions Main articles : Persecution of Jews , Antisemitism , and History of antisemitism Antisemitism arose during the Middle Ages , in the form of persecutions , pogroms , forced conversions , expulsions , social restrictions and ghettoization . This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times . Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups . With the rise of the Churches , the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism . During the Middle Ages , Jewish people who lived under Muslim rule generally experienced tolerance and integration , but there were occasional outbreaks of violence like Almohad 's persecutions . Hasidism Main article : Hasidic Judaism Hasidic Judaism was founded by Yisroel ben Eliezer ( 1700 -- 1760 ) , also known as the Ba'al Shem Tov ( or Besht ) . It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study ; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too `` academic '' , and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy . Its adherents favored small and informal gatherings called Shtiebel , which , in contrast to a traditional synagogue , could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing , eating , and socializing . Ba'al Shem Tov 's disciples attracted many followers ; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe . Unlike other religions , which typically expanded through word of mouth or by use of print , Hasidism spread largely owing to Tzadiks , who used their influence to encourage others to follow the movement . Hasidism appealed to many Europeans because it was easy to learn , did not require full immediate commitment , and presented a compelling spectacle . Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe . Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States . The movement itself claims to be nothing new , but a refreshment of original Judaism . As some have put it : `` they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost '' . Nevertheless , early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews . European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as Misnagdim , ( lit . `` opponents '' ) . Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the exuberance of Hasidic worship , its deviation from tradition in ascribing infallibility and miracles to their leaders , and the concern that it might become a messianic sect . Over time differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism . The Enlightenment and new religious movements Main articles : Haskalah and Jewish religious movements In the late 18th century CE , Europe was swept by a group of intellectual , social and political movements known as the Enlightenment . The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world , thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience . A parallel Jewish movement , Haskalah or the `` Jewish Enlightenment '' , began , especially in Central Europe and Western Europe , in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms . It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason . With the promise of political emancipation , many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe . Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend . In Central Europe , followed by Great Britain and the United States , Reform ( or Liberal ) Judaism developed , relaxing legal obligations ( especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews ) , emulating Protestant decorum in prayer , and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism 's Prophetic tradition . Modern Orthodox Judaism developed in reaction to Reform Judaism , by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians while maintaining the observance of Jewish law . Meanwhile , in the United States , wealthy Reform Jews helped European scholars , who were Orthodox in practice but critical ( and skeptical ) in their study of the Bible and Talmud , to establish a seminary to train rabbis for immigrants from Eastern Europe . These left - wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right - wing Reform rabbis who felt that Jewish law should not be entirely abandoned , to form the Conservative movement . Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah formed Haredi Orthodox Judaism . After massive movements of Jews following The Holocaust and the creation of the state of Israel , these movements have competed for followers from among traditional Jews in or from other countries . Spectrum of observance Judaism is practised in all parts of the world , for example in a synagogue in downtown Mumbai . Countries such as the United States , Israel , Canada , United Kingdom , Argentina and South Africa contain large Jewish populations . Jewish religious practice varies widely through all levels of observance . According to the 2001 edition of the National Jewish Population Survey , in the United States ' Jewish community -- the world 's second largest -- 4.3 million Jews out of 5.1 million had some sort of connection to the religion . Of that population of connected Jews , 80 % participated in some sort of Jewish religious observance , but only 48 % belonged to a congregation , and fewer than 16 % attend regularly . Birth rates for American Jews have dropped from 2.0 to 1.7 . ( Replacement rate is 2.1 . ) Intermarriage rates range from 40 -- 50 % in the US , and only about a third of children of intermarried couples are raised as Jews . Due to intermarriage and low birth rates , the Jewish population in the US shrank from 5.5 million in 1990 to 5.1 million in 2001 . This is indicative of the general population trends among the Jewish community in the Diaspora , but a focus on total population obscures growth trends in some denominations and communities , such as Haredi Judaism . The Baal teshuva movement is a movement of Jews who have `` returned '' to religion or become more observant . Judaism and other religions Christianity and Judaism Main article : Christianity and Judaism See also : Christianity and antisemitism and Christian -- Jewish reconciliation Christianity was originally a sect of Second Temple Judaism , but the two religions diverged in the first century . The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah but eventually became irreconcilable . Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah , of atonement and sin , the status of God 's commandments to Israel , and perhaps most significantly of the nature of God himself . Due to these differences , Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as Shituf or worship of the God of Israel which is not monotheistic . Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as obsolete with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church , though a Christian belief in dual - covenant theology emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how their theology influenced the Nazi Holocaust . Since the time of the Middle Ages , the Catholic Church upheld the Constitution pro Judæis ( Formal Statement on the Jews ) , which stated We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized , so long as they are unwilling and refuse ... Without the judgment of the political authority of the land , no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live . '' Until their emancipation in the late 18th and the 19th century , Jews in Christian lands were subject to humiliating legal restrictions and limitations . They included provisions requiring Jews to wear specific and identifying clothing such as the Jewish hat and the yellow badge , restricting Jews to certain cities and towns or in certain parts of towns ( ghettos ) , and forbidding Jews to enter certain trades ( for example selling new clothes in medieval Sweden ) . Disabilities also included special taxes levied on Jews , exclusion from public life , restraints on the performance of religious ceremonies , and linguistic censorship . Some countries went even further and completely expelled Jews , for example , England in 1290 ( Jews were readmitted in 1655 ) and Spain in 1492 ( readmitted in 1868 ) . The first Jewish settlers in North America arrived in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1654 ; they were forbidden to hold public office , open a retail shop , or establish a synagogue . When the colony was seized by the British in 1664 Jewish rights remained unchanged , but by 1671 Asser Levy was the first Jew to serve on a jury in North America . In 1791 , Revolutionary France was the first country to abolish disabilities altogether , followed by Prussia in 1848 . Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom was achieved in 1858 after an almost 30 - year struggle championed by Isaac Lyon Goldsmid with the ability of Jews to sit in parliament with the passing of the Jews Relief Act 1858 . The newly united German Empire in 1871 abolished Jewish disabilities in Germany , which were reinstated in the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 . Jewish life in Christian lands was marked by frequent blood libels , expulsions , forced conversions and massacres . An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious . Christian rhetoric and antipathy towards Jews developed in the early years of Christianity and was reinforced by ever increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries . The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence , and murder culminating in the Holocaust . These attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching , art and popular teaching for two millennia , containing contempt for Jews , as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews . The Nazi Party was known for its persecution of Christian Churches ; many of them , such as the Protestant Confessing Church and the Catholic Church , as well as Quakers and Jehovah 's Witnesses , aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the antireligious régime . The attitude of Christians and Christian Churches toward the Jewish people and Judaism , have been changed mostly positive since World War II . Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church have `` upheld the Church 's acceptance of the continuing and permanent election of the Jewish people '' as well as a reaffirmation of the covenant between God and the Jews . In December 2015 , the Vatican released a 10,000 - word document that , among other things , stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism . Islam and Judaism Main article : Islam and Judaism Both Judaism and Islam arose from the patriarch Abraham , and they are therefore considered Abrahamic religions . In both Jewish and Muslim tradition , the Jewish and Arab peoples are descended from the two sons of Abraham -- Isaac and Ishmael , respectively . While both religions are monotheistic and share many commonalities , they differ based on the fact that Jews do not consider Jesus or Muhammad to be prophets . The religions ' adherents have interacted with each other since the 7th century when Islam originated and spread in the Arabian peninsula . Indeed , the years 712 to 1066 CE under the Ummayad and the Abbasid rulers have been called the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain . Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries , including Jews , were known as dhimmis . Dhimmis were allowed to practice their own religions and administer their own internal affairs , but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims . For example , they had to pay the jizya , a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males , and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims . Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic . For example , dhimmis in some countries were required to wear distinctive clothing , a practice not found in either the Qur'an or the hadiths but invented in early medieval Baghdad and inconsistently enforced . Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecution -- for example , many were killed , exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century , in Persia , and by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Al - Andalus , as well as by the Zaydi imams of Yemen in the 17th century ( see : Mawza Exile ) . At times , Jews were also restricted in their choice of residence -- in Morocco , for example , Jews were confined to walled quarters ( mellahs ) beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century . In the mid-20th century , Jews were expelled from nearly all of the Arab countries . Most have chosen to live in Israel . Today , antisemitic themes including Holocaust denial have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas , in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , and even in the newspapers and other publications of Refah Partisi . Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism There are some movements that combine elements of Judaism with those of other religions . The most well - known of these is Messianic Judaism , a religious movement , which arose in the 1960s , that incorporates elements of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity . The movement generally states that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah , that he is one of the Three Divine Persons , and that salvation is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one 's savior . Some members of the movement argue that Messianic Judaism is a sect of Judaism . Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this , stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect , because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of Pauline Christianity . Other examples of syncretism include Semitic neopaganism , a loosely organized sect which incorporates pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices ; Jewish Buddhists , another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith ; and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism , Sufism , Native American religions , and other faiths . The Kabbalah Centre , which employs teachers from multiple religions , is a New Age movement that claims to popularize the kabbalah , part of the Jewish esoteric tradition . See also Judaism portal Religion portal Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Judaism Anti-Judaism Criticism of Judaism Frankism Jewish assimilation Jewish culture Jewish views of religious pluralism Judaism by country List of converts to Judaism Outline of Judaism Sabbateanism Sumer References Jump up ^ `` The Bible and Interpretation '' . Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dictionary , Thesaurus , & Grammar '' . Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries , Varieties , Uncertainties , Berkeley : University of California Press ; p. 7 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Louis ( 2007 ) . `` Judaism '' . In Fred Skolnik . Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 ( 2d ed . ) . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Thomson Gale . p. 511 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865928 - 2 . Judaism , the religion , philosophy , and way of life of the Jews . Jump up ^ `` Knowledge Resources : Judaism '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ 14.3 million ( core Jewish population ) to 17.4 million ( including non-Jews who have a Jewish parent ) , according to : DellaPergola , Sergio ( 2015 ) . World Jewish Population , 2015 ( Report ) . Berman Jewish DataBank . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . 14 -- 14.5 million according to : `` Worldwide Jewry numbers 14 million '' . Ynet . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . `` Jewish Population '' . Judaism101 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Daniel J. Elazar . `` How Strong is Orthodox Judaism -- Really ? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . `` The Global Religious Landscape -- Jews '' . Pew Research Center . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is the oral Torah ? '' . Torah.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Jewish University '' . Kjuonline.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Society for Humanistic Judaism '' . Shj.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Denominations '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reform Judaism '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is Reform Judaism ? '' . Reformjudaism.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Britannica Online Encyclopedia : Bet Din '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Rabbis , Priests and Other Religious Functionaries '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ David P Mindell ( 30 June 2009 ) . The Evolving World . Harvard University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04108 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` History of Judaism until 164 BCE '' . History of Judaism . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Religion & Ethics -- Judaism '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Religion : Three Religions , One God PBS Jump up ^ Settings of silver : an introduction to Judaism p. 59 by Stephen M. Wylen , Paulist Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Heribert Busse ( 1998 ) . Islam , Judaism , and Christianity : Theological and Historical Affiliations . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 63 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 144 - 5 . Jump up ^ Irving M. Zeitlin ( 2007 ) . The Historical Muhammad . Polity . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3999 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jewish Contributions to Civilization : An Estimate ( book ) Jump up ^ Cambridge University Historical Series , An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , p. 40 : Hebraism , like Hellenism , has been an all - important factor in the development of Western Civilization ; Judaism , as the precursor of Christianity , has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era . Jump up ^ See , for example , Deborah Dash Moore , American Jewish Identity Politics , University of Michigan Press , 2008 , p. 303 ; Ewa Morawska , Insecure Prosperity : Small - Town Jews in Industrial America , 1890 -- 1940 , Princeton University Press , 1999 . p. 217 ; Peter Y . Medding , Values , interests and identity : Jews and politics in a changing world , Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry , Oxford University Press , 1995 , p. 64 ; Ezra Mendelsohn , People of the city : Jews and the urban challenge , Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry , Oxford University Press , 1999 , p. 55 ; Louis Sandy Maisel , Ira N. Forman , Donald Altschiller , Charles Walker Bassett , Jews in American politics : essays , Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 , p. 158 ; Seymour Martin Lipset , American Exceptionalism : A Double - Edged Sword , W.W. Norton & Company , 1997 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Jewish Population 2015 '' . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nahum Sarna 1969 Understanding Genesis . New York : Schocken Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . `` Defining Judaism '' . In Neusner , Jacob ; Avery - Peck , Alan . The Blackwell companion to Judaism . Blackwell . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 059 - 3 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gen. 17 : 3 -- 8 Genesis 17 : 3 -- 8 : Abram fell facedown , and God said to him , `` As for me , this is my covenant with you : You will be the father of many nations . No longer will you be called Abram ; your name will be Abraham , for I have made you a father of many nations . I will make you very fruitful ; I will make nations of you , and kings will come from you . I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come , to be your God and the God of your descendants after you . The whole land of Canaan , where you are now an alien , I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you ; and I will be their God ; '' Gen. 22 : 17 -- 18 Genesis 22 : 17 -- 18 : I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore . Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies , and through your offspring , all nations on earth will be blessed , because you have obeyed me . '' Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 3 `` You shall have no other gods before me ; Deut. 6 : 5 Deuteronomy 6 : 5 `` Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength . '' Jump up ^ Lev. 19 : 18 Leviticus 19 : 18 : `` ' Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people , but love your neighbor as yourself . I am the Lord '' Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max , 1972 The Rabbinic Mind . New York : Bloch Publishing Company . p. 194 Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max , 1972 The Rabbinic Mind . New York : Bloch Publishing Company . p. 203 Jump up ^ The Books of Melachim ( Kings ) and Book of Yeshaiahu ( Isaiah ) in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel 's population worshiping other gods . For example : King Solomon 's `` wives turned away his heart after other gods ... ( and he ) did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD , and went not fully after the LORD '' ( elaborated in 1 Melachim 11 : 4 -- 10 ) ; King Ahab `` went and served Baal , and worshiped him ... And Ahab made the Asherah ( a pagan place of worship ) ; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD , the God of Israel , than all the kings of Israel that were before him '' ( 1 Melachim 16 : 31 -- 33 ) ; the prophet Isaiah condemns the people who `` prepare a table for ( the idol ) Fortune , and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto ( the idol ) Destiny '' ( Yeshaiahu 65 : 11 -- 12 ) . Translation : JPS ( Jewish Publication Society ) edition of the Tanakh , from 1917 , available at Mechon Mamre . Jump up ^ Newman , Carey C. ; Davila , James R. ; Lewis , Gladys S. , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism : papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11361 - 9 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Milton 1947 Basic Judaism New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Movements of Judaism '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Theology on Tap Winter 2014 under way in Mandeville : Keeping the Faith '' . NOLA.com . Jump up ^ Langton , Daniel R. ( 2011 ) . Normative Judaism ? Jews , Judaism and Jewish Identity . Gorgias press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60724 - 161 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rabbi S. of Montpelier , Yad Rama , Y . Alfacher , Rosh Amanah . Jump up ^ `` Maimonides ' 13 Foundations of Judaism '' . Mesora . However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic , a denier , etc . Jump up ^ Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld . `` Maimonides , 13 Principles of Faith '' . Aish HaTorah . According to the Rambam , their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel ^ Jump up to : Daniel Septimus . `` The Thirteen Principles of Faith '' . MyJewishLearning.com . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Eisenberg ( 2004 ) . The JPS guide to Jewish traditions . Jewish Publication Society . p. 509 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0760 - 1 . The concept of `` dogma '' is ... not a basic idea in Judaism . Jump up ^ Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought , Menachem Kellner . Jump up ^ `` The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith '' . Hebrew4Christians . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Do Jews Believe ? '' . Mechon Mamre . The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith . Jump up ^ The JPS guide to Jewish traditions , p. 510 , `` The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith '' Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : What Do Jews Believe ? '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Judaism , Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : The Patriarchs and the Origins of Judaism '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rietti , Rabbi Jonathan . `` How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened ? '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2004 . The word `` emunah '' has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely `` belief '' or `` faith '' , when in actuality , it means conviction , which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Sacred Texts '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ M. San 10 : 1 . Translation available here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kosior , Wojciech ( 2015 ) . Some Remarks on the Self - Images of the Modern Judaism . Textual Analysis . Filozofia kultury . Kraków . pp. 91 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts '' . Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America . 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Danzinger , Eliezer . `` How Many of the Torah 's Commandments Still Apply ? '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Codex Judaica Kantor 2006 , page 146 '' ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Abraham ben David , Seder Ha - Kabbalah Leharavad , Jerusalem 1971 , p. 16 ( Hebrew ) ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Student , Gil . `` Proofs for the Oral Law '' . The AishDas Society . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Prayer book : Weekday , Sabbath , and Festival translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser . New York : Hebrew Publishing Company . pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max 1972 The Rabbinic Mind New York : Bloch Publishing . p. 213 Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son , Oregon xvii -- xxii Jump up ^ Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son , Oregon xvii - vix ; Steinsaltz , Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New York : Basic Books . 3 -- 9 ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 ; Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , pp. 132 -- 161 Jump up ^ Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Cohen , Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Steinsaltz , Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New Yorki : Basic Books . 222 ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum . p. 95 Jump up ^ סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem : 1974 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks , 2006 The Koren Sacks Siddur : Hebrew / English Prayer Book : The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth London : Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nosson Scherman 2003 The Complete Artscroll Siddur Third Edition Brooklyn , N.Y. : Mesorah Publications pp. 49 -- 53 Jump up ^ Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi , Nissen Mangel , 2003 Siddur Tehillat Hashem Kehot Publication Society . pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ ἰουδαΐζειν . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Methods and Categories : Judaism and Gospel '' . Bibleinterp.com. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judaism , AskOxford Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2002 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . pp. 39ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries , Varieties , Uncertainties University of California Press . 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Boyarin , Daniel ( 14 October 1994 ) . `` Introduction '' . A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2 . LCCN 93036269 . Retrieved 15 June 2006 . Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One , which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence , beyond difference and hierarchy . This universal humanity , however , was predicated ( and still is ) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit , such that while the body is particular , marked through practice as Jew or Greek , and through anatomy as male or female , the spirit is universal . Paul did not , however , reject the body -- as did , for instance , the gnostics -- but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place , albeit subordinated to the spirit . Paul 's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well . Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component , so also is language itself . It is composed of outer , material signs and inner , spiritual significations . When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited , the physical , fleshy signs of the Torah , of historical Judaism , are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity . Jump up ^ Boyarin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . `` Answering the Mail '' . A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2 . Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity , because it is not national , not genealogical , not religious , but all of these , in dialectical tension with one another . Jump up ^ Weiner , Rebecca ( 2007 ) . `` Who is a Jew ? '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Samuel G. Freedman , `` Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S. '' The New York Times , 6 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Reform 's Position On ... What is unacceptable practice ? '' . Faqs.org. 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Heschel , Susannah ( 1998 ) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32959 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Law of Return 5710 - 1950 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Walter ( 1987 ) . Contemporary American Reform Responsa . Mars , Pa. : Central Conference of American Rabbis . pp. 100 -- 106 . ISBN 0 - 88123 - 003 - 0 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions About Karaism '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent ? '' . Shamash.org. 4 September 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish ? '' . Torah.org . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Emma Klein ( 27 July 2016 ) . Lost Jews : The Struggle for Identity Today . Springer . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 24319 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robin May Schott ( 25 October 2010 ) . Birth , Death , and Femininity : Philosophies of Embodiment . Indiana University Press . pp. 67 -- . ISBN 0 - 253 - 00482 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dosick ( 2007 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Robert Gordis . `` Torah MiSinai : Conservative Views '' . A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah . Masorti World . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . The Torah is an emanation of God ... This conception does not mean , for us , that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God . Jump up ^ `` Conservative Judaism '' . Jewlicious . We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God 's will . Jump up ^ Elazar , Daniel . `` Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed ? '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jager , Elliot . `` Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tefillin '' , `` The Book of Jewish Knowledge '' , Nathan Ausubel , Crown Publishers , NY , 1964 , p. 458 Jump up ^ `` Shabbat '' . Judaism 101 . 12 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Chaya Shuchat . `` The Kosher Pig ? '' . It is also the most quintessentially `` treif '' of animals , with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher ... Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals , the pig seems to stand in a class of its own . Jump up ^ `` Tamar Levy , St. Louis , MO -- Block Yeshiva High School , Grade 9 '' . OUkosher.org . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch , Yoreh De'ah , ( 87 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Elliot Dorff , `` '' On the Use of All Wines `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2009 . ( 2.19 MB ) , YD 123 : 1.1985 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kashrut Facts '' . Religionfacts.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut : Jewish Dietary Laws '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 11 Jump up ^ Rice , Yisrael ( 10 June 2007 ) . `` Judaism and the Art of Eating '' . Chabad . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jewish life in WWII England : `` there was a ... special dispensation ... that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat `` non-kosher '' when no Jewish food was available ; that deviation from halacha was allowed ' in order to save a human life including your own . ' '' Jump up ^ Y . Lichtenshtein M.A. `` Weekly Pamphlet # 805 '' . Bar - Ilan University , Faculty of Jewish Studies , Rabbinical office ... certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances , like for example eating non-kosher food ^ Jump up to : Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 15 . Jump up ^ Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 19 . Jump up ^ Avi Kehat . `` Torah tidbits '' . Ou.org . Archived from the original on 17 March 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kosher Sex '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karaites '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wasserfall , Rahel ( 1999 ) . Women and water : menstruation in Jewish life and law . Brandeis University Press . ISBN 0 - 87451 - 960 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm Bacher . `` Talmud '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Yehezkal Kauffman , The Religion of Israel Jump up ^ Robert Alter The Art of Biblical Poetry Jump up ^ E.A. Speiser Genesis ( The Anchor Bible ) Jump up ^ John Bright A History of Israel Jump up ^ Martin Noth The History of Israel Jump up ^ Ephraim Urbach The Sages Jump up ^ Shaye Cohen The beginnings of Jewishness Jump up ^ John Day Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan , page 68 . Jump up ^ Sara E. Karesh ; Mitchell M. Hurvitz ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Judaism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 444 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6982 - 8 . The Sadducees disappeared when the second Temple was destroyed in the year 70 C.E and Pharisaic Judaism became the preeminent Jewish sect . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Gavin ( 1993 ) . History , religion , and antisemitism . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07728 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Mark R . `` The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish - Arab History . '' Tikkun 6.3 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego . `` Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest . '' MEAH , sección Hebreo 56 ( 2007 ) , 33 -- 51 Jump up ^ Stampfer , Shaul . How and Why Did Hasidism Spread ? . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel . pp. 205 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Stampfer , Shaul . How and Why Did Hasidism Spread ? . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel . pp. 202 -- 204 . Jump up ^ `` National Jewish Population Survey ( NJPS ) 2000 -- 01 '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Humphrey ( 15 October 2003 ) . `` While Most Americans Believe in God , Only 36 % Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often '' ( PDF ) . HarrisInteractive . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ This is My Beloved , This is My Friend : A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate relations , p. 27 , Elliot N. Dorff Jump up ^ R. Kendall Soulen , The God of Israel and Christian Theology , ( Minneapolis : Fortress , 1996 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2883 - 3 Jump up ^ Baskin , Judith R. ; Seeskin , Kenneth ( 12 July 2010 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History , Religion , and Culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 9780521869607 . Jump up ^ `` New Amsterdam 's Jewish Crusader '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid , 1st Baronet '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Richard Harries . After the evil : Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust . Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926313 - 4 Jump up ^ Hans Küng . On Being a Christian . Doubleday , Garden City , N.Y. , 1976 ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 02712 - 0 Jump up ^ Lucy Dawidowicz The War Against the Jews , 1933 -- 1945 . First published 1975 ; this Bantam edition 1986 , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 34532 - X Jump up ^ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . 5 May 2009 . The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism : Interview with Pieter van der Horst Jump up ^ Gill , Anton ( 1994 ) . An Honourable Defeat ; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler . Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 29276 - 9 ; p. 57 Jump up ^ Gottfried , Ted ( 2001 ) . Heroes of the Holocaust . Twenty - First Century Books . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9780761317173 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature . One of these was the Confessing Church , a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934 , the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany . One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law `` which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent . '' Another was to help those `` who suffered through repressive laws , or violence . '' About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church . Much of their work has one unrecognized , but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife . Sheltered in sixty - six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church , they owe them their lives . German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry . More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster . He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time ... Members of the Society of Friends -- German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries -- were particularly successful in rescuing Jews ... Jehovah 's Witnesses , themselves targeted for concentration camps , also provided help to Jews . Jump up ^ Wigoder , Geoffrey ( 1988 ) . Jewish - Christian Relations Since the Second World War . Manchester University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780719026393 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican issues new document on Christian - Jewish dialogue '' . ^ Jump up to : Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 10 , 20 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 9 , 27 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1999 ) , p. 131 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 17 , 18 , 52 , 94 , 95 ; Stillman ( 1979 ) , pp. 27 , 77 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries '' . Middle East Forum . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shumsky , Dmitry. ( 12 September 2012 ) `` Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries '' . Haaretz . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Meir , Esther. ( 9 October 2012 ) `` The truth about the expulsion '' . ' Haaretz . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis ( June 1998 ) . `` Muslim Anti-Semitism '' . Middle East Quarterly . Jump up ^ Feher , Shoshanah . Passing over Easter : Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism , Rowman Altamira , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 8953 - 0 , p. 140 . `` This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s , when Messianic Judaism arose . '' Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . In the late 1960s and 1970s , both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . The Rise of Messianic Judaism . In the first phase of the movement , during the early and mid-1970s , Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative . Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians , Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations , even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community . ^ Jump up to : Melton , J. Gordon . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5456 - 5 , p. 373 . `` Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith ... By the 1960s , a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews . '' Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group , it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it ; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained . But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s , it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form . Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews , the term nozrim , `` Christians '' in Hebrew , meant , almost automatically , an alien , hostile religion . Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion , missionaries sought a more neutral term , one that did not arouse negative feelings . They chose Meshichyim , Messianic , to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term nozrim . Meshichyim as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated . It conveyed the sense of a new , innovative religion rather that ( sic ) an old , unfavorable one . The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior , and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians . The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage . Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , Dan ( 2000 ) . `` Messianic Jewish mission '' . Messianic Judaism . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5458 - 4 . OCLC 42719687 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 20 : The Rise of Messianic Judaism '' . Evangelizing the chosen people : missions to the Jews in America , 1880 -- 2000 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4880 - 7 . OCLC 43708450 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Messianic Judaism , although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts , remained the offspring of the missionary movement , and the ties would never be broken . The rise of Messianic Judaism was , in many ways , a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions . The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians . The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer . Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom . Similarly , the missions ' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah . Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism , it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth . The ideology , rhetoric , and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced . Jump up ^ `` What are the Standards of the UMJC ? '' . Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations . June 1998 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . 1 . We believe the Bible is the inspired , the only infallible , authoritative Word of G-d . 2 . We believe that there is one G-d , eternally existent in three persons , Father , Son and Holy Spirit . 3 . We believe in the deity of the L - RD Yeshua , the Messiah , in His virgin birth , in His sinless life , in His miracles , in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood , in His bodily resurrection , in His ascension to the right hand of the Father , and in His personal return in power and glory . Jump up ^ Israel b . Betzalel ( 2009 ) . `` Trinitarianism '' . JerusalemCouncil.org . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . This then is who Yeshua is : He is not just a man , and as a man , he is not from Adam , but from God . He is the Word of HaShem , the Memra , the Davar , the Righteous One , he did n't become righteous , he is righteous . He is called God 's Son , he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem , and he is `` HaShem '' who we interact with and not die . Jump up ^ `` Do I need to be Circumcised ? '' . JerusalemCouncil.org. 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech , accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one 's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah -- as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God , and we love God by following his Messiah . Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him , then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community . It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come ... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem , and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King , is nothing but a surgical procedure , or worse , could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come -- at which point , what good is Messiah Yeshua , the Word of HaShem to you ? He would have died for nothing ! ... As a convert from the nations , part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant , if you are a male , is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision . Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member ( that is , being made righteous before HaShem , and thus obtaining eternal life ) , but it is a requirement of obedience to God 's commandments , because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham , whether born into the family , adopted , or converted ... If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is , and that is an act of obedience , rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life , then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death , the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him , then pursue circumcision , and thus conversion into Judaism , as an act of obedience to the Messiah . Jump up ^ * `` Jewish Conversion -- Giyur '' . JerusalemCouncil.org . JerusalemCouncil.org. 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism , through HaDerech ( The Way ) ( Messianic Judaism ) , a sect of Judaism . Jump up ^ Orthodox Simmons , Shraga . `` Why Jews Do n't Believe in Jesus '' . Aish HaTorah . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because : # Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies . # Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah . # Biblical verses `` referring '' to Jesus are mistranslations . # Jewish belief is based on national revelation . Conservative Waxman , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . `` Messianic Jews Are Not Jews '' . United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism . Archived from the original on 28 June 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Hebrew Christian , Jewish Christian , Jew for Jesus , Messianic Jew , Fulfilled Jew . The name may have changed over the course of time , but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon : one who asserts that s / he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism , but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well - known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community . Reform `` Missionary Impossible '' . Hebrew Union College . 9 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Missionary Impossible , an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers , educators , and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to `` Jews - for - Jesus , '' `` Messianic Jews , '' and other Christian proselytizers , has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion 's Cincinnati School . The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries . Reconstructionist / Renewal `` FAQ 's About Jewish Renewal '' . Aleph.org. 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . What is ALEPH 's position on so called messianic Judaism ? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions , but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment . Our position on so - called `` Messianic Judaism '' is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that . Bibliography Marc Lee Raphael , Judaism in America ( Columbia University Press , 2003 ) Avery - Peck , Alan , and Neusner , Jacob ( eds . ) , The Blackwell reader in Judaism ( Blackwell , 2001 ) Cohn - Sherbok , Dan , Judaism : history , belief , and practice ( Routledge , 2003 ) Avery - Peck , Alan , and Neusner , Jacob ( eds . ) , The Blackwell Companion to Judaism ( Blackwell , 2003 ) Boyarin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . A Radical Jew : Paul and the Politics of Identity . Berkeley : University of California Press . Max Weber , Ancient Judaism , Free Press , 1967 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 934130 - 2 . Wayne Dosick , Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief , Tradition and Practice . Neil Gillman , Conservative Judaism : The New Century , Behrman House . Jeffrey S. Gurock , American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective . 1996 , Ktav . Julius Guttmann , trans . by David Silverman , Philosophies of Judaism . JPS. 1964 Barry W. Holtz , ed. , Back to the Sources : Reading the Classic Jewish Texts . Summit Books . Paul Johnson , A History of the Jews . HarperCollins , 1988 Jack Wertheime , A People Divided : Judaism in Contemporary America , Brandeis University Press , 1997 . Encyclopaedia Judaica , Keter Publishing , CD - ROM edition , 1997 Egon Mayer , Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar , `` The American Jewish Identity Survey '' , a subset of The American Religious Identity Survey , City University of New York Graduate Center . An article on this survey is printed in The New York Jewish Week , 2 November 2001 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1984 ) . The Jews of Islam . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00807 - 8 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1999 ) . Semites and Anti-Semites : An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31839 - 7 . Stillman , Norman ( 1979 ) . The Jews of Arab Lands : A History and Source Book . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0198 - 0 . Day , John . Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan . Chippenham : Sheffield Academic Press , 2000 . Dever , William G. Did God Have a Wife ? . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2005 . Walsh , J.P.M. The Mighty from Their Thrones . Eugene : Wipf and Stock Publishers , 1987 . Finkelstein , Israel ( 1996 ) . `` Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan : Can the Real Israel Please Stand Up ? '' The Biblical Archaeologist , 59 ( 4 ) . Jews in Islamic countries : A. Khanbaghi . 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Football in Spain

Football in Spain - wikipedia Football in Spain Football in Spain Santiago Bernabeu , Real Madrid 's Stadium . Country Spain Governing body RFEF National team Spain First played 1920 Registered players 942,674 Clubs 20,588 National competitions FIFA World Cup Confederations Cup European Championship Club competitions List ( show ) League : Primera División Segunda División Segunda División B Tercera División Divisiones Regionales Cups : Copa del Rey Copa Federación Supercopa de España International competitions FIFA Club World Cup Champions League Europa League Super Cup Association football is the most popular sport in Spain , followed by basketball and bullfighting . Football is a widespread passion among the people of Spain . Football is the sport with the most registered players ( a total of 942,674 of which 898,551 are men and 44,123 women ) , and most registered clubs ( a total of 20,588 ) among all Spanish sport federations according to data issued by the sports administration of Spain 's government in 2016 . In a survey of sports habits of the Spanish population made in 2010 , football was the second most popular recreational sport practised by the population ( 17.9 % ) . A total of 75.9 % of people said they had ever bought tickets to attend a football match . In addition , a total of 67.3 % of the people said that they saw all , almost all , many , or some of the football matches broadcast on television . In another survey made in 2014 , the practice of football decreased to 14 % of the population , being overtaken by other sports , such as running , cycling and swimming for recreation . However , in this survey football was still the sport that interests the majority of Spain 's people ( 48 % ) . A total of 67 % of the population said they were fans or had sympathy for a particular club . In addition , 74.9 % said they watched , whenever possible , the matches broadcast on television regarding their favorite teams ; and 42.4 % had , flags , badges or objects of their favorite teams . Data of this survey confirmed the widespread impression that most of Spain 's people are supporters of Real Madrid ( 37.9 % ) or FC Barcelona ( 25.4 % ) , and the other teams have fewer supporters nationwide , as Atlético de Madrid ( 16.1 % ) , Valencia CF ( 3.5 % ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 3.3 . ) or Sevilla FC ( 3.2 % ) . A relationship between football , politics , identity and attitudes towards regionalism in Spain has also been reported . The Royal Spanish Football Federation ( Spanish : Real Federación Española de Fútbol ) is the national governing body , and it organises two Cup competitions ( the Copa del Rey , and the Supercopa de España ) , and the Spain national football team . The Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ) , integrated by a total of 42 football clubs , forms part of the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) but has autonomy in its organisation and functioning . It is responsible for the organisation of state football leagues , in coordination with RFEF . The Spanish national football team have won the FIFA World Cup once , and has also been successful in the UEFA European Championship and the Olympic tournament . The biggest success achieved by the Spain national football team was the historic treble winning three tournaments in a row : UEFA European Championship in 2008 , FIFA World Cup in 2010 , and UEFA European Championship in 2012 . The men 's national teams of Spain , in all categories , have won a total of 26 titles in FIFA , UEFA , and Olympic tournaments . The First Division of the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , commonly known in the English - speaking world as La Liga , is one of the strongest football leagues in both Europe and the world . At club level , the Spanish football clubs have won a total of 66 international tournaments . They are the most successful in different current European competitions , such as UEFA Champions League , UEFA Super Cup ( shared ) , and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The characteristic football style of play developed by FC Barcelona , and later by the Spanish national football team is Tiki - taka . This football style is characterised by possessing the ball for large portions of the game , moving the ball quickly from one player to the next , with short and quick passes , keeping the ball away from your opponent , and then to deliver that killer pass to score goal . Professional football in Spain is a sociocultural event that make a significant contribution to the Spanish economy in terms of both demand and supply . In economic terms , during 2013 professional football generated more than € 7.6 billion including direct , indirect and induced effects , representing 0.75 % of Spanish GPD . Moreover , as a result of financial crisis in the last years , many Spanish football clubs in the top two divisions have been facing serious economic troubles due to pay the bank debts . In addition , the European Union authorities have warned to Spanish authorities in order to halt public funding of debt - ridden clubs . Spain national futsal team is one of the strongest teams in the world , being six times champion in the UEFA Futsal Championship , and two times champion in the FIFA Futsal World Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) 3 Football club competitions 4 League ( La Liga ) 5 King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) 6 Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) 7 Spanish clubs in international competitions 8 Women 's football 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Modern football was introduced to Spain in the late 19th century by a combination of mostly British immigrant workers , visiting sailors and Spanish students coming from Britain . The oldest football clubs in Spain are Recreativo de Huelva and Sevilla FC . Although Gimnàstic de Tarragona was formed in 1886 , the club did not form an actual football team until 1914 . The first official football game played in Spain took place in Seville on 8 March 1890 at the Tablada Hippodrome . Sevilla FC played against Recreativo de Huelva . With the exception of two Spanish players on the Huelva team and another two players on the Seville team , all the players on both sides were British . Sevilla FC won 2 -- 0 . In the Basque Country during the early 1890s , British shipyard workers and miners formed the Bilbao Football Club and Basque students returning from Britain founded the Athletic Club in 1898 . This early British influence was reflected in the use of English names such as Recreation Club , Athletic Club and Football Club . In Catalonia , which had the most developed industry in Spain , there was an important British colony . The first games played by Britishmen and Catalan people who had studied in the United Kingdom were documented in 1882 in Barcelona . However , the first official and registered football club was Palamós FC ( Costa Brava , North of Catalonia ) in 1898 . The Swiss Hans Gamper founded FC Barcelona on 29 November 1899 . Other clubs were founded in 1900 , such as Sant Andreu , Hispania FC and the Sociedad Española de Football ( one year later the founders changed the name to Real Club Deportivo Español ) . The Catalan Football Federation ( Catalan : Federació Catalana de Futbol ) , responsible for administering football in Catalonia , was the first football association founded in Spain . It was formed on 11 November 1900 as the Football Association of Catalonia ( Catalan : Football Associació de Catalunya ) . The Catalan Football Federation organised the Catalan football championship ( Catalan : Campionat de Catalunya ) that was the first football competition in Spain . In Madrid , the first games were promoted by Institución Libre de Enseñanza ( ILE ) ( English : Free Educational Institution ) , an educational and cultural centre . The first club of Madrid was Football Club Sky , founded in 1897 , but the club separated into two new clubs in 1890 . Then , several clubs also emerged in Madrid , most notably Madrid Football Club , founded in 1902 by Catalan brothers Juan and Carlos Padrós . The Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) competition was founded in 1903 , one year after a previous football tournament named Coronation Cup . It was Spain 's football national Championship from 1903 until the establishment of the League Championship in 1928 . The Spanish Federation of Football Clubs was formed in 1909 , but there were discrepancies between the member clubs years later , and some of the clubs formed other association called Royal Spanish Union of Clubs of Football . Finally , the two associations reached an agreement and the Royal Spanish Football Federation was founded in 1913 , which allowed the Spanish football to enter in FIFA . In these years , Athletic was the most dominant club in the country , and the first idols in Spain began to appear , like Pichichi and Paulino Alcántara . The Spain national team was created in 1920 on the occasion of the dispute of the Olympic Games in Antwerp . The importance of the success of the Spain national team in the Olympic games , which won the silver medal , was huge in the development of football as mass social event in Spain . The interest on football grew , more people attended to the stadiums , more informations about football appeared in the newspapers , and football was used as element of national prestige and political propaganda . After the Olympic triumph , football was more popular among Spanish fans , the attendances to the stadiums increased , and the pressure of professionalism grew . Spanish football turned professional in 1925 . An agreement between several clubs was made on 23 November 1928 which officially established Spain 's national football division , and the birth of the Spanish League . The first league championship began in 1929 . The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) brought disruption to the national competitions . Although the Spanish League was suspended , the Catalan and Valencian clubs continued contesting in the Mediterranean League in early 1937 . Barcelona later toured Mexico and the United States , raising support for the Spanish Republic . The Spanish League and the Cup were restored in the 1939 -- 40 season after Civil War had ended . Francisco Franco 's regime , a fascist political system , began to use football as a propaganda tool for the new regime . In 1941 , as part of his policy of eradicating regional identities , the Franco 's regime banned the use of non-Castilian names . As a result , many clubs that had chosen English prefixes previously , such as Athletic or Football club , had to amend their initial names , for other Castilian ( as Atlético , or Club de Fútbol ) . The Catalan Championship was banned and the Catalan shield taken from FC Barcelona 's badge . Spanish football began to rebuild slowly after the War , but Spain 's isolated international position meant they did not properly re-enter International football until 1950 . Later , Franco 's regime was able to use the football , based on the European triumphs of Real Madrid in the 1950s for political purposes . In this manner , Real Madrid was used as a Spanish brand of success to promote Spain 's image abroad , as well as the pride of being Spanish in the country itself . Spain was selected as host of the 1982 FIFA World Cup . Until the 1984 -- 85 season , the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) was responsible for organizing the league tournament . Since then , the competition was organized by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ) , an independent body which was formed at the initiative of the clubs themselves after disagreements with the RFEF regarding the management professionalization and economic division of the League benefits . Since the entry into force of Spanish Law 10 / 1990 , almost all of the clubs competing professionally in Spain are actually companies under the legal status of sports companies , whose ownership is in the hands of its shareholders . Only three professional clubs ( Athletic Club , Barcelona and Real Madrid ) kept its original structure , such as sports clubs directly controlled by their members . After the appearance of private television in Spain , football clubs hugely increased its income thanks to the lucrative contracts to broadcast matches on television . This allowed them to hire many of the best players in the world , but most of the clubs also increased vastly their spending . In the last years La Liga is living in a big financial turmoil . Although the two big powerful clubs , Real Madrid and Barcelona , are at the top in Forbes ' football rich list , the rest of Spanish clubs are weighed down by a colossal debt around € 4.1 billion . For this reason , most of the clubs had to cut their budgets drastically . Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) ( edit ) Main article : Spain national football team Main article : List of Spain international footballers Within Spain , regional teams , most notably the football team of Catalonia , the football team of Basque Country , and even the football team of Galicia , began to compete against each other from 1915 onwards . Despite not being officially recognised by FIFA , these regional teams still occasionally play friendly games with some national team players playing for both teams . Some autonomous governments and social sectors in the historical communities ( especially in Catalonia and Basque Country ) prefer to call their regional teams as national team , while claiming to participate in international tournaments . The Spain national team , commonly referred to as La selección ( English : The selection ) or La Roja ( English : The Red one ) , made their international debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Belgium and came away with the silver medal . Since then the Spanish national team has participated in a total of fourteen out twenty FIFA World Cup and nine out fourteen UEFA European Championship . Historically , the Spanish national team did not achieve important results , in terms of trophies or develop an attractive playing style . Surprisingly , this fact contrasted with the huge success obtained by the main Spanish football clubs at the European level . Nevertheless , the triumphs of Spanish national team in 2008 and 2012 European Championship , and in 2010 FIFA World Cup , with an attractive playing style , marked a point of inflection that divided the history of Spanish national football team in two parts . The Spanish national football team has been the winner of FIFA Team of Year in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 , as well as the winner of Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2011 . The Spanish national football team have won four trophies in FIFA and UEFA tournaments : one FIFA World Cup in 2010 , and three UEFA European Championship in 1964 , 2008 and 2012 . In addition , it was runner - up in the UEFA European Championship in 1984 and in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013 . The Spain national under - 23 team won the gold medal in 1992 Olympic tournament and the silver medal in 2000 . The Spain national football team won the gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in 2005 and 2007 , the silver medal in 1955 , and the bronze medal in 1963 and 1967 . In addition , the honours list includes numerous titles at junior level teams : UEFA European Under - 21 Championship in 1986 , 1998 , 2011 , and 2013 . FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1999 . UEFA European Under - 19 Championship ( formerly Under - 18 ) in 1995 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 2012 and 2015 . UEFA European Under - 17 Championship ( formerly Under - 16 ) in 1986 , 1988 , 1991 , 1997 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007 and 2008 . 1999 Meridian Cup . Spain have won the Maurice Burlaz Trophy , the prize awarded to the national association that has achieved the best results in UEFA 's men 's youth competitions ( UEFA European Under - 19 Championship and UEFA European Under - 17 championship ) over the previous two seasons , in 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2011 . A short list of some of the top Spanish football players ( grouped by playing positions and era ) which have ever played for the Spanish national team include : Goalkeepers : Ricardo Zamora ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Antoni Ramallets ( 1940s / 1960s ) , José Ángel Iribar ( 1960s / 1980s ) , Luis Arconada ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Andoni Zubizarreta ( 1970s / 1990s ) , Iker Casillas ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Víctor Valdés ( 2000s / 2010s ) , David de Gea ( 2010s ) Defenders : Jacinto Quincoces ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Joan Segarra ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Jesús Garay ( 1950s / 1960s ) , José Santamaría ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Feliciano Rivilla ( 1960s ) , José Antonio Camacho ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Antonio Maceda ( 1980s ) , Rafael Gordillo ( 1970s / 1990s ) , Miguel Ángel Nadal ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Fernando Hierro ( 1980s / 2000s ) , Abelardo Fernández ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Carles Puyol ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Sergio Ramos ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Gerard Piqué ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Jordi Alba ( 2010s ) Midfielders : Josep Samitier ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Martín Marculeta ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Leonardo Cilaurren ( 1920s / 1930s ) , José Luis Panizo ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Antonio Puchades ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Luis del Sol ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Luis Suárez ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Luis Aragonés ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Jesús María Pereda ( 1960s ) , Pirri ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Jesús María Zamora ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Míchel ( 1980s / 1990s ) , José Luis Pérez Caminero ( 1990s ) , Luis Enrique ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Pep Guardiola ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Julen Guerrero ( 1990s ) , Gaizka Mendieta ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Xavi ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Xabi Alonso ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Andrés Iniesta ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Santi Cazorla ( 2000s / 2010s ) , David Silva ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Cesc Fàbregas ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Juan Mata ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Sergio Busquets ( 2000s / 2010s ) Forwards : Pichichi ( 1910s / 20s ) , Paulino Alcántara ( 1910s / 1920s ) , Luis Regueiro ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Isidro Lángara ( 1930s ) , César ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Telmo Zarra ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Agustín Gaínza ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Estanislau Basora ( 1940s / 1950s ) , László Kubala ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1960s ) , Francisco Gento ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Amancio Amaro ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Santillana ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Juanito ( 1970s / 1980s , Quini ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Roberto López Ufarte ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Emilio Butragueño ( 1980s / 1990s ) , Julio Salinas ( 1980s / 1990s ) , Raúl ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Fernando Morientes ( 1990s / 2000s ) , David Villa ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Fernando Torres ( 2000s / 2010s ) Football Club competitions ( edit ) Main article : List of football clubs in Spain Main article : Football records in Spain Currently , the three most important competitions between clubs in Spain are La Liga ( English : League ) , the Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) and the Supercopa de España ( English : Spanish Supercup ) . Other extinct competitions were the League Cup , the Eva Duarte Cup and the President 's Cup of the Spanish Football Federation . Up to a total of fifteen clubs have been winners of some of the official competitions in Spain at the highest level , and FC Barcelona is the most awarded club with seventy - two national titles , The Spanish football league system consists of several leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation . In addition , Spanish Royal Federation Cup is a football competition for teams from the Segunda División B , the Tercera División and sometimes from the Preferente Regional who have failed to qualify or have been eliminated in the first round of the Copa del Rey . League ( La Liga ) ( edit ) Main article : La Liga Main article : List of Spanish football champions Main article : Football records in Spain In April 1927 , Álvaro Trejo , a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain . After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part , the RFEF eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1928 . FC Barcelona , Real Madrid , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Athletic Madrid , RCD Español and CE Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knock - out competition against Sevilla FC . Barcelona was the first winner of the competition . Only three of the founding clubs , Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , have never been relegated from the Primera Division ; six other clubs have never been below the top two tiers : Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Sporting de Gijón , Valencia , Espanyol and Atlético Madrid . Historically , some of the best football players in the world have played in the Spanish football league , including Ricardo Zamora , Josep Samitier , Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ladislav Kubala , Ferenc Puskás , Raymond Kopa , Héctor Rial , Telmo Zarra , Francisco Gento , Luis Suárez , Johan Cruyff , Diego Maradona , Bernd Schuster , Andoni Zubizarreta , Michael Laudrup , Hristo Stoichkov , Romário , Zinedine Zidane , Rivaldo , Ronaldo , Raúl , Ronaldinho , Carles Puyol , Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , Iker Casillas , Cristiano Ronaldo , and Lionel Messi , among others . La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) is the association responsible for administering the two professional football leagues in Spain . Professional Spanish football is divided into the Primera División ( First Division ) and Segunda División ( Second Division ) . The First Division is also known as Liga Santander , for sponsorship reasons , while the Second Division is officially called Liga 1 2 3 . The First Division consists of 20 professional teams and the Second Division has 22 . There are also lower Spanish national football divisions . Every year , the three lowest ranked teams in the First Division pass to the Second Division and the top three ranked teams in the Second Division pass to the First Division . La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world . The average stadium attendance was 21,000 in the 2014 -- 15 season , with a range of average attendance from 4,780 people in the stadium with the lowest average attendance to 77,632 people in the stadium with highest average attendance . In La Liga 's 89 - year history ( with the exeception of the three seasons that the league was suspended due to the civil war ) , Barcelona and Real Madrid have won 55 titles between them . Barcelona and Real Madrid are two fierce rivals clubs , and the matches between both two clubs are named as El Clásico . Those football matches are one of the most viewed sports events in the world . Although a total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception , only nine clubs have won the title : Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Barcelona ( 25 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) , Valencia ( 6 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 1 ) , and Real Betis ( 1 ) . King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) ( edit ) Main article : Copa del Rey Main article : Football records in Spain In 1902 , Carlos Padrós , later president of Madrid FC ( later to be Real Madrid ) , suggested a football competition to celebrate the coronation of Alfonso XIII . Four other teams entered the Copa del Ayuntamiento de Madrid , which would later develop into the Copa del Rey ( English : `` King 's Cup '' ) . These included Barcelona , Club Español de Fútbol , Club Bizcaya and New Foot - Ball de Madrid . The competition featured the first recorded game between Barcelona and Madrid FC , with the former emerging 3 -- 1 winners . Club Bizcaya , which consisted of players from both Basque teams , eventually beat Barcelona in the final . Alfonso XIII subsequently became the patron of many Spanish football clubs , granting them permission to use `` Real '' ( Spanish for `` royal '' ) in their names . Among the many clubs to add the prefix to their name was Madrid FC , which subsequently became Real Madrid . Fourteen clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 30 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 23 ) , Real Madrid ( 19 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) , Valencia ( 7 ) , Real Zaragoza ( 6 ) , Sevilla ( 5 ) , Espanyol ( 4 ) , Real Union ( 4 ) , Real Betis ( 2 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 2 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) , Arenas Club de Getxo ( 1 ) and Mallorca ( 1 ) . Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) ( edit ) Main article : Supercopa de España The Spanish Super Cup ( Spanish : Supercopa de España ) is a championship organized by Royal Spanish Football Federation and contested by the winners of La Liga and Copa del Rey . The competition was founded in 1982 . Ten clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 12 ) , Real Madrid ( 10 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 3 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 2 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 2 ) , Valencia ( 1 ) , Real Zaragoza ( 1 ) , Mallorca ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) and Real Sociedad ( 1 ) . Spanish clubs in international competitions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in international competitions The Spanish football clubs are very successful in international competitions . They are the most successful in different current European competitions , such as UEFA Champions League , UEFA Super Cup , and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The most successful clubs in international competitions are Barcelona and Real Madrid . In addition , other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments , such as Atlético Madrid , Valencia , Sevilla , Real Zaragoza , Villarreal , Deportivo de La Coruña , Celta de Vigo and Málaga . Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions . Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League . They have won 13 titles and were runners - up three times . Real Madrid is also the most successful club in the Intercontinental Cup ( three titles , shared record with A.C. Milan , Peñarol , Boca Juniors , Nacional ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles , shared record with Barcelona ) . Barcelona is the most successful club in the FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles , shared record with Real Madrid ) , and it is also the most successful club in the UEFA Super Cup ( five titles , shared record with Milan ) . In addition , Barcelona became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year ( 2009 ) completing the sextuple , and the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice ( 2009 and 2015 ) . Sevilla is the most successful club in the UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , with five titles . In total , the Spanish football clubs have won 73 international titles as of 2018 . Over the years , Spanish clubs have won the European Cups / Champions League 18 times , the UEFA Super Cup 14 times , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 7 times , the UEFA Europa League 11 times , the UEFA Intertoto Cup 7 times and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 times . In addition , Spanish clubs have also won the Intercontinental Cup 4 times , and the FIFA Club World Cup 6 times . Women 's football ( edit ) Main article : Women 's football in Spain Women 's football is a minor sport in Spain . Unlike the men 's football , women 's football is an amateur sport in Spain . Currently there are two national competitions , the League and the Copa de la Reina ( English : Queen 's Cup ) , in the semi-professional clubs involved structure . The first teams and the first informal women 's football competitions in Spain emerged in the 1970s , although they were not officially recognized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation until 1980 , with the founding of the National Women 's Football Committee . The first official national competition was the Championships of Spain ( Copa de la Reina ) , established in 1983 . The women 's national league began to dispute the 1988 - 89 season . The Spain women 's national football team has been qualified only once in the FIFA Women 's World Cup , and twice in the UEFA Women 's Championship . Its youth division have had success in recent times . The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 19 Championship in 2004 . The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 17 Championship in 2010 , 2011 , and 2015 , as well as their third - place at the FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish football : Well red '' . The Economist. 2012 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Memory 2016 . Licensing and clubs ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Consejo Superior de Deportes ( CSD ) ( Sports Council ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sports habits IV . Study number 2,833 . March - april 2010 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` June Barometer . Study number 3,029 . June 2014 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ James Lawton . `` La Roja : a journey through Spanish football , by Jimmy Burns '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe . `` Morbo : The story of Spanish football by Phil Ball ( London : WSC Books , 2001 ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Aakriti Mehrotra ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Fascism & Football : The political history of Spanish football '' . Outside of the boot . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graham Hunter . `` Spain : the inside story of La Roja 's historic treble -- extract Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Rizwan ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) . `` The Success Of Spain : A Lesson For Every Football Nation '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tim Vickery . `` Tim Vickery : Spain success built on clear football identity '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Paul Wilson . `` How England could learn from Spain 's approach to youth Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Associations . Spain . Association Information . Real Federación Española de Fútbol . Honours '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain . Royal Spanish Football Federation . Spanish health good from top to bottom . Honours by National Teams '' . UEFA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking for club competitions '' . uefa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andy Mitten . `` La Liga tops Premier League as Spain 's European superiority continues '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The strongest national league of the world '' . iffhs.de . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spain . Royal Spanish Football Federation . Honours by Clubs '' . UEFA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` International Club Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fairs ' Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Champions ' Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Super Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Taka Football ( The Barcelona style of play ) '' . Soccer Training Info . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ James Vaughan . `` Creative team cultures : How Spanish football put the ' I ' back in team '' . bluestoneedge.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Socieconomic impact of professional football in Spain '' ( PDF ) . KMG Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Giles Tremlet . `` EU prepares to blow final whistle on Spain 's debt - ridden football clubs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jae Allen . `` The history of football in Spain '' . Livestrong.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` Total Football : History of Spanish football ( I ) : The Origins '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Attard . `` A history of La Liga and Spanish football '' . Espagnol.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The British Newspaper Archive '' . The British Newspaper Archive . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Courier '' . The Courier . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marca '' . Marca . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Times '' . Evening Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( II ) : 1900 - 1905 , The first tournaments '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( III ) : 1905 - 1910 , The years of crisis and division '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( IV ) : 1911 - 1915 , the creation of RFEF , Athletic dominance and first idols '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` Pichichi : The myth '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( V ) : 1916 - 1920 , the Basque power , the Madrid - Barça rivalry and the `` furia roja '' `` . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The sports newspapers in Spain '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( VI ) : 1921 - 1925 , Basque - Catalan dominance , the Real Madrid - Athletic Madrid rivalry and first stepts of professionalism '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( VII ) : 1926 - 1928 , the professional football and Samitier 's golden era '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish soccer league '' . donquijote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History . Origins the rivalry '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History . Franco gets his man '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pete Jensen . `` Pain in Spain : La Liga in financial turmoil '' . The independent . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ian Hawkey . `` Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national identities '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spain win Maurice Burlaz Trophy '' . UEFAorg . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Primera División 2015 / 2016 '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spain . Primera División 2014 / 2015 . Attendance . Home matches '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe . `` Review : The Story of Spanish Football Football '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Why Spain is absent from the World Cup '' . Fox Soccer . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's women add to La Roja euphoria '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Ball , Phil . Morbo . The story of the Spanish football . WSC Books Ltd , 2011 . ISBN 9780956101129 Burns , Jimmy . La Roja : A journey through Spanish football . Simon & Schuster Ltd , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 652 - 7 ( Hardback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 653 - 4 ( Trade paperback ) Burns , Jimmy . La Roja : How soccer conquered Spain and how Spanish soccer conquered the world . Nations books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 717 - 2 ( pbk . ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 718 - 9 ( e-book ) Lowe , Sid . Fear and Loathing in la Liga . Barcelona vs Madrid . Yellow Jersey Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780224091787 ( Hardback ) ISBN 9780224091794 ( Trade paperback ) Hunter , Graham . Spain : The inside history of la Roja 's historic treble . BackPage Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909430 - 13 - 6 . Quiroga , Alejandro . Football and national identities in Spain : the strange death of Don Quixote . Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 35540 - 8 Vaczi , Mariann . Soccer , culture and society in Spain . An ethnography of Basque fandom . Routledge Taylor & Francis Group , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 77830 - 6 ( hbk ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 77207 - 3 ( ebk ) Llopis - Goig , Ramón . Spanish football and social change . Sociological investigations . Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 46794 - 2 External links ( edit ) Official RFEF Site Official LFP Site ( in English ) La Liga and Spanish Football in English Sport in Spain Athletics Basketball Disability Football Futsal Handball Motorsport Rugby Tennis Water polo Spain at Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics World Games Team sport Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's National team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's National team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Football in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_in_Spain&oldid=843210105 '' Categories : Football in Spain Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Türkçe Lingua Franca Nova 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . 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Robot-assisted surgery

Robot - assisted surgery - wikipedia Robot - assisted surgery Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies , cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures Robotic surgery , computer - assisted surgery , and robotically - assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures . Robotically - assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of pre-existing minimally - invasive surgical procedures and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery . In the case of robotically - assisted minimally - invasive surgery , instead of directly moving the instruments , the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments ; either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control . A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements using end - effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient . In computer - controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end - effectors , though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input . One advantage of using the computerised method is that the surgeon does not have to be present , but can be anywhere in the world , leading to the possibility for remote surgery . In the case of enhanced open surgery , autonomous instruments ( in familiar configurations ) replace traditional steel tools , performing certain actions ( such as rib spreading ) with much smoother , feedback - controlled motions than could be achieved by a human hand . The main object of such smart instruments is to reduce or eliminate the tissue trauma traditionally associated with open surgery without requiring more than a few minutes ' training on the part of surgeons . This approach seeks to improve open surgeries , particularly cardio - thoracic , that have so far not benefited from minimally - invasive techniques . Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense , by one estimate costing $1,500 to $2000 more per patient . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison to traditional methods 2 Uses 2.1 General surgery 2.2 Cardiothoracic surgery 2.3 Cardiology and electrophysiology 2.4 Colon and rectal surgery 2.5 Gastrointestinal surgery 2.6 Gynecology 2.7 Neurosurgery 2.8 Ophthalmology 2.9 Orthopedics 2.10 Children 2.11 Radiosurgery 2.12 Spine surgery 2.13 Transplant surgery 2.14 Urology 2.15 Vascular surgery 3 Miniature robotics 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Comparison to traditional methods ( edit ) Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery , minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery . Due to robotic use , the surgery is done with precision , miniaturization , smaller incisions ; decreased blood loss , less pain , and quicker healing time . Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three - dimensional magnification helps resulting in improved ergonomics . Due to these techniques there is a reduced duration of hospital stays , blood loss , transfusions , and use of pain medication . The existing open surgery technique has many flaws like limited access to surgical area , long recovery time , long hours of operation , blood loss , surgical scars and marks . The robot normally costs $1,390,000 and while its disposable supply cost is normally $1,500 per procedure , the cost of the procedure is higher . Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system . Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile . As it stands , opinions differ dramatically . Surgeons report that , although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology , the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they adapt . During the training phase , minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery , leading to operating room tie ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods . Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity , improved outcomes , reduced blood loss and less pain . Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret . Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches , robot - assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site . In addition , surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not tire as quickly . Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot 's computer software . Finally , the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams . Critics of the system , including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt use of the system and that there 's a lack of studies that indicate long - term results are superior to results following traditional laparoscopic surgery . Articles in the newly created Journal of Robotic Surgery tend to report on one surgeon 's experience . A Medicare study found that some procedures that have traditionally been performed with large incisions can be converted to `` minimally invasive '' endoscopic procedures with the use of the Da Vinci Surgical System , shortening length - of - stay in the hospital and reducing recovery times . But because of the hefty cost of the robotic system it is not clear that it is cost - effective for hospitals and physicians despite any benefits to patients since there is no additional reimbursement paid by the government or insurance companies when the system is used . Robot - assisted pancreatectomies have been found to be associated with `` longer operating time , lower estimated blood loss , a higher spleen - preservation rate , and shorter hospital stay ( s ) '' than laparoscopic pancreatectomies ; there was `` no significant difference in transfusion , conversion to open surgery , overall complications , severe complications , pancreatic fistula , severe pancreatic fistula , ICU stay , total cost , and 30 - day mortality between the two groups . '' For surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early cervical cancer robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer . Uses ( edit ) General surgery ( edit ) In early 2000 the field of general surgical interventions with the daVinci device was explored by surgeons at Ohio State University . Reports were published in esophageal and pancreatic surgery for the first time in the world and further data were subsequently published by Horgan and his group at the University of Illinois and then later at the same institution by others . In 2007 , the University of Illinois at Chicago medical team , led by Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti , reported a pancreatectomy and also the Midwest 's first fully robotic Whipple surgery . In April 2008 , the same team of surgeons performed the world 's first fully minimally invasive liver resection for living donor transplantation , removing 60 % of the patient 's liver , yet allowing him to leave the hospital just a couple of days after the procedure , in very good condition . Furthermore , the patient can also leave with less pain than a usual surgery due to the four puncture holes and not a scar by a surgeon . Cardiothoracic surgery ( edit ) Robot - assisted MIDCAB and Endoscopic coronary artery bypass ( TECAB ) operations are being performed with the Da Vinci system . Mitral valve repairs and replacements have been performed . The Ohio State University , Columbus has performed CABG , mitral valve , esophagectomy , lung resection , tumor resections , among other robotic assisted procedures and serves as a training site for other surgeons . In 2002 , surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic in Florida reported and published their preliminary experience with minimally invasive `` hybrid '' procedures . These procedures combined robotic revascularization and coronary stenting and further expanded the role of robots in coronary bypass to patients with disease in multiple vessels . Ongoing research on the outcomes of robotic assisted CABG and hybrid CABG is being done . Cardiology and electrophysiology ( edit ) As of 2004 , three types of heart surgery are being performed on a routine basis using robotic surgery systems . These three surgery types were : Atrial septal defect repair -- the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart , Mitral valve repair -- the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart , Coronary artery bypass -- rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart . Colon and rectal surgery ( edit ) Many studies have been undertaken in order to examine the role of robotic procedures in the field of colorectal surgery . Results to date indicate that robotic - assisted colorectal procedures outcomes are `` no worse '' than the results in the now `` traditional '' laparoscopic colorectal operations . Robotic - assisted colorectal surgery appears to be safe as well . Most of the procedures have been performed for malignant colon and rectal lesions . However , surgeons are now moving into resections for diverticulitis and non-resective rectopexies ( attaching the colon to the sacrum in order to treat rectal prolapse . ) When evaluated for several variables , robotic - assisted procedures fare equally well when compared with laparoscopic , or open abdominal operations . Study parameters have looked at intraoperative patient preparation time , length of time to perform the operation , adequacy of the removed surgical specimen with respect to clear surgical margins and number of lymph nodes removed , blood loss , operative or postoperative complications and long - term results . More difficult to evaluate are issues related to the view of the operative field , the types of procedures that should be performed using robotic assistance and the potential added cost for a robotic operation . Many surgeons feel that the optics of the 3 - dimensional , two camera stereo optic robotic system are superior to the optical system used in laparoscopic procedures . The pelvic nerves are clearly visualized during robotic - assisted procedures . Less clear however is whether or not these supposedly improved optics and visualization improve patient outcomes with respect to postoperative impotence or incontinence , and whether long - term patient survival is improved by using the 3 - dimensional optic system . Additionally , there is often a need for a wider , or `` larger '' view of the operative field than is routinely provided during robotic operations. , The close - up view of the area under dissection may hamper visualization of the `` bigger view '' , especially with respect to ureteral protection . Questions remain unanswered , even after many years of experience with robotic - assisted colorectal operations . Ongoing studies may help clarify many of the issues of confusion associated with this novel surgical approach . Gastrointestinal surgery ( edit ) Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the ' Zeus ' or da Vinci robot systems , including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer . Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices . Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated , specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia . Other gastrointestinal procedures including colon resection , pancreatectomy , esophagectomy and robotic approaches to pelvic disease have also been reported . Gynecology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in gynecology is of uncertain benefit with it being unclear if it affects rates of complications . Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot - assisted surgery but may be associated with a shorter hospital stay following hysterectomy . In the United States , robotic - assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions has been shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy , with no difference in overall rates of complications . This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic oncology . Robotic surgery can be used to treat fibroids , abnormal periods , endometriosis , ovarian tumors , uterine prolapse , and female cancers . Using the robotic system , gynecologists can perform hysterectomies , myomectomies , and lymph node biopsies . Neurosurgery ( edit ) Several systems for stereotactic intervention are currently on the market . The NeuroMate was the first neurosurgical robot , commercially available in 1997 . Originally developed in Grenoble by Alim - Louis_Benabid 's team , it is now owned by Renishaw . With installations in the United States , Europe and Japan , the system has been used in 8000 stereotactic brain surgeries by 2009 . IMRIS Inc. 's SYMBIS ( TM ) Surgical System will be the version of NeuroArm , the world 's first MRI - compatible surgical robot , developed for world - wide commercialization . Medtech 's Rosa is being used by several institutions , including the Cleveland Clinic in the U.S , and in Canada at Sherbrooke University and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital in Montreal ( MNI / H ) . Between June 2011 and September 2012 , over 150 neurosurgical procedures at the MNI / H have been completed robotized stereotaxy , including in the placement of depth electrodes in the treatment of epilepsy , selective resections , and stereotaxic biopsies . Ophthalmology ( edit ) The first robotic operation inside the eye took place at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 9 September 2016 . The robot was developed by Preceyes BV and the surgery was performed by Robert MacLaren , Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford . They operated successfully on the Reverend Dr William Beaver , a 70 year old man with a macular hole . The researchers commented that robotic eye surgery has taken longer to develop due to the need to miniaturise the components . They observed that the robot could make controlled movements inside the eye as small as 100th of a millimetre . Orthopedics ( edit ) The ROBODOC system was released in 1992 by Integrated Surgical Systems , Inc. which merged into CUREXO Technology Corporation . Also , The Acrobot Company Ltd. developed the `` Acrobot Sculptor '' , a robot that constrained a bone cutting tool to a pre-defined volume . The `` Acrobot Sculptor '' was sold to Stanmore Implants in August 2010 . Stanmore received FDA clearance in February 2013 for US surgeries but sold the Sculptor to Mako Surgical in June 2013 to resolve a patent infringement lawsuit . Another example is the CASPAR robot produced by U.R.S. which is used for total hip replacement , total knee replacement and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction . MAKO Surgical Corp ( founded 2004 ) produces the RIO ( Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System ) which combines robotics , navigation , and haptics for both partial knee and total hip replacement surgery . Blue Belt Technologies received FDA clearance in November 2012 for the Navio Surgical System . The Navio System is a navigated , robotics - assisted surgical system that uses a CT free approach to assist in partial knee replacement surgery . Children ( edit ) Surgical robotics has been used in many types of pediatric surgical procedures including : tracheoesophageal fistula repair , cholecystectomy , nissen fundoplication , morgagni 's hernia repair , kasai portoenterostomy , congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair , and others . On 17 January 2002 , surgeons at Children 's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit performed the nation 's first advanced computer - assisted robot - enhanced surgical procedure at a children 's hospital . The Center for Robotic Surgery at Children 's Hospital Boston provides a high level of expertise in pediatric robotic surgery . Specially - trained surgeons use a high - tech robot to perform complex and delicate operations through very small surgical openings . The results are less pain , faster recoveries , shorter hospital stays , smaller scars , and happier patients and families . In 2001 , Children 's Hospital Boston was the first pediatric hospital to acquire a surgical robot . Today , surgeons use the technology for many procedures and perform more pediatric robotic operations than any other hospital in the world . Children 's Hospital physicians have developed a number of new applications to expand the use of the robot , and train surgeons from around the world on its use . Radiosurgery ( edit ) The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System uses image guidance and computer controlled robotics to treat tumors throughout the body by delivering multiple beams of high - energy radiation to the tumor from virtually any direction . The system uses a German KUKA KR 240 . Mounted on the robot is a compact X-band linac that produces 6MV X-ray radiation . Mounting the radiation source on the robot allows very fast repositioning of the source , which enables the system to deliver radiation from many different directions without the need to move both the patient and source as required by current gantry configurations . Spine surgery ( edit ) Robotic devices started to be used in minimally invasive spine surgery starting in the mid-2000s . As of 2014 , there were too few randomized clinical trials to allow judgements as to whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches . Transplant surgery ( edit ) Transplant surgery ( organ transplantation ) has been considered as highly technically demanding and virtually unobtainable by means of conventional laparoscopy . For many years , transplant patients were unable to benefit from the advantages of minimally invasive surgery . The development of robotic technology and its associated high resolution capabilities , three dimensional visual system , wrist type motion and fine instruments , gave opportunity for highly complex procedures to be completed in a minimally invasive fashion . Subsequently , the first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s . After the procedure was proven to be feasible and safe , the main emerging challenge was to determine which patients would benefit most from this robotic technique . As a result , recognition of the increasing prevalence of obesity amongst patients with kidney failure on hemodialysis posed a significant problem . Due to the abundantly higher risk of complications after traditional open kidney transplantation , obese patients were frequently denied access to transplantation , which is the premium treatment for end stage kidney disease . The use of the robotic - assisted approach has allowed kidneys to be transplanted with minimal incisions , which has virtually alleviated wound complications and significantly shortened the recovery period . The University of Illinois Medical Center reported the largest series of 104 robotic - assisted kidney transplants for obese recipients ( mean body mass index > 42 ) . Amongst this group of patients , no wound infections were observed and the function of transplanted kidneys was excellent . In this way , robotic kidney transplantation could be considered as the biggest advance in surgical technique for this procedure since its creation more than half a century ago . Urology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become very popular , especially in the United States . It has been most extensively applied for excision of prostate cancer because of difficult anatomical access . It is also utilized for kidney cancer surgeries and to lesser extent surgeries of the bladder . As of 2014 , there is little evidence of increased benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs . Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and less side effects from surgery for prostatectomy . In 2000 , the first robot - assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed . Vascular surgery ( edit ) In September 2010 , the first robotic operations with Hansen Medical 's Magellan Robotic System at the femoral vasculature were performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana ( UMC Ljubljana ) , Slovenia . The research was led by Borut Geršak , the head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the centre . Geršak explained that the robot used was the first true robot in the history of robotic surgery , meaning the user interface was not resembling surgical instruments and the robot was not simply imitating the movement of human hands but was guided by pressing buttons , just like one would play a video game . The robot was imported to Slovenia from the United States . Miniature robotics ( edit ) As scientists seek to improve the versatility and utility of robotics in surgery , some are attempting to miniaturize the robots . For example , the University of Nebraska Medical Center has led a multi-campus effort to provide collaborative research on mini-robotics among surgeons , engineers and computer scientists . History ( edit ) The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot , which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983 . Intimately involved were biomedical engineer , Dr. James McEwen , Geof Auchinleck , a UBC engineering physics grad , and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students . The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984 , at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver . Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months , and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots , The Robotics Revolution , featured the device . Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot , which handed operative instruments on voice command , and a medical laboratory robotic arm . A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation . In 1985 a robot , the Unimation Puma 200 , was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance . In 1992 , the PROBOT , developed at Imperial College London , was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world . The PROBOT was specifically designed for transurethral resection of the prostate . Meanwhile , when PROBOT was being developed , ROBODOC , a robotic system designed to assist hip replacement surgeries was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA . The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems ( working closely with IBM ) was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement . The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant , the use of a mallet and broach / rasp . Further development of robotic systems was carried out by SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system . The first robotic surgery took place at The Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus , Ohio under the direction of Robert E. Michler . Examples of using ZEUS include a fallopian tube reconnection in July 1998 , a beating heart coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999 , and the Lindbergh Operation , which was a cholecystectomy performed remotely in September 2001 . The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at SRI International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA . Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in battlefield and other remote environments , it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on - site surgery . The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View , California . The da Vinci senses the surgeon 's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled - down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments . It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon 's hand movements , so that they are not duplicated robotically . The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon 's console . Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted heart bypass ( performed in Germany ) in May 1998 , and the first performed in the United States in September 1999 ; and the first all - robotic - assisted kidney transplant , performed in January 2009 . The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 , and initially sold for $1.75 million . In May 2006 the first artificial intelligence doctor - conducted unassisted robotic surgery on a 34 - year - old male to correct heart arythmia . The results were rated as better than an above - average human surgeon . The machine had a database of 10,000 similar operations , and so , in the words of its designers , was `` more than qualified to operate on any patient '' . In August 2007 , Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology ( Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida ) performed the first robotic assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain . In February 2008 , Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children 's Hospital performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction . On 12 May 2008 , the first image - guided MR - compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm . In June 2008 , the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery , the MiroSurge . In September 2010 , the Eindhoven University of Technology announced the development of the Sofie surgical system , the first surgical robot to employ force feedback . In September 2010 , the first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature was performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana by a team led by Borut Geršak . See also ( edit ) Bone segment navigation Computer - assisted surgery Computer - integrated surgery Minimally invasive surgery Patient registration Stereolithography ( medicine ) Surgical Segment Navigator Telemedicine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kolata , Gina ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Results Unproven , Robotic Surgery Wins Converts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Estey , EP ( 2009 ) . `` Robotic prostatectomy : The new standard of care or a marketing success ? '' . Canadian Urological Association Journal . 3 ( 6 ) : 488 -- 90 . PMC 2792423 . PMID 20019980 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , M.D. ; Bouazza - Marouf , K. ; Kerr , D. ; Gooroochurn , M. ; Vloeberghs , M. ( 2009 ) . `` A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems '' . Robotica. 28 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 310 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263574709990658 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein J ; Eckersberger E ; Sadri H ; Taneja SS ; Lepor H ; Djavan B ( 2010 ) . `` Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot - Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy : The European and US Experience '' . Reviews in Urology. 12 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 43 . PMC 2859140 . PMID 20428292 . Jump up ^ Gerhardus , D ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` Robot - assisted surgery : the future is here '' . Journal of Healthcare Management . 48 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 251 . PMID 12908224 . Jump up ^ Breeden , James T. , MD , President of ACOG , ( 1 ) Statement on Robotic Surgery , 14 March 2013 Jump up ^ Zhou , JY ; Xin , C ; Mou , YP ; Xu , XW ; Zhang , MZ ; Zhou , YC ; Lu , C ; Chen , RG ( 2016 ) . `` Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy : A Meta - Analysis of Short - Term Outcomes '' . PLoS ONE . 11 ( 3 ) : e0151189 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1151189Z . PMC 4790929 . PMID 26974961 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0151189 . Jump up ^ Zanagnolo , V ; Garbi , A ; Achilarre , MT ; Minig , L ( 16 January 2017 ) . `` Robot - assisted surgery in Gynecologic cancers . '' . Journal of minimally invasive gynecology. 24 : 379 -- 396 . PMID 28104497 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmig. 2017.01. 006 . Jump up ^ Melvin , W.S. ; Needleman , B.J. ; Krause , K.R. ; Ellison , E.C. ( February 2003 ) . `` Robotic Resection of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor '' . Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. 13 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 36 . doi : 10.1089 / 109264203321235449 . ^ Jump up to : Talamini , M.A. ; Chapman , S. ; Horgan , S. ; Melvin , W.S. ( October 2003 ) . `` A prospective analysis of 211 robotic - assisted surgical procedures '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 17 ( 10 ) : 1521 -- 1524 . PMID 12915974 . doi : 10.1007 / s00464 - 002 - 8853 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , K. ; Khan , M.S. ; Vats , A. ; Nagpal , K. ; Priest , O. ; Patel , V. ; Vecht , J.A. ; Ashrafian , H. ; et al. ( October 2009 ) . `` Current status of robotic assisted pelvic surgery and future developments '' . International Journal of Surgery . 7 ( 5 ) : 431 -- 440 . PMID 19735746 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijsu. 2009.08. 008 . Jump up ^ Kypson , Alan P ; Chitwood Jr. , W. Randolph ( 2004 ) . `` Robotic Applications in Cardiac Surgery '' . International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems . 1 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2004cs ... 12055K . arXiv : cs / 0412055 . Jump up ^ D'Annibale , A et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . December 2004 . Volume 47 , issue 12 , pp. 2162 -- 2168 Jump up ^ Spinoglio , G. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . November 2008 . Volume 51 , issue 11 , pp. 1627 -- 1632 Jump up ^ Delaney , C. et al. Diseases of the colon and rectum . December 2003 . Volume 46 , pp. 1633 -- 1639 Jump up ^ Braumann , C. et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . December 2005 . Volume 48 , Number 9 , pp1820 - 1827 . Jump up ^ Myung - Han , Hyun ; Chung - Ho Lee ; Hyun - Jung Kim ; YiXin Tong ; Sung - Soo Park ( November 2013 ) . `` Systematic review and meta - analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resection for gastric carcinoma '' . British Journal of Surgery . 100 ( 12 ) : 1566 -- 78 . PMID 24264778 . doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 9242 . Jump up ^ Melvin , W. Scott ; Needleman , Bradley J. ; Krause , Kevin R. ; Schneider , Carol ; Ellison , E. Christopher ( 2002 ) . `` Computer - Enhanced vs. Standard Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery '' . Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery . 6 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 ; discussion 15 -- 6 . PMID 11986012 . doi : 10.1016 / S1091 - 255X ( 01 ) 00032 - 4 . Jump up ^ Melvin , W.S. ; Dundon , J.M. ; Talamini , M. ; Horgan , S. ( October 2005 ) . `` Computer - enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy '' . Surgery . 138 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 558 ; discussion 558 -- 9 . PMID 16269282 . doi : 10.1016 / j. surg. 2005.07. 025 . Jump up ^ Shaligram A ; Unnirevi J ; Simorov A ; Kothari VM ; Oleynikov D ( April 2012 ) . `` How does the robot affect outcomes ? A retrospective review of open , laparoscopic , and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 26 ( 4 ) : 1047 -- 50 . PMID 22038167 . doi : 10.1007 / s00464 - 011 - 1994 - 5 . Jump up ^ Liu , H ; Lawrie , TA ; Lu , D ; Song , H ; Wang , L ; Shi , G ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` Robot - assisted surgery in gynaecology '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 12 ( 12 ) : CD011422 . PMID 25493418 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011422 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Opinion : Robotic Surgery in Gynecolgy '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 125 ( 3 ) : 760 -- 767 . March 2015 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000461761.47981. 07 . Jump up ^ `` Robot - Assisted Surgery : Neurosurgery '' . Biomed.brown.edu . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SYMBIS Homepage on IMRIS Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons use robot to operate inside eye in world first '' . 9 September 2016 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Walsh , Fergus ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` Robot operates inside eye in world first '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ UK surgeons carry out world 's first robot eye surgery . ITV News , 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ROBODOC history . Robodoc.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Acrobot Sculptor Jump up ^ Siebert , W. ; Mai , Sabine ; Kober , Rudolf ; Heeckt , Peter F. ( 30 December 2004 ) . `` Chapter 12 -- Total knee replacement : robotic assistive technique '' . In DiGioia , Anthony M. ; Jaramaz , Branislav ; Picard , Frederic ; Nolte , Lutz - Peter . Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery . Oxford University Press . pp. 127 -- 156 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850943 - X . Jump up ^ `` Home MAKO Surgical Corp '' . Makosurgical.com. 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Blue Belt Technologies , Inc . '' . Bluebelttech.com. 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robotic Surgery '' . Children 's Hospital Center . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shweikeh , Faris ; Amadio , Jordan P. ; Arnell , Monica ; Barnard , Zachary R. ; Kim , Terrence T. ; Johnson , J. Patrick ; Drazin , Doniel ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Robotics and the spine : a review of current and ongoing applications '' . Neurosurgical Focus. 36 ( 3 ) : E10 . PMID 24580002 . doi : 10.3171 / 2014.1. focus13526 . Jump up ^ Giulianotti PC , Gorodner V , Sbrana F , Tzvetanov I , Jeon H , Bianco F , Kinzer K , Oberholzer J , Benedetti E ( 2010 ) . `` Robotic Trans - Abdominal Kidney Transplantation in a Morbidly Obese Patient '' . AJT. 10 : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Oberholzer J , Giulianotti P , Danielson KK , Spaggiari M , Bejarano - Pineda L , Bianco F , Tzvetanov I , Ayloo S , Jeon H , Garcia - Roca R , Thielke J , Tang I , Akkina S , Becker B , Kinzer K , Patel A , Benedetti E ( 2013 ) . `` Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation '' . American Journal of Transplantation. 13 ( 3 ) : 721 -- 8 . PMC 3647345 . PMID 23437881 . doi : 10.1111 / ajt. 12078 . Jump up ^ Tzvetanov I , Giulianotti PC , Bejarano - Pineda L , Jeon H , Garcia - Roca R , Bianco F , Oberholzer J , Benedetti E ( December 2013 ) . `` Robotic - assisted kidney transplantation '' . Surg Clin North Am. 93 ( 6 ) : 1309 -- 23 . PMID 24206853 . doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2013.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Lee , DI ( April 2009 ) . `` Robotic prostatectomy : what we have learned and where we are going '' . Yonsei Med J. 50 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 81 . PMC 2678689 . PMID 19430547 . doi : 10.3349 / ymj. 2009.50. 2.177 . Jump up ^ Williams , SB ; Prado , K ; Hu , JC ( November 2014 ) . `` Economics of robotic surgery : does it make sense and for whom ? '' . The Urologic clinics of North America . 41 ( 4 ) : 591 -- 6 . PMID 25306170 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2014.07. 013 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , C ; Pickard , R ; Robertson , C ; Close , A ; Vale , L ; Armstrong , N ; Barocas , DA ; Eden , CG ; Fraser , C ; Gurung , T ; Jenkinson , D ; Jia , X ; Lam , TB ; Mowatt , G ; Neal , DE ; Robinson , MC ; Royle , J ; Rushton , SP ; Sharma , P ; Shirley , MD ; Soomro , N ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost - effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer . '' . Health technology assessment ( Winchester , England ) . 16 ( 41 ) : 1 -- 313 . PMC 4780976 . PMID 23127367 . doi : 10.3310 / hta16410 . ^ Jump up to : `` V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju '' ( The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature ) ( in Slovenian ) . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine '' ( UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations ) ( in Slovenian ) . 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham - Rowe , Duncan ( 26 January 2006 ) . `` Robot set loose to film your insides '' . New Scientist ( 2536 ) . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Post 23 : 1985 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Y.S. ; Hou , J. ; Jonckheere , E.A. & Hayall , S. ( February 1988 ) . `` A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery '' . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 35 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 161 . doi : 10.1109 / 10.1354 . Jump up ^ Lanfranco , Anthony R. ; Castellanos , Andres E. ; Desai , Jaydev P. ; Meyers , William C. ( 2004 ) . `` Robotic Surgery '' . Annals of Surgery . 239 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21 . PMC 1356187 . PMID 14685095 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sla. 0000103020.19595. 7d . Jump up ^ `` ROBODOC : Surgical Robot Success Story '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Michelle . `` Computer - Assisted Surgery : An Update '' . FDA Consumer magazine . Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McConnell , PI ; Schneeberger , EW ; Michler , RE ( 2003 ) . `` History and development of robotic cardiac surgery '' . Problems in General Surgery . 20 ( 2 ) : 20 -- 30 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sgs. 0000081182.03671. 6e . Jump up ^ Leslie Versweyveld ( 29 September 1999 ) . `` ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy '' . Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Robotics : the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery '' . Biomed.brown.edu. 6 October 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Linbergh Operation -- IRCAD / EITS Laparoscopic Center '' . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Telerobotic Surgery '' . SRI International . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants '' . CBS News . 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` da Vinci Si Surgical System '' . Intuitive Surgical . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human '' . Engadget. 19 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Robot surgeon carries out 9 - hour operation by itself '' . Phys.Org . Jump up ^ Parekattil , Sijo . `` Robotic Infertility '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons perform world 's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction '' . Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first '' . ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hagn , U. ; Nickl , M. ; Jörg , S. ; Tobergte , A. ; Kübler , B. ; Passig , G. ; Gröger , M. ; Fröhlich , F. ; Seibold , U. ; Konietschke , R. ; Le - Tien , L. ; Albu - Schäffer , A. ; Grebenstein , M. ; Ortmaier , T. & Hirzinger , G. ( 2008 ) . `` DLR MiroSurge -- towards versatility in surgical robotics '' . Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie ; Proceedings of CURAC. 7 : 143 -- 146 . Jump up ^ `` Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie '' ( in Dutch ) . TU / e. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surgical robots . 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when was the first robot used in surgery

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I Love It (Icona Pop song)

I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) - wikipedia I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) `` I Love It '' Single by Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX from the album Icona Pop and This Is ... Icona Pop Released 9 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Electropop dance - pop Length 2 : 37 Label Ten Songwriter ( s ) Charlotte Aitchison Patrik Berger Linus Eklöw Producer ( s ) Patrik Berger Style of Eye Icona Pop singles chronology `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) Charli XCX singles chronology `` Nuclear Seasons '' ( 2011 ) Nuclear Seasons 2011 `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) I Love It2012 `` You 're the One '' ( 2012 ) You 're the One 2012 `` I Love It '' is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX . It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden , where it peaked at number two on the singles chart . The song was added to their debut studio album , Icona Pop , as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album , This Is ... Icona Pop . The song received positive reviews from music critics , and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year - end lists for 2012 . The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX 's first US hit , peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States . In June 2013 , over a year after it was released elsewhere , the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time chart 8 Sales and certifications 9 Cover versions 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Singer Charli XCX co-wrote and recorded an earlier version of `` I Love It '' . The song was originally written by Charli XCX , whom Icona Pop met several times in London . Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats , and she quickly wrote songs for each of them , one of which became `` I Love It '' and the other of which became her following single `` You 're the One '' . However , she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound . While recording `` Good for You '' with Icona Pop , Berger presented them with Charli 's work on `` I Love It '' . Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences , and the line `` You 're from the 70s but I 'm a 90s bitch '' reminded her of an older man she had known . Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX 's original demo as `` more cute , in a way ... really cool and cocky '' . Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track , telling him , `` We want the punkiness . We want the ' fuck it ' feeling . '' Composition ( edit ) `` I Love It '' The song 's chorus features all three singers shouting `` I do n't care / I love it '' in unison . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Love It ( Original Demo ) '' The original version of the song before its composition was reworked . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Love It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ) , and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song . It is written in A ♭ major , with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression . Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds . Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music . The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend . In its chorus , Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it '' . Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '' , and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo . Release and promotion ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012 . It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48 , and after two months on the chart , the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks . After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls , the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release . Ten days later it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , eventually climbing to number seven on the chart . Jawo and Hjelt 's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013 , after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing . In June 2013 , several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart , including one by vlogger Venus Angelic . When Icona Pop released their version , it entered at the top of the chart , overtaking Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams . Critical reception ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was met with positive reviews from music critics . The song placed 15th on The Village Voice 's 2012 Pazz & Jop list , and it rose to eighth place the following year . Pitchfork Media labeled it `` Best New Music '' , calling the song `` delectable , empowering , infinitely repeatable '' . Pitchfork later listed the song number 50 on its `` Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' list . Rolling Stone placed `` I Love It '' at number 35 on its year - end list , naming it `` the Euro - slut club jam of the summer '' . Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as `` fun '' , Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt `` half - sung , half - shouted vocals and revved - up synths make the song inescapably catchy '' . Kat Bein of the Miami New Times called the song a `` feminist pop anthem '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` I Love It '' was directed by Fredrik Etoall . The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris . It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing , with additional shots from backstage and an after - party . It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made . Charli XCX does not appear in the video . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) 2 : 37 Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 33 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 20 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 40 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Club Edit ) 5 : 57 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 25 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 44 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 53 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Tiësto 's Club Life Remix ) 4 : 30 Remixes ( Part 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Club Mix ) 6 : 27 10 . `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 52 11 . `` I Love It '' ( Solidisco Mix ) 5 : 18 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Original Version ) 2 : 37 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 Beatport Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 24 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 39 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 10 . `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 11 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Dance ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia Dance ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 63 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 92 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 10 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 12 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Mega Dance Top 30 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 24 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 29 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 28 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 Australia ( ARIA ) 400 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 450,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Iconic EP version 87,650 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version 95,498 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 2,127,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 2x Platinum 20,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Several cover versions have charted in the UK . Artist Peak position Reference Loreen Harris 74 Venus Angelic 71 Remix Junkies 49 Remix Chix 61 New Music Masters 51 In 2017 , Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of Så mycket bättre . The track received mixed to positive reviews , ultimately failing to chart . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Sweden 9 May 2012 Record Company TEN United States 5 February 2013 Mainstream Airplay Atlantic / Big Beat Records United Kingdom 21 June 2013 Digital EP Warner Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icona Pop 's ' All Night ' is now on the internet , as is the cover of their new album - Popjustice ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Pink Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100 While Rihanna Rules at Radio '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Makes Hot 100 Debut , Discusses The Anger Behind ' I Love It ' '' . Billboard. 125 ( 6 ) : 69 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Interview : Charli XCX Talks Debut Album , Internet Haters , and Writing Icona Pop 's ' I Love It ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Charli XCX : Pop , punk and synaesthesia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Werthman , Christine ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Icona Pop '' . CMJ . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grisham , Tyler ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Rising : Icona Pop '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charli XCX : ' I do n't regret giving ' I Love It ' to Icona Pop ' '' . NME. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Amrit ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Watch Icona Pop Play Fallon '' . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Laura ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke Covers Icona Pop 's Summer Hit `` I Love It '' `` . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop ( We Love It ) and Krewella ( We Do n't ) : Two Heroic , Sis - Centric Punk - Pop LPs '' . Spin . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Eklöw , Linus ; Berger , Patrik ; Aitchison , Charlotte ( 2012 ) . `` I Love It '' ( sheet music ) . Musicnotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Jessica ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Pop 's New Icons '' . 125 ( 33 ) . Billboard : 35 . ^ Jump up to : Zoladz , Lindsay ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : The Iconic EP '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : `` I Love It '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Trageser , Stephen ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop prepares to rule the global market in dance pop '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Amy ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Staff Lists : The Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuck ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Nightclubbing Catharsis Originated With ' 90s British Dance - Pop Duo Crush '' . Spin . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 28 January 2013 ) . `` Is `` Girls '' Finally Gonna Make a Hit Out of Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' ? `` . Popdust Inc . Jump up ^ Cubarrubia , RJ ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop , Charli XCX Party Through ' I Love It ' at SXSW '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venus Angelic '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pazz & Jop Singles Winners '' . The Village Voice. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Icona Pop , ' I Love It ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Icona Pop : Iconic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Aino Jawo : `` We Are Feminists '' `` . Miami New Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Derek ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : A New Kind Of 90s Bitch '' . DIY . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2014 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201329 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201432 into search . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Icona Pop . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dance Top 30 : 02 / 02 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 30 / 03 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 28 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts. org. sw . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Icona Pop in the field Interpret . Enter I Love It in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` ... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 : . '' Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 5 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 6 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 10 , 10 maj 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . 1 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter I Love It in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Looking Forward To Miley Cyrus & Katy Perry Tours In 2014 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOREEN HARRIS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REMIX JUNKIES '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REMIX CHIX '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NEW MUSIC MASTERS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Som en lagom och uppsluppen personalfest '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betyg : Så bra var tolkningar i `` Så mycket bättre '' `` . Expressen . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Love It -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Love It -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` I Love It '' on YouTube Icona Pop Studio albums Icona Pop ( 2012 ) This Is ... Icona Pop ( 2013 ) Singles `` I Love It '' `` We Got the World '' `` Girlfriend '' `` All Night '' `` Just Another Night '' `` Get Lost '' `` Emergency '' `` Girls Girls '' Featured singles `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Never Been In Love '' `` Let You Down '' Related articles Discography Charli XCX Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Romance Sucker Mixtapes Number 1 Angel Pop 2 Extended plays You 're the One Vroom Vroom Singles `` Nuclear Seasons '' `` You 're the One '' `` You ( Ha Ha Ha ) '' `` Boom Clap '' `` Break the Rules '' `` Doing It '' `` Famous '' `` SuperLove '' `` After the Afterparty '' `` Boys '' Featured singles `` I Love It '' `` Fancy '' `` Drop That Kitty '' `` Crazy Crazy '' `` Dirty Sexy Money '' `` Girls '' Concert tours Girl Power North America Tour Charli and Jack Do America Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_It_(Icona_Pop_song)&oldid=853013834 '' Categories : 2012 singles Songs written by Patrik Berger ( record producer ) Icona Pop songs Charli XCX songs Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Television theme songs Songs written by Charli XCX 2012 songs Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Style of Eye Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Scots Simple English Slovenčina 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song i don't care i love it

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Skywalker family

Skywalker family - wikipedia Skywalker family Jump to : navigation , search `` Skywalker '' redirects here . For other uses , see Skywalker ( disambiguation ) . This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars franchise . Within the series ' fictional universe , the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force . Luke Skywalker , his twin sister Princess Leia , and their father Darth Vader are central characters in the original Star Wars film trilogy . Vader , in his previous identity as Anakin Skywalker , is a lead character in the prequel film trilogy . Luke , Leia , and Leia 's son Kylo Ren play crucial roles in the sequel trilogy of films . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Family members 2.1 Shmi Skywalker - Lars 2.2 Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) 2.3 Padmé Amidala 2.4 Luke Skywalker 2.5 Leia Organa 2.6 Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) 3 Family tree 4 Legends 4.1 Ben Skywalker 4.2 Nat Skywalker 4.3 Kol Skywalker 4.4 Cade Skywalker 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In terms of the series ' internal chronology , the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . In this film , Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine . Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi , even Yoda , counting to about 20,000 . Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father , leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians , an example of a miraculous birth . As the film progresses , Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training . Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that , in Anakin 's absence , Shmi has married Cliegg Lars , becoming the stepmother of Owen . Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers . Owen later marries Beru Whitesun . As a Jedi Knight , Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins , Luke and Leia . Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine . While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan . In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Leia and her husband Han Solo , after marrying have a son named Ben Solo , who later adopts the name Kylo Ren . The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side , with Leia and Han separating . Family members ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker - Lars ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe , portrayed by Pernilla August . She appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones . She is the mother of Anakin Skywalker , paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and paternal - maternal great - grandmother to Kylo Ren . Her first name is derived from Lakshmi , a Hindu goddess . In The Phantom Menace , she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine . She welcomes Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) into their home , and tells him that Anakin has no father ; she simply `` became '' pregnant with him . Qui - Gon helps Anakin win his freedom , but can not get Shmi out of slavery . She allows Anakin to leave with Qui - Gon , assuring her heartbroken son that they will meet again . In Attack of the Clones , Anakin ( Hayden Christensen ) , now a young adult Jedi apprentice , senses through the Force that she is in pain . He travels to Tatooine to find her , and , upon arriving , learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars ( Jack Thompson ) , but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders . He finds her inside one of their encampments , but it 's too late -- beaten and tortured beyond help , she dies in his arms . Heartbroken and enraged , Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp , including the women and children . His mother 's death ignites a strong anger in Anakin , and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader . Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) ( edit ) Main article : Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father , due to being conceived through the force . Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi Prophecy , who will bring balance to the Force . After the death of Qui - Gon , he becomes the Padawan of Obi - Wan Kenobi . He also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala , the young senator of Naboo . The newly elected Chancellor of the Galactic Republic , Palpatine , also befriends Anakin , promising to watch the boy 's progress `` with great interest '' and advise him . Torn between his loyalty to the Jedi and his drive for power , Anakin succumbs to temptation and becomes Darth Vader . Padmé Amidala ( edit ) Main article : Padmé Amidala The secret wife of Anakin Skywalker , and mother of Luke and Leia and maternal grandmother of Kylo Ren . She served as Queen of Naboo , and later as a Senator for her planet . Her closest friend in the Senate was Senator Bail Organa . She reconnected and fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt , and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis , and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day . Obi - Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader . Luke Skywalker ( edit ) Main article : Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo , Padmé Amidala . He is taken in by his uncle and aunt , Owen and Beru Lars , after the death of Padmé and Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber . In Return of the Jedi , a dying Yoda confirms to Luke , that Darth Vader ( previously Anakin Skywalker ) is actually his father , despite Luke 's belief that Vader 's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side . He also finds out from Obi - Wan 's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister . In The Force Awakens , as the last known Jedi , Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben ( now Kylo Ren ) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke . Leia Organa ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala , Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan . At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan , and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so - called `` diplomatic mission '' . Leia is shown to be force sensitive . In The Empire Strikes Back , Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis , although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections . In Return of the Jedi , planning to feed Luke , Han , and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc , Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her . She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor . In the years that follow , she becomes General Organa , the leader of the Resistance , a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order . She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo , later Kylo Ren , whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens . Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke and save her son from the dark side . Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) ( edit ) Main article : Kylo Ren Ben Solo is the son of Leia Organa and Han Solo . He initially trains to be a Jedi under his uncle , Luke Skywalker , before he falls to the dark side and becomes Kylo Ren , working for the First Order and under the influence of Supreme Leader Snoke . He is obsessed with the legacy of his grandfather , the Sith Lord Darth Vader , and aspires to finish what Vader started : the elimination of the Jedi . Family tree ( edit ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . In the Star Wars expanded universe , Luke , following his sister 's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children ( Anakin , Jacen , and Jaina ) , marries Mara Jade , who has a son named Ben . A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi - Wan Kenobi 's estranged brother . To explain subsequent references , Star Wars : Lone Wolf : A Tale of Obi - Wan and Luke introduces `` Owen Kenobi '' , a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars . In the Expanded Universe book Tatooine Ghost , Shmi 's granddaughter , Leia , is given Shmi 's old journal , which describes Anakin 's childhood . Leia learns , through Shmi 's love for Anakin , to forgive her father for his role in the destruction of Alderaan and for torturing her aboard the Death Star , as depicted in A New Hope . Ben Skywalker ( edit ) Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker 's son . Named after Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi , Jedi Knight . Former student of Jacen Solo , his cousin . In Fate of the Jedi : Outcast , he voluntarily accompanies his father into exile . He proves himself as both a fighter and as an investigator to carry on his father 's name . His love interest is Vestara Khai , formerly a Sith apprentice , then a Jedi apprentice . The character was voted the 40th top Star Wars character by IGN and the top 6th Star Wars Expanded Universe character by UGO Networks . Nat Skywalker ( edit ) Nat is a former / returned Jedi master and the older brother of Kol . He took the name `` Bantha '' Rawk He was also with him all the time . Kol Skywalker ( edit ) Kol Skywalker is a character in Star Wars : Legacy . He is a descendant of Luke Skywalker and is a Jedi master . He is the father of Cade Skywalker . Cade Skywalker ( edit ) The descendant of Anakin Skywalker , Luke Skywalker , Mara Jade Skywalker and Ben Skywalker , and the son of Kol Skywalker . He is a protagonist of the Star Wars : Legacy comic series . According to the comic book series from Dark Horse called Star Wars : Legacy , which takes place 125 years after Return of the Jedi , Cade Skywalker , son of Kol Skywalker and a direct descendant of Luke Skywalker , is the last surviving Skywalker of his time . It is shown that he has completely abandoned the Jedi way after an attack by the New Sith Order on the Jedi Academy on Ossus . Nevertheless , he still encounters other Jedi , as well as the ghost of Luke Skywalker . The character was voted the 84th top Star Wars character by IGN . See also ( edit ) Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Star Wars I : The Phantom Menace script Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin . `` There 's Either an Error in the New ' Star Wars ' Crawl or a Big Surprise for Luke and Leia '' . Mic . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , James ( 1983 ) . Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Del - Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30767 - 4 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jude ( 1999 ) . Jedi Apprentice : The Hidden Past . Scholastic . ISBN 0590519336 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Clone Wars Comics and Literature '' . Starwars.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Star Wars Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Rosenberg ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Top 50 Star Wars Expanded Universe Characters '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Skywalker family on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. Warrick Mace Windu Yoda Lists The Clone Wars characters Rebels characters Legends characters KotOR Groups Militaries Clone trooper Stormtrooper Droid Army Rogue Squadron Families Skywalker Solo Music Bands Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes Max Rebo Band Planets and moons Alderaan Bespin Coruscant Dagobah Endor Hoth Jakku Kashyyyk Naboo Tatooine Yavin Species A -- E Bantha Droid Ewok F -- J Hutt K -- O P -- T Sarlacc Tusken Raiders U -- Z Wookiee List of creatures Technology Weapons Blaster Death Star Lightsaber Terrestrial vehicles Landspeeder Speeder bike Sandcrawler Walkers Starfighters A-wing B - wing TIE fighter X-wing Y - wing Spacecraft Death Star Millennium Falcon Mon Calamari cruiser Star Destroyer Tantive IV Other Clone Wars Galactic Civil War Mos Eisley Mos Eisley Cantina Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skywalker_family&oldid=843572122 '' Categories : Star Wars characters Fictional family trees Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2008 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Wars articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français ქართული Polski Português Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 01 : 11 . 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Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe - Wikipedia Zimbabwe This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For the historical city , see Great Zimbabwe . For other uses , see Zimbabwe ( disambiguation ) . `` ZWE '' redirects here . For other uses , see ZWE ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 20 ° S 30 ° E  /  20 ° S 30 ° E  / - 20 ; 30 Republic of Zimbabwe Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unity , Freedom , Work '' Anthem : `` Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe '' Location of Zimbabwe ( dark blue ) in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Harare 17 ° 50 ′ S 31 ° 3 ′ E  /  17.833 ° S 31.050 ° E  / - 17.833 ; 31.050 Official languages 16 languages ( show ) Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga `` Koisan '' ( presumably Tsoa ) Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shangani Shona `` sign language '' Sotho Tonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Ethnic groups ( 2012 ) 99.4 % Black African ( over 80 % Shona ; Ndebele are largest minority ) 0.2 % White African 0.4 % others , including Coloured and Indian Demonym Zimbabwean Zimbo ( colloquial ) Government Unitary dominant - party presidential republic ( de jure ) Military dictatorship under a presidential republic ( de facto ) President Emmerson Mnangagwa Vice President Constantino Chiwenga Vice President Kembo Mohadi Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Declared 11 November 1965 Republic 2 March 1970 Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1 June 1979 Republic of Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Current constitution 15 May 2013 Area Total 390,757 km ( 150,872 sq mi ) ( 60th ) Water ( % ) Population 2016 estimate 16,150,362 ( 73rd ) 2012 census 12,973,808 Density 26 / km ( 67.3 / sq mi ) ( 170th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $33.872 billion Per capita $2,276 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $17.105 billion Per capita $1,149 Gini ( 1995 ) 50.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.516 low 154th Currency United States dollar ( official for government ) , South African rand , and many other currencies , e.g. Botswana pula , euro , Chinese renminbi , Indian rupees , pound sterling , Australian dollars . Zimbabwean bond coins are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins . Zimbabwean bond notes for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar Time zone CAT ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 263 ISO 3166 code ZW Internet TLD . zw The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation . The United States dollar ( US $ ) , Euro ( € ) , South African rand ( R ) , Botswana pula ( P ) , Pound sterling ( £ ) , Indian rupees ( ₹ ) , Australian dollars ( A $ ) , Chinese Renminbi ( 元 / ¥ ) , and Japanese yen ( ¥ ) are legal tender . The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions . Zimbabwe ( / zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ / ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 16 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used . Since the 11th century , present - day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self - governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15 - year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , which it withdrew from in December 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the `` Jewel of Africa '' for its prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU - PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries . Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe , who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' . The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s , experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way . On 15 November 2017 , in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe 's rapidly declining economy , Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country 's national army in a coup d'état . On 19 November 2017 , ZANU - PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place . On 21 November 2017 , Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-colonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) 2.2 Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) 2.3 UDI and civil war ( 1965 -- 1980 ) 2.4 Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora and fauna 3.3 Environmental issues 4 Government and politics 4.1 Human rights 4.2 Armed forces 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Largest cities 7.2 Language 7.3 Refugee crisis 7.4 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Sports 8.4 Media 8.5 Scouting 8.6 National symbols 9 Health 10 Education 11 See also 12 Source 13 Notes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Great Zimbabwe and Rhodesia ( name ) The name `` Zimbabwe '' stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe , an ancient ruined city in the country 's south - east whose remains are now a protected site . Two different theories address the origin of the word . Many sources hold that `` Zimbabwe '' derives from dzimba - dza - mabwe , translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as `` large houses of stone '' ( dzimba = plural of imba , `` house '' ; mabwe = plural of bwe , `` stone '' ) . The Karanga - speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern - day province of Masvingo . Archaeologist Peter Garlake claims that `` Zimbabwe '' represents a contracted form of dzimba - hwe , which means `` venerated houses '' in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs ' houses or graves . Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia ( 1898 ) , Rhodesia ( 1965 ) , and Zimbabwe Rhodesia ( 1979 ) . The first recorded use of `` Zimbabwe '' as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema , whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961 . The term `` Rhodesia '' -- derived from the surname of Cecil Rhodes , the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century -- was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations . According to Mawema , black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country , proposing names such as `` Matshobana '' and `` Monomotapa '' before his suggestion , `` Zimbabwe '' , prevailed . A further alternative , put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland , had been `` Matopos '' , referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo . It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used -- a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to `` Zimbabweland '' -- but `` Zimbabwe '' was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement . In a 2001 interview , black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a political rally , `` and it caught hold , and that was that '' . The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name during the Second Chimurenga campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1964 -- 1979 . Major factions in this camp included the Zimbabwe African National Union ( led by Robert Mugabe from 1975 ) , and the Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( led by Joshua Nkomo from its founding in the early 1960s ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Zimbabwe Precolonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Further information : Bantu expansion Towers of Great Zimbabwe . Proto - Shona - speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands . The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states , beginning around the 10th century . Around the early 10th century , trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast , helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 11th century . This was the precursor to the more impressive Shona civilisations that would dominate the region during the 13th to 15th centuries , evidenced by ruins at Great Zimbabwe , near Masvingo , and other smaller sites . The main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture . The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal . They traded in gold , ivory , and copper for cloth and glass . From about 1300 until 1600 , Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe . This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe 's stone architecture , which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom 's capital of Great Zimbabwe . From c. 1450 to 1760 , Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa . This Shona state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today , and parts of central Mozambique . It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire , also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as `` Munhumutapa '' , and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal . The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century . As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior , and especially due to the increasing amount of Carnegie family farmers , a new Shona state emerged , known as the Rozwi Empire . Relying on centuries of military , political and religious development , the Rozwi ( meaning `` destroyers '' ) expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau by force of arms . They continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding muskets to their arsenal and recruiting a professional army to defend recent conquests . Around 1821 , the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King Shaka and created his own clan , the Ndebele . The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal , leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane . When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836 , they drove the tribe even further northward . By 1838 , the Rozwi Empire , along with the other smaller Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to vassaldom . After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840 , Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present - day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland , establishing Bulawayo as their capital . Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals , similar to those of Shaka , which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions . Mzilikazi died in 1868 and , following a violent power struggle , was succeeded by his son , Lobengula . Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Company rule in Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia , and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matabeleland in the 19th century . In the 1880s , white colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company ( BSAC ) . In 1888 , Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples . He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland , and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well . Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column , a group of Europeans protected by well - armed British South Africa Police ( BSAP ) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury ( now Harare ) , and thereby establish company rule over the area . In 1893 and 1894 , with the help of their new Maxim guns , the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the First Matabele War . Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika , then known as `` Zambesia '' . In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties , mass settlement was encouraged , with the British maintaining control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources . In 1895 , the BSAC adopted the name `` Rhodesia '' for the territory , in honour of Rhodes . In 1898 `` Southern Rhodesia '' became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi , which later became Zimbabwe . The region to the north was administered separately and later termed Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) . Shortly after Rhodes ' disastrous Jameson Raid on the South African Republic , the Ndebele rebelled against white rule , led by their charismatic religious leader , Mlimo . The Second Matabele War lasted in Matabeleland until 1896 , when Mlimo was assassinated . Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts ( known as Chimurenga ) against company rule during 1896 and 1897 . Following these failed insurrections , the Ndebele and Shona groups were finally subdued by the Rhodes administration , which organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans , thus displacing many indigenous peoples . The opening of the railway to Umtali in 1899 . Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923 . Shortly after annexation , on 1 October 1923 , the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force . Under the new constitution , Southern Rhodesia became a self - governing British colony , subsequent to a 1922 referendum . Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars . Proportional to the white population , Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the Empire , including Britain itself . In 1953 , in the face of African opposition , Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland ( Malawi ) in the ill - fated Central African Federation , which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia . Growing African nationalism and general dissent , particularly in Nyasaland , persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963 , forming three separate divisions . While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , however , Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule . With Zambian independence , Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front ( RF ) dropped the designation `` Southern '' in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( commonly abbreviated to `` UDI '' ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 , intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of `` no independence before majority rule '' . It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776 , which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions . UDI and civil War ( 1965 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Rhodesia , Rhodesian Bush War , Zimbabwe Rhodesia , and Lancaster House Agreement This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ian Smith signing the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience . After the Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) , the British government petitioned the United Nations for sanctions against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith 's administration in 1966 and 1968 . In December 1966 , the organisation complied , imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state . These sanctions were expanded again in 1968 . The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion , but did not re-establish control by force . A guerrilla war subsequently ensued when Joshua Nkomo 's Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) and Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) , supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations , initiated guerilla operations against Rhodesia 's predominantly white government . ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union , the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba , and adopted a Marxist -- Leninist ideology ; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People 's Republic of China . Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970 , following the results of a referendum the previous year , but this went unrecognised internationally . Meanwhile , Rhodesia 's internal conflict intensified , eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant nationalists . Bishop Abel Muzorewa signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to British Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington . In March 1978 , Smith reached an accord with three African leaders , led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa , who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy . As a result of the Internal Settlement , elections were held in April 1979 , concluding with the United African National Council ( UANC ) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats . On 1 June 1979 , Muzorewa , the UANC head , became prime minister and the country 's name was changed to Zimbabwe Rhodesia . The Internal Settlement left control of the Rhodesian Security Forces , civil service , judiciary , and a third of parliament seats to whites . On 12 June , the United States Senate voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia . Following the fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) , held in Lusaka , Zambia from 1 to 7 August in 1979 , the British government invited Muzorewa , Mugabe , and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at Lancaster House . The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution , and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence . With Lord Carrington , Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom , in the chair , these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979 , producing a total of 47 plenary sessions . On 21 December 1979 , delegations from every major interest represented reached the Lancaster House Agreement , effectively ending the guerrilla war . On 11 December 1979 , the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status ( the ' aye ' votes included Ian Smith himself ) . The bill then passed the Senate and was assented to by the President . With the arrival of Lord Soames , the new Governor , just after 2 p.m. on 12 December 1979 , Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia , although on 13 December Soames declared that during his mandate the name Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia would continue to be used . Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December , and the United Nations on 16 December , before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December . Thus Zambia , Mozambique , Tanzania , Angola and Botswana lifted sanctions on 22 -- 23 December ; Australia partly pre-empted this , lifting all but trade sanctions on 18 December , and trade sanctions on 21 December . During the elections of February 1980 , Robert Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory . Prince Charles , as the representative of Britain , formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980 . Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) ( edit ) Trends in Zimbabwe 's Multidimensional Poverty Index , 1970 -- 2010 . Zimbabwe 's first president after its independence was Canaan Banana in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as Head of State . Robert Mugabe , leader of the ZANU party , was the country 's first Prime Minister and Head of Government . Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around Matabeleland . The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ) . The Fifth Brigade , a North Korean - trained elite unit that reported directly to the Zimbabwean Prime Minister , entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting `` dissidents '' . Estimates for the number of deaths during the five - year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750 to 80,000 . Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps . The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties , creating the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( ZANU -- PF ) . Elections in March 1990 resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party , which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats . During the 1990s , students , trade unionists , and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU - PF party policies . In 1996 , civil servants , nurses , and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues . The general health of the population also began to significantly decline ; by 1997 an estimated 25 % of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa . Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the ZANU - PF government around 1997 . Despite the existence of a `` willing - buyer - willing - seller '' land reform programme since the 1980s , the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6 % continued to hold 70 % of the country 's most fertile agricultural land . In 2000 , the government pressed ahead with its Fast Track Land Reform programme , a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population . Confiscations of white farmland , continuous droughts , and a serious drop in external finance and other supports led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports , which were traditionally the country 's leading export - producing sector . Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale . Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008 President Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions . In 2002 , the nation was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant election tampering . The following year , Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership . The Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) went into effect in 2002 , creating a credit freeze of the Zimbabwean government through Section 4 C , Multilateral Financing Restriction . The bill was sponsored by Bill Frist , and co-sponsored by US senators Hillary Clinton , Joe Biden , Russ Feingold and Jesse Helms . Through ZDERA Section 4C , the Secretary of the Treasury is ordered to direct US Directors at the International Financial Institutions listed in Section 3 , `` to oppose and vote against -- ( 1 ) any extension by the respective institution of any loan , credit , or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe ; or ( 2 ) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution . '' Following elections in 2005 , the government initiated `` Operation Murambatsvina '' , an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities , leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless . The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population , although according to critics such as Amnesty International , authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims . On 29 March 2008 , Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a parliamentary election . The results of this election were withheld for two weeks , after which it was generally acknowledged that the Movement for Democratic Change -- Tsvangirai ( MDC - T ) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament . In late 2008 , problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards , public health ( with a major cholera outbreak in December ) and various basic affairs . In September 2008 , a power - sharing agreement was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe , permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister . Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties , the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009 . By December 2010 , Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless `` western sanctions '' were lifted . Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe attended the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011 A 2011 survey by Freedom House suggested that living conditions had improved since the power - sharing agreement . The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in its 2012 -- 2013 planning document that the `` humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009 , but conditions remain precarious for many people '' . On 17 January 2013 , Vice President John Nkomo died of cancer at St Anne 's Hospital , Harare at the age of 78 . A new constitution approved in the Zimbabwean constitutional referendum , 2013 curtails presidential powers . Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 Zimbabwean general election which The Economist described as `` rigged . '' and the Daily Telegraph as `` stolen '' . The Movement for Democratic Change alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts . In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU - PF congress in December 2014 , President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73 % . After winning the election , the Mugabe ZANU - PF government re-instituted one party rule , doubled the civil service and , according to The Economist , embarked on `` misrule and dazzling corruption '' . A 2017 study conducted by the Institute for Security Studies ( ISS ) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy `` the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions '' with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this . In July 2016 nationwide protests took place regarding the economic collapse in the country , and the finance minister admitted `` Right now we literally have nothing . '' In November 2017 , the army led a coup d'état following the dismissal of Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa , placing Mugabe under house arrest . The army denied that their actions constituted a coup . Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017 , after leading the country for 37 years . Although under the Constitution of Zimbabwe Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice President Phelekezela Mphoko , a supporter of Grace Mugabe , ZANU - PF chief whip Lovemore Matuke stated to the Reuters news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president . In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News , calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics , said that at the time of independence in 1980 , the country was growing economically at about 5 per cent a year , and had done so for quite a long time . If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years , Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US $52 billion . Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US $14 billion , a cost of US $38 billion in lost growth . The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3 , 5 per cent per annum , doubling every 21 years . Had this growth been maintained , the population would have been 31 million . Instead , as of 2018 , it is about 13 million . The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease , and partly due to decreased fertility . The life expectancy has halved , and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980 . The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least 3 million Zimbabweans in 37 years . Geography and environment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Geography of Zimbabwe The Zambezi River in the Mana Pools National Park . Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification . Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa , lying between latitudes 15 ° and 23 ° S , and longitudes 25 ° and 34 ° E. It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from Namibia , nearly forming a four - nation quadripoint . Most of the country is elevated , consisting of a central plateau ( high veld ) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m . The country 's extreme east is mountainous , this area being known as the Eastern Highlands , with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m . These highlands are renowned for their great natural beauty , with famous tourist destinations such as Nyanga , Troutbeck , Chimanimani , Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda . About 20 % of the country consists of low - lying areas , ( the low veld ) under 900m . Victoria Falls , one of the world 's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls , is located in the country 's extreme northwest and is part of the Zambezi river . Climate ( edit ) Zimbabwe has a tropical climate with many local variations . The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity , parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter , the Zambezi valley is also known for its extreme heat and the Eastern Highlands usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country . The country 's rainy season generally runs from late October to March and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude . Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts , the latest one commencing early in 2015 and ongoing into 2016 . Severe storms are rare . Flora and fauna ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Wildlife of Zimbabwe An elephant at a water hole in Hwange National Park . The country is mostly savannah , although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests . Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include teak , mahogany , enormous specimens of strangling fig , forest newtonia , big leaf , white stinkwood , chirinda stinkwood , knobthorn and many others . In the low - lying parts of the country fever trees , mopane , combretum and baobabs abound . Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland , dominated by brachystegia species and others . Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus , flame lily , snake lily , spider lily , leonotus , cassia , tree wisteria and dombeya . There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe . There are also many snakes and lizards , over 500 bird species , and 131 fish species . Environmental issues ( edit ) Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife . Deforestation and poaching has reduced the amount of wildlife . Wood land degradation and deforestation , due to population growth , urban expansion and lack of fuel , are major concerns and have led to erosion and land degradation which diminish the amount of fertile soil . Local farmers have also been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns . Government and Politics ( edit ) Main articles : Politics of Zimbabwe and Elections in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a republic with a presidential system of government . The semi-presidential system was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in March 2013 . Under the constitutional changes in 2005 , an upper chamber , the Senate , was reinstated . The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament . Former President Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( commonly abbreviated ZANU - PF ) has been the dominant political party in Zimbabwe since independence . In 1987 then - prime minister Mugabe revised the constitution , abolishing the ceremonial presidency and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president , a Presidential system . His ZANU party has won every election since independence , in the 1990 election the second - placed party , Edgar Tekere 's Zimbabwe Unity Movement , won only 20 % of the vote . During the 1995 parliamentary elections most opposition parties , including the ZUM , boycotted the voting , resulting in a near - sweep by the ruling party . When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000 , they won 57 seats , only five fewer than ZANU . Presidential elections were again held in 2002 amid allegations of vote - rigging , intimidation and fraud . The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on 31 March and multiple claims of vote rigging , election fraud and intimidation were made by the MDC and Jonathan Moyo , calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies . Jonathan Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament . General elections were again held in Zimbabwe on 30 March 2008 . The official results required a runoff between Mugabe and Morgan Tsvangirai , the opposition leader ; the MDC challenged these results , claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government . The run - off was scheduled for 27 June 2008 . On 22 June , citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a `` violent , illegitimate sham of an election process '' , Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run - off , the ZEC held the run - off and President Mugabe received a landslide majority . Supporters of the Movement for Democratic Change in 2005 . The MDC - T led by Morgan Tsvangirai is now the majority in the Lower chamber of Parliament . The MDC split into two factions . One faction ( MDC - M ) , now led by Arthur Mutambara contested the elections to the Senate , while the other , led by Tsvangirai , opposed to contesting the elections , stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe 's claim that past elections were free and fair . The opposition parties have resumed participation in national and local elections as recently as 2006 . The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC - T , which has become more popular than the other group . Mutambara , a robotics professor and former NASA robotics specialist has replaced Welshman Ncube who was the interim leader of MDC - M after the split . Morgan Tsvangirai did not participate in the Senate elections , while the Mutambara faction participated and won five seats in the Senate . The Mutambara formation has been weakened by defections from MPs and individuals who are disillusioned by their manifesto . As of 2008 , the Movement for Democratic Change has become the most popular , with crowds as large as 20,000 attending their rallies as compared to between 500 -- 5,000 for the other formation . On 28 April 2008 , Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in Johannesburg that the two MDC formations were co-operating , enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority . Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain President without a parliamentary majority . On the same day , Silaigwana announced that the recounts for the final five constituencies had been completed , that the results were being collated and that they would be published on 29 April . In mid-September 2008 , after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique , Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power - sharing deal which would see Mugabe retain control over the army . Donor nations have adopted a ' wait - and - see ' attitude , wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts , which are estimated to take at least five years . On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as Prime Minister by President Mugabe . In November 2008 , the government of Zimbabwe spent US $7.3 million donated by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent , except that it was not for the intended purpose , and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money . In February 2013 , Zimbabwe 's election chief , Simpson Mtambanengwe , resigned due to ill health . His resignation came months before the country 's constitutional referendum and elections . Human Rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Zimbabwe This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A demonstration in London against Robert Mugabe . Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe . There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant party , the ZANU - PF . In 2011 , there were reports of 640 corpses having been recovered from the Monkey William Mine in Chibondo . They were allegedly authenticated by the Fallen Heroes Trust of Zimbabwe and the Department of National Museums and Monuments who are leading the exhumation process as victims of the Ian Smith regime during the Rhodesian Bush War . One body was identified as a ZANLA cadre , Cde Rauya , by the Fallen Heroes Trust Chief exhumer . Government Minister Saviour Kasukuwere admitted the remains were discovered in 2008 , but claimed the remains were decades old despite clear evidence the exhumed skeletons still had hair and clothes . Solidarity Peace Trust said that the presence of soft tissues `` is not necessarily an indicator that these bones entered the grave more recently , although it could be . '' Journalists found a body in the mine with ' what appeared to be blood and fluids dripping onto the skulls below ' . The opposition MDC called for research on all violence that included killings of its supporters during disputed elections in 2008 . Amnesty International ( AI ) expressed concern that `` international best practice on exhumations is not being adhered to ... ( M ) ishandling of these mass graves has serious implications on potential exhumations of other sites in Zimbabwe . Thousands of civilians were also killed in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the mid 1980s and are allegedly buried in mine shafts and mass graves in these regions '' , AI added . According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter , food , freedom of movement and residence , freedom of assembly and the protection of the law . In 2009 , Gregory Stanton , then President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars , stated there was `` clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the International Criminal Court . Male homosexuality is illegal in Zimbabwe . Since 1995 , the government has carried out campaigns against both homosexual men and women . President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe 's problems and viewed homosexuality as an `` un-African '' and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practiced by only `` a few whites '' in his country . Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force , such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 Movement for Democratic Change ( MDC ) rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign . In the attacks of 2007 , party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police . After his release , Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms , knees and back , and that he lost a significant amount of blood and hundreds were killed . Police action was strongly condemned by the UN Secretary - General , Ban Ki - moon , the European Union and the United States . While noting that the activists had suffered injuries , but not mentioning the cause of them , the Zimbabwean state - owned daily newspaper The Herald claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators `` ran amok looting shops , destroying property , mugging civilians , and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public '' . The newspaper argued that the opposition had been `` willfully violating the ban on political rallies '' . There are also abuses of media rights and access . The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech . It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster , the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation , as a propaganda tool . Newspapers critical of the government , such as the Daily News , closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their license . BBC News , Sky News , and CNN were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe . In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted . Sky News continue to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa . Armed Forces ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Zimbabwe Defence Forces The flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces . The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces -- the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) , the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) , and the Rhodesian Security Forces ( RSF ) -- after the Second Chimurenga and Zimbabwean independence in 1980 . The integration period saw the formation of The Zimbabwe National Army ( ZNA ) and Air Force of Zimbabwe ( AFZ ) as separate entities under the command of Rtd General Solomon Mujuru and Air Marshal Norman Walsh who retired in 1982 , and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to the late Rtd Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai in 1985 . In December 2003 , General Constantine Chiwenga , was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces . Lieutenant General P.V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army . The ZNA currently has an active duty strength of 30,000 . The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel . The Zimbabwe Republic Police ( includes Police Support Unit , Paramilitary Police ) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000 . Following majority rule in early 1980 , British Army trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a battalion structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces . For the first year , a system was followed where the top - performing candidate became battalion commander . If he or she was from ZANLA , then his or her second - in - command was the top - performing ZIPRA candidate , and vice versa . This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure . From early 1981 , this system was abandoned in favour of political appointments , and ZANLA and ZANU fighters consequently quickly formed the majority of battalion commanders in the ZNA . The ZNA was originally formed into four brigades , composed of a total of 28 battalions . The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army , while unintegrated battalions of the Rhodesian African Rifles were assigned to the 1st , 3rd and 4th Brigades . The Fifth Brigade was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade 's occupation of Matabeleland in what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ) , the campaign which finished off Mugabe 's liberation struggle . The Brigade had been re-formed by 2006 , with its commander , Brigadier - General John Mupande praising its `` rich history '' . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Provinces of Zimbabwe , Districts of Zimbabwe , and Wards of Zimbabwe Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has a centralised government and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status , for administrative purposes . Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out . Province Capital Bulawayo Bulawayo Harare Harare Manicaland Mutare Mashonaland Central Bindura Mashonaland East Marondera Mashonaland West Chinhoyi Masvingo Masvingo city Matabeleland North Lupane District Matabeleland South Gwanda Midlands Gweru The names of most of the provinces were generated from the Mashonaland and Matabeleland divide at the time of colonisation : Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the First Matabele War . This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the Shona people and the Matabele people , although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces . Each province is headed by a Provincial Governor , appointed by the President . The provincial government is run by a Provincial Administrator , appointed by the Public Service Commission . Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments . The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and 1,200 wards ( sometimes referred to as municipalities ) . Each district is headed by a District Administrator , appointed by the Public Service Commission . There is also a Rural District Council , which appoints a chief executive officer . The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors , the District Administrator and one representative of the chiefs ( traditional leaders appointed under customary law ) in the district . Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments . At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee , comprising the elected ward councillor , the kraalheads ( traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs ) and representatives of Village Development Committees . Wards are subdivided into villages , each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a Headman ( traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead ) . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Zimbabwe A proportional representation of Zimbabwe 's exports , 2010 Minerals , gold , and agriculture are the main foreign exports of Zimbabwe . Tourism also plays a key role in its economy . The mining sector remains very lucrative , with some of the world 's largest platinum reserves being mined by Anglo American plc and Impala Platinum . The Marange diamond fields , discovered in 2006 , are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century . They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably , but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU - PF politicians . In terms of carats produced , the Marange field is one of the largest diamond producing projects in the world , estimated to produce 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million . Zimbabwe is the biggest trading partner of South Africa on the continent . Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises , while state enterprises are strongly subsidised . State regulation is costly to companies ; starting or closing a business is slow and costly . Government spending was predicted to reach 67 % of GDP in 2007 . Tourism was an important industry for the country , but has been failing in recent years . The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007 , estimating 60 % of Zimbabwe 's wildlife has died since 2000 due to poaching and deforestation . The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread deforestation is potentially disastrous for the tourist industry . The ICT sector of Zimbabwe has been growing at a fast pace . A report by the mobile internet browser company , Opera , in June / July 2011 has ranked Zimbabwe as Africa 's fastest growing market . A market in Mbare , Harare Since 1 January 2002 , the government of Zimbabwe has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen , through US legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) . Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government . According to the United States , these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens . The GDP per capita ( current ) , compared to neighbouring countries ( world average = 100 ) . Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s ( 5 % GDP growth per year ) and 1990s ( 4.3 % GDP growth per year ) . The economy declined from 2000 : 5 % decline in 2000 , 8 % in 2001 , 12 % in 2002 and 18 % in 2003 . Zimbabwe 's involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy . From 1999 -- 2009 , Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP decrease of 6.1 % . The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000 . The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy . By 2005 , the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953 . In 2005 , the government , led by central bank governor Gideon Gono , started making overtures that white farmers could come back . There were 400 to 500 still left in the country , but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive . By 2016 there were about 300 farms owned by white farmers left out of the original 4,500 . The farms left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime . In January 2007 , the government issued long term leases to some white farmers . At the same time , however , the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers , who were given eviction notices earlier , vacate the land or risk being arrested . Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged `` sabotage '' as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy , as well as the country 's 80 % formal unemployment rate . Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32 % in 1998 , to an official estimated high of 11,200,000 % in August 2008 according to the country 's Central Statistical Office . This represented a state of hyperinflation , and the central bank introduced a new 100 billion dollar note . On 29 January 2009 , in an effort to counteract runaway inflation , acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that Zimbabweans will be permitted to use other , more stable currencies to do business , alongside the Zimbabwe dollar . In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean Dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009 . In 2016 Zimbabwe allowed trade in the United States dollar and various other currencies such as the rand ( South Africa ) , the pula ( Botswana ) , the euro , and the Pound Sterling ( UK ) . After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009 , the Zimbabwean economy rebounded . GDP grew by 8 -- 9 % a year between 2009 and 2012 . In November 2010 , the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as `` completing its second year of buoyant economic growth '' . By 2014 , Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered . Zimplats , the nation 's largest platinum company , has proceeded with US $500 million in expansions , and is also continuing a separate US $2 billion project , despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company . The pan-African investment bank IMARA released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe , citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts . In late January 2013 , the Zimbabwean finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections that is estimated to cost 107 million USD . As of October 2014 , Metallon Corporation was Zimbabwe 's largest gold miner . The group is looking to increase its production to 500,000 troy ounces per annum by 2019 . Agriculture ( edit ) Zimbabwe 's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange , and provided 400,000 jobs . However , the government 's land reform program badly damaged the sector , turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products . For example , between 2000 and 2016 annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons , maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 to 244,000 . Coffee production , once a prized export commodity came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white - owned coffee farms in 2000 , and has never recovered . For the past ten years , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has been assisting Zimbabwe 's farmers to adopt conservation agriculture techniques , a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields . By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance , legume - based cropping and the use of organic mulch , farmers can improve infiltration , reduce evaporation and soil erosion , and build up organic soil content . Between 2005 and 2011 , the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5000 to more than 150000 . Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions . Tourism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Tourism in Zimbabwe Victoria Falls , the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi . Since the land reform programme in 2000 , tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined . After rising during the 1990s , ( 1.4 million tourists in 1999 ) industry figures described a 75 % fall in visitors to Zimbabwe in 2000 . By December , less than 20 % of hotel rooms had been occupied . In 2016 , the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion ( USD ) , or about 8.1 % of Zimbabwe 's GDP . It is expected to rise 1.4 % in 2017 . Employment in travel and tourism , as well as industries travel and tourism indirectly supports , was 5.2 % of national employment and is expected to rise by 1.4 % in 2017 . Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007 . Australia 's Qantas , Germany 's Lufthansa , and Austrian Airlines were among the first to pull out and in 2007 British Airways suspended all direct flights to Harare . The country 's flagship airline Air Zimbabwe , which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia , ceased operations in February 2012 . As of 2017 , several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions . Victoria Falls on the Zambezi , which are shared with Zambia , are located in the north west of Zimbabwe . Before the economic changes , much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side but now Zambia is the main beneficiary . The Victoria Falls National Park is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe , the largest of which is Hwange National Park . The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique . The highest peak in Zimbabwe , Mount Nyangani at 2,593 m ( 8,507 ft ) is located here as well as the Bvumba Mountains and the Nyanga National Park . World 's View is in these mountains and it is from here that places as far away as 60 -- 70 km ( 37 -- 43 mi ) are visible and , on clear days , the town of Rusape can be seen . Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient ruined cities built in a unique dry stone style . The most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo . Other ruins include Khami Ruins , Zimbabwe , Dhlo - Dhlo and Naletale . The Matobo Hills are an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 22 miles ( 35 km ) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe . The Hills were formed over 2,000 million years ago with granite being forced to the surface , then being eroded to produce smooth `` whaleback dwalas '' and broken kopjes , strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation . Mzilikazi , founder of the Ndebele nation , gave the area its name , meaning ' Bald Heads ' . They have become famous and a tourist attraction due to their ancient shapes and local wildlife . Cecil Rhodes and other early white pioneers like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at a site named World 's View . Water supply and sanitation ( edit ) Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe is defined by many small scale successful programs but also by a general lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe . According to the World Health Organization in 2012 , 80 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved , i.e. clean , drinking - water sources , and only 40 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities . Access to improved water supply and sanitation is distinctly less in rural areas . Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP , 2012 or closest year . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) There are many factors which continue to determine the nature , for the foreseeable future , of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe . Three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy , the reluctance of foreign aid organizations to build and finance infrastructure projects , and the political instability of the Zimbabwean state . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has relatively well - developed national infrastructure and a long - standing tradition of promoting research and development ( R&D ) , as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco - growers since the 1930s to promote market research . The country also has a well - developed education system , with one in eleven adults holding a tertiary degree . Given the country 's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources , Zimbabwe has the potential to figure among the countries leading growth in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020 . Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa , cumulative totals by field , 2008 -- 2014 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 20.6 To do so , however , Zimbabwe will need to correct a number of structural weaknesses . For instance , it currently lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation . Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe 's socio - economic development , universities and research institutions lack the requisite financial and human resources to conduct research and the current regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector . The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise ( medicine , engineering , etc . ) that is of growing concern . More than 22 % of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012 , compared to a 4 % average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole . In 2012 , there were 200 researchers ( head count ) employed in the public sector , one - quarter of whom were women . This is double the continental average ( 91 in 2013 ) but only one - quarter the researcher density of South Africa ( 818 per million inhabitants ) . The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe . Despite the fact that human resources are a pillar of any research and innovation policy , the Medium Term Plan 2011 -- 2015 did not discuss any explicit policy for promoting postgraduate studies in science and engineering . The scarcity of new PhDs in science and engineering fields from the University of Zimbabwe in 2013 was symptomatic of this omission . Nor does the development agenda to 2018 , the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation , contain any specific targets for increasing the number of scientists and engineers , or the staffing requirements for industry and other productive sectors . In addition , the lack of co-ordination and coherence among governance structures has led to a multiplication of research priorities and poor implementation of existing policies . Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries , 2005 -- 2014 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , data from Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science , Science Citation Index Expanded The country 's Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012 , after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance . It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002 . The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology , information and communication technologies ( ICTs ) , space sciences , nanotechnology , indigenous knowledge systems , technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges . The Second Science and Technology Policy also asserts the government commitment to allocating at least 1 % of GDP to research and development , focusing at least 60 % of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30 % of their time to studying science subjects . In 2014 , Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals , according to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science ( Science Citation Index Expanded ) . This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries , behind Namibia ( 59 ) , Mauritius ( 71 ) , Botswana ( 103 ) and , above all , South Africa ( 175 ) and the Seychelles ( 364 ) . The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants , compared to a global average of 176 per million . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Zimbabwe Population in Zimbabwe Year Million 1950 2.7 2000 12.2 2016 16.2 A n'anga ( Traditional Healer ) of the majority ( 70 % ) Shona people , holding a kudu horn trumpet Zimbabwe 's total population is 12.97 million . According to the United Nations World Health Organisation , the life expectancy for men was 56 years and the life expectancy for women was 60 years of age ( 2012 ) . An association of doctors in Zimbabwe has made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service . The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14 % for people aged 15 -- 49 in 2009 . UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26 % in 2002 to 21 % in 2004 . Some 85 % of Zimbabweans are Christian ; 62 % of the population attends religious services regularly . The largest Christian churches are Anglican , Roman Catholic , Seventh - day Adventist and Methodist . As in other African countries , Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs . Ancestral worship is the most practised non-Christian religion , involving spiritual intercession ; the mbira dzavadzimu , which means `` voice of the ancestors '' , an instrument related to many lamellophones ubiquitous throughout Africa , is central to many ceremonial proceedings . Mwari simply means `` God the Creator '' ( musika vanhu in Shona ) . Around 1 % of the population is Muslim . A group of women and children in Norton , Zimbabwe Bantu - speaking ethnic groups make up 98 % of the population . The majority people , the Shona , comprise 70 % . The Ndebele are the second most populous with 20 % of the population . The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried . Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years , mainly for South Africa . Other Bantu ethnic groups make up the third largest with 2 to 5 % : these are Venda , Tonga , Shangaan , Kalanga , Sotho , Ndau , Nambya , Tswana , Xhosa and Lozi . Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans , who make up less than 1 % of the total population . White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin , but there are also Afrikaner , Greek , Portuguese , French and Dutch communities . The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000 or 4.3 % of the population in 1975 to possibly 120,000 in 1999 , and was estimated to be no more than 50,000 in 2002 , and possibly much less . The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 ( roughly 0.22 % of the population ) , one - tenth of its 1975 estimated size . Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom ( between 200,000 and 500,000 Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin ) , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Coloureds form 0.5 % of the population , and various Asian ethnic groups , mostly of Indian and Chinese origin , are also 0.5 % . According to 2012 Census report , 99.7 % of the population is of African origin . Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 ( 2002 Census ) , 3.8 ( 2006 ) and 3.8 ( 2012 Census ) . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Zimbabwe http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Rank Name Province Pop . Harare Bulawayo Harare Harare 1,485,231 Mutare Bulawayo Bulawayo 653,337 Chitungwiza Harare 356,840 Mutare Manicaland 187,621 5 Epworth Harare 167,462 6 Gweru Midlands 157,865 7 Kwekwe Midlands 100,900 8 Kadoma Mashonaland West 92,469 9 Masvingo Masvingo 87,886 10 Chinhoyi Mashonaland West 77,929 Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Zimbabwe English is the main language used in the education and judiciary systems . The Bantu languages Shona and Sindebele are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe . Shona is spoken by 70 % of the population , Sindebele by 20 % . Other minority Bantu languages include Venda , Tsonga , Shangaan , Kalanga , Sotho , Ndau and Nambya . Less than 2.5 % , mainly the white and `` coloured '' ( mixed race ) minorities , consider English their native language . Shona has a rich oral tradition , which was incorporated into the first Shona novel , Feso by Solomon Mutswairo , published in 1956 . English is spoken primarily in the cities , but less so in rural areas . Radio and television news now broadcast in Shona , Sindebele and English . Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution , an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages . Refugee crisis ( edit ) The economic meltdown and repressive political measures in Zimbabwe have led to a flood of refugees into neighbouring countries . An estimated 3.4 million Zimbabweans , a quarter of the population , had fled abroad by mid-2007 . Some 3,000,000 of these left for South Africa and Botswana . Apart from the people who fled into the neighbouring countries , there are approximately 36,000 internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) . There is no current comprehensive survey , although the following figures are available : Survey Number Date Source National Survey 880 -- 960,000 2007 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee Former Farm Workers 1,000,000 2008 UNDP Victims of Operation Murambatsvina 570,000 2005 UN People Displaced by Political Violence 36,000 2008 UN The above surveys do not include people displaced by Operation Chikorokoza Chapera or beneficiaries of the fast - track land reform programme but who have since been evicted . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Zimbabwe Religion in Zimbabwe religion percent Protestantism 63 % Roman Catholicism 17 % Ethnic religion 11 % Irreligion 7 % Others 2 % An estimated 80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as Christians . Protestants ( mostly followers of Pentecostal African Churches ) are around 63 % of the population . Estimates from 2005 said there were 1,145,000 Roman Catholics in Zimbabwe . This is about 9 % of the total population . The followers of ethnic religions are around 11 % . Around 1 % are Muslims , mainly from Mozambique and Malawi , 0.1 % are Hindus and 0.3 % are Baha'is . Approximately 7 % of citizens have no religious practice or are atheist . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has many different cultures which may include beliefs and ceremonies , one of them being Shona , Zimbabwe 's largest ethnic group . The Shona people have many sculptures and carvings which are made with the finest materials available . Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980 . Celebrations are held at either the National Sports Stadium or Rufaro Stadium in Harare . The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds . At these celebrations doves are released to symbolise peace and fighter jets fly over and the national anthem is sung . The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe . The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium . Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant , the Miss Heritage Zimbabwe contest which has been held annually ever since 2012 . Arts ( edit ) Main article : Zimbabwean art See also : Music of Zimbabwe `` Reconciliation '' , a stone sculpture by Amos Supuni Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include pottery , basketry , textiles , jewellery and carving . Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood . Shona sculpture has become world - famous in recent years having found popularity in the 1940s . Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rocks such as soapstone , as well as harder igneous rocks such as serpentine and the rare stone verdite . Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore , China and Canada . i.e. Dominic Benhura 's statue in the Singapore Botanic Gardens . Shona sculpture in has survived through the ages and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences . World - renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas , Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa , Tapfuma Gutsa , Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika . Internationally , Zimbabwean sculptors have managed to influence a new generation of artists , particularly Black Americans , through lengthy apprenticeships with master sculptors in Zimbabwe . Contemporary artists like New York sculptor M. Scott Johnson and California sculptor Russel Albans have learned to fuse both African and Afro - diasporic aesthetics in a way that travels beyond the simplistic mimicry of African Art by some Black artists of past generations in the United States . Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad . Charles Mungoshi is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities . Catherine Buckle has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform . The first Prime Minister of Rhodesia , Ian Smith , wrote two books -- The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest . The book The House of Hunger by Dambudzo Marechera won an award in the UK in 1979 and the Nobel Prize - winning author Doris Lessing 's first novel The Grass Is Singing , the first four volumes of The Children of Violence sequence , as well as the collection of short stories African Stories are set in Rhodesia . In 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo 's novel We Need New Names was shortlisted for the Booker Prize . The novel tells the story of the devastation and emigration caused by the brutal suppression of Zimbabwean civilians during the Gukurahundi in the early 1980s . Internationally famous artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa . A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast . Zimbabwean musicians like Thomas Mapfumo , Oliver Mtukudzi , the Bhundu Boys ; Alick Macheso and Audius Mtawarira have achieved international recognition . Among members of the white minority community , Theatre has a large following , with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe 's urban areas . Cuisine ( edit ) A meal of sadza ( right ) , greens , and goat offal . The goat 's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking . Like in many African countries , the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods . `` Mealie meal '' , also known as cornmeal , is used to prepare sadza or isitshwala , as well as porridge known as bota or ilambazi . Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste / porridge . After the paste has been cooking for several minutes , more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste . This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner , usually with sides such as gravy , vegetables ( spinach , chomolia , or spring greens / collard greens ) , beans , and meat ( stewed , grilled , roasted , or sundried ) . Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk ( sour milk ) , commonly known as `` lacto '' ( mukaka wakakora ) , or dried Tanganyika sardine , known locally as kapenta or matemba . Bota is a thinner porridge , cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter , milk , butter , or jam . Bota is usually eaten for breakfast . Graduations , weddings , and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow , which will be barbecued or roasted by the family . Raw boerewors Even though the Afrikaners are a small group ( 10 % ) within the white minority group , Afrikaner recipes are popular . Biltong , a type of jerky , is a popular snack , prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade . Boerewors is served with sadza . It is a long sausage , often well - spiced , composed of beef rather than pork , and barbecued . As Zimbabwe was a British colony , some people there have adopted some colonial - era English eating habits . For example , most people will have porridge in the morning , as well as 10 o'clock tea ( midday tea ) . They will have lunch , often leftovers from the night before , freshly cooked sadza , or sandwiches ( which is more common in the cities ) . After lunch , there is usually 4 o'clock tea ( afternoon tea ) , which is served before dinner . It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner . Rice , pasta , and potato - based foods ( french fries and mashed potato ) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine . A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter , which is taken with thick gravy , mixed vegetables and meat . A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu , boiled and sundried maize , black - eyed peas known as nyemba , and bambara groundnuts known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura . Mutakura can also be the above ingredients cooked individually . One can also find local snacks , such as maputi ( roasted / popped maize kernels similar to popcorn ) , roasted and salted peanuts , sugar cane , sweet potato , pumpkin , and indigenous fruits , such as horned melon , gaka , adansonia , mawuyu , uapaca kirkiana , mazhanje ( sugar plum ) , and many others . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe women 's national football team at the 2016 Olympic Games Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe . The Warriors have qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations three times ( 2004 , 2006 , 2017 ) , and won the Southern Africa championship on four occasions ( 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 ) and the Eastern Africa cup once ( 1985 ) . Rugby union is a significant sport in Zimbabwe . The national side have represented the country at 2 Rugby World Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1991 . The team are currently ranked 26 in the world by World Rugby . Cricket also has a following among the white minority . It is one of ten Test cricket playing nations and a ICC full member as well . Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include Andy Flower , Heath Streak and Brendan Taylor . Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals , one in field hockey with the women 's team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , and seven by swimmer Kirsty Coventry , three at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All - Africa Games in swimming with Kirsty Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions . Zimbabwe has also competed at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis , most notably with the Black family , which comprises Wayne Black , Byron Black and Cara Black . Zimbabwe has also done well in golf . The Zimbabwean Nick Price held the official World Number 1 status longer than any player from Africa has ever done in the 24 - year history of the ranking . Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball , volleyball , netball , and water polo , as well as squash , motorsport , martial arts , chess , cycling , polocrosse , kayaking and horse racing . However , most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level . Zimbabwean professional rugby league players currently playing overseas are Masimbaashe Motongo and Judah Mazive . Former players include now SANZAAR CEO Andy Marinos who made an appearance for South Africa at the Super League World Nines and featured for the Sydney Bulldogs as well as Zimbabwe - born former Scotland rugby union international Scott Gray , who spent time at the Brisbane Broncos . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Zimbabwe The media of Zimbabwe is now once again diverse , having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the growing economic and political crisis in the country . The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression . Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is currently facing less political interference and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional . In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe . CNN welcomed the move . The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media , Information and Publicity stated that , `` the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe '' . The BBC also welcomed the move saying , `` we 're pleased at being able to operate openly in Zimbabwe once again '' . In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive , power - sharing government . In May 2010 the Commission licensed three new privately owned newspapers , including the previously banned Daily News , for publication . Reporters Without Borders described the decisions as a `` major advance '' . In June 2010 NewsDay became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years . ZBC 's monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012 . Since the 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( AIPPA ) was passed , a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government , including Daily News whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential The Zimbabwean . As a result , many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans . Because the internet is currently unrestricted , many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists . Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves `` surveillance , threats , imprisonment , censorship , blackmail , abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news . '' The main published newspapers are The Herald and The Chronicle which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively . The heavy - handedness on the media has progressively relaxed since 2009 . In its 2008 report , Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 151st out of 173 . The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe , including the CBC , Sky News , Channel 4 , American Broadcasting Company , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) , and Fox News . News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country . Scouting ( edit ) Main article : The Scout Association of Zimbabwe Baden - Powell 's drawing of Chief of Scouts Burnham , Matobo Hills , 1896 It was in the Matabeleland region in Zimbabwe that , during the Second Matabele War , Robert Baden - Powell , the founder of Scouting , and Frederick Russell Burnham , the American born Chief of Scouts for the British Army , first met and began their lifelong friendship . In mid-June 1896 , during a scouting patrol in the Matobo Hills , Burnham began teaching Baden - Powell woodcraft . Baden - Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men , rich in exploration , tracking , fieldcraft , and self - reliance . It was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden - Powell first started to wear his signature campaign hat like the one worn by Burnham . Scouting in the former Rhodesia and Nyasaland started in 1909 when the first Boy Scout troop was registered . Scouting grew quickly and in 1924 Rhodesia and Nyasaland sent a large contingent to the second World Scout Jamboree in Ermelunden , Denmark . In 1959 , Rhodesia hosted the Central African Jamboree at Ruwa . In 2009 , Scouts celebrated 100 years of Scouting in Zimbabwe and hundreds of Scouts camped at Gordon Park , a Scout campground and training area , as part of these celebrations . Besides scouting , there are also leadership , life skills and general knowledge courses and training experiences mainly for school children ranging from pre-school to final year high school students and some times those beyond High school . These courses and outings are held at , for example , Lasting Impressions ( Lasting Impressions ~ Zimbabwe on YouTube ) , Far and Wide Zimbabwe ( Far and wide . ) and Chimanimani Outward Bound ( Outwardbound Zimbabwe at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2007 ) ) . National Symbols ( edit ) Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design The stone - carved Zimbabwe Bird appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia , as well as on banknotes and coins ( first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar ) . It probably represents the bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle . The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe , built , it is believed , sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries by ancestors of the Shona . The ruins , which gave their name to modern Zimbabwe , cover some 1,800 acres ( 7.3 km ) and are the largest ancient stone construction in Zimbabwe . Balancing Rocks are geological formations all over Zimbabwe . The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports . They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering , as softer rocks surrounding them erode away . They are often remarked on and have been depicted on both the banknotes of Zimbabwe and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes . The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe , named the Banknote Rocks , are located in Epworth , approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) south east of Harare . There are many different formations of the rocks , incorporating single and paired columns of 3 or more rocks . These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan . The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland . The National Anthem of Zimbabwe is `` Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe '' ( Shona : `` Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe '' ; Northern Ndebele : `` Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe '' ) . It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace `` Ishe Komborera Africa '' as a distinctly Zimbabwean song . The winning entry was a song written by Professor Solomon Mutswairo and composed by Fred Changundega . It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe . Health ( edit ) See also : HIV / AIDS in Zimbabwe and Zimbabwean cholera outbreak Map showing the spread of cholera in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources . At independence , the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority . The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage , access to health care , and contraceptive prevalence rate . Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have an achieved a good record of health development . Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases ( such as plague in 1994 ) . The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s , the impact of the HIV / AIDS pandemic and the economic crisis since the year 2000 . In 2006 , Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure -- 44 for men and 43 for women , down from 60 in 1990 , but recovered to 60 in 2015 . The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV / AIDS pandemic . Infant mortality rose from 6 % in the late 1990s to 12.3 % by 2004 . By 2016 HIV / AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5 % compared to 40 % in 1998 . The health system has more or less collapsed . At the end of November 2008 , some operations at three of Zimbabwe 's four major referral hospitals had shut down , along with the Zimbabwe Medical School , and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working . Due to hyperinflation , those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines . The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge . In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic . By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe 's provinces and the outbreak had spread to Botswana , Mozambique , South Africa and Zambia . On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid . By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began in August 2008 , and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018 . In Harare , the city council offered free graves to cholera victims . There had been signs that the disease is abating , with cholera infections down by about 50 % to around 4,000 cases a week . The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614 compared to 960 in 2010 -- 11 and 232 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 ( 94 in 2009 ) . The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Zimbabwe St George 's College , Harare was established in 1896 by a French Jesuit Due to large investments in education since independence , Zimbabwe has the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70 % . This is lower than the 92 % recorded in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme and the 97.0 % recorded in the 2002 census , while still substantially higher than 80.4 % recorded in the 1992 census . The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe 's children have not progressed beyond primary school . The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government - run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidized by the government . School education was made free in 1980 , but since 1988 , the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrollment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980 . The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe 's education system consists of 2 years of pre-school , 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad . The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December , with three terms , broken up by one month holidays , with a total of 40 weeks of school per year . National examinations are written during the third term in November , with `` O '' level and `` A '' level subjects also offered in June . There are seven public ( Government ) universities as well as four church - related universities in Zimbabwe that are fully internationally accredited . The University of Zimbabwe , the first and largest , was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of Mount Pleasant . Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube ; Peter Moyo ( of Amabhubesi ) ; Tendai Biti , Chenjerai Hove , Zimbabwean poet , novelist and essayist ; and Arthur Mutambara . Many of the current politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in USA or other universities abroad . National University of Science and Technology ( NUST ) is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo . It was established in 1991 . The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of Universities . Its guidance , cultural values is the encouragement of all its members and society of those attitudes of fair mindedness , understanding , tolerance and respect for people and views which are essential for the attainment and maintenance of justice , peace and harmony at all times . Africa University is a United Methodist related university institution located in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries . The institution has been growing steadily and has steady study material and learning facilities . The highest professional board for accountants is the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe ( ICAZ ) with direct relationships with similar bodies in South Africa , Canada , the UK and Australia . A qualified Chartered Accountant from Zimbabwe is also a member of similar bodies in these countries after writing a conversion paper . In addition , Zimbabwean - trained doctors only require one year of residence to be fully licensed doctors in the United States . The Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers ( ZIE ) is the highest professional board for engineers . Education in Zimbabwe became under threat since the economic changes in 2000 with teachers going on strike because of low pay , students unable to concentrate because of hunger and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury . Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe 's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters . See also ( edit ) Zimbabwe portal Education in Zimbabwe Index of Zimbabwe - related articles Outline of Zimbabwe Source ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO3. 0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , UNESCO . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The following languages , namely Chewa , Chibarwe , English , Kalanga , Koisan , Nambya , Ndau , Ndebele , Shangani , Shona , sign language , Sotho , Tonga , Tswana , Venda and Xhosa , are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe '' . The Beaver County Times . 13 September 1981 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Zimbabwe '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Constitution of Zimbabwe ( final draft ) ( PDF ) , Kubatana Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Developments in English '' . International Association of University Professors of English Conference . Cambridge University Press . 31 October 2014 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Results in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` GINI Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia Order in Council of 20 October 1898 which includes at seection 4 thereof : `` The territory for the time being within the limits of this Order shall be known as Southern Rhodesia . '' Jump up ^ Gray , J.A. ( 1956 ) . `` A Country in Search of a Name '' . The Northern Rhodesia Journal . 3 ( 1 ) : 78 . Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia ( Annexation ) Order in Council , 30 July 1923 which provided by section 3 thereof : `` From and after the coming into operation of this Order the said territories shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty 's Dominions , and shall be known as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia . '' Jump up ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder -- Burke , Fredrick Phillip George ( 1969 ) A.C 645 -- Authority for date of annexation having been 12 September 1923 , being the date the Rhodesia ( Annexation ) Order in Council came into effect ^ Jump up to : Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations Action in the Question of Southern Rhodesia by Vera Gowlland - Debbas Jump up ^ Stella Madzibamuto v Desmond William Larder -- Burke , Fredrick Phillip George ( 1969 ) A.C 645 Jump up ^ Southern Rhodesia Constitution Letters Patent , 1923 ^ Jump up to : Moorcraft , Paul ( 31 August 1990 ) . `` Rhodesia 's War of Independence '' . History Today . 40 ( 9 ) . ( P ) er head of ( white ) population Rhodesia had contributed more in both world wars than any other part of the empire , including the United Kingdom ... There is little doubt now that after a few resignations here and there , the army , the Royal Navy and even the Royal Air Force ( supposedly the most disaffected service ) would have carried out any orders to subdue the first national treason against the Crown since the American War of Independence . Jump up ^ Parsons , p. 292 . ^ Jump up to : Hastedt , Glenn P. ( 2004 ) Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy , Infobase Publishing , p. 537 ; ISBN 143810989X . Jump up ^ `` On This Day '' . BBC News . 1 June 1979 . Retrieved 14 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Chung , Fay ( 2006 ) . Re-living the Second Chimurenga : memories from the liberation struggle in Zimbabwe , Preben ( INT ) Kaarsholm . p. 242 ; ISBN 9171065512 . Jump up ^ Preston , Matthew ( 2004 ) . Ending Civil War : Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective . p. 25 ; ISBN 1850435790 . Jump up ^ Zimbabwe , May 1980 / Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs and Defence , Canberra : Government Printer , 1980 . p. 122 . Jump up ^ George M. 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Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwean refugees suffer in Botswana and South Africa '' . Sokwanele Civic Action Group . 20 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Displacement Monitoring Centre ( IDMC ) , Internal displacement in Zimbabwe '' . Jump up ^ `` The Many Faces of Displacement : IDPs in Zimbabwe '' ( PDF ) . Geneva : Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre . 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Tibaijuka , A.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Report of the Fact - Finding Mission to Zimbabwe to assess the Scope and Impact of Operation Murambatsvina '' ( PDF ) . Geneva : UN Special Envoy on Human Settlements Issues in Zimbabwe . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 July 2005 . Retrieved 13 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe in PEW - Templeton Global Religious Futures Project '' . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe in ARDA '' . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe at `` International Religious Freedom Report '' , USA Departament of State `` . Jump up ^ Berliner , Paul ( June 1993 ) . The Soul of Mbira : Music and Traditions of the Shona People of Zimbabwe . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226043791 . Jump up ^ Owomoyela , Oyekan ( 2002 ) . Culture and Customs of Zimbabwe . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31583 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Celebrates 25 years of Independence '' . Konrad Adenauer Stiftung . Archived from the original on 10 October 2006 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Mungoshi '' . Zimbabwe -- Poetry International Web . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tribute to Cathy Buckle '' . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 2 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural Origins of art '' . Archived from the original on 1 October 2000 . Retrieved 6 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` African theatre - Southern and South Africa art '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sadza ne Nyama : A Shona Staple Dish '' . Zambuko.com . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Hanes ( 20 September 2006 ) . `` Biltong : much more than just a snack '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 3 October 2006 . Jump up ^ worldrugby.org . `` World Rugby '' . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Olympic Games swimming results '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 9 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal 2005 Results '' . Archived from the original on 28 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 12th FINA World Championships '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 9 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport Commonwealth Games 2002 Statistics '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Gold , Jack Of ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Africa punching above it 's ( sic ) weight in golf '' . Free TV 4 Africa . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` From Zimbabwe to Hull FC : Masimbaashe Matongo 's ' dream ' journey is just beginning '' . Hull Daily Mail . 17 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe teenager Judah Mazive signs contract to play rugby in England '' . Zimbabwe Today . Archived from the original on 13 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Marinos appointed new SANZAR CEO -- Super Rugby -- Super 18 Rugby and Rugby Championship News , Results and Fixtures from Super XV Rugby '' . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court strikes down repressive media legislation '' . Committee to Protect Journalist . Jump up ^ Williams , Jon ( 29 July 2009 ) . `` Resuming operations in Zimbabwe '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Banya , Nelson ( 26 May 2010 ) . `` Zimbabwe licenses new private newspapers '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` independent dailies allowed to resume publishing '' , International Freedom of Expression Exchange , 28 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Chinaka , Cris ( 4 June 2010 ) . `` Zimbabwe gets first private daily newspaper in years '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` Finally , Zimbabwe 's ' private ' radio station goes on air '' . zimeye.org. 26 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index '' . Reports Without Borders . Archived from the original on 1 November 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ruzengwe , Blessing ( 17 March 2005 ) `` The nine lives of Wilf Mbanga '' , The London Globe via Metrovox . Jump up ^ `` Freedom House 2007 Map of Press Freedom : Zimbabwe '' . Freedomhouse.org . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Frederick Russell ( 1926 ) . Scouting on Two Continents . Doubleday , Page & company . p. 2 ; Chapters 3 & 4 . OCLC 407686 . Jump up ^ van Wyk , Peter ( 2003 ) . Burnham : King of Scouts . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4122 - 0028 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jeal , Tim ( 1989 ) . Baden - Powell . London : Hutchinson . ISBN 0 - 09 - 170670 - X . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Scouts celebrate their centenary in a park that Baden - Powell had visited in 1936 '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Huffman , Thomas N. ( 1985 ) . `` The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe '' . African Arts . 18 ( 3 ) : 68 -- 73 , 99 -- 100 . doi : 10.2307 / 3336358 . JSTOR 3336358 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Review : The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga '' . The South African Archaeological Bulletin . 56 ( 173 / 174 ) : 105 -- 106 . doi : 10.2307 / 3889033 . JSTOR 3889033 . Jump up ^ Landow , George P. `` Great Zimbabwe '' . Brown University . Archived from the original on 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Rocks '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , R. and Sanders , D. ( 1998 ) . `` Adjustment policies and the welfare of children : Zimbabwe , 1980 -- 1985 '' . In : Cornia , G.A. , Jolly , R. and Stewart , F. ( eds . ) Adjustment with a human face , Vol. II : country case studies . Clarendon Press , Oxford , pp. 272 -- 99 ; ISBN 0198286112 . Jump up ^ Dugbatey , K. ( 1999 ) . `` National health policies : sub-Saharan African case studies ( 1980 -- 1990 ) '' . Soc . Sci. Med. 49 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 239 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 99 ) 00110 - 0 . PMID 10414831 . Jump up ^ Marquette , C.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Current poverty , structural adjustment , and drought in Zimbabwe '' . World Development . 25 ( 7 ) : 1141 -- 1149 . doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 750X ( 97 ) 00019 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe in 10 numbers '' . BBC News . 2017 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division '' . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungwe , Brian ( 7 November 2008 ) . `` The death throes of Harare 's hospitals '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : coping with the cholera outbreak '' . 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500 '' . BBC . 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action '' . BBC News . 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe '' , The Times , 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera '' . Reuters. 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency '' . Agence France - Presse. 4 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : On the cholera frontline . IRIN. 9 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain '' . Reuters. 30 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the World 's Midwifery '' . United Nations Population Fund . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate : Zimbabwe No. 1 '' . The African Economist . Jump up ^ `` Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all '' Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , irinnews.org , 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race '' , AllAfrica.com , 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011 / 12 Report ( Report ) . Zimstat. 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Nkepile Mabuse ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Zimbabwe schools begin fightback '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe US Embassy '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe 's schools '' . BBC News . 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . Sources ( edit ) Parsons , Neil ( 1993 ) . A New History of Southern Africa ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 84195319 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Barclay , Philip ( 2010 ) , Zimbabwe : Years of Hope and Despair . Bourne , Richard . Catastrophe : What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe ? ( 2011 ) ; 302 pages . McGregor , JoAnn ; Primorac , Ranka , eds. ( 2010 ) , Zimbabwe 's New Diaspora : Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival , Berghahn Books , 286 pages . Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe 's continuing crisis , with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa ; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse . Meredith , Martin . Mugabe : Power , Plunder , and the Struggle for Zimbabwe 's Future ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search . Orner , Peter ; Holmes , Annie ( 2011 ) , Hope Deferred : Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives , Voice of witness . Smith , Ian Douglas . Bitter Harvest : Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutZimbabweat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Parliament of Zimbabwe -- official government site Zimbabwe Government Online official government mirror site Zimbabwe at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Zimbabwe profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe `` Zimbabwe '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Zimbabwe from UCB Libraries GovPubs Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe from International Futures World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe Zimbabwe articles 1890 -- 1923 : Company rule ; 1923 -- 80 : Southern Rhodesia ; 1953 -- 63 : Federation ; 1965 -- 79 : Rhodesia under UDI ; 1979 : Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI ; 1980 -- present : Zimbabwe History Chronology Pre-colonial Rudd Concession Company rule Pioneer Column First Matabele War Shangani Patrol Second Matabele War Second Boer War First World War Southern Rhodesia colonial history Second World War Rhodesia -- Nyasaland federation Malayan Emergency involvement Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia Bush War 1975 Victoria Falls Conference 1976 Geneva Conference Internal Settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia Lancaster House Agreement Gukurahundi 2008 -- 09 cholera outbreak 2016 -- 17 protests 2017 coup d'état By topic Constitutional Cricket ( to 1992 ) Cricket ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Cricket crisis ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Military Geography Chimanimani District Cities and towns Districts Great Zimbabwe Place name renaming Provinces Rivers Limpopo Zambezi Wards ( municipalities ) Wildlife Politics Elections Electoral Commission Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Land reform Military Parliament Senate House of Assembly Political parties Presidents Vice-President Prime Minister 2007 political crisis Economy Central bank Dollar ( suspended currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Culture Art Media Music Public holidays Sex work Demographics Ethnic groups ( diaspora ) Black Hungwe Kunda Lemba Manyika Ndebele Rusape Jews Shona Tokaleya Tonga White Afrikaners British Greeks Jews `` Rhodies '' Others Coloureds ( Goffals ) Indians Languages Afrikaans English ( South African ) Shona Sindebele Symbols Animal Anthem Coat of arms Emblem Flag Flower Outline Index Book Category Portal Geographic locale Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . Subdivisions of Zimbabwe Provinces Bulawayo Harare Province Manicaland Mashonaland Central Mashonaland East Mashonaland West Masvingo Matabeleland North Matabeleland South Midlands Districts Beitbridge Bikita Bindura Binga Bubi Buhera Bulawayo Bulilimamangwe Chegutu Chikomba Chimanimani Chipinge Chiredzi Chirumhanzu Chivi Gokwe North Gokwe South Goromonzi Guruve Gutu Gwanda Gweru Harare Hurungwe Hwange Hwedza Insiza Kadoma Kariba Kwekwe Lupane Makonde Makoni Marondera Masvingo Matobo Mazowe Mberengwa Mount Darwin Mudzi Mukumbura Murehwa Mutare Mutasa Mutoko Muzarabani Mwenezi Nkayi Nyanga Rushinga Seke Shamva Shurugwi Tsholotsho Umguza Umzingwane Uzumba - Maramba - Pfungwe Wedza Zaka Zvimba Zvishavane Wards Wards of Zimbabwe Largest cities Harare Bulawayo Chitungwiza Mutare Gweru Kwekwe Kadoma Masvingo Chinhoyi Marondera International membership Nations in the Group of 15 ( G - 15 ) Summits 2006 2012 Members Algeria Argentina Brazil Chile Egypt India Indonesia Iran Jamaica Kenya Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Senegal Sri Lanka Venezuela Zimbabwe Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Member states Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Leaders Chairpersons Levy Mwanawasa Kgalema Motlanthe Secretaries - General Kaire Mbuende Prega Ramsamy Tomaz Salomão See also Southern African Development Coordination Conference ( forerunner ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Common Monetary Area ( CMA ) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) African Union ( AU ) History Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR , Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport Market Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa Category History British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Languages of Zimbabwe Official languages Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shona Sotho Tonga Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwe Sign Unofficial languages Dombe Fanagalo Kunda Lozi Manyika Ndau Tsoa Tswa BNF : cb11933830b ( data ) GND : 4049850 - 5 HDS : 3476 LCCN : n80089993 NARA : 10035795 NDL : 00569590 SUDOC : 029018455 VIAF : 128940544 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&oldid=843668086 '' Categories : Zimbabwe 1980 establishments in Zimbabwe Bantu countries and territories English - speaking countries and territories Former British colonies G15 nations Landlocked countries Member states of the African Union Member states of the United Nations Republics Southeast African countries States and territories established in 1980 Countries in Africa Military dictatorships Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : dates Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use South African English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Shona - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing Northern Ndebele - language text Free - content attribution Free content from UNESCO Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лезги لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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Hectare

Hectare - wikipedia Hectare Jump to : navigation , search Hectare Unit system non-SI metric system Unit of Area Symbol ha In SI base units : 1 ha = 10 m The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər , - tɑːr / ; SI symbol : ha ) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares ( 10,000 m ) or 1 square hectometre ( hm ) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre . An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres . In 1795 , when the metric system was introduced , the `` are '' was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ( `` hecto - '' + `` are '' ) was thus 100 `` ares '' or ​ ⁄ km . When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960 , resulting in the International System of Units ( SI ) , the are was not included as a recognised unit . The hectare , however , remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units , mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is `` expected to continue indefinitely '' . Comparison of area units Unit SI 1 ca 1 m 1 a 100 m 1 ha 10,000 m 100 ha 1,000,000 m 1 km non-SI comparisons non-SI metric 0.3861 sq mi 1 km 2.471 acre 1 ha 107,639 sq ft 1 ha 1 sq mi 259.0 ha 1 acre 0.4047 ha Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units 2.1 Centiare 2.2 Deciare 2.3 Are 2.4 Decare 2.5 Hectare 3 Conversions 4 Visualising a hectare 4.1 International rugby pitch 4.2 Statue of Liberty 4.3 Interior of all - weather athletics track 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government . The law of 18 Germinal , Year III ( 7 April 1795 ) defined five units of measure : The metre for length The are ( 100 m ) for area ( of land ) The stère ( 1 m ) for volume of stacked firewood The litre ( 1 dm ) for volumes of liquid The gram for mass Although the law defined the length of the metre , there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre ( and hence the are ) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted . The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when , under the Convention of the Metre , its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) . At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 when a new standard metre , manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted , the are and hectare were automatically redefined . In 1960 , when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units ( SI ) , the are did not receive international recognition . The International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) makes no mention of the are in the current ( 2006 ) definition of the SI , but classifies the hectare as a `` Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units '' In 1972 , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) passed directive 71 / 354 / EEC , which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community . The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM , supplemented by a few other units including the are ( and implicitly the hectare ) whose use was limited to the measurement of land . Many UK farmers , especially older ones , still use the acre for everyday calculations , and convert to hectares only for official ( especially European Union ) paperwork . Farm fields can have very long histories which are resistant to change , with names such as `` the six acre field '' stretching back hundreds of years and across generations of family farmers . Some younger agricultural workers are now beginning to think in hectares as their `` first language '' , though this is more typical of professional consultants and managers than of traditional farming and land - owning families , and in some circles may be viewed as a social class indicator . Units ( edit ) Definition of a hectare and of an are . The names centiare , deciare , decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area , the are . Centiare ( edit ) The centiare is one square metre . Deciare ( edit ) The deciare is ten square metres . Are ( edit ) The are ( / ɑːr / or / ɛər / ) is a unit of area , equal to 100 square metres ( 10 m × 10 m ) , used for measuring land area . It was defined by older forms of the metric system , but is now outside the modern International System of Units ( SI ) . It is still commonly used in colloquial speech to measure real estate , in particular in Indonesia , India , and in various European countries . In Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union , the are is called sotka ( Russian : сотка : ' a hundred ' , i.e. 100 m ) . It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large . Etymologically , the word are finds its roots in the Talmudic Aramaic word ארעא ( araa ) , meaning `` land '' . Decare ( edit ) The decare ( / ˈdɛkɑːr , - ɛər / ) is derived from deca and are , and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres . It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans ( Bulgaria ) as a measure of land area . Instead of the name `` decare '' , the names of traditional land measures are usually used , redefined as one decare : Stremma in Greece Dunam , dunum , donum , or dönüm in Israel , Palestine , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria and Turkey Mål is sometimes used for decare in Norway , from the old measure of about the same area . Hectare ( edit ) Trafalgar Square has an area of about one hectare . The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər , - tɑːr / ) , although not a unit of SI , is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI . In practice the hectare is fully derived from the SI , being equivalent to a square hectometre . It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land , and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership , planning , and management , including law ( land deeds ) , agriculture , forestry , and town planning throughout the European Union . The United Kingdom , United States , Burma , and to some extent Canada use the acre instead . Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements ( e.g. Canada ) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units . Others , such as South Africa , published conversion factors which were to be used particularly `` when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation '' . In many countries , metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units . The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare : Jerib in Iran Djerib in Turkey Gong Qing ( 公頃 / 公顷 -- gōngqǐng ) in Hong Kong / mainland China Manzana in Argentina Bunder in The Netherlands ( until 1937 ) Conversions ( edit ) Metric and imperial / US customary comparisons Unit Symbol Metric equivalents Imperial / US customary equivalents centiare ca 1 m 0.01 a 1.19599 sq yd are 100 ca 100 m 0.01 ha 3.95369 perches decare daa 10 a 1,000 m 0.1 ha 0.98842 roods hectare ha 100 a 10,000 m 0.01 km 2.471 acres square kilometre km 100 ha 1,000,000 m 0.38610 sq mi The most commonly used units are in bold . One hectare is also equivalent to : 1 square hectometre 15 mǔ or 0.15 qǐng 10 dunam or dönüm ( Middle East ) 10 stremmata ( Greece ) 6.25 rai ( Thailand ) ≈ 1.008 chō ( Japan ) ≈ 2.381 feddan ( Egypt ) Visualising a hectare ( edit ) International Rugby pitch ( edit ) Waikato Stadium -- Hamilton , New Zealand The maximum playing area of an international - sized rugby union pitch is about one hectare On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart . Behind the goal line is the in - goal area ( which is also a playing area ) . This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line , giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area . The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres , giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares . Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty -- New York Harbor The Statue of Liberty occupies a square of land with an area of one hectare 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444  ( Statue of Liberty ) The Statue of Liberty , a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions , is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor . Its base is built on eighteenth - century fortifications . The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back ( where the entrance to the statue is located ) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left - hand and right - hand bastions is a little under 100 m . Thus , if a square were to enscribe the bastions , it would have sides of approximately 100 m , giving it an area of one hectare . Interior of all - weather athletics track ( edit ) Hansen Field at Western Illinois University in Macomb , Illinois incorporates an all - weather running track The grass in the centre of a standard athletic track is a little over one hectare in extent Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world . Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size , where funds permit , specialist all - weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior ( as shown in the picture and diagram ) . The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres , as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb . The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m , from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha . The soccer field often found inside is normally 105 × 70 m , that is 0.73 hectares . See also ( edit ) Conversion of units Hecto - Hectometre Order of magnitude Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is a standard high school problem in geometry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BIPM ( 2014 ) . `` SI Brochure , Table 6 '' . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 '' la mesure ( républicaine ) de superficie pour les terrains , égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté '' '' ( The law of 18 Germanial year 3 `` The ( Republican ) measure of land area equivalent to a ten - metre square '' ) ( in French ) . Le CIV ( Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis ) -- Forum des Anciens . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Thierry Thomasset . `` Le stère '' ( PDF ) . Tout sur les unités de mesure ( All the units of measure ) ( in French ) . Université de Technologie de Compiègne . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ FJ Smith . `` Standard Kilogram Weights -- A Story of Precision Fabrication '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Rev. , 1973 , 17 , ( 2 ) . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( Chapter 4 ; Table 6 ) '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement , ( 71 / 354 / EEC ) '' . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` are '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` are -- definition . American English definition of are by Macmillan Dictionary '' . Macmillandictionary.com . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( 8th edition ) '' . BIPM . March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Decrease in total grain yield '' . Grain and oil seeds , area and production , 2002 . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Market of agricultural land in Bulgaria '' . BNR Radio Bulgaria . 5 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής ( Dictionary of Modern Greek ) , Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών , Θεσσαλονίκη , 1998 . ISBN 960 - 231 - 085 - 5 Jump up ^ El - Eini , Roza I.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Currency and Measures '' . Mandated landscape : British imperial rule in Palestine , 1929 -- 1948 . Routledge . p. xxiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5426 - 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT , FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS , AND RURAL PAYMENTS AGENCY ; The Delays in Administering the 2005 Single Payment Scheme in England '' ( PDF ) . National Audit Office . 18 October 2006 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` hectare '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Bureau international des poids et mesures ( 2006 ) . `` The International System of Units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) . 8th ed . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Chapter 5 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 '' ( PDF ) . British Government . 1985 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ MYA / 01 / 008 Agriculture Sectore Review , Working Paper No. 6 -- Agroindustry in Myanmar Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Instructions for the Conversions of Areas to Metric '' . Law Society of South Africa . November 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Britannica , unit of measurement , accessed 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia britannica : a dictionary of arts , sciences , literature and general information . The Encyclopædia britannica company . p. 442 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Oscar van Vlijmen ( 11 September 2006 ) . `` Oppervlakte '' ( Area ) . Eenheden , constanten en conversies ( Units , constants and conversion ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . ' s - Gravenhage and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . p. 156 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ BS350 : Part 1 : 1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1 . Basis of tables . Conversion factors . British Standards Institution . 1974 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ 2.4710439 U.S. survey acres or 2.4710538 international acres Jump up ^ `` Chinese Measurements -- Units of Area '' . On - line Chinese Tools . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ François Cardarelli ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of scientific units , weights , and measures : their SI equivalences and origins . London , Berlin and Heidelberg : Springer Verlag . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 682 - X . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Property Conversion '' . Siam Legal ( Thailand ) Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Law 1 -- The Ground '' . Laws of the Game -- Rugby Union 2010 . International Rugby Board ( IRB ) . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF 400 Metre Standard Track Marking Plan '' . IAAF. 2008 . p. 35 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hectare . Look up hectare in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official SI website : Table 6 . Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( hide ) SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hectare&oldid=817449462 '' Categories : Units of area Non-SI metric units Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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100 acres is equal to how many hectares

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Donovan Mitchell

Donovan Mitchell - wikipedia Donovan Mitchell For the poet , see Donovan Mitchell ( poet ) . Donovan Mitchell No. 45 -- Utah Jazz Position Shooting guard League NBA ( 1996 - 09 - 07 ) September 7 , 1996 ( age 21 ) Elmsford , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Brewster Academy ( Wolfeboro , New Hampshire ) College Louisville ( 2015 -- 2017 ) NBA draft 2017 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 2017 -- present Career history 2017 -- present Utah Jazz Career highlights and awards NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2018 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2018 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2017 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Donovan Corey Mitchell Jr. ( born September 7 , 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Louisville Cardinals . He was selected by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft and was later traded on draft night to the Utah Jazz . During his rookie season , Mitchell was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team and won the Slam Dunk Contest . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) 4.1. 1 Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Career statistics 5.1 NBA 5.1. 1 Regular season 5.1. 2 Playoffs 5.2 College 6 Off the court 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Donovan Mitchell was born on September 7 , 1996 to parents Donovan Mitchell Sr. and Nicole Mitchell . His father Donovan Sr. serves as director of players relations for the New York Mets . He has a younger sister named Jordan . Mitchell was born and raised in Elmsford , New York and attended Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich , Connecticut . Mitchell played his AAU basketball for The City and Riverside Hawks programs based out of New York City . High school career ( edit ) Mitchell attended Canterbury School in New Milford , Connecticut for his sophomore year of high school before transferring to Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro , New Hampshire for his junior and senior years . Along with basketball , he also played baseball in high school for two years , but focused on basketball when he went to Brewster , a move which garnered him more attention from college basketball coaches . He committed to the University of Louisville to play college basketball . College career ( edit ) Mitchell decided to wear the jersey number 45 , showing his appreciation for Michael Jordan , as 45 is the number Jordan wore for his baseball career and during the early part of his first comeback in 1995 . As a freshman at the University of Louisville , Mitchell averaged 7.4 points , 1.7 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game . As a sophomore , he averaged 15.6 points , 2.7 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game . Mitchell shot 46.3 percent from the floor , 35.4 percent from behind the arc and 80.6 percent from the free - throw line . He was named to the First Team All - Atlantic Coast Conference . After the season , he entered the 2017 NBA draft , but did not immediately hire an agent . Professional career ( edit ) Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick ( Tyler Lydon ) and Trey Lyles . On July 5 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a four - year rookie scale contract with the Jazz . On July 11 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas . Later that day , Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas , the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League . In his NBA debut on October 18 , 2017 , Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets . On December 1 , 2017 , he scored a career - high 41 points in a 114 -- 108 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . He set the Jazz scoring record for a rookie and became the first NBA rookie to score 40 points in a game since Blake Griffin in 2011 . He surpassed Darrell Griffith 's team - record 38 in 1981 . Mitchell also became the seventh rookie in franchise history to have a 30 - plus point game , as well as the first to have a 40 - plus point game . On January 4 , 2018 , Mitchell was named the Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December 2017 after averaging 23.1 points , 3.4 assists , 3.2 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 34.3 minutes per game during the month of December . On January 15 , 2018 , Mitchell surpassed Karl Malone for most 20 + points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20 + point game . On February 2 , 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns , becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40 - point games since Allen Iverson in 1996 - 97 . On February 5 , 2018 , Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon ( strained left hip flexor ) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round , then a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine . On March 1 , 2018 , Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February . On April 10 , he set a rookie record for most three - pointers in a season with 186 three - pointers during a 119 -- 79 win over the Golden State Warriors . On April 12 , at the end of the regular season , Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April . In Mitchell 's playoff debut against the Oklahoma City Thunder on April 15 , he recorded 27 points , 10 rebounds , and 3 assists . However , during the game he bruised his foot and was questionable for Game 2 . He ended up playing in Game 2 , scoring 28 points , including 13 in the 4th quarter to lead the Jazz to a 102 -- 95 win . Mitchell set a new record for points by a shooting guard in their first two postseason games with 55 points , breaking Michael Jordan 's record of 53 points . Mitchell led the Jazz to a 4 - 2 series win over the Thunder , averaging 28.5 points a game on 46.2 percent shooting . His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games , behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain . His 38 points in Game 6 ( on 14 - of - 26 shooting ) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series - clinching win since 1980 . On May 22 , 2018 , he was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2017 -- 18 Utah 79 71 33.4 . 437 . 340 . 805 3.7 3.7 1.5 . 3 20.4 Career 79 71 33.4 . 437 . 340 . 805 3.7 3.7 1.5 . 3 20.4 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2018 Utah 11 11 37.4 . 420 . 313 . 907 5.9 4.2 1.5 . 4 24.4 Career 11 11 37.4 . 420 . 313 . 907 5.9 4.2 1.5 . 4 24.4 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015 -- 16 Louisville 31 5 19.1 . 442 . 250 . 754 3.4 1.7 . 8 . 1 7.4 2016 -- 17 Louisville 34 33 32.3 . 408 . 354 . 806 4.9 2.7 . 5 15.6 Career 65 38 26.0 . 418 . 329 . 788 4.1 1.5 . 3 11.7 Off the court ( edit ) During the 2017 -- 18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called `` Rookie on the Rise '' . The docu - series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year . The series is available for viewing on Young Hollywood TV -- a digital network available on Apple TV , Amazon Channels , Amazon Fire TV , Chromecast and Roku . The series could also be viewed on younghollywood.com , Facebook Watch , Young Hollywood 's YouTube page , Twitter and other social channels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Talks Importance of Sister Jordan Participating in Dunk Contest '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goon , Kyle ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell has learned the value of education from his mom -- that 's why he 's going to finish his degree '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Woodyard , Eric ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` New York native Donovan Mitchell cherishes Madison Square Garden debut '' . Deseret News . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . His locker room nametag may read Greenwich , Connecticut , but he was actually born in Elmsford , New York Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Mets executive 's son is high on the Knicks ' draft radar '' . New York Post . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DONOVAN MITCHELL '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell preps for U of L career '' . Springfield , Mass : The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell : Baseball star ? '' . cincinnati.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Christian ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` How a baseball injury led Connecticut native Donovan Mitchell to star for Louisville hoops under Rick Pitino '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four - star guard Donovan Mitchell commits to Louisville '' . si.com . Sports Illustrated . 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` Is Donovan Mitchell Cards ' next star ? '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Varney , Dennis ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Utah Jazz take Louisville 's Donovan Mitchell after draft - night trade involving former UK star '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) . `` ACC Announces All - Conference Team , Postseason Awards , All - ACC Teams '' . theacc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell to enter draft , but may return to Louisville '' . espn.co.uk . ESPN . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Mitchell declares for NBA draft , wo n't hire agent '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Picked No. 13 in NBA Draft , Nuggets to Trade Him to Jazz '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Signs Utah Jazz Rookie Contract '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aulbach , Lucas ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell signs shoe deal with Adidas , then scores 37 points at NBA Summer League '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Genessy , Jody ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell 's NBA career gets off to a very quick start '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA rookie Donovan Mitchell scores 41 points as Jazz beat Pelicans '' . news.com.au. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Rookie Donovan Mitchell scores career - high 41 , Jazz beat Pelicans '' . Sportsnet.ca . Salt Lake City : Sportsnet . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell goes for career - high 41 in Jazz victory '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Jayson Tatum , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` League taking note of Donovan Mitchell 's impressive rookie campaign '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What Donovan Mitchell 's Iverson comps mean for the Jazz '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk '' . NBA.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz guard Donovan Mitchell breaks rookie record for 3 - pointers '' . NBA.com. April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for March , April '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder 's Paul George , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell set to play Game 2 '' . nba.com. April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' I 've got to be smart with it ' : Donovan Mitchell ( left foot contusion ) questionable for Game 2 vs. Thunder '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell 's 55 points in his first 2 playoff games most ever by guard '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donovan Mitchell dominated the Thunder in his playoff series debut '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell , Ben Simmons lead 2017 - 18 NBA All - Rookie first team '' . NBA.com . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Eric ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell becomes second Utah Jazz player to make cover of SLAM magazine '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lourim , Jake ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell has been a star on the court and now in a documentary series '' . Louisville Courier Journal . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sierra ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Gets A ' Fresh Cut ' In New Web Series '' . vibe.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive release Rookie on The Rise '' . vibe.com . May 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . 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The Beatles' rooftop concert

The Beatles ' rooftop concert - wikipedia The Beatles ' rooftop concert Jump to : navigation , search The Beatles ' rooftop concert Aerial view Date 30 January 1969 Venue Apple Corps Ltd 3 Savile Row , London , UK 51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W  /  51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W  / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles . On 30 January 1969 , the band , with keyboardist Billy Preston , surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row . In a 42 - minute set , the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume . Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced , the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January . It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert , but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event . George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician , in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused . Ringo Starr remembered : `` There was a plan to play live somewhere . We were wondering where we could go -- ' Oh , the Palladium or the Sahara ' . But we would have had to take all the stuff , so we decided , ' Let 's get up on the roof ' '' . The audio was recorded onto two eight - track recorders in the basement of Apple by engineer Alan Parsons , and film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance -- including reactions from people on the street . When the Beatles first started playing , there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below , many of whom were on their lunch break . As the news of the event spread , crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings . While most responded positively to the concert , the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues . Apple employees initially refused to let police inside , ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest . As police ascended to the roof , the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down , but continued to play for several more minutes . Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song `` Get Back '' to reflect the situation , `` You 've been playing on the roofs again , and you know your Momma does n't like it , she 's gon na have you arrested ! '' The concert came to an end with the conclusion of `` Get Back '' , with John Lennon saying , `` I 'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we 've passed the audition '' . Set list ( edit ) The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs , including : `` Get Back '' ( three takes ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( two takes ) `` I 've Got a Feeling '' ( two takes ) `` One After 909 '' ( one take ) `` Dig a Pony '' ( one take ) The first performance of `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , and the recordings of `` One After 909 '' , and `` Dig a Pony '' were later used for the album Let It Be . In 1996 , a `` rooftop '' version of `` Get Back '' , which was the last song of the Beatles ' final live performance , was included in Anthology 3 . An edit of the two takes of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' was included on Let It Be ... Naked . There was also a brief jam of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' while the cameramen changed film . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 3 Savile Row , London , the location of the concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans . They did record one more album , Abbey Road , but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded . Several of the rooftop performances , particularly that of `` Dig a Pony '' , showed the Beatles once again in top form , if only temporarily . Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try - out for a return to live performances and touring . The Rutles ' `` Get Up and Go '' sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert , and uses similar camera angles . In January 2009 , tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location , but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems . In The Simpsons fifth season episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' , the Be Sharps ( Homer , Apu , Barney and Principal Skinner ) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop . George Harrison , who guest - starred in the episode , is shown saying dismissively `` It 's been done ! '' As the song ends and the credits begin , Homer repeats John Lennon 's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs , including Barney until he says , `` I do n't get it . '' In the 2007 film Across The Universe , a musical made up entirely of Beatles ' music , Sadie 's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original . It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department . U2 also referenced the concert in their video for `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles . McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater , where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman . News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth , and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set , which duplicated the original Beatles gig . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals , guitar Paul McCartney -- vocals , bass guitar George Harrison -- vocals , guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston -- electric piano Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles ' Rooftop Concert '' . mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 306 -- 307 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums . Curvebender . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Perone 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles rooftop birthday : It 's 40 years since the fab four 's last ever concert '' . BBC . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave . `` 44 YEARS AGO : THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME , ON A LONDON ROOFTOP '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : ' I Want to Live in Peace ' '' . Life Magazine . 7 November 1969 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles ! '' . CD Review . 12 ( 1 -- 9 ) : 80 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Subhajit ( 30 January 2009 ) . `` The Beatles rooftop concert : It was 40 years ago today '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles ' Final Concert , 43 Years Later '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2010 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 9218 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology ( 1st ed . ) . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide To the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . Perone , James E ( 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair -- American history through music . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33057 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Do n't Let Me Down from the rooftop Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . Pepper cover Related media Around the Beatles Beat Bugs The Beatles ( TV series ) The Beatles : The Authorised Biography The Beatles Anthology ( book ) The Beatles at Abbey Road The Beatles Channel The Beatles Illustrated Lyrics The Beeb 's Lost Beatles Tapes The Beatles Tapes from the David Wigg Interviews Everyday Chemistry In My Life Let It Be ( musical ) Rain : A Tribute to the Beatles Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&oldid=836267537 '' Categories : The Beatles 1969 in British music 1969 in London Concerts in the United Kingdom January 1969 events 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use British English from November 2016 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 19 . 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where did the beatles final live performance take place

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Luis Guillermo Solís

Luis Guillermo Solís - wikipedia Luis Guillermo Solís Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Solís and the second or maternal family name is Rivera . Luis Guillermo Solís 47th President of Costa Rica Incumbent Assumed office 8 May 2014 Preceded by Laura Chinchilla First Vice President Helio Fallas Venegas Second Vice President Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Personal details ( 1958 - 04 - 25 ) 25 April 1958 ( age 59 ) San José , Costa Rica Political party National Liberation Party ( Before 2005 ) Citizens ' Action Party ( 2009 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Nancy Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Domestic partner Mercedes Peñas Domingo ( 2006 -- Present ) Children 6 ( 5 with Richards ) Alma mater University of Costa Rica Tulane University University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ( born 25 April 1958 ) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014 . He is a member of the center - left Citizens ' Action Party ( PAC ) . Solís led the field in the 2014 presidential election , and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round , San José mayor Johnny Araya Monge , ceased active campaigning . Solís has a long academic and political career , culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life , education , and academic career 2 Political beginnings 3 2014 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 4.1 Economic issues 4.1. 1 Liquidity problems 5 Political , economic , and social philosophy 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early life , education , and academic career ( edit ) Solís was born in San José , Costa Rica , to Vivienne Rivera Allen , an educator , and Freddy Solís Avendaño , an uneducated shoemaker . Both his parents lived in Turrialba , and as such many residents consider him Turrialban . His family has Afro - Caribbean and Chinese roots , coming from Jamaica to Costa Rica in the early 1900s . Solís grew up in San Pedro de Montes de Oca and Curridabat , neighborhoods of San José . He attended Methodist High School in San José , where he was president of the student body , before studying history at the University of Costa Rica , where he earned a degree with academic honors in 1979 . He earned a master 's degree in Latin American Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans . Solís has held various academic and consulting positions . Between 1981 and 1987 , he was an associate professor at the University of Costa Rica . In addition , he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Michigan from 1983 to 1985 . During this time , Solís worked with the Arias administration and eventually became director of the Center for Peace and Reconciliation ( CPR for its Spanish initials ) . From 1992 to 1995 , Solís worked with the Academic Council of the United Nations System . Starting in 1999 , Solís worked for Florida International University as coordinator in the Center for the Administration of Justice and as a researcher for the Latin American and Caribbean Center , where he analyzed political and social events in Latin America . A writer and editorial writer , Solís has published numerous essays and books about national and international affairs . In the 1990s , he wrote for La República , a daily newspaper based in San José . His writing has been published by Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica , Frontera Norte , Espacios and Global Governance . His writing has focused on civil society , international relations , and trade . Political beginnings ( edit ) While still at UCR , Solís joined the National Liberation Party ( PLN for its Spanish initials ) in 1977 . Solís was an adviser to Óscar Arias in the Foreign Ministry , working on the Esquipulas Peace Agreement for which Arias would later win a Nobel Peace Prize . Solís served as Director of International Relations for the PLN . During José María Figueres Olsen 's time in office , Solís was ambassador of Central American Affairs . In 2002 , Solís followed Rolando González Ulloa as General Secretary of the PLN , a position he resigned from the following year , citing his disappointment with the Alcatel - Lucent bribery scandal that many PLN leaders were involved in . In 2005 , he denounced the PLN for irregularities and corruption during party elections , along with a host of former PLN members . Solís went as far as to call the PLN leadership `` Napoleonic '' and `` anti-democratic '' . He officially renounced his affiliation with the party and returned to academics . After the 2006 election , Solís ' name began to come up in PAC circles , particularly at meetings of the `` ungroup , '' an informal gathering of PAC officials , led by former deputy and former Vice President of the National University of Costa Rica Alberto Salom Echeverría . Ottón Solís , one of PAC 's founders and three - time presidential candidate , suggested that Luis Guillermo Solís run as a vice presidential candidate in 2010 . Luis Guillermo Solis rejected the offer because he was working for the General Secretariat of Ibero - America ( SEGIB for its Spanish initials ) , and employees of SEGIB were not allowed to participate in elections . In 2009 , Luis Guillermo Solís began his official affiliation with PAC . He began attending meetings of the `` ungroup '' in 2010 . Within the party , PAC leader María Eugenia Venegas recognized Solís ' potential and pushed for him to be elevated within the party . Solís undertook several trips around the country to meet with national and provincial PAC leaders . 2014 presidential campaign ( edit ) Solís announced his candidacy for president on 27 November 2012 . In the PAC 's primary , he ran against Epsy Campbell Barr , Juan Carlos Mendoza García , and Ronald Solís Bolaños , winning with 35 percent of the vote , only 110 votes more than Juan Carlos Mendoza García . In October 2013 , he chose Helio Fallas and Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría as his Vice-Presidential running mates . Among his aims , Solís claimed he would clean up corruption , create major investments in infrastructure , and shore up Costa Rica 's universal health care and social security system . He also promised to continue initiatives to keep Costa Rica environmentally friendly . He said that he would `` put the brakes '' on new free trade agreements and would begin correctly administrating current free trade agreements . As such , Solís received a tremendous amount of political support from the country 's trade unions . On 2 February 2014 , Solís won the most votes in the election with 30.95 percent . PLN candidate Johnny Araya came second with 29.95 percent of the vote . Most of Solís ' support came from the Central Valley provinces of San José , Alajuela , Heredia and Cartago . PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís ' victory on 6 April 2014 Because no candidate exceeded 40 percent of the vote , a runoff was scheduled for 6 April , as required by the constitution . However , on 5 March , Araya announced that he would abandon his campaign after polls showed him far behind Solís ; one poll showed him losing by over 43 percent . However , under Costa Rican law the runoff still had to take place , and Solís won with over 77 percent of the vote , the largest margin ever recorded for a free election in Costa Rica . Unlike the first round , Solís earned a majority in every province , including Puntarenas , Limón , and Guanacaste . When he took office on 8 May , he was the first president in 66 years not to come from the PLN or what is now the PUSC . Immediately after the election , Solís thanked Costa Rican voters . He received congratulatory notes from world leaders , including US Secretary of State John Kerry , Ecuadoran President Rafael Correa , Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto , Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro , Bolivian President Evo Morales , and the spokesperson from the French Ministry of International Affairs . For his part , Araya congratulated Solís on his victory , calling for national unity . Presidency ( edit ) Solís speaking in 2014 A little over a week before taking office , in April 2014 , Solís announced the creation of his cabinet . His cabinet consists of mostly PAC members or non-aligned citizens . However , two PUSC members were also added : María del Rocío Sáenz , Abel Pacheco 's former health minister , heads the Costa Rican Social Security System ( Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social ) . Delia Villalobos , another former health minister , heads the Social Protection Council ( Consejo de Seguridad ) . Solís took office on 8 May 2014 , amid festive fanfare . Delegations from more than 80 countries attended his inauguration at La Sabana Metropolitan Park , including Prince Felipe de Borbón of Spain , Evo Morales of Bolivia , Rafael Correa of Ecuador , and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States , José Miguel Insulza . Solís said , in Costa Rican vernacular , that he is taking over a `` weed farm '' ( finca encharralada ) , pointing out growing income inequality and poverty , as well as a national teachers ' strike . Economic issues ( edit ) In 2014 , President Solís presented a budget with an increase in spending of 19 % for 2015 , an increase of 0.5 % for 2016 and an increase of 12 % for 2017 . When the 2017 budget was finally proposed , it totaled US $15.9 billion . Debt payments account for one - third of that amount . Of greater concern is the fact that a full 46 % of the budget will require financing , a step that will increase the debt owed to foreign entities . The country 's credit rating was reduced by Moody 's Investors Service in early 2017 to Ba2 from Ba1 , with a negative outlook on the rating . The agency particularly cited the `` rising government debt burden and persistently high fiscal deficit , which was 5.2 % of GDP in 2016 '' . Moody 's was also concerned about the `` lack of political consensus to implement measures to reduce the fiscal deficit ( which ) will result in further pressure on the government 's debt ratios '' . In late July 2017 , the Costa Rica Central Bank estimated the budget deficit at 6.1 percent of the country 's GDP . A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development warned that reducing the foreign debt must be a very high priority for the government . Other fiscal reforms were also recommended to moderate the budget deficit . Liquidity problems ( edit ) In early August 2017 , the President promised admitted that the country was facing a `` liquidity crisis '' and promised that a higher VAT tax and higher income tax rates were being considered by his government . Such steps are essential , Solís told the nation , because it was facing difficulties in paying its obligations and guaranteeing the provision of services . '' `` Despite all the public calls and efforts we have made since the start of my administration to contain spending and increase revenues , there is still a gap that we must close with fresh resources , '' he said . The crisis was occurring in spite of growth , low inflation and continued moderate interest rates , Solís concluded . He explained that the Treasury will prioritize payments on the public debt first , then salaries , and then pensions . The subsequent priorities include transfers to institutions `` according to their social urgency . '' All other payments will be made only if funds are available . Political , economic , and social philosophy ( edit ) The past generated two different economies : one very dynamic , modern and generally oriented toward international markets , with limited possibilities for new sources of employment , and the other , traditional , which created many jobs with low pay where small and medium - sized businesses concentrated . Luis Guillermo Solís , Plan Rescate , 2014 - 2018 Like most members of PAC , Solís identifies himself as a progressivist . His Plan Rescate , or Rescue Plan , outlines his political beliefs . This plan focused on three central issues : anti-corruption , economic growth , and reducing income inequality . Solís claims that economic neoliberalism has created too much income inequality for Costa Rica . Past governments have avoided collecting taxes on large companies and high - income earners , leading to budget deficits which Solís claims his administration will fix through better enforcement . Banks should not encourage exports at the expense of income growth among the poor , according to Solís . He believes that economic liberalization has generally harmed women more than men because they have traditionally had less access to higher - income jobs . Part of that liberalization , he claims , included ignoring the financial and growth needs of the agricultural industry . Solís supports environmental protections , which he believes Costa Rica has forgotten . As such , Solís believes that water must be safeguarded from private development and mismanagement , something that has caused water shortages in many of the country 's municipalities . Solís claims that he will prosecute violators of the Water Resources Management Bill . In addition , Solís supports increased rights for rights for lesbians , gays , bisexuals , and transsexuals . In May 2014 , he ordered that a rainbow flag be flown over the Presidential House as a show of solidarity with gays on International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia . Solís is a Catholic . As a presidential candidate , he visited the basilica of Our Lady of Angels , home to the Costa Rican patron saint La Negrita , a traditional pilgrimage for many Costa Ricans and tourists . He supports the separation of church and state despite Catholicism being the country 's official religion . With regard to ethical issues , he also supports civil unions , and in - vitro fertilization . Personal life ( edit ) Solis has ten children from his previous marriage to his first wife , Nancy Olive Worsfold Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) : Monica , Cristina , Beatriz , Charlie , Carly , Jennifer , John , Carlos , Diego and Ignacio . Solís is not married to Mercedes Peñas Domingo , but she is altogether considered the First Lady of Costa Rica . He and Peñas , who began dating in 2006 , have one daughter , Inés . Peñas said that she hopes to be active as an adviser to Solís , who called her `` Jiminy Cricket . '' Saying that some of her duties as First Lady are machista , she will nevertheless greet dignitaries and perform other obligations . In addition to public service and academics , Solís enjoys farming . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Romo , Jose Luis ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Mercedes Peñas , la primera dama española y atípica de Costa Rica '' . El Mundo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hernández , Josué ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` ' He vuelto una vez más a la tierra de mis padres ' , dijo Luis Guillermo Solís en Turrialba '' ( `` I 'm back again in the land of my parents '' , said Luis Guillermo Solís in Turrialba ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Zach ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís : ' It 's not going to be business as usual ' '' . The Tico Times . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz de Zárate ( editor ) , Roberto ( March 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera , CIDOB '' ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Barcelona Centre for International Affairs . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biografía '' ( Biography ) . Campaign web site ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerén Catepillán , Pablo ( 18 January 2005 ) . `` Corrales dice adiós a Liberación '' ( Corrales says goodbye to the National Liberation Party ) . Al Día ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oviedo , Estaban ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís : El profesor desconocido que , en tres años , llegó a ser el presidente '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís : The unknown professor who , in three years , became president ) . La Nación ( San Jose ) ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Murillo , Álvaro ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` PAC completa su fórmula presidencial con el exministro Helio Fallas '' ( PAC completes presidential ticket with ex-minister Helio Fallas ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Díaz , Luis Edo. ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a ' cambiar la historia ' patria '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís calls on his supporters to ' change history ' for the country ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sequeira , Aaron ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís proposes avoiding the signing of new free trade agreements ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ name = optimism > Kane , Corey ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Labor voices optimism over new administration , takes parting shots at Costa Rica 's Chinchilla '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica '' ( Costa Rican Map of Electoral Results ) . RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ) . San José : La Nación . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oviedo , Esteban ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís sorprende y entra a segunda ronda con Johnny Araya '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís surprises and enters second round with Johnny Araya ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica government 's presidential candidate withdraws '' . BBC . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solís advierte que aún no es presidente a pesar de retirada de Araya '' ( Solís warns that he is not yet president despite Araya 's withdrawal ) . Prensa Libre ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City . AFP . 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Live Costa Rica presidential election results The Tico Times , 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica Abril 2014 '' ( Costa Rican Map of April 2014 Electoral Results ) . RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA SEGUNDA RONDA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ) . San José : La Nación . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bermúdez Aguilar , Andrés ; Efrén López Madrigal ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` PAC ganó elecciones con más de un millón de votos '' ( PAC wins election with more than one million votes ) . La Prensa Libre ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Agüero R. , Mercedes ; Álvaro Murillo ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Gobiernos amigos desean éxitos y ofrecen apoyo a Luis Guillermo Solís '' ( Friendly goverernments wish success and offer help to Luis Guillermo Solís ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Agüero R. , Mercedes ; David Delgado ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís gana con 1 , 3 millones de votos '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís wins 1.3 million votes ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Oviedo , Esteban ; Esteban Mata ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Solís confía a exministros del PUSC dos cargos clave '' . La Nacion ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oviedo , Esteban ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís recibe una economía estable pero amenazada '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Guevara , Paula Ruiz ( 0 May 2014 ) . `` Fiesta democrática se vivió desde las gradas del Nacional '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arias , L. ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Representatives from 80 countries to attend Luis Guillermo Solís ' inauguration on Thursday '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Graciela ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís : `` Hay un poco de nerviosismo , pero es normal '' `` . Costa Rica Hoy ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ Jump up ^ http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/05/costa-rica-national-budget-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Costa-Ricas-government-bond-rating-to-Ba2-continued--PR_361770 Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ http://news.co.cr/costa-rica-playing-fire-delaying-fiscal-reform-says-intl-expert/63565/ Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ https://www.efe.com/efe/english/business/costa-rica-will-have-trouble-paying-bills-president-says/50000265-3342508# Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ ^ Jump up to : Kane , Corey ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` President - elect Solis ' plan : Balance the budget and protect the environment without raising taxes '' . The Tico Times . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jiménez Badilla , Eillyn ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Me gusta sembrar chayotes , por eso soy sensible al campo '' ( I like growing chayotes , because of that I 'm a simple farmer ) . Diario Extra ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Zach ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Social conservative lawmakers incensed over LGBT flag at Casa Presidencial '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mata , Esteban ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís impulsará Estado laico desde nuevo Gobierno '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís to push for secular state with new government ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Costa Rica 's future First Lady , Mercedes Peñas Domingo '' . Inside Costa Rica . 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Murillo , Álvaro ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` La primera dama , Mercedes Peñas : ' Me pondré las tenis y estaré en el terreno ' '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luis Guillermo Solís . Biography by CIDOB ( in Spanish ) Political offices Preceded by Laura Chinchilla President of Costa Rica 2014 -- present Incumbent Presidents and heads of state of Costa Rica Juan Mora Fernández Gallegos Carrillo Joaquín Mora Aguilar Carrillo Morazán Pinto Alfaro Oreamuno Gallegos Alfaro Castro Miguel Mora Juan Mora Porras Montealegre Jiménez Zamora Castro Jiménez Zamora Carranza Guardia Esquivel Sáenz Herrera Guardia Lizano Fernández Soto Rodríguez Zeledón Yglesias Esquivel Ibarra González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno González Flores Tinoco Quirós Aguilar Acosta Jiménez Oreamuno González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno Cortés Calderón Guardia Picado Figueres Ferrer Ulate Figueres Ferrer Echandi Orlich Trejos Figueres Ferrer Oduber Carazo Monge Arias Calderón Fournier Figueres Olsen Rodríguez Echeverría Pacheco Arias Chinchilla Solís Current heads of state in Central American countries Elizabeth II ( Belize ) Luis Guillermo Solís ( Costa Rica ) Salvador Sánchez Cerén ( El Salvador ) Jimmy Morales ( Guatemala ) Juan Orlando Hernández ( Honduras ) Daniel Ortega ( Nicaragua ) Juan Carlos Varela ( Panama ) Citizens ' Action Party Partido Acción Ciudadana National Executive Committee Olivier Pérez González ( President ) Olga Marta Sánchez Oviedo ( Secretary General ) Leda Zamora Chaves ( Treasurer ) 2014 - 2018 Deputies ( 13 / 57 ) San José Epsy Campbell Barr Ottón Solís Víctor Hugo Morales Zapata Marcela Guerrero Campos Ruperto Marvin Atencio Delgado Alajuela Nidia María Jiménez Vásquez Javier Francisco Cambronero Arguedas Franklin Corella Vargas Cartago Emilia Molina Cruz Marco Vinicio Redondo Quirós Heredia Henry Mora Jiménez Marlene Madrigal Flores Puntarenas Laura María Garro Sánchez Notable Members Luis Guillermo Solís Helio Fallas Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Ottón Solís Epsy Campbell Barr Guido Miranda Juan Carlos Mendoza García Elizabeth Fonseca Corrales Juan Manuel Villasuso Wilfrido Blanco Víctor Morales Mora Jorge Antonio Salas Bonilla Alberto Salom Echeverría Alberto Cañas Escalante Hernán Solano Gloria Valerín Rodríguez Ronald Solís Bolaños Issues and beliefs Christian socialism Social democracy Progressivism Portal : Politics List of political parties Politics of Costa Rica VIAF : 189160567 LCCN : n87939039 ISNI : 0000 0001 0467 6401 GND : 13384739X SUDOC : 129603198 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Luis_Guillermo_Solís&oldid = 800228897 '' Categories : Citizens ' Action Party politicians 1958 births Catholicism in Costa Rica Costa Rican people of Chinese descent Costa Rican people of Jamaican descent Costa Rican Roman Catholics Fulbright Scholars Government ministers of Costa Rica Living people People from San José , Costa Rica Costa Rican politicians of Chinese descent Presidents of Costa Rica Tulane University alumni University of Michigan alumni University of Costa Rica alumni Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sámegiella Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 06 : 06 . 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Power Rangers

Power Rangers - wikipedia Power Rangers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Power Rangers ( disambiguation ) . Power Rangers The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise Created by Haim Saban Shuki Levy Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Print publications Novel ( s ) Power Rangers : The Official Movie Novel Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers MMPR : Pink Power Rangers : Aftershock Go Go Power Rangers Justice League / Power Rangers Films and television Film ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Saban 's Power Rangers Television series See below Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage Games Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game Video game ( s ) See list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series . Produced first by Saban Entertainment , later by BVS Entertainment , and today by SCG Power Rangers , the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai , produced by Toei Company . The first Power Rangers entry , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , debuted on August 28 , 1993 , and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s , during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai . As of 2001 , the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide . Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences , the franchise has continued , and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995 , 1997 and 2017 . In 2010 , Haim Saban , creator of the series , regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series 2.2 Broadcast history 3 Television series 3.1 The Saban Era 3.2 The Disney Era 3.3 The Neo-Saban Era 4 Feature films 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Broadcast 7 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise Further information : List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series , it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series . Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers , able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines , called Zords , to overcome the periodic antagonists . In the original series Mighty Morphin , the wizard Zordon recruits `` teenagers with attitude '' against Rita Repulsa . When `` morphed , '' the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color - coded skin - tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors ; identical except in individual rangers ' color and helmet design . Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength , durability , agility and combat prowess . Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed , element manipulation , extra-sensory perception or invisibility . In addition , each individual ranger has a unique weapon , as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting . When enemies grow to incredible size ( as nearly all do ) , Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord . Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three , with more Rangers joining the team later . Each team of Rangers , with a few exceptions , obeys a general set of conventions , outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series : Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight ( unless the enemy does so ) , nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public . The penalty for disobeying these rules , in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , is the loss of their power . As in Super Sentai , the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series . Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team , while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge . Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series . A Rangers ' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series : civilian clothing often matches Ranger color . History Adapting the Super Sentai series This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2009 ) Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards . Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage , Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English - speaking actors ( either from the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , or the United Kingdom ) spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot ( Zord and Megazord ) battles with English dubbing . In some series , original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production . Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience , the plot , character names , and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage , though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season . Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts , most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart . Generally , the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series ( for example , Lord Zedd , Divatox , etc . ) are not adapted from the Sentai . Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows . The series that began the franchise , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series , Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger ) , began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network . It lasted for three seasons ( from 1993 to 1996 ) . Broadcast history The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise -- beginning with Power Rangers in Space -- used this version of the Power Rangers logo ( 1998 -- 2001 ) . Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001 , and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002 . The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001 . This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc . This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002 , from News Corporation , Fox 's parent company , and Haim Saban . The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with `` FoxBox '' in the United States . Since September 2002 , all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney - owned networks ( ABC Kids , Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide ) . When Wild Force ended , Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand . This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production . From Ninja Storm to date , Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand . ABC Family , another Disney - owned network , also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31 , 2006 . On February 12 , 2009 , Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD , ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States . Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC - compliant educational and informational content in the programs . The Saban era seasons , starting with In Space , have gone under the `` Saban 's Power Rangers '' moniker , up until Time Force . Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010 , this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai . Starting in 2005 , up until 2007 , during its run on Jetix , Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations , showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder . An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7 , 2009 , identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run . Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview , `` ... at this stage we will not be shooting another season . '' A September 1 , 2009 , revision to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia by Disney 's head archivist Dave Smith states that `` production of new episodes ( of Power Rangers ) ceased in 2009 '' . Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment , RPM , ended on December 26 , 2009 . On October 1 , 2009 , Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series . A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009 . ABC 's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28 , 2010 , and turned the hour back to affiliates . On May 12 , 2010 , Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series . The eighteenth season , Samurai , began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7 , 2011 , with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year . It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie . On July 2 , 2012 , it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW , called Vortexx , on August 25 , 2012 , that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy . To commemorate the series ' 20th anniversary , Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2 , 2013 , featuring all of the past rangers from the series ' 20 - year history . On October 1 , 2013 , Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise . In January 2016 , Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018 . The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013 . Television series Main article : List of Power Rangers episodes Variations of Power Rangers throughout the franchise unite . The first series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through In Space followed a story arc called `` The Zordon Era '' with a gradually changing cast and characters over six years . Beginning with Lost Galaxy , although it had ties with the previous story arc , each Power Rangers series had its own self - contained storylines , independent of previous series . Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers , villains , and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy , with a few exceptions . The Saban Era The Saban Era is seasons 1 - 10 that includes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 - 1996 ) to Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) . These series aired on Fox during the Fox Kids programming block . The Zordon Era is Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers in Space . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Season 1 : When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar , Squatt , Baboo , and Finster , are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon , the wizard Zordon , with the help of his assistant Alpha 5 , enlists five teenagers -- Jason Lee Scott , Trini Kwan , Billy Cranston , Kimberly Hart , and Zack Taylor -- to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita 's invasion of the Earth , using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters . Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver , but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side . This season uses footage from Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger . Season 2 : Rita 's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita 's incompetence , imprisoning her once more . His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords , leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords . Jason , Trini , and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland , and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos , Aisha Campbell , and Adam Park , respectively , and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd . This season uses footage from Gosei Sentai Dairanger . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) : When the evil wizard Ivan Ooze is freed by construction work , he takes revenge against Zordon for imprisoning him . As his powers are too strong for the Power Rangers , Alpha 5 uses the last of the Command Center 's power to send them to the planet Phaedos to learn the ways of the Ninjetti from the warrior Dulcea to stop Ooze before he can conquer the universe . The movie , which does not fall into the canon of the TV series , drew inspiration from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Season 3 : Rita 's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers ' Power Coins and Thunderzords . The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor , creator of the Power Coins , for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords , and later the Shogunzords . Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers , until the spell is broken ; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics , she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers . This season uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) : When Rita 's father Master Vile comes to Earth , he turns back time , turning the Power Rangers , and many of their friends , into children . Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile 's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages . Unfortunately , Only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins . The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal . During her journey in Africa , Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal . This series also uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Power Rangers Zeo ( 1996 ) : With the Zeo Crystal restored , time brought back to normal , and Master Vile defeated , the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters . Although Zordon reveals he is fine , he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth , and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them . Billy , who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers , decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery , and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger , Trey of Triforia , but Jason returns instead . Billy soon begins to age rapidly , a side effect from the regenerator , he used to return to his normal age , and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar . This season uses footage from Chōriki Sentai Ohranger . Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) : The intergalactic pirate Divatox kidnaps the wizard Lerigot to open a dimensional barrier so she can wed the demon Maligore . To stop her , Zordon gives the Rangers their new Turbo Ranger powers to stop her . Rocky , however , has been hurt , and in his stead Zordon sends Justin Stewart , a young boy who inadvertently discovers the Rangers ' identities . This film drew inspiration from Gekisou Sentai Carranger and serves as a bridge to the subsequent TV season . Power Rangers Turbo ( 1997 ) : After Divatox 's plans are foiled , she sets her sights on conquering the Earth , with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters . Tommy , Adam , Tanya , and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers , choosing T.J. Johnson , Carlos Vallerte , Ashley Hammond , and Cassie Chan as their replacements , who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger . Zordon also leaves , putting Dimitria in his place . This season uses footage from Gekisou Sentai Carranger . Power Rangers in Space ( 1998 ) : After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center , she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter 's evil alliance in conquering the universe . T.J. , Carlos , Ashley , and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him , and meet up with Andros , who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema . They eventually awaken Andros ' friend Zhane , the Silver Ranger , and free Andros ' sister Karone ( Astronema ) from Dark Specter 's control and ultimately use Zordon , captured by Dark Specter , to defeat Dark Specter 's armies and free the universe from his control . This season uses footage from Denji Sentai Megaranger . Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) : The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture , on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets . When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon , Leo , Mike , Kai Chen , and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions , led by Trakeena . After Leo , Mike , and Kendrix are stranded , Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them . Mike , Kai , Damon , Maya , and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius , but Mike seemingly falls to his death , leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture . Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius ' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers . Mid-season , Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help . Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger , Cassie and is replaced by Karone . They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy . This season uses footage from Seijuu Sentai Gingaman . Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) : Carter Grayson , Chad Lee , Joel Rawlings , Kelsey Winslow , and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers . They are later joined by Dana 's long lost brother Ryan . This season uses footage from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive . Power Rangers Time Force ( 2001 ) : When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison , they travel back in time to 2001 , but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex . His subordinates Jen Scotts , Lucas Kendall , Katie Walker , and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex 's ancestor Wes Collins , as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers , allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him . They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers , who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q - Rex to fight . This season uses footage from Mirai Sentai Timeranger . Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) : Jungle man Cole Evans , Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt , would - be pro-bowler Max Cooper , florist Danny Delgado , and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs . They are later joined by Merrick Baliton , one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past , after he is freed from the power in the present . This season uses footage from Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger . Wild Force featured an anniversary commemoration episode in `` Forever Red '' , featuring the return of nearly every Red Ranger . Wild Force marked a shift from Saban Entertainment to BVS Entertainment in production and distribution and was the last season to be filmed in the United States . The Disney Era The Disney Era is seasons 11 - 17 that includes Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) to Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) . These series aired on various Disney television networks . Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) : Shane Clarke , Tori Hanson , and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe 's Wind Ninja Academy , but when Lothor kidnaps the other students , they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor 's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers . They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi 's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger . aired in 2003 . This season uses footage from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger . Ninja Storm is the first season to be filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) : When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age , Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight , Ethan James , and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers . Tommy later joins them as a Ranger , once more , as well as Trent Fernandez - Mercer , adopted son of Tommy 's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer , who is Mesogog 's alterego . This season uses footage from Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger . Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) : In the year 2025 , the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire 's forces . When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle , B - Squad members Sky Tate , Bridge Carson , and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers . They are later joined by Sam , a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger , as well as Cmdr . Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger . This season uses footage from Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger . Power Rangers Mystic Force ( 2006 ) : The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn , Madison Rocca , Vida Rocca , Xander Bly , and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon , who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds . They are eventually joined by Udonna 's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji , and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow , who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior . This season uses footage from Mahou Sentai Magiranger . Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) : Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston , Dax Lo , Ronny Robinson , Rose Ortiz , and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers , searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor , and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can . They are later joined by Tyzonn , member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria , who has a past with the Fearcats . This season uses footage from GoGo Sentai Boukenger . Operation Overdrive also featured an anniversary episode in `` Once a Ranger '' , bringing back several characters from previous seasons . Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) : The Pai Zhua , or `` Order of the Claw '' , has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years . When Jarrod , Lily Chilman , and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi 's spirit , Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or `` cub '' member Casey Rhodes . Angered by this slight , Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi 's vessel , only to become possessed by his spirit . Mao , who falls in battle , entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world . R.J. later joins them in battle , as does Dom Hargan , a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life . This season uses footage from Juken Sentai Gekiranger . Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) : A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth , leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth . To stop Venjix 's attacks , led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya , the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman , Flynn McAllistair , Summer Landsdown , and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators . They are later joined by Gem and Gemma , Doctor K 's old friends . This season uses footage from Engine Sentai Go - onger . RPM was the last season to be produced by BVS Entertainment . In 2010 , a re-versioned edit of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers aired . During this year , Saban Brands bought back the rights to Power Rangers . The Neo-Saban Era The Neo-Saban Era began in season 18 and continues to present starting with Power Rangers Samurai . These series aired on Nickelodeon . Power Rangers Samurai and Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) : In order to prevent Master Xandred 's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth , Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden , Kevin , Mia , Mike , and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers . They are later joined by Jayden 's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger , who is instrumental in unlocking the group 's Super Mode . These two seasons use footage from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger . Samurai is the first season back under the ownership of Saban and the first season produced by SCG Power Rangers. Power Rangers continues to be produced and filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Megaforce ( 2013 ) : Zordon 's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows , Noah Carver , Jake Holling , Emma Goodall , and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire . They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants . This season uses footage from Tensou Sentai Goseiger . Super Megaforce ( 2014 ) : With the Warstar Empire 's forces increasing their invasion , Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode , allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers . They are joined by Orion , a citizen from the planet Andresia . Super Megaforce also features the return of several previous characters . This season uses footage from Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger . Power Rangers Dino Charge and Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems , entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs , the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first . These two seasons use footage from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger . Power Rangers Ninja Steel and Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 - 2018 ) : The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax , the champion of the universe 's most popular intergalactic game show , who wants the Prism , which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars , to become invincible . The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars , Zords , and Megazords , all made from the titular legendary `` ninja steel '' , to stop Galvanax 's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism , the Steel and the Power Stars for him . This season uses footage from Shuriken Sentai Ninninger . Feature films The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures . The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox , and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate . Film Release date Box office revenue Director United States Foreign Total TV series franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy Reboot Saban 's Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite Distribution Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries , with the exception of New Zealand , where the series filming takes place as of 2009 . As of 2006 , Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets . Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix / Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children 's channels or blocks , either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English . Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands , international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment . Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of ' the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan . Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word `` Morphin ' '' in its title , which could be associated with morphine . The show eventually aired without the offending word . In Japan , many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts , leading to the English - dubbed action sequences being `` re-dubbed '' or `` restored '' back to Japanese as well . Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014 , with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts . After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force , Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워 레인저 ( Power Ranger ) brand on JEI TV . Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts , such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger . Home media This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As of October 2009 , 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , 1995 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie / Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1995 , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation set of both movies . ) The Best of the Power Rangers : The Ultimate Rangers , 2003 ; BVHE ( DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers . The episodes include `` Forever Red '' and `` White Light '' ( Tommy 's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger ) ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2003 ; BVHE Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2004 ; BVHE Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2005 ; BVHE Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1 -- 3 and ' Dark Wish ' , 2006 ; BVHE Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2007 ; BVHE ( The release of an entire season for the first time in the US . ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2 , 2008 ; BVHE ( Volumes 3 - 5 are only available in the UK . ) Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2 , 2009 ; BVHE Power Rangers RPM ' Bandai Demo DVD ' , 2009 ; BVHE ( A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores . Contains the episode In or Out ) . Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2012 ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Monster Bash '' and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Christmas Together , Samurai Forever '' and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1 -- 4 plus The Complete Series ; Lionsgate Internationally , additional DVD releases have occurred ( such as Lightspeed Rescue , Time Force and Wild Force in Germany ) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine , published in the UK . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 , Season 2 , and Season 3 , Power Rangers Zeo , Power Rangers Turbo , and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German , with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German . Additionally , Ninja Storm , Dino Thunder , S.P.D. , Mystic Force , and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK . In France , Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes , and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008 . In Italy , Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety . Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs , while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands . The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available : part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , all of Power Rangers S.P.D. , and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force . Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store , but as of July 2009 , Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available . In 2012 , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases . As of February 2013 , all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes . On June 15 , 2011 , all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix . As of 2017 , all seasons through Dino Super Charge have been made available on Netflix . On March 12 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban , which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers . Shout ! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012 , seasons 8 - 12 on November 2013 , a 20 - year collection on December 2013 , and seasons 13 - 17 on April 2014 . On March 22 , 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu - ray . As of April 2015 , all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store . As of 2016 , Dino Charge became available on iTunes . Broadcast The series originally aired on Fox 's children block , Fox Kids from 1993 - 2002 . When Disney bought the rights to Power Rangers , it moved to ABC 's Saturday morning block , ABC Kids from 2002 - 2010 . During that time , all seasons aired on the ABC Family ( now Freeform ) and Toon Disney 's block Jetix . When Saban bought Power Rangers back , the series aired new episodes on Nickelodeon , while previous seasons aired on Nicktoons . Video games Main article : List of Power Rangers video games See also Television in the United States portal Film in the United States portal Science Fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Big Bad Beetleborgs Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight List of Power Rangers cast members Masked Rider Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Super Sentai Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills VR Troopers List of the highest - grossing media franchises Notes Jump up ^ As the series progresses , one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long - distance travel , as well as individual Zords . In many series , a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons . In some cases , one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not ; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space ( until Operation Overdrive ) . Jump up ^ Public servants ( rescue squad , police officers , etc . ) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM . Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger , the Titanium Ranger , was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series . Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors , violet , and `` Shadow '' , as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called `` Power Rangers '' , such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf . Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver ( a former Green Ranger , White Ranger , and Red Ranger ) became the new Black Ranger ; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black - colored clothing . References Jump up ^ `` Toei Company Profile Toei '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BANDAI Co. , Ltd Global Development '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kerry , Dollan ( November 26 , 2001 ) . `` Beyond Power Rangers '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dumpster '' . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 1993 - 08 - 28 . Fox . Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive , Power Rangers Jungle Fury Jump up ^ Heffley , Lynne ( November 25 , 1993 ) . `` Low - Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox 's Offbeat ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The original ' Power Rangers ' return in 2010 '' . Kung Fu Cinema . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban '' . Saban . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion '' . saban . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buys Fox Family for $3 B '' . CNNfn . www.money.cnn.com . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights out for ' Power Rangers ' '' . New York Post . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIGHTS OUT FOR ' POWER RANGERS ' '' . New York Post . 2009 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Alanah May ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' defeated '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia '' ( PDF ) . September 1 , 2009 . p. 87 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Bandai America Powers Up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line Bandai America '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carugati , Anna ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Video Interview : Saban Brands ' Elie Dekel '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Saban re-acquires rights to ' Rangers ' - Entertainment News , TV News , Media - Variety '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit ; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Power Rangers Samurai '' premiering in February 2011 `` . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company `` The Toy Book '' . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SABAN BRINGS `` POWER RANGERS '' FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Viacom . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney '' . Google News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five - Hour Kids Television Block '' ( PDF ) . Saban . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Carl ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block '' . Radio & Television Business Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW '' . PR Newswire . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW '' . Los Angeles Business . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic New Season , Saban 's Power Rangers Dino Super Charge , to Premiere Saturday , Jan. 30 , at 12 p.m. ( ET / PT ) on Nickelodeon '' . Business Wire . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Power Rangers Dino Charge ' coming in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Power Rangers Season Is Power Rangers Ninja Steel '' . Anime News Network . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Power Rangers : Dino Super Charge Premiere Date and Next Iteration Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate '' . SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` MarVista to sell ' Rangers ' TV library '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market '' . WorldScreen . July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graziadio , Marissa ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' , Reuters , December 22 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 S.P.D. '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of ' Complete Series ' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art , Date , Price & Extras for Volume 3 : Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February : Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers RPM , Vol. 2 : Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store 's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 ' Coming Soon ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Trinnette ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rangers : At a Netflix near you '' . My Fox Orlando . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - ' Seasons 1 - 7 : From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy ' Announced : Date , Cost , Action Figure ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Season 8 - 12 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for ' Power Rangers Legacy : The First 20 Years ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Seasons 13 - 17 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate to Distribute ' Power Rangers Samurai ' '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . External links Official Power Rangers Website Fox Kids Official Power Rangers website ( Archive ) Power Rangers at Saban Brands Power Rangers at TV.com Power Rangers at Bandai Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Power Rangers Hyperforce Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Super Sentai Ishinomori Series Gorenger ( 1975 -- 1977 ) J.A.K.Q. ( 1977 ) Shōwa Period Series Battle Fever J ( 1979 ) Denziman ( 1980 ) Sun Vulcan ( 1981 ) Goggle - V ( 1982 ) Dynaman ( 1983 ) Bioman ( 1984 ) Changeman ( 1985 ) Flashman ( 1986 ) Maskman ( 1987 ) Liveman ( 1988 ) Heisei Period Series ( XX ) Turboranger ( 1989 ) Fiveman ( 1990 ) Jetman ( 1991 ) Zyuranger ( 1992 ) Dairanger ( 1993 ) Kakuranger ( 1994 ) Ohranger ( 1995 ) Carranger ( 1996 ) Megaranger ( 1997 ) Gingaman ( 1998 ) GoGoFive ( 1999 ) Timeranger ( 2000 ) Heisei Period Series ( XXI ) Gaoranger ( 2001 ) Hurricaneger ( 2002 ) Abaranger ( 2003 ) Dekaranger ( 2004 ) Magiranger ( 2005 ) Boukenger ( 2006 ) Gekiranger ( 2007 ) Go - onger ( 2008 ) Shinkenger ( 2009 ) Goseiger ( 2010 ) Gokaiger ( 2011 ) Go - Busters ( 2012 ) Kyoryuger ( 2013 ) ToQger ( 2014 ) Ninninger ( 2015 ) Zyuohger ( 2016 ) Kyuranger ( 2017 ) Related Media Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma ! Akibaranger Power Rangers Sport Ranger France Five Gatchaman Kyoryuger Brave See also Super Hero Time Rangers Strike Project. 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Beverly Hills Cop (film series)

Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Beverly Hills Cop Directed by Martin Brest ( I ) Tony Scott ( II ) John Landis ( III ) Adil El Arbi ( IV ) Bilall Fallah ( IV ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ( I - II , IV ) Don Simpson ( I - II ) Mace Neufeld ( III ) Robert Rehme ( III ) Eddie Murphy ( IV ) Screenplay by Daniel Petrie , Jr . ( I ) Larry Ferguson ( II ) Warren Skaaren ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Story by Danilo Bach ( I ) Daniel Petrie , Jr . ( I ) Eddie Murphy ( II ) Robert D. Wachs ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold John Ashton ( l - ll , lV ) Gil Hill ( l - lll ) Ronny Cox ( I - II ) Brandon T. Jackson ( Unaired pilot ) Music by Harold Faltermeyer ( I - II ) Nile Rodgers ( III ) Cinematography Bruce Surtees ( I ) Jeffrey L. Kimball ( II ) Mac Ahlberg ( III ) Dante Spinotti ( IV ) Edited by Billy Weber ( I - II ) Arthur Coburn ( I ) Chris Lebenzon ( II ) Michael Tronick ( II ) Dale Beldin ( III ) Production company Simpson / Bruckheimer ( I - II ) Eddie Murphy Productions ( I - III ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 1984 - 1994 Running time 312 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $735.5 million Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie , Jr. and Danilo Bach . The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley , a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills , California to investigate crimes , even though it is out of his jurisdiction . There , he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) . Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III . Murphy , Reinhold , and Gil Hill , who plays Axel 's boss , Inspector Todd , are the only actors who appear in all three films . Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series . The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures . The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office . Following a failed attempt at a television series based on the films , Paramount decided to produce another film with a currently unknown release date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Unaired television pilot 1.3 Cast and characters 1.4 Music 1.5 Future 2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical and public reaction 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Axel Foley ( Eddie Murphy ) is introduced as a Detroit cop who , after the murder of his friend , travels to California to investigate and track down the killer ( s ) , who he believes operate an arts dealership as a cover in Beverly Hills . He teams up with two reluctant detectives , Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , from the Beverly Hills police department who were supposed to keep a watch on him , especially after seeing Foley 's different approach to tackling the situations which were considered unacceptable by the chief of police . Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills , after finding out that Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) was shot . He once again teams up with Detective Billy Rosewood and Sgt . John Taggart , who , reluctantly and against incompetent and verbally abusive Police Chief Harold Lutz 's ( Allen Garfield ) orders , help Foley to find out the person responsible for Bogomil 's shooting . Axel , Billy , and John soon discover that the alphabet crimes , a series of felonies ( robberies and Bogomil 's shooting ) that have been going on in the area , are masterminded by weapons kingpin Maxwell Dent ( Jürgen Prochnow ) . With this information , Axel , Billy , and Taggart try to find Dent and his lover , Karla Fry ( Brigitte Nielsen ) , ( who had shot Bogomil ) . Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills once again . During an assignment , his boss , Inspector Todd ( Gil Hill ) is killed , and certain evidence points towards an amusement park called `` Wonderworld '' . Upon arriving in Beverly Hills , Axel looks up his old friend Billy Rosewood who has attained the title of DDOJSIOC ( Deputy Director of Joint Special Inter Operational Command ) . Bogomil and Taggart have retired and a new detective called Jon Flint ( Hector Elizondo ) is Rosewood 's new partner . Unaired television pilot ( edit ) CBS ordered a pilot with Brandon T. Jackson starring as Axel Foley 's son , Aaron . The hour long crime drama was produced by the critically acclaimed writer Shawn Ryan who created The Shield and The Chicago Code . In January 2013 , Ryan stated , `` It 's going to be a CBS procedural . We 're going to solve a case every week , but we 're going to do it with a lot of humor and a lot of fun . And I would say the stealth thing I would like to get in is , in a day and age when income inequality and class inequities dominate a lot of the country , this is going to be an opportunity to put a young working - class kid in Detroit in the middle of Beverly Hills , you can do a lot of stealth social commentary . My approach is to update it and make it feel modern and 2013 . The pilot opens with a 4 - 5 minute sequence which I think is really harrowing and really dangerous , that would be something that you might have seen on Chicago Code or The Shield . I want it to feel grounded in that way . There 'll be some opportunities for laughs after that . It 's not a laughs come first show . '' In February 2013 , Kevin Pollak was cast as Rodney Daloof , an irritating and incredibly risk - averse in - house attorney for the Beverly Hills Police Department . David Denman was cast as Brad , an honest and likable but socially awkward detective , formerly a baseball player and a musician . Director Barry Sonnenfeld agreed to both direct the Beverly Hills Cop pilot and serve as an executive producer . In May 2013 , CBS decided to pass on the Beverly Hills Cop TV series . In August 2013 , Brandon T. Jackson give his reason about the pass : I think we were very edgy for CBS . I think we were the edgiest as you could 've went for CBS . It would have been like a ' Fresh Prince ' thing on CBS , like the edgiest you can go on network TV . But it does n't agree to our franchise man . '' In February 2015 , Eddie Murphy stated that his cameo appearance in the pilot ironically doomed the show 's chances : `` I was gon na be in the pilot , and they thought I should be recurring . I 'm not gon na do Beverly Hills Cop on TV . I remember when they tested it -- they had this little knob that you turn if you like it or you do n't like it . So when Axel shows up in the pilot , some people turned the knob so much , they broke it . So the network decided ' if he is n't recurring , then this is n't gon na happen . ' So it did n't happen . '' In a January 2016 interview , Shawn Ryan blamed personality clashes with the network : `` The official answer is they decided they liked other pilots better . If you look at what pilots they picked up that year , I think that 's kind of incredible . I would say there were a lot of 400 lb . gorillas involved in the show and sometimes the gorillas do n't always get along . '' . He also said that he was very proud of the pilot and loved working with Murphy . During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Films Beverly Hills Cop Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop III Axel Foley Eddie Murphy Billy Rosewood Judge Reinhold Jenny Summers Lisa Eilbacher John Taggart John Ashton Andrew Bogomil Ronny Cox G. Douglas Todd Gil Hill Serge Bronson Pinchot Bronson Pinchot Jeffrey Friedman Paul Reiser Jon Flint Héctor Elizondo Music ( edit ) There is a recurring instrumental theme throughout the film series called `` Axel F '' , which was composed by Harold Faltermeyer . The theme became popular with audiences , and has been remixed by Crazy Frog . A new version of the theme was created for Beverly Hills Cop III , with Faltermeyer not returning for the film . Future ( edit ) A fourth entry in the series was initially announced for release in the mid-1990s , under the production of Eddie Murphy 's own production company `` Eddie Murphy Productions '' , though production later fizzled out . It was re-announced in 2006 , when producer Jerry Bruckheimer announced his intention to resurrect the film series , though he eventually gave up his option to produce the film , instead passing production duties to Lorenzo di Bonaventura . In September 2006 a script , an amalgamation of several earlier drafts , was presented to Murphy who was reported to be `` very happy '' with the outline which was described as an attempt to recapture the `` feel of the original '' . Murphy admitted one of his motivations for making a fourth Beverly Hills Cop film was to make up for the fact that the third film was `` horrible '' and that `` he did n't want to leave ( the series ) like that '' . In May 2008 , Rush Hour director Brett Ratner was officially named director , who promised the film would return under the series ' standard `` R '' rating , rather than as a rumored watered down PG - 13 . Michael Brandt and Derek Haas were hired as screenwriters to improve on the existing script in July 2008 and completed a new script , under the working title Beverly Hills Cop 2009 , which would see Foley return to Beverly Hills to investigate the murder of his friend Billy Rosewood . The script was eventually rejected , leaving Ratner to work on a new idea . In an interview with Empire magazine , Ratner stated `` I 'm working very hard on the fourth . It 's very difficult , especially since there were three before . We 're trying to figure out some important things , like where do we start ? Is Axel retired ? Is he in Beverly Hills ? Is he on vacation ? Does Judge Reinhold return as the loveable Billy Rosewood ? Many questions to figure out , but I 'm hoping to have a script before film disappears from our existence . '' Although Murphy himself committed to the project , it was unconfirmed whether the series ' other principal actors , Judge Reinhold , John Ashton , Ronny Cox or Bronson Pinchot would also return , though Ratner stated in late 2009 that he was trying to convince Reinhold and Ashton to reprise their roles . Harold Faltermeyer 's `` Axel F '' , however , would definitely be returning for the proposed fourth installment , with Ratner quoted as saying `` It 'll be back but it 'll be a whole new interpretation . '' On November 15 , 2010 , Ratner stated in an interview with MTV that there was still a possibility that they will make a fourth film , but that it would n't be `` anytime soon . '' In October 2011 , Murphy discussed a possible fourth film , stating , `` They 're not doing it . What I 'm trying to do now is produce a TV show starring Axel Foley 's son , and Axel is the chief of police now in Detroit . I 'd do the pilot , show up here and there . None of the movie scripts were right ; it was trying to force the premise . If you have to force something , you should n't be doing it . It was always a rehash of the old thing . It was always wrong . '' During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . On September 13 , 2013 , Jerry Bruckheimer , stated he was in talks to produce . On December 6 , 2013 , it was announced that Eddie Murphy will again reprise the role of Axel Foley and Brett Ratner will direct . On May 2 , 2014 , Deadline announced that screenwriters Josh Appelbaum and Andre Nemec would be penning the screenplay . On June 27 , 2014 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , Murphy discussed returning to the edgier type character of Axel Foley after years of making family friendly films . `` I have n't done a street guy , working class , blue - collar character in ages so maybe it 's like , ' Oh , wow , I did n't remember he was able to do that , ' '' Murphy said . According to studio reports on the film 's plot , Foley will return to Detroit after leaving his job in Beverly Hills and he will be faced with the coldest winter on record to navigate the new rules and old enemies of one of America 's most tenacious cities . The state of Michigan approved $13.5 million in film incentives , based on an estimated $56.6 million of filmmaker spending in the state . The film will be shot in and around Detroit and is estimated to provide jobs for 352 workers . The film was originally scheduled for a March 25 , 2016 release , but on May 6 , 2015 , Paramount Pictures pulled Beverly Hills Cop IV from its release schedule , due to script concerns . On June 14 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah , directors of the Belgian drama Black , would direct the film . In January 2017 , it was revealed that a new entry in the franchise will commence filming in June 2017 with Eddie Murphy reprising his role as Axel Foley , and Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah as directors . Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writer ( s ) Composer Editor Cinematographer Beverly Hills Cop Martin Brest Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer screenplay : Daniel Petrie , Jr . story : Danilo Bach Daniel Petrie , Jr . Harold Faltermeyer Arthur Coburn Billy Weber Bruce Surtees Beverly Hills Cop II Tony Scott screenplay : Larry Ferguson story : Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Jeffrey L. Kimball Beverly Hills Cop III John Landis Mace Neufeld Robert Rehme Steven E. de Souza Nile Rodgers Dale Beldin Mac Ahlberg Beverly Hills Cop IV Adil El Arbi Bilall Fallah Jerry Bruckheimer Eddie Murphy Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Dante Spinotti Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference United States Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide Beverly Hills Cop December 5 , 1984 $234,760,478 $80,600,000 $316,360,478 # 61 # 39 # 193 $15,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop II May 20 , 1987 $153,665,036 $146,300,000 $299,965,036 # 178 # 157 # 216 $20,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop III May 25 , 1994 $42,614,912 $76,594,077 $119,208,989 # 1,305 $50,000,000 Total $431,040,426 $304,494,077 $735,534,503 $85,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metascore CinemaScore Beverly Hills Cop 83 % ( 42 reviews ) 64 ( 10 reviews ) N / A Beverly Hills Cop II 46 % ( 26 reviews ) 48 ( 11 reviews ) A - Beverly Hills Cop III 10 % ( 49 reviews ) 16 ( 15 reviews ) Accolades ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop Academy Awards nominated for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) - Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . British Academy Film Awards Nominated for Best Score - Harold Faltermeyer Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy - Eddie Murphy Beverly Hills Cop II Academy Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey and Bob Seger Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey , and Bob Seger Golden Raspberry Awards Winner for Worst Original Song for `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael Beverly Hills Cop III Golden Raspberry Awards Nominated for Worst Director - John Landis Nominated for Worst Remake or Sequel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 10 , 1984 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP III ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 13 , 1994 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murphy Resurrects Classic Character '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , THE DEADLINE TEAM ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Starring Eddie Murphy For Spring 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Brandon T. Jackson to Play Eddie Murphy 's Son in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Lands Shawn Ryan and Eddie Murphy 's ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` ' Last Resort ' co-creator Shawn Ryan on the series finale , ' Beverly Hills Cop ' and more '' . Hitfix . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Pollak to Co-Star in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` David Denman Cast In ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot , Donal Logue Joins ' Copper ' Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Barry Sonnenfeld To Direct CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` CBS Rejects ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot as Producers Explore Options '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Duncan , JJ ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Zimbio Exclusive Interview : Brandon T. Jackson Talks ' Percy Jackson , ' Stand - Up , and Working with Eddie Murphy '' . Zimbio . Livingly Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Repanich , Jeremy ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Playboy Conversation : Eddie Murphy '' . Playboy . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jester McGree ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Shawn Ryan on Remaking the Best Show You 've Never Heard Of < < Movie & TV News and Interviews -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Editorial.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop'soundtrack '' . Soundtrack Collector . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog `` Axel F '' `` . Fetchfido . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Soundtrack '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Ratner offers Beverly Hills Cop 4 Update '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy Back for Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Coming Soon . November 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( November 29 , 2006 ) . `` Murphy back for more ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop IV ! '' . Cinematical . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop 4 finally underway ? '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Quashes Retirement Rumours '' . MTV Movies . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Third ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Was So Horrible ' '' . MTV . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Axel to keep it real ! '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' May Be Geared Towards Kids , Says Brett Ratner '' . MTV Movies . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jamie ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Writers Attached To Beverly Hills Cop 4 '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Axel Foley smells a rat '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Ashton in Cop 4 ! ? '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Axel F Tune Will Be Back For Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Internet Movie Database . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Eddie Murphy , Brett Ratner Still Hoping For Fourth ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Shrek 's Donkey Done For ? The Klumps Killed Off ? Eddie Murphy Ready to Get Raw Again '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : Jerry Bruckheimer And Paramount Ink First - Look Deal ; Brett Ratner Attached To Direct ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Will Be Back in Detroit for ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount postpones ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Detroit Free - Press . Gannett Company . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` BEVERLY HILLS COP 4 Pulled From Paramount 's Release Schedule '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Lands Adil El Arbi & Bilall Fallah To Direct Eddie Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Luca ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . `` A New Beverly Hills Cop Film Is Going Into Production This Summer '' . All The Stuff You Care About . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' moves forward with Eddie Murphy '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_(film_series)&oldid=823262000 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series American action comedy films Beverly Hills Cop Comedy films by series Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Film series introduced in 1984 Films set in Beverly Hills , California Paramount franchises American film series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 05 : 09 . 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List of Wimbledon ladies' singles champions

List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions - wikipedia List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles Champions Location London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC / LTA Created 1884 ( established ) Open Era : 1968 ( 51 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1884 -- Present ) Prize money £ 2,000,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy Venus Rosewater Dish Website aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html Most titles Amateur era 7 : Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( challenge round ) 8 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 9 : Martina Navratilova Most consecutive titles Amateur era 3 : Lottie Dod Suzanne Lenglen ( challenge round ) 4 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 6 : Martina Navratilova Current champion Angelique Kerber ( 1st singles title ) The Championships , Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London , United Kingdom . The Ladies ' Singles was started in 1884 . Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Amateur Era 2.2 Open Era 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Championships by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July ( though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017 ) , and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987 . The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The Ladies ' Singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1886 until 1921 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All Comers ' Singles , whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All Comers ' winner was automatically awarded the title six times ( 1887 , 1891 , 1895 , 1907 , 1908 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition . Since the first championships , all matches have been played at the best - of - three sets . Between 1877 and 1883 , the winner of the next game at five games - all took the set in every match except the All Comers ' final , and the challenge round , which were won with six games and a two games advantage . All sets were decided in two - game advantage format from 1884 to 1970 . The lingering death best - of - 12 points tie - break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets , played at eight games - all until 1978 and at six games - all since 1979 . The Ladies ' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the `` Venus Rosewater Dish '' , or simply the `` Rosewater Dish '' . The salver , which is 18.75 inches ( about 48 cm ) in diameter , is decorated with figures from mythology . New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club 's committee . In 2012 , the Ladies ' Singles winner received prize money of £ 1,150,000 . These records include the Amateur Era only , Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1903 -- 1904 , 1906 , 1910 -- 1911 , 1913 -- 1914 ) holds the record for most titles , with seven , and Lottie Dod ( 1891 -- 1893 ) and Suzanne Lenglen ( 1919 -- 1921 ) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies ' Singles during the challenge round era , with three victories each . The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody ( 1927 -- 1930 ) , with four straight wins , and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight ( 1927 -- 1930 , 1932 -- 1933 , 1935 , 1938 ) . These records only include the Open Era , since the inclusion of the professional tennis players , Martina Navratilova ( 1978 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1987 , 1990 ) holds the record for most victories with nine . Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six ( 1982 -- 1987 ) . This event has been won without the loss of a set , during the Open Era of Tennis , by the following players : Billie Jean King in 1968 , 1972 , 1973 and 1975 , Margaret Court in 1970 , Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980 , Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981 , Martina Navratilova in 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , and 1990 , Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996 , Jana Novotná in 1998 , Lindsay Davenport in 1999 , Venus Williams in 2000 , 2007 and 2008 , Serena Williams in 2002 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 and 2016 , Maria Sharapova in 2004 , Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013 . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ Amateur Era ( edit ) Lottie Dod was a five - time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies ' singles championships ( 15 years and 285 days ) . Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five - time champion and is the oldest ladies ' singles champion ( 37 year and 282 days ) . Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven - time champion between 1903 and 1914 . Suzanne Lenglen was a six - time champion . Helen Wills Moody was an eight - time champion between 1927 and 1938 . Maureen Connolly competed in 1952 , 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions . Althea Gibson won the title in 1957 , the first tennis player of colour to do so , and successfully defended her title in 1958 . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1884 BRI Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10 -- 8 , 4 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Open Era ( edit ) Billie Jean King is a six - time champion overall and a four - time champion in the open era . Martina Navratilova is a nine - time singles champion , an all - time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women ( Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times ) . She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987 . Steffi Graf is a seven - time champion over a nine - year period from 1988 to 1996 . Serena Williams is a seven - time champion . Venus Williams is a five - time champion . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14 -- 12 , 11 -- 9 1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1978 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH Hana Mandlíková 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 USA Martina Navratilova FRG Steffi Graf 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1988 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Martina Navratilova ( USA ) 0 9 9 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 Helen Wills Moody ( USA ) 8 0 8 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1938 Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( UK ) 7 0 7 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 Steffi Graf ( GER ) 0 7 7 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 Serena Williams ( USA ) 0 7 7 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Blanche Bingley ( UK ) 6 0 6 1886 , 1889 , 1894 , 1897 , 1899 , 1900 Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) 6 0 6 1919 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1925 Billie Jean King ( USA ) 6 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( UK ) 5 0 5 1895 , 1896 , 1898 , 1901 , 1908 Lottie Dod ( UK ) 5 0 5 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 Venus Williams ( USA ) 0 5 5 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Louise Brough Clapp ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1955 Maureen Connolly ( USA ) 0 1952 , 1953 , 1954 Maria Bueno ( BRA ) 0 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Margaret Court ( AUS ) 1963 , 1965 , 1970 Chris Evert ( USA ) 0 1974 , 1976 , 1981 Althea Gibson ( USA ) 0 1957 , 1958 Dorothy Round ( UK ) 0 1934 , 1937 Kitty McKane Godfree ( UK ) 0 1924 , 1926 May Sutton Bundy ( USA ) 0 1905 , 1907 Maud Watson ( UK ) 0 1884 , 1885 Evonne Goolagong Cawley ( AUS ) 0 1971 , 1980 Petra Kvitová ( CZE ) 0 2011 , 2014 Championships by Country ( edit ) The Ladies ' Singles plate ( right ) with the Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ) . Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States ( USA ) 28 29 57 1905 2016 United Kingdom ( UK ) 34 36 1884 1977 Germany ( GER ) 8 9 1931 2018 France ( FRA ) 6 8 1919 2013 Australia ( AUS ) 5 1963 1980 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1959 1964 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 1998 2014 Spain ( ESP ) 0 1994 2017 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 1997 1997 Russia ( RUS ) 0 See also ( edit ) Wimbledon Open other competitions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's doubles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' doubles champions List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions Grand Slam women 's singles List of Australian Open women 's singles champions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of US Open women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Since 2009 , Centre Court features a retractable roof , allowing indoor and night - time play . Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981 , because of his on - court behaviour during the championships . Each year is linked to an article about that particular year 's draws , but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system . In 1922 till the present they do have draws , but the years of 1925 -- 1939 do not have draw pages with links , so it is linked to the year 's articles instead . `` British Isles '' ( BRI ) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , distinct from `` Great Britain '' ( GBR ) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I . The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) split into the Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia , but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States . She became a US citizen in 1981 . FRG is West Germany , but after unification became just Germany ( GER ) after 1990 . References ( edit ) General `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . `` Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Grass Courts '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile - Wimbledon '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wimbledon - History : History '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , John ( 1986 ) . 100 Wimbledon Championships : A Celebration . Collins Willow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Tennis : Fast , fan friendly - but full of faults '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - History : The trophies '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes : The All England Lawn Tennis Club '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Prize Money '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Singles Finals 1884 - 2017 '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ) . `` No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court , Wimbledon , gets a roof '' . The Times . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jolly snub for McEnroe ; he 's refused All - England '' . St. Petersburg Times . United Press International . 1981 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zenilman , Avi ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Back Issues : McEnroe vs. Thatcher '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` History - Rolls of Honour : Country abbreviations '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Navratilove regains Czech nationality '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships . The Championships , Wimbledon official website Tennis portal Wimbledon women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions ( 1884 ) Maud Watson ( 1885 ) Maud Watson ( 1886 ) Blanche Bingley ( 1887 ) Lottie Dod ( 1888 ) Lottie Dod ( 1889 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1890 ) Lena Rice ( 1891 ) Lottie Dod ( 1892 ) Lottie Dod ( 1893 ) Lottie Dod ( 1894 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1895 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1896 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1897 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1898 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1899 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1900 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1901 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1902 ) Muriel Robb ( 1903 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1904 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1905 ) May Sutton ( 1906 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1907 ) May Sutton ( 1908 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1909 ) Dora Boothby ( 1910 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1912 ) Dorethea Lambert Chambers ( 1913 ) Ethel Thomson Larcombe ( 1914 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 - 18 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1920 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1921 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1922 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1923 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1924 ) Kathleen McKane ( 1925 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1926 ) Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 1927 ) Helen Wills ( 1928 ) Helen Wills ( 1929 ) Helen Wills ( 1930 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1931 ) Cilly Aussem ( 1932 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1933 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1934 ) Dorothy Round ( 1935 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1936 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1937 ) Dorothy Round ( 1938 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1939 ) Alice Marble ( 1940 -- 45 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Pauline Addie ( 1947 ) Margaret Osborne ( 1948 ) Louise Brough ( 1949 ) Louise Brough ( 1950 ) Louise Brough ( 1951 ) Doris Hart ( 1952 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1953 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1954 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1955 ) Louise Brough ( 1956 ) Shirley Fry ( 1957 ) Althea Gibson ( 1958 ) Althea Gibson ( 1959 ) Maria Bueno ( 1960 ) Maria Bueno ( 1961 ) Angela Mortimer ( 1962 ) Karen Hantze Susman ( 1963 ) Margaret Smith ( 1964 ) Maria Bueno ( 1965 ) Margaret Smith ( 1966 ) Billie Jean King ( 1967 ) Billie Jean King Wimbledon ( Open era ) ladies ' singles champions ( 1968 ) Billie Jean King ( 1969 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Billie Jean King ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Billie Jean King ( 1976 ) Chris Evert ( 1977 ) Virginia Wade ( 1978 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1979 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1980 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1981 ) Chris Evert ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1986 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1991 ) Steffi Graf ( 1992 ) Steffi Graf ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Conchita Martínez ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Jana Novotná ( 1999 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2000 ) Venus Williams ( 2001 ) Venus Williams ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Serena Williams ( 2004 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 ) Venus Williams ( 2006 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2007 ) Venus Williams ( 2008 ) Venus Williams ( 2009 ) Serena Williams ( 2010 ) Serena Williams ( 2011 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2012 ) Serena Williams ( 2013 ) Marion Bartoli ( 2014 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Serena Williams ( 2017 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2018 ) Angelique Kerber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275 '' Categories : Lists of Wimbledon champions Women 's tennis in the United Kingdom Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 17 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who holds the most women's wimbledon titles

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Jinx (children's game)

Jinx ( Children 's game ) - wikipedia Jinx ( Children 's game ) Jump to : navigation , search Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time . One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other . The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks . In the latter case , the jinxee loses the game , and often a penalty is exacted , typically a punch on the arm . An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting , and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count , prior to the jinx ending . In America , if there are two people that say something at the same time , then one person can say `` Jinx , you owe me a coke '' The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person . Some variations include ' boundaries ' , such as no jinxing under a roof or on top of a cloud . See also ( edit ) Games portal Punch buggy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2010 ) . The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions . Random House UK . p. 379 . ISBN 1905211511 . Jump up ^ Oremland , Jerome D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Jinx game : A ritualized expression of separation - individuation '' . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 28 : 419 -- 431 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Judith ( 1989 ) . Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents . Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated . p. 292 . ISBN 0880482826 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Henrietta L. ; Goldberger , Erica A. ; Rapoport , Judith L. ; Cheslow , Deborah L. ; Swedo , Susan E. ( 1990 ) . `` Childhood Rituals : Normal Development or Obsessive - Compulsive Symptoms ? '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 29 ( 1 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199001000 - 00004 . External links ( edit ) Barrett , Grant ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Jinx and padiddle '' . The Star . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . McSpaden , Cheri ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Even Johnny Depp got jinxed '' . The Holland Sentinel . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . December 17 , 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&oldid=812299843 '' Categories : Children 's games Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 04 : 02 . About Wikipedia

where does jinx you owe me a coke come from

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Hickey (surname)

Hickey ( surname ) - wikipedia Hickey ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Hickey is a common surname of Irish origin . The original form is Ó hÍceadha , which is still used in Ireland . Notable people with the surname include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Sport 3 Politics and law 4 History and current affairs 5 Religion 6 Science and academia 7 Fictional characters 8 See also Arts and entertainment ( edit ) Cheryl Hickey , born 1976 , entertainment reporter for the Global Television Network Dale Hickey born 1937 , Australian artist Dave Hickey , American art critic , author of Air Guitar : Essays on Art & Democracy ( 1998 ) Eddie Hickey , US sportsman Emily Henrietta Hickey , Irish author and translator Ersel Hickey , rockabilly singer James Harden - Hickey , 19th - century American writer Kenny Hickey , US musician Michael Hickey , US screenwriter Rich Hickey , Creator of the Clojure programming language Tom Hickey , Irish actor , famous for his role in The Riordans Thomas Hickey , 1741 -- 1842 , Irish painter William Hickey ( actor ) William Hickey ( memoirist ) May Wynn , actress , born Donna Lee Hickey before taking the stage name `` May Wynn , '' after playing a character by that name in The Caine Mutiny Sport ( edit ) Ambrose Hickey ( 1945 -- 2016 ) , Irish Gaelic footballer Anthony Hickey , born 1992 , American basketball player Charlie Hickey , American college baseball coach Colin Hickey , Australian speed skater Denis Hickie , Irish international Rugby Union Jack Hickey ( rugby ) , Australian Dual internationalist Rugby Union , Rugby league Jarrad Hickey , born 1985 , Australian Rugby League player Jim Hickey ( American football ) Jim Hickey ( baseball coach ) Miriam Hickey , US Soccer player Noah Hickey , New Zealand football player Noel Hickey , Irish sportsman Pat Hickey , born 1953 , Canadian Ice Hockey player Pat Hickey ( sports administrator ) , born 1945 , Irish sports administrator Red Hickey , 1917 -- 2006 , athlete , played American Football Reg Hickey , player and coach for Geelong in Australian rules football Thomas Hickey , professional ice hockey player , L.A. Kings Politics and law ( edit ) Bonnie Hickey , Canadian politician Eileen Hickey ( New York ) ( 1945 -- 1999 ) , New York politician Eileen M. Hickey ( 1886 -- 1960 ) , Northern Irish politician James Hickey ( Irish politician ) Jimmy Hickey Jr. , American politician John J. Hickey , American politician Maggie Hickey , Australian politician Theodore M. Hickey , American politician Vivian Hickey ( 1916 - 2016 ) , American politician and educator William J. Hickey , New York politician and judge History and current affairs ( edit ) Colonel James Hickey ( soldier ) , in charge of the US Special forces team which captured Saddam Hussein Elizabeth Hickey historian and writer Jim Hickey ( weather presenter ) Thomas Hickey ( soldier ) , executed for mutiny during the American Revolutionary War Religion ( edit ) Antony Hickey , born 1586 , Irish Franciscan theologian David Francis Hickey ( 1882 -- 1973 ) , American - born Catholic bishop in Belize Rev. William Hickey ( 1787 - 1875 ) , Irish priest , writer and philanthropist Science and academia ( edit ) Joseph Hickey ( 1907 - 1993 ) , American ornithologist Raymond Hickey , Irish linguist Fictional characters ( edit ) Earl Hickey , fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl Randy Hickey , fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl See also ( edit ) Hickey ( disambiguation ) Ó hÍceadha Irish medical families This page lists people with the surname Hickey . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickey_(surname)&oldid=813665472 '' Categories : Surnames Anglicised Irish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 16 : 46 . About Wikipedia

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WWE Greatest Royal Rumble

WWE Greatest Royal Rumble - Wikipedia WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation , search Greatest Royal Rumble Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers Theme song ( s ) `` When Legends Rise '' by Godsmack Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Saudi General Sports Authority Date April 27 , 2018 Attendance 60,000 Venue King Abdullah International Stadium City Jeddah , Saudi Arabia WWE Network event chronology WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash ( 2018 ) Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . The event was held on April 27 , 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time . It aired live in the United States at noon EDT , with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT . At the event , all men 's main roster championships were defended , in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match . The card featured ten matches . In the main event , Braun Strowman won the titular Greatest Royal Rumble match to become the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion . In the penultimate match , Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship in a steel cage match against Roman Reigns . On the undercard , the WWE Championship match between AJ Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura resulted in a double countout , The Undertaker defeated Rusev in a casket match , and John Cena defeated Triple H in the opening match . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event 3 Controversy 4 Results 4.1 Tag Team Eliminator bracket 4.2 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 5 WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 5.1 History 5.2 Championship belt design 5.3 Reigns 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Since 1988 , the Royal Rumble has been an annual event held by WWE and is typically shown on pay - per - view . The event is highlighted by the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals . The Greatest Royal Rumble included the largest version of the match to date , having a total of 50 participants . On March 5 , 2018 , WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble , a live event to be held on April 27 , 2018 , at King Abdullah International Stadium , part of the King Abdullah Sports City , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event is a part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030 , Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program . On March 19 , 2018 , WWE scheduled seven championship matches for the event : the WWE Championship , Universal Championship , United States Championship , Intercontinental Championship , SmackDown Tag Team Championship , Raw Tag Team Championship and Cruiserweight Championship were to be defended at the event . As revealed on March 22 , 2018 , the event was streamed live on the WWE Network . It also aired on traditional pay - per - view in the United States and internationally . The event was also the first WWE pay - per - view to feature Arabic commentary . In the weeks leading up to the event , the WWE held tryouts in Saudi Arabia . From these tryouts , eight were selected to receive training by WWE , which would include an opportunity to earn a spot at the Greatest Royal Rumble event itself . Storylines ( edit ) The card comprised ten matches that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw , SmackDown Live , and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live . On April 9 , Brock Lesnar , who had renewed his WWE contract , was scheduled to defend the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match as a rematch from WrestleMania 34 . On Raw following WrestleMania , Reigns expressed frustration about not being told about his future matches and opponents , singling out the steel cage match with Lesnar . Reigns alleged that there was a conspiracy against him . Samoa Joe , who had been out with an injury since January , came out and warned Reigns that Lesnar would beat him again . On March 26 , WWE scheduled a ladder match between then - champion The Miz , Seth Rollins , Finn Bálor , and Samoa Joe for the Intercontinental Championship . At WrestleMania 34 , The Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Rollins , thus making Rollins the defending champion . Both Miz and Joe were traded to SmackDown while Rollins and Bálor remained on Raw . On March 26 , Cesaro and Sheamus were scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz ( Jeff and Matt Hardy ) . At WrestleMania 34 , however , Cesaro and Sheamus lost the titles to Braun Strowman and 10 - year - old Nicholas . The following night on Raw , Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas being a fourth grader . Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back , but Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead scheduled them to face the winner of the four - team Tag Team Eliminator tournament for the vacant titles at the Greatest Royal Rumble . `` Woken '' Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt won the tournament by defeating Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) and The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) . Cesaro and Sheamus were then traded to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake - up . At WrestleMania 34 , The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) and The New Day 's Big E and Kofi Kingston in a triple threat tag team match to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship . On the following SmackDown , The Usos defeated The New Day to earn a title match at Greatest Royal Rumble . A match between John Cena and Triple H was scheduled on March 26 . The Undertaker , was originally scheduled to face Rusev in a casket match , the first match of its kind in three years . Due to reasons not entirely clear , Rusev was temporarily replaced by Chris Jericho -- this was explained with Rusev 's wife Lana complaining about her husband competing in a casket match -- but eventually reinserted back into the match . Jericho was restored to his original participation in the Greatest Royal Rumble match . At WrestleMania 34 , Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton , Bobby Roode , and Rusev in a fatal - four way match to win the United States Championship . Mahal was then traded to Raw and lost the championship to Jeff Hardy and Mahal invoked his rematch clause for the Greatest Royal Rumble . Hardy was then traded to SmackDown the following night . At WrestleMania 34 , AJ Styles successfully defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura . After the match , showed his respect to Styles but then attacked him with a low blow and a Kinshasa , turning heel . On April 17 , after repeated attacks on Styles by Nakamura , a rematch between the two was scheduled for the Greatest Royal Rumble . On the WrestleMania 34 pre-show , Cedric Alexander defeated Mustafa Ali in the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament final to win the vacant title . Two nights later on 205 Live , Buddy Murphy attacked the new champion during his celebration . Murphy was then scheduled to face Alexander for the title at the Greatest Royal Rumble , but he failed his mandatory weigh - in when he weighed 207 pounds , 2 pounds over the 205 pound weight limit . He was then removed from the match and banned from competing on 205 Live until he met the weight requirement . The following week , Kalisto earned a Cruiserweight Championship match at the Greatest Royal Rumble by winning a gauntlet match . Event ( edit ) Preliminary matches ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole Corey Graves Byron Saxton Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez Arabic commentators Faisal Almughaisib Sultan Alharbi Jude Aldajani Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers John Cone Dan Engler Darrick Moore Chad Patton Ryan Tran Interviewer Mike Rome Pre-show panel Byron Saxton Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Booker T The actual pay - per - view opened with John Cena facing Triple H. During the match , after trading finishers , and reversing each other 's finishers , Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Triple H , a springboard into the corner turnbuckle , followed and another Attitude Adjustment to pick up the victory . Following the match Cena thanked the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their hospitality , and expressed excitement over the event . In the following match , Cedric Alexander defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Kalisto . The match ended when Alexander countered a Salida Del Sol attempt into a Lumbar Check to retain the title . Next , the vacant Raw Tag Team Championship was contested between the team of Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy and the former champions , Cesaro and Sheamus . In the end , Hardy distracted Sheamus , allowing Wyatt to perform a Sister Abigail on him . Hardy and Wyatt then performed a wheelbarrow Twist of Fate on Sheamus to win the title . Jeff Hardy then defended the United States Championship against Jinder Mahal . In the end , Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb on Mahal to retain the title . After that , The Bludgeons Brothers defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos. Harper and Rowan retained their titles after performing a Double Crucifix Powerbomb on Jimmy Uso . Next , Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Finn Balor , Samoa Joe and The Miz in a Ladder match . Near the end of the match , Finn Balor climbed the ladder to unhook the championship , only for Rollins to leap from the top rope onto the ladder and managed to retrieve the title belt before Balor , thus retaining his championship . Later , AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura . During the match , Nakamura resorted to various illegal tactics , such as a Low Blow , increasingly frustrating Styles . In the end , both Nakamura and Styles brawled outside of the ring only for the match to end in a double countout . Post-match Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm over the top rope on Nakamura . After that , The Undertaker fought Rusev ( who was accompanied by Aiden English ) in a Casket match . At the end of the match , Undertaker performed a Chokeslam on Rusev and rolled him into the casket . Before he could close the lid , English attacked the Undertaker , who retailiated with another Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver before putting English into the casket alongside Rusev and closing it for the victory . In the penultimate match , Brock Lesnar ( accompanied by Paul Heyman ) defended the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match . Lesnar delivered multiple German Suplexes during the match , and both men kicked out of each other 's finishing moves . At one point in the match , Reigns tried to escape the cage through the door only for Heyman to slam the door on Reigns . The match ended after Reigns put Lesnar through the cage wall with a Spear , sending it onto the floor . Despite Reigns touching the floor with both feet first , the referee awarded the win to Lesnar , thereby retaining the Universal Championship . Main event ( edit ) Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler began the 50 - man Royal Rumble match as the first two entrants . Bryan survived until the final 3 , beating out Rey Mysterio for the longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble match of all time at an hour and sixteen minutes . At the end of the match , Big Cass eliminated Bryan only for Cass to then attempt a Big Boot on Braun Strowman , who ducked and knocked Cass over the top rope to win the match . Strowman also achieved the most eliminations of a single Royal Rumble match at 13 , beating out a record previously held by Roman Reigns with 12 . Post-match , Strowman received a trophy and the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship . Controversy ( edit ) See also : Women in WWE WWE had been criticized for holding the event without female wrestlers , who were unable to perform at the event due to the limited rights women have in Saudi Arabia . Triple H , WWE 's Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative , responded to the criticism : `` I understand that people are questioning it , but you have to understand that every culture is different and just because you do n't agree with a certain aspect of it , it does n't mean it 's not a relevant culture ... You ca n't dictate to a country or a religion about how they handle things but , having said that , WWE is at the forefront of a women 's evolution in the world and what you ca n't do is effect change anywhere by staying away from it ... While women are not competing in the event , we have had discussions about that and hope that , in the next few years they will be '' . Women were in attendance for the event , though only if accompanied by a male guardian . This was a major change from previous events , which were only open to men . Associated Press noted that this is due to `` a series of social changes '' by the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman . During the event , WWE aired a promotional video , which included WWE female wrestlers . The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for `` indecent material '' that aired at the event . In addition to the women , wrestler Sami Zayn did not participate in the event as Zayn is of Syrian descent , and Saudi Arabia has strained relations with Syria . Another subject of criticism was the situation of LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia , as in Saudi Arabia homosexual intercourse is illegal and can be punished by death . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times John Cena defeated Triple H Singles match 15 : 45 Cedric Alexander ( c ) defeated Kalisto Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship 10 : 15 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy defeated Cesaro and Sheamus Tag team match for the vacant WWE Raw Tag Team Championship 8 : 50 Jeff Hardy ( c ) defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match for the WWE United States Championship 6 : 10 5 The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 5 : 05 6 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Finn Bálor , Samoa Joe , and The Miz Ladder match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 15 : 05 7 AJ Styles ( c ) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura ended in a double countout Singles match for the WWE Championship 14 : 25 8 The Undertaker defeated Rusev ( with Aiden English ) Casket match 9 : 40 9 Brock Lesnar ( c ) ( with Paul Heyman ) defeated Roman Reigns by escaping the cage Steel cage match for the WWE Universal Championship 9 : 15 10 Braun Strowman won by last eliminating Big Cass 50 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 1 : 17 : 20 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match Tag Team Eliminator bracket ( edit ) First Round Raw ( 4 / 9 ) Finals Raw ( 4 / 16 ) Championship Match Greatest Royal Rumble ( 4 / 27 ) The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) Pin Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows 3 : 35 Cesaro and Sheamus 8 : 50 The Revival 5 : 25 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) 5 : 07 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) Daniel Bryan SmackDown 48 Big Cass 1 : 16 : 05 Dolph Ziggler Raw 12 Kurt Angle 0 : 21 : 44 Sin Cara SmackDown Dolph Ziggler 0 : 01 : 18 0 Curtis Axel Raw Mark Henry 0 : 02 : 00 0 5 Mark Henry Free agent 5 Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler 0 : 03 : 27 6 Mike Kanellis Raw Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 03 0 7 Hiroki Sumi Free agent Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 46 0 8 Viktor Raw 6 Daniel Bryan 0 : 00 : 51 0 9 Kofi Kingston SmackDown 14 Elias 0 : 16 : 34 10 Tony Nese Raw 9 Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods 0 : 07 : 13 11 Dash Wilder Raw 7 Daniel Bryan and Hornswoggle 0 : 01 : 26 0 12 Hornswoggle Free agent 8 Tony Nese 0 : 01 : 00 13 Primo Colón SmackDown 11 Kurt Angle 0 : 05 : 10 0 14 Xavier Woods SmackDown 15 Elias 0 : 09 : 56 15 Bo Dallas Raw 10 Kurt Angle 0 : 01 : 34 0 16 Kurt Angle Raw 16 Elias 0 : 07 : 59 17 Scott Dawson Raw 19 Bobby Roode 0 : 11 : 44 0 18 Goldust Raw 18 Bobby Roode 0 : 10 : 04 0 19 Konnor Raw 13 Elias 0 : 02 : 25 0 20 Elias Raw 41 Bobby Lashley 0 : 34 : 04 5 21 Luke Gallows SmackDown 20 Rey Mysterio 0 : 09 : 16 0 22 Rhyno Raw 25 Roderick Strong 0 : 16 : 22 0 23 Drew Gulak Raw 17 Tucker Knight 0 : 01 : 47 0 24 Tucker Knight NXT 23 Big E 0 : 10 : 08 25 Bobby Roode Raw 29 Baron Corbin 0 : 17 : 44 26 Fandango Raw 21 Mojo Rawley 0 : 03 : 42 0 27 Chad Gable Raw 24 Apollo Crews 0 : 08 : 17 0 28 Rey Mysterio Free agent 37 Baron Corbin 0 : 20 : 25 29 Mojo Rawley Raw 27 Randy Orton 0 : 08 : 52 30 Tyler Breeze Raw 22 Mojo Rawley 0 : 00 : 16 0 31 Big E SmackDown 33 Braun Strowman 0 : 13 : 59 32 Karl Anderson SmackDown 26 Randy Orton 0 : 04 : 25 0 33 Apollo Crews Raw 28 Randy Orton 0 : 03 : 26 34 Roderick Strong NXT 30 Baron Corbin 0 : 06 : 00 35 Randy Orton SmackDown 39 Elias 0 : 10 : 58 36 Heath Slater Raw 34 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 38 0 37 Babatunde NXT 31 Braun Strowman 0 : 05 : 53 0 38 Baron Corbin Raw 38 Randy Orton 0 : 07 : 08 39 Titus O'Neil Raw 35 Braun Strowman 0 : 04 : 42 0 40 Dan Matha NXT 32 Braun Strowman 0 : 02 : 01 0 41 Braun Strowman Raw 50 ! -- Winner 0 : 22 : 14 ! 0 : 22 : 14 13 42 Tye Dillinger SmackDown 36 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 29 0 43 Curt Hawkins Raw 40 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 20 0 44 Bobby Lashley Raw 45 Braun Strowman 0 : 14 : 38 45 The Great Khali Free agent 42 Braun Strowman and Bobby Lashley 0 : 00 : 31 0 46 Kevin Owens Raw 47 Braun Strowman 0 : 10 : 43 0 47 Shane McMahon SmackDown 44 Braun Strowman 0 : 08 : 07 0 48 Shelton Benjamin SmackDown 43 Chris Jericho 0 : 04 : 23 0 49 Big Cass SmackDown 49 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 23 50 Chris Jericho SmackDown 46 Braun Strowman 0 : 03 : 18 By eliminating 13 men , Braun Strowman broke the record of 12 , set by Roman Reigns at the 2014 Royal Rumble . Daniel Bryan broke the longevity record for lasting 1 : 16 : 05 , previous record held by Rey Mysterio ( lasting 1 : 02 : 12 ) at the 2006 Royal Rumble . WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ( edit ) WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt with default side plates Details Promotion WWE Date established April 27 , 2018 Current champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Date won April 27 , 2018 Other name ( s ) Belt Kingdom Championship ( show ) Statistics First champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Longest reign Braun Strowman ( 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + days ) Heaviest champion Braun Strowman ( 385 lbs ) The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship , also known as the Belt Kingdom Championship ( Arabic : حزام بطولة المملكة ) , is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by American professional wrestling promotion WWE and sanctioned by the Saudi General Sports Authority . The current and inaugural champion is Braun Strowman , who was awarded the championship for winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match at the namesake event . History ( edit ) On March 5 , 2018 , WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble , a live event to be held on April 27 , 2018 , at King Abdullah International Stadium , part of the King Abdullah Sports City , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event was part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030 , Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program . The Greatest Royal Rumble Championship was unveiled by WWE on April 27 , 2018 during the Greatest Royal Rumble event . The championship was announced on the official website of the Saudi General Sports Authority as the Belt Kingdom Championship . Braun Strowman , the 41st entrant of the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match , became the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion by lastly eliminating Big Cass . Championship belt design ( edit ) As with some other championship belts unveiled in 2016 , the base design is similar to the WWE Championship , with notable differences . Instead of a large cut out of the WWE logo , the center plate is modeled with Arabic pattern with the WWE logo in the center . Like the WWE Championship belt and other belts introduced in 2016 and 2017 , the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt features two side plates , both separated by gold divider bars , with removable round sections that can be replaced with the current champion 's logo ; the default plates feature the official logo of Saudi General Sports Authority which is identical to the national emblem of Saudi Arabia . The plates are on a green leather strap resembling the color of the national flag of Saudi Arabia . Reigns ( edit ) As of May 28 , 2018 , there has been one reign , which is the inaugural and current champion , Braun Strowman . No . Champion Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Strowman , Braun Braun Strowman April 27 , 2018 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + Jeddah , Saudi Arabia Greatest Royal Rumble Became the inaugural champion by winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Let 's rumble like never before . `` When Legends Rise '' by @ godsmack is an # OfficialThemeSong for the Greatest Royal Rumble event . # WWEGRR `` . WWE on Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First - ever WWE Greatest Royal Rumble wows 60,000 in Jeddah '' . Arab News . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : WWE.com staff ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office '' . Sky Sports . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WWE.com staff ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Royal Rumble to stream on WWE Network Friday , April 27 , at 12 p.m. ET / 9 a.m. PT '' . WWE . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Johnson ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` WWE NETWORK TO BROADCAST GREATEST ROYAL RUMBLE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Saudigazette. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Network confirms Greatest Royal Rumble start time , Kickoff '' . WWE . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven title bouts , 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match announced for Greatest Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Matches : Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Statistical survival -- breaking down the Royal Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Silverstein ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWE news , rumors : ' Greatest Royal Rumble , ' NXT injury , Jericho - NJPW done ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson Lake ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWE : Saudi Arabia to host 50 - man Royal Rumble '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Transformation Program 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Pay Per View on Verizon Fios '' . Verizon Fios . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : WWE Network Offering Arabic Commentary For Greatest Royal Rumble Event '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eight athletes selected to receive additional training in Saudi Arabia '' . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Live & Televised Entertainment '' . WWE . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) . `` WWE 's ' Smackdown ' Will Move To Live Broadcast On USA ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Triple H Conference Call Report : Discusses 205 Live , NXT Takeover : Toronto , Says HBK Working at the Performance Center and More - 411MANIA '' . 411mania.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Brock Lesnar re-signs with WWE , will defend his Universal Title against Reigns in a rematch later this month '' . Pro Wreslting Torch. April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` WWE re-signs Brock Lesnar , WrestleMania 34 rematch withe Roman Reigns announced '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : The Night After WrestleMania 34 edition '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Cena takes on Triple H at the Greatest Royal Rumble ; tickets available this Saturday , March 31 '' . WWE . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 live review : AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns for the WWE Universal Championship , Charlotte Flair vs. Asuka for the Smackdown Women 's Championship , Ronda Rousey and Kurt Angle vs. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` WWE Raw Live TV Review : The Superstar Shakeup Night One , Sasha Banks vs. Bayley , Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt vs. The Revival for a shot at the vacant Raw Tag Titles '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` 4 / 17 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : The WWE Superstar Shakeup Night Two '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 4 / 10 Powell 's WWE Smackdown Live TV Review : AJ Styles vs. Daniel Bryan , Paige named new general manager , New Day vs. The Usos for a Smackdown Tag Title shot at the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Undertaker returning for a casket match at the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` WWE changes Undertaker match at Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE 's Lana & Rusev Rusev 's Gonna Retire Undertaker ... CRUSH His Old Ass ! '' . TMZ Sports . April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` Undertaker vs. Rusev back on for Greatest Royal Rumble , Miz talks about becoming a father '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WrestleMania 34 Kickoff Show live review : WrestleMania Women 's Battle Royal , Cedric Alexander vs. Mustfa Ali for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship , Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heydorn , Zack ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` 4 / 10 WWE 205 Live Report : Cedric Alexander debuts as the new WWE Cruiserweight Champion , Gulak vs. Andrews , The Brian Kendrick returns , and more '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heydorn , Zack ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` 4 / 17 WWE 205 Live Report : Maverick addresses Buddy Murphy , Dorado & Metalik vs. Tozawa & Itami , and more '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heydorn , Zack ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` 4 / 24 WWE 205 Live Report : A number one contender gauntlet match featuring Mustafa Ali , Drew Gulak , and more '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , Jason . `` Powell 's WWE Greatest Royal Rumble live review : 50 - man Royal Rumble match , Brock Lesnar vs. Roman Reigns in a cage match for the WWE Universal Championship , AJ Styles vs. Shinsuke Nakamura for the WWE Championship , John Cena vs. Triple H , Undertaker vs. Rusev in a casket match '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` WWE Royal Rumble PPV results 1 / 26 / 14 - ( 30 man Rumble ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Paddock , Matty ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble : Triple H defends hosting event in Saudi Arabia without any women wrestlers '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . 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Bugsy Malone

Bugsy Malone - wikipedia Bugsy Malone Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bugzy Malone . This media article uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bugsy Malone Theatrical release poster by Charles Moll Directed by Alan Parker Produced by Alan Marshall Written by Alan Parker Starring Scott Baio Jodie Foster Florrie Dugger John Cassisi Martin Lev Music by Paul Williams Cinematography Peter Biziou Michael Seresin Edited by Gerry Hambling Production companies Goodtimes Enterprises RSO Records Distributed by Fox - Rank Distributors ( United Kingdom ) Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Release date 26 June 1976 ( 1976 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Italian Budget £ 575,000 - £ 1 million Box office $2.8 million Bugsy Malone is a 1976 American - British musical gangster comedy film , directed by Alan Parker and featuring only child actors . Set in New York City , the film is loosely based on events in New York and Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931 during Prohibition , specifically the exploits of real - life gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran , as dramatized in cinema . Parker lightened the subject matter considerably for the children 's market ; in the U.S. the film received a G rating . The film was Parker 's feature - length directorial debut , introduced actor Scott Baio , and featured a 13 - year old Jodie Foster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Music 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 Legacy 9 Stage adaptation 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A mobster named Roxy Robinson is `` splurged '' by members of a gang , using rapid - fire cream - shooting `` splurge guns '' . Once splurged , a kid is `` all washed up ... finished '' . Speakeasy boss Fat Sam introduces himself and Bugsy Malone , a boxing promoter with no money ( `` Bugsy Malone '' ) . At Fat Sam 's speakeasy , there is much dancing and singing ( `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' ) . Fat Sam is worried that his rival Dandy Dan will try to take control of the speakeasy . Blousey Brown , an aspiring singer , has come for an audition , but Sam is too distracted to see her . Bugsy meets Blousey when he trips over her luggage . He is smitten and flirts with her . Fat Sam 's is raided by Dandy Dan 's men , who shoot up the place . Dandy Dan 's men continue to attack Fat Sam 's empire , eventually taking away rackets and splurging members of Fat Sam 's gang . Fat Sam sends all his available men to see if they can track down the guns . They are trapped at a laundry and all are splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang . Bugsy returns to Fat Sam 's to arrange a new audition for Blousey . Fat Sam 's girlfriend , the chanteuse Tallulah , makes a pass at him . Although Bugsy rejects her flirtation , Tallulah plants a big kiss on Bugsy 's forehead when Blousey enters ; Blousey is jealous . Fat Sam hires Blousey after her audition , but she refuses to speak to Bugsy ( `` I 'm Feelin ' Fine '' ) . Fat Sam hires Bugsy to accompany him to a meeting with Dandy Dan . The meeting is a trap , but Bugsy helps Fat Sam escape . Gratefully , Fat Sam pays him $200 . Bugsy and Blousey reconcile and have a romantic outing on a lake ; Bugsy promises to take her to Hollywood . When he returns Sam 's car to the garage , he is attacked and his money is stolen . Bugsy is saved by Leroy Smith , who assaults the attackers and drives them away . Bugsy realizes that Leroy has the potential to be a great boxer . Bugsy introduces Leroy to Cagey Joe and helps him train ( `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer ? '' ) . Fat Sam again seeks Bugsy 's aid after his assistant Knuckles is unintentionally killed . Bugsy resists , but Fat Sam offers $400 , enough money to keep his promise to Blousey . Blousey is disappointed when she learns that Bugsy has n't bought the tickets to California yet ( `` Ordinary Fool '' ) . Bugsy and Leroy follow Dandy Dan 's men to a warehouse , where the guns are being stashed . The two of them ca n't take the place alone , so Bugsy recruits a large group of down - and - out workers at a soup kitchen ( `` Down and Out '' ) . They steal the crates of guns and take them to Fat Sam 's , arriving just as Dandy Dan 's gang arrives . Chaos ensues as a massive splurge gun fight erupts , covering everyone ( except Bugsy and Blousey ) with cream . Unarmed patrons throw cream pies . The piano player is hit from behind and falls onto the keys , striking a single bass note . The tone silences the room , and the cream - covered crowd performs in a final number ( `` You Give a Little Love '' ) . They realize they can all be friends , and Bugsy and Blousey leave for Hollywood . Cast ( edit ) Scott Baio as Bugsy Malone , an Italian - Irish ex-boxer / boxing scout . Florrie Dugger as Blousey Brown , a sassy young dame interested in Hollywood . Jodie Foster as Tallulah , Fat Sam 's gun moll , the speakeasy 's star chanteuse and Bugsy 's old flame . John Cassisi as Fat Sam Staccetto , crime boss . He is dubbed by the press as `` The Alleged Mobster King of the Lower East Side '' . Martin Lev as Dandy Dan , rival gang boss who steals Fat Sam 's territory . Paul Murphy as Leroy Smith , an African - American tramp who discovers he has a talent for boxing Sheridan Earl Russell as Knuckles , Fat Sam 's main hoodlum who constantly cracks his knuckles . The only character to actually be killed by the splurge as opposed to `` finished '' . Albin ' Humpty ' Jenkins as Fizzy , Caretaker at Fat Sam 's Grand Slam , tap dancer Paul Chirelstein as Smolsky , dim - witted police captain Andrew Paul as O'Dreary , dumb policeman Jeffrey Stevens as Louis , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Donald Waugh as Snake Eyes , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Peter Holder as Ritzy , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Michael Kirkby as Angelo , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Dexter Fletcher as Baby Face , down and out Davidson Knight as Cagey Joe , the boxing gym owner John Williams as Roxy Robinson , Fat Sam 's best bodyguard , splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang Bonnie Langford as Lena Marelli , showy , pompous theatre performer Mark Curry as Oscar DeVelt , stuck - up theatre producer Jonathan Scott - Taylor as News Reporter Sarah E. Joyce as Smokey Priscilla , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Helen Corran as Bangles , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Kathy Spaudling as Loretta , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Vivienne McKone as Velma , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Lynn Aulbaugh as Louella , Dandy Dan 's wife and polo partner Michael Jackson as Razamatazz - Fat Sam 's personal pianist and performer at the Grand Slam Speakeasy ( n.b. not Michael Jackson ) Louise English as Ballerina Mel Production ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was Alan Parker 's first feature film . Parker was trying to find a film project that was not `` parochial '' and decided upon an American gangster setting : `` I had four young children and we used to go to a cottage in Derbyshire at weekends . On the long , boring car journey up there , I started telling them the story of a gangster called Bugsy Malone . They 'd ask me questions and I 'd make up answers , based on my memories of watching old movie reruns as a kid . '' His eldest son suggested children should be cast as the `` heroes '' . Casting ( edit ) The director chose to cast several unknown actors in the film . To find his Fat Sam , Parker visited a Brooklyn classroom , asking for `` the naughtiest boy in class '' . The students were unanimous in selecting John Cassisi , and Parker gave him the role . Florrie Dugger ( Blousey ) was originally cast in a smaller role ; when the actress cast as Blousey suddenly grew taller than Baio , Dugger was promoted . She had been `` discovered '' at RAF Chicksands , an air force base in Bedfordshire where her American father was stationed . At the time of filming , all of the cast were under 17 years old . Parker cast Baio after he slammed down the script and stormed out of his audition . Baio later remembered : I had quit the business , because I did n't like driving into Manhattan . Well , the long and the short of it is that I wanted to play with my friends after school , but it happened to be raining that day , so I went to the city to meet with Alan Parker . I read it , but I just barely read it . I did n't even want to be there . He was English , but I did n't even know what that was . He was just this weird guy with long hair , and I did n't know what he was . ( Laughs . ) So I sort of read the script , threw it at him , and walked out the door . That was it : I 'd gotten the part before I got home . Music ( edit ) Parker chose Paul Williams to score the film in order to get a more `` palatable '' modern sound , and simply because he liked him . Williams had scored Brian De Palma 's commercial failure Phantom of the Paradise , but had also written huge pop - radio hits ( such as `` We 've Only Just Begun '' ( lyrics ) , and `` ( Just An ) Old Fashioned Love Song '' ) . In fact , Williams would soon win an Oscar for his song `` Evergreen '' from the film A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) . Williams felt that `` ... the challenge for me was to provide songs that reflected the period ... and yet maintained an energy that would hold the young audiences attention . '' According to Parker , Williams was writing while on tour , recording songs in different cities , and sending the completed tapes to Hollywood . Arriving during the first pre-shoot rehearsals , the songs had to be accepted and used as they were , with voices by Williams , Archie Hahn and others . Neither the director nor the songwriter was entirely comfortable with the results . Williams later wrote `` I 'm really proud of the work and the only thing I 've ever doubted is the choice of using adult voices . Perhaps I should have given the kids a chance to sing the songs . '' Parker also commented : `` Watching the film after all these years , this is one aspect that I find the most bizarre . Adult voices coming out of these kids ' mouths ? I had told Paul that I did n't want squeaky kids voices and he interpreted this in his own way . Anyway , as the tapes arrived , scarcely weeks away from filming , we had no choice but to go along with it ! '' Filming ( edit ) The film was rehearsed and shot in England , largely on Pinewood Studios ' `` H '' stage , with locations in Black Park Country Park ( Wexham , Buckinghamshire ) and Reading , Berkshire . The `` splurge firearm '' proved to be problematic . After initial experiments with cream - filled wax balls proved painful , Parker decided to abandon the idea of filming the firearms directly . Instead , the firearms fired ping - pong balls , and a fast cut to a victim being pelted with `` splurge '' was used to convey the impression of the rapid - firing firearms . Baio later said making the film was `` awesome '' : A kid 's fantasy : You get to dress up as gangster , you get to shoot guns that fire whipped cream , you get to drive cars with pedals that look like real cars , and you get to talk like a grown - up . I mean , you could n't ask for a better first big gig . Talk about getting you hooked on a business ! It was fantastic . Release ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was released in late 1976 to generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it currently holds a score of 83 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . Despite the positive critical reception , Bugsy Malone was not a commercial success in the US , bringing in just over $2.7 million . Paramount gave it a limited release , usually in second - tier theaters in a double - bill with The Bad News Bears , which had already been out for six months and was no longer much of a draw . According to Parker , the film was `` quite successful '' in the United Kingdom . By 1985 , it had earned an estimated profit of £ 1,854,000 . Accolades ( edit ) The film garnered 15 award nominations , including `` Best Motion Picture ( Musical / Comedy ) '' , `` Best Original Score '' and `` Best Original Song '' ( for the title track ) from the Golden Globes , and an Oscar for `` Best Original Song Score '' ( Paul Williams ) . The film was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival . Actress Jodie Foster received two BAFTAs , `` Best Supporting Actress '' and `` Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles '' , however , both her nominations were for her previous year 's work in Taxi Driver in addition to her work on Bugsy Malone . Alan Parker received the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay , and a nomination for Best Direction . Geoffrey Kirkland won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Additionally , Paul Williams received a nomination for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , and Monica Howe a Best Costume Design nomination . The film itself received a Best Picture nomination . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list . Home media ( edit ) In the early eighties , Bugsy Malone was released on VHS . On 16 April 1996 , it was re-released by Paramount on VHS . Although the film has never been commercially released on Region 1 DVD , it has been available through Internet sites as an Asian import supporting Region 1 ( US ) . On 9 September 2008 , Arista / SME released a Blu - ray version , encoded for `` all regions '' , as a United Kingdom import . This edition includes a director 's commentary as well as other special features , however , as of October 2009 , the Blu - ray version was discontinued . A US DVD ( Region 1 ) release was listed around 2003 / 04 as being available soon , however the film has yet to be released in this format . Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover The album was originally released as an LP in 1976 . In March 1996 , Polydor UK released the soundtrack on CD . It has yet to be released in the US on CD but is available through various outlets as an import . Performers include Paul Williams , Archie Hahn , Julie McWhirter , and Liberty Williams . The track listing is : `` Bugsy Malone '' -- Paul Williams `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Paul Williams `` Tomorrow '' `` Bad Guys '' `` I 'm Feeling Fine '' `` My Name Is Tallulah '' - Louise `` Liberty '' Williams `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer ? '' `` Ordinary Fool '' `` Down and Out '' `` You Give a Little Love '' -- Paul Williams A cast recording of the National Youth Music Theatre stage version of Bugsy Malone was released in 1998 . Like the stage show , this recording featured two songs originally written by Williams , but not used in the film : `` That 's Why They Call Him Dandy '' and `` Show Business '' . There is also some additional incidental orchestral score , such as an Overture and Exit Music , with music arranged by John Pearson . Legacy ( edit ) In 2003 , Bugsy Malone was voted # 19 on a list of the 100 greatest musicals , as chosen by viewers of Channel 4 in the UK , placing it higher than The Phantom of the Opera , Cats , and The King and I. Bugsy Malone ranks 353rd on Empire Magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Bugsy Malone has been adapted into a stage show in two forms . A 2003 television documentary called Bugsy Malone : After They Were Famous features a reunion and interviews with Jodie Foster , Scott Baio , John Cassisi and Florrie Dugger . The British actors who played Fat Sam 's gang are also reunited at Pinewood Studios . The documentary reported that Dugger , who ( unlike her co-stars ) had never acted again , had chosen to pursue a career in the United States Air Force Medical Service . In 2010 , UK band Silvery included a cover of `` You Give a Little Love '' on their second album ' Railway Architecture ' , and Olly Murs , runner up in the 2009 UK series of The X Factor , sampled `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer '' in his song `` Hold On '' that can be found on his debut album . In 2011 , the film was the most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom . In 2017 , the song `` You Give A Little Love '' was sung by a children 's chorus at the end of a Netflix `` Black Mirror '' episode ( Season 4 episode 3 `` Crocodile '' ) . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Parker wrote the book for a stage adaptation of Bugsy Malone , using Williams ' music . This premiered in the West End in 1983 at Her Majesty 's Theatre and ran for 300 performances . It was directed by Michael Dolenz and the cast featured Catherine Zeta - Jones as Tallulah . In 1997 , the National Youth Music Theatre mounted an all - youth version . It was revived at the Queen 's Theatre in 1997 , starring Sheridan Smith and Jamie Bell . Another revival played in 2015 and again in 2016 at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre , where it was nominated for the Olivier Award for best musical revival . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BUGSY MALONE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1976 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . www.afi.com . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker , National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties , Harrap , 1985 p 86 Jump up ^ Kelly , Matthew ( 2003 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Bugsy Malone '' . After They Were Famous . Season 3 . Episode 18 . ITV . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) - Box office / business '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Alan ; Baio , Scott ; Dickson , Andrew ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` How we made Bugsy Malone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nick ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Florrie Dugger : The downside of growing up with Bugsy Malone '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bugsy Malone -- Trivia IMDB . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Will Harris , `` Scott Baio talks Chachi , Bob Loblaw , and Howard Cosell '' , AV Club 3 April 2014 accessed 7 April 2014 Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone DVD Special Edition PaulWilliamsCoUK.Plus.com David Chamberlayne . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Williams -- Bugsy Malone Soundtrack PaulWilliamsCoUK.plus.com ; David Chamberlayne . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Bugsy Malone '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone -- Awards IMDB . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals -- Broadcast Christmas 2003 , Channel 4 ( UK ) . Presented by Denise Van Outen '' . thecustard.tv . The Custard. 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time -- # 400 -- 301 empireonline.com ; Empire Online . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone '' . Music Theater International . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone JR '' . Music Theater International . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' After They Were Famous `` , Bugsy Malone. ( 2003 ) '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Parker , Alan . `` Bugsy Malone : The Making of the Film '' . Alan Parker - Director , Writer , Producer - Official Website . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top movies for schools revealed '' . BBC News . 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone : Show History '' , MTIshows.com , accessed July 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` Bugsy Malone , review of Lyric Hammersmith 's Olivier nominated revival '' , LondonTheatre.co , June 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2016 : complete list of nominations '' , The Guardian , February 29 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Bugsy Malone on IMDb Bugsy Malone at the TCM Movie Database Bugsy Malone at Rotten Tomatoes Bugsy Malone show site at Music Theatre International Busy Malone JR . show site at Music Theatre International The Guide to Musical Theatre Bugsy Malone -- Synopsis , etc ( hide ) Films directed by Alan Parker The Evacuees ( 1975 , Play for Today ) Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) Pink Floyd -- The Wall ( 1982 ) Birdy ( 1984 ) Angel Heart ( 1987 ) Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) Come See the Paradise ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) The Road to Wellville ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) BNF : cb164596801 ( data ) GND : 7659633 - 3 VIAF : 316754431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bugsy_Malone&oldid=843603375 '' Categories : 1976 films American films American criminal comedy films American musical comedy films British films British criminal comedy films British musical comedy films English - language films Italian - language films 1970s criminal comedy films 1970s musical comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Al Capone Films directed by Alan Parker Films set in 1929 Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in England Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award Musicals by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) Screenplays by Alan Parker Paramount Pictures films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from May 2015 Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 44 . 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List of Toy Story characters

List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Mrs. Anderson 4.1. 9 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 10 Emily 4.1. 11 Daisy 4.1. 12 Ron 4.1. 13 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- present ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games ) ( 2010 -- present ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . Jessie is also Buzz Lightyear 's girlfriend . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Andrew Stanton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by : Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2014 ) TBA ( 2019 ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr. Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon ( 1995 -- present ) Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she was one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by Joe Ranft Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch and has a major role in Toy Story . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He has a major role in the first film . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by : Bud Luckey ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed hedgehog . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , a small plastic Pterodactyl , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's back yard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs -- A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) -- The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) -- An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) -- A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon -- An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards -- Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he is a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser is actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) James Patrick Stuart ( Disney Magic Kingdoms ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as a homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , deluded in the same way as Andy 's Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg on top of an elevator . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Buzz at point - blank range , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail and sends him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz looks down the shaft in despair , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the second Buzz . He supposedly bumped his head so hard that he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , and Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by the resident toys . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in the short Small Fry . Zurg appears in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane ( although he is still able to walk even without it ) . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer , while Chuckles was broken , and was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she entangles him in an ironing board and rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his prized Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby , claiming that Daisy replaced and no longer loved them . They eventually took over Sunnyside Daycare , where Big Baby became Lotso 's third - in - command . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them and gives Big Baby his pendant , sparking his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso derides Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy and smashes the pendant with his mallet . Big Baby turns against Lotso and throws him in the dumpster ( a parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is much happier at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care , and even wears gold diapers to match their outfits at a party at the daycare . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) -- A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) -- A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) -- Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( young ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article , John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children , looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin -- nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys -- is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , getting Jessie off of the plane at the last second , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial soon after , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Mrs. Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Lori Alan Mrs. Anderson is the mother of Bonnie . She wears purple glasses . In Toy Story 3 , she is the receptionist at Sunnyside Daycare . When Andy comes to return his toys to Bonnie , Mrs. Anderson is amazed to see a grown - up college student donating his childhood toys to her daughter . During the credits scene , she carries another box of donation toys into the Butterfly Room at Sunnyside that contains Emperor Zurg . In Toy Story of Terror , she and Bonnie are driving in the countryside at nighttime when the car tire punctures . In the morning , the curtain behind the manager 's desk fell down revealing all her missing toys . Mrs. Anderson calls the police to arrest the manager who stole the toys . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri previously appeared in Pixar 's 1997 short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's aggressive Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in Toy Story of Terror ! , owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had n't Recorded Mr. Potato Head in Toy Story 4 Before Death '' . Screen Rant. April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had Not Recorded His Role in ' Toy Story 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Kingdoms ( Video Game 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=854475656 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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It Wasn't Me

It Was n't Me - wikipedia It Was n't Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Shaggy . For the song by George Thorogood & the Destroyers , see Move It On Over ( album ) . `` It Was n't Me '' Single by Shaggy from the album Hot Shot B - side `` Dance & Shout '' Released September 11 , 2000 Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 1999 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 47 Label Big Yard DreamWorks Songwriter ( s ) Shaggy Producer ( s ) Shaun Pizzonia Raul `` RAZ '' Zeballos Shaggy singles chronology `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ) . The song features vocals from English - Jamaican singer Rikrok . The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' `` It Was n't Me '' has been regarded as Shaggy 's breakthrough in the pop market , and is his highest - charting song to date , topping the charts in Australia , Austria , France , Ireland , the United States , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . It was the best - selling single of 2001 in the United Kingdom , selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017 . The song was also featured on the 2001 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Legacy 5 Track listings 6 Charts and sales 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 6.4 Chart successions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' Ultimately , the narrator says that the advice `` makes no sense at all '' . The song was inspired by a bit called `` No Loyal Men , '' performed by Eddie Murphy in his 1987 comedy special Raw . In a 2016 interview , Shaggy acknowledged similarities with the War song `` Smile Happy '' . The connection is further supported by Liam Payne 's 2017 debut single `` Strip That Down '' , itself based on `` It Was n't Me '' , which credited both Shaggy ( as Orville Burrell ) and members of War as co-songwriters . The clean version of the song replaces the lyric `` Picture this : we were both butt - naked banging on the bathroom floor '' with `` Picture this : we were both caught making love on the bathroom floor '' and `` Saw me banging on the sofa '' with `` Saw me kissing on the sofa '' . `` It Was n't Me '' was originally never intended to be released as a single . Before the original version of Hot Shot was released in August 2000 , Hawaiian DJ Pablo Sato downloaded the album from `` a Napster - like MP3 site he wo n't name '' and discovered that `` It Was n't Me '' was `` the album 's standout cut . '' He played the song on American radio the next day , and in an interview , claimed , `` The phone lines lit up right away . Within a couple of days , it was our number - one requested song . '' The song was then released as the album 's first single in September 2000 , following its radio success . The song is written in the key of C , in the Mixolydian mode . The song was spoofed by Bob Rivers , as Shaggy One Handed , making a reference to the Scooby - Doo character , Shaggy Rogers . The video focused on him being caught masturbating ( about the girl next door ) by his mother . The song was also spoofed on Svengoolie . On The Chris Moyles Show , the song was used as a prank call with Shaggy trying to book a taxi , with the final line being `` Can you drop me off at The Chris Moyles Show on BBC Radio 1 ? , 97 to 99 FM '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` It Was n't Me '' was Shaggy 's first number - one hit in the United States . The song peaked at number two for two weeks from December 16 , 2000 to December 23 , 2000 . On December 30 , 2000 , it was bumped down one position to number three . It moved back up to the number two spot on January 4 , 2001 . The song also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 4 , 2001 , selling 345,000 copies , making the song a transatlantic chart - topper . It also reached number one in Australia on April 1 , 2001 . It is also the 11th biggest selling single of the 21st century in the United Kingdom , with sales of over 1.42 million as of September 2017 . As of August 2014 , it is the 49th best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 399,500 units sold . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Stephen Scott . It starts out with Rikrok running to Shaggy 's mansion to explain to him what has just happened . Rikrok tells him that he cheated on his girlfriend and got caught . Shaggy tells him to tell her that `` It was n't me . '' The video then cuts into a flashback to earlier that day . Rikrok has been caught sleeping with another woman , and his girlfriend is outside the apartment in her convertible when two women pull up next to her on their motorcycles ( sport bikes ) . Then , the three women go into the building . He then sneaks out the window , takes the motorcycle of one of his girlfriends accomplices and leaves . The women come out and the girlfriend and one of the accomplices get in the convertible and the other gets on her motorcycle and they chase after him . From his mansion , Shaggy , using his futuristic technology , tracks down where Rikrok is going and prepares an escape for him . Rikrok then gets on a bridge over the highway when the accomplice rode on the bridge in front of him . He then hits the brakes to stop while she stops her motorcycle . Rikrok then hears a noise behind him and it 's the other accomplices and the girlfriend driving the convertible on the other side of the bridge with the highway down below . An eighteen - wheeler drives by , and Shaggy leaves Rikrok a text message telling him to look behind and he notices the truck and jumps off the side of overhead and lands on the truck . He is then dropped off at Shaggy 's mansion , showing the same scene from the start of the video . Legacy ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' inspired Slate writer Josh Levin to coin the term the `` Shaggy defense '' to describe R. Kelly 's defence at his child pornography trial stemming from the production of a sex tape : `` I predict that in the decades to come , law schools will teach this as the ' Shaggy defense ' . You allege that I was caught on camera , butt naked , banging on the log cabin floor ? It was n't me . '' Levin repeated the term on NPR . The term describes a strategy of flatly denying guilt and refusing to engage with the evidence against the defendant , no matter how overwhelming . R. Kelly was ultimately found not guilty on all charges . The song is referenced by Trevor Noah on an episode of The Daily Show with Trevor Noah when he covered the vice-presidential debate between Mike Pence and Tim Kaine , as Pence vehemently kept denying his running mate Donald Trump 's claims , despite the fact that the claims have been proved to be said by Trump on camera or through his Twitter account . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD Single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Cassette single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 U.S. `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Squeaky Remix ) -- 4 : 25 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Sports Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Australia `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Dancehall Version ) -- 3 : 46 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 25 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 7 French Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 17 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,428,204 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` Independent Women Part I '' by Destiny 's Child Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 3 , 2001 -- February 10 , 2001 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Preceded by `` Puf / Schudden '' by Def Rhymz Dutch number - one single March 3 , 2001 -- April 7 , 2001 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Damn ( I Think I Love You ) '' by Starmaker Preceded by `` Always Come Back to Your Love '' by Samantha Mumba Irish ( IRMA ) number - one single March 3 , 2001 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Uptown Girl '' by Westlife Preceded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten UK number - one single March 4 , 2001 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` La Passion '' by Gigi D'Agostino Belgian ( Flanders ) number - one single March 24 , 2001 -- April 14 , 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus Preceded by `` Seul '' by Garou French SNEP number - one single March 31 , 2001 -- June 2 , 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hasta la Vista '' by MC Solaar Preceded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single March 31 , 2001 -- June 2 , 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten Preceded by `` Case of the Ex '' by Mýa Australian ARIA number - one single April 1 , 2001 -- April 22 , 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me , Myself and I '' by Scandal'us See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2001 List of best - selling singles and albums of 2001 in Ireland List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of 2000s UK Singles Chart number ones Shaggy defense References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 - Top 100 Greatest Songs of 2000 's '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaggy 's single is UK 's best - seller '' . BBC News . 27 December 2001 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How I Wrote That Song : Shaggy `` It Was n't Me '' `` . YouTube . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne Interpolates A Shaggy Classic On His New Single `` Strip That Down '' Featuring Quavo `` . Genius . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rainbird , Ashleigh ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne insists he did not ' rip off ' Shaggy song for new track as he gave singer credit '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paiva , Derek ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` Isle deejay takes credit for Shaggy hit '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Gannett Co. , Inc . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Caught Me One - Handed '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy - Taxi '' . April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 16 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 23 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Michael ( 2000 - 12 - 30 ) . 2000 : The Year In Music . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Independent ' Stays On Top '' . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHAGGY RETURNS IN STYLE '' . NME. 4 March 2000 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France , épisode 6 ( 50 - 41 ) '' . Chartsinfrance. 16 August 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Levin . May 21 , 2008 . `` Dispatches From the R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ NPR . May 23 , 2008 . `` Trapped in a Courtroom : The R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ R. Kelly Found Not Guilty ! Jump up ^ Trevor Noah , October 4 , 2016 . Vice Presidential Debate Wrap - Up Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 04 / 07 / 01 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 113 ( 14 ) : 73 . April 7 , 2001 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy feat . Rikrok : It Was n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2010 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved July 26 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2001 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived August 1 , 2012 , at WebCite ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 2001 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 2001 '' . Longbored Surfer . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Shaggy in the field Interpret . Enter It Was n't Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter It Was n't Me in the search field and then press Enter . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , fifth edition External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Everything Is A Remix Shaggy is inspired by Eddie Murphy Shaggy Discography Studio albums Pure Pleasure Original Doberman Boombastic Midnite Lover Hot Shot Lucky Day Clothes Drop Intoxication Shaggy & Friends Summer in Kingston Rise Compilation albums Hot Shot Ultramix Mr. Lover Lover : The Best of Shaggy ... part 1 Boombastic Hits The Best of Shaggy Best of Shaggy : The Boombastic Collection Singles `` Oh Carolina '' `` Nice and Lovely '' `` Soon Be Done '' `` Big Up '' `` In the Summertime '' `` Boombastic '' `` It Was n't Me '' `` Angel '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' `` Dance & Shout '' / `` Hope '' `` Me Julie '' `` Hey Sexy Lady '' `` Wild 2nite '' `` Church Heathen '' `` Bonafide Girl '' `` What 's Love '' `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' `` Remain in Our Hearts '' `` Habibi ( I Need Your Love ) '' `` Only Love '' Featured singles `` I Got You Babe '' `` Christmas in Jamaica '' `` I Wanna '' `` Do n't You Need Somebody '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Shaggy defense Major Lazer Sean Paul Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Wasn%27t_Me&oldid=840347036 '' Categories : 2000 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs about sexuality Number - one singles in Australia Reggae fusion songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Shaggy ( musician ) songs Songs about infidelity 2000 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 09 : 02 . 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St. Francis Preparatory School

St. Francis Preparatory school - wikipedia St. Francis Preparatory school Jump to : navigation , search St. Francis Prep Address 6100 Francis Lewis Boulevard New York City ( Fresh Meadows , Queens ) , New York 11365 United States 40 ° 44 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 46 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.74222 ° N 73.77611 ° W  / 40.74222 ; - 73.77611 Information Type Private Motto Deus Meus et Omnia ( My God and My All ) Religious affiliation ( s ) Roman Catholic Established 1858 Oversight Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn President Leonard Conway Principal Patrick McLaughlin ' 73 Faculty 137 Grades 9 -- 12 Gender Coeducational Enrollment 2750 ( 2008 ) Average class size 30 Color ( s ) Red and Blue Fight song On For Ol ' St Francis Mascot Terrier Nickname Prep Team name Terriers Rival Holy Cross High School ( Flushing ) ( BOYS ) and Mary Louis ( GIRLS ) Accreditation Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Publication The Little Portion Literary Magazine Newspaper The Seraph Yearbook San Fran Tuition $9,550 Website http://www.sfponline.org/ St. Francis Preparatory School , commonly known as St. Francis Prep , is a private , independent Catholic college preparatory school in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City Borough of Queens , in the State of New York . It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States . St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn , who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school . The school has a student body of about 2,750 students and graduates between 600 and 700 students annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Co-curricular activities and athletics 3 Notable alumni 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) St. Francis Preparatory originated as St. Francis Academy , a small all - boys high school on 300 Baltic Street in Brooklyn , New York , founded by the Franciscans Brothers of Brooklyn ( O.S.F. ) . The college section became St. Francis College , a private predominantly undergraduate college in Brooklyn Heights . It took its current name in 1935 , then moved to a larger facility in Williamsburg , Brooklyn in 1952 . The school moved to its current location in Fresh Meadows , Queens in 1974 when it acquired the facility that formerly housed Bishop Reilly High School , a co-educational Catholic high school . The school began admitting female students that same year . A fitness center was added recently and the science labs are being updated . There are currently plans to add a three - story addition to the rear of the existing building . The upgrades to the art rooms will support students in the studio , digital and the performing arts . Co-curricular activities and athletics ( edit ) St. Francis Prep has a rivalry with Holy Cross High School , fueled particularly by their football teams . Known as the `` Battle of the Boulevard '' due to the two schools being located only 2 miles apart on Francis Lewis Boulevard , the rivalry between the Prep Terriers and the Holy Cross Knights has been called `` arguably the greatest rivalry in New York City football . '' The St. Francis Prep girls tennis team has been undefeated for 17 consecutive years , making them 17 time CHSAA champions . In 2015 the St. Francis Prep Varsity Handball team won their 13th consecutive CHSAA championship ( with an undefeated season ) . Notable alumni ( edit ) Ted Alexandro , stand - up comedian Frank J. Aquila , corporate lawyer Marco Battaglia , NFL football player Michelle Betos , NWSL goalkeeper Des Bishop , stand - up comedian Vincent DePaul Breen , former Bishop of Diocese of Metuchen Patti Ann Browne , news anchor for the Fox News Channel Julie Chen , news anchor for CBS and hostess of reality show Big Brother Carlos Dengler , former bassist of band Interpol Gerry DiNardo , former college football coach and current Big Ten Network commentator James Dooley , Emmy Award - winning composer Sonny Dove ( 1963 ) , college and NBA basketball player , fourth pick of 1967 NBA draft Peter Facinelli , actor Kyle Flood , Rutgers University head football coach . Eric Gioia , New York City councilman Dan Henning , NFL football player and coach Ed Jenkins , NFL football player Vince Lombardi , former Green Bay Packers coach and namesake of the Lombardi Award and the Vince Lombardi Trophy Glen Mazzara , writer and television producer Bill Pickel , NFL football player and sports broadcaster Frank Serpico , New York police officer known for uncovering corruption Father Robert S. Smith , American Catholic priest , author , and educator Joe Torre , former MLB player , former New York Mets , Atlanta Braves , St. Louis Cardinals , New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers manager References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Francis Preparatory School Online '' . Sfponline.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ MSA - CSS . `` MSA - Commission on Secondary Schools '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Gustafson , Anna ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Students , Faculty Reflect on 150 Years of St. Francis Prep '' . The New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : `` About St. Francis Preparatory School '' . SFPonline.org . Jump up ^ Rhoades , Liz ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` St. Francis Prep readies building expansion plan '' . Queens Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` St. Francis Prep Cruises Past Holy Cross in Battle of the Boulevard '' . The New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Live Blog : Holy Cross-St . Francis Prep Football '' . Five Boro Sports . Jump up ^ `` Patti Ann Browne ' 83 '' . St. Francis Preparatory Alumni . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JackMyersLunchAtMichaels.com - CBS ' Julie Chen : Unique Blend of Cultural Influences Motivates Big Brother Host '' . JackMyers.com . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Facinelli 's Twitter account '' . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Council : District 26 - Eric N. Gioia '' . New York City Council . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Henning - Miami Dolphins '' . Miami Dolphins official site . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Vince Lombardi '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Serpico ' 54 '' . St. Francis Preparatory Alumni . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Newell , Kevin . `` The Joe Torre Story '' . Scholastic Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) School website Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Bishops Ordinaries John Loughlin Charles Edward McDonnell Thomas Edmund Molloy Bryan Joseph McEntegart Francis Mugavero Thomas Vose Daily Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio Auxiliary bishops Gerald Barbarito Anthony Bevilacqua John Joseph Boardman Frank Joseph Caggiano Ignatius Anthony Catanello Raymond Francis Chappetto Octavio Cisneros Joseph Peter Michael Denning Raymond Augustine Kearney Charles Richard Mulrooney George Mundelein Edmund Joseph Reilly Paul Robert Sanchez Guy Sansaricq John J. Snyder Joseph Michael Sullivan René Arnold Valero Bishops who served as priests in the diocese Vincent DePaul Breen Edward Bernard Scharfenberger Churches Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of St. James , Brooklyn Co-Cathedral Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph , Brooklyn Basilicas Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help , Brooklyn Basilica of Regina Pacis , Brooklyn Parishes Church of St. Francis of Assisi and St. Blaise , Brooklyn Church of the Holy Innocents , Brooklyn Holy Cross Church , Queens Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal , Queens Our Lady of Victory Church , Brooklyn Queen of All Saints Church , Brooklyn St. Adalbert , Queens St. Barbara 's Church , Brooklyn Saint Benedict Joseph Labre Church , Queens Saint Cecilia 's Catholic Church , Brooklyn St. Michael 's Church , Brooklyn St. Sebastian Church , Queens St. Stanislaus Kostka Church , Queens Transfiguration , Queens Former parishes Church of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , Brooklyn St. Blaise 's Church , Brooklyn St. Monica 's Church , Queens Education Seminary Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary , Queens High schools , Brooklyn ( Diocese and independent ) Bishop Kearney High School Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School Cristo Rey Brooklyn High School Fontbonne Hall Academy Nazareth Regional High School St. Edmund Preparatory High School St. Joseph High School Saint Saviour High School of Brooklyn Xaverian High School High schools , Queens ( Diocese and independent ) Archbishop Molloy High School Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary Christ the King Regional High School Holy Cross High School Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School St. Agnes High School St. Francis Preparatory School St. John 's Preparatory School The Mary Louis Academy High schools , former Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School , Brooklyn Miscellany Other DeMarco v. Holy Cross High School Michael Himes Holy Cross Cemetery , Brooklyn New Evangelization Television St. Charles Cemetery St. Vincent 's Catholic Medical Center The Tablet Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Preparatory_School&oldid=818198360 '' Categories : Private high schools in Queens , New York Preparatory schools in New York ( state ) Catholic secondary schools in New York ( state ) Educational institutions established in 1858 Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Franciscan high schools 1858 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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History of the People's Republic of China

History of the People 's Republic of China - wikipedia History of the People 's Republic of China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) 1949 -- 1976 Mao era Revolution Korean War Killings of landlords Zhen Fan Three - anti / five - anti campaigns Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Campaign Great Leap Forward ( Great Chinese Famine ) Cultural Revolution ( Lin Biao Gang of Four Tiananmen Incident ) 1976 -- 1989 Restructuring Economic reform Sino - Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Tiananmen protests 1989 -- 2002 Rising power One country , two systems ( Hong Kong Macau ) Chinese reunification 2002 -- present Recent history Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo Wang Lijun incident 2015 China Victory Day Parade Anti-corruption campaign after the 18th Party Congress History of China PRC constitution Beijing Shanghai Generations of leadership 1 . Mao 2 . Deng 3 . Jiang 4 . Hu 5 . Xi Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portal History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BCE Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1 , 1949 , when , after a near complete victory by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) in the Chinese Civil War , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen . The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China , but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China , preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties . Contents ( hide ) 1 1949 -- 1976 : Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong 2 1976 -- 1989 : Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms 3 1989 -- 2002 : Economic growth under the third generation 4 2002 -- present 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography 8 External links 1949 -- 1976 : socialist transformation under Mao Zedong ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1976 ) Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong 's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , who fled to Taiwan , Mao declared the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 . Mao 's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system , and extensive land reforms . China 's old system of landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality . Over a million landlords were executed . In Zhangzhuangcun , in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country , most `` landlords '' and `` rich peasants '' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled . All formerly landless workers had received land , which eliminated this category altogether . As a result , `` middling peasants , '' who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population , owned 90.8 percent of the land . Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle , and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants , including the execution of more powerful landlords . Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out . Mao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other ideologies , and following the First Five - Year Plan based on a Soviet - style centrally controlled economy , Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958 , beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas . Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production , pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested . Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory . He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization , the Great Leap Forward . The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40 - 70 million deaths including famine during peacetime , with the Great Leap Forward , Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 - 58 , and the Cultural Revolution . Millions died from both executions and forced labour . Because of Mao 's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward , which resulted in massive famines , thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961 . By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition . Active campaigns , including party purges and `` reeducation '' resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals . Mao 's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government , whose administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping . To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of `` old elements '' , and at the same time serving certain political goals , Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966 . The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life . Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries . Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt . Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations . Many prominent political leaders , including Liu and Deng , were purged and deemed `` capitalist - roaders '' . The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976 . Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao , China 's unity and sovereignty was assured for the first time in a century , and there was development of infrastructure , industry , healthcare , education ( only 20 % of the population could read in 1949 , compared to 65.5 % thirty years later ) , which raised standard of living for the average Chinese . They also claimed that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were essential in jumpstarting China 's development and `` purifying '' its culture . Others claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous , they left behind a `` clean slate '' on which later economic progress could be built . Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao 's campaigns , attributing the high death toll to natural disasters , famine , or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of Chiang Kai - shek . 1976 -- 1989 : rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1976 -- 1989 ) Mao Zedong 's death was followed by a power struggle between the Gang of Four , Hua Guofeng , and eventually Deng Xiaoping . Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China 's leadership by 1980 . At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee , Deng embarked China on the road to Economic Reforms and Openness ( 改革 开放 Gaige Kaifang ) , policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside , followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector . A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum , gave a `` preliminary assessment '' of the entire 30 - year period of Communist rule . At the plenum , party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution `` an appalling catastrophe '' and `` the most severe setback to ( the ) socialist cause since ( 1949 ) . '' The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China , adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . This stated that `` Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary , strategist and theorist . It is true that he made gross mistakes during the `` cultural revolution '' , but , if we judge his activities as a whole , his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes . His merits are primary and his errors secondary . '' On the subject of Mao 's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase `` 7 parts good , 3 parts bad '' and avoided denouncing Mao altogether . Deng championed the idea of Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) , areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations , running on a basically capitalist system . Deng laid emphasis on light industry as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries . Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the consumer and export sectors of the economy , the creation of an urban middle class that now constitutes 15 % of the population , higher living standards ( which is shown via dramatic increases in GDP per capita , consumer spending , life expectancy , literacy rate , and total grain output ) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms . Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s , Deng 's reforms were not without criticism . Hard - liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils , and an overall increase in materialistic thinking , while liberals attacked Deng 's unrelenting stance on political reform . Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party 's authoritarian leadership . In 1989 , the death of Hu Yaobang , a liberal figure , triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the Tiananmen Square . The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations . Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China 's government under Premier Li Peng 's leadership , which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown . Critics of the economic reforms , both in China and abroad , claim that the reforms have caused wealth disparity , environmental pollution , rampant corruption , widespread unemployment associated with layoffs at inefficient state - owned enterprises , and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences . Consequently , they believe that China 's culture has been corrupted , the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass , and that the social stability is threatened . They are also of the opinion that various political reforms , such as moves towards popular elections , have been unfairly nipped in the bud . Regardless of either view , today , the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially ; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable , commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans . However , the path of modernization and market - oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged . Even critics of China 's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms , but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms . In 1979 , the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population . The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty . The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese , with plans in place to ease it to a two - child limit . The achievements of Lee Kuan Yew to create an economic superpower in Singapore had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China . They made a major effort , especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth , entrepreneurship , and subtle suppression of dissent . Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods . 1989 -- 2002 : economic growth under the third generation ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1989 -- 2002 ) After the events at Tiananmen , Deng Xiaoping retired from public view . While keeping ultimate control , power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by Jiang Zemin , who was hailed as its `` core '' . Economic growth , despite foreign trade embargoes , returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s . Jiang 's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng 's vision for `` Socialism with Chinese Characteristics '' . At the same time , Jiang 's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life . Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE 's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures , internally and abroad . The ill - equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test . Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration . To sustain vast human consumption , the Three Gorges Dam was built , attracting supporters and widespread criticism . Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by sandstorms as a result of desertification . The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China , Hong Kong from Britain in 1997 , and Macau from Portugal in 1999 . Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance , retaining independence in their economic , social , and judicial systems . Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits , but Sino - American relations took very sour turns at the end of the decade . On May 7 , 1999 , during the Kosovo War , US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade . The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification . Inside the US , the Cox Report stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets . In 2001 , a US surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near Hainan , inciting further outrage with the Chinese public , already dissatisfied with the US . On the political agenda , China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public Falun Gong activity in 1999 . Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of Zhongnanhai , asking for dialogue with China 's leaders . Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether , while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil cult . Conversely , Premier Zhu Rongji 's economic policies held China 's economy strong during the Asian Financial Crisis . Economic growth averaged at 8 % annually , pushed back by the 1998 Yangtze River Floods . After a decade of talks , China was finally admitted into the World Trade Organization . Standards of living improved significantly , although a wide urban - rural wealth gap was opened , as China saw the reappearance of the middle class . Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day , prompting government programs to `` develop the West '' , taking on such ambitious projects such as the Qinghai - Tibet Railway . The burden of education was greater than ever . Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu 's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials . 2002 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 2002 -- present ) The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by Hu Jintao after assuming power was the public health crisis involving SARS , an illness that seemed to have originated out of Guangdong province . China 's position in the war on terror drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States . The economy continues to grow in double - digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy . In gradual steps to consolidate his power , Hu Jintao removed Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption , and the ongoing struggle against once powerful Shanghai clique . The assertion of the Scientific Perspective to create a Socialist Harmonious Society is the focus of the Hu - Wen administration , as some Jiang - era excesses are slowly reversed . In the years after Hu 's rise to power , respect of basic human rights in China continue to be a source of concern . The political status and future of Taiwan remain uncertain , but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan 's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China , notably former rival Kuomintang . The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics . However , this also put Hu 's administration under intense spotlight . While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come - out party for People 's Republic of China , in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests , the government received heavy scrutiny . The Olympic torch was met with protest en route . Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of nationalism with accusations of Western bias against China . In May 2008 , a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Sichuan province of China , exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000 . The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events , and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest . The adequacy of the government response was generally praised , and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life . In May and June 2008 , heavy rains in southern China caused severe flooding in the provinces of Anhui , Hunan , Jiangxi , Fujian and Guangdong , with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate . As of 2009 China has increased its internet monitoring capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations . See also ( edit ) History of China History of the Republic of China History of Hong Kong History of Macau Dynasties in Chinese History Economic History of China Historiography of China History of Chinese Art History of Education in China History of Science and Technology in China Legal History of China Linguistic History of China Military history of China Naval History of China Timeline of Chinese history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Rosskamm Shalom . Deaths in China Due to Communism . Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 939252 - 11 - 2 pg 24 Jump up ^ The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century , Walter Scheidel , 2017 Jump up ^ Fenby , J ( 2008 ) . Modern China : The Fall and Rise of a Great Power , 1850 to the Present . Ecco Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 166116 - 3 . Mao 's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin , his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking Jump up ^ Teiwes , Frederick C. , and Warren Sun . 1999 . China 's road to disaster : Mao , central politicians , and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward , 1955 - 1959 . Contemporary China papers . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . pp 52 - 55 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Roderick . 1974 . The origins of the Cultural Revolution . London : Published for Royal Institute of International Affairs , East Asian Institute of Columbia University and Research Institute on Communist Affairs of Columbia by Oxford University Press . p 4 . Jump up ^ Link , Perry ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Legacy Of a Maoist Injustice '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Galtung , Marte Kjær ; Stenslie , Stig ( 2014 ) . 49 Myths about China . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 1442236226 . Jump up ^ Poon , Leon . `` The People 's Republic Of China : IV '' . History of China . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( June 27 , 1981 ) . `` Comrade Mao Zedong 's Historical Role and Mao Zedong Thought -- Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China ( abridged ) '' . Communist Party of China . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` China to ease one - child policy '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's two - child policy will underwhelm '' . The Economist. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Buckley , `` In Lee Kuan Yew , China Saw a Leader to Emulate , '' New York Times March 23 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , Michael . Access to History : Mao 's China 1936 - 97 ( 3rd ed . Hachette UK , 2015 ) Historiography ( edit ) Eben V. Racknitz , Ines . `` Repositioning History for the Future - Recent Academic Debates in China '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 6 pp 465 -- 472 . Finnane , Antonia . `` Reinventing Modern China : Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing . '' Asian Studies Review 39 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 163 - 164 . Longxi , Zhang . `` Re-conceptualizing China in our Time : From a Chinese Perspective . '' European Review 23 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 193 - 209 . Unger , Jonathan . Using the Past to Serve the Present : Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China ( Routledge , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Cold War International History Project : Document Collection on China in the Cold War `` Rethinking ' Capitalist Restoration ' in China '' by Yiching Wu Peoples Republic of China by P.M. Calabrese China Timeline : A Chronology of Key Events in China by Gerhard K. Heilig China from the Inside - 2006 PBS documentary . KQED Public Television and Granada Television for PBS , Granada International and the BBC . Map of situation in East Asia at the time of declaration of the People 's Republic of China ( omniatlas.com ) China articles History China timeline Ancient China ( outline ) ( 2070 -- 221 BCE ) Imperial China ( 221 BCE -- 1911 CE ) Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) People 's Republic of China − PRC PRC 1949 -- 76 PRC 1976 -- 89 PRC 1989 -- 2002 PRC since 2002 Years in the PRC Geography Natural environment Overviews Borders Extreme points Geology Natural disasters Regions East Northeast North South Central Central South Western Northwest Southwest Terrain Bays Canyons Caves Deserts Grasslands Hills Islands Mountains ranges passes Peninsulas Northeast / North / Central Plains Valleys Volcanoes Water Canals Lakes Rivers Waterfalls Wetlands Water resources Seas Bohai Yellow East China South China Reserves Protected areas National parks Nature reserves UNESCO Biosphere Reserves Wildlife Fauna Flora Government Politics Economy Government and politics Civil service Constitution Elections Environmental policy Foreign relations Military ( People 's Liberation Army ) National People 's Congress Standing Committee National security Political parties and movements Communist Party General Secretary Politburo Democratic Parties Anti-democratisation Pro-democratisation President Vice President State Council Premier Vice Premier Administrative divisions Baseline islands Border crossings Cities Province - level subdivisions Law Judicial system Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Nationality law Penal system Economy Agriculture Banking Central bank Economic history Energy Petroleum industry Renewable energy Finance system Foreign aid received Foreign aid program Historical GDP International rankings Poverty Reform Renminbi ( currency ) Science and technology history Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) Standard of living Telecommunications Tourism Transport airports ports and harbors People Society Culture People Demographics Emigration Ethnic groups Internal migration Statistics Urbanization Society Anthem Chinese Dream Corruption Crime Emblem Education universities Flag `` Generation Y '' Harmonious Socialist Society HIV / AIDS Intellectualism Languages Poverty Public health food safety incidents Public holidays Rural life Sexuality Socialism with Chinese characteristics Social issues Social relations Social structure Social welfare Suicide Terrorism Time zones Urban life Water supply and sanitation Women Xiaokang ( middle - class ) Primary stage of socialism Culture Archaeology Archives Art Cinema Cuisine Dance Gardens Libraries Literature Martial arts Media newspapers radio television Music Parks Philosophy Religion Smoking Sports Tea culture Tourism Variety arts World Heritage Sites Index Portal History of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau History portal China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China&oldid=830705533 '' Categories : History of the People 's Republic of China Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from February 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiversity Languages Asturianu Čeština Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 13 : 29 . 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who established the peoples republic of china in 1949

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Take That Look Off Your Face

Take that Look Off Your Face - Wikipedia Take that Look Off Your Face Jump to : navigation , search `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Single by Marti Webb from the album Tell Me on a Sunday B - side `` Sheldon Bloom '' Released January 1980 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Pop , MOR , Theatrical Length 3 : 27 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Marti Webb singles chronology `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' is the title of a hit song by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber . Collaborating with lyricist Don Black , it was written for the song cycle show Tell Me on a Sunday in 1978 . It was sung and released by Marti Webb in 1980 , and became a No. 3 hit in the UK charts . The song was also popular in Ireland , and spent six weeks at number one . Later , Tell Me on a Sunday was combined with another Lloyd Webber work , Variations , to form an entire new show , Song and Dance . The song is about a woman being told of her boyfriend 's infidelity . The woman denies this initially , before rebuking her newsbearer ( a girlfriend ) with the revelation that she `` knew before '' and had done for some time . She also spends much of the song criticising her friend for rushing to break the `` bad news '' to her . Despite having been written during the creative process for Tell Me on a Sunday , the song was n't recorded during the album 's principal sessions . Black reminded Lloyd Webber that they had missed a track , then entitled `` You Must Be Mistaken '' . John Mole , the bass guitar player , improvised a part reminiscent of the arrangement style of Phil Spector , inspiring the rest of the orchestration . The track was recorded in one take , apart from a double tracking of the orchestra . A briefer 3 : 02 edit of the song is included on the album , however , a longer 3 : 29 version remixed with greater dynamic range compression was released as the single . Track listing ( edit ) Side A : `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Side B : `` Sheldon Bloom '' Revisions ( edit ) The lyrics were substantially rewritten by Richard Maltby , Jr for the original Broadway production of Song and Dance . The British productions of the show have always used the lyrics written by Black . Black himself amended the line , `` He 's doing some deal up in Baltimore now '' after realising that Baltimore is south of New York . In subsequent versions , the song 's protagonist is said to be `` down '' in Baltimore . For the 2003 production of Tell Me on a Sunday , the storyline instead placed the action in England prior to an emigration to New York , requiring some further revision of the lyrics to reference London instead . References ( edit ) This 1970s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_That_Look_Off_Your_Face&oldid=840686528 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Songs with lyrics by Don Black ( lyricist ) 1978 songs 1980 singles 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . About Wikipedia

who sang take that look off your face

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Percy Fawcett

Percy Fawcett - wikipedia Percy Fawcett Jump to : navigation , search Percy Fawcett Fawcett in 1911 Percival Harrison Fawcett ( 1867 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1867 Torquay , Devon , United Kingdom Disappeared 29 May 1925 ( aged 57 ) Mato Grosso , Brazil Occupation Artillery officer , archaeologist , explorer Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch British Army Years of service 1886 -- 1910 c. 1914 -- 1919 Rank Lieutenant Colonel Unit Royal Artillery Battles / wars World War I Awards Distinguished Service Order 3 × Mentioned in despatches Lieutenant Colonel Percival Harrison Fawcett DSO ( 18 August 1867 -- during or after 1925 ) was a British geographer , artillery officer , cartographer , archaeologist and explorer of South America . Along with his eldest son , Fawcett disappeared in 1925 during an expedition to find `` Z '' -- his name for an ancient lost city , which he and others believed to exist and to be the remains of El Dorado , in the jungles of Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Early expeditions 1.3 Final expedition 1.3. 1 Dead Horse Camp 2 Posthumous controversy and speculations 2.1 Rumours and unverified reports 2.2 Villas - Bôas story 2.3 Fawcett 's Bones 2.4 Russian documentary 2.5 Commune in the jungle 2.6 Grann 's Lost City of Z 3 Works 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Percy Fawcett was born on 18 August 1867 in Torquay , Devon , England , to Edward Boyd Fawcett and Myra Elizabeth ( née MacDougall ) . He received his education at Newton Abbot Proprietary College along with Bertram Fletcher Robinson . Percy Fawcett 's India - born father was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society ( RGS ) . His elder brother Edward Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) was a mountain climber , Eastern occultist and author of philosophical books and popular adventure novels . Fawcett attended the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich as a cadet , being commissioned as a lieutenant of the Royal Artillery on 24 July 1886 . On 13 January 1896 he was appointed adjutant of the 1st Cornwall ( Duke of Cornwall 's ) Artillery Volunteers , and was promoted to captain on 15 June 1897 . He later served in Trincomalee , Ceylon , where he also met his future wife Nina Agnes Paterson , whom he married in January 1901 after having previously ended their engagement . They had two sons , Jack ( born 1903 ) and Brian ( 1906 -- 1984 ) , and one daughter , Joan ( 1910 -- 2005 ) . He joined the RGS himself in 1901 in order to study surveying and mapmaking . Later , he worked for the British Secret Service in North Africa while pursuing the surveyor 's craft . He served for the war office on Spike Island , County Cork from 1903 to 1906 , where he was promoted to major on 11 January 1905 . He became friends with authors H. Rider Haggard and Arthur Conan Doyle ; the latter used Fawcett 's Amazonian field reports as an inspiration for his novel The Lost World . Early expeditions ( edit ) Fawcett 's first expedition to South America was in 1906 ( being seconded for service there on 2 May ) when at the age of 39 he travelled to Brazil to map a jungle area at the border of Brazil and Bolivia at the behest of the Royal Geographical Society . The Society had been commissioned to map the area as a third party unbiased by local national interests . He arrived in La Paz , Bolivia in June . Whilst on the expedition in 1907 , Fawcett claimed to have seen and shot a 62 foot long giant anaconda , a claim for which he was ridiculed by scientists . He reported other mysterious animals unknown to zoology , such as a small cat - like dog about the size of a foxhound , which he claimed to have seen twice , or the giant Apazauca spider which was said to have poisoned a number of locals . Fawcett made seven expeditions between 1906 and 1924 . He was mostly amicable with the locals through gifts , patience and courteous behaviour . In 1908 , he traced the source of the Rio Verde ( Brazil ) and in 1910 made a journey to Heath River ( on the border between Peru and Bolivia ) to find its source , having retired from the British army on 19 January . After a 1913 expedition , he supposedly claimed to have seen dogs with double noses . These may have been Double - nosed Andean tiger hounds . Based on documentary research , Fawcett had by 1914 formulated ideas about a `` lost city '' he named `` Z '' somewhere in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil . He theorized that a complex civilization once existed in the Amazon region and that isolated ruins may have survived . Fawcett also found a document known as Manuscript 512 ( pt ) , written after explorations made in the sertão of the state of Bahia , and housed at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro . It is believed to be by Portuguese bandeirante João da Silva Guimarães ( pt ) , who wrote that in 1753 he 'd discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches , a statue , and a temple with hieroglyphics ; the city is described in great detail without providing a specific location . This city became a secondary destination for Fawcett , after `` Z '' . ( See Fawcett 's own book Exploration Fawcett . ) At the beginning of the First World War Fawcett returned to Britain to serve with the Army as a Reserve Officer in the Royal Artillery , volunteering for duty in Flanders , and commanding an artillery brigade despite the fact that he was nearly fifty years of age . He was promoted from major to lieutenant - colonel on 1 March 1918 , and received three mentions in despatches from Douglas Haig , in November 1916 , November 1917 , and November 1918 , and was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order in June 1917 . After the war Fawcett returned to Brazil to study local wildlife and archaeology . In 1920 , he made a solo attempt to search for `` Z '' , but ended after suffering from a fever and shooting his pack animal . Final expedition ( edit ) In 1925 , with funding from a London - based group of financiers known as the Glove , Fawcett returned to Brazil with his eldest son Jack and Jack 's best and longtime friend , Raleigh Rimell , for an exploratory expedition to find `` Z '' . Fawcett left instructions stating that if the expedition did not return , no rescue expedition should be sent lest the rescuers suffer his fate . Fawcett was a man with years of experience travelling , and had brought equipment such as canned foods , powdered milk , guns , flares , a sextant , and a chronometer . His travel companions were both chosen for their health , ability and loyalty to each other ; Fawcett chose only two companions in order to travel lighter and with less notice to native tribes , as some were hostile towards outsiders . On 20 April 1925 his final expedition departed from Cuiabá . In addition to his two principal companions , Fawcett was accompanied by two Brazilian labourers , two horses , eight mules , and a pair of dogs . The last communication from the expedition was on 29 May 1925 when Fawcett wrote , in a letter to his wife delivered by a native runner , that he was ready to go into unexplored territory with only Jack and Raleigh . They were reported to be crossing the Upper Xingu , a southeastern tributary river of the River Amazon . The final letter , written from Dead Horse Camp , gave their location and was generally optimistic . Many people assumed that local Indians killed them , as several tribes were nearby at the time : the Kalapalos , the last tribe to have seen them , the Arumás , Suyás , and the Xavantes whose territory they were entering . The Kalapalo have an oral story of the arrival of three explorers which states that the three went east , and after five days the Kalapalo noticed that the group no longer made camp fires . The Kalapalo say that a very violent tribe most likely killed them . However , both of the younger men were lame and ill when last seen , and there is not any proof that they were murdered . It is plausible that they died of natural causes in the Brazilian jungle . In 1927 , a name - plate of Fawcett was found with an Indian tribe . In June 1933 , a theodolite compass belonging to Fawcett was found near the Baciary Indians of Mato Grosso by Colonel Aniceto Botelho . However , the name - plate was from Fawcett 's expedition five years earlier and had most likely been given as a gift to the chief of that Indian tribe . The compass was proved to have been left behind before he entered the jungle on his final journey . Dead Horse Camp ( edit ) Dead Horse Camp , or Fawcett 's camp , is one of the major camps that Fawcett made on his final journey . This encampment was his last known location . From Dead Horse Camp , Fawcett wrote to his wife about the hardships that he and his companions had faced , his coordinates , his doubts in Raleigh Rimmel , and of his plans for the near future . He concludes his message with , `` You need have no fear of any failure ... '' One question remaining about Dead Horse Camp concerns a discrepancy in the coordinates Fawcett gave for the camp . In the letter to his wife , he wrote : `` Here we are at Dead Horse Camp , latitude 11 degrees 43 ' South and longitude 54 degrees 35 ' West , the spot where my horse died in 1920 '' ( 11 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  11.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 11.717 ; - 54.583 ) . However , in a report to the North American Newspaper Alliance he gave the coordinates as 13 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  13.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 13.717 ; - 54.583 . The discrepancy may have been a typographical error . However , he may have intentionally concealed the location to prevent others from using his notes to find the lost city . It may have also been an attempt to dissuade any rescue attempts ; Fawcett had stated that if he disappeared , no rescue party should be sent because the danger was too great . Posthumous controversy and speculations ( edit ) Rumours and unverified reports ( edit ) During the ensuing decades , various groups mounted several rescue expeditions , without success . They heard only various rumours that could not be verified . In addition to reports that Fawcett had been killed by Indians or wild animals , there was a tale that Fawcett had lost his memory and lived out his life as the chief of a tribe of cannibals . While a fictitious tale estimated that 100 would - be-rescuers died on several expeditions attempting to discover Fawcett 's fate , the actual toll was only one - a sole man who ventured after him alone . One of the earliest expeditions was commanded by American explorer George Miller Dyott . In 1927 he claimed to have found evidence of Fawcett 's death at the hands of the Aloique Indians , but his story was unconvincing . From 1930 -- 31 , Aloha Wanderwell used her seaplane to try to land on the Amazon River in the Matto Grosso to find him . After an emergency landing and living with the Bororo Tribe for 6 weeks , Aloha and Walter Flew back to Brazil , with no luck . A 1951 expedition unearthed human bones that were found later to be unrelated to Fawcett or his companions . Villas - Bôas story ( edit ) Danish explorer Arne Falk - Rønne journeyed to the Mato Grosso during the 1960s . In a 1991 book , he wrote that he learned of Fawcett 's fate from Orlando Villas - Bôas , who had heard it from one of Fawcett 's murderers . Allegedly , Fawcett and his companions had a mishap on the river and lost most of the gifts they 'd brought along for the Indian tribes . Continuing without gifts was a serious breach of protocol ; since the expedition members were all more or less seriously ill at the time , the Kalapalo tribe they encountered decided to kill them . The bodies of Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rimell were thrown into the river ; Colonel Fawcett , considered an old man and therefore distinguished , received a proper burial . Falk - Rønne visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that one of the tribesmen confirmed Villas - Bôas 's story about how and why Fawcett had been killed . Fawcett 's bones ( edit ) In 1951 , Orlando Villas - Bôas , activist for indigenous peoples , supposedly received the actual remaining skeletal bones of Fawcett and had them analysed scientifically . The analysis allegedly confirmed the bones to be Fawcett 's , but his son Brian Fawcett ( 1906 -- 1984 ) refused to accept this . Villas - Bôas claimed that Brian was too interested in making money from books about his father 's disappearance . Later scientific analysis confirmed that the bones were not Fawcett 's . As of 1965 , the bones reportedly rested in a box in the flat of one of the Villas - Bôas brothers in São Paulo . In 1998 , English explorer Benedict Allen went to talk to the Kalapalo Indians , said by Villas - Bôas to have confessed to having killed the three Fawcett expedition members . An elder of the Kalapalo , Vajuvi , claimed during a filmed BBC interview with Allen that the bones found by Villas - Bôas some 45 years before were not really Fawcett 's . Vajuvi also denied that his tribe had any part in the Fawcetts ' disappearance . No conclusive evidence supports either statement . Russian documentary ( edit ) In 2003 , a Russian documentary film , `` Проклятье золота инков / Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку '' ( The Curse of the Incas ' Gold / Expedition of Percy Fawcett to the Amazon ) , was released as a part of the television series `` Тайны века '' ( Mysteries of the Century ) . Among other things , the film emphasizes the recent expedition of Oleg Aliyev to the presumed approximate place of Fawcett 's last whereabouts and Aliyev 's findings , impressions and presumptions about Fawcett 's fate . Commune in the jungle ( edit ) On 21 March 2004 , the British newspaper The Observer reported that television director Misha Williams , who had studied Fawcett 's private papers , believed that Fawcett had not intended to return to Britain but rather meant to found a commune in the jungle based on theosophical principles and the worship of his son Jack . Williams explained his research in some detail in the preface to his play AmaZonia , first performed in April 2004 . Grann 's Lost city of Z ( edit ) Main article : The Lost City of Z ( book ) In 2005 , The New Yorker staff writer David Grann visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that it had apparently preserved an oral history about Fawcett , among the first Europeans the tribe had ever seen . The oral account said that Fawcett and his party had stayed at their village and then left , heading eastward . The Kalapalos warned Fawcett and his companions that if they went that way they would be killed by the `` fierce Indians '' who occupied that territory , but Fawcett insisted on going . The Kalapalos observed smoke from the expedition 's campfire each evening for five days before it disappeared . The Kalapalos said they were sure the fierce Indians had killed them . The article also reports that a monumental civilisation known as Kuhikugu may have actually existed near where Fawcett was searching , as discovered recently by archaeologist Michael Heckenberger and others . Grann 's findings are further detailed in his book The Lost City of Z ( 2009 ) . Works ( edit ) Fawcett , Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ) , Exploration Fawcett , Phoenix Press ( 2001 reprint ) , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 468 - 4 Fawcett , Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ) , Lost Trails , Lost Cities , Funk & Wagnalls ASIN B0007DNCV4 Fawcett , Brian ( 1958 ) , Ruins in the Sky , Hutchinson of London In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( April 2017 ) Was the subject of an episode of Digging for the Truth . Arthur Conan Doyle based his Professor Challenger character partly on Fawcett , and stories of the `` Lost City of Z '' became the basis for his novel The Lost World . A contemporary reviewer of Evelyn Waugh 's novel A Handful of Dust suggested he may have derived the plot partly from Fawcett 's disappearance . The novel 's hero vanishes into the Brazilian jungle and is kept prisoner there . Fawcett has been proposed as a possible inspiration for Indiana Jones , the fictional archaeologist / adventurer . A fictionalised version of Fawcett aids Jones in the novel Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . ) Fawcett was a prototype of Percy Foster , fictional explorer in the Russian - language novel The grave of Tame - Tung . There , Foster and his son became obsessed with riches of Indians and were killed by their former friend Raleigh Rimer ( based on Raleigh Rimmel ) to prevent pillaging . According to an article in Comics Scene No. 45 , Fawcett was the inspiration of Kent Allard , an alter ego of the Shadow . Director Pete Docter named Fawcett as one of the inspirations for the character Charles F. Muntz , the antagonist of the Pixar film Up . David Grann 's The Lost City of Z was optioned by Brad Pitt 's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures . James Gray directed the film , which stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett and was released in April 2017 . The Cruise of the Condor ( 1933 ) , one of W.E. Johns ' `` Biggles '' stories , is inspired by Fawcett 's search for `` Z '' . Writers Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child mentioned in their books that Percy Fawcett was a great - great uncle of Aloysius Pendergast on his mother 's side . The plot of the first episode of the television programme Hooten & the Lady was about the search for Fawcett 's camp . In Hergé 's adventure of Tintin L'Oreille Cassée , Fawcett is believed to be the model for Ridgewell , an explorer disappeared for ten years who has become known as `` the white old man '' a member of the Arumbaya tribe . Peter Fleming 's book Brazilian Adventure is the story of his part in an expedition to find Fawcett . Fleming 's book was first published in 1933 . Peter was the brother of Ian who wrote the James Bond books . The 2017 Osprey Games Eurogame The Lost Expedition , designed by Peer Sylvester , with artwork by Garen Ewing , is based on Percy Fawcett 's expeditions . See also ( edit ) Amazon River Archaeology Explorers List of people who disappeared mysteriously Paititi Aloha Wanderwell Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heckenberger , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . `` Lost cities of the Amazon '' . Scientific American . 301 ( 4 ) : 64 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` E. Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) '' . Keverel Chess. 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fawcett , E , Douglas '' . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 25615 '' . The London Gazette. 10 August 1886 . p. 3855 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26703 '' . The London Gazette. 24 January 1896 . p. 424 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26705 '' . The London Gazette. 31 January 1896 . p. 589 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26869 '' . The London Gazette. 2 July 1897 . p. 3635 . Jump up ^ `` No. 27792 '' . The London Gazette. 12 May 1905 . p. 3426 . Jump up ^ `` No. 27916 '' . The London Gazette. 25 May 1906 . p. 3657 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , P.H. and Fawcett , B. Exploration Fawcett ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Apazauca spider '' . The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett . Jump up ^ `` No. 28330 '' . The London Gazette. 18 January 1910 . p. 434 . Jump up ^ `` Double - nosed dog not to be sniffed at '' . BBC News . 10 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grann , David ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` The Lost City of Z '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31120 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 10 January 1919 . p. 674 . Jump up ^ `` No. 29890 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 2 January 1917 . p. 208 . Jump up ^ `` No. 30421 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 7 December 1917 . p. 12912 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31077 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 December 1918 . p. 14926 . Jump up ^ `` No. 30111 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 1 June 1917 . pp. 5468 -- 5470 . Jump up ^ The London Illustrated News , 22 June 1924 Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1981 ) . `` History of the Search for Percy H. Fawcett , Part 2 '' . Trivia-Library.com . Jump up ^ Cummins , Geraldine ( March 1985 ) . The Fate of Colonel Fawcett . Health Research Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7873 - 0230 - 6 . Jump up ^ Basso , Ellen B. ( 22 July 2010 ) . The Last Cannibals : A South American Oral History . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79206 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colonel Fawcett 's Last Words '' . Colonel Percy Fawcett 's Search For the Lost city of Z . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Horse Camp ( Fawcett 's Camp ) '' . The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuing Chronicles of Colonel Fawcett '' . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( 2010 ) . The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . New York : Vintage Books . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7845 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hemming , John ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The Lost City of Z is a very long way from a true story and I should know '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ Falk - Rønne , Arne ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) . Dr. Klapperslange ( in Danish ) . Lindhardt og Ringhof . ISBN 9788711714096 . Jump up ^ The upper jaw provides the clearest possible evidence that these human remains were not those of Colonel Fawcett , whose spare upper denture is fortunately available for comparison . Royal Anthropological Institute ( London ) ( 1951 ) `` Report on the human remains from Brazil '' as quoted by Grann ( 2009 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ `` 1953 COL . FAWCETT PERU BOLIVIA BRAZIL SOUTH AMERICA LOST EXPEDITION EL DORADO '' . eBay . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Orcutt , Larry ( 2000 ) . `` Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett '' . Jump up ^ `` Vajuvi said that they were the bones of his grandfather , Mugikia . '' Grann ( 2009 ) pp. 252 -- 253 Jump up ^ `` Тайны века . Проклятие золота инков . Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку . '' ( Secrets of the century . The curse of the Inca gold . Expedition of Percy Fosset to the Amazon . ) . Filmix.net ( in Russian ) . 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 21 March 2004 ) . `` Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the Colonel who vanished '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Williams , Misha . AmaZonia ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ For further info see the last chapter of Grann 's book The Lost City of Z and Charles Mann 's book 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . Doubleday , New York , pages 8 and 95 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Times '' . 4 September 1934 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Neither George Lucas nor Steven Spielberg -- co-creators of the successful concept and franchise -- have indicated that any specific individual inspired their character , other than the generic stock heroes popularised in the matinée serials and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s they admired and wished to modernise , or later exotic - culture adventure films such as 1954 's Secret of the Incas . Jump up ^ `` Making Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Raiders News . 23 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2003 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rob ( November 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Expedition '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Falk - Rønne , Arne. ( 1991 ) . Klodens Forunderlige Mysterier . Roth Forlag . Fleming , Peter . ( 1933 ) Brazilian Adventure , Charles Scribner 's Sons ISBN 0 - 87477 - 246 - X Grann , David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Leal , Hermes ( 1996 ) , Enigma do Coronel Fawcett , o verdadeiro Indiana Jones ( Colonel Fawcett : The Real - Life Indiana Jones ; Published in Portuguese ) La Gazette des Français du Paraguay , Percy Fawcett - Un monument de l'Exploration et de l'Aventure en Amérique Latine - Expédition du Rio Verde - bilingue français espagnol - numéro 6 , Année 1 , Asuncion Paraguay . Scriblerius , C.S. ( 2015 ) , `` Percyfaw Code , the secret dossier '' Published by Amazon.com . External links ( edit ) Forgotten Travellers : The Hunt for Colonel Fawcett Essay on Lt. - Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett Virtual Exploration Society -- Colonel Percy Fawcett Colonel Fawcett Mad Dreams in the Amazon Essay on Fawcett from The New York Review of Books Lost in the Amazon : The Enigma of Col. Percy Fawcett PBS Secrets of the Dead documentary B. Fletcher Robinson & ' The Lost World ' by Paul Spiring The Lost City of Z is a Long Way From a True Story and I Should Know by John Hemming in The Spectator VIAF : 61597470 LCCN : n81102852 ISNI : 0000 0000 8140 5771 GND : 138720967 SUDOC : 03093544X BNF : cb12225182v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Fawcett&oldid=800129901 '' Categories : 1867 births English archaeologists English explorers Explorers of Amazonia Lost explorers Missing people People from Torquay Professor Challenger Royal Artillery officers Companions of the Distinguished Service Order 1920s missing person cases Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Year of death missing Year of death unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Joanna Going

Joanna Going - wikipedia Joanna Going Jump to : navigation , search Joanna Going Joanna Going at the Kingdom premiere in October 2014 . Joanna C. Going ( 1963 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Washington , DC. , United States Alma mater Emerson College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dylan Walsh ( m . 2004 ; div. 2012 ) Children Joanna C. Going ( born July 22 , 1963 ) is an American actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) She was born in Washington , DC , the oldest of six children of a lawyer / state assemblyman father and a police dispatcher mother . Raised in Newport , Rhode Island , she graduated from Rogers High School in 1981 , then attended Emerson College for two years before studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . Career ( edit ) Going appeared in soap opera roles in the late 1980s , most notably as Lisa Grady on Another World from 1987 to 1989 . She went on to portray lead character Victoria Winters in the 1991 primetime series Dark Shadows . Going later starred in short - lived television series Going to Extremes and guest - starred on Columbo , Spin City , The Outer Limits , and Law & Order . Going starred in a number of feature films . She made her film debut in Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) as Josephine Marcus , and later had major roles in Eden , Keys to Tulsa , Inventing the Abbotts , and Still Breathing . Her biggest role may be in the 1998 film version of Phantoms . In the 2000s , she starred in several television films and guest - starred on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Criminal Minds , and Mad Men . She also appeared opposite Sean Penn in the 2011 film The Tree of Life , her first role in a major motion picture since 2003 's Runaway Jury . In 2014 , Going starred as First Lady Tricia Walker in the second season of Netflix political series House of Cards . She later was cast in the DirecTV series Kingdom . Going appeared on Ken Reid 's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on March 25 , 2016 . Personal Life ( edit ) Going married actor Dylan Walsh on October 10 , 2004 . They have a daughter , Stella Haven . On December 15 , 2010 , Walsh announced he had filed for divorce . The divorce was finalized in December 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Nick Jonas , Going , Matt Lauria , Frank Grillo , and Jonathan Tucker at the premiere of the Kingdom in October 2014 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Wyatt Earp Josephine Marcus 1995 How to Make an American Quilt Young Em 1995 Nixon Young Student Eden Helen Kunen 1997 Little City Kate 1997 Inventing the Abbotts Alice Abbott 1997 Keys to Tulsa Cherry 1997 Commandments Karen Warner 1997 Still Breathing Rosalyn Willoughby 1998 Phantoms Jennifer Pailey , M.D. 1998 Heaven Jennifer Marling 1998 Blue Christmas Pretty Woman 1999 NetForce Toni Fiorelli 2000 Cupid & Cate Cynthia TV Movie 2001 Lola Sandra 2002 The Routine Mother Short film 2002 Home Alone 4 Natalie TV Movie 2003 Runaway Jury Celeste Wood 2006 Save Me Rita Lambert Short film 2006 My Silent Partner Phyllis Webber TV Movie 2007 McBride : Dogged Sarah Sinclair TV Movie 2009 Chasing a Dream Diane Stiles TV Movie 2011 The Tree of Life Jack 's Wife 2014 Ready or Knot Margo 2014 The Sphere and the Labyrinth Jordana 2014 Love & Mercy Audree Wilson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Search for Tomorrow Evie Stone Recurring role 1987 -- 1989 Another World Lisa Grady Series regular The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Mindy Episode : `` Here 's Why You Can Never Have Too Much Petty Cash '' 1991 Dark Shadows Victoria Winters / Josette du Pres Series regular , 12 episodes Columbo Melissa Alexandra Hayes Episode : `` No Time to Die '' 1992 -- 1993 Going to Extremes Kathleen McDermott Series regular , 17 episodes 1993 New Year Katie Hartman TV pilot 1993 Nick 's Game Laura ' Stock ' Swenson TV pilot 1995 Children of the Dust Rachel TV miniseries 2000 Ed Sela McKenzie Episode : `` Pretty Girls and Waffles '' 2001 Spin City Julia Rhodes 3 episodes 2001 The Outer Limits Dr. Anya Kenway Episode : `` Worlds Within '' 2002 Law & Order Dana Bauer Episode : `` The Collar '' 2002 Georgetown TV pilot 2003 111 Gramercy Park Cathy Wilton TV pilot 2005 Inconceivable Jann Carlton Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Sonograms '' 2005 Into the West Old Clara Wheeler TV miniseries 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Amanda Sinclair / Jill Case Episode : `` Happenstance '' 2007 Criminal Minds Dana Woodridge Episode : `` Distress '' 2007 Close to Home Samantha Veeder 3 episodes 2007 Journeyman Lauren Episode : `` Perfidia '' 2013 Mad Men Arlene Episodes : `` To Have and to Hold '' and `` The Better Half '' 2014 House of Cards First Lady Tricia Walker 7 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Kingdom Christina Kulina Main role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going Biography ( 1963 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' House of Cards ' Joanna Going Boards DirecTV 's ' Navy St . ' '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Joanna Going Joins DirecTV 's ' Navy St ' ; Angelique Cabral Boards NBC 's ' Two To Go ' '' . Deadline.com . March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Deadline , The ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` DirecTV Drama Series ' Navy St ' Gets New Title , Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nip / Tuck Star Dylan Walsh Files for Divorce '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Walsh - Ordered to Pay Ex-Wife HALF Of ' Nip / Tuck ' Money '' . TMZ.com. 2012 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Joanna Going on IMDb VIAF : 268785326 LCCN : no2001038831 ISNI : 0000 0001 1934 8179 BNF : cb14182087x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Going&oldid=793784298 '' Categories : 1963 births Actresses from Rhode Island American film actresses American television actresses Emerson College alumni Living people People from Newport , Rhode Island American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia

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5319006839104362913

Old Course at St Andrews

Old Course at St Andrews - wikipedia Old Course at St Andrews Jump to : navigation , search Old Course R&A Clubhouse and 18th green in 2004 Club information Coordinates 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Coordinates : 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Location St Andrews , Scotland Established 1552 Type Public Owned by Fife Council Operated by St Andrews Links Trust Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted The Open Championship , Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Website Old Course Par 72 Length 7,305 yards ( 6,680 m ) Course record 61 ; Ross Fisher ( 2017 ) St Andrews Location in Scotland St Andrews Location in Fife , Scotland The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world , a public course over common land in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament . The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee , although it is but one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course , along with the general public . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Influence on modern golf 1.3 Old Course and Bobby Jones 2 Features 3 The Open Championship 4 Scorecard 5 Women 's British Open 6 Senior Open Championship 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the `` home of golf '' because the sport was first played on the Links at St Andrews in the early 15th century . Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until in 1457 , when James II of Scotland banned golf because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery . The ban was upheld by the following kings of Scotland until 1502 , when King James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban . Governance ( edit ) In 1552 , Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St. Andrews the right to play on the links . In 1754 , 22 noblemen , professors , and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers . This society would eventually become the precursor to the Royal and Ancient which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico . St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797 . The Town Council of St. Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity . Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf . The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years , though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris ( 1865 -- 1908 ) , who designed the 1st and 18th holes . Originally , it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes . As interest in the game increased , groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole , but going in different directions . Influence on modern golf ( edit ) The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today . For instance , in 1764 , the course had 22 holes . The members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes . The members decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes ( two in and two out ) . St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created . Around 1863 , Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green , producing the current 18 - hole layout with seven double greens and four single greens . The Old Course is home of The Open Championship , the oldest of golf 's major championships . The Old Course has hosted this major 29 times since 1873 , most recently in 2015 . The 29 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course , and The Open is currently played there every five years . Old Course and Bobby Jones ( edit ) Bobby Jones ( who later founded Augusta National ) first played St Andrews in the 1921 Open Championship . During the third round , he infamously hit his ball into a bunker on the 11th hole . After he took four swings at the ball and still could not get out , after losing his temper , he continued the round , but did not turn in score card , thus disqualifying himself . However , he did continue to play in the fourth round . Six years later , when the Open Championship returned to St Andrews , Jones also returned . Not only did he win , he also became the first amateur to win back - to - back Open Championships . He won wire - to - wire , shooting a 285 ( 7 - under - par ) , which was the lowest score at either a U.S. Open or Open Championship at the time . He ended up winning the tournament by a decisive six strokes . In 1930 , Jones returned to St Andrews for the British Amateur . He won , beating Roger Wethered by a score of 7 and 6 in the final match . He subsequently won the other three majors , making him the only man in the history of the sport to win the Grand Slam . Jones went on to fall in love with the Old Course for the rest of his life . Years later , he said `` If I had to select one course upon which to play the match of my life , I should have selected the Old Course . '' In 1958 the town of St Andrews gave Jones the key to the city ; he was only the second American to receive the honour ( after Benjamin Franklin in 1759 ) . After he received the key , he said `` I could take out of my life everything but my experiences here in St. Andrews and I would still have had a rich and full life . '' Features ( edit ) `` I 'm very sentimental and the place gets to me every time I go there . St Andrews was always where I wanted to finish my major career . '' -- Jack Nicklaus on finishing his career at St Andrews , 2005 . The Swilcan Bridge is one of the most iconic attractions in golf The 18th hole towards the clubhouse of the R&A in 2006 . A largely unchanged view in 1891 . One of the unique features of the Old Course are the large double greens . Seven greens are shared by two holes each , with hole numbers adding up to 18 ( 2nd paired with 16th , 3rd with 15th , all the way up to 8th and 10th ) . The Swilcan Bridge , spanning the first and 18th holes , has become a famous icon for golf in the world . Everyone who plays the 18th hole walks over this 700 - year - old bridge , and many iconic pictures of the farewells of the most iconic golfers in history have been taken on this bridge . A life - size stone replica of the Bridge is situated at the World Golf Hall of Fame museum in St. Augustine , Florida . Only the 1st , 9th , 17th and 18th holes have their own greens . Another unique feature is that the course can be played in either direction , clockwise or anti-clockwise . Along with that , the Old Course has 112 bunkers which are all individually named and have their own unique story and history behind them . The two most famous are the 10 ft deep `` Hell Bunker '' on the 14th hole , and the `` Road Bunker '' on the 17th hole . Countless professional golfers have seen their dreams of winning the Open Championship squandered by hitting their balls into those bunkers . The Old Course is also home of The Road Hole , the par - 4 17th , one of the world 's most famous golf holes . Among its unique features are : Players using the back tees can not see where their tee shots land . This is not unusual except that they must take aim over a corner of replica railway sheds which lie beyond the out of bounds wall . The original sheds were torn down when the rail line running next to the course closed , and after several Opens were played without the tee shot being blind , replicas of the sheds were created in preparation for the 1984 Open . Other than rough , the primary hazard in front of the green is a sand trap known as the `` Road Bunker . '' Over the back of the green , hazards include a tarmac roadway , as well as an old stone wall . Both are in play ; a wayward shot can lead a player to take their next stroke off the roadway or to hit the face of the wall and take their chances with the ensuing bounce . The general method of play today is counterclockwise , although clockwise play has been permitted on one day each year in recent years , and for several special one off events since . Originally , the course was reversed every week in order to let the grass recover better . One other unusual thing about the Old Course is that it is closed on Sundays to let the course rest . On some Sundays , the course turns into a park for all the townspeople who come out to stroll , picnic and otherwise enjoy the grounds . As a general rule , Sunday play is allowed on the course on only four occasions : The final day of the Dunhill Links Championship , an annual event on the European Tour . The final day of any R&A sanctioned Open Championships -- men and women , and the men over 50 when it is held at the Old Course ; this happens roughly once every five years for the men ; the women 's championship began its turn on the rotation in 2007 , and the over-50 championship began in 2018 . The final day of two top amateur events , the St Andrews Links Trophy and the St Rule Trophy . Sunday play may also occur when the Old Course hosts other major events ; for example , when it hosted the Curtis Cup in 2008 . While winning the Open Championship is a crowning achievement for any golfer , a win at St Andrews is considered particularly important due to the course 's long tradition . Past winners at St Andrews include Tiger Woods ( twice ) , Louis Oosthuizen , John Daly , Zach Johnson ( first Monday finish since 1988 ) , Nick Faldo , Seve Ballesteros , Jack Nicklaus ( twice ) , Tony Lema , Kel Nagle , Bobby Locke , Peter Thomson , Sam Snead , Dick Burton , Denny Shute , Bobby Jones , Jock Hutchison , James Braid ( twice ) , John Henry Taylor ( twice ) , Hugh Kirkaldy , Jack Burns , Bob Martin ( twice ) , Jamie Anderson , Tom Kidd , Lorena Ochoa , and most recently Stacy Lewis at the 2013 Women 's British Open . In 2005 the Old Course was ranked as the greatest golf course outside the United States , by Golf Digest . Since 1990 , the Old Course has been unique on the Open roster in holding the Championship every five years . However , this sequence has been broken with the announcement that the 2020 Championship will be at Royal St. George 's . The reason for this is that the 2021 Championship will be the 150th , and is expected to be played on the Old Course although no official announcement has yet been made . The Open Championship ( edit ) The `` road bunker '' at the 17th hole . R&A Clubhouse on the Old Course . The Open Championship has been staged at the Old Course at St Andrews 29 times . The following is a list of the champions : Year Winner Score Notes R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 1873 Tom Kidd 91 88 -- -- 179 This was the first time the Open Championship was played on an 18 - hole course . Instead of three rounds of 12 holes , there were two rounds of 18 . Kidd won £ 11 . 1876 Bob Martin 86 90 -- -- 176 Due to a controversial ruling , Bob Martin finished in a tie for first . In protest , his opponent Davie Strath refused to participate so Martin walked the course and became the Open Champion . He won £ 10 . 1879 Jamie Anderson 84 85 -- -- 169 With this win , Jamie Anderson became the first person to break 170 in the Open Championship . He won £ 10 . 1882 Bob Ferguson 83 88 -- -- 171 This was the third straight Open Championship for Ferguson . He won £ 12 . 1885 Bob Martin 84 87 -- -- 171 The second of Martin 's Open Championship wins , he won £ 10 . 1888 Jack Burns 86 85 -- -- 171 Burns won after his score was re-added , giving him a one - stroke victory . The winners share was £ 8 . 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 83 83 -- -- 166 Kirkaldy set the tournament record with his 166 . This was also the last Open Championship that was 36 holes . The winners share was £ 10 . 1895 J.H. Taylor 86 78 80 78 322 This was the first Open to be played over two days ( 36 holes a day ) and a total of 72 holes at St Andrews . He shot the first sub-80 rounds at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 30 . 1900 J.H. Taylor 79 77 78 75 309 This open marked the first time the `` Great Triumvirate '' finished 1 - 2 - 3 . That was the name given to the three golfers who dominated the game in the late 19th century to the early 20th century . From 1894 to 1914 , J.H. Taylor , Harry Vardon , and James Braid combined to win 16 Open Championships . This was Taylor 's third of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1905 James Braid 81 78 78 81 318 This was the first Open to be played over three days , with 36 holes on the last day . This was Braid 's second of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1910 James Braid 76 73 74 76 299 This Open was the last of Braid 's five Open Championships . With this win he became the first person to break 300 in a four - round Open at St Andrews , and was the first to win five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1921 Jock Hutchison 72 75 79 70 296 Born in Scotland , Hutchison was the first American citizen to win the Open Championship with this win . This was also the first time Bobby Jones played St Andrews . He ended up walking off the course after he took four shots to get out of a bunker on the 11th hole . The winners share was £ 75 . 1927 Bobby Jones ( a ) 68 72 73 72 285 ( − 3 ) This win marked Bobby Jones ' first Open championship win at St Andrews , his second straight Open Championship , fourth professional major , and his 7th career major ( he was a three - time winner of the U.S. Amateur ) . As an amateur , Jones received no prize money . Aubrey Boomer and Fred Robson finished in a tie for second , and the winners and second place share of £ 75 for first place and £ 50 for second place were combined and divided into two , so each player earned 62 pounds and 10 shillings . 1933 Denny Shute 73 73 73 73 292 ( + 4 ) Shute won the Open title by five strokes in a playoff against Craig Wood . Leo Diegel could have joined them but he whiffed a putt on the 72nd hole , finishing one shot off the lead . The winners share was £ 100 . 1939 Dick Burton 70 72 77 71 290 ( − 2 ) The 1939 Open was the last Open until 1946 because of World War II . The Royal Air Force used the fairways of the Old Course as runways . Burton held the Claret Jug the longest ( 7 years ) , until the tournament resumed in 1946 , also at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 100 . 1946 Sam Snead 71 70 74 75 290 ( − 2 ) Even though Sam Snead won the first Open Championship to be played since 1939 , he still lost money because of the high travel expenses ; his winner 's share was £ 150 . When taking the train into St Andrews , Sam Snead is quoted for looking out of the window and saying `` Say , that looks like an old abandoned golf course '' about the Old Course . 1955 Peter Thomson 71 68 70 72 281 ( − 7 ) This was the second of Thomson 's three straight Open titles , and five overall . His winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1957 Bobby Locke 69 72 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) Between 1949 and 1957 , Locke won the Open title four times . He survived a possible disqualification when he marked his ball on the 72nd green , and played his ball without replacing his ball mark . The R&A decided that because he had a three shot lead , and he did n't gain an advantage , that in the spirit of the game , he should not be disqualified . The winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1960 Kel Nagle 69 67 71 71 278 ( − 10 ) This was the 100th anniversary of the Open Championship , although due to wars it was n't the 100th Open Championship to be played . Arnold Palmer finished second and is credited with returning the Open to the eyes of Americans . The winner 's share was £ 1,250 . 1964 Tony Lema 73 68 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) From 1962 to 1966 , Lema won 12 times on tour , but this was his only major . He beat Jack Nicklaus by five strokes , and his winner 's share was £ 1,500 . Tragically , Lema and his pregnant wife were killed in a plane crash two years later . 1970 Jack Nicklaus 68 69 73 73 283 ( − 5 ) Doug Sanders missed a tough two and a half - foot ( 0.75 m ) putt on the 72nd hole , bogeyed , and ended up tied with Nicklaus . The playoff the next day came down to 18th hole and Nicklaus birdied to win ; it was his second Open title and eighth overall major ; the winner 's share was £ 5,250 . 1978 Jack Nicklaus 71 72 69 69 281 ( − 7 ) Nicklaus completed the career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors in your career at least once ) for the third time making it his third Open Championship . The winner 's share was £ 12,500 1984 Seve Ballesteros 69 68 70 69 276 ( − 12 ) The leaderboard for the final day was full of the best golfers in the world at the time . Ballesteros beat Bernhard Langer , Tom Watson , Fred Couples , Lanny Wadkins , Nick Faldo , and Greg Norman to make an epic final round at St Andrews . Ballesteros birdied the 72nd hole to win by two , and his fist pump is an iconic image to this day . His winner 's share was £ 50,000 . Nick Faldo 67 65 67 71 270 ( − 18 ) Faldo set the Open championship scoring record shooting 18 under par , winning his second major of the year , his second Open Championship and his fourth overall major . The winner 's share was £ 85,000 . 1995 John Daly 67 71 73 71 282 ( − 6 ) This Open was significant because it was the first that Tiger Woods played in , and the last that Arnold Palmer played in , getting to have his farewell at St Andrews . John Daly beat Costantino Rocca in a four - hole playoff to win the Open title and £ 125,000 . 2000 Tiger Woods 67 66 67 69 269 ( − 19 ) Winning the 2000 British Open was Tiger Woods ' second consecutive major championship , completing the career grand slam ; he would win the next two major championships as well for four consecutive major victories - the `` Tiger Slam '' . He did n't hit a single bunker the entire tournament , won by eight strokes , and set the new Open Championship scoring record with 19 under par . The winner 's share was £ 500,000 . 2005 Tiger Woods 66 67 71 70 274 ( − 14 ) This was Jack Nicklaus 's last Open Championship and like Arnold Palmer , he finished on the Old Course . This was also Tiger 's 10th major championship and the fourth one he had won by five or more strokes , and the winner 's share was £ 720,000 . Louis Oosthuizen 65 67 69 71 272 ( − 16 ) On the 150th anniversary of the first Open Championship , Oosthuizen played consistently well , winning the Open title by shooting a 16 under par 272 and winning by seven strokes . Rory McIlroy shot a 63 in the opening round and the winner 's share was £ 850,000 . 2015 Zach Johnson 66 71 70 66 273 ( − 15 ) In the 144th playing of the Open Championship , Zach Johnson emerged from a three - man playoff to win the tournament . Tom Watson was given a special exemption by the R & A in order that he could finish his Open career at the Old Course . The tournament finished on Monday due to the extremely high winds that arose during Saturday 's round . Johnson defeated Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman in a four - hole playoff . Note : Multiple winners of The Open Championship have superscript ordinal designating which in their respective careers . ( a ) denotes amateur Sources : Scorecard ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Open Championship Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Burn 376 10 Bobby Jones 386 Dyke 453 11 High ( In ) 174 Cartgate ( Out ) 397 12 Heathery ( In ) 348 Ginger Beer 480 13 Hole O'Cross ( In ) 465 5 Hole O'Cross ( Out ) 568 5 14 Long 618 5 6 Heathery ( Out ) 412 15 Cartgate ( In ) 455 7 High ( Out ) 371 16 Corner of the Dyke 423 8 Short 175 17 Road 495 9 End 352 18 Tom Morris 357 Out 3,584 36 In 3,721 36 Source : Total 7,305 72 Old Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total White 73.1 / 132 376 411 370 419 514 374 359 166 347 3336 340 174 316 418 530 414 381 455 357 3385 6721 Yellow 71.4 / 129 355 395 337 411 514 360 349 154 289 3164 311 164 304 388 523 391 345 436 361 3223 6387 Par 5 36 5 36 72 Ladies ' 75.6 / 138 339 375 321 401 454 325 335 145 261 2956 296 150 304 377 487 369 325 426 342 3076 6032 Par Ladies ' 5 5 5 38 5 5 5 38 76 Women 's British Open ( edit ) Winners of the Women 's British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2007 Lorena Ochoa 287 ( − 5 ) 2013 Stacy Lewis 280 ( -- 8 ) Senior Open Championship ( edit ) Winners of the Senior Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2018 See also ( edit ) Golf in Scotland St Andrews Links The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Link Trust appointment '' . Scottish Government website . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Golf History -- Oldest Golf Sites '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- The Old Course '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Course Experience -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leibs ( 2004 ) . `` Sports and Games of the Renaissance '' . p. 69 . Greenwood Publishing Group , ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ) . `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey '' . p. 46 . John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Kelly , Morgan ( 14 June 2005 ) . `` Jones ' 1930 feat still stands test of time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` History , mythology combine at St Andrews , the home of golf '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nicklaus set for St Andrews bow '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Melanie ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Old Course 's humble Swilcan Bridge one of golf 's great attractions '' . PGA of America . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Helen ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Swilcan Bridge replica a true World Golf Hall of Fame highlight '' . PGA of America . Jump up ^ Prunty , Brendan ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` At the British Open at St Andrews , it 's the bunkers ( in addition to everything else ) that will drive players mad '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Sundays on the Old Course at St. Andrews : No Golfers Allowed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Ground staff ask that people avoid greens and bunkers . On Sundays , locals and tourists explore the Old Course at St. Andrews as it enjoys a weekly rest . Jump up ^ `` British Open : Event 's history at St Andrews '' . USA Today . 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Money at the Major Championships '' . Golf Today . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . External Links ( edit ) Golf Course Histories -- comparison of 1932 v 2012 course aerials ( nb. 2012 aerial dates prior to November 2012 changes ) BBC Golf on the Old Course -- a review by former European Tour player Ken Brown and several supporting features . St Andrews Links Trust The Old Course Hotel , Golf Resort & Spa Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews St Andrews Open Golf Club Atlas Guide St Andrews Golf Development Group -- info on Old Course and online booking for other St Andrews courses 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Topics on St Andrews Entertainment Barron Theatre Byre Theatre New Picture House Golf Ladies ' Golf Union Links Old Course Swilken Bridge The Royal and Ancient Strathtyrum Monuments St Andrews Sarcophagus Museums British Golf Museum Museum of the University of St Andrews St Andrews Castle St Andrews Cathedral St Andrews Museum Religious houses , past and present All Saints Blackfriars Greyfriars Holy Trinity Church Hospital of St Leonard Hospital of St Nicholas St Andrews Cathedral Priory St Leonard 's Chapel St Mary 's Collegiate Church St Salvator 's Chapel Schools Madras College St Leonards School New Park School University colleges , past and present St Leonard 's College St Mary 's College The Pedagogy St Salvator 's College United College Miscellaneous East Sands Kinness burn West Sands Siege of St Andrews Castle The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Course_at_St_Andrews&oldid=812721619 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Fife The Open Championship venues Curtis Cup venues Walker Cup venues Sports venues in Fife Tourist attractions in Fife St Andrews 1552 establishments in Scotland 16th century in sports 1550s in Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . 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College World Series

College World Series - wikipedia College World Series Jump to : navigation , search For NCAA Division II , see NCAA Division II Baseball Championship . For NCAA Division III , see NCAA Division III Baseball Championship . For the women 's softball championship , see Women 's College World Series . College World Series First played 1947 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Florida ( 1st title ) Current runners - up LSU Most titles USC ( 12 ) The College World Series , or CWS , is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion . The eight participating teams are split into two , four - team , double - elimination brackets , with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances 7 Most appearances without a CWS championship 8 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year 9 Championships by conference 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Since 1950 , the College World Series ( CWS ) has been held in Omaha , Nebraska , and Omaha 's Creighton University and their baseball program serves as the permanent host school for the event . It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 ; starting in 2011 , it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo , Michigan ( 1947 -- 48 ) and Wichita , Kansas ( 1949 ) . The name `` College World Series '' is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship ; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA . Contract extension ( edit ) On June 10 , 2009 , the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha , Inc. , which is the non-profit group that organizes the event , announced a new 25 - year contract extension , keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035 . A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30 . The currently binding contract began in 2011 , the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha . Format History and changes ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship § Past formats 2006 College World Series Championship game at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska . 1947 -- Eight teams were divided into two , four - team , single - elimination playoffs . The two winners then met in a best - of - three final in Kalamazoo , Michigan . 1948 -- Similar to 1947 , but the two , four - team playoffs were changed to double - elimination tournaments . Again in the finals , the two winners met in a best - of - three format in Kalamazoo . 1949 -- The final was expanded to a four - team , double - elimination format and the site changed to Wichita , Kansas . Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best - of - three district format . 1950 -- 1987 -- An eight - team , double - elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950 . From 1950 to 1953 , a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS , which constituted the entire Division I tournament , as there were no preliminary rounds . ( In 1948 and 1949 , a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee 's own criteria , which might or might not include committee selections , conference champions , and district playoffs . ) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double - elimination event . That ended with the 1987 College World Series . In 1954 , the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams . From 1954 to 1975 , the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32 . The number of first - round teams was increased to 34 in 1976 , 36 in 1982 , 38 in 1985 , 40 in 1986 , and 48 in 1987 . 1988 -- 1998 -- The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series , when the tournament was divided into 2 four - team double - elimination brackets , with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game . The single - game championship was designed for network television , with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon . Before expanding to 64 teams in 1999 , the 1998 Division I tournament began with 48 teams , split into 8 six - team regionals . The 8 regional winners advanced to the College World Series . The regionals were a test of endurance , as teams had to win at least four games over four days , sometimes five if a team dropped into the loser 's bracket , placing a premium on pitching . In the last two years of the six - team regional format , the eventual CWS champion -- LSU in 1997 and Southern California in 1998 -- had to battle back from the loser 's bracket in the regional to advance to Omaha . 1999 -- 2002 -- With some 293 Division I teams playing , the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64 - team Regional field in 1999 -- with 8 National Seed teams ( the top 8 seeds ) -- divided into 16 four - team regionals ( each region seeded 1 to 4 ) . The winners of the 16 `` Regionals '' advance to a second round , consisting of 8 two - team , best - of - three - format `` Super Regionals '' . ( The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals , so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional . ) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha . While the CWS format remained the same , the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second - round Super Regionals . The 64 - team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS . Since the 1999 College World Series , the four - team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play , much like the NCAA basketball tournament . Prior to 1999 , the four - team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments . 2003 -- present -- The championship final became a best - of - three series between the 2 four - team bracket winners , with games scheduled for Saturday , Sunday , and Monday evenings . In the results shown below , Score indicates the score of the championship game ( s ) only . In 2008 , the start of the CWS was moved back one day , and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series . Division I champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8 , 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 8 , 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton , Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef , Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield , Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill , Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith , Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic , Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland , Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas , Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery , Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom , Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson , Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson , Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler , Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi , Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell , Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris , Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando , Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin , Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini , Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth , Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek , Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann , Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb , Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen , Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield , Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke , Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach , Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers , Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner , Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger , Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson , Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona , Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes , Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith , Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi , Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel , Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena , Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne , Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey , Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel , Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett , Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan , Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel , LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin , Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker , LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass , Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay , Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell , Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson , LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels , Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall , Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges , LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson , Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street , Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3 , 3 -- 8 , 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins , Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor , Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul , Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson , Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4 , 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes , Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7 , 19 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca , Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell , LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley , Jr. , South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo , South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder , Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1 , 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko , UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson , Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz , Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3 , 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith , Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo , Florida Team appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year School Appearances Titles Years Alabama 5 0 1950 , 1983 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 Arizona 17 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1970 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1985 , 1986 , 2004 , 2012 , 2016 Arizona State 22 5 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 Arkansas 8 0 1979 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 Auburn 0 1967 , 1976 , 1994 , 1997 Baylor 0 1977 , 1978 , 2005 Boston College 0 1953 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 Bradley 0 1950 , 1956 BYU 0 1968 , 1971 California 6 1947 , 1957 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 2011 Cal State Fullerton 18 1975 , 1979 , 1982 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 Cal State Los Angeles 0 1977 The Citadel 0 1990 Clemson 12 0 1958 , 1959 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Coastal Carolina 2016 Colgate 0 1955 Colorado State 0 1950 Connecticut 5 0 1957 , 1959 , 1965 , 1972 , 1979 Creighton 0 1991 Dartmouth 0 1970 Delaware 0 1970 Duke 0 1952 , 1953 , 1961 Eastern Michigan 0 1975 , 1976 Florida 11 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Florida State 22 0 1957 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1970 , 1975 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 Fresno State 1959 , 1988 , 1991 , 2008 Georgia 6 1987 , 1990 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Georgia Southern 0 1973 , 1990 Georgia Tech 0 1994 , 2002 , 2006 Harvard 0 1968 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 Hawaii 0 1980 Holy Cross 1952 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 Houston 0 1953 , 1967 Indiana 0 2013 Indiana State 0 1986 Iowa 0 1972 Iowa State 0 1957 , 1970 Ithaca 0 1962 James Madison 0 Kansas 0 1993 Kent State 0 2012 Lafayette 0 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1965 Long Beach State 0 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 Louisiana - Lafayette 0 2000 Louisville 0 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Loyola Marymount 0 1986 LSU 18 6 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Maine 7 0 1964 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Massachusetts 0 1954 , 1969 Miami ( FL ) 25 1974 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2015 , 2016 Michigan 7 1953 , 1962 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 Michigan State 0 1954 Minnesota 5 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1973 , 1977 Mississippi State 9 0 1971 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1990 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2013 Missouri 6 1952 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Missouri State 0 2003 Nebraska 0 2001 , 2002 , 2005 New Hampshire 0 1956 New Orleans 0 1984 NYU 0 1956 , 1969 North Carolina 10 0 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1989 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 NC State 0 1968 , 2013 Northeastern 0 1966 Northern Colorado 10 0 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1974 Notre Dame 0 1957 , 2002 Ohio 0 1970 Ohio State 1951 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 Oklahoma 10 1951 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2010 Oklahoma State 20 1954 , 1955 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 1999 , 2016 Mississippi 5 0 1956 , 1964 , 1969 , 1972 , 2014 Oral Roberts 0 1978 Oregon 0 1954 Oregon State 6 1952 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 Penn State 5 0 1952 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1973 Pepperdine 1979 , 1992 Princeton 0 1951 Rice 7 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Rider 0 1967 Rollins 0 1954 Rutgers 0 1950 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 0 1949 , 1960 , 1966 , 1968 , 1978 , 1980 St. Louis 0 1965 San Jose State 0 2000 Santa Clara 0 1962 Seton Hall 0 1964 , 1971 , 1974 , 1975 South Carolina 11 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Southern California 21 12 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1955 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Southern Illinois 5 0 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 Southern Mississippi 0 2009 Springfield 0 1951 , 1955 Stanford 16 1953 , 1967 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 Stony Brook 0 2012 Syracuse 0 1961 TCU 5 0 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Temple 0 1972 , 1977 Tennessee 0 1951 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 Texas 35 6 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 Texas A&M 6 0 1951 , 1964 , 1993 , 1999 , 2011 , 2017 Texas Tech 0 2014 , 2016 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 0 1971 Tufts 0 1950 Tulane 0 2001 , 2005 Tulsa 0 1969 , 1971 UC Irvine 0 2007 , 2014 UCLA 5 1969 , 1997 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 UC Santa Barbara 0 2016 Utah 0 1951 Vanderbilt 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Virginia 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Wake Forest 1949 , 1955 Washington State 0 1950 , 1956 , 1965 , 1976 Western Michigan 6 0 1952 , 1955 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1963 Wichita State 7 1982 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 Wisconsin 0 1950 Wyoming 0 1956 Yale 0 1947 , 1948 Most CWS wins ( edit ) Rank School Wins CWS Winning % Appearances Wins per appearance Texas 85 . 590 35 2.43 Southern California 74 . 740 21 3.52 Arizona State 61 . 616 22 2.77 Miami ( FL ) 48 . 533 25 1.92 5 Arizona 43 . 589 17 2.53 6 LSU 40 . 597 18 2.22 6 Oklahoma State 40 . 513 20 2.00 6 Stanford 40 . 580 16 2.50 9 Cal State Fullerton 34 . 523 18 1.89 10 South Carolina 32 . 615 11 2.91 Most CWS Finals appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year Regular indicates team was Runner - up that year Rank School Champion Runner - up Total Years Southern California 12 14 1948 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 Texas 6 6 12 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1975 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 Arizona State 5 5 10 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 1998 Arizona 8 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , 2016 5 LSU 6 7 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009 , 2017 6 Miami ( FL ) 6 1974 , 1982 , 1985 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 6 South Carolina 6 1975 , 1977 , 2002 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 6 Oklahoma State 5 6 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1981 , 1987 , 1990 9 Cal State Fullerton 5 1979 , 1984 , 1992 , 1995 , 2004 9 Stanford 5 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Most appearances without a CWS championship ( edit ) Top 10 Rank School Appearances CWS Winning % Runner - up Wins Per Appearance Florida State 22 . 397 1.33 Clemson 12 . 333 0 1.00 North Carolina 10 . 447 1.70 Northern Colorado 10 . 130 0 0.30 5 Mississippi State 9 . 357 1.11 6 Arkansas 8 . 407 1.37 7 Maine 7 . 333 0 1.00 8 Western Michigan 6 . 429 1.50 8 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 . 333 0 1.00 8 Texas A&M 6 . 143 0 0.33 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year ( edit ) Minimum three participants Number Year Conference Programs CWS Winner 1997 SEC Alabama , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State LSU SEC Arkansas , Georgia , LSU , South Carolina Cal State Fullerton 2006 ACC Clemson , Georgia Tech , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Oregon State 2015 SEC Arkansas , Florida , LSU , Vanderbilt Virginia 1988 Pac - 10 Arizona State , California , Stanford Stanford 1990 SEC Georgia , LSU , Mississippi State Georgia SEC Alabama , Florida , LSU LSU 1998 SEC Florida , LSU , Mississippi State Southern California 2005 Big 12 Baylor , Nebraska , Texas Texas 2008 ACC Florida State , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Fresno State 2011 SEC Florida , South Carolina , Vanderbilt South Carolina 2012 SEC Arkansas , Florida , South Carolina Arizona 2014 Big 12 TCU , Texas , Texas Tech Vanderbilt 2016 Big 12 Oklahoma State , TCU , Texas Tech Coastal Carolina 2017 SEC Florida , LSU , Texas A&M Florida Championships by Conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Titles Pac - 12 17 Southeastern ( SEC ) 11 Western Athletic ( WAC ) 7 Big Ten 6 PCC - CIBA 6 6 Independents 5 7 Big Eight 7 Southwest 9 Atlantic Coast ( ACC ) 9 Big 12 9 Big West ( BWC ) 9 Big West ( SCBA ) 13 Big South ( BSC ) 13 Missouri Valley ( MVC ) 13 West Coast ( WCC ) CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter . Independents = Miami Hurricanes ( 4 ) and Holy Cross Crusaders ( 1 ) SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association ( 1977 -- 84 ) . The Big 12 does not claim any national championships , including baseball , that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight . The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members . There are no gaps in its existence . The Conference has existed continuously since its inception . Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division II Baseball Championship NCAA Division III Baseball Championship National Club Baseball Association List of college baseball awards U.S. college baseball awards Pre-NCAA baseball champion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . At the same time , `` Colorado State '' referred to Colorado State College , now known as the University of Northern Colorado . Jump up ^ Prior to 1970 , Northern Colorado was known as Colorado State College . Not to be confused with Colorado State University , known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . Jump up ^ UTRGV , in full The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , entered into full operation in 2015 following the merger of the University of Texas -- Pan American ( UTPA ) and the University of Texas at Brownsville . UTRGV is credited with UTPA 's College World Series appearance because the UTPA athletic program was directly transferred to the new institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College World Series of Omaha , Inc . - Creighton University '' . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CWS History . CWS Omaha , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ NCAA Trademarks -- NCAA.org Archived 2017 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , footnote at bottom : `` College World Series and Women 's College World Series : The NCAA is the exclusive licensee of these marks , registered by Major League Baseball , in connection with the NCAA Division I Men 's Baseball Championship and the Division I Women 's Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Signs 25 - Year Agreement with College World Series of Omaha , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Memorandum of Understanding ... Jump up ^ `` GENERAL CWS RECORDS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . 19 April 2017 . p. 14 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE WORLD SERIES '' . NCAA . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General CWS Records , All - Time Won - Lost by Conference , Pg 19 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . NeuLion , Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The College Football Report 's Long ( Somewhat ) And Illustrious ( Kind Of ) History Of The Big Six '' . The Beachwood Media Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - National Champions '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - WAC Timeline '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball_Tournament_Records. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Carolina to join Sun Belt Conference in July 2016 '' . Ncaa.com . External links ( edit ) College World Series of Omaha ( CWS Omaha , Inc . ) official website College World Series ( NCAA official website ) NCAA Division I Men 's College World Series Ballparks Hyames Field ( 1947 , 1948 ) Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium ( 1949 ) Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium ( 1950 -- 2010 ) TD Ameritrade Park Omaha ( 2011 -- present ) Tournaments 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Broadcasters CBS television coverage Most Outstanding Players NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division I Baseball Champions 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona State 1966 Ohio State 1967 Arizona State 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona State 1978 USC 1979 Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1982 Miami Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita State 1990 Georgia 1991 LSU 1992 Pepperdine 1993 LSU 1994 Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton LSU 1997 LSU 1998 USC 1999 Miami 2000 LSU 2001 Miami 2002 Texas 2003 Rice Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2008 Fresno State 2009 LSU South Carolina 2011 South Carolina 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&oldid=797902265 '' Categories : College World Series Sports in Omaha , Nebraska Organizations based in Omaha , Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Baseball in Nebraska Tourism in Omaha , Nebraska Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which city and state hosts the annual college world series

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The Mother (How I Met Your Mother)

The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is ted talking about in how i met your mother

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Grey's Anatomy (season 14)

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man . '' After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it 's his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk . '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who 's back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=826069485 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does grey's anatomy season 14 premiere

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Blood gas tension

Blood gas tension - wikipedia Blood gas tension Jump to : navigation , search Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood . There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension ; the most common gas tensions measured are oxygen tension ( P O ) , the carbon dioxide tension ( P CO ) and carbon monoxide tension ( P CO ) . The subscript x in each symbol represents the source of the gas being measured ; `` a '' meaning arterial , `` A '' being alveolar , `` v '' being venous , `` c '' being capillary . Blood gas tests ( such as arterial blood gas tests ) measure these partial pressures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oxygen tension 2 Carbon dioxide tension 3 Carbon monoxide tension 4 Significance 5 Equations 5.1 Oxygen content 5.2 Oxygen saturation 6 See also 7 References Oxygen tension ( edit ) Arterial blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg . Venous blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Oxygen tension in venous blood at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg . Carbon dioxide tension ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is a by - product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including : dyspnea , acidosis and altered consciousness . Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg . Venous blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg . Carbon monoxide tension ( edit ) Arterial carbon monoxide tension ( normal ) P CO -- Partial pressure of CO at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is approximately 0.02 . It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas . Significance ( edit ) The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to ventilation and oxygenation . When used alongside the pH balance of the blood , the P CO and HCO ( and Lactate ) suggest to the health care practitioner which interventions , if any , should be made . Equations ( edit ) Oxygen Content ( edit ) C a O 2 = 1.36 ∗ H g b ∗ S a O 2 100 + 0.0031 ∗ P a O 2 ( \ displaystyle C_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) = 1.36 * Hgb * ( \ frac ( S_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ( 100 ) ) + 0.0031 * P_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) The constant , 1.36 , is the amount of oxygen ( ml at 1 atmosphere ) bound per gram of hemoglobin . The exact value of this constant varies from 1.34 to 1.39 , depending on the reference and the way it is derived . The constant 0.0031 represents the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma . The dissolved - oxygen term is generally small relative to the term for hemoglobin - bound oxygen , but becomes significant at very high P O ( as in a hyperbaric chamber ) or in severe anemia . Oxygen saturation ( edit ) S O 2 = ( 23 , 400 p O 2 3 + 150 p O 2 + 1 ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle SO_ ( 2 ) = ( ( \ frac ( 23,400 ) ( pO_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 3 ) + 150pO_ ( 2 ) ) ) + 1 ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) This is an estimation and does not account for differences in temperature , pH and concentrations of 2 , 3 DPG . See also ( edit ) Alveolar air equation Fick 's laws of diffusion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Severinghaus JW , Astrup P , Murray JF ( 1998 ) . `` Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine '' . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : S114 -- 22 . PMID 9563770 . doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm. 157.4. nhlb1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bendjelid K , Schütz N , Stotz M , Gerard I , Suter PM , Romand JA ( 2005 ) . `` Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults : clinical evaluation of a new sensor '' . Crit Care Med. 33 ( 10 ) : 2203 -- 6 . PMID 16215371 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ccm. 0000181734.26070. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Yildizdaş D , Yapicioğlu H , Yilmaz HL , Sertdemir Y ( 2004 ) . `` Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary , venous , and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit '' . Arch Dis Child . 89 ( 2 ) : 176 -- 80 . PMC 1719810 . PMID 14736638 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2002.016261 . Jump up ^ Shapiro BA ( 1995 ) . `` Temperature correction of blood gas values '' . Respir Care Clin N Am. 1 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 76 . PMID 9390851 . Jump up ^ Malatesha G , Singh NK , Bharija A , Rehani B , Goel A ( 2007 ) . `` Comparison of arterial and venous pH , bicarbonate , PCO2 and PO2 in initial emergency department assessment '' . Emerg Med J. 24 ( 8 ) : 569 -- 71 . PMC 2660085 . PMID 17652681 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2007.046979 . ^ Jump up to : Chu YC , Chen CZ , Lee CH , Chen CW , Chang HY , Hsiue TR ( 2003 ) . `` Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation '' . J Formos Med Assoc. 102 ( 8 ) : 539 -- 43 . PMID 14569318 . Jump up ^ Walkey AJ , Farber HW , O'Donnell C , Cabral H , Eagan JS , Philippides GJ ( 2010 ) . `` The accuracy of the central venous blood gas for acid - base monitoring '' . J Intensive Care Med. 25 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 10 . PMID 20018607 . doi : 10.1177 / 0885066609356164 . Jump up ^ Adrogué HJ , Rashad MN , Gorin AB , Yacoub J , Madias NE ( 1989 ) . `` Assessing acid - base status in circulatory failure . Differences between arterial and central venous blood '' . N Engl J Med. 320 ( 20 ) : 1312 -- 6 . PMID 2535633 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198905183202004 . ^ Jump up to : Williams AJ ( 1998 ) . `` ABC of oxygen : assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid - base balance '' . BMJ. 317 ( 7167 ) : 1213 -- 6 . PMC 1114160 . PMID 9794863 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 317.7167. 1213 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen JE ( 1989 ) . `` Arterial blood gases '' . Clin Chest Med. 10 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 37 . PMID 2661120 . Jump up ^ Tobin MJ ( 1988 ) . `` Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit '' . Am Rev Respir Dis. 138 ( 6 ) : 1625 -- 42 . PMID 3144222 . doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm / 138.6. 1625 . Jump up ^ `` Oxygen Content '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Severinghaus , J.W. ( 1979 ) . `` Simple , accurate equations for human blood O dissociation computations '' ( PDF ) . J Appl Physiol. 46 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 602 . PMID 35496 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&oldid=805131789 '' Categories : Hematology Respiratory therapy Pulmonology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 07 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is approximately

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List of Full House and Fuller House characters

List of Full House and Fuller House characters - wikipedia List of Full House and Fuller House characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast in season seven This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House . The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22 , 1987 to May 23 , 1995 . Fuller House followed 21 years later , airing on Netflix beginning February 26 , 2016 . The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22 , 2017 , and the back nine was released on December 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jesse Katsopolis 1.2 Danny Tanner 1.3 Joey Gladstone 1.4 D.J. Tanner 1.5 Stephanie Tanner 1.6 Michelle Tanner 1.7 Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis 1.8 Kimmy Gibbler 1.9 Steve Hale 1.10 Nicky and Alex Katsopolis 1.11 Jackson Fuller 1.12 Max Fuller 1.13 Ramona Gibbler 1.14 Tommy Fuller 1.15 Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero 1.16 Matt Harmon 1.17 Lola Wong 1.18 Jimmy Gibbler 2 Recurring characters 3 Other characters 4 Guest stars 5 References Main characters Character Actor Full House seasons Fuller House seasons 5 6 7 8 Jesse Katsopolis John Stamos Main Recurring Danny Tanner Bob Saget Main Guest Recurring Joey Gladstone Dave Coulier Main Recurring D.J. Tanner Candace Cameron Bure Main Stephanie Tanner Jodie Sweetin Main Michelle Tanner Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Recurring Main Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Lori Loughlin Recurring Main Recurring Kimmy Gibbler Andrea Barber Recurring Main Steve Hale Scott Weinger Guest Main Guest Recurring Main Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Recurring Main Guest Jackson Fuller Michael Campion Main Max Fuller Elias Harger Main Ramona Gibbler Soni Nicole Bringas Main Tommy Fuller Dashiell & Fox Messitt Main Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Juan Pablo Di Pace Recurring Main Matt Harmon John Brotherton Recurring Main Lola Wong Ashley Liao Recurring Main Guest Jimmy Gibbler Adam Hagenbuch Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger , John Brotherton , Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear . ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances . Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran , but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law , Pam 's younger brother , husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex . Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ) , he was named after his great - grandfather , who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness . However , he did not like his birth name , as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten , he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse , thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd . As an adult , he was more confident with his true name , telling the girls about the Greek god of speed , and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano , but still goes by Jesse . In contrast with Danny , Jesse is portrayed as being irresponsible most of the time , but occasionally serves as a responsible adult when a responsible adult is needed ( such as when he discovers Stephanie 's classmate is a child abuse victim in the season 6 episode `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) . Jesse is revealed as a high school dropout in season six 's `` Educating Jesse '' , though in an earlier plot ( in season four 's `` One Last Kiss '' ) about a high school reunion , he mentions not wearing his cap to his graduation because he did not want to mess up his hair . Jesse 's obsession with his hair becomes a major trait of his throughout the series , as well as his obsession with Elvis Presley . His obsession with the former is fully established in the season two premiere `` Cutting it Close '' , which focuses on Jesse 's tough time coping when Stephanie accidentally cuts off a hunk of his mullet , which leads to him getting into a motorcycle accident that lands him in a full arm cast ; later episodes reveal that he has a special comb called Mr. Goodpart ( which gets damaged in a melee to purchase a Mighty Mutant Super Kids Super Fortress for Michelle in season eight 's `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) and that he gives pep talks to his hair ( as revealed in season seven 's `` Wrong - Way Tanner '' ) . Jesse first moves into the house with virtually no experience in taking care of young children or babies , but starts to learn the ropes along the way . He becomes closer to all of his nieces over the course of the series , especially Michelle , whom he affectionately nicknames `` munchkin '' and `` shorty '' , among others . In the first season , Jesse works for his father Nick 's exterminating business before leaving to pursue work in advertising , frequently working with Joey . He later works with Joey as co-hosts of an afternoon drive time show on local radio station KFLH called The Rush Hour Renegades . Further along in the series , in season seven 's `` Smash Club : The Next Generation '' , Jesse becomes the new owner of The Smash Club . Although he was shown to be a sports fan as well as a good athlete in the earlier seasons , it is revealed in later seasons that Jesse hated all sports ( especially basketball , as revealed in `` Air Jesse '' from season eight ) and was not very athletic . Jesse 's main passion is music , and struggles to `` hit it big '' with his band , Jesse and the Rippers ( in the earlier part of the series ) . However , his increasing responsibilities to his family , radio job , and as owner of a club , lead his band members to kick him out of the band ( in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' ) ; in `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , he briefly decides to quit being a musician until he has a nightmare in which he appears on Downbeat ( a Behind the Music - style show - within - a-dream - sequence ) has him dream that his family hates him , Rebecca has divorced him ( and moved on with Joey ) and Jesse himself was a mechanic , as well as overweight and balding ( because of a scalp infection ) , with Kimmy Gibbler ( dressed in the attire of the Married ... with Children character Peggy Bundy ) as a wife . Two episodes later in `` To Joey , With Love , '' he subsequently starts a new band called Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets . In Fuller House Jesse , Becky , and Danny all move to Los Angeles . Jesse becomes the music composer for General Hospital while Becky and Danny start a new nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . In the season two finale , Jesse and Becky adopt a baby girl whom they name Pamela after his sister . Somewhere along the line Jesse became a stay at home dad . When Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA , they try to get their old jobs back but the station only wanted her back to co-host an all women 's talk show . Jesse , Becky and Pamela are all moving back to San Francisco , and he also bought back the Smash Club ( which is now a laundromat ) along with Joey . Danny Tanner Daniel Ernest `` Danny '' Tanner ( portrayed by Bob Saget , John Posey in the unaired pilot ) is left with three young daughters to raise after his wife , Pam , dies in a car accident caused by a drunk driver . At the beginning of the series , he works as a sportscaster for Channel 8 News . In the season two episode `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '' , he is chosen by his station 's general manager Mr. Strowbridge to be the co-host for the station 's new morning talk show , Wake Up , San Francisco , alongside Rebecca Donaldson . In season one 's `` The Big Three - O , '' Danny 's beloved car , `` Bullet , '' is severely damaged after another driver rear - ends the vehicle , leading it roll out of park and become submerged in the San Francisco Bay as Jesse and Joey shop for new seat covers for the car to surprise Danny with as a present for his 30th birthday ; Jesse and Joey end up bidding for a new car that is identical in appearance , unknowingly competing with Danny , who purchases the car ( and later named it `` Walter '' ) after he calls the car dealership that Jesse and Joey are and places a bid over the phone . Danny goes on his first date since his wife 's death in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as part of a fishing trip that was intended to only include himself , Jesse and Joey ; he is seen going out on dates on select occasions throughout the series . While Rebecca goes on maternity leave in season five just before giving birth to his nephews Nicky and Alex , Danny ends up falling in love with her co-host replacement , Vicky Larson . The two of them begin dating in season five 's `` Easy Rider , '' becoming Danny 's most serious relationship since he became a widower , and the two later become engaged in the season six finale `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , their relationship turned into a long - distance situation as Vicky was assigned various reporting jobs away from San Francisco . In season seven 's `` The Perfect Couple , '' Vicky ended up getting her dream job of anchoring the network news in New York City , but a long - distance relationship did not work for either of them , so Danny decides to break up with her ; this leads him to a mass feng shui habit in the following episode , `` Is It True About Stephanie ? , '' to which his family acknowledges was his way of trying to cope with his breakup . Danny eventually meets fellow single parent Claire Mahan in season eight episode `` Making Out Is Hard to Do , '' and go on a date in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger . '' Although he is not established with this trait early on ( season one 's `` The Return of Grandma '' depicts him as begrudgingly trying to clean the messy house with Jesse and Joey after their mothers threaten to move in if they can not keep the place clean ) , much of the humor surrounding Danny 's character comes from his obsession with cleaning and cleanliness . Danny can often be found cleaning for cleaning 's sake , sometimes even cleaning his cleaning products ( in a version of the original season three opening titles , seen during episodes in which Lori Loughlin does not appear as Rebecca Donaldson , Danny is even shown to be cleaning his floor vacuum with a handheld vacuum ) . He says the family motto is `` clean is good , dirt is bad '' . Danny views spring cleaning as his equivalent to Christmas and home movies as his New Year 's Eve ( as revealed in the season two episode `` Goodbye , Mr. Bear '' ) . His quirkiness and generally `` unhip dad '' personality are also targets for humor . He is a skilled pool , dart player and guitarist ( as respectively revealed in season four 's , `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun , '' and season eight 's , `` To Joey , with Love '' ) . Like most other characters , he generally can not stand Kimmy Gibbler , considering her as `` an annoying , obnoxious nuisance '' ; at times , urging D.J. to make new friends whenever Kimmy does something that irritates him . Danny also has one brother and one sister , and his parents are divorced . Unlike his brother - in - law Jesse ( who is more into rock - and - roll ) , Danny has a taste for 1970s Disco music ; one of his favorite songs is `` Play That Funky Music '' by Wild Cherry . In the first episode of Fuller House , Danny and Becky relocate to Los Angeles for their new talk show , Wake Up USA , and it is revealed that Danny got remarried to a woman named Teri . During the second season Danny goes through a little bit of a mid-life crisis since he just turned 60 . In season three Danny reveals that him and Teri got divorced . Danny and Becky asked for raises on their show but since they asked for too much they are fired and replaced by Mario Lopez . After feeling sorry for themselves they go back to Wake Up San Francisco to ask for their old jobs back but the station only wants Becky back . To cheer him up , the girls somehow tracked down Vicky and surprised him with her . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for him , Jesse and Joey . Since Becky , Jesse and Joey are all moving back to San Francisco , Danny announces he 's moving back too , and back into the house . Joey Gladstone Joseph Alvin `` Joey '' Gladstone ( portrayed by Dave Coulier ) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner , and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis . Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , to help raise D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Joey works as a stand - up comedian , whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye , Bullwinkle J. Moose , Pepé Le Pew and others . Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny 's living room . However , after complaining of not being able to find privacy , Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode `` Joey 's Place '' ( prior to the reveal , Joey contemplates moving out after the family 's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed ) . Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode `` But Seriously , Folks , '' after Phyllis Diller ( who was there as an audience member ) hogs his slot at a comedy club , deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman . He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar , realizing that he is not setting a good example . Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners , they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding . Even so , Joey 's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times . Joey usually handles the day - to - day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals , driving the kids to school appointments , and after school activities , taking care of Michelle as a baby , and helping the kids with their homework . Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode `` Grand Gift Auto , '' which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen ; Joey nearly moves out again after the family 's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke . It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child ( even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch ) , and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted . In season four 's `` Viva Las Joey , '' Joey is reunited with his estranged father ( at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J. ) , a former serviceman in the Armed Forces , with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey 's dream of being a comedian ; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son 's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas . Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand - up comic . For a while during seasons two and three , Joey and Jesse run an advertising business , J&J Creative Services , in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials . In season four 's `` Joey Goes Hollywood , '' Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf 's Up . Joey 's most successful job was portraying `` Ranger Joe , '' on an afternoon children 's variety television show . He was given the job to replace retiring original host `` Ranger Roy '' in season five 's `` The Legend of Ranger Joe , '' only to be fired after triggering Roy 's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you ; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing , Joey ends up saving Roy from a `` hug - o - gram '' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show . Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ) . Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days , '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host . Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called , Rush Hour Renegades . Besides his impressions , much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child , particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation . Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House , and is now married with four kids . His wife Ginger is a magician , and their kids , Phyllis , Lewis , Joan , and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids . Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months . He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse . D.J. Tanner Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child . Over the course of the show 's run , D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary , Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School . In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show , '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie , in the season five episode `` Take My Sister , Please , '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle , who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie , after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ) . D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical , often giving advice to her younger sisters , Michelle and Stephanie . Although she sometimes bickers with them , she cares for them deeply . As D.J. entered into middle school , she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating . She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ) , who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain . Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone , but they agree to remain friends . D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson , but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice , '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ) . In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss . Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler , who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way . In season eight , D.J. gets accepted to University of California , Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice , Stanford University ) . In Fuller House , D.J. is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson , Max and Tommy , and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy . D.J. has since become a veterinarian . When her boss retires he has his son , Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet . Realizing they have feelings for each other , Matt breaks up with his girlfriend , and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan , D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep , and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she 's losing her soulmate . Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy . Steve tells Kimmy what she said , and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her . The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane . At the alter Steve calls off the wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt . Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again . After her their third first date , Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor . He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job . Stephanie Tanner Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty , sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam , the younger sister of D.J. , and the older sister of Michelle . Her mother died when she was five years old . Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude ! , '' `` well , pin a rose on your nose ! '' and `` hot dog '' . She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five . Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ) , and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls . Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey , whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ) . Of the three sisters , Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues , such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ) , `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) , joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ) , and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) , as well as the death of her mother when she was only five . In her early years , she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear , a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ) . She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler . In Fuller House , Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids . Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside , and becomes friends with her . Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to . Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy . Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy . Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father , and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship . He wants to be the father . They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother . Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos . Michelle Tanner Main article : Michelle Tanner Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) , is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter . Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls . Michelle was just a baby when Pam died , so she hardly remembers her mom . Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor . Once Michelle started to grow up , she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines . Her best friends , Teddy and Denise , appear frequently in later seasons . She also has other friends , such as Derek Boyd , Lisa Leeper , and bossy Aaron Bailey , who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with . Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney , a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed , and her stuffed pig . It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters , and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '' , `` shorty '' and `` rugrat '' . She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it , dude ! '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister ! '' , `` oh , puh - lease ! '' , `` aw , nuts ! '' , `` duh ! '' , and `` no way , José ! '' Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York , and owns a fashion company . Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ) , is the sarcastic , practical , but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis . Becky was born in Valentine , Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school . Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up , San Francisco , being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends , although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations . She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first , but she eventually falls in love with him . The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '' , but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married . They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day . After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' , Rebecca agrees to move in with the Tanners and Joey when she discovers how much Jesse misses them , living together in the attic ( which Jesse and Joey have converted into an apartment ) . Becky helps to transform Jesse , although she still teases him about his obsession with his hair and love of Elvis . She also serves as a mother figure to the girls at times ; most prominently giving advice to D.J. as she becomes a teenager . Becky gives birth to twin boys Nicholas and Alexander on Michelle 's fifth birthday in part two of the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies '' . She and Jesse name Alexander after a teacher who inspired her to become a journalist and Nicholas after Jesse 's father . Becky is offered a producer role on Wake Up , San Francisco in the season eight episode `` The Producer '' , which results in Danny briefly quitting the show due to him being passed over for such a promotion . In Fuller House , she , Jesse , and Danny all move to Los Angeles to start their new jobs . She and Danny now host a nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . Becky gets baby fever when around D.J. 's youngest son , Tommy . She and Jesse end up adopting a baby girl whom they name Pamela . Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA when they asked for too much money . They ask for their old jobs back at Wake Up San Francisco but the station only wants her back . They want her to host an all women 's talk show called The Gab . She , Jesse and Pamela are moving back to San Francisco . Kimmy Gibbler Kimberly Louise `` Kimmy '' Gibbler ( portrayed by Andrea Barber , recurring since season one and upgraded to a series regular in season five ) is D.J. 's best friend and the Tanners ' annoying but well - meaning next - door neighbor . Kimmy and D.J. have been best friends since the Gibblers moved next door to the Tanners , despite their differing personalities ; the two have temporarily ended their friendship multiple times during the show 's run due to disputes over various situations , but always end up reconciling and forgiving each other . Most of the Tanner family can not stand her ( Danny , Stephanie and Jesse are especially annoyed by her , with Stephanie often making jabs at her lack of intelligence and other unusual quirks and Danny urging D.J. to make new friends and often asking Kimmy to leave the house ) . She is often known to be a poor student in school , and had copied D.J. 's homework during most of the early seasons . Kimmy is the subject of a recurring gag in the series , regarding her terrible foot odor , which becomes noticeable to other people mainly once she removes her shoes ; Kimmy also becomes aware of this in a scene in the season seven episode `` The Apartment '' , in which she accidentally grabs one of her shoes while searching for her phone when Danny calls her to find out the whereabouts of D.J. ( who had fallen asleep on her boyfriend Steve 's couch while watching a movie in his apartment ) . She is also known to be addicted to shopping . In the episode `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' , Jesse and Kimmy get locked in a closet on the night of the grand re-opening of The Smash Club , after the door handle breaks off in Jesse 's hand ; while there , Kimmy finally tells Jesse how much it hurts when he and the other Tanners ( except for D.J. ) pick on her . He finally tries to stop picking on her and tells the Tanners to try to go easy on her . However , their behavior towards her remains the same in later episodes , although she never seems to mind it anymore . Kimmy 's only serious relationship is with Duane ( who is introduced in season eight episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , a very air - headed boy who was only known to say `` whatever '' . Ironically , he was shown to have a fondness for Shakespearean works as he passionately quoted a line from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . In `` Taking the Plunge , '' Kimmy decides to run off to Reno and elope with Duane after she was rejected by the colleges that she had applied to , and is afraid that D.J. will go off to school and forget her . When D.J. , Jesse , and Danny arrive at the chapel to stop her from getting married too young , D.J. tells her that she will always be her best friend no matter what . In the two - part series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' she tries to find D.J. a blind date for prom , and ends up surprising her with her ex-boyfriend Steve instead . Sometime after high school Kimmy got married to a race car driver named Fernando , and has a daughter named Ramona . In the sequel series she and Ramona move into the Tanner family home after D.J 's husband passed away . She moved in to help her along with Stephanie . Kimmy has become a party planner . Kimmy volunteers to be Stephanie and Jimmy 's surrogate mother , Steve Hale Steven `` Steve '' Hale ( originally introduced as Steve Peters ; portrayed by Scott Weinger ) is D.J. 's first steady boyfriend . He is introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' as D.J. 's date to a movie that she ends up taking Michelle and Stephanie to , and returns to the series as a regular character in the sixth - season premiere `` Come Fly With Me '' ( which establishes the character as played by Weinger in his original appearance the season prior ) . Steve is two years older than D.J. and is a star member of the high school wrestling team . He is known for having a healthy appetite , and often eats at the Tanners ' when he visits . In `` A Very Tanner Christmas , '' Steve receives an acceptance letter to a party school in Florida that he had applied to ( this causes the two to briefly break up due to D.J. 's concern that she would miss him ) , but decides to go to a local community college in order to improve his grades and continue his relationship with D.J. In the season six episode `` Prom Night , '' both he and D.J. attend Steve 's prom where he is elected prom king ( although his ex-girlfriend -- whose affections he later rejects -- is named prom queen ) . Steve and D.J. break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' after they realize that their relationship was not as passionate as it used to be , but they decide to remain friends . When D.J. needs a date for her senior prom , Kimmy surprises her and gets Steve to be her date . After college Steve becomes a podiatrist . In Fuller House Steve is a divorcee and his ex took half what he 's worth . With him and D.J. both now single he tries to start a relationship with her again . He ends up later getting engaged to woman named C.J. who is just like D.J. On the way to Japan , thinking that Kimmy is sitting next to her , D.J. confesses that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she is losing her soulmate . Steve was the one who actually heard it . At the alter he realizes he still loves D.J. and ca n't marry C.J. so he calls the wedding off . D.J who still has feelings for Steve break up with Matt . A month after the almost wedding they start dating again . There is bad news for the reunited couple when the Lakers want him to be their foot doctor . He declines to stay with D.J. but she calls the team to say he will take the job . Steve tells her they will back together in six months . Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Nicholas `` Nicky '' and Alexander `` Alex '' Katsopolis , ( played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria as babies during season 5 ; Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as toddlers for seasons 6 -- 8 ) are the twin sons of Jesse and Becky Katsopolis . The two were born in the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies , '' on the date of Michelle 's fifth birthday . Becky named Alex after a high school teacher who inspired her to venture into a career in journalism , while Jesse chose to name Nicky after his father , for giving him great hair . They have strawberry - blond hair and are fun - loving toddlers , with minor distinctions between them . Nicky is more quiet and sweet , while Alex is more outspoken and mischievous . They often repeat each other 's words . In Fuller House , the twins follow their parents to Los Angeles , and decide to run a fish taco food truck . Jackson Fuller Jackson Fuller ( portrayed by Michael Campion ) is D.J. 's oldest son . When Kimmy and her daughter , Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max . Jackson and Ramona do n't get along at first but become like brother and sister . Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy . Jackson likes to do stunts , and joins the football team to impress Ramona 's friend , Lola . He likes to call himself `` J. Money '' and `` Action Jackson '' . He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy . While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia 's daughter Rocki , much to D.J 's dislike . Max Fuller Max Fuller ( portrayed by Elias Harger ) is D.J. 's well dressed and intelligent middle child . He likes science , and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather . Max has rivalries with Kimmy 's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor . Max 's girlfriend is Rose , the daughter of Steve 's fiancée C.J. Ramona Gibbler Ramona Gibbler ( portrayed by Soni Nicole Bringas ) is the daughter of Kimmy Gibbler and her ex husband / fiancé , Fernando . She is not thrilled when she has to move into the Tanner family home and change schools . Ramona quickly befriends one of the popular girls in school , Lola Wong , and briefly dates Jackson 's friend , Bobby Popko . She is an aspiring dancer . Tommy Fuller Tommy Fuller , Jr. ( portrayed by twins , Dashiell and Fox Messitt ) is D.J. 's youngest son . Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby . Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Di Pace ) , is Kimmy Gibbler 's race car driving ex-husband / fiancé . At the start of Fuller House , him and Kimmy are separated due to his unfaithfulness to her . Fernando begins to miss her and tries to win her back . It works but he ends up finally signing their divorce papers . Though he only does this to repropose which she accepts . Fernando retires from his racing career , and moves in . Ten months after moving in , he buys Kimmy 's childhood home and moves in with her brother . Matt Harmon Matt Harmon ( portrayed by John Brotherton ) is D.J. 's partner at the Harmon / Fuller Pet Care . He originally intended to fill in for his dad while he was away on a trip to India but decides to stay in San Francisco . When his dad retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection . She and him eventually begin dating . While in Japan for Steve and C.J 's wedding , Matt proposed to D.J. and she says yes . The next day at the wedding Steve calls off his wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement . A heartbroken Matt walks off . He goes on a eight day vacation and when he comes back to work he tells D.J. he does n't know how he able to work with her if they 're not together anymore . He takes some time off to think , and when he returns he tells her that he will be opening up a new pet clinic two blocks down . Lola Wong Lola Wong ( portrayed by Ashley Liao ) is Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's ex girlfriend . Lola 's father gets a job in Fresno and she moves . Jimmy Gibbler Jimmy Gibbler ( portrayed by Adam Hagenbuch ) is Kimmy 's younger brother . One day he walks into the family 's backyard and hears Stephanie singing . The two end up kissing , and are interrupted by Kimmy who informs Stephanie that he is her brother . Jimmy and Stephanie begin dating . When Stephanie gets the news that she can have a baby via surrogacy , she thinks it 's too soon in their relationship to ask him to be the father . After finding that out from Kimmy , he tells her that he wants to be her baby 's father . Kimmy volunteers to be his and Stephanie 's surrogate . Recurring characters Vicky Larson ( played by Gail Edwards ) is Danny 's girlfriend during seasons five and six and was briefly his fiancée from the season six episode `` The House Meets the Mouse '' until halfway through season seven . Vicky is very focused on her career , which proves to be the undoing in her long - distance relationship with Danny . They meet in season five 's `` Nicky and / or Alexander , '' when Vicky fills in for Becky ( who is on maternity leave ) on Wake Up , San Francisco , and start dating two episodes later in `` Easy Rider '' . Later in season five 's `` Play It Again , Jesse , '' Danny insists that she take a news anchor job in Chicago that she was offered once Becky returns , and that starts a long - distance relationship ( that goes from early season six to mid-season seven ) . Danny eventually proposes to her when she comes along on the family 's vacation to Walt Disney World in `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , Vicky later gets her dream job -- anchoring the network news in New York City -- in the season seven episode `` The Perfect Couple '' ( the character 's final appearance ) ; as a result , she can not come to live with Danny and his family in San Francisco , nor is Danny able to uproot his family in California . Therefore , to the dismay of themselves and Danny 's family , they have a mutual breakup . Vicky often gives advice , such as helping D.J. with her relationship with Steve , and helping Danny to deal with it and serves as a motherly figure to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Vicky makes a brief appearance in the season 3 finale of Fuller House . D.J. and Stephanie apparently tracked her down to cheer up Danny . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for Danny , Joey and Jesse . Nick Katsopolis ( played by John Aprea ) is Jesse and Pam 's father and maternal grandfather to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . He is an avid fan of Elvis Presley , just like Jesse . Also , like his son , he is very much interested in his hair and women ( as he states in the season two episode `` Our Very First Christmas Show '' , `` there are two things Katsopolis men are known for : kissing and great hair '' ) . Nick is the owner of an insect extermination business . He met his wife , Irene , the day that Elvis was drafted into the United States Army . Nick was a firm but caring parent . In the episode , `` D.J. 's Day Off '' it is mentioned that he would punish Jesse severely . This combination is also seen in the episode `` It Is Not My Job '' , when Jesse quits the extermination business Nick responds with : `` If you 're out of the business , you 're out of the family . '' Later on , he explains this by saying that he did not build up the business to sell it to a stranger . His love for his family is also shown by the fact that Irene bringing in Michelle curbed his anger . When Michelle was getting ready to do a television commercial for marshmallows in the season two episode `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '' , he remarked that Michelle looked like a little blonde version of the redhead he likes on Gilligan 's Island , which was revealed to be Tina Louise by Irene . In honor of inheriting Nick 's hair , Jesse names one of his twin sons after him . Nicky and Alex never interact with their grandparents on - screen like the girls have , as Nick and Irene are last seen in season four . Nick re-appears in season three of Fuller House when he comes to take care of Tommy while everyone else goes to Japan for Steve 's wedding . Nick mentions to Tommy about going out to find women , so it is assumed that him and Irene are no longer together or she is no longer living . Irene Katsopolis ( played by Yvonne Wilder , and by Rhoda Gemignani in `` The Return of Grandma '' ) is Jesse and Pam 's mother , the wife of Nick Katsopolis , and maternal grandmother to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . She often talked about diapering Jesse 's `` tushy '' , and touched his and other people 's `` tushies , '' which made Jesse mad ; at other times , she would talk about when Jesse was a kid . She often mentioned how she is older than Nick , and her passion for younger men ( which makes Nick feel inferior at times ) . Claire Tanner ( portrayed by Alice Hirson , and Doris Roberts ) is Danny 's mother . She helped Danny raise the girls in the first few months after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , prior to Jesse and Joey moving into the house . She appeared in only three episodes : `` Our Very First Show '' and `` The Return of Grandma '' ( as portrayed by Hirson ) , and in `` Granny Tanny '' ( as portrayed by Roberts ) . Teddy ( played by Tahj Mowry ) is Michelle 's best friend . He first appeared in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble , '' when Michelle meets him on their first day of kindergarten following the advice that Joey told Michelle that the best way to make new friends was by being funny , and does a Bullwinkle impression . He accompanies her when she needs a `` date '' to sneak out and join Danny on a date with Vicky in the season five episode `` Bachelor of the Month '' . He is also the one whose house Michelle runs away to in `` The Devil Made Me Do It '' later that season ( Tahj Mowry 's real - life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry appear in that episode in a dual role as Teddy 's older sister ) . He moves to Amarillo , Texas in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' ; Teddy returns in the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend '' , when his father 's job moves him back to San Francisco . He and Michelle even consider trying to be boyfriend and girlfriend in third grade in the season eight episode `` Dateless in San Francisco '' , but find that it is no fun for children their age . Denise Frazer ( played by Jurnee Smollett ) is Michelle 's best female friend , introduced in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' . She replaces Teddy as Michelle 's best friend after Teddy moves to Texas . Denise , like Teddy before her , often gets Michelle into trouble . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco , leaving Michelle to choose between him and Denise for whom to serve as her best friend . Danny makes her understand that it is possible to have more than one best friend . Michelle ultimately forms a trio of friends with Teddy and Denise at the end of that episode . In the season seven episode `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' it is revealed that Denise 's uncle is Little Richard ( who guest starred in the episode ) . Denise does not appear after that episode , having been written out without explanation due to Smollett 's role in the short - lived ABC sitcom On Our Own ( which aired during the 1994 - 95 season , concurring with the run of Full House 's eighth and final season ) . Aaron Bailey ( played by Miko Hughes ) is Michelle 's recurring and longest running classmate . Introduced in the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , he is the typical class bully , who tends to be annoying and rude at times . He pinches Michelle in the season four episode `` A Pinch for a Pinch , '' which results in Jesse telling Michelle to fight back by pinching him in retaliation . When the teacher punishes them , Jesse takes Michelle home , pulling her out of preschool . While that behavior does not continue , his obnoxious ways continue throughout the series . In other episodes , he treats Jesse as either an equal or underlying rival . In addition , he also creates trouble for D.J. and Kimmy when they have boys over while Kimmy is babysitting in season four 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . Danny even remarks ( in season seven ) that they are watching Aaron for several days `` until his regular babysitter stops twitching '' . He is sometimes seen being nice to Michelle . Gia Mahan ( played by Marla Sokoloff ) is Stephanie 's archenemy ( beginning with her first appearance in the season seven episode `` Fast Friends '' ) , who later becomes her best friend ( starting with the conclusion of `` Is It True About Stephanie ? '' from that same season , but more prominently during season eight ) . She leads Stephanie into dangerous or not - so - smart situations . Stephanie gets involved in a few wild , irresponsible things because of Gia , such as going to a make - out party planned by her in the season eight episode `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , and ( almost ) smoking in `` Fast Friends '' . Conversely , Stephanie was also a positive influence on Gia . During an unknown time when her parents had been through a divorce , Gia is shown as a cigarette - smoking , rebellious teen with horrible grades . She is two years older than Stephanie , as she was held back in school . Viewers learn ( as of `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) that because of Stephanie , Gia has stopped smoking , became more respectful , improved her grades , and lost her inclination to play pranks on other people . Gia becomes the target of put downs at the hands of Michelle in much the same way as Kimmy is targeted by Stephanie . Over time , Michelle becomes quite creative with her insults . Gia reappears in season 2 of Fuller House when Kimmy gets the idea of getting their band `` Girl Talk '' back together . Things do n't go well when Gia and D.J. have a hard time getting along . In season 3 , it was revealed that Gia has a daughter named Roxanne `` Rocki '' ( portrayed by Landry Bender ) who is in summer school with Jackson . Derek S. Boyd ( played by Blake McIver Ewing ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( appearing in eight episodes total throughout seasons six through eight ) . Michelle first meets Derek in the episode `` The Play 's the Thing , '' when he lands the role of Yankee Doodle in their school play , America the Beautiful . Though Michelle is initially jealous of Derek for winning the part over her ( due in no small part to the fact that both of her sisters played Yankee Doodle in the same play ) , she helps him recover from a case of stage - fright , and they eventually become friends . Derek is very educated and well - spoken for a boy of his age , though also a bit on the wimpy side . He also shows signs of being a bit obsessive - compulsive . As shown in several episodes ( including in his first appearance ) , he is also shown to be a very talented singer . In the scene in which he is first introduced , Derek says he blends in with his surroundings . Lisa Leeper ( played by Kathryn Zaremba ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( featured in six episodes during the eighth season , beginning with `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) ; in the episode We Got the Beat , '' Lisa is shown to be an extremely good singer when she sings a duet of `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with Derek . Nelson Burkhardt ( played by Jason Marsden ; Hal Sparks in Fuller House ) is a love interest for D.J. that is introduced in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' . Nelson is a teenager who comes from a very wealthy family , and dates D.J. on - and - off for some time ( ironically , it is in his first appearance that D.J. breaks up with him ; he ends up going on a date with Kimmy three episodes later in `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) . Not much is revealed about Nelson 's background or family , aside from the fact that he is very rich , and often throws and attends big parties on yachts . Though in `` Taking the Plunge , '' he mentions that his cousin , Regina -- with whom he sets Joey up on a date -- is visiting the United States from England . Toward the latter stages of his `` relationship '' with D.J. , in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' he gets into a `` tug - of - war '' with Viper to be D.J. 's boyfriend , to which she declines both boys . Nelson shows up to his and D.J. 's 20th High School Reunion in season 2 of Fuller House . C.J. Harbenberger ( played by Virginia Williams ) is Steve 's fiancée and mother to Max 's friend , Rose . C.J. is strikingly similarly to D.J. Bobby Popko ( played by Isaak Presley ) is Jackson 's best friend and Ramona 's ex boyfriend . Taylor ( played by Lucas Jaye ) is Max 's friend who challenges him . Rose Harbenberger ( played by Mckenna Grace ) is C.J. 's daughter , and Max 's love interest . Rocki ( played by Landry Bender ) is Gia 's daughter who attends summer school with Jackson and is Jackson 's new love interest . Other characters Stavros ( played by John Stamos in a dual role ) is Jesse 's swarthy , greasy , woman - crazed Greek look - alike cousin ( with minor cosmetic differences in appearance from Jesse , namely Stavros having a mustache , a gap in his teeth , a slightly larger nose than his cousin and a mole on his cheek ) . Appearing only in the season seven episode `` Kissing Cousins , '' he hits on Becky -- despite the fact that she is Jesse 's wife -- several times during the episode . He is shown to be a con artist ; he cheats Joey out of his watch and money during a card game , and tells a fake story about a mudslide that devastated his village in order to pilfer the `` donations '' and leave , to which the family catches on . Jesse expresses his disappointment with the dastardly deeds that Stavros -- who ends up being arrested -- commits . Wendy Tanner ( played by Darlene Vogel ) is Danny 's sister , who is an avid animal enthusiast , and works at a zoo . She owns a chimpanzee named Ginger , and is known to have had somewhat of a rivalry with Joey in their childhood , but when she comes back to San Francisco in the season five episode `` Too Much Monkey Business , '' she and Joey have a brief relationship after they both revealed themselves to have had `` secret crushes '' on each other . It is also revealed that she collects exotic souvenirs from around the world . She and Joey date briefly ( but she is not seen or mentioned after the episode ) . Iorgos `` Papouli '' Katsopolis ( played by Jack Kruschen ) is Jesse 's Greek grandfather , introduced in the season four episode `` Greek Week '' . Papouli is the central to the storyline of the season seven episode `` The Last Dance , '' when he visits San Francisco to see the family and starts to forge a very close relationship with his great - granddaughter Michelle . Later in the episode , Papouli dies of natural causes ( as Danny specifically mentions that his heart gave out and he died in his sleep while staying at the house ) . When Michelle hears about the tragedy after her Honeybee meeting , she becomes very despondent and decides not to go to school , acknowledging that Papouli promised to appear as part of her school assignment and teach her class a Greek dance . Michelle attempts not to show any emotion in front of Jesse , who himself has a hard time coping with Papouli 's death . However , when she tells him the truth , Jesse tells Michelle that it is okay to cry in mourning of Papouli , as the two start sobbing and hugging each other . Jesse appears at Michelle 's school and accompanies her in performing the dance that Papouli taught her earlier in the episode when she is unable to remember the rest of the dance . Mindy Gladstone ( played by Beverly Sanders ) is Joey 's mother . She appears only in the season one episode `` The Return of Grandma , '' although Joey talks about her often during the series , such as when Joey lands a gig opening for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas in the season four episode `` Viva Las Joey '' . When Joey was asked by Jesse why he could not invite his mother to come see the show , he claims she is working as Goofy at Walt Disney World . Kathy Santoni ( played by Anne Marie McEvoy ) is a classmate of D.J. 's . While only appearing in four episodes ( beginning with season three 's `` Back to School Blues '' ) , Kathy Santoni is mentioned in several episodes by various characters . In the season seven episode `` The Apartment , '' it is revealed that she got married and pregnant at age 16 . Kathy shows up to her 20th high school reunion in Fuller House . Walter F. Berman ( played by Whitby Hertford ) is a school friend of Stephanie Tanner . At first , Stephanie disliked him , and went as far as teasing and imitating his resemblance to a duck ( which occurs when his lips are pursed ) . She -- along with the rest of the class -- even nicknamed him `` Duckface '' . However , after following her Uncle Jesse 's advice , she learned to appreciate Walter more , even if he was a nerd . This led to Walter briefly considering Stephanie as his `` secret girlfriend '' . Harry Takayama ( played by Nathan Nishiguchi in Full House ; Michael Sun Lee in Fuller House ) is the first on - screen friend of Stephanie 's ( appearing in season two , beginning with the episode `` Middle Age Crazy '' ) . He usually calls her `` Chief '' , and she refers to him as her boyfriend -- without understanding that term 's full meaning ( as Stephanie put it in Harry 's first appearance , `` you 're a boy , and you 're my friend ; that makes you my boyfriend '' ) . Stephanie decides to have a pretend wedding with Harry in `` Middle Age Crazy , '' feeling that she is not receiving attention from the rest of the family . His last appearance is in the season three episode `` Nerd For a Day '' . In the episode `` Pal Joey , '' Harry becomes infatuated with D.J. after she teaches him a mathematic problem using oranges . Over the years him and Stephanie stayed in touch , and she jokingly refers to him as her `` husband '' . In Fuller House , when a thousand roses showed up to the house , Stephanie wonders if Harry sent them . Turns out he did n't send them and is actually getting married . Cindy ( played by Debra Sandlund ) is a girlfriend of Danny 's , appearing in three episodes during season four , beginning with the episode `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . It is revealed that she works as a dry cleaner in that episode , and she first met Danny when he comes to the store as a customer . She also has a precocious and troublesome 10 - year - old son named Rusty . Rusty ( portrayed by Jordan Christopher Michael ) is the son of Cindy , Danny 's girlfriend in season four , first appearing in `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . Rusty has a penchant of performing mischievous antics and practical jokes that wreak havoc on the family . During a crazy prank that Rusty started in `` Secret Admirer , '' he misunderstood D.J. 's words and believed that she was romantically interested in him . This caused him to develop a brief crush on her , but quickly got over it when the other members of the family caught on to his prank , in which he sent a letter intended to D.J. ( without signing his name on it ) that ends up being circulated to the rest of the family as well as Kimmy and Cindy , resulting in everyone mistakenly believing that someone else in the group was interested in them . He was last seen in `` Stephanie Plays the Field , '' training for baseball with Stephanie . Ricky ( played by R.J. Williams in the season four episodes `` Secret Admirer and `` Happy New Year '' ) is the neighborhood paperboy whom D.J. had a crush on . Brett Davis ( played by Sean Fox in season four , introduced in the episode `` Stephanie Plays the Field '' ) is a classmate and friend of Stephanie 's who plays Little League Baseball for the Cubs . He is supposedly Stephanie Tanner 's first love . Viper ( played by David Lipper ) is a guitarist in Jesse 's band , Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets during season eight . He is introduced in `` To Joey , With Love '' , when he auditions for the band in competition with Danny , who is revealed to be as equally excellent at guitar . He begins to date D.J. in the episode `` On the Road Again , '' much to the initial dismay of Danny and Jesse , the latter of whom briefly kicks him out of the band . He is revealed to have insecurities about not going to college in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger '' , and ends up twisting everything D.J. says to where she puts him down . He eventually dumps her in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' because he thinks things are moving too fast for him and wants space . He then changes his mind and begs her to take him back . This causes problems as D.J. starts to date her old boyfriend Nelson again . D.J. can not decide between the two and asks for time to think . Unfortunately , neither one gives her space and begin to fight over her . D.J. then says that if they are going to force her to choose , then she would not choose either one and dumps them both . Viper showed up to D.J. 's 20th high school reunion even though it 's not his reunion . He tries to win her back , and again ends up fighting over her with Nelson . Caroline ( portrayed by ( Dorothy Parke ) is a friend of Danny 's , who was first seen in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as one of the dates who appear while Danny , Joey , and Jesse go on a fishing trip on a boat . She also appeared in the episode `` The Big Three - O '' six episodes later . Adrianna ( played by Fabiana Udenio ) is Jesse 's one - time girlfriend in the season one episode `` Daddy 's Home '' . Corinna Spicer ( played by Elizabeth Keifer ) is a student in Jesse 's `` private music class , '' whom Jesse was interested in , in the season one episode `` Jesse 's Girl '' . At the end of the episode , she winds up with Joey instead . Jill ( Darcy DeMoss ) is one of Jesse 's early girlfriends . She and Jesse date when there is no one else to date , according to her . Duane Moffat ( played by Scott Menville ) is Kimmy Gibbler 's boyfriend in season eight ( first appearing in the episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , whom she considered marrying in Reno . He is often airheaded like Kimmy is , and is mostly quiet and known for saying `` whatever '' in a surfer - like accent . One thing is known about him is that he loves the works of William Shakespeare . In part one of `` Michelle Rides Again , '' he passionately recites lines from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . Duane makes an appearance at their 20th high school reunion . Duane has become a motivational speaker . Mrs. Carruthers ( played by Marcia Wallace ) is a neighbor of the Tanners ( appearing in seasons seven and eight ) , who has a massive ( but obviously one - sided ) crush on Joey , as evidenced by her constant `` chasing '' him down , and his subsequent attempts to `` hide '' from her and reject her advances . She collaborates with Kimmy Gibbler to form a Neighborhood Watch program known as the `` Crime Catchers '' in season seven 's `` The Bicycle Thief '' . She also is known to `` dominate '' the PTA elections at Michelle 's school , Frasier Street Elementary , every year , inspiring Joey to run for PTA president in a fair election in `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' to which he is ultimately disqualified due to Mrs. Carruthers pointing out that PTA rules require that the president must be a parent of a Frasier Street student . However , Mrs. Carruthers offers Joey the opportunity to be her vice president instead , a position he accepts . Pamela `` Pam '' Katsopolis Tanner ( portrayed by Christie Houser ) is Danny 's wife , Jesse 's sister , and the mother of D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle , who was an unseen character , except in the form of a home video shot when she and Danny brought Michelle home from the hospital in the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' . She was killed by a drunk driver before the start of the first series ( according to D.J. in the eighth - season episode `` Under the Influence '' ) . She has been described as traits her children have : always smiling ( Michelle ) , full of energy ( Stephanie ) , and always did her best at everything ( D.J. ) . Teri Tanner ( played by Eva LaRue ) , is Danny 's second wife . In the Fuller House season three episode `` Declarations of Independence '' , Danny reveals that he and Teri got divorced . He mentions that they barely knew each other when they got married . Tommy Fuller Sr. ( played by unknown actor ) , is D.J. 's husband and the father of Jackson , Max , and Tommy Jr. , who was also an unseen character , except in the form of a photograph in the boy 's room in the season one episode `` Secrets , Lies , and Firetrucks '' . He died in the line of duty while being a firefighter before the start of the second series ( according to D.J. in the series premiere `` Our Very First Show Again '' ) . His sons have been described having the same nice smile . Dr. Fred Harmon ( played by Robin Thomas ) is Matt 's father , and the owner of Harmon Pet Care . When he retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business , and moves to India . Ginger Gladstone ( played by Laura Bell Bundy ) is Joey 's wife who is a magician . Lewis Gladstone ( played by Finn Carr ) is Joey 's oldest son . Joan Gladstone ( played by Kingston Foster ) is Joey 's youngest daughter . Jerry Gladstone ( played by Noah Salsbury Lipson ) is Joey 's youngest son . Phyllis Gladstone ( played by Ruby Rose Turner ) is Joey 's oldest daughter . Mankowski ( played by Trevor Larcom ) is one of Jackson 's friends . Chad Brad Bradley ( played by Tanner Buchanan ) is the captain of Bayview 's dance team . When Ramona tries out for the school 's dance team , she shows him up resulting in him cutting her . He eventually lets her on the team . Guest stars Season one Kirk Cameron -- Episode 18 : `` Just One of the Guys '' , as Steve , Danny 's nephew and the girls ' cousin . He is the real - life brother of Candace Cameron Bure ( Kirk 's eventual wife and Candace 's sister - in - law Chelsea Noble appears in the following episode `` The Seven - Month Itch '' as Jesse 's girlfriend Samantha ) . Phyllis Diller -- Episode 16 : `` But Seriously , Folks '' . Joey was getting ready to start his set at a comedy club but the host spots Phyllis and invites her onstage resulting in Joey not getting to perform . Belita Moreno -- Episode 12 : `` Our Very First Promo '' as Ronnie Gardner Season two The Beach Boys ( as themselves ) -- Episode 16 : `` Beach Boy Bingo '' . They also appear in season three , episode 24 : `` Our Very First Telethon '' , and season five 's `` Captain Video '' ( parts 1 and 2 ) in the `` Forever '' music video . The first time they appeared , they were supposed to be guests on Wake Up , San Francisco , but had to cancel their appearance due to fog preventing their plane from landing . D.J. then wins a telephone contest to get tickets to their concert , but she has trouble deciding whom to take with her . In the end , the whole family ends up going and even joins the band on stage . Jonathan Brandis -- Episode 11 : `` A Little Romance '' as Michael Monford Season three Bobbie Eakes -- Episode 3 : `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do ( in 22 Minutes ) '' as Diane Scott Baio -- Episode 9 : `` Dr. Dare Rides Again '' as Pete Bianco , an old band mate of Jesse 's . Season four Frankie Avalon -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' . Joey films a TV pilot with Frankie and Annette . Annette Funicello -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Erika Eleniak -- Episode 9 : `` One Last Kiss '' as Carrie Fowler . Jesse 's high school girlfriend . Wayne Newton -- Episode 7 : `` Viva Las Joey '' . Joey opened for Newton in Las Vegas . Jaleel White -- Episode 16 : `` Stephanie Gets Framed '' . He appears as his character Steve Urkel from Family Matters ( which was produced by Full House 's production companies Miller - Boyett Productions and Lorimar Television ) . Urkel happens to be a cousin of D.J. 's friend Julie ( played by Tasha Scott , who was also White 's love interest in the 1990 TV movie Camp Cucamonga ) . During his visit , he helped and gave advice to Stephanie Tanner , because she had to get reading glasses . Stephanie is reluctant because of how reading glasses will make her look , but Steve tells her `` the trick is to make them laugh with you before they laugh at you . '' Season five David Lascher -- Episode 3 : `` Take My Sister , Please '' as Rick June Lockhart -- Episodes 1 and 2 : `` Double Trouble '' and `` Matchmaker Michelle '' as Ms. Wiltrout , Michelle 's kindergarten teacher . Whitman Mayo -- Episode 7 : `` The Volunteer '' as Eddie Johnson Tommy Page -- Episode 16 : `` Crushed '' . Danny gets Tommy to sing at Stephanie 's tenth birthday party . Season six Hillary Shepard -- Episodes 4 and 5 : `` Radio Days '' and `` Love and Other Tanners '' as Julie Mark Linn - Baker -- Episode 7 : `` Trouble in Twin Town '' as Dick Donaldson , Becky 's rich and obnoxious cousin , who puts down Jesse for not being rich . Danielle Fishel -- Episode 10 and 17 : `` I 'm Not D.J. '' and `` Silence is Not Golden '' as Jennifer P . Jennifer Rhodes -- Episodes 11 : `` Designing Mothers '' as Liz Larson , Vicky 's mom . Season seven Little Richard -- Episode : `` Too Little Richard Too Late '' . It is revealed that he is Denise 's uncle . Because he was holding a concert in San Francisco , Michelle asks him to perform a concert to help Joey 's campaign for PTA president . He accepts , and performs for Joey 's campaign . Richard is quite late to the concert , but makes it up to them . He has a dislike to Jesse after Jesse 's comment about him putting a punch bowl on his head at family gatherings . Suzanne Somers -- Episode 19 : `` Love on the Rocks '' Ben Stein -- Episode : `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' as Elliott Warner Vanna White -- Episode 15 : `` The Test '' Season eight Andrea Abbate as Gia 's mother Claire Mahan and Danny 's new girlfriend Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- Episode 16 : `` Air Jesse '' Mickey Rooney - Episode 11 : `` Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' as Mr. Dreghorn Frankie Valli -- Episode 12 : `` D.J. 's Choice '' Barry Williams -- Episode : `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , as himself replacing Jesse as lead singer of The Rippers Fuller House Maksim Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Valentin Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Hunter Pence -- Episode 1.10 : `` A Giant Leap '' . Hunter is a right fielder for the San Francisco Giants who briefly dates Stephanie but when it is revealed that she is the `` mystery blond '' who is causing his worsening batting streak , Stephanie breaks up because she ca n't take the pressure of dating a famous athlete . She dumps him in front of the entire stadium after singing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' . He hits a homer after the breakup . Alan Thicke -- Episode 2.2 : `` Mom Interference '' as Mike . He is the grandfather of Matt 's girlfriend Crystal . Bruno Tonioli -- Episode 2.5 : `` Doggy Daddy '' as Guiseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach . New Kids on the Block -- Episode 2.10 : `` New Kids in the House '' . When Stephanie discovers the New Kids on the Block tickets Kimmy got for D.J. 's Birthday are counterfeit , they make it up by bringing the band by the house . Lonzo Ball -- Episode 3.18 : `` Here Comes the Sun '' as himself . Lonzo comes to town to try to convince Steve to be the Lakers ' foot doctor . References Jump up ^ Adam I. Lapidus ( writer ) John Tracy ( director ) ( December 6 , 1994 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . Full House . Season 8 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/fuller-house-cast-member-candace-cameron-bure-discusses-playing-mom-spinoff-teases-2055222 ( hide ) Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&oldid=836674248 '' Categories : 1980s - related lists 1990s - related lists 2010s - related lists Fictional characters from San Francisco Full House Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with a promotional tone from March 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what was uncle jesse's original last name on full house

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Judge Mathis

Judge Mathis - Wikipedia Judge Mathis This article is about the television series . For the eponymous arbiter of this court show , see Greg Mathis . Judge Mathis Genre Court show Presented by Greg Mathis Music by Brian Wayy Roy Shakked Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 19 No. of episodes 2,000 Production Location ( s ) NBC Tower Chicago , Illinois Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Telepictures Productions Black Pearl Entertainment ( 1999 - 2002 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1999 - 2012 ) 480i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2012 - ) Original release September 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website Production website Judge Mathis is a syndicated arbitration - based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court , Greg Mathis . The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes . The series was originally produced by Black Pearl Entertainment . It 's now produced by Telepictures Productions and Syndicated Productions , while distributed by Warner Bros. Television . It is taped at the NBC Tower in Chicago , but includes cases and litigants from other U.S. jurisdictions . Greg Mathis 's `` inspirational and positive messages to young people '' won the court show a PRISM Commendation in May 2002 . The court show also won an NAACP Image Award in 2004 and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2018 . Each Judge Mathis episode runs for one hour and typically consists of 4 cases . The show is broadcast weekdays nationwide in the United States . It is also broadcast in Canada through Omni Television . The show has aired since 1999 and has aired over 2000 episodes . In the 2014 - 15 television season , Judge Mathis began its 16th season , making Mathis the longest serving African American court show arbitrator , after Judge Joe Brown whose program lasted 15 seasons . Judge Mathis is the fourth longest running courtroom series behind Divorce Court , The People 's Court , and Judge Judy . It began its 19th season on Monday , September 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 2 Incorporation of life story into court show 3 Judge Gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach 4 References 5 External links Show format ( edit ) The cases on Judge Mathis are classified as tort law , civil disputes with a maximum $5,000 claim , a typical amount for small claims court . The producers of the show select the cases . To acquire cases , the show solicits real - life litigants with pending disputes or individuals with potential disputes . If litigants agree to be on the show , they are paid a talent fee ranging from $150 to $300 , and they receive travel accommodations . Mathis does have prior knowledge of the cases . In all cases , litigants give their prospective case managers all evidence in advance . Any real legal case pending must be dismissed by both parties . Typically , Mathis 's producers only seek cases that they deem `` juicy '' enough for TV . Occasionally , Mathis leaves the courtroom to deliberate and then returns with his verdict . Upon final judgment , he may briefly explain the legal principle guiding his verdict , especially if his ruling is based on a particular state 's law . Reportedly , Mathis ' rulings conform to the laws of the state where the case was originally filed . Incorporation of life story into court show ( edit ) As a child and a teenager , Mathis was frequently in legal trouble . He was a member of a street gang in Detroit , and he was arrested and sentenced to jail for illegally carrying a firearm when he was 17 years old . Mathis has frequently used his courtroom series to highlight his troubled - youth - turned - success - story as a way of motivating and inspiring his audience ( especially youth audience ) that there 's no adversity that they ca n't pick themselves up from . It is from his background where Mathis derives much of his courtroom formula . For example , his show 's opening theme was formerly a brief documentary of his powerful life story . As another example , he takes a liking to litigants who 've seen the error of their ways and have made efforts to improve and better their lives . Judge gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach ( edit ) Main article : Greg Mathis Mathis typically begins proceedings by having litigants expound on their side of the dispute , so as to gain insight into the matter . Cases on Judge Mathis tend to go deeper and to more revealing places than those of most other court shows . He also calls attention to peculiarities or juicy details exposed throughout the course of the proceedings as a means of making the cases more interesting to viewers . Furthermore , Mathis does n't hesitate to tackle any social issues that emerge during the proceedings , tying his social justice perspectives to the cases . While hearing the testimonies , Mathis takes on a relaxed , attentive , understanding and open - minded nature . Rarely missing an opportunity to jest or poke fun , Mathis is given to fun , humor , good - natured ridicule and gibes , often rousing his audience to uproarious amusement . He sometimes cuts the tension -- even tension he himself has fostered -- with wisecracks or taunting remarks . Mathis has bantered directly at audience members on occasion , also resulting in audience amusement . He uses a rather high - pitched voice as part of stultifying litigants and suggesting that they 've not recognized the obvious . Combined with his teasing and comedic tendencies on the bench , Mathis is known for his street smart , urban expressions and stern side as well . In moments in which Mathis has found a litigant guilty of a particularly reprehensible act , he takes on a very resentful nature along with lecturing and shaming behaviors . Sometimes in these moments , Mathis makes a point of solemnizing his courtroom due to prior laughs and lightheartedness , letting litigants and everyone on hand know that things are no longer a laughing matter and that he 's to be taken seriously . The final portion of most of the cases generally see Mathis displaying a harshly corrective side , providing an explanation behind the direction of his verdict in the form of a sharp tirade , unbroken in delivery so as not to allow anyone a word in edgewise before his gavel pound and exit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Mathis Bio '' . Judgemathistv.warnerbros.com . September 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website . Online at : `` About the Show '' Archived 2007 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website . Online at : `` When its on '' . Accessed March 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Omni Television . Ontario `` Judge Mathis '' Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis 1999 TV SHOW '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The A to Z of African - American Television - Kathleen Fearn - Banks - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge Mathis interview . Online at : `` Interview with the Judge Mathis '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed March 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/07/greg-mathis-judge-mathis-gang-gun-arrest-detroit/ ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows : Factual and Fictional Series about ... - Hal Erickson - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roger M. Grace ( October 2 , 2003 ) . `` Seven Courtroom Shows Appear on TV 's Fall Docket '' . Metnews.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Judge Mathis Episode Guide Judge Mathis on IMDb Ask Judge Mathis - Judge Mathis ' official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judge_Mathis&oldid=846594605 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 1999 American television series debuts First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Warner Bros. Television Court shows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

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The Elf on the Shelf

The Elf on the Shelf - wikipedia The Elf on the Shelf Jump to : navigation , search The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition Author Carol Aebersold Chanda Bell Illustrator Coë Steinwart Language English Genre Picture book Publisher CCA and B Publishing Publication date 2005 Published in English 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769907 - 9 - 6 The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children 's picture book , written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell , and illustrated by Coë Steinwart . The book tells a Christmas - themed story , written in rhyme , that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and who is nice . It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve , after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season . The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 2.1 Mensch on a Bench 3 Criticism 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This story describes how Santa 's `` scout elves '' hide in people 's homes to watch over events . Once everyone goes to bed , the scout elf flies back to the North Pole to report to Santa the activities , good and bad , that have taken place throughout the day . Before the family wakes up each morning , the scout elf flies back from the North Pole and hides . By hiding in a new spot each morning around the house , the scout elf plays an ongoing game of hide and seek with the family . The Elf on the Shelf explains that scout elves get their magic by being named and being loved by a child . In the back of each book , families have an opportunity to write their elf 's name and the date that they adopted it . Once the elf is named , the scout elf receives its special Christmas magic , which allows it to fly to and from the North Pole . The book tells how the magic might disappear if the scout elf is touched , so the rule for The Elf on the Shelf states , `` There 's only one rule that you have to follow , so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me . My magic might go , and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know . '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf , they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately . The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season . History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea . Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time . Aebersold 's other daughter , Christa Pitts , was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing . Together , the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows . The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express , won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008 . In 2012 , The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside fellow parade newcomers Hello Kitty and Papa Smurf . In 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf hit the # 1 spot on the USA Today Bestsellers List . On 26 November 2011 , the book aired on CBS as a 30 - minute animated TV show , An Elf 's Story : The Elf on the Shelf , directed by Chad Eikhoff . The Washington Post criticized the quality of the animation and dismissed it as `` just a half - hour advertisement for a book and a toy '' , which it felt would not join `` the canon of prime - time animated Christmas specials that actually move the spirit '' . Common Sense Media disagreed , calling the special `` a great addition to families ' holiday TV traditions '' ; however , they also warn parents about the consumer - driven nature of the story , and make note of its lack of educational value . In October 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf : A Birthday Tradition was released . Written and illustrated by the same team that created the first book , it offers instructions for inviting a scout elf to visit for a child 's birthday party and describes how the elf decorates a chair for the child . In April 2014 , two supplemental birthday products were released : The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Countdown Game and The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Chair Decoration Kit . The Elf on the Shelf was parodied as `` The Gnome in the Home '' in `` The Nightmare After Krustmas , '' a 2016 episode of The Simpsons . Mensch on a Bench ( edit ) A Jewish counterpart to Elf On The Shelf was created : `` Mensch on a Bench , '' a stuffed toy that looks a bit like a rabbi or a Hasidic Jew . Jewish father Neal Hoffman , a former Hasbro Toys toy marketing executive , raised more than $20,000 , using the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund creation of the toy in the Spring of 2011 . `` Mensch '' , in Yiddish , means a person of integrity or honor . Cody Decker , the starting left fielder for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic , brought the team 's mascot , a five - foot version of `` Mensch on a Bench , '' with him to Asia from the United States for the World Baseball Classic . Decker said he `` tried getting him a first - class ticket . But that did n't fly , so he was put in a duffel bag and checked . '' The mascot proved to be a big hit . He has his own locker , sits on Team Israel 's bench in the dugout during every game , and sat alongside Decker at a press conference in South Korea . Decker said : `` He 's a mascot , he 's a friend , he 's a teammate , he 's a borderline deity to our team ... He brings a lot to the table ... Every team needs their Jobu . He was ours . He had his own locker , and we even gave him offerings : Manischewitz , gelt , and gefilte fish ... He is everywhere and nowhere all at once . His actual location is irrelevant because he exists in higher metaphysical planes . But he 's always near . '' Team Israel Manager Jerry Weinstein said : `` He 's on the team . Everybody brings something to the team , and certainly The Mensch is a unifying factor for the ball club . '' Pitcher Gabe Cramer said : `` The Mensch on a Bench is ... a symbol we can rally around as a team . We are proud to be Jewish , but we know how to make and take a joke , something Jews have a long history of doing . The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we 're here and who we 're representing . '' Criticism ( edit ) The Elf has received some criticism from cultural reviewers . The Atlantic columnist Kate Tuttle calls it `` a marketing juggernaut dressed up as a tradition '' whose purpose is `` to spy on kids '' and that one should n't `` bully your child into thinking that good behavior equals gifts . '' Washington Post reviewer Hank Stuever characterized the concept as `` just another nannycam in a nanny state obsessed with penal codes '' . Writing for Psychology Today , Dr. David Kyle Johnston calls it a `` dangerous parental crutch '' , with much the same reasoning as what he terms the `` Santa lie '' . Professor Laura Pinto suggests that it conditions kids to accept the surveillance state and that it communicates to children that `` it 's okay for other people to spy on you , and you 're not entitled to privacy . '' She argues that `` if you grow up thinking it 's cool for the elves to watch me and report back to Santa , well , then it 's cool for the NSA to watch me and report back to the government ... The rule of play is that kids get to interact with a doll or video game or what have you , but not so with the Elf on the Shelf : The rule is that you do n't touch the elf . Think about the message that sends . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Elf 's Story '' . The Elf on the Shelf . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hank Stuever ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` CBS 's ' Elf on the Shelf ' : Unwarranted Christmas surveillance techniques '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Elf on the Shelf : An Elf 's Story '' . commonsensemedia.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic , '' Newsday . ^ Jump up to : Meet Mensch On A Bench , Jewish Counterpart To Eldhdhshf On The Shelf : NPR Jump up ^ The Mensch On The Bench New York Post Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2867382/The-Elf-Shelf-competition-Introducing-Mensch-Bench-Hanukkahs-hilarious-answer-popular-Christmas-character.html Jump up ^ The Mensch on a Bench claims space on elf toy 's holiday turf - NY Daily News Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/12/11/the-mensch-on-a-bench-from-basement-to-big-box-and-now-shark-tank/#2d31052210da ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's World Baseball Classic mascot : Mensch on a Bench , '' Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` With Mensch on Bench , Israel ready for Classic , '' mlb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Players Take Leave From Spring Training For World Baseball Classic , '' NPR . Jump up ^ `` Mensch on a Bench , mascot of Israel baseball team , a hoot ahead of WBC , '' , The Times of Israel . ^ Jump up to : `` The best thing about Team Israel 's World Baseball Classic run is their delightful mascot , '' USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's suddenly the undefeated darling of the baseball world , '' The New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Team Israel scores another surprise baseball win -- with a Marin pitcher , '' J . Jump up ^ You 're a Creepy One , Elf on the Shelf in The Atlantic , December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kyle Johnston , Let 's Bench the Elf on the Shelf . Psychology Today , December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson , Does the Elf contribute to the surveillance state ? . HLNtv.com , December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kyle Olsen , Prof : ' Elf on the Shelf ' conditions kids to accept surveillance state . Education Action Group Foundation , Inc. , December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Elf on the Shelf . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&oldid=822403574 '' Categories : Elves in popular culture American children 's books 2005 children 's books Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who made up the elf on the shelf

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Samuel Prescott

Samuel Prescott - wikipedia Samuel Prescott For other people named Samuel Prescott , see Samuel Prescott ( disambiguation ) . Samuel Prescott August 19 , 1751 Concord , Massachusetts , British America between November 23 , 1776 and December 26 , 1777 Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada Occupation Surgeon , Express courier Samuel Prescott ( August 19 , 1751 -- c. 1777 ) was a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War . He is best remembered for his role in Paul Revere 's `` midnight ride '' to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution . He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord . Contents 1 Early life 2 The Ride 3 Prescott 's life following `` The Ride '' 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Prescott 's uncle Jonathan Prescott Dr. Samuel Prescott was born August 19 , 1751 . He lived in colonial Concord , Massachusetts , among his large extended family . ( His uncle was Jonathan Prescott . ) Much of this history was probably passed on to the family by his grand uncle Samuel Prescott , who knew many of the early Prescotts , and was even old enough to remember the first ancestor of the Concord branch of the family , John Prescott , founder of Lancaster , Massachusetts . Indeed , the Prescotts and their extended family played an important and often heroic role in colonial history . These include settling Concord , fighting in colonial wars , and negotiating for the ransom of Mary Rowlandson . Prescott followed in the footsteps of his older brother Benjamin and apprenticed under his father , Abel Prescott , for about seven years . He appears to have kept an extremely low profile during pre-revolutionary times as well as afterward , as best can be attained . He did open a practice in Concord , just before or after which time he began to court Lydia Mulliken , daughter of a well - respected Lexington clockmaker who had died in 1767 . During the latter part of his apprenticeship or shortly after he began his medical practice , he became an active member in the patriot movement . There is strong circumstantial evidence that he was an express courier for the Sons of Liberty and the Committees of Correspondence , and that he was an important liaison between the Concord Defense Committee and John Hancock and other leaders of the patriots . The ride ( edit ) On the evening of April 18 , 1775 , Paul Revere and William Dawes were dispatched by Joseph Warren to warn the countryside that the British were coming . Prescott was in Lexington at the time to visit with his fiancée , Lydia Mulliken . He was also there to report on Concord 's readiness , its status in hiding supplies and munitions from the British , and its success in moving cannon to Groton lest it fall into British hands . The British wanted the military stores at Concord and had hoped to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the process . When Prescott left Lexington , it was about 1 a.m. the next morning , April 19 . On his way back to Concord he met Paul Revere and William Dawes , who had just left Lexington shortly before him and were also on their way to Concord -- to warn the town that the Redcoats were on the march . When the three continued on to Hartwell 's tavern in the lower bounds of Lincoln , they were cut off by four British horseman who were part of a larger scouting party sent out the preceding evening . Revere was captured but both Prescott and Dawes succeeded in making a run for it . Prescott did so with a show of artful horsemanship and knowledge of the forest . Finally losing his pursuers , he circled about and headed quickly to Concord , carrying Revere 's warning to his townsmen . Dawes also escaped from his pursuers , but it was after a close chase , a frantic ruse on his part , and a bit of luck . Once he was safe , he considered circling around the patrol and racing on to Concord much as Prescott had , but he heard the Concord town house bell and knew Prescott had made it there , and so he continued on his special mission , for he was only assigned to accompany Revere to Concord . Prescott , meanwhile , continued west to warn Acton , Massachusetts while his brother Abel Prescott , Jr. rode south to warn Sudbury and Framingham . By this time , countless riders were also dispatched from other towns to spread the warning -- while bells and cannon were rung or fired to punctuate the danger at hand . Because of the `` midnight '' rides of Revere , Dawes , Prescott , and many other expresses ( couriers ) , minutemen and militia everywhere were on the ready , many marching to Concord to effectively engage the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Prescott was there to witness the Battle of Concord , then tried to beat the British back to Lexington to see Lydia Mulliken and her family and to help with the wounded . He remained at Lexington as a volunteer surgeon for about two weeks , then seems to have disappeared into the war . A National Park Service map showing the route of the initial Patriot messengers including Prescott ( purple trail ) Prescott 's Life following `` the ride '' ( edit ) There is evidence that Prescott went on to serve as a surgeon in the Continental Army , a tradition that he joined the crew of a New England privateer , and a report that he was in prison in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where he may have died between November 23 , 1776 and December 26 ( 1777 ? ) . There is also circumstantial evidence that he served in some medical support capacity out of Fort Ticonderoga during the invasion attempts against Canada and until about the time of Benedict Arnold 's failed attempts against Sir Guy Carleton on Lake Champlain . Legacy ( edit ) Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every Patriots ' Day eve ( observed ) in the Town of Acton . The re-enactment begins in East Acton , continues through Acton Center , and ends at Liberty Tree Farm , where once was the home of a minuteman named Simon Hunt . The distance is approximately five miles ( 8 km ) . There are also re-enactments on Patriots ' Day ( usually the third Monday of April ) of the rides of William Dawes and Paul Revere , to commemorate the famous `` midnight '' ride that began in the evening hours of April 18 and continued on April 19 . Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every year at midnight April 18 -- 19 at Concord 's First Parish Church . The re-enactment is preceded by a Patriots ' Ball . The Minute Men march with fife and drum leading the attendees from the armory to the church . The Captain of the Concord Minute Men reads a message handed him by `` Prescott '' on horseback . A memorial plaque to Prescott is at his former home in Concord , Massachusetts . See also ( edit ) Liberty 's Kids Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selesky , H.E. , & Boatner , M.M. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution : Library of military history ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Charles Scribner 's , p. 625 . Jump up ^ Caes , 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Marvin , 38 -- 47 Jump up ^ Caes , 34 , wherein regarding Rowlandson the reference is to John Hoar , father of the second wife of Capt . Jonathan Prescott ( d . 1721 ) . Captain Jonathan was Samuel Prescott 's great grandfather . Jump up ^ `` The Tale of Two Families Joined by Love , Shattered by War '' . Concord Magazine . D. Michael Ryan . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Caes , 206 Jump up ^ Prescott , 66 Jump up ^ Wheildon , 7 Jump up ^ Dawes , 89 , but this is taken , as cited in his book , from Revere 's deposition for Reverend Jerry Belknap , founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere actually produced three versions of the deposition , two in 1775 and one in 1798 , but they are not contradictory though they are of varying lengths . Jump up ^ Dawes , 119 Jump up ^ Caes , 248 -- 253 Jump up ^ There is only hearsay of the privateering , and Caes provides other alternatives , beginning with the Battles of Breed 's and Bunker Hills at which he lists a number of Samuel 's relatives ( some through marriage ) who fought there . Jump up ^ Speculations of which appear in Legend Jump up ^ Samuel Prescott at Find a Grave Sources ( edit ) Caes , Charles J. ( 2009 ) . Legend of the Third Horseman : Life and Times of Dr. Samuel Prescott , the Man Who Finished the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere . Bloomington , IND : Xlibris . The Man Who Finished The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere and William Dawes Dawes , C. Burr ( 1975 ) . William Dawes : First Rider for Revolution . Newark , Ohio : History Gardens Press . Prescott , William MD. ( 1872 ) . The Prescott Memorial or Genealogical Memoir of the Prescott Families In America . Ashville , N.C. : Ward Press ( 1983 ) . Wheildon , William C. ( 1885 ) . New Chapter in the History of the Concord Fight : Groton Minute - Men at the North Bridge , April 18 -- 19 , 1775 . Boston : Lee & Shepard . Marvin , Abijah P. ( 1879 ) . History of the Town of Lancaster , Massachusetts : from first settlement to the present time 1643 -- 1879 . The Town of Lancaster , Massachusetts . WorldCat Identities LCCN : n2011079210 SNAC : w6904g72 VIAF : 202983259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Prescott&oldid=852325889 '' Categories : 1751 births 1777 deaths American Revolutionary War deaths American surgeons People from Concord , Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Physicians in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 05 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who warned concord that the british were coming

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Alone (TV series)

Alone ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Alone ( TV series ) Alone Genre Reality Survival Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 55 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Russ McCarroll Zachary Behr Gretchen Palek Nathaniel Lukas Shawn Witt Zachary Green Ryan Pender David George Brent Montgomery Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Distributor History Channel Release Original network History Original release June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) -- present Alone is an American reality television series on the History channel . The first , second and fourth seasons were filmed on northern Vancouver Island , British Columbia , and the third near Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia , Argentina . It follows the self - documented daily struggles of 10 individuals ( 7 paired teams in season 4 ) as they survive in the wilderness for as long as possible using a limited amount of survival equipment . With the exception of medical check - ins , the participants are isolated from each other and all other humans . They may `` tap out '' at any time , or be removed due to failing a medical check - in . The contestant ( or team in Season 4 ) who remains the longest wins a grand prize of $500,000 . The series premiered on June 18 , 2015 . On August 19 , before the finale of season 1 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season , which would begin production in the fall of 2015 on Vancouver Island , Canada . Season 2 premiered on April 21 , 2016 . Season 3 was filmed in the second quarter of 2016 in Patagonia , Argentina and premiered on December 8 . One day before the season 3 premiere , History announced that casting had begun for season 4 . In January 2017 , a Danish version of the series premiered with the name Alone in the Wilderness ( Danish : Alene i vildmarken ) on DR3 . It featured ten contestants and was filmed in northern Norway . Participants chose 12 items from a list of 18 . In the fall of 2017 , a Norwegian version aired with 10 contestants spread around a lake with fish . It was near the tree line , so the few , small , mostly birch trees left few land resources . The last contestant tapped out after a little more than a month . The fifth season premiered on June 7 , 2018 . Contents 1 Format and rules 1.1 General rules - all seasons 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 Series overview 4.1 Season 1 4.1. 1 Location 4.1. 2 Contestants 4.2 Season 2 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Contestants 4.3 Season 3 4.3. 1 Location 4.3. 2 Contestants 4.4 Season 4 4.4. 1 Location 4.4. 2 Contestants 4.5 Season 5 4.5. 1 Location 4.5. 2 Contestants 5 References 6 External links Format and rules ( edit ) General rules - all seasons ( edit ) Contestants are dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island ( seasons 1 - 2 , 4 ) , Patagonia ( season 3 ) and Northern Mongolia ( season 5 ) , far enough apart to ensure that they will not come in contact with one another . The process begins in mid to late autumn ; this adds time pressure to the survival experience as the approaching winter causes temperatures to drop and food to become scarce . Although terrains may differ in each contestant 's location , the drop - off zones are assessed in advance to ensure a similar distribution of local resources is available to each contestant . Contestants each select 10 items of survival gear from a pre-approved list of 40 , and are issued a kit of standard equipment , clothing and first aid / emergency supplies . They are also given a set of cameras to document their daily experiences and emotions . Attempting to live in the wild for as long as possible , the contestants must find food , build shelters , and endure extreme isolation and psychological distress . Contestants who wish to withdraw from the competition for any reason ( referred to as `` tapping out '' ) may signal a rescue crew using a provided satellite telephone . In addition , medical professionals conduct periodic health checks on the contestants and may , at their discretion , disqualify and evacuate anyone they feel is unable to continue participating safely . The last remaining contestant wins a $500,000 cash prize . Contestants are warned that the show might last for up to a year . Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 was also filmed in Northern Vancouver Island but included a team dynamic . Fourteen contestants , consisting of seven family - member pairs , were individually dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island . The two members of each team chose 10 items of survival gear to be equally divided between them . The team chose one member to be taken to a campsite ; the other began approximately 10 mi ( 16.09 km ) away and was required to hike to the site , using only a compass and bearing to find the way . Either member may tap out at any time , but doing so removed both of them from the competition ; in addition , if either member of a team was medically evacuated , both were disqualified . The last remaining team won the $500,000 prize . Season 5 ( edit ) Season 5 contestants were selected from non-winning contestants from Seasons 1 through 4 . The rules were otherwise similar to Seasons 1 through 3 . Reception ( edit ) The series received positive reviews in its first season and outstanding reviews for its third season , and earned a respectable 2.5 million total viewers , placing it in the top three new nonfictional cable series of 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Alone episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) August 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 13 April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 10 December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 11 June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 5 10 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) Series overview ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season premiered on June 18 , 2015 . It was won by Alan Kay , who lost over 60 pounds during the course of the season . His staple foods were limpets and seaweed . He also consumed mussels , crab , fish and slugs . Lucas Miller enjoyed his time on the show and was selected based on his work as a wilderness therapist . His most difficult experience with the show was making honest confessions to the camera . Sam Larson described his time on the show as `` playing in the woods '' . He set a goal for himself to last 50 days . After he reached his goal , a large storm hit the island , which Larson described as being larger than any he had seen and prompting his decision to leave the island . Larson said that the loneliness and solitude took the most time to adjust to , and that his preparation for the show mostly consisted of mental preparation . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The season was shot in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Quatsino is a small hamlet of 91 people located on Quatsino Sound in Northern Vancouver Island , Canada , only accessible by boat or float plane . Its nearest neighbour is Coal Harbour , to the east , about 20 minutes away by boat , and Port Alice , to the south , about 40 minutes away by boat . The largest town in the region , Port Hardy , is located about an hour northeast by boat and vehicle . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Alan Kay 40 Male Blairsville , Georgia United States Winner - 56 days Sam Larson 22 Male Lincoln , Nebraska United States 55 days Mitch Mitchell 34 Male Bellingham , Massachusetts United States 43 days Lucas Miller 32 Male Quasqueton , Iowa United States 39 days Dustin Feher 37 Male Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania United States 8 days Brant McGee 44 Male Albemarle , North Carolina United States 6 days Wayne Russell 46 Male Saint John , New Brunswick Canada 4 days Joe Robinet 31 Male Windsor , Ontario Canada 4 days Chris Weatherman 41 Male Umatilla , Florida United States 2 days Josh Chavez 31 Male Jackson , Ohio United States 1 day Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 began on April 21 , 2016 . The season had 13 one - hour episodes . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The second season was also set on Vancouver Island , in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood , Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City , Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola , Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland , Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta , Georgia United States 35 days Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff , Arizona & Boulder , Utah United States 21 days Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis , Colorado United States 21 days Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken , South Carolina United States 8 days Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer , Alaska United States 7 days ( medically evacuated ) Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge , Arizona United States ~ 5 hours Season 3 ( edit ) The third season premiered on December 8 , 2016 . The winner , Zachary Fowler , had lost 70 lbs ( a third of his starting body weight ) before the end of his stay . The person who stayed the second - longest , Carleigh Fairchild , was pulled out because , at 101 lbs , she had lost nearly 30 % of her starting body weight and had a BMI of 16.8 . Participants were automatically `` pulled '' at a BMI of 17 or less . The fourth longest stayer , Dave Nessia , was pulled out when , due to inadequate caloric intake , his systolic pressure barely exceeded his diastolic pressure ( 80 / 60 mmHg ) , putting him in danger of death due to inadequate perfusion of the internal organs . Location ( edit ) Location of Lakes Soberania , Montes and Escondido in Patagonia , Argentina The third season was set in Patagonia , Argentina , in South America . The contestants were spread across multiple lakes in the foothills of the Andes mountain range . Unlike in seasons 1 and 2 , which were located on the Pacific Ocean , season 3 's food resources were mostly limited to brook and rainbow trout , forage , small birds , and the possibility of wild boar . Contestants also were at a disadvantage because they had no access to the flotsam and jetsam that washes up on the Pacific Coast . They also had no salt source . The weather in Patagonia is comparable to that of Vancouver Island , with rainfall averaging 78 inches a year . However , unlike Vancouver Island , snowfall is extremely common in the winter . Predators in Patagonia include wild boar and puma . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Zachary Fowler 36 Male Appleton , Maine United States Winner - 87 days Carleigh Fairchild 28 Female Edna Bay , Alaska United States 86 days ( medically evacuated ) Megan Hanacek 41 Female Port McNeill , British Columbia Canada 78 days Dave Nessia 49 Male Salt Lake City , Utah United States 73 days ( medically evacuated ) Callie North 27 Female Lopez Island , Washington United States 72 days Greg Ovens 53 Male Canal Flats , British Columbia Canada 51 days Dan Wowak 34 Male Mahanoy City , Pennsylvania United States 51 days Britt Ahart 40 Male Mantua , Ohio United States 35 days Zachary Gault 22 Male Caledon , Ontario Canada 8 days ( medically evacuated ) Jim Shields 37 Male Langhorne , Pennsylvania United States 3 days Season 4 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Lost & Found '' , the fourth season premiered on June 8 , 2017 . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The fourth season was again set on Vancouver Island , in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Contestants ( edit ) Team Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Baird ( brothers ) Jim Baird * 35 Male Toronto , Ontario Canada Linked up - day 10 Winners - 75 days Ted Baird 32 Male Toronto , Ontario Canada Brockdorff ( father / son ) Pete Brockdorff † 61 Male Poolesville , Maryland United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 74 days ( medically evacuated ) Sam Brockdorff * 26 Male Poolesville , Maryland United States Whipple ( husband / wife ) Brooke Whipple † 45 Female Fox , Alaska United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 49 days Dave Whipple * 40 Male Fox , Alaska United States Wilkes ( brothers ) Chris Wilkes † 44 Male Hattiesburg , Mississippi United States Linked up - day 8 Tap out - 14 days Brody Wilkes * 33 Male Kentwood , Louisiana United States Bosdell ( brothers ) Shannon Bosdell † 44 Male Wrangell , Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) Jesse Bosdell * 31 Male Skowhegan , Maine United States Ribar ( father / son ) Alex Ribar * 48 Male Montville , Maine United States 2 days Logan Ribar † 19 Male Liberty , Maine United States Richardson ( brothers ) Brad Richardson * 23 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States 1 day ( medically evacuated ) Josh Richardson † 19 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States * hiking team member ( other team member sets up camp ) † team member who tapped out Season 5 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Redemption '' , Season 5 premiered on June 14 , 2018 . The 10 contestants are non-winners selected from the previous 4 seasons of Alone . Location ( edit ) Location of Khonin Nuga valley in Selenge Province , Mongolia Location of Mongolia ( green ) The fifth season was set in Northern Mongolia in Asia . The series was filmed in Khonin Nuga near the city of Züünkharaa , Selenge aimag . `` Khonin Nuga '' is a valley located close to the Khentii Mountains of Northern Mongolia , one of the country 's unique and still largely untouched places . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Original Season Status Ref . Sam Larson 24 Male Lincoln , Nebraska United States Winner - 60 days Britt Ahart 41 Male Mantua , Ohio United States 56 days Larry Roberts 46 Male Rush City , Minnesota United States 41 days Dave Nessia 50 Male Salt Lake City , Utah United States 36 days Randy Champagne 31 Male Boulder , Utah United States 35 days Brooke Whipple 45 Female Fox , Alaska United States 28 days Jesse Bosdell 32 Male Skowhegan , Maine United States 24 days ( medically evacuated ) Nicole Apelian 47 Female Raymond , Washington United States 9 days ( medically evacuated ) Brad Richardson 24 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States 7 days Carleigh Fairchild 30 Female Anchorage , Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` History 's ' Alone ' Survivalist Series Renewed For Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://premieredate.tv/tv-series/2434-when-will-alone-season-2-premiere-release-date.html Jump up ^ Dr.dk `` Dr3 er alene i vildmarken . '' Retrieved 8 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - alone on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Full Episodes , Video & More HISTORY '' . history.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://morethanjustsurviving.com/alone-season-1-survival-gear/ Jump up ^ `` History Channel Looks for `` Alone '' Contestants Season 2 - LiveOutdoors `` . LiveOutdoors . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` History Leaves 10 Survivalists ' Alone ' For Summer '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Who Lost 60 Lbs. in the Wild , Eating ' Slugs Sporadically ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Maui resident Lucas Miller talks about his experience on The History Channel 's reality show ' Alone ' '' . MauiTime . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ photo , Abby Korinek Courtesy . `` Lincoln survivalist talks about experience on History Channel 's ' Alone ' '' . Daily Nebraskan . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Winner Alan Kay Speaks One - on - One with TVRuckus ! '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Won History Channel 's ' Alone ' Survival Competition ? ( Spoiler ) - DaysTune '' . DaysTune . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE on History : Alan & Sam Remain on Day 43 , Mitch & Lucas Tap Out '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Brant McGee Heads Back to Albemarle , NC After Only Six Days '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Cast Dwindling Fast as ' Hey , Bear ! ' Does Not Work for Wayne Russell '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Spirits Falling Fast Among Eight Who Remain on Vancouver Island '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Josh Chavez First to Tap - Out , Nine ' Survivalists ' Remain on Vancouver Island '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Alone Season 2 Begins April '' . Yibada. 2016 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone - Bios '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings '' . The Futon Critic . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Season 3 by Jim Thode '' . PBase. 12 Dec 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New season of ' Alone ' TV series set in Mongolia '' . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Student Internship Report '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers In Search of ... 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United States Forces Japan

United States Forces Japan - Wikipedia United States Forces Japan United States Forces Japan 在 日 米 軍 USFJ Country Japan United States Size 50,000 ( approx . ) Headquarters Yokota Air Base , Fussa , Western Tokyo Nickname ( s ) USFJ The United States Forces Japan ( USFJ ) ( 在 日 米 軍 , Zainichi Beigun ) is an active subordinate unified command of the United States Indo - Pacific Command ( USINDOPACOM ) . It was activated at Fuchū Air Station , Tokyo , Japan on 1 July 1957 to replace the Far East Command ( FEC ) . USFJ is commanded by the Commander , U.S. Forces , Japan ( COMUSJAPAN ) . COMUSJAPAN is also the Commander , Fifth Air Force . At present , USFJ is headquartered at Yokota Air Base , Tokyo , Japan . COMUSJAPAN , plans , directs and supervises the execution of missions and responsibilities assigned by the Commander , U.S. Indo - Pacific Command ( COMUSINDOPACOM ) . He establishes and implements policies to accomplish the mission of the United States Armed Forces in Japan . He is responsible for developing plans for the defense of Japan , and he must be prepared if contingencies arise , to assume operational control of assigned and attached U.S. forces for the execution of those plans . COMUSJAPAN supports the Security Treaty and administers the Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) between the United States and Japan . He is responsible for coordinating various matters of interest with the service commanders in Japan . These include matters affecting US - Japan relationships among and between Department of Defense ( DOD ) agencies ; DOD agencies and the U.S. Ambassador to Japan ; and DOD agencies and the Government of Japan ( GOJ ) . Under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan , the United States is obliged to protect Japan in close cooperation with the Japan Self - Defense Forces for maritime defense , ballistic missile defense , domestic air control , communications security ( COMSEC ) and disaster response operations . Contents 1 History 2 U.S. presence debate 2.1 U.S. presence on Okinawa 2.2 Survey among Japanese and Okinawans 2.3 Status of forces agreement 2.4 U.S. service member behavior 2.5 Crime issues 2.6 Osprey deployment in Okinawa 3 Facilities 3.1 List of current facilities 3.2 List of former facilities 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) JGSDF soldiers at Camp Kinser United States Forces helped Japanese in Operation Tomodachi following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami After the Japanese surrender in the end of World War II in Asia , the United States Armed Forces assumed administrative authority in Japan . The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy were decommissioned , and the U.S. Armed Forces took control of their military bases until the new government could be formed and positioned to reestablish authority . Allied forces planned to demilitarize Japan , and new government adopted the Constitution of Japan with a no - armed - force clause in 1947 . After the Korean War began in 1950 , Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan and the Japanese government established the paramilitary `` National Police Reserve '' , which was later developed into the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force ( JGSDF ) . In 1951 , the Treaty of San Francisco was signed by the allied countries and Japan , which restored its formal sovereignty . At the same time , the U.S. and Japan signed the Japan - America Security Alliance . By this treaty , USFJ is responsible for the defense of Japan . As part of this agreement , the Japanese government requested that the U.S. military bases remain in Japan , and agreed to provide funds and various interests specified in the Status of Forces Agreement . At the expiration of the treaty , the United States and Japan signed the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan . The status of the United States Forces Japan was defined in the U.S. -- Japan Status of Forces Agreement . This treaty is still in effect , and it forms the basis of Japan 's foreign policy . In the Vietnam War , the US military bases in Japan , especially those in Okinawa Prefecture , were used as important strategic and logistic bases . In 1970 , the Koza riot occurred against the US military presence in Okinawa . The USAF strategic bombers were deployed in the bases in Okinawa , which was still administered by the U.S. government . Before the 1972 reversion of the island to Japanese administration , it has been speculated but never confirmed that up to 1,200 nuclear weapons may have been stored at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa in the 1960s . As of 2013 , there are approximately 50,000 U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan , along with approximately 40,000 dependents of military personnel and another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense . The United States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka , Kanagawa Prefecture . The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force ( III MEF ) is based in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base . The Japanese government paid ¥ 217 billion ( US $2.0 billion ) in 2007 as annual host - nation support called Omoiyari Yosan ( 思いやり 予算 , sympathy budget or compassion budget ) . As of the 2011 budget , such payment was no longer to be referred to as Omoiyari Yosan or sympathy budget . Japan compensates 75 percent of U.S. basing costs -- $4.4 billion . The U.S. government employs over 8,000 Master Labor Contract ( MLC ) / Indirect Hire Agreement ( IHA ) workers on Okinawa ( per the Labor Management Organization ) not including Okinawan contract workers . Immediately after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , 9,720 dependents of United States military and government civilian employees in Japan evacuated the country , mainly to the United States . The relocation of the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Henoko had been resolved in December 2013 with the signing of the landfill agreement by the governor of Okinawa . Under the terms of the U.S. - Japan agreement 5,000 U.S. Marines should have been relocated to Guam and 4,000 U.S. Marines to other Pacific locations such as Hawaii or Australia , while some 10,000 Marines were to remain on Okinawa . No timetable for the Marines redeployment had been announced , but The Washington Post reported that U.S. Marines would leave Okinawa as soon as suitable facilities on Guam and elsewhere were ready . The relocation move was expected to cost 8.6 billion US Dollars and includes a $3.1 bn cash commitment from Japan for the move to Guam as well as for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Certain parcels of land on Okinawa which have been leased for use by the American military were supposed to be turned back to Japanese control via a long - term phased return process according to the agreement . These returns have been ongoing since 1972 . However , as of July 2016 , the situation has not been settled . Further information : Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma In May 2014 , in a strategic shift by the United States to Asia and the Pacific , it was revealed the US was deploying two unarmed Global Hawk long - distance surveillance drones to Japan for surveillance missions over China and North Korea . U.S. presence debate ( edit ) Do they need bases in Henoko or Futenma ? Are they unnecessary ? Even aside from this discussion , security is changing. -- Former Japan Minister of Defense Fumio Kyuma U.S. presence on Okinawa ( edit ) See also : Okinawa Prefecture § U.S. military controversy Okinawa makes up only 0.6 percent of the nation 's land area ; yet , approximately 62 % of U.S. bases in Japan ( exclusive use only ) are in Okinawa . Survey among Japanese and Okinawans ( edit ) While , in 2002 , 73.4 % of Japanese citizens appreciate the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ , part of the population demands a reduction in the number of U.S. military bases in Okinawa . In May 2010 , a survey of the Okinawan people conducted by the Mainichi Shimbun and the Ryūkyū Shimpō , found that 71 % of Okinawans surveyed thought that the presence of Marines on Okinawa was not necessary ( 15 % said it was necessary . ) . Asked what they thought about 62 % of United States Forces Japan bases ( exclusive use ) being concentrated in Okinawa , 50 % said that the number should be reduced , 41 % said that the bases should be removed . Asked about the US - Japan security treaty , 55 % said it should be changed to a peace treaty , 14 % said it should be abolished and 7 % said it should be maintained . Many of the bases , such as Yokota Air Base , Naval Air Facility Atsugi and Kadena Air Base , are located in the vicinity of residential districts , and local citizens have complained about excessive aircraft noise . The 2014 poll by Ryūkyū Shimpō found that 80 % of surveyed Okinawans want the Marine Corps Air Station Futenma moved out of the prefecture . On 25 June 2018 residents of the island of Okinawa have rallied against the construction of a new airfield intended for the US military base in the United States . The activists , armed with placards and banners , went to sea on seventy boats and ships . The posters read : `` Do not build a base '' and `` Stop throwing gravel '' . Protesters urged the Japanese authorities to stop the expansion of the US military presence on the island . Some of the boats went to the guarded construction site , where they came across the Coast Guard patrol vessels . Some activists were arrested for invading a prohibited zone . Status of Forces Agreement ( edit ) There is also debate over the Status of Forces Agreement due to the fact that it covers a variety of administrative technicalities blending the systems which control how certain situations are handled between the U.S. 's and Japan 's legal framework . U.S. Service member behavior ( edit ) Between 1972 and 2009 , U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses , including 25 murders , 385 burglaries , 25 arsons , 127 rapes , 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts . Yet , per Marine Corps Installations Pacific data , U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans . According to the U.S. - Japan Status of Forces Agreement , when U.S. personnel crimes are committed both off - duty and off - base , they should always be prosecuted under the Japanese law . On 12 February 2008 , the National Police Agency ( of Japan ) or NPA , released its annual criminal statistics that included activity within the Okinawan prefecture . These findings held American troops were only convicted of 53 crimes per 10,000 U.S. male servicemen , while Okinawan males were convicted of 366 crimes per 10,000 . The crime rate found a U.S. serviceman in Okinawa to be 86 % less likely to convicted of a crime by the Japanese government than an Okinawan male . Crime issues ( edit ) See also : Yumiko - chan incident , 1995 Okinawa rape incident , and Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident GIs in Special Comfort Facility Association during occupation of Japan . At the beginning of the occupation of Japan , in 1945 , many U.S. soldiers participated in the Special Comfort Facility Association . The Japanese government recruited 55,000 women to work providing sexual services to US military personnel . The Association was closed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . In more recent history , `` crimes ranging from rape to assault and hit - and - run accidents by U.S. military personnel , dependents and civilians have long sparked protests in the prefecture , '' stated The Japan Times . `` A series of horrific crimes by present and former U.S. military personnel stationed on Okinawa has triggered dramatic moves to try to reduce the American presence on the island and in Japan as a whole , '' commented The Daily Beast in 2009 . In 1995 , the abduction and rape of a 12 - year - old Okinawan schoolgirl by two U.S. marines and one U.S. sailor led to demands for the removal of all U.S. military bases in Japan . Other controversial incidents include helicopter crashes , the Girard incident , the Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident , the death of Kinjo family and the death of Yuki Uema . In February 2008 , a 38 - year - old U.S. Marine based on Okinawa was arrested in connection with the reported rape of a 14 - year - old Okinawan girl . This triggered waves of protest against American military presence in Okinawa and led to tight restrictions on off - base activities . Although the accuser withdrew her charges the U.S. military court - martialed the suspect and sentenced him to 4 years in prison under the stricter rules of the military justice system . U.S. Forces Japan designated 22 February as a Day of Reflection for all U.S. military facilities in Japan , and established the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Task Force in an effort to prevent similar incidents . In November 2009 , Staff Sgt . Clyde `` Drew '' Gunn , a U.S. Army soldier stationed at Torii Station was involved in a hit - and - run accident of a pedestrian in Yomitan Village on Okinawa . Later , in April 2010 , the soldier was charged with failing to render aid and vehicular manslaughter . Staff Sgt . Gunn , of Ocean Springs , Mississippi , was eventually sentenced to 2 years and 8 months in jail on 15 October 2010 . In 2013 , two U.S. military personnel , Seaman Christopher Browning , of Athens , Texas , and Petty Officer 3rd Class Skyler Dozierwalker , of Muskogee , Oklahoma , were found guilty by the Naha District Court of raping and robbing a woman in her 20s in a parking lot in October . Both admitted committing the crime . The case outraged many Okinawans , a number of whom have long complained of military - related crime on their island , which hosts thousands of U.S. troops . It also sparked tougher restrictions for all 50,000 U.S. military personnel in Japan , including a curfew and drinking restrictions . On 13 May 2013 , in a very controversial statement , Toru Hashimoto , co-leader of the Japan Restoration Association said to a senior American military official at the Marine Corps base in Okinawa `` We ca n't control the sexual energy of these brave marines . '' and told United States soldiers should make more use of the local adult entertainment industry to reduce sexual crimes against local women . Hashimoto also told the necessity of former Japanese Army comfort women and of prostitutes for the US military in other countries such as Korea . In June 2016 , after a civilian worker at the base was charged with murdering a Japanese woman , tens of thousands of people protested in Okinawa . Organizers estimated turnout at 65,000 people , which would be the largest anti-base protests in Okinawa since 1995 . In November 2017 , an intoxicated US service member was arrested following a vehicle crash on the Japanese island of Okinawa that killed the other driver . Osprey deployment in Okinawa ( edit ) In October 2012 , twelve MV - 22 Ospreys were transferred to the US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to replace aging Vietnam - era Boeing Vertol CH - 46 Sea Knight helicopters in Okinawa . In October 2013 , an additional 12 Ospreys arrived , again to replace CH - 46 Sea Knights , increasing the number of Ospreys to 24 . Japanese Defence Minister Satoshi Morimoto explained the Osprey aircraft is safe adding that two recent accidents were ' caused by human factors ' . Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda also stated that the Japanese government was convinced of the MV - 22 's safety . Various incidents involving V - 22 Ospreys have occurred in Okinawa . On 5 April , 2018 , it was announced that the US Air Force is to officially deploy CV - 22 Osprey aircraft at its Yokota Air Base on the outskirts of Tokyo in a few months . The deployment would be the first of Ospreys in Japan other than in Okinawa , where the US Marines have already deployed their version of the aircraft , known as the MV - 22s . On 25 April , 2018 two US Air Force Osprey MV - 22 , deployed at US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma on the Okinawa island , made an emergency landing at the Amami Airport on the nearby island in Kagoshima Prefecture . US Ospreys have experienced numerous mishaps in recent years , prompting Japanese officials to call for revision of certain provisions of the US - Japan Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) , which outlines the rights and privileges of foreign military personnel present in the country . ( 5 ) Facilities ( edit ) List of current facilities ( edit ) U.S. military bases in Japan U.S. military facilities in Okinawa The USFJ headquarters is at Yokota Air Base , about 30 km west of central Tokyo . The U.S. military installations in Japan and their managing branches are as follows : Branch ( MilDep ) USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose ( Actual ) Location Air Force FAC 1054 Camp Chitose ( Chitose III , Chitose Administration Annex ) Communications Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 2001 Misawa Air Base Air Base Misawa , Aomori FAC 3013 Yokota Air Base Air Base Fussa , Tokyo FAC 3016 Fuchu Communications Station Communications Fuchu , Tokyo FAC 3019 Tama Service Annex ( Tama Hills Recreation Center ) Recreation Inagi , Tokyo FAC 3048 Camp Asaka ( South Camp Drake AFN Transmitter Site ) Barracks ( Broadcasting ) Wako , Saitama FAC 3049 Tokorozawa Communications Station ( Tokorozawa Transmitter Site ) Communications Tokorozawa , Saitama FAC 3056 Owada Communication Site Communications Niiza , Saitama FAC 3162 Yugi Communication Site Communications Hachioji , Tokyo FAC 4100 Sofu Communication Site Communications Iwakuni , Yamaguchi FAC 5001 Itazuke Auxiliary Airfield Air Cargo Terminal Hakata - ku , Fukuoka FAC 5073 Sefurisan Liaison Annex ( Seburiyama Communications Station ) Communications Kanzaki , Saga FAC 5091 Tsushima Communication Site Communications Tsushima , Nagasaki FAC 6004 Okuma Rest Center Recreation Kunigami , Okinawa FAC 6006 Yaedake Communication Site Communications Motobu , Okinawa FAC 6022 Kadena Ammunition Storage Area Storage Onna , Okinawa FAC 6037 Kadena Air Base Air Base Kadena , Okinawa FAC 6077 Tori Shima Range Training Kumejima , Okinawa FAC 6078 Idesuna Jima Range Training Tonaki , Okinawa FAC 6080 Kume Jima Range Training Kumejima , Okinawa Army FAC 2070 Shariki Communication Site Communications Tsugaru , Aomori FAC 3004 Akasaka Press Center ( Hardy Barracks ) Office Minato , Tokyo FAC 3067 Yokohama North Dock Port Facility Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3079 Camp Zama Office Zama , Kanagawa FAC 3084 Sagami General Depot Logistics Sagamihara , Kanagawa FAC 3102 Sagamihara Housing Area Housing Sagamihara , Kanagawa FAC 4078 Akizuki Ammunition Depot Storage Etajima , Hiroshima FAC 4083 Kawakami Ammunition Depot Storage Higashihiroshima , Hiroshima FAC 4084 Hiro Ammunition Depot Storage Kure , Hiroshima FAC 4152 Kure Pier No. 6 Port Facility Kure , Hiroshima FAC 4611 Haigamine Communication Site Communications Kure , Hiroshima FAC 6007 Gesaji Communication Site Communications Higashi , Okinawa FAC 6036 Torii Communications Station ( Torii Station ) Communications Yomitan , Okinawa FAC 6064 Naha Port Port Facility Naha , Okinawa FAC 6076 Army POL Depots Storage Uruma , Okinawa Navy FAC 2006 Hachinohe POL Depot Storage Hachinohe , Aomori FAC 2012 Misawa ATG Range ( R130 , Draughon Range ) Training Misawa , Aomori FAC 3033 Kisarazu Auxiliary Landing Field Air Facility Kisarazu , Chiba FAC 3066 Negishi Dependent Housing Area ( Naval Housing Annex Negishi ) Housing Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3083 Naval Air Facility Atsugi Air Facility Ayase , Kanagawa FAC 3087 Ikego Housing Area and Navy Annex Housing Zushi , Kanagawa FAC 3090 Azuma Storage Area Storage Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3096 Kamiseya Communications Station - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ( Naval Support Facility Kamiseya - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ) Communications ( Housing ) Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3097 Fukaya Communication Site ( Naval Transmitter Station Totsuka ) Communications Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3099 United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka Port Facility Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3117 Urago Ammunition Depot Storage Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3144 Tsurumi POL Depot Storage Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3181 Iwo Jima Communication Site Communications ( Training ) Ogasawara , Tokyo FAC 3185 New Sanno U.S. Forces Center Recreation Minato , Tokyo FAC 5029 United States Fleet Activities Sasebo Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5030 Sasebo Dry Dock Area Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5032 Akasaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5033 Sasebo Ammunition Supply Point Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5036 Iorizaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5039 Yokose POL Depot Storage Saikai , Nagasaki FAC 5050 Harioshima Ammunition Storage Area Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5086 Tategami Basin Port Area Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5118 Sakibe Navy Annex Hangar Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5119 Hario Dependent Housing Area ( Hario Family Housing Area ) Housing Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 6028 Tengan Pier Port Facility Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6032 Camp Shields Barracks Okinawa , Okinawa FAC 6046 Awase Communications Station Communications Okinawa , Okinawa FAC 6048 White Beach Area Port Facility Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6084 Kobi Sho Range Training Ishigaki , Okinawa FAC 6085 Sekibi Sho Range Training Ishigaki , Okinawa FAC 6088 Oki Daito Jima Range Training Kitadaito , Okinawa Marine Corps FAC 3127 Camp Fuji Barracks Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3154 Numazu Training Area Training Numazu , Shizuoka FAC 4092 Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Air Station Iwakuni , Yamaguchi FAC 6001 Northern Training Area ( Incl . Camp Gonsalves ) Training Kunigami , Okinawa FAC 6005 Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield Training Ie , Okinawa FAC 6009 Camp Schwab Training Nago , Okinawa FAC 6010 Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Storage Nago , Okinawa FAC 6011 Camp Hansen Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6019 Kin Red Beach Training Area Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6020 Kin Blue Beach Training Area Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6029 Camp Courtney Barracks Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6031 Camp McTureous Barracks Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6043 Camp Kuwae ( Camp Lester ) Medical Facility Chatan , Okinawa FAC 6044 Camp Zukeran ( Camp Foster ) Barracks Chatan , Okinawa FAC 6051 Marine Corps Air Station Futenma Air Station Ginowan , Okinawa FAC 6056 Makiminato Service Area ( Camp Kinser ) Logistics Urasoe , Okinawa FAC 6082 Tsuken Jima Training Area Training Uruma , Okinawa Camp Smedley D. Butler , Okinawa Prefecture , Yamaguchi Prefectures . ( Although these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa and the rest of Japan they are all under the heading of Camp Smedley D. Butler ) : Camp McTureous , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Courtney , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Foster , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Kinser , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Hansen , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Schwab , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Gonsalves ( Jungle Warfare Training Center ) , Okinawa Prefecture Kin Blue Beach Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture Kin Red Beach Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture Higashionna Ammunition Storage Point II Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Marine Corps Air Station Futenma , Okinawa Prefecture ( return after the MCAS Futenma relocates to Camp Schwab ) Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Camp Fuji , Shizuoka Prefecture Numazu Training Area , Shizuoka Prefecture Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield , Okinawa Prefecture Tsuken Jima Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture JSDF - USFJ Joint Use Facilities and Areas Temporary use facilities and areas are as follows : USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose Location FAC 1066 Camp Higashi Chitose ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1067 Hokkaido Chitose Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1068 Chitose Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1069 Betsukai Yausubetsu Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Betsukai , Hokkaido FAC 1070 Camp Kushiro ( JGSDF ) Barracks Kushiro , Hokkaido FAC 1071 Camp Shikaoi ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi , Hokkaido FAC 1072 Kamifurano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kamifurano , Hokkaido FAC 1073 Camp Sapporo ( JGSDF ) Training Sapporo , Hokkaido FAC 1074 Shikaoi Shikaribetsu Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi , Hokkaido FAC 1075 Camp Obihiro ( JGSDF ) Training Obihiro , Hokkaido FAC 1076 Asahikawa Chikabumidai Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Asahikawa , Hokkaido FAC 1077 Camp Okadama ( JGSDF ) Recreation Sapporo , Hokkaido FAC 1078 Nayoro Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nayoro , Hokkaido FAC 1079 Takikawa Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takikawa , Hokkaido FAC 1080 Bihoro Training Area ( JGSDF ) Training Bihoro , Hokkaido FAC 1081 Kutchan Takamine Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kutchan , Hokkaido FAC 1082 Engaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Engaru , Hokkaido FAC 2062 Camp Sendai ( JGSDF ) Training Sendai , Miyagi FAC 2063 Camp Hachinohe ( JGSDF ) Barracks Hachinohe , Aomori FAC 2064 Iwate Iwatesan Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takizawa , Iwate FAC 2065 Taiwa Ojojihara Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Taiwa , Miyagi FAC 2066 Kasuminome Airfield ( JGSDF ) Airfield Sendai , Miyagi FAC 2067 Aomori Kotani Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Aomori , Aomori FAC 2068 Hirosaki Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Hirosaki , Aomori FAC 2069 Jinmachi Otakane Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Murayama , Yamagata FAC 3104 Nagasaka Rifle Range ( JGSDF ) Training Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3183 Fuji Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Fujiyoshida , Yamanashi Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3184 Camp Takigahara ( JGSDF ) Training Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3186 Takada Sekiyama Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Joetsu , Niigata FAC 3187 Hyakuri Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Omitama , Ibaraki FAC 3188 Soumagahara Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shinto , Gunma FAC 3189 Camp Asaka ( JGSDF ) Training Asaka , Saitama FAC 4161 Komatsu Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Komatsu , Ishikawa FAC 4162 1st Service School ( JMSDF ) Training Etajima , Hiroshima FAC 4163 Haramura Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Higashihiroshima , Hiroshima FAC 4164 Imazu Aibano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takashima , Shiga FAC 4165 Gifu Air Base ( JASDF ) Recreation Kakamigahara , Gifu FAC 4166 Camp Itami ( JGSDF ) Training Itami , Hyogo FAC 4167 Nihonbara Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nagi , Okayama FAC 4168 Miho Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Sakaiminato , Tottori FAC 5115 Nyutabaru Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Shintomi , Miyazaki FAC 5117 Sakibe Rifle Range ( JMSDF ) Training Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5120 Hijudai - Jumonjibaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yufu , Oita Beppu , Oita FAC 5121 Tsuiki Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chikujo , Fukuoka FAC 5122 Omura Air Base ( JMSDF ) Recreation Omura , Nagasaki FAC 5123 Oyanohara - Kirishima Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yamato , Kumamoto Ebino , Miyazaki FAC 5124 Camp Kita Kumamoto ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto , Kumamoto FAC 5125 Camp Kengun ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto , Kumamoto FAC 6181 Ukibaru Jima Training Area Training Uruma , Okinawa In Okinawa , U.S. military installations occupy about 10.4 percent of the total land usage . Approximately 74.7 percent of all the U.S. military facilities in Japan are located on the island of Okinawa . List of former facilities ( edit ) The United States has returned some facilities to Japanese control . Some are used as military bases of the JSDF ; others have become civilian airports or government offices ; many are factories , office buildings or residential developments in the private sector . Due to the Special Actions Committee on Okinawa , more land in Okinawa is in the process of being returned . These areas include -- Camp Kuwae ( also known as Camp Lester ) , MCAS Futenma , areas within Camp Zukeran ( also known as Camp Foster ) , about 9,900 acres ( 40 km ) of the Northern Training Area , Aha Training Area , Gimbaru Training Area ( also known as Camp Gonsalves ) , small portion of the Makiminato Service Area ( also known as Camp Kinser ) , and Naha Port . Army : Army Composite Service Group Area ( later , Chinen Service Area ) , Nanjō , Okinawa Army STRATCOM Warehouse ( later , Urasoe Warehouse ) , Urasoe , Okinawa Bluff Area ( later , Yamate Dependent Housing Area ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Bolo Point Auxiliary Airfield ( later , Trainfire Range ) , Yomitan , Okinawa Bolo Point Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Camp Bender , Ōta , Gunma Camp Boone , Ginowan , Okinawa Camp Burness , Chūō , Tokyo Camp Chickamauga , 19th Infantry , Beppu , Oita Camp Chigasaki , Chigasaki , Kanagawa Camp Chitose Annex ( Chitose I , II ) , Chitose , Hokkaido Camp Coe , Yokohama , Kanagawa Camp Crawford , Sapporo , Hokkaido Camp Drake , Asaka , Saitama Camp Drew , Ōizumi , Gunma Camp Eta Jima , Etajima , Hiroshima Camp Fowler , Sendai , Miyagi Camp Fuchinobe ( Office Japan , NSAPACREP ) , Sagamihara , Kanagawa Camp Hakata , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Camp Hardy , Ginoza , Okinawa Camp Haugen , Hachinohe , Aomori Camp Katakai , Kujūkuri , Chiba Camp King ( later , Omiya Ordnance Sub Depot ) , Omiya , Saitama Camp Kokura , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Camp Kubasaki ( later , Kubasaki School Area ) , ( Nakagusuku , Okinawa ) Camp Loper , Tagajō , Miyagi Camp McGill , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Camp McNair , Fujiyoshida , Yamanashi Camp Mercy , Ginowan , Okinawa Camp Moore , Kawasaki , Kanagawa Camp Mower 34th Infantry , Sasebo , Nagasaki Camp Nara , Nara , Nara Camp Ojima , Ōta , Gunma Camp Otsu , Ōtsu , Shiga Camp Palmer , Funabashi , Chiba Camp Schimmelpfennig , Sendai , Miyagi Camp Stilwell , Maebashi , Gunma Camp Weir , Shinto , Gunma Camp Whittington , Kumagaya , Saitama Camp Wood , 21st Infantry , Kumamoto Camp Younghans , Higashine , Yamagata Chibana Army Annex ( later , Chibana Site ) , Okinawa , Okinawa Chinen Army Annex ( later , Chinen Site ) , Chinen , Okinawa Chuo Kogyo ( later , Niikura Warehouse Area ) , Wako , Saitama Deputy Division Engineer Office , Urasoe , Okinawa Division School Center , Kokura Etchujima Warehouse , Koto , Tokyo Funaoka Ammunition Depot , Shibata , Miyagi Hachinohe LST Barge Landing Area , Hachinohe , Aomori Hakata Transportation Office , Hakata - ku , Fukuoka Hamby Auxiliary Airfield , Chatan , Okinawa Hosono Ammunition Depot , Seika , Kyoto Iribaru ( Nishihara ) Army Annex , Uruma , Okinawa Ishikawa Army Annex , Uruma , Okinawa Japan Logistical Command ( Yokohama Customs House ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Jefferson Heights , Chiyoda , Tokyo Kanagawa Milk Plant , Yokohama , Kanagawa Kashiji Army Annex , Chatan , Okinawa Kishine Barracks , Yokohama , Kanagawa Kobe Pier No. 6 , Kobe , Hyogo Kobe Port Building , Kobe , Hyogo Koza Radio Relay Annex ( later , Koza Communication Site ) , Okinawa , Okinawa Kure Barge Landing Area , Kure , Hiroshima Lincoln Center , Chiyoda , Tokyo Moji Port , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Nagoya Procurement ( Purchasing and Contracting ) Office , Nagoya , Aichi Naha Army Annex ( later , Naha Site ) , Naha , Okinawa Naha Service Center , Naha , Okinawa Namihira Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Negishi Racetrack Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Cold Storage ( later , Naha Cold Storage ) , Naha , Okinawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Dry Storage Warehouse ( later , Makiminato Warehouse ) , Urasoe , Okinawa Onna Point Army Annex ( later , Onna Site ) , Onna , Okinawa Oppama Ordnance Depot , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Ota Koizumi Airfield ( Patton Field Air Drop Range ) , Oizumi , Gunma Palace Heights , Chiyoda , Tokyo Pershing Heights ( Headquarters , U.S. Far East Command / United Nations Command ) , Shinjuku , Tokyo Sakuradani Rifle Range , Chikushino , Fukuoka Sanno Hotel Officer 's Quarter , Chiyoda , Tokyo Shikotsuko Training Area , Chitose , Hokkaido Shinzato Communication Site , Nanjo , Okinawa South Ammunition Storage Annex ( later , South Ammunition Storage Area ) , Yaese , Okinawa Sunabe Army Annex , Chatan , Okinawa Tana Ammunition Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Tairagawa ( Deragawa ) Communication Site , Uruma , Okinawa Tengan Communication Site , Uruma , Okinawa Tokyo Army Hospital , Chūō , Tokyo Tokyo Quartermaster Depot , Minato , Tokyo Tokyo Ordnance Depot ( later , Camp Oji ) , Kita , Tokyo U.S. Army Medical Center , Sagamihara , Kanagawa U.S. Army Printing and Publication Center , Far East , Kawasaki , Kanagawa U.S. Army Procurement Agency , Japan , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Center Pier ( MSTS - FE ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Engineering Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Motor Command , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Ordnance Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama POL Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Servicemen Club , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Supply Depot , Kawasaki , Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Maintenance Depot ( JLC Air Strip ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama South Pier , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yomitan Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Zama Rifle Range , Sagamihara , Kanagawa Zukeran Propagation Annex ( later , Communication Site ) , Chatan , Okinawa Navy : Haiki ( Sasebo ) Rifle Range , Sasebo , Nagasaki Inanba Shima Gunnery Firing Range , Mikurajima , Tokyo Kinugasa Ammunition Depot , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Koshiba POL Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Ominato Communication Site , Ominato , Aomori Omura Rifle Range , Omura , Nagasaki Makiminato Service Area Annex , Urasoe , Okinawa Minamitorishima Communication Site , Ogasawara , Tokyo Nagahama Rifle Range , Kure , Hiroshima Nagai Dependent Housing Area ( Admiralty Heights ) , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Nagiridani Dependent Housing Area , Sasebo , Nagasaki Naval Air Facility Naha , Naha , Okinawa Naval Air Facility Oppama , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Navy EM Club , Yokosuka , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Niigata Sekiya Communication Site , Chuo - ku , Niigata Shinyamashita Dependent Housing Area ( Bayside Court ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Sobe Communication Site ( NSGA Hanza ) , Yomitan , Okinawa Tokachibuto Communication Site , Urahoro , Hokkaido Tomioka Storage Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Tsujido Maneuver Area , Chigasaki , Kanagawa Yokohama Bakery , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Beach ( Honmoku ) Dependent Housing Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Chapel Center , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Cold Storage , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokosuka Naval Pier , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Yosami Communication Site , Kariya , Aichi Air Force : Ashiya Air Base ( later , ATG Range ) , Ashiya , Fukuoka Asoiwayama Liaison Annex , Tobetsu , Hokkaido Brady Air Base ( later , Gannosu Air Station ) , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Chiran Communication Site , Chiran , Kagoshima Chitose Air Base , Chitose , Hokkaido Daikanyama Communication Site , Yugawara , Kanagawa Fuchu Air Station ( Headquarters , USFJ / Fifth Air Force , 1957 -- 1974 ) , Fuchu , Tokyo Funabashi Communication Site , Funabashi , Chiba Grant Heights Dependent Housing Area , Nerima , Tokyo Green Park Housing Annex , Musashino , Tokyo Hachinohe Small Arms Range , Hachinohe , Aomori Hamura School Annex , Hamura , Tokyo Haneda Air Base ( later , Postal Service Annex ) , Ota , Tokyo Hanshin Auxiliary Airfield , Yao , Osaka Hirao Communication Site , Chuo - ku , Fukuoka Itami Air Base , Itami , Hyogo Itazuke Administration Annex ( Kasugabaru DHA ) , Kasuga , Fukuoka Itazuke Air Base , Hakata - ku , Fukuoka Johnson Air Base ( later , Air Station , Family Housing Annex ) , Iruma , Saitama Kadena Dependent Housing Area , Yomitan , Okinawa Kanto Mura Dependent Housing Area and Auxiliary Airfield , Chofu , Tokyo Kasatoriyama Radar Site , Tsu , Mie Kashiwa Communication Site ( Camp Tomlinson ) , Kashiwa , Chiba Komaki ( Nagoya ) Air Base , Komaki , Aichi Kozoji Ammunition Depot , Kasugai , Aichi Kume Jima Air Station , Kumejima , Okinawa Kushimoto Radar Site , Kushimoto , Wakayama Miho Air Base , Sakaiminato , Tottori Mineoka Liaison Annex , Minamiboso , Chiba Mito ATG Range , Hitachinaka , Ibaraki Miyako Jima Air Station , Miyakojima , Okinawa Miyako Jima VORTAC Site , Miyakojima , Okinawa Moriyama Air Station , Nagoya , Aichi Naha Air Base , Naha , Okinawa Naha Air Force / Navy Annex , Naha , Okinawa Najima Warehouse Area , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Niigata Air Base , Niigata , Niigata Ofuna Warehouse , Yokohama , Kanagawa Oshima Communication Center , Oshima , Tokyo Rokko Communication Site , Kobe , Hyogo Senaha Communications Station , Yomitan , Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in September 2006 ) Sendai Kunimi Communication Site , Sendai , Miyagi Showa ( later , Akishima ) Dependent Housing Area , Akishima , Tokyo Shiroi Air Base , Kashiwa , Chiba Sunabe Warehouse , Chatan , Okinawa Tachikawa Air Base , Tachikawa , Tokyo Tokyo Communication Site ( NTTPC Central Telephone Exchange ) , Chūō , Tokyo Wajima Liaison Annex , Wajima , Ishikawa Wajiro Water Supply Site , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Wakkanai Air Station , Wakkanai , Hokkaido Washington Heights Dependent Housing Area , Shibuya , Tokyo Yamada Ammunition Depot , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Yokawame Communication Site , Misawa , Aomori Yozadake Air Station , Itoman , Okinawa Marines : Aha Training Area , Kunigami , Okinawa Camp Gifu , Kakamigahara , Gifu Camp Hauge , Uruma , Okinawa Camp Okubo , Uji , Kyoto Camp Shinodayama , Izumi , Osaka Gimbaru Training Area , Kin , Okinawa Ihajo Kanko Hotel , Uruma , Okinawa Makiminato Housing Area , Naha , Okinawa Onna Communication Site , Onna , Okinawa Awase Golf Course , Okinawa Prefecture ( returned to the Japanese government in April 2010 ) Yaka Rest Center , Kin , Okinawa Yomitan Auxiliary Airfield , Yomitan , Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in 2006 , parachute drop training ended in March 2001 ) See also ( edit ) United States Forces Korea ( USFK ) United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Operation Tomodachi Bell Boeing V - 22 Osprey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 疑惑 が 晴れる の は いつか , Okinawa Times , 16 May 1999 ^ Jump up to : Yoshida , Reiji , `` Basics of the U.S. military presence '' , Japan Times , 25 March 2008 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ 思いやり 予算 8 億 円 減 で 日 米 合意 、 光熱 水 料 を 3 年間 で , Yomiuri Shinbun , 12 December 2007 Jump up ^ PRESS RELEASE U.S. and Japan Sign Alliance Support Agreement Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The embassy of the United States in Japan Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/22/national/host-nation-deal-inked-not-sympathy-budget/#.WAOBmCRbTGs Jump up ^ Zeynalov , Mahir ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Defending Allies : Here is how much US Gains from Policing World '' . The Globe Post . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Purpose and Duties '' . Labor Management Organization . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tritten , Travis J. , `` Evacuation from Japan a vacation ? Not so much '' , Stars and Stripes , 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seales , Rebecca ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` End of an era : U.S. cuts back presence in Okinawa as 9,000 Marines prepare to move out '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US agrees to Okinawa troop redeployment '' . Al Jazeera. 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. Agrees to Reduce Size of Force on Okinawa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Jaffe and Emily Heil ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. comes to agreement with Japan to move 9,000 Marines off Okinawa '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Okinawa deal between US and Japan to move marines '' . BBC . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Japan unveil revised plan for Okinawa '' . The Asahi Shimbun. 27 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Miguel ( 28 April 2012 ) . `` Japan Welcomes US Base Agreement '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced US drones deployed in Japan to keep watch on China , North Korea '' . The Japan News.Net . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://english.ryukyushimpo.jp/2018/02/16/28494/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Okinawa Prefectural Government Jump up ^ http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201606290073.html Jump up ^ `` 自衛隊 ・ 防衛 問題 に関する 世論 調査 '' . The Cabinet Office of Japan . 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base '' . BBC News . 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 毎日 世論 調査 : 辺野古 移設 に 反対 84 % 沖縄 県民 対象 '' . Megalodon.jp . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ 基地 騒音 の 問題 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Yamato City Jump up ^ 横田 基地 における 騒音 防止 対策 の 徹底 について ( 要請 ) Archived 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Tokyo Metropolitan Government Jump up ^ 嘉手納 町 の 概要 Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Kadena Town Jump up ^ Isabel Reynolds ; Takashi Hirokawa ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Opponent of U.S. Base Wins Okinawa Vote in Setback for Abe '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/25/national/protest-held-sea-okinawa-land-reclamation-work-u-s-marine-corps-futenma-base/ Jump up ^ `` New Okinawa minister says Japan - U.S. SOFA should be ' re-examined ' after Osprey crash '' . The Japan Times Online . 2017 - 08 - 09 . ISSN 0447 - 5763 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hearst , David ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Second battle of Okinawa looms as China 's naval ambition grows '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Ethos Data Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , SOFA Agreement Jump up ^ `` 在 日 米 軍 ・ 沖縄 駐留 米 軍 の 犯罪 率 を 考える - 駄犬 日誌 '' . D.hatena.ne.jp. 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : KRISTOF , NICHOLAS ( 1995 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Fearing G.I. Occupiers , Japan Urgesd Women Into Brothels '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/26/national/crime-legal/u-s-civilian-arrested-fresh-okinawa-dui-case-man-injured/#.V54kfSOLTZs Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/08/the-suitcase-murder-tearing-the-u-s-and-japan-apart.html Jump up ^ Lah , Kyung ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` U.S. Marine accused of raping teen in Okinawa '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base '' . Al Jazeera. 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew for US troops in Okinawa '' . BBC . 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/27674/okinawa-marine-gets-4-years-for-teen-sex-abuse.html Jump up ^ U.S. imposes curfew on Okinawa forces , The Japan Times , 21 February 2008 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ David Allen . `` U.S. soldier sentenced to Japanese jail for hit - and - run on Okinawa - News '' . Stripes . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy sailors convicted in Okinawa rape '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Tabuchi , Hiroko ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Women Forced Into WWII Brothels Served Necessary Role , Osaka Mayor Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ben Westcott , Japanese woman 's murder provokes protests against U.S. bases in Okinawa , CNN ( June 20 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jonathan Soble , At Okinawa Protest , Thousands Call for Removal of U.S. Bases , New York Times ( June 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/asia/okinawa-american-drunk-driver/ Jump up ^ 英語 学習 サイト . `` 社説 英語 の ニュース The Japan Times ST オンライン ― 英字 新聞 社 ジャパン タイムズ の 英語 学習 サイト '' . st.japantimes.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` US Osprey military aircraft begin Okinawa base move '' . BBC News . 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Osprey - The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180405_30/ ^ Jump up to : A Soldier in Kyushu , By Capt . William B. Koons , 1 October 1947 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Forces Japan . United States Forces Japan U.S. Naval Forces Japan U.S. Forces , Japan ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Overseas Presence : Issues Involved in Reducing the Impact of the U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa , GAO , March 1998 U.S. Military Issues in Okinawa LMO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Forces_Japan&oldid=855462814 '' Categories : United States military in Japan Japan -- United States relations United States Armed Forces in Okinawa Prefecture Commands of the United States Armed Forces Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Supreme Court of the United States

Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case , in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November , 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Justice Breyer writing for the Court , stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the Senate . Name Date of birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 29 years , 10 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 1 month Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 4 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 4 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 11 years , 10 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 4 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 4 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 8 months and 8 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October Term 2016 , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October Term 2010 , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John G. Roberts , Jr. for William H. Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts , Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed `` cartel '' , only revealing itself through `` public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings '' . The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . TheBlaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . In the opinion for the Court , Breyer states `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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who determines the size of the supreme court

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Tom Ellis (actor)

Tom Ellis ( actor ) - wikipedia Tom Ellis ( actor ) Tom Ellis Tom Ellis at 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Thomas John Ellis ( 1978 - 11 - 17 ) 17 November 1978 ( age 39 ) Cardiff , Wales Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Nationality United Kingdom Alma mater Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Spouse ( s ) Tamzin Outhwaite ( m . 2006 ; div. 2014 ) Children Thomas John Ellis ( born 17 November 1978 ) , better known as Tom Ellis , is a Welsh actor . He is best known for playing Gary Preston in the sitcom Miranda ( 2009 -- 2015 ) and Lucifer Morningstar in the television series Lucifer ( 2016 -- ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ellis was born in Cardiff , the son of Marilyn Jean ( Hooper ) and Christopher John Ellis . His father , sister and uncle are all Baptist ministers , with his uncle , Robert Ellis , being principal of Regent 's Park College , Oxford , which his father also attended . Ellis attended High Storrs School in Sheffield during his education and was a French horn player in the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra . Tom went on to study BA Dramatic Studies at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , which was previously named Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ( RSAMD ) . Career ( edit ) Other notable roles include Gary Preston in a hit TV show Miranda aired on BBC co-side with Miranda Hart from November 9 , 2009 to January 1 , 2015 , Justyn in Channel 4 's No Angels and Thomas Milligan in the series three finale of the BBC One science - fiction television programme Doctor Who . In July and August 2009 , Ellis starred in ITV comedy drama Monday Monday with Fay Ripley . He was also cast as Detective Inspector Bland in Agatha Christie 's Poirot . Ellis was the star of the USA network series Rush , playing a Hollywood physician . In February 2015 , it was announced that Ellis was cast as Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox Television drama Lucifer , based on the comic with the same name , which premiered on 25 January 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) In 2005 , Estelle Morgan , Ellis ' ex-girlfriend , gave birth to Ellis ' first daughter , Nora . Ellis was married to actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 to 2014 . On 25 June 2008 , she gave birth to their first daughter , Florence Elsie . On 20 December 2008 , the pair appeared on the ITV gameshow All Star Mr & Mrs Christmas Special . Their second daughter , Marnie Mae , was born on 2 August 2012 . On 29 August 2013 , a spokesperson for the couple stated that they had separated , and the following month Outhwaite filed for divorce . As of 2018 , Ellis is engaged to television producer Meaghan Oppenheimer . Filmography ( edit ) Film and television roles Year Title Role Notes The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby John Browdie High Heels and Low Lifes Police Officer Buffalo Soldiers Squash 2001 -- 02 Nice Guy Eddie Frank Bennett 2003 Pollyanna Timothy I 'll Be There Ivor Messiah III : The Promise Dr. Phillip Ryder Vera Drake Police Officer 2005 Much Ado About Nothing Claudio Midsomer Murders Lee Smeeton Episode : `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Waking the Dead Harry Taylor Episode : `` Straw Dog '' 2005 -- 06 No Angels Justyn 2006 EastEnders Dr. Oliver Cousins The Catherine Tate Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2007 Suburban Shootout P.C. Haines Doctor Who Tom Milligan Episode : `` Last of the Time Lords '' The Catherine Tate Christmas Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2008 Trial & Retribution Nick Fisher Miss Conception Zak Harley Street Dr Ross Jarvis Episode : `` Episode 4 '' The Passion Apostle Philip / Philip 2009 Monday Monday Steven 2009 -- 15 Miranda Gary Preston Dappers Marco Merlin Cenred Accused Neil 2011 The Fades Mark Etches Sugartown Max Burr 2012 Gates Mark Pearson The Secret of Crickley Hall Gabe Caleigh 2013 Walking Stories Jarrod Short film Agatha Christie 's Poirot Detective Inspector Bland Episode : `` Dead Man 's Folly '' Once Upon a Time Robin Hood Episode : `` Lacey '' 2014 Rush Dr. William Rush Lead role ; 10 episodes 2015 The Strain Rob Bradley Episode : `` Identity '' 2016 -- present Lucifer Lucifer Morningstar Lead role 2018 Family Guy Oscar Wilde ( voice ) Episode : `` V Is For Mystery '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Famous family trees : Tom Ellis '' . 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Website on Miranda '' . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Insider : What 's Going on Behind the Scenes : TV 's Pilot Season Goes ( Very ) High - Concept '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. : 26 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Ellis , The Fades , Pulling , and Miranda , Gothica ( TV 2013 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucifer -- Tom Ellis Gets His Horns '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' files for divorce from Tom Ellis , citing adultery ' '' , Express , 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( No author . ) `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' Divorcing ' Tom Ellis After He Reportedly Admits Cheating With One - Night Stand '' , Huffington Post UK , 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally . `` ' We 're all moving forward ' Tom Ellis speaks out about Tamzin Outhwaite split '' , Express , 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0 , Legends , Lucifer , Supernatural , NCIS , S.W.A.T. , Nashville Finale and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . External links ( edit ) Tom Ellis on IMDb GND : 1061394867 ISNI : 0000 0004 6470 5421 LCCN : no2015002583 VIAF : 311618208 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Ellis_(actor)&oldid=854207705 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century Welsh male actors British male film actors British male soap opera actors British male television actors Living people People educated at High Storrs School People from Cardiff British expatriates in Canada Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 17 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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Coat of arms of South Africa

Coat of arms of South Africa - Wikipedia Coat of arms of South Africa Coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa Details Armiger Republic of South Africa Adopted 27 April 2000 Crest A Knobkierie and a Spear , a Protea flower , a Secretary bird with its wings expanded and a rising sun Escutcheon Or , representations of two San human figures of red ochre , statant respectant , the hands of the innermost arms clasped , with upper arms , inner wrist , waist and knee bands Argent , and a narrow border of red ochre Supporters Elephant tusks and ears of wheat Motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke `` Diverse People Unite '' in Xam Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Musicians Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal In 2006 , the State Herald of South Africa , Themba Mabaso , and the Deputy Herald , Marcel van Rossum , donned a tabard with the emble of the republic at the XXVIIth International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in St Andrews , Scotland The present coat of arms of South Africa was introduced on Freedom Day 27 April 2000 . It replaced the earlier national arms , which had been in use since 1910 . The motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke is written in the Khoisan language of the ǀXam people and translates literally to `` diverse people unite '' . The previous motto , in Latin , was Ex Unitate Vires , translated as `` From unity , strength '' . Contents 1 History 2 Blazon 3 The oval shape of foundation 4 The oval shape of ascendance 5 1910 arms 5.1 Evolution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The design process was initiated when , in 1999 , the Department of Arts , Culture , Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public . A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received , along with input from the Cabinet . The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers . Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet . Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen . The new arms were introduced on Freedom Day , 27 April 2000 . The change reflected the government 's aim to highlight the democratic change in South Africa and a new sense of patriotism . The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg - like or oval shapes placed on top of one another . The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity . The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll , through the lines of the tusks , with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top , forms the shape of the cosmic egg from which the secretary bird rises . In the symbolic sense , this is the implied rebirth of the spirit of the great and heroic nation of South Africa . The coat of arms is also a central part of the Seal of the Republic , traditionally considered to be the highest emblem of the State . Absolute authority is given to every document with an impression of the Seal of the Republic on it , as this means that it has been approved by the President of South Africa . Since 1997 , however , the use of the Seal of the Republic has not actually been required by the Constitution , but it continues to be used . Blazon ( edit ) The official blazon of the arms is : Or , representations of two San human figures of red ochre , statant respectant , the hands of the innermost arms clasped , with upper arm , inner wrist , waist and knee bands Argent , and a narrow border of red ochre ; the shield ensigned of a spear and knobkierie in saltire , Sable . Thereabove a demi - secretary bird displayed Or , charged on the breast with a stylised representation of a protea flower with outer petals Vert , inner petals Or and seeded of nine triangles conjoined in three rows , the upper triangle Gules , the second row Vert , Or inverted and Vert , and the third row Vert , Or inverted , Sable , Or inverted and Vert . Above the head of the secretary bird an arc of seven rays facetted Or and Orange , the two outer rays conjoined to the elevated wings . Upon a riband Vert , the motto ! KE E : / XARRA / / KE in letters Argent . Issuant from the ends of the riband two pairs of elephant tusks curving inwards , the tips conjoined to the wings of the secretary bird , Or , therewithin and flanking the shields , two ears of wheat Brunatré . The oval shape of foundation ( edit ) The first element is the motto , in a green semicircle . Completing the semicircle are two symmetrically placed pairs of elephant tusks pointing upwards . Within the oval shape formed by the tusks are two symmetrical ears of wheat , that in turn frame a centrally placed gold shield . The shape of the shield makes reference to the drum , and contains two human figures from Khoisan rock art . The figures are depicted facing one another in greeting and in unity . Above the shield are a spear and a knobkierie , crossed in a single unit . These elements are arranged harmoniously to give focus to the shield and complete the lower oval shape of foundation . The motto The motto is : ! ke e : / xarra / / ke , written in the Khoisan language of the / Xam people , literally meaning `` diverse people unite '' . It addresses each individual effort to harness the unity between thought and action . On a collective scale it calls for the nation to unite in a common sense of belonging and national pride - unity in diversity . The ears of wheat An emblem of fertility , it also symbolises the idea of germination , growth and the feasible development of any potential . It relates to the nourishment of the people and signifies : the agricultural aspects of the Earth . Elephant tusks Elephants symbolise wisdom , strength , moderation and eternity . The shield It has a dual function as a vehicle for the display of identity and of spiritual defence . It contains the primary symbol of our nation . The human figures The figures are depicted in an attitude of greeting , symbolising unity . This also represents the beginning of the individual 's transformation into the greater sense of : belonging to the nation and by extension , collective humanity . The spear and knobkierie A dual symbol of defence and authority , they in turn represent the powerful legs of the secretary bird . The spear and knobkierie are lying down , symbolising peace . The oval shape of ascendance ( edit ) Immediately above the oval shape of foundation , is the visual centre of the coat of arms , a protea . The petals of the protea are rendered in a triangular pattern reminiscent of the crafts of Africa . The secretary bird is placed above the protea and the flower forms the chest of the bird . The secretary bird stands with its wings uplifted in a regal and uprising gesture . The distinctive head feathers of the secretary bird crown a strong and vigilant head . The rising sun above the horizon is placed between the wings of the secretary bird and completes the oval shape of ascendance . The combination of the upper and lower oval shapes intersect to form an unbroken infinite course , and the great harmony between the basic elements result in a dynamic , elegant and thoroughly distinctive design . Yet it clearly retains the stability , gravity and immediacy that a coat of arms demands . The King protea The protea is an emblem of the beauty of our land and the flowering of our potential as a nation in pursuit of the African Renaissance . The protea symbolises the holistic : integration of forces that grow from the Earth and are nurtured from above . The most popular colours of Africa have been assigned to the protea -- green , gold , red and black . The secretary bird The secretary bird is characterised in flight , the natural consequence of growth and speed . It is the equivalent of the lion on Earth . A powerful bird whose legs - depicted as the : spear and knobkierie - serve it well in its hunt for snakes , symbolising protection of the nation against its enemies . It is a messenger of the heavens and conducts its grace upon the Earth . In this sense it is a symbol of divine majesty . Its uplifted wings are an emblem of the ascendance of our nation , while simultaneously offering us its protection . It is : depicted in gold , which clearly symbolises its association with the sun and the highest power . The rising sun An emblem of brightness , splendour and the supreme principle of the nature of energy . It symbolises the promise of rebirth , the active faculties of reflection , knowledge , good judgement and willpower . It is the symbol of the source of life , of light and the ultimate wholeness of humanity . 1910 arms ( edit ) The first coat of arms was granted by King George V by Royal Warrant on 17 September 1910 . This was a few months after the formation of the Union of South Africa . It was a combination of symbols representing the four provinces ( formerly colonies ) that made up the Union . The first quarter is the figure of Hope , representing the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope . The two wildebeests of the second quarter represent the Colony of Natal . The orange tree in the third quarter was used as the symbol of the Orange Free State Republic . The wagon in the fourth quarter represented the Transvaal . The supporters are taken from the arms of the Orange River Colony and the Cape Colony . The lion holds four rods , bound together , symbolising the unification of the four former colonies . The motto , Ex Unitate Vires was officially translated as `` Union is Strength '' until 1961 , and thereafter as `` Unity is Strength '' . Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Coat of arms of South Africa ( 1910 -- 2000 ) Three official renditions of the arms were used . The original rendition ( 1910 ) was the only version used until 1930 , and it continued to be used as the rank badge of warrant officers in the South African Defence Force and South African National Defence Force until 2002 . The second version , painted in 1930 and known as the `` ordinary coat of arms '' , and the third version , painted in 1932 and known as the `` embellished coat of arms '' , were both used until 2000 . 1910 1930 1932 See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Heraldry portal South African heraldry Coat of arms of the Orange Free State Coat of arms of the Cape Colony Coat of arms of Natal Coat of arms of the Transvaal Coat of arms of the Orange River Colony References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brownell , F.G. ( 1993 ) . National and Provincial Symbols Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 21131 ( 28 April 2000 ) Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 58 ( 15 November 1910 ) External links ( edit ) South Africa Heraldry History Past and present Coats of arms and emblems of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa&oldid=851588623 '' Categories : National coats of arms National symbols of South Africa South African heraldry Coats of arms with tusks Coats of arms with spears Coats of arms with wheat Coats of arms with birds Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles containing / Xam - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who designed the national coat of arms of south africa

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Election Commission of India's Model Code of Conduct

Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct - wikipedia Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches , polling day , polling booths , election manifestos , processions and general conduct . These set of norms has been evolved with the consensus of political parties who have consented to abide by the principles embodied in the said code in its letter and spirit. The Model Code of Conduct comes into force immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission for the need of ensuring free and fair elections . Much of it is designed to avert communal clashes and corrupt practices . For example , politicians should not make hate speeches , putting one community against another or make promises about new projects that may sway a voter . For the 2014 general election the code came into force on 5 March 2014 when the Commission announced the dates and remains in force till the end of the electoral process . `` The Model Code of Conduct is crucial to make sure a level playing field among various contenders in the poll fray , '' said the Chief Election Commissioner V.S. Sampath at the press conference . Main points ( edit ) The main points of the code are : Government bodies are not to participate in any new recruitment process during the electoral process . The contesting candidates and the campaigners must respect the home life of their rivals and should not disturb them by holding road shows or demonstrations in front of their houses . The code tells the candidates to keep it . The election campaign rallies and road shows must not hinder the road traffic . Candidates are asked to refrain from distributing liquor to voters . It is a widely known fact in India that during election campaigning , liquor may be distributed to the voters . The election code in force hinders the government or running party leaders from launching new welfare programmes like construction of roads , provision of drinking water facilities etc. or any ribbon - cutting ceremonies . The code instructs that public spaces like meeting grounds , helipads , government guest houses and bungalows should be equally shared among the contesting candidates . These public spaces should not be monopolised by a few candidates . Any candidate or political party shall not use any place of worship for election propaganda . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/MCC-ENGLISH_28022014.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/541909/20140305/lok-sabha-election-2014-model-code-conduct.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India%27s_Model_Code_of_Conduct&oldid=829357661 '' Categories : Elections in India Election Commission of India Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from April 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 03 : 31 . About Wikipedia

when does model code of conduct come into force

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Now That's What I Call Music (original UK album)

Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) - wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes the first album in the UK Now ! series . It should not be confused with similarly - titled first albums in other Now ! series . For more information , see Now That 's What I Call Music ! ( disambiguation ) and Now That 's What I Call Music ! discography Now That 's What I Call Music Compilation album by various artists Released 28 November 1983 Length 1 : 55 : 00 Label Virgin / EMI Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music ( 1983 ) Now That 's What I Call Music II ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( also simply titled Now or Now 1 ) is the first album from the popular Now ! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983 . Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series , the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009 . However , alternative longer mixes of Only For Love , Double Dutch and Candy Girl were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983 . A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015 . In July 2018 , the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD , vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series . In December 1983 , the compilation debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart and reached number one a week later , staying at the top for five non-consecutive weeks . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Now What 's What I Call Music Video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Record / Tape 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Phil Collins 2 : 52 2 . `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' Duran Duran 4 : 11 3 . `` Red Red Wine '' UB40 3 : 01 4 . `` Only for Love '' Limahl 3 : 48 5 . `` Temptation '' Heaven 17 3 : 07 6 . `` Give It Up '' KC and the Sunshine Band 4 : 12 7 . `` Double Dutch '' Malcolm McLaren 3 : 40 8 . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Bonnie Tyler 4 : 30 9 . `` Karma Chameleon '' Culture Club 3 : 53 10 . `` The Safety Dance '' Men Without Hats 2 : 47 11 . `` Too Shy '' Kajagoogoo 3 : 41 12 . `` Moonlight Shadow '' Mike Oldfield 3 : 37 13 . `` Down Under '' Men at Work 3 : 42 14 . `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Rock Steady Crew 3 : 46 15 . `` Baby Jane '' Rod Stewart 4 : 45 16 . `` Wherever I Lay My Hat ( That 's My Home ) '' Paul Young 4 : 52 Record / Tape 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Candy Girl '' New Edition 3 : 52 2 . `` Big Apple '' Kajagoogoo 4 : 12 3 . `` Let 's Stay Together '' Tina Turner 3 : 36 4 . `` ( Keep Feeling ) Fascination '' The Human League 3 : 45 5 . `` New Song '' Howard Jones 4 : 16 6 . `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' UB40 3 : 26 7 . `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack 3 : 29 8 . `` They Do n't Know '' Tracey Ullman 3 : 00 9 . `` Kissing with Confidence '' Will Powers 3 : 54 10 . `` That 's All '' Genesis 4 : 23 11 . `` The Love Cats '' The Cure 3 : 33 12 . `` Waterfront '' Simple Minds 4 : 40 13 . `` The Sun and the Rain '' Madness 3 : 30 14 . `` Victims '' Culture Club 4 : 56 Now What 's What I Call Music video ( edit ) A video selection was also released featuring selected tracks from the main album , one track that later featured on Volume II of the series and two which did not appear on any Now album . Phil Collins : `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Duran Duran : `` Is There Something I Should Know '' UB40 : `` Red Red Wine '' Limahl : `` Only for Love '' Heaven 17 : `` Temptation '' Malcolm McLaren : `` Double Dutch '' Culture Club : `` Karma Chameleon '' Men Without Hats : `` The Safety Dance '' Kajagoogoo : `` Too Shy '' Mike Oldfield : `` Moonlight Shadow '' Rock Steady Crew : `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Tina Turner : `` Let 's Stay Together '' Freeez : `` I.O.U. '' Howard Jones : `` New Song '' UB40 : `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' Will Powers : `` Kissing with Confidence '' Genesis : `` That 's All '' Kajagoogoo : `` Big Apple '' The Assembly : `` Never Never '' Thompson Twins : `` Hold Me Now '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack : `` Tonight I Celebrate My Love '' † Never appeared on any of the numbered NOW albums but did appear on Now 1983 in the 10th Anniversary Series . † † Later appeared on NOW 2 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position UK Albums ( OCC ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Compilation Albums ( OCC ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` NOW That 's What I Call Music ! 1 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ www.nowmusic.com Jump up ^ https://apopfansdream.wordpress.com/2015/04/10/now-thats-what-i-call-music-1983-emi-virgin-polygram-1993/ Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Various-Now-Thats-What-I-Call-Music-1983/release/634683 Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ January 2009 / 7503 / `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Now That 's What I Call Music television commercial Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 UK Christmas number - one albums in the 1980s Super Trouper ( ABBA , 1980 ) The Visitors ( ABBA , 1981 ) The John Lennon Collection ( John Lennon , 1982 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( Various artists , 1983 ) Hits 1 ( Various artists , 1984 ) Now -- The Christmas Album ( Various artists , 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 8 ( Various artists , 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 10 ( Various artists , 1987 ) Private Collection : 1979 -- 1988 ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) ... But Seriously ( Phil Collins , 1989 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_(original_UK_album)&oldid=854001402 '' Categories : 1983 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums ( British series ) EMI Records compilation albums Sony Music Entertainment compilation albums Virgin Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did now thats what i call music come out

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106th Grey Cup

106th Grey Cup - wikipedia 106th Grey Cup Jump to : navigation , search 106th Grey Cup Date November 25 , 2018 Stadium The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium Location Edmonton , Alberta Broadcasters Network English : TSN French : RDS United States : ESPN2 ← 105th Grey Cup 107th Grey Cup → The 106th Grey Cup ( known as the 106th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons ) will be played to decide the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship for the 2018 season . The game will be televised in Canada nationally on TSN . The game is scheduled to be played at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton , Alberta on Sunday , November 25 , 2018 . Host city ( edit ) On March 24 , 2017 , it was reported by several news outlets that the Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos were bidding to host the 2018 Grey Cup game . In previous years , the games would be awarded based on regional preference or ownership changes ( such as Toronto hosting the 104th Grey Cup four years after hosting their previous one ) . However , beginning with the 2018 game , the league will have a bidding process based on the merits of the application to determine a host . Calgary last hosted the Grey Cup in 2009 while Edmonton last hosted in 2010 . Both cities have previously hosted the Grey Cup game four times . Despite having a new stadium , and not having hosted the Grey Cup game since 1996 , it was reported that the Hamilton Tiger - Cats would not submit a bid for the 106th Grey Cup due to ongoing lawsuits filed against the construction firms that completed the stadium more than a year behind schedule . Tiger - Cats CEO , Scott Mitchell , relayed that the organization was focused on the lawsuits first and foremost , and once those are completed they will focus on hosting a Grey Cup in the near future . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott , Morley ; Mertz , Emily ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Edmonton officially named 2018 Grey Cup host city '' . CHED . Edmonton : Global Edmonton . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaw , CFL announce Grey Cup sponsorship deal '' . Global News . Shaw Media . May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps , Eskimos bidding for 2018 Grey Cup '' . TSN . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary , Edmonton to bid for 2018 Grey Cup : report '' . 3downnation . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016 , Ottawa in 2017 '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Grey Cup bid until stadium legal issues solved '' . Hamilton Spectator . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last hurdle the highest for Tiger - Cats '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Grey Cup Editions 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Venues Autostade BC Place BMO Field Commonwealth Stadium Civic Stadium / Ivor Wynne Stadium Empire Stadium Exhibition Stadium Hamilton AAA Grounds Investors Group Field McMahon Stadium Molson Stadium Olympic Stadium Richardson Memorial Stadium Skydome / Rogers Centre Rosedale Field Taylor Field TD Place Stadium / Frank Clair Stadium / Lansdowne Park Varsity Stadium Winnipeg Stadium / Canad Inns Stadium Statistics Champions Most Valuable Players Most Valuable Canadians Winning head coaches Broadcasters Halftime performers 2018 CFL season by team West Division BC Calgary Edmonton Saskatchewan Winnipeg East Division Hamilton Montreal Ottawa Toronto See also 2018 CFL Draft 106th Grey Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=106th_Grey_Cup&oldid=840138779 '' Categories : Grey Cup Grey Cups hosted in Edmonton Scheduled sports events 2018 in Canadian football 2018 in Canadian television 2010s in Edmonton 2018 in Alberta 2018 sports awards November 2018 sports events in North America Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is the 2018 grey cup being played

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Bastille (band)

Bastille ( band ) - wikipedia Bastille ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search Bastille Bastille performing at Coachella in 2014 Background information Origin London , England , United Kingdom Genres Indie pop synth - pop indie rock Years active 2010 -- present Labels Virgin Capitol Website bastillebastille.com Members Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Woods Bastille ( stylised as BΔSTILLE ) are a British rock band formed in 2010 . The group began as a solo project by lead vocalist Dan Smith , but later expanded to include keyboardist Kyle Simmons , bassist and guitarist Will Farquarson , and drummer Chris Wood . The name of the band derives from Bastille Day , which is celebrated on 14 July , the date of Smith 's birthday . After an independently released debut single and a self - released EP , the band signed to Virgin Records . Their first studio album , Bad Blood , was released in March 2013 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one . The band was nominated for four Brit Awards at the 2014 ceremony , winning the British Breakthrough Act . As of November 2014 , Bastille have sold over five million records in the US and 2.5 million records in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early releases 1.2 Bad Blood and All This Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) 1.3 VS. , Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 2 Media 3 Discography 4 Band members 4.1 Timeline 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early releases ( edit ) Bastille debuted in July 2010 with their limited edition 7 '' single that featured the two tracks `` Flaws '' and `` Icarus '' . Released through London - based independent record label Young & Lost Club , only 300 copies were pressed . One of the copies found its way into the hands of Alex Baker , presenter of the unsigned / independent artists radio show on Kerrang ! Radio . Baker started to support Bastille on air , and the band began to find an audience . They released the EP Laura Palmer themselves later in 2011 . After debuting further tracks online through sites such as YouTube and MySpace , the band 's audience started to grow . In December 2011 Smith signed a contract with Virgin Records . The group subsequently secured a few support slots and later performed at major UK festivals including Glastonbury , the Isle of Wight , Redfest Reading and Leeds Festival and Blissfields . The band also recorded and released two parts of their mix - tape titled Other People 's Heartache for free . Bad Blood and All this Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Bastille in concert at Queens ' College May Ball , 2013 On 27 April 2012 , their first official single release , `` Overjoyed '' , was released through Virgin Records , as confirmed by EMI on 1 May 2012 . Following its video premiere in November 2011 , popular music publication , Q Magazine introduced the track as its ' Track of the Day ' for 7 March 2012 . The second single to be released from the upcoming debut studio album , Bad Blood , was the eponymous track , `` Bad Blood '' . An accompanying video for the single was released on the band 's official VEVO channel on 29 June 2012 , and digitally through Virgin Records on 20 August 2012 . Bastille were also named ' New Band of the Day ' by British newspaper The Guardian in July 2012 . The song charted moderately at number 90 in the United Kingdom , and saw the group 's first entry into the chart . In August 2012 the band performed at UK festivals like Reading and Leeds , as well as supporting British singer - songwriter Emeli Sandé . They later played a small headlining tour , titled ' Flaws Tour ' in October 2012 , with Swiss Lips as their support act . in November 2012 , the band performed at Hong Kong 's Clockenflap Music and Arts Festival , their first outside of Europe . Their third single , a re-release of their first 7 '' non-album single `` Flaws '' , was a commercial success , earning the group their first position in the UK Top 40 , debuting at number - twenty - one . The song `` Oblivion '' was featured in Season 4 Episode 9 of The Vampire Diaries in December 2012 . Dan Smith at Provinssirock festival 2013 in Seinäjoki , Finland In February 2013 , Bastille confirmed the release of the fourth single to be taken from Bad Blood , `` Pompeii '' . The song was positively reviewed by critics , reaching number two in the United Kingdom and number five in the US . Their debut album Bad Blood was released on 4 March 2013 , and placed at number one in the UK Albums Chart . On 11 March , Bastille were announced to be playing at Leeds and Reading Festival in August 2013 . In an interview with Digital Spy in March 2013 , `` Laura Palmer '' was revealed to be the fifth single to be released from the album , by lead vocalist , Dan Smith . It was released on 3 June 2013 , and an accompanying video for the track premiered through the band 's official VEVO page on 12 April 2013 . The group joined English rock band Muse as a supporting act on their The 2nd Law Tour in May 2013 and did so again in June 2013 . In May 2013 , Bastille released their Haunt EP in the US via iTunes . On Saturday 6 July the band headlined their first UK summer music festival at Blissfields. Smith was quoted as saying `` We 're massively excited about our first ever headline slot at a festival . Particularly because we love Blissfields so much , and because they 've been so supportive to us over the last couple of years . '' The performance coincided with the band appearing on the cover of a national music publication , Notion magazine , for the first time . On 24 August 2013 , `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' was released as the sixth single from the band 's debut album . A music video for the song was shot in Vilnius and Kėdainiai , Lithuania . On 3 September 2013 , Bastille released their Bad Blood album in the US via iTunes . On 9 October 2013 Bastille released a new single , `` Of the Night '' , a mash - up of the songs `` The Rhythm of the Night '' by Corona and `` Rhythm Is a Dancer '' by Snap ! . The single debuted at number two on UK Singles Chart . The song was promoting All This Bad Blood , a reissue of the band 's debut album , released on 25 November 2013 . In January 2014 Will Farquarson said in an interview with Billboard magazine that the band had already started to work on its second album in between tour dates . The band performed on Saturday Night Live on 25 January 2014 . On 4 February 2014 Bastille won the BRIT Award for Best Breakthrough Act and performed a remixed version of `` Pompeii '' with Rudimental and their song `` Waiting All Night '' at the ceremony . Two hours after their appearance , sales of Bad Blood were up by 132 % to give them a second week at number one in the UK album chart and `` Pompeii '' had climbed 29 places in the singles . On 1 April 2014 the Official Charts Company announced that Bad Blood was the biggest selling digital album of 2013 , and Number 11 in the over-all Official Artist Albums Top 40 of 2013 . Also in April 2014 , the band performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival at the Empire Polo Club in Indio , California . On 31 May 2014 the band took part in the Annual KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine , California , performing among other bands including The Neighbourhood and Fall Out Boy . On 13 July 2014 , Bastille played at T in the Park . In September 2014 they released the last single from Bad Blood , `` Oblivion '' , the Bad Blood Tour finished in 2015 . VS , Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Dan Smith ( 2015 ) In late 2013 Bastille began to play new songs called `` Blame '' and `` Campus '' . Another song called `` Oil On Water '' was played during sound - check and leaked online . They began proper work on the album in 2014 , and planned to start recording it in September . Farquarson said that they had `` 16 or 17 tracks '' demoed already for the album . He also said `` We 're going into the studio in September to record ; hopefully by then we 'll have 20 or maybe more . I think it 's always better to have more material and whittle it down . Our producer has gone on tour with us , so we 've been doing things on our days off and during sound - checks . '' Dan Smith said the album will include more guitars saying `` we did n't really have much of that on the first album and it may not end up on it but it would be quite interesting to try it out . We feel quite free . If we want to go quite electronic then we can and if we want to go more rocky and indie then we can . '' On 21 October 2014 Bastille announced their third mixtape , VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) with the release of their song `` Torn Apart '' , featuring the artist Grades and Lizzo on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show . They also wrote and recorded the song `` The Driver '' for the re-score of the film Drive which was released a week later and will also feature on the mixtape . VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) featured the Gemma Sharples Quartet , Haim , MNEK , Tyde , Rationale , Lizzo , Grades , Angel Haze , F * U * G * Z , Braque , Rag'n'Bone Man , and Skunk Anansie . VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) was released on 8 December 2014 . In November 2014 , Bastille were featured on the Band Aid 30 version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . They were nominated for Best New Artist at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , but lost out to Sam Smith . In 2015 , Bastille recruited a new touring member Charlie Barnes . On 22 September 2015 , Bastille released an independent single called `` Hangin ' '' . The band also featured on the Kill Your Friends ( 2015 ) soundtrack with a cover of the Sugababes debut single `` Overload '' . It was announced via Facebook that their second album would be released in 2016 . Also , during that summer , the band debuted two new songs live : `` Grip '' and `` Snakes . '' In April 2016 , the band debuted a new song entitled `` The Currents '' . On 2 June 2016 , the band uploaded a trailer including an excerpt from the then - unreleased song Two Evils announcing the name of the album to be Wild World . On 9 June , it was announced that the band 's new single , `` Good Grief '' , would be released on 16 June 2016 . On 16 June 2016 , Annie Mac debuted `` Good Grief '' on her BBC Radio 1 show as the `` hottest track . '' The track was immediately released to radio , streaming services , and for purchase following the debut . In an interview with Mac following the song 's premiere , Dan Smith revealed that their second album would `` go through a variety of sounds , but it is very much us ( Bastille ) . '' On 24 June 2016 , Bastille performed the songs `` Good Grief '' and `` Two Evils '' live for the first time at Glastonbury Festival as part of their set on the Other Stage . On 30 June 2016 , Bastille announced that the release of the second LP Wild World and embarked on their Wild Wild World Tour in July . Released on 8 September , the album reached the top of the mid-week sales chart , while the band set up pop - up shops in London , New York and Los Angeles to promote the release . On 16 September , it was confirmed that Wild World had reached # 1 on both the U.K. and Scottish album charts . On World Record Store Day 2017 , the band released an original song titled Comfort of Strangers . In August 2017 , the band released a version of the Green Day song `` Basket Case '' for the Peter Serafinowicz series The Tick . The band announced their third studio album , scheduled for release in 2018 . Speaking to NME , Smith said `` We never really stop writing and recording , but I can confirm we spent a lot of this year writing our third album . '' On September 1 , 2017 the band Headlined the Annual Pilton Party Held at Pilton Worthy Farm home of the Glastonbury Festival . On November 23 , 2017 , Craig David and Bastille released `` I Know You , '' the second single from David 's album , The Time Is Now . The single peaked at number 5 in 2018 . On November 9 , 2017 , the band released a music video for `` World Gone Mad '' , a song for the Netflix movie Bright . Media ( edit ) Bastille 's music has been used on the TV soap Hollyoaks with one week in the early summer focused on Bastille 's song `` Laura Palmer '' . Their music also has been on : Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Bastille can also be heard on EastEnders ' autumn ( 2014 ) trailer with `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' . They can also be heard on Teen Wolf and on the fourth episode of How to Get Away with Murder with the Naughty Boy collaboration `` No One 's Here to Sleep '' . Their song Pompeii is featured in First Touch game , First Touch Soccer 15 , the Konami game , Pro Evolution Soccer 2015 , and the 2014 movie , Mr. Peabody and Sherman . The song `` Haunt '' can be heard in the season 1 finale of the TV series Finding Carter . The band 's music has appeared in the FIFA video games three times : Weight of Living , Pt. II is featured in FIFA 13 , Hangin ' is featured in FIFA 16 , and Send Them Off ! is featured in FIFA 17 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bastille discography Studio albums Bad Blood ( 2013 ) Wild World ( 2016 ) Band members ( edit ) Current members Dan Smith -- lead vocals , piano , keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Kyle Simmons -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , bass , guitar ( 2010 -- present ) Will Farquarson -- guitar , bass , backing vocals , piano , keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Chris `` Woody '' Wood -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Touring members Charlie Barnes -- guitar , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals , percussion , bass ( 2015 -- present ) Timeline ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bastille Bastille have won several music awards and landed many nominations , including ones for Brit Awards , Billboard Music Awards , World Music Awards , and Grammy Awards . Bastille has sold over 8 million records worldwide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dan ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Bastille : The Band The World Fell Head Over Heels For '' . nme.com . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Bastille 's storming success '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMI signs Bastille and Eric Prydz to Virgin Records '' . musicweek.com . Newsdesk . NewBay Media . 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brits 2014 : Winners in full '' . bbc.co.uk . 7newsdesk . BBC . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` The BRIT Awards 2014 : The biggest selling nominees revealed '' . officialcharts.com . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Flaws '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Laura Palmer EP '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Peter ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` Bastille : ' We 've had a year of proving people wrong ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overjoyed Bastille release debut Virgin single '' . EMI . Jump up ^ `` Q Magazine -- Music news & reviews , music videos , band pictures & interviewsQ Magazine '' . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Lester . `` New band of the day -- No 1,316 : Bastille '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Soundtrack '' . tunefind . Jump up ^ `` Green Day , Phoenix , Bastille & more for Reading / Leeds festivals 2013 -- Metro News '' . Metro . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille to release ' Laura Palmer ' as new single -- listen '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille -- Laura Palmer '' . YouTube . 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK '' . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille '' . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Lawrence . `` Watch : Bastille 's new video for ' Things We Lost In The Fire ' '' . GIGWISE.com . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( 20 January 2014 ) . `` Bastille Working on Sophomore Album in Between Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` BRITs 2014 stars see hefty sales uplift overnight '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 so far ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Bastille '' . X-press Magazine -- Entertainment in Perth . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Trendell . `` Bastille : ' Our second album could be quite guitar - heavy ' '' . GIGWISE.com . Jump up ^ Morley , Nicole ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction , Ed Sheeran , Bastille , Bono & Bob Geldof '' . Daily Star . Northern & Shell . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bastille -- Kyle Simmons BOOM MAGAZINE '' . BOOM MAGAZINE. 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille : GRAMMY Nomination Caps An Amazing Year '' . Grammy.com. 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille : ' We 've been experimenting with our new music ' '' . BBC . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille debut new track ' Grip ' during current festival run '' . Diymag.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Bastille debut ' weird ' new song ' The Currents ' at Snowbombing festival '' . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWCOMMS. 001 / / Hello '' . Facebook . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury 2016 -- Bastille '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille Announce Arena Tour & New Album , ' Wild World ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Foster , Alistair ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Bastille storming charts again with album made in windowless studio '' . evening standard . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Daily , Rhian ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Dan Smith Invites Us Into Bastille 's Dystopian Office At Their London Pop - Up Shop '' . NME . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille - Artist - Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille have covered Green Day 's ' Basket Case ' '' . DIY. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille reveal third album details in NME cover interview '' . NME. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Digital , Pretty Good . `` Glastonbury Festival - Pilton Party '' . Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June , 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Digital , Pretty Good . `` Glastonbury Festival - 2017 Pilton Party with Bastille is a sell out ! '' . Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June , 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran claims first Number 1 single and album of 2018 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Daly , Rhian ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` World gone mad : What we learned from Bastille 's new song and Dan Smith 's Beats 1 interview '' . NME . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With the launch of their debut album ' Bad Blood ' , Bastille 's day in the sun has arrived ... the first of many '' . JOE.ie . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode # 104 Music : `` Let 's Get To Scooping '' `` . ABC . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bastille . Official website Op Ed `` Bastille Day : How Loving Bastille Changed my Life '' / Rocker Magazine Preceded by Drake Saturday Night Live musical guest 25 January 2014 Succeeded by Imagine Dragons ( hide ) Bastille Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Wood Charlie Barnes Studio albums Bad Blood Wild World Extended plays Laura Palmer EP Haunt EP Singles `` Overjoyed '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Flaws '' `` Pompeii '' `` Laura Palmer '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` Of the Night '' `` Pompeii / Waiting All Night '' `` Oblivion '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Hangin ' '' `` Good Grief '' `` Send Them Off ! '' `` Blame '' Other songs `` Fake It '' Mixtapes Other People 's Heartache Related articles Discography Awards and nominations VIAF : 297228641 LCCN : no2013038566 GND : 1035607700 BNF : cb16706767v ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7808accb - 6395 - 4b25 - 858c - 678bbb73896b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastille_(band)&oldid=832718072 '' Categories : Bastille ( band ) Brit Award winners NME Awards winners British indie pop groups English synthpop groups Musical groups established in 2010 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists Musical groups from London Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 16 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where did the band bastille get their name

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Arkansas River

Arkansas River - wikipedia Arkansas River Jump to : navigation , search Arkansas River River The lower part of the Arkansas River near Little Rock , Arkansas Country United States States Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas Region Great Plains Part of Mississippi River watershed Tributaries - left Fountain Creek , Pawnee River , Little Arkansas River , Walnut River , Verdigris River , Neosho River - right Cimarron River , Salt Fork Arkansas River , Canadian River , Poteau River Cities Pueblo , CO , Wichita , KS , Tulsa , OK , Muskogee , OK , Fort Smith , AR , Little Rock , AR , Pine Bluff , AR Source Confluence of East Fork Arkansas River and Tennessee Creek - location Near Leadville , Rocky Mountains , Colorado - elevation 9,728 ft ( 2,965 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.25833 ° N 106.34389 ° W  / 39.25833 ; - 106.34389 Mouth Mississippi River - location Franklin Township , Desha County , near Napoleon , Arkansas - elevation 108 ft ( 33 m ) - coordinates 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ) , West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle , Arkansas , river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , and its watershed also drains parts of Texas , New Mexico and Missouri . The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River . It generally flows to the east and southeast as it traverses the U.S. states of Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas . The river 's source basin lies in the western United States in Colorado , specifically the Arkansas River Valley , where the headwaters derive from the snowpack in the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges . It then flows east into the Midwest via Kansas , and finally into the South through Oklahoma and Arkansas . At 1,469 miles ( 2,364 km ) , it is the sixth - longest river in the United States , the second - longest tributary in the Mississippi -- Missouri system , and the 45th longest river in the world . Its origin is in the Rocky Mountains in Lake County , Colorado , near Leadville . In 1859 , placer gold discovered in the Leadville area brought thousands seeking to strike it rich , but the easily recovered placer gold was quickly exhausted . The Arkansas River 's mouth is at Napoleon , Arkansas , and its drainage basin covers nearly 170,000 sq mi ( 440,300 km2 ) . In terms of volume , the river is much smaller than the Missouri and Ohio Rivers , with a mean discharge of roughly 41,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,200 m / s ) . The Arkansas from its headwaters to the 100th meridian west formed part of the U.S. - Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciations 2 Hydrography 3 Allocation problems 4 Riverway commerce 5 The river in history 5.1 American Civil War 5.2 Post Civil War 6 Angling 7 Image gallery 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Pronunciations ( edit ) Name pronunciation varies by region . Many people in western states , including Kansas and Colorado , pronounce it / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / ar - KAN - zəs , People in Oklahoma and Arkansas typically pronounce it / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / AR - kən - saw , which is how the state is always pronounced according to a state law passed in 1881 . Hydrography ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas near Leadville , Colorado The Arkansas has three distinct sections in its long path through central North America . At its headwaters , the Arkansas runs as a steep fast - flowing mountain river through the Rockies in its narrow valley , dropping 4,600 feet ( 1.4 km ) in 120 miles ( 193 km ) . This section supports extensive whitewater rafting , including The Numbers ( near Granite , Colorado ) , Brown 's Canyon , and the Royal Gorge . At Cañon City , Colorado , the Arkansas River valley widens and flattens markedly . Just west of Pueblo , Colorado , the river enters the Great Plains . Through the rest of Colorado , Kansas , and much of Oklahoma , it is a typical Great Plains riverway , with wide , shallow banks subject to seasonal flooding and periods of dwindling flow . Tributaries include the Cimarron River and the Salt Fork Arkansas River . In eastern Oklahoma the river begins to widen further into a more contained consistent channel . To maintain more reliable flow rates , a series of large reservoir lakes have been built on the Arkansas and its intersecting tributaries including the Canadian , Verdigris , Neosho ( Grand ) , Illinois , and Poteau rivers . These locks and dams allow the river to be navigable by barges and large river craft downriver of Muskogee , Oklahoma , where the McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System joins in with the Verdigris River . Into western Arkansas , the river path works between the encroaching Boston and Ouachita Mountains , including many isolated , flat - topped mesas , buttes , or monadnocks such as Mount Nebo , Petit Jean Mountain , and Mount Magazine , the highest point in the state . The river valley then expands as it encounters much flatter land beginning just west of Little Rock , Arkansas . It continues eastward across the plains and forests of eastern Arkansas until it flows into the Mississippi River . Water flow in the Arkansas River ( as measured in central Kansas ) has dropped from approximately 248 cubic feet per second ( 7 m3 / s ) average from 1944 - 1963 to 53 cubic feet per second ( 1.5 m3 / s ) average from 1984 -- 2003 , largely because of the pumping of groundwater for irrigation in eastern Colorado and western Kansas . Important cities along the Arkansas River include Pueblo , Colorado , Garden City , Kansas , Dodge City , Kansas , Wichita , Kansas , Tulsa , Oklahoma , Fort Smith , Arkansas , and Little Rock , Arkansas . The I - 40 bridge disaster of May 2002 took place on I - 40 's crossing of Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River near Webbers Falls , Oklahoma . Allocation problems ( edit ) Since 1902 , Kansas has claimed Colorado takes too much of the river 's water , resulting in a number of lawsuits before the U.S. Supreme Court that continue to this day , generally under the name of Kansas v. Colorado . The problems over the possession and use of Arkansas River water by Colorado and Kansas led to the creation of an interstate compact or agreement between the two states . While Congress approved the Arkansas River Compact in 1949 , the compact did not stop further disputes by the two states over water rights to the river . The Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Basin Compact was created in 1965 to promote mutual consideration and equity over water use in the basin shared by those states . It led to the Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Commission , which was charged with administering the compact and reducing pollution . The compact was approved and implemented by both states in 1970 , and has been in force since then . Riverway Commerce ( edit ) Inland waterway system with McClellan - Kerr Navigational Channel shown in red The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System begins at the Tulsa Port of Catoosa on the Verdigris River , enters the Arkansas River near Muskogee , and runs via an extensive lock and dam system to the Mississippi River . Through Oklahoma and Arkansas , dams which artificially deepen and widen the river to sustain commercial barge traffic and recreational use give the river the appearance of a series of reservoirs . The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System diverts from the Arkansas River 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) upstream of the Wilbur D. Mills Dam to avoid the long winding route which the lower Arkansas River follows . This circuitous portion of the Arkansas River between the Wilbur D. Mills Dam and the Mississippi River was historically bypassed by river vessels ; early steamboats instead following a network of rivers -- known as the Arkansas Post Canal -- which flowed north of the lower Arkansas River and followed a shorter and more direct route to the Mississippi River . When the McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System was constructed between 1963 and 1970 , the Arkansas Post Canal was significantly improved , while the lower Arkansas River continued to be bypassed by commercial vessels . The River in History ( edit ) Devil 's Punch Bowl falls , Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River in Colorado , from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views Many nations of Native Americans lived near , or along , the 1,450 - mile ( 2334 - km ) stretch of the Arkansas River for thousands of years . The first Europeans to see the river were members of the Spanish Coronado expedition on June 29 , 1541 . Also in the 1540s , Hernando de Soto discovered the junction of the Arkansas with the Mississippi . The Spanish originally called the river Napeste . `` The name `` Arkansas '' was first applied by Father Jacques Marquette , who called the river Akansa in his journal of 1673 . The Joliet - Marquette expedition travelled the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin towards the Gulf of Mexico , but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River . By that time , they had encountered Native Americans carrying European trinkets , and feared confrontation with Spanish conquistadors . Jean - Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe , a French trader , explorer and nobleman had led an expedition into what is now Oklahoma in 1718 - 19 . His original objective was to establish a trading post near the present city of Texarkana , Arkansas , but he then extended his trip overland as far north as the Arkansas River ( which he designated as the Alcansas ) . The explorer wrote he and 9 other men , including three Caddo guides and 22 horses loaded with trade goods had come to a native settlement overlooking the river , where there were about 6,000 natives , who gave the strangers a warm welcome . La Harpe 's party were honored with the calumet ceremony and spent ten days at this location . In 1988 , evidence of a native village was discovered along the Arkansas River 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of present - day Tulsa , Oklahoma . By then , the site was known as the Lasley Vore Site . French traders and trappers who had opened up trade with Indian tribes in Canada and the areas around the Great Lakes began exploring the Mississippi and some of its northern tributaries . They soon learned that the birch - bark canoes , which had served them so well on the northern waterways , were too light for use on the southern rivers , such as the Arkansas . They turned to making and using dugout canoes , which they called pirogues , made by hollowing out the trunks of cottonwood trees . Cottonwoods are plentiful along the streams of the southwest and grow to large sizes . The wood is soft and easily worked with the crude tools carried by both the French and Indians . The pirogues The pirogues were sturdier and could be more for navigating the sandbars and snags of the Southern waterways . In 1819 , the Adams - Onís Treaty set the Arkansas as part of the frontier between the United States and Spanish Mexico . This continued until the United States annexed Texas after the Mexican - American War , in 1846 . The treaty was made shortly after `` Old Settler '' Cherokees moved to near what became known as Webbers Falls on the Arkansas River . That area , then part of Arkansas Territory would become Indian Territory and later Oklahoma , was traditional territory of the Osage , leading to conflict and a treaty in 1828 but still unresolved by the time thousands of additional Cherokee refugees moved to the area during the Trail of Tears . By the time Fort Smith was established in 1817 , larger capacity watercraft became available to transport goods up and down the Arkansas . These included flatboats ( bateaus ) and keelboats . Along with the pirogues , they transported piles of deer , bear , otter , beaver and buffalo skins up and down the river . Agricultural products such as corn , rice , dried peaches , beans , peanuts , snake root , sarsaparilla , ginseng had grown in economic importance . On March 31 , 1820 , the Comet became the first steamboat to successfully navigate part of the Arkansas River , reaching a place called Arkansas Post , ( ( efn Arkansas Post is said to have been the first European settlement in the Mississippi Valley , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) above the confluence of the Arkansas and the Mississippi Rivers . In mid-April , 1822 , the Robert Thompson , towing a keelboat , was the first steamboat to navigate the Arkansas as far as Fort Smith . For five years , Fort Smith was known as the head of navigation for steamboats on the river . It lost the title to Fort Gibson in April , 1832 , when three steamboats , Velocipede , Scioto and Catawba , all arrived at Fort Gibson later that month. ( ( efn Fort Gibson had been built in 1824 on the bank of the Verdigris River in what had been called the `` Three Forks '' area of Indian Territory . Later , the Santa Fe Trail followed the Arkansas through much of Kansas , picking it up near Great Bend and continuing through to La Junta , Colorado , unless users elected to take the challenging Cimarron Cutoff in Cimarron , Kansas . American Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Ambush of the steamboat J.R. Williams During the American Civil War , each side tried to prevent the other from using the Arkansas and its tributaries as a route for moving reinforcements . Initially , the Union Army abandoned its forts in the Indian Territory , including Fort Gibson and Fort Smith , in order to maximize its strength for campaigns elsewhere , while the Confederate Army sent troops from Texas to support its Native American allies . Union Troops returned later in the war , after defeating the Confederates at the Battle of Pea Ridge and the Battle of Fort Smith , and began recovering the position it had previously abandoned , most notably Fort Gibson , reopening the Arkansas River as a supply route . In September 1864 , a body of Confederate irregulars led by General Stand Watie successfully ambushed a Union supply ship bound for Fort Gibson . The vessel was destroyed , and a part of its cargo was looted by the Confederates . Post Civil War ( edit ) In the 1880s , Charles `` Buffalo '' Jones , one of the cofounders of Garden City , Kansas , organized four irrigation companies to take water one hundred miles from the Arkansas River to cultivate 75,000 acres ( 300 km ) of land . By 1890 , water from the Arkansas was being used to irrigate more than 20 × 10 acres ( 8.1 × 10 ha ) of farmland in Kansas . By 1910 , irrigation projects in Colorado had caused the river to stop flowing in July and August . Flooding in 1927 severely damaged or destroyed nearly every levee downstream of Fort Smith , and led to the development of the Arkansas River Flood Control Association . It also led to the Federal Government assigning responsibility of flood control and navigation on the Arkansas to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACOE ) . Fly fishermen on the Arkansas River near Salida , Colorado Angling ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas River in central Colorado have been known for exceptional trout fishing , particularly fly fishing , since the 19th century , when greenback cutthroat trout dominated the river . Today , brown trout dominate the river , which also contains rainbow trout . Trout Unlimited considers the Arkansas one of the top 100 trout streams in America , a reputation the river has had since the 1950s . From Leadville to Pueblo , the Arkansas River is serviced by numerous fly shops and guides operating in Buena Vista , Salida , Cañon City and Pueblo . The Colorado Division of Wildlife provides regular online fishing reports for the river . A fish kill occurred on December 29 , 2010 , in which an estimated 100,000 freshwater drum lined the Arkansas River bank . An investigation , conducted by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission , found the dead fish `` ... cover 17 miles of river from the Ozark Lock and Dam downstream to River Mile 240 , directly south of Hartman , Arkansas . '' Tests later indicated the likely cause of the kill was gas bubble trauma caused by opening the spillways on the Ozark Dam . Image gallery ( edit ) The Arkansas River passing through Little Rock , Arkansas , as viewed from the north bank in North Little Rock The Yancopin Bridge is the last crossing of the Arkansas River before it flows into the Mississippi River Arkansas River in downtown Pueblo , Colorado Downtown Wichita , Kansas , skyline at night from The Keeper of the Plains at the Arkansas River Arkansas River , looking across to North Little Rock John Martin Dam and Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Bent County , Colorado The Arkansas River in Tulsa , Oklahoma Royal Gorge Arkansas River in Salida , Colorado The Arkansas River in Natural Steps , Arkansas Arkansas River between Van Buren and Fort Smith , Arkansas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A team led by Dr. George H. Odell , an anthropology professor from the University of Tulsa , uncovered artifacts that showed the natives were members of the Wichita people , and that the European artifacts also found there were of the same time period . Dr. Odell concluded this was most likely place that la Harpe met the natives he described . Jump up ^ Pirogues are still used in the swamps and marshes of South Louisiana by descendants of the `` Cajuns , '' who were exiled from Canada by the British . See also ( edit ) Ackerman Island Kansas v. Colorado List of crossings of the Arkansas River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Listing of rivers for each state : Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1980 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System ( MKARNS ) '' . History & Culture . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : See watershed maps : 1 Archived October 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 07258000 on the Arkansas River near Dardanelle , AR ( monthly flow data ) '' . Water Resources of the United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ J.C. Kammerer ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chaffee County Colorado Gold Production '' . Westernmininghistory.com. 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) . Names on the Land . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 335 -- 340 . ^ Jump up to : O'Dell , Larry . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . `` Arkansas River . Archived 2013 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kansas v. Colorado 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ) , 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Verdigris River Navigation '' ( PDF ) . American Canal Society . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Odell , George H. `` Lasley Vore Site . '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Accessed January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Muriel H. `` Early Navigation and Commerce along the Arkansas and Red Rivers in Oklahoma . '' Chronicles of Oklahoma . Volume 8 , Number 1 , March , 1930 . p. 65 . Accessed September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Western Cherokee , 1828 '' . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A New Treaty '' ( PDF ) . Cherokee Phoenix . University of North Dakota . 1 ( 20 ) . 1828 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Little Rock District / Mission / Navigation . Accessed June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Charles Jesse `` Buffalo '' Jones exhibit , Finney County Historical Museum , Garden City , Kansas ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Arkansas River ( 1540 to 2000 ) '' . South Central Service Cooperative. 2017 . Accessed June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , William C. ( September 1892 ) . `` The Trouts of Colorado and Utah '' . The American Angler . XXI ( 12 ) : 515 -- 528 . Jump up ^ Ross , John ( 2005 ) . Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . pp. 241 -- 243 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 585 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( 1960 ) . 88 Top Trout Streams of the West . Newport Beach , CA : Western Outdoors . pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Marty ( 1998 ) . Fly Fisher 's Guide to Colorado . Belgrade , MT : Wilderness Adventures Press . pp. 38 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885106 - 56 - 8 . Jump up ^ Colorado Division of Wildlife Fishing Reports Archived March 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Experts Close In On What Killed Fish - NW Arkansas News Story - KHBS NW Arkansas '' . KHBS . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River Fish Kill Investigation Continues '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . 3 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Bubble Trauma likely cause of fish kills '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arkansas River . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Arkansas River . Colorado - Kansas Arkansas River Compact Friends of the Arkansas River Aquifer saturation map for Equus Beds Aquifer Recharge Project Arkansas River Coalition Full Scale Map Santa Fe Trail Research Wichita Water Center Tours Animated Map of navigation system Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Arkansas River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory `` Arkansas , a river of the United States of America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Arkansas River '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Arkansas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . 1878 . Arkansas River is discussed at the end of this article . `` Arkansas , a S.W. river of the United States '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . VIAF : 248152975 GND : 4223368 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River&oldid=803620205 '' Categories : Arkansas River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Kansas Rivers of Oklahoma Tributaries of the Mississippi River Regions of Arkansas Fish kill Bodies of water of Edwards County , Kansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Fremont County , Colorado Rivers of Sedgwick County , Kansas Geography of Tulsa , Oklahoma Bodies of water of Ford County , Kansas Bodies of water of Hamilton County , Kansas Rivers of Reno County , Kansas Rivers of Rice County , Kansas Rivers of Bent County , Colorado Rivers of Pueblo County , Colorado Mississippi River watershed Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 16 : 43 . 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The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement

The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement - wikipedia The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Jump to : navigation , search The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Whitney Houston Debra Martin Chase Screenplay by Shonda Rhimes Story by Shonda Rhimes Gina Wendkos Based on Characters by Meg Cabot Starring Julie Andrews Anne Hathaway Heather Matarazzo John Rhys - Davies Héctor Elizondo Chris Pine Music by John Debney Cinematography Charles Minsky Edited by Bruce Green Production companies Walt Disney Pictures ShondaLand Martin Chase Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $134.7 million The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement is a 2004 American romantic comedy film and the sequel to 2001 's The Princess Diaries . Unlike the first film , this film is not based on any of the books . Most of the cast returned from the first film , including Julie Andrews , Anne Hathaway , Héctor Elizondo , Heather Matarazzo , and Larry Miller . Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce . New characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ) , and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ) . Despite generally negative reviews from critics , the film had a worldwide box office of $122 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after the previous events , Mia Thermopolis has just graduated from Princeton University 's Woodrow Wilson School and is returning to Genovia with her bodyguard , Joe . There , she will await her reign once her grandmother , Queen Clarisse , steps down as Queen . During Mia 's twenty first birthday party , she dances with all the eligible bachelors in hope of finding a husband . She becomes attracted to a handsome gentleman named Nicholas . During the course of the night , Mia 's tiara falls off and is caught by a Member of Parliament , Viscount Mabrey , who secretly plans to steal Mia 's crown . While the Parliament is in - session the next morning , Mia stumbles upon a hidden room that allows her to secretly listen in . Viscount Mabrey reveals his nephew , Lord Devereaux , is another heir to the Genovian throne . Despite Queen Clarisse 's objection , the only way Mia can assume her duties as Queen is if she marries within the month . Clarisse invites Lord Devereaux to stay at the palace , while Mia is shocked to discover Lord Devereaux is actually Nicholas . Mia 's best friend , Lilly Moscovitz , surprises her by visiting . Together , they pick through potential husbands . Mia eventually chooses Andrew Jacoby , Duke of Kenilworth , and days later , they are engaged . Mabrey plans to have Nicholas woo Mia and dissolve the engagement . For a ceremony , Mia is to ride sidesaddle , but is inexperienced . Queen Clarisse provides an ancestral wooden leg decoy to make it look like she 's riding sidesaddle . Mabrey spooks Mia 's horse with a rubber snake , and Joe rushes to aid Mia , but accidentally tears off the wooden leg . Humiliated , Mia flees to the stables , where Nicholas fails to comfort her . At a garden party , Mia and Nicholas quarrel about Mia 's relationship with Andrew ; Nicholas tricks Mia into admitting she does n't love Andrew . Frustrated , she argues , but instead gets bombarded by a kiss . At first , she kisses him back but then backs away . Nicholas pursues her even more , which causes both of them to fall into a fountain . Queen Clarisse finally tells Mia that her behavior with Nicholas needs to stop . During the Genovian Independence Day parade , Mia sees some boys harassing a little girl , and abruptly halts the parade to comfort the girl . Learning that the children are orphans , Mia has a vendor give them all tiaras and lets them walk with her in the parade . Everyone is impressed by her act of generosity , while Mabrey sees it as a political maneuver . Mia later decides to convert one of the royal palaces into a temporary children 's center . That night , Mia has her bachelorette party , where Queen Clarisse surfs on a mattress and sings a duet with Princess Asana , one of Mia 's good friends . In the meantime , Mabrey realizes Nicholas has fallen for Mia , but Nicholas says that Mia will never love him . Nicholas comes upon Mia as she is practicing her archery as part of her coronation rites . He helps her succeed in getting the arrow to hit the bullseye , something she had been struggling with . Nicholas then informs Mia that he is leaving , but asks to see her just one more time before he goes . She declines , saying she is under close guard . That night , Nicholas appears outside Mia 's window and asks her to come out . Lilly encourages her to go , and Mia sneaks out . They ride out to a lake where they share secrets , dance , and eventually fall asleep . They awaken to find a man in a boat videotaping them . Mia thinks Nicholas set her up , while he insists he had no idea . By the time Mia returns to the palace , the scandalous footage is already being broadcast . Andrew is disappointed and kisses Mia to see if there is a romantic spark between them . They realize that they do not love each other , but do not call off the wedding for the good of Genovia . The wedding is to take place the following day , and Mia 's mother , Helen comes with her new husband , Patrick and their newborn son , Trevor . Nicholas decides against attending , but his surly housekeeper , Gretchen informs him that Mabrey engineered their televised scandal . Before the wedding , Joe informs Mia that Nicholas is innocent . Queen Clarisse encourages Mia to follow her heart , something she has never done and has now cost her Joe , the only man she truly loved . Mia reenters the church , and after pointing out how her grandmother has ruled Genovia while unmarried for a number of years , she tells the members of parliament in the audience to consider the significant women in their lives and questions if they would have them do what they 're trying to force her to do ( marry someone she does not love ) . Mabrey cites the law again and once again suggests that his nephew be named King , but just then , Nicholas not only refuses the crown , but also disowns Mabrey as his uncle . Mia proposes the law on royal marriages be abolished , and the Parliament unanimously gives its assent . Encouraged by Mia to have her own happy ending , Clarisse proposes to Joe and they are promptly married . About a week later , Mia is preparing for her coronation when Nicholas shows up . He professes his love for Mia on bended knee , and they share a romantic kiss . The next day , Mia is crowned `` Her Majesty Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi , Queen of Genovia '' , with all in attendance in the royal palace . An epilogue shows that Genovian Parliament now allows female members , one of whom is Charlotte . And Queen Mia officially opens the children 's home . Cast ( edit ) Anne Hathaway as Princess / Queen Amelia `` Mia '' Thermopolis Renaldi Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi Héctor Elizondo as Joe John Rhys - Davies as Viscount Mabrey Heather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz Chris Pine as Nicholas Devereaux Callum Blue as Andrew Jacoby Raven - Symoné as Princess Asana Kathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway Jonny Blu as himself Tom Poston as Lord Palimore Joel McCrary as Prime Minister Motaz Kim Thomson as Reporter Elsie Kentworthy Larry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca Caroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis O'Connell Meredith Patterson as Lady Elissa Spencer Breslin as Prince Jacques Tracy Reiner as Lady Anthony Paul Vogt as Lord Crawley Paul Williams as Lord Harmony Peter Allen Vogt as Mr. Crawley Anna Netrebko as herself Abigail Breslin as Carolina , the orphan child Hannah Schneider as Dancing Princess Hannah Charlee Corra Disney as Princess Charlee Aimee Adams Hall as Princess Aimee Nadege August as Princess Nadege Claudia Katz Minnick as Freda Kout Stan Lee as Three Stooges wedding guest Reception ( edit ) The film opened in 3,472 theaters in North America and grossed $22,956,453 in its opening weekend . It grossed $134,734,481 worldwide -- $95,170,481 in North America and $39,564,000 in other territories . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film had a 25 % `` certified rotten '' rating , with an average score of 4.6 / 10 based on 115 critical reviews . The site 's general consensus is that `` Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews bring charm and elegance to the movie , but there 's not enough material for them to work with in this sequel . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 43 from the 31 reviews , which indicates `` Mixed or average reviews '' . The film 's writer , Shonda Rhimes , later said that she treasured the experience if for nothing else -- the opportunity to work with its star , Julie Andrews . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( soundtrack ) The song , `` Your Crowning Glory '' , a duet between Queen Clarisse ( Julie Andrews ) and Princess Asana ( Raven - Symoné ) was the first time Andrews had sung in public or on screen since she had throat surgery in 1997 . Sequel ( edit ) In March 2016 , despite the death of producer Whitney Houston in February 2012 , Garry Marshall announced that Hathaway , who was pregnant with her first child , would appear in a third Princess Diaries film after she gave birth . However , with Garry Marshall 's death in July 2016 , the project had been pulled . In August 2016 , Hector Elizondo discussed a possibility that the third installment would still be produced . In an interview with Variety Latino , He said on the possibility , `` I know Anne would like to do it . I know Julie would like to do it . I would like to do it . So we 're on board , it 's a question of when and a question of getting a good story . I 'm ready ! It 's time to go back to Genovia ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Breslin - Box Office '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Reviews , Ratings , Credits and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff , Hollywood.com ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes - Biography and Filmography - 1970 '' . Jump up ^ `` Director Garry Marshall confirms Anne Hathaway is ready to film Princess Diaries 3 '' . Metro.co.uk . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Princess Diaries 3 ' Could Still Happen , According to Hector Elizondo '' . Movie Fone . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement on IMDb The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at the TCM Movie Database The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at AllMovie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Box Office Mojo The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Metacritic The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess Diaries film series Character Clarisse Renaldi Novels The Princess Diaries book series Meg Cabot Films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Soundtracks The Princess Diaries soundtracks The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster Related articles Mia Thermopolis The Princess Diaries movie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Films directed by Garry Marshall Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A Corazón Abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) Related Shondaland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement&oldid=808278965 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen films American films American sequel films American teen comedy films Film scores by John Debney Films about royalty Films about weddings Films directed by Garry Marshall Films set in Europe Films set in a fictional European country Monarchy in fiction Slapstick films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 22 : 46 . 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P wave (electrocardiography)

P wave ( electrocardiography ) - wikipedia P wave ( electrocardiography ) Normal P wave , shown in darker red The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization , which results in atrial contraction , or atrial systole . Contents 1 Physiology 2 Pathology 3 Atrial repolarization 4 Related pages 5 References Physiology ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria . Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node , in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium . The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann 's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves . Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria ( atrial ectopics ) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal . Pathology ( edit ) Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale Peaked P waves ( > 0.25 mV ) suggest right atrial enlargement , cor pulmonale , ( P pulmonale rhythm ) , but have a low predictive value ( ~ 20 % ) . AP wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia . It can also indicate right atrial enlargement . AP wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia . Bifid P waves ( known as P mitrale ) indicate left - atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation or hypertrophy . If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing , this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node , at least two others are arising elsewhere . This is taken as evidence of multiple ( i.e. at least two ) ectopic foci , and is called multifocal ( or more correctly , multiform ) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤ 100 ) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100 . This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease . If the baseline has a totally irregular form , this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact ; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter . With either of these rhythms , if the ventricular rate is fast , the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves . Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate : Fine atrial fibrillation Sinoatrial arrest ( with a secondary escape rhythm ) If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG , a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves . Atrial Repolarization ( edit ) This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave , with a duration of 2 - 3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave . It is represented on the surface ECG by a so - called Ta wave . The clinical relevance of this is that , although a normal phenomenon , the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to ( and easily mistaken with ) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia . Related pages ( edit ) Electrocardiography PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Longmore , Murray ( 2004 ) . Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852558 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reeves WC , Hallahan W , Schwiter EJ , Ciotola TJ , Buonocore E , Davidson W ( 1981 ) . `` Two - dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement '' . Circulation. 64 : 387 -- 391 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 64.2. 387 . PMID 6454512 . Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/ Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html Jump up ^ Munuswamy K , Alpert MA , Martin RH , Whiting RB , Mechlin NJ ( 1983 ) . `` Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m - mode echocardiography '' . Am J Cardiol. 53 ( 6 ) : 829 -- 832 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9149 ( 84 ) 90413 - 2 . PMID 6230922 . Jump up ^ Kastor JA ( 1990 ) . `` Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia '' . N Engl J Med. 322 ( 24 ) : 1713 -- 1717 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199006143222405 . PMID 2188131 . Jump up ^ Kothari SA , Apiyasawat S , Asad N , Spodick DH ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia '' . Clin Cardiol. 28 ( 12 ) : 3561 -- 3563 . doi : 10.1002 / clc. 4960281205 . PMID 16405199 . Jump up ^ Smith , SW . `` Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression '' . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P_wave_(electrocardiography)&oldid=842471189 '' Categories : Cardiac electrophysiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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the p-wave phase of an electrocardiogram (ecg) represents

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Star Trek: The Next Generation

Star Trek : the Next Generation - wikipedia Star Trek : the Next Generation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the games , see Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1994 video game ) and Star Trek : The Next Generation : A World For All Seasons . Star Trek : The Next Generation Genre Science fiction Drama Mystery Action adventure Created by Gene Roddenberry Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Patrick Stewart Jonathan Frakes Brent Spiner LeVar Burton Denise Crosby Michael Dorn Gates McFadden Marina Sirtis Wil Wheaton Theme music composer Alexander Courage Jerry Goldsmith Composer ( s ) Dennis McCarthy Jay Chattaway Ron Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 178 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1987 -- 91 ) Rick Berman ( 1989 -- 94 ) Showrunners Maurice Hurley ( 1988 -- 89 ) Michael Piller ( 1989 -- 94 ) Jeri Taylor ( 1993 -- 94 ) Cinematography Edward R. Brown ( 1987 -- 89 ) Marvin V. Rush ( 1989 -- 92 ) Jonathan West ( 1992 -- 94 ) Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Domestic Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget $1.3 million per episode Release Original network First - run syndication Picture format NTSC 480i 4 : 3 1080p 4 : 3 ( Blu - ray ) Audio format Dolby SR Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) DTS - HD Master Audio 7.1 Blu - ray Original release September 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : The Animated Series Followed by Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : The Next Generation at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation ( abbreviated as TNG and ST : TNG ) is an American science - fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran from 1987 to 1994 . Roddenberry , Maurice Hurley , Rick Berman , Michael Piller , and Jeri Taylor served as executive producers at different times throughout its production . The show was very popular , reaching almost 12 million viewers in its 5th season , and the season seven finale in 1994 was watched by over 30 million viewers . The show spawned two reasonably popular spin - offs set in the same sci - fi universe time and place , and 4 theater films with the cast of the show . In the early 2000s the show Enterprise , although more oriented towards re-booting the series was also in the same fictional universe , but an earlier time . The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the nearby regions of the Milky Way galaxy , the Alpha Quadrant . The first episode takes place in the year 2364 , 99 years after the start of the five - year mission described in the original series , which began in 2265 . It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise , the fifth to bear the name within the franchise 's storyline . An introductory statement , delivered by Patrick Stewart and featured at the beginning of each episode 's title sequence , stated the starship 's purpose in language similar to the opening statement of The Original Series , but was updated to reflect an ongoing mission , and to be gender - neutral : Space : the final frontier . These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise . Its continuing mission : to explore strange new worlds , to seek out new life and new civilizations , to boldly go where no one has gone before . TNG premiered the week of September 28 , 1987 , drawing 27 million viewers , with the two - hour pilot `` Encounter at Farpoint '' . In total , 176 episodes were made ( including several two - parters ) , ending with the two - hour finale `` All Good Things ... '' the week of May 23 , 1994 . The series ( 1987 -- 94 ) was broadcast in first - run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations . Further Star Trek spin - offs followed The Next Generation : Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) , Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) , Star Trek : Enterprise ( 2001 -- 2005 ) , and Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) . The series formed the basis for the seventh through the tenth of the Star Trek films , and is also the setting of numerous novels , comic books , and video games . In its seventh season , Star Trek : The Next Generation became the first and only syndicated television series to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . The series received a number of accolades , including 19 Emmy Awards , two Hugo Awards , five Saturn Awards , and `` The Big Goodbye '' ( S1E12 ) won a Peabody Award . Some of the highest rated shows by Nielsen ratings were the pilot , the finale , `` Unification '' ( duology ) , `` Aquiel '' , `` A Matter of Time '' , and `` Relics '' . `` Unification '' includes the classic characters Spock and his father Sarek , and `` Relics '' includes Scotty . Other famous episodes include the `` Best of Both Worlds '' duology , `` Inner Light '' , and `` The Measure of Man '' , which was released in a 1080p extended version in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Background 2.2 Syndication and profitability 2.3 Season one 2.4 Season two 2.5 Season three 2.6 Season four 2.7 Season five 2.8 Season six 2.9 Season seven 2.10 Legacy 3 High - Definition Project 4 Cast 4.1 Notable guest appearances 5 Story arcs & themes 6 Reception 7 Computer and video games 8 Films 9 Release history 9.1 VHS 9.2 LaserDisc 9.3 DVD 9.4 Blu - ray 9.4. 1 Standalone episodes 9.4. 2 The Measure of a Man HD extended cut 10 Spin - offs and the franchise 10.1 These Are The Voyages ... ( 2005 ) 10.2 Context 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) May 16 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 16 ) 22 November 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) 26 September 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) June 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 26 September 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 24 ) June 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 17 ) 5 26 September 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 23 ) June 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 15 ) 6 26 September 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) June 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 21 ) 7 26 September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) The series follows the adventures of a space - faring crew on board the Galaxy Class starship USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) , the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry and the seventh starship by that name . ( See Starship Enterprise for other ships with the name and / or registry ) . The series is set about 70 years after the final mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk . The Federation has undergone significant internal changes in its quest to explore and seek out new life , adding new degrees of complexity and controversy to its methods , especially those focused on the Prime Directive . The Klingon Empire and the United Federation of Planets have ceased wartime hostilities and become galactic allies , while more sinister foes such as the Romulans and the Borg take precedence on the series . The Enterprise is commanded by Captain Jean - Luc Picard and is staffed by first officer Commander William Riker , second officer / operations manager Data , security chief Tasha Yar , ship 's counselor Deanna Troi , chief medical officer Dr. Beverly Crusher and her son Wesley Crusher , conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge , and junior officer Lieutenant Worf . The death of Lieutenant Yar in the twenty - third episode of the first season ( 1987 - 1988 ) of the series prompts an internal shuffle of personnel , making Worf official chief of security . In season two , La Forge is promoted to chief engineer and Katherine Pulaski briefly takes over for Beverly Crusher . The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise - D put on trial by an omnipotent being known as Q , who became a recurring character . The god - like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages , forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared . After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster , the crew officially departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds . Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures , as well as exploring the human condition . Several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists , including the Ferengi , the Cardassians , and the Borg . Throughout their adventures , Picard and his crew are often forced to face and live with the consequences of difficult choices . The series ended in its seventh season with a two - part episode `` All Good Things ... '' , which brought the events of the series full circle to the original confrontation with Q. An interstellar anomaly that threatens all life in the universe forces Picard to leap from his present , past , and future to combat the threat . Picard was successfully able to show to Q that humanity could think outside of the confines of perception and theorize on new possibilities while still being prepared to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the greater good . The series ended with the crew of the Enterprise portrayed as feeling more like a family and paved the way for four consecutive motion pictures that continued the theme and mission of the series . Episodes by Season ( 1 - 4 ) Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( Two - part episode ) `` The Naked Now '' `` Code of Honor '' `` The Last Outpost '' `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' `` Lonely Among Us '' `` Justice '' `` The Battle '' `` Hide and Q '' `` Haven '' `` The Big Goodbye '' ( Peabody Award Winner ) `` Datalore '' `` Angel One '' `` 11001001 '' `` Too Short a Season '' `` When the Bough Breaks '' `` Home Soil '' `` Coming of Age '' `` Heart of Glory '' `` The Arsenal of Freedom '' `` Symbiosis '' `` Skin of Evil '' `` We 'll Always Have Paris '' `` Conspiracy '' `` The Neutral Zone '' `` The Child '' `` Where Silence Has Lease '' `` Elementary , Dear Data '' `` The Outrageous Okona '' `` Loud as a Whisper '' `` The Schizoid man '' `` Unnatural Selection '' `` A Matter of Honor '' `` The Measure of a Man '' `` The Dauphin '' `` Contagion '' `` The Royale '' `` Time Squared '' `` The Icarus Factor '' `` Pen Pals '' `` Q Who '' `` Samaritan Snare '' `` Up the Long Ladder '' `` Manhunt '' `` The Emissary '' `` Peak Performance '' `` Shades of Gray '' `` Evolution '' `` The Ensigns of Command '' `` The Survivors '' `` Who Watches the Watchers '' `` The Bonding '' `` Booby Trap '' `` The Enemy '' `` The Price '' `` The Vengeance Factor '' `` The Defector '' `` The Hunted '' `` The High Ground '' `` Déjà Q '' `` A Matter of Perspective '' `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' `` The Offspring '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Allegiance '' `` Captain 's Holiday '' `` Tin Man '' `` Hollow Pursuits '' `` The Most Toys '' `` Sarek '' `` Ménage à Troi '' `` Transfigurations '' `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 1 ) `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 2 ) `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption '' ( Part 1 ) Episodes by Season ( 5 - 7 ) Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 `` Redemption ( Part 2 ) `` Darmok '' `` Ensign Ro '' `` Silicon Avatar '' `` Disaster '' `` The Game '' `` Unification '' ( Two - part episode ) `` A Matter of Time '' `` New Ground '' `` Hero Worship '' `` Violations '' `` The Masterpiece Society '' `` Conundrum '' `` Power Play '' `` Ethics '' `` The Outcast '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` The First Duty '' `` Cost of Living '' `` The Perfect Mate '' `` Imaginary Friend '' `` I , Borg '' `` The Next Phase '' `` The Inner Light '' `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 1 ) `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 2 ) `` Realm of Fear '' `` Man of the People '' `` Relics '' `` Schisms '' `` True Q '' `` Rascals '' `` A Fistful of Datas '' `` The Quality of Life '' `` Chain of Command '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Ship in a Bottle '' `` Aquiel '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Tapestry '' `` Birthright '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Starship Mine '' `` Lessons '' `` The Chase '' `` Frame of Mind '' `` Suspicions '' `` Rightful Heir '' `` Second Chances '' `` Timescape '' `` Descent '' ( Part 1 ) `` Descent '' ( Part 2 ) `` Liaisons '' `` Interface '' `` Gambit '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Phantasms '' `` Dark Page '' `` Attached '' `` Force of Nature '' `` Inheritance '' `` Parallels '' `` The Pegasus '' `` Homeward '' `` Sub Rosa '' `` Lower Decks '' `` Thine Own Self '' `` Masks '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` Genesis '' `` Journey 's End '' `` Firstborn '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Emergence '' `` Preemptive Strike '' `` All Good Things ... '' ( Two - part episode ) Production ( edit ) Some of the Cast of Next Generation . ( L to R : LeVar Burton , Michael Dorn , Marina Sirtis , Brent Spiner , and Wil Wheaton ) in 2012 Background ( edit ) By 1986 , 20 years after Star Trek 's debut on NBC , the franchise 's longevity amazed Paramount Pictures executives . Chairman Frank Mancuso Sr. and others described it as the studio 's `` crown jewel '' , a `` priceless asset '' that `` must not be squandered '' . The series was the most popular syndicated television program 17 years after cancellation , and the Harve Bennett - produced Star Trek films did well at the box office . William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy 's salary demands for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) caused the studio to plan for a new Star Trek television series , as it had thought to do in 1977 with Star Trek : Phase II before making the films . Paramount executives worried that a new show could hurt the demand for the films , but decided that it would increase their appeal on videocassette and cable , and that a show with unknown actors would be more profitable than paying the films ' actors ' large salaries . Roddenberry initially declined to be involved , but came on board as creator after being unhappy with early conceptual work . Star Trek : The Next Generation was announced on October 10 , 1986 , and its cast in May 1987 . Paramount executive Rick Berman was assigned to the show at Roddenberry 's request . Roddenberry hired a number of Star Trek veterans , including Bob Justman , D.C. Fontana , Eddie Milkis , and David Gerrold . Early proposals for the series included one in which some of the original series cast might appear as `` elder statesmen '' , and Roddenberry speculated as late as October 1986 that the new series might not even use a spaceship , as `` people might travel by some ( other ) means '' 100 years after the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) . A more lasting change was his new belief that workplace interpersonal conflict would no longer exist in the future ; thus , the new series did not have parallels to the frequent `` crusty banter '' between Kirk , Spock , and Leonard McCoy . According to series actor Patrick Stewart , Berman was more receptive than Roddenberry to the show addressing political issues . The series ' music theme combined the fanfare from the original series theme by Alexander Courage with Jerry Goldsmith 's theme for Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) . Some early episodes ' plots derived from outlines created for Star Trek : Phase II . Additionally , some sets used in the Original Series - era films were redressed for The Next Generation , and in turn used for subsequent Original Series films . Part of the transporter room set in TNG was used in the original Star Trek 's transporter set . Many production details , such as LCARS computer interfaces and starship design , were carried through in the production of subsequent spin - offs . A major focus of the show is the faster - than - light starship visiting exoplanets , which , although some had speculated to exist , were still in the realm of science fiction when show started in the 1987 . However , by the early 1990s more claims were coming out including for PSR B1257 + 12 , and a year after the show ended there was a more definitive detection of planets around 51 Pegasi . Another example is the ubiquitous use of hand - held tablet computers , at the time a fictional technology props for the actors but became a more practical and common computing device by the 2010s Syndication and profitability ( edit ) Despite Star Trek 's proven success , NBC and ABC only offered to consider pilot scripts for the new series , and CBS offered to air a miniseries that could become a series if it did well . That the Big Three television networks treated Paramount 's most appealing and valuable property as they would any other series offended the studio . Fox wanted the show to help launch the new network , but wanted it by March 1987 , and would only commit to 13 episodes instead of a full season . The unsuccessful negotiations convinced the studio that it could only protect Star Trek with full control . Paramount increased and accelerated the show 's profitability by choosing to instead broadcast it in first - run syndication on independent stations ( whose numbers had more than tripled since 1980 ) and Big Three network affiliates . The studio offered the show to local stations for free as barter syndication . The stations sold five minutes of commercial time to local advertisers and Paramount sold the remaining seven minutes to national advertisers . Stations had to commit to purchasing reruns in the future , and only those that aired the new show could purchase the popular reruns of the original series . The studio 's strategy succeeded . Most of the 150 stations airing reruns of the original Star Trek wanted to prevent a competitor from airing the new show ; ultimately , 210 stations covering 90 % of the United States became part of Paramount 's informal nationwide network for TNG . In early October 1987 , more than 50 network affiliates pre-empted their own shows for the series pilot , `` Encounter at Farpoint '' . One station predicted that `` ' Star Trek ' promises to be one of the most successful programs of the season , network or syndicated . '' TNG helped stations like WZZM in Grand Rapids , Michigan , who made a decision show The Next Generation . The new show indeed performed well ; the pilot 's ratings were higher than those of many network programs , and ratings remained comparable to network shows by the end of the first season , despite the handicap of each station airing the show on a different day and time , often outside prime time . By the end of the first season , Paramount reportedly received $1 million for advertising per episode , more than the roughly $800,000 fee that networks typically paid for a one - hour show ; by 1992 , when the budget for each episode had risen to almost $2 million , the studio earned $90 million from advertising annually from first - run episodes , with each 30 - second commercial selling for $115,000 to $150,000 . The show had a 40 % return on investment for Paramount , with $30 to $60 million in annual upfront net profit for first - run episodes and another $70 million for stripping rights for each of the about 100 episodes then available , so did not need overseas sales to be successful . Season one ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 1 ) Gates and Denise were in Season 1 as Doctor Crusher and Tasha Yar , respectively , but were removed for Season 2 . The Next Generation was shot on 35mm film , and the budget for each episode was $1.3 million , among the largest for a one - hour television drama . While the staff enjoyed the creative freedom gained by independence from a broadcast network 's Standards and Practices department , the first season was marked by a `` revolving door '' of writers , with Gerrold , Fontana , and others quitting after disputes with Roddenberry . Roddenberry `` virtually rewrote '' the first 15 episodes because of his `` dogmatic '' intention to depict human interaction `` without drawing on the baser motives of greed , lust , and power '' . Writers found the show 's `` bible '' constricting and ridiculous and could n't deal with Roddenberry 's ego and treatment of them . It stated , for example , that `` regular characters all share a feeling of being part of a band of brothers and sisters . As in the original ' Star Trek , ' we invite the audience to share the same feeling of affection for our characters . '' Mark Bourne of The DVD Journal wrote of season one : `` A typical episode relied on trite plot points , clumsy allegories , dry and stilted dialogue , or characterization that was taking too long to feel relaxed and natural . '' Other targets of criticism included poor special effects and plots being resolved by the deus ex machina of Wesley Crusher saving the ship . However , Patrick Stewart 's acting skills won praise , and critics noted that characters were given greater potential for development than those of the original series . Both actors and producers were unsure whether Trekkies loyal to the original show would accept the new one , but one critic stated as early as October 1987 that The Next Generation , not the movies or the original show , `` is the real ' Star Trek ' now '' . While the events of most episodes of season one were self - contained , many developments important to the show as a whole occurred during the season . The recurring nemesis Q was introduced in the pilot , the alien Ferengi had their sentinel showing in `` The Last Outpost '' , the holodeck was introduced , and the romantic backstory between William Riker and Deanna Troi was investigated . `` The Naked Now '' , one of the few episodes that depicted Roddenberry 's fascination ( as seen in the show 's bible ) with sex in the future , became a cast favorite . Later episodes in the season set the stage for serial plots . The episode `` Datalore '' introduced Data 's evil twin brother Lore , who made several more appearances in episodes in subsequent seasons . `` Coming of Age '' dealt with Wesley Crusher 's efforts to get into Starfleet Academy while also hinting at the threat to Starfleet later faced in `` Conspiracy '' . `` Heart of Glory '' explored Worf 's character , Klingon culture , and the uneasy truce between the Federation and the Klingon Empire , three themes that played major roles in later episodes . Tasha Yar left the show in `` Skin of Evil '' , becoming the first regular Star Trek character to die permanently ( although the character was seen again in two later episodes ) in either series or film . The season finale , `` The Neutral Zone '' , established the presence of two of TNG ' most enduring villains : the Romulans , making their first appearance since the Original Series , and , through foreshadowing , the Borg . The premiere became the first television episode to be nominated for a Hugo Award since 1972 . Six of the season 's episodes were each nominated for an Emmy Award. `` 11001001 '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series , `` The Big Goodbye '' won for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series , and `` Conspiracy '' won for Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series . `` The Big Goodbye '' also won a Peabody Award , the first syndicated program and only Star Trek episode to do so . The top episodes for Nielsen ratings were `` Encounter at Farpoint '' with 15.7 , and the next highest was `` Justice '' with 12.7 . Debuted 1987 - 1988 Season two ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 2 ) The series underwent significant changes during its second season . Beverly Crusher was replaced as Chief Medical Officer by Katherine Pulaski , played by Diana Muldaur , who had been a guest star in `` Return to Tomorrow '' and `` Is There in Truth No Beauty ? '' , two episodes from the original Star Trek series . The ship 's recreational area , Ten - Forward , and its mysterious bartender / advisor , Guinan , played by Whoopi Goldberg , appeared for the first time . Another change was in the opening theme , wherein at the end is a short fanfare . Owing to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike , the number of episodes produced was cut from 26 to 22 , and the start of the season was delayed . Because of the strike , the opening episode , `` The Child '' , was based on a script originally written for Star Trek : Phase II , while the season finale , `` Shades of Gray '' , was a clip show . Nevertheless , season two as a whole was widely regarded as significantly better than season one . Benefiting from Paramount 's commitment to a multiyear run and free from network interference due to syndication , Roddenberry found writers who could work within his guidelines and create drama from the cast 's interaction with the rest of the universe . The plots became more sophisticated and began to mix drama with comic relief . Its focus on character development received special praise . Co-executive producer Maurice Hurley has stated that his primary goal for the season was to plan and execute season - long story arcs and character arcs . Hurley wrote the acclaimed episode `` Q Who '' , which featured the first on - screen appearance of the Borg , TNG 's most popular villain . Season two focused on developing the character Data , and two highly regarded episodes from the season , `` Elementary , Dear Data '' and `` The Measure of a Man '' , featured him prominently . Miles O'Brien also became a more prominent character during the second season , while Geordi La Forge took the position of Chief Engineer . Klingon issues continued to be explored in well - regarded episodes such as `` A Matter of Honor '' and `` The Emissary '' , which introduced Worf 's former lover K'Ehleyr . Five second - season episodes were nominated for six Emmy Awards , and `` Q Who '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . Debuted 1988 - 1989 Season three ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 3 ) Before the production of the third season in the summer of 1989 , some personnel changes were made . Head writer Maurice Hurley was let go and Michael Piller took over for the rest of the series . Creator and executive producer Gene Roddenberry took less of an active role due to his declining health . Roddenberry gave Piller and Berman the executive producer jobs , and they remained in that position for the rest of the series ' run , with Berman overseeing the production as a whole and Piller being in charge of the creative direction of the show and the writing room . Doctor Crusher returned from her off - screen tenure at Starfleet Medical to replace Doctor Pulaski , who had remained a guest star throughout the second season . An additional change was the inclusion of the fanfare that was added to the opening credits of the second season , to the end of the closing credits . Ronald D. Moore joined the show after submitting a spec script that became `` The Bonding '' . He became the franchise 's `` Klingon guru '' , meaning that he wrote most TNG episodes dealing with the Klingon Empire ( though he wrote some Romulan stories , as well , such as `` The Defector '' ) . Writer / producer Ira Steven Behr also joined the show in its third season . Though his tenure with TNG lasted only one year , he later went on to be a writer and showrunner of spin - off series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Six third - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and `` Sins of the Father '' won for Best Art Direction for a Series . After a chiropractor warned that the cast members risked permanent skeletal injury , new two - piece wool uniforms replaced the first two seasons ' extremely tight spandex uniforms . The season finale , the critically acclaimed episode `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , was the first season - ending cliffhanger , a tradition that continued throughout the remainder of the series . Debuted 1989 - 1990 Season four ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) Brannon Braga and Jeri Taylor joined the show in its fourth season . The fourth season surpassed the Original Series in series length with the production of `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' . A new alien race , the Cardassians , made their first appearance in `` The Wounded '' . They later were featured in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . The season finale , `` Redemption '' , was the 100th episode , and the cast and crew ( including creator Gene Roddenberry ) celebrated the historic milestone on the bridge set . Footage of this was seen in the Star Trek 25th - anniversary special hosted by William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy which aired later in the year . Seven fourth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' won for both Outstanding Sound Editing in a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series . Character Wesley Crusher left the series in season four to go to Starfleet Academy . `` Family '' was the only Star Trek episode not to have a bridge scene during the entire episode and is the only TNG episode where Data does not appear on - screen . Debuted 1990 - 1991 Season five ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 5 ) The fifth season 's seventh episode , `` Unification '' , opened with a dedication to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry ( though the prior episode , `` The Game '' , aired four days after his death ) . Roddenberry , though he had recently died , continued to be credited as executive producer for the rest of the season . The cast and crew learned of his death during the production of `` Hero Worship '' , a later season - five episode . Seven fifth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` Cost of Living '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series , and `` A Matter of Time '' and `` Conundrum '' tied for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects . In addition , `` The Inner Light '' became the first television episode since the 1968 original series Star Trek episode `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' to win a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Season five had the introduction of a jacket for Picard , worn periodically throughout the rest of the show 's run . The observation lounge set was altered with the removal of the gold model starships across the interior wall and the addition of lighting beneath the windows . Recurring character Ensign Ro Laren was introduced in the fifth season . The season 5 finale cliffhanger includes a cameo by Stephen Hawking ( Part I of `` Descent '' ) . Debuted 1991 - 1992 Season six ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 6 ) NASA Astronaut Mae Jemison , shown here on a Space Shuttle mission is featured in `` Second Chances '' ( S6E24 ) as a Lieutenant on the Enterprise - D The sixth season brought a new set of changes . Rick Berman and Michael Piller 's time was split between the newly created Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and The Next Generation . Three sixth - season episodes were nominated for Emmys . `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' won for both Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series , and `` A Fistful of Datas '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . The highest rated episode of Season 6 for Nielsen ratings was `` Relics '' , with a rating of 13.9. which featured Scotty played by original series veteran James Doohan . NASA astronaut Mae Jemison plays in Lt. Palmer the Season 6 show `` Second Chances '' . Debuted 1992 - 1993 Season seven ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 7 ) The seventh season was The Next Generation 's last . The penultimate episode , `` Preemptive Strike '' , concluded the plot line for the recurring character Ensign Ro Laren and introduced themes that continued in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager . The Next Generation series finale , `` All Good Things ... '' , was a double - length episode ( separated into two parts for reruns ) that aired the week of May 19 , 1994 , revisiting the events of the pilot and providing a bookend to the series . Toronto 's SkyDome played host to a massive event for the series finale . Thousands of people packed the stadium to watch the final episode on the stadium 's JumboTron . Five seventh - season episodes were nominated for nine Emmys , and the series as a whole was the first syndicated television series nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . To this day , The Next Generation is the only syndicated drama to be nominated in this category . `` All Good Things ... '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects , and `` Genesis '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . `` All Good Things ... '' also won the second of the series 's two Hugo Awards . `` All Good Things ... '' also achieved the highest Nielson rating for all of Season 7 , with a rating of 17.4 . The TNG cast went on to make 4 films after the conclusion of Season 7 . Between 1994 and 2002 the main Cast of the show went on to star in Generations , First Contact , Insurrection , and Nemesis . Meanwhile , on TV , DS9 continued with some of the prior TNG cast including Worf and O'Brien , and later in Fall of 1994 Frakes ( TNG 's Riker ) guest starred on Deep Space Nine 's `` Defiant '' ( S3E9 ) . In January 1995 the new Star Trek TV series Voyager show launched . and the aforementioned Generations movie had hit theaters in November 1994 . Even with the loss of the franchise 's guide and visionary , Roddenberry , Star Trek : The Next Generation had launched a golden era of new Trek media which would last well into the 21st century . In the finale of Enterprise , over ten years later Frakes and Sirtis reprising their roles as Riker and Deanna appear on television one last time . In the 2010s a project would be undertaken to convert all of TNG to 1080p High - Definition , and by 2015 it was all released on Blue - Ray , TV , and HD internet steaming services . Debuted 1993 - 1994 Legacy ( edit ) Although the cast members were contracted for eight seasons , Paramount ended The Next Generation after seven , which disappointed and puzzled some of the actors , and was an unusual decision for a successful television show . Paramount then made films using the cast , which it believed would be less successful if the show were still on television . Season eight also would likely have reduced the show 's profitability due to higher cast salaries and a lower price per episode when sold for stripping . The show 's strong ratings continued to the end ; the series finale was ranked number two among all shows that week , between hits Home Improvement and Seinfeld . Star Trek : The Next Generation finale in Season Seven was watched by over 30 million viewers when it concluded in early 1994 . TNG would provide the high - water mark in terms of viewership , with a peak of 11.5 million during its 5th Season prior to the launch of DS9 , and between 1988 and 1992 it picked up half a million to a million additional viewers per year . Adjusted Nielson Ratings for Star Trek TV Fall 1987 - Spring 1988 : 8.55 Million TNG S1 Fall 1988 - Spring 1989 : 9.14 Million TNG S2 Fall 1989 - Spring 1990 : 9.77 Million TNG S3 Fall 1990 - Spring 1991 : 10.58 Million TNG S4 Fall 1991 - Spring 1992 : 11.50 Million TNG S5 Fall 1992 - Spring 1993 : 10.83 Million TNG S6 ( DS9 S1 Debuted in Spring 1993 ) Fall 1993 - Spring 1994 : 9.78 Million TNG S7 + DS9 S2 Fall 1994 - Spring 1995 : 7.05 Million DS9 S3 + VOY S1 Fall 1995 - Spring 1996 : 6.42 Million DS9 S4 + VOY S2 Fall 1996 - Spring 1997 : 5.03 Million DS9 S5 + VOY S3 Fall 1997 - Spring 1998 : 4.53 Million DS9 S6+ VOY S4 Fall 1998 - Spring 1999 : 4.00 Million DS9 S7 + VOY S5 ( Voyager also had two more seasons ) High - definition project ( edit ) In the 2010s , Star Trek : The Next Generation was re-produced in high - definition ( 1080p ) with a format of 4 : 3 ( 1.33 : 1 ) . Many thought would not be possible , but CBS managed to do it and major work was done at CBS Digital . TNG was shot on 35 mm film , which meant the film could be re-scanned to a higher resolution , however , many of the special effects had to be re-produced . Also a 7.1 DTS - HD Master Audio sound option was created . Season 1 achieved 95,000 units in its launch week in 2012 . ( further information Blu - Ray releases ) In addition to the Blu - Ray packages , the HD was sold to many online streaming TV providers such as Netflix . The Netflix version included some additional special effect changes . The Blu - ray sets include many special features and videos , such as a 1988 episode of Reading Rainbow where Levar Burton ( on TNG he is cast as Chief Engineer Geordi ) documents the making of a Star Trek : The Next Generation episode . In June 2016 a 41 - disc set was released with over 8000 minutes of TNG - content , including the entire show in 1080p ( 4 : 3 ) . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Patrick Stewart plays Captain Picard Jonathan Frakes plays First Officer Will Riker Whoopi Goldberg portrays Guinan Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean - Luc Picard is the commanding officer of the U.S.S. Enterprise . Stewart also played the character in the pilot episode of Deep Space Nine and all four TNG theater films Jonathan Frakes as Commander William Riker is the ship 's first officer . The Riker character was influenced by concepts for first officer Willard Decker in the Star Trek : Phase II television series . Decker 's romantic history with helmsman Ilia was mirrored in The Next Generation in the relationship between Riker and Deanna Troi . Riker also appears in an episode each of Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Enterprise . In addition to William Riker , Frakes played William 's transporter - created double , Thomas , in one episode each of The Next Generation and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . LeVar Burton as Geordi La Forge was initially the ship 's helmsman , but the character became chief engineer beginning in the second season . Burton also played the character in an episode of Voyager . Denise Crosby as Tasha Yar is the chief of security and tactical officer . Crosby left the series at the end of the first season , and the Yar character was killed . Yar returns in alternate timelines in the award - winning episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' and the series finale , `` All Good Things ... '' . Crosby also played Commander Sela , Yar 's half - Romulan daughter . Michael Dorn as Worf is a Klingon . Worf initially appears as a junior officer fulfilling several roles on the bridge . When Denise Crosby left at the end of the first season , the Worf character succeeded Lieutenant Yar as the ship 's chief of security and tactical officer . Dorn reprised the role as a regular in seasons four through seven of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and also played another Klingon , also named Worf , in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ; with 282 on screen appearances , Dorn has the most appearances of any actor in the Star Trek franchise . Gates McFadden as Doctor Beverly Crusher is the Enterprise 's chief medical officer . As a fully certified bridge officer , Dr. Crusher had the ability to command the Enterprise , if circumstances required her to do so . She also , on occasional , commanded night - watch shifts on the ship 's main bridge to stay on top of starship operations . McFadden was fired after the first season , but was rehired for the third season and remained for the remainder of the series . Diana Muldaur as Doctor Katherine Pulaski was created to replace Dr. Crusher for the show 's second season . Muldaur , who previously appeared in two episodes of the original Star Trek , never received billing in the opening credits ; instead , she was listed as a special guest star during the first act . Marina Sirtis as Lieutenant Commander Deanna Troi is the half - human , half - Betazoid ship 's counselor . Starting in the season - seven7 episode `` Thine Own Self '' , Counselor Troi , having taken and completed the bridge - officer 's test , is later promoted to the rank of commander , which allowed her to take command of the ship , and also perform bridge duties other than those of a ship 's counselor . The character 's relationship with first officer Riker was a carry - over from character ideas developed for Phase II . Troi also appeared in later episodes of Voyager and in the finale of Enterprise . Brent Spiner as Lieutenant Commander Data is an android who serves as second officer and operations officer . Data 's `` outsider 's '' perspective on humanity served a similar narrative purpose as Spock 's in the original Star Trek . Spiner also played his `` brother '' , Lore , and his creator , Noonien Soong . In Enterprise , Spiner played Noonien 's ancestor , Arik , and contributed a brief voiceover ( heard over the Enterprise - D 's intercom ) in the Enterprise finale . Wil Wheaton as Beverly Crusher 's son Wesley becomes an acting ensign , and later receives a field commission to ensign , before attending Starfleet Academy . After being a regular for the first four seasons , Wheaton appeared sporadically as Wesley Crusher for the remainder of the series . In addition to the series regulars , other recurring characters include : Majel Barrett as Lwaxana Troi is Deanna Troi 's mother and Betazoid ambassador for the United Federation of Planets . She reprised her role in three episodes of Deep Space Nine . Barrett , married to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , previously appeared in the original Star Trek . She also voiced the computer in The Next Generation and other spinoffs . Brian Bonsall as Alexander Rozhenko is Worf 's son . Jon Paul Steuer played Alexander in the character 's first appearance , and James Sloyan played an older , time - traveling version of Alexander in another episode . Marc Worden played the character for his appearances in Deep Space Nine . Rosalind Chao as Keiko O'Brien is Miles O'Brien's wife and a botanist . She also made recurring appearances in Deep Space Nine . John de Lancie as Q is an omnipotent antagonist from the Q Continuum . de Lancie continued playing the Q character in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Whoopi Goldberg as Guinan is the El - Aurian bartender in the ship 's Ten Forward Lounge . Michelle Forbes as Ensign Ro Laren is a Bajoran helmsman , who is later promoted to the rank of lieutenant in season seven . That same season , however , she resigns from Starfleet to become a member of a group of renegade federation colonists known as `` the Maquis '' . Forbes ' character was considered for use in Deep Space Nine , although producers eventually developed a new character , Kira Nerys . Colm Meaney as Miles O'Brien is an unnamed helmsman in the show 's pilot , and appears several times in other positions during the first season . The character was eventually given a rank of Chief Petty Officer , and developed into the transporter chief . Meaney portrayed O'Brien for seven seasons as a series regular on Deep Space Nine . Robert O'Reilly as Gowron is leader of the Klingon High Council . O'Reilly also appeared as Gowron in Deep Space Nine . O'Reilly appeared in an episode of Enterprise as a different character . Dwight Schultz as Lieutenant Reginald Barclay is a technician and engineer who also plays a prominent role in the later seasons of Voyager . Patti Yasutake as Ensign Alyssa Ogawa is a nurse in Dr. Crusher 's sickbay . There were certain big changes for regular characters , the major one was that Tasha Yar is only in season one , and Wesley left for Starfleet Academy in Season 4 . In Season 2 the doctor is Pulaski not Crusher , but Crusher does come back and remains the ship 's doctor thereafter ( In All Good Things it is revealed she eventually marries Picard and has her own starship command , thus becoming the new Captain Picard , as he retired to tend a vineyard ) . In many cases the characters , or at least the actors , come back to act in some role on the show . There are many reoccurring characters , some of them have actually more appearances in episodes than Tasha . ( See List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members # Appearances for a more in - depth table ) Enterprise - D Characters Season 1 - 7 ( examples ) Character Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Captain Picard Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes William Riker Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Geordi La Forge Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Worf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Deanna Troi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Beverly Crusher Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Guinan No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Wesley Crusher Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 ep . No 2 ep . Tasha Yar Yes No 1 ep . No No No 1 ep . Katherine Pulaski No Yes No No No No No The character Q is very famous , and appeared in the first and last duologies , but overall only appeared in 8 shows Notable guest appearances ( edit ) Further information : Star Trek crossovers DeForest Kelley has a scene as his famous Doctor McCoy character in the pilot episode of TNG The Next Generation included several guest characters who appeared in other iterations of Star Trek , and also introduced characters who appeared in later spinoffs and films . James Doohan , DeForest Kelley , Mark Lenard , and Leonard Nimoy appeared as the original Star Trek characters Montgomery Scott , Leonard McCoy , Sarek , and Spock , respectively . Merritt Butrick , Robin Curtis , Judson Scott , David Warner , and Paul Winfield played characters in various Star Trek films and later had roles in The Next Generation . Additionally , Alexander Siddig and Armin Shimerman played their Deep Space Nine characters , Julian Bashir and Quark , in episodes of The Next Generation . Before being cast in Deep Space Nine , Shimerman had played several Ferengi characters in The Next Generation . Jennifer Hetrick ( Vash ) , Barbara March ( Lursa ) , Richard Poe ( Evek ) , and Gwynyth Walsh ( B'Etor ) reprised their Next Generation characters on Deep Space Nine . Several actors who appeared in Star Trek : The Next Generation later played other roles within the franchise . These include Robert Duncan McNeill , Ethan Phillips , and Tim Russ , who played Tom Paris , Neelix , and Tuvok , respectively , on Voyager . Salome Jens and James Sloyan appeared in episodes of The Next Generation before landing recurring roles in Deep Space Nine . Suzie Plakson and Tony Todd also appeared in The Next Generation , and they later played roles in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Marc Alaimo , who depicted one of the franchise 's first Cardassians in The Next Generation , later played the Cardassian Dukat throughout Deep Space Nine 's seven seasons . Like Armin Shimerman , Max Grodénchik played a Ferengi in The Next Generation before being cast as a recurring Ferengi , Rom , in Deep Space Nine . Emmy Award - winner James Cromwell appeared twice in The Next Generation , and he played Zefram Cochrane in the second Next Generation film , First Contact . Other notable guest actors in the show include Erich Anderson , Billy Campbell , Nikki Cox , Ronny Cox , Olivia d'Abo , Kirsten Dunst , Mick Fleetwood , Matt Frewer , Walter Gotell , Kelsey Grammer , Bob Gunton , Teri Hatcher , Stephen Hawking ( as himself ) , Famke Janssen , Mae Jemison , Ken Jenkins , Ashley Judd , Sabrina Le Beauf , Christopher McDonald , Bebe Neuwirth , Terry O'Quinn , Michelle Phillips , Joe Piscopo , Gina Ravera , Jean Simmons , Paul Sorvino , Brenda Strong , James Worthy , Tracey Walter , Liz Vassey , David Ogden Stiers , Ray Walston , Ray Wise , and John Tesh . Story arcs & themes ( edit ) Star Trek had a number of story arcs within the larger story , and oftentimes different episodes contributed to two or more different story or character arcs . These could be grouped in different ways , and one way was by the aliens they were interacting with , for example TNG introduced the Borg and the Cardassians . The Klingons and Romulans had been introduced in the original series ( 1966 -- 69 ) ; however , the Klingons were somewhat re-booted with `` turtle - head '' look , although a retcon was given for this in an Enterprise episode . Another way to group them is by a certain character such as Q or Ro Laren or by a technology like the holo - deck , and there were many other alien encounters ( usually funny foreheads , face - paint , or no - body ) . Often the plot for alien encounters involved some eccentric alien nature that caused tensions , revealed at the end Alien sagas The Borg : Q Who ( May 8 , 1989 ) - introduces Borg also a Q - show The Best of Both Worlds , Part I & Part II ( June 18 , 1990 & September 24 , 1990 ) - Major Borg diptych Family ( October 1 , 1990 ) - Aftermath of BoBW I , Borg ( May 10 , 1992 ) - Introduces Hue Descent , Part I & Part II ( June 21 , 1993 & September 20 , 1993 ) - Another Borg diptych Certain episodes go deeper into the Klingon alien saga , which are famous for having an actual Klingon language made for them in the trekiverse . The Klingon stories usually involve Worf , but not all Worf - centric shows are focused on Klingons . The famous Duras sisters , a Klingon duo Lursa and B'Etor , were introduced on TNG in 1991 on Redemption ( S5 - S5 bridge ) and they later appeared in the film Generations Klingon stories ( examples ) : `` Heart of Glory '' ( S1E20 ) `` A Matter of Honor ( S2E8 ) - Riker on a Klingon vessel `` Sins of the Father '' ( S3E17 ) ( introduces Worf 's brother Kurn ) `` Redemption '' ( S4 - S5 cliffhanger and bridge , two parts ) ( Explores Klingon politics and homeworld ) `` Birthright '' ( S6E16 & S6E17 , two - part episode ) `` Rightful Heir '' ( S6E23 ) - Introduces Kahless `` Firstborn '' ( TNG S7E21 ) ( Alexander - Worf focused episode ) The Klingon saga established by TNG was significantly continued on the Deep Space Nine tv show , which continued the Worf character for another 4 seasons Characters Brent Spiner left , stars as the android Data on the show and all four movies , and also plays Data 's `` father '' and `` brother '' Reginald Barclay ( played by A-Team veteran Dwight Schultz ) stories : Hollow Pursuits The Nth Degree Realm of Fear Ship in a Bottle Barclay 's character also has several important episodes Star Trek Voyager TV show such as Projections ( Star Trek : Voyager ) . Lore is an android like Data , and is played by the same actor . Lore was introduced in S1E13 . Datalore ( January 18 , 1988 ) Brothers ( October 8 , 1990 ) Descent , Part II ( September 20 , 1993 ) Actor John de Lancie plays the role of the mysterious but powerful alien known as Q Q `` Encounter at Farpoint '' diptych `` Hide and Q '' `` Q Who ? '' `` Déjà Q '' `` Qpid '' `` True Q '' `` Tapestry '' `` All Good Things ... '' diptych Also the 1996 computer game Star Trek : Borg includes video segments with actor John de Lancie as Q Theme A thematic grouping is also possible , and a number of TNG dabbled in softcore terror / horror Night Terrors ( March 18 , 1991 ) Schisms ( October 19 , 1992 ) Chain of Command , Part I & Part II ( December 14 , 1992 & December 21 , 1992 ) Frame of Mind ( May 3 , 1993 ) Sub Rosa ( January 31 , 1994 ) Genesis ( March 21 , 1994 ) Reception ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Star Trek : The Next Generation Exhibit in Los Angeles featuring the crew quarters of Captain Picard ( uniform shown ) The Next Generation 's average of 20 million viewers often exceeded both existing syndication successes such as Wheel of Fortune and network hits including Cheers and L.A. Law . Benefiting in part from many stations ' decision to air each new episode twice in a week , it consistently ranked in the top ten among hour - long dramas , and networks could not prevent affiliates from preempting their shows with The Next Generation or other dramas that imitated its syndication strategy. Star Trek : The Next Generation received 18 Emmy Awards and , in its seventh season , became the first and only syndicated television show to be nominated for the Emmy for Best Dramatic Series . It was nominated for three Hugo Awards and won two . The first - season episode `` The Big Goodbye '' also won the Peabody Award for excellence in television programming . In 1997 , the episode `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part I '' was ranked No. 70 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2002 , Star Trek : The Next Generation was ranked # 46 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list , and in 2008 , was ranked No. 37 on Empire 's list of the 50 greatest television shows . On October 7 , 2006 , one of the three original filming models of the USS Enterprise - D used on the show sold at a Christie 's auction for USD $576,000 , making it the highest - selling item at the event . The buyer of the piece was Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen , owner of the Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle . The piece is on display within the Science Fiction Museum . In 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at No. 7 in the `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years '' , saying , `` The original Star Trek was cult TV before cult TV was even a thing , but its younger , sleeker offspring brought , yes , a new generation into the Trekker fold , and reignited the promise of sci - fi on television . '' Although TNG did develop a cult following , it was noted for its prime - time general audience viewership also . The flute from `` Inner Light '' was valued at only a few hundred to perhaps 1000 USD when it went to auction , but was sold for over 40,000 ; in this case the auctioneers admitted they had underestimated the appeal of the prop . In the days leading up to the auction , Denise Okuda , former Trek scenic artist and video supervisor , as well as co-writer of the auction catalog , said : `` That 's the item people say they really have to have , because it 's so iconic to a much - beloved episode . '' Episodes with highest Nielsen ratings ( Examples ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( 1994 ) , the finale achieved a rating of 17.4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( 1987 ) , rating of 15.7 `` Unification '' ( 1991 ) , 15.4 , a duology featuring Leonard Nimoy as Spoc in Part II brought in the highest Nielsen ratingsof that Season , and the one of the highest known for TNG except for the pilot and finale . `` Aquiel '' ( 1993 ) , 14.1 ( Featured Guest star Renée Jones as Aquiel ) `` A Matter of Time '' ( 1991 ) , 13.9 ( Featuring guest star Matt Frewer as a time traveler ) `` Relics '' ( 1992 ) , 13.9 ( This one featured James Doohan as Scotty ) `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' ( 1992 ) , 13.8 ( S6 opener and conclusion of the Time 's Arrow duology ) `` Tapestry '' ( 1993 ) , 13.8 ( Q - show ) DS9 's `` The Emissary '' , which came out half - way through season 6 of TNG achieved a Nielsen rating of 18.8 . Star Trek 's ratings went into a steady decline starting with Season 6 of TNG , and the second to last episode of DS9 achieved a Nielsen rating of 3.9 . Computer and video games ( edit ) A diagram of the Enterprise - D is shown on console from the `` main engineering '' Examples of video games based on The Next Generation TV series , movies , and characters include : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1993 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation : Future 's Past ( 1993 ) , for the SNES Star Trek : The Next Generation : Echoes from the Past ( 1993 ) a port of Futures Past for the Sega Genesis Star Trek Generations : Beyond the Nexus ( 1994 ) , for Nintendo Game Boy or Sega Game Gear Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity ( 1995 ) , for MS - DOS or Macintosh A Final Unity sold 500,000 copies by 1996 . Star Trek : Borg ( 1996 ) ( Includes live action segments directed by James L. Conway and acting by John de Lancie as Q ) Star Trek Generations ( 1997 ) , for IBM PC Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard ( 1998 ) , for Mac and Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek : Hidden Evil ( 1999 ) , for Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek Invasion ( 2000 ) , for the PlayStation Star Trek Armada ( 2000 ) , for Microsoft Windows 98 Star Trek : Armada II ( 2001 ) Star Trek : Bridge Commander ( 2002 ) Star Trek : Conquest ( 2002 ) ( Wii , PlayStation 2 ) The Enterprise and its setting is also in other Trekiverse games like Star Trek : Armada ( 2000 ) , by which time it was common to have a game set in the time and place inhabited by TNG , but also occupied by two more television shows and the films . For example , in Star Trek : Armada voice actors from The Next Generation contributed to their characters in the game including Patrick Stewart reprised the roles of Jean - Luc Picard and Locutus , Michael Dorn voiced Worf , Denise Crosby reprised Sela , and J.G. Hertzler voiced Chancellor Martok . Several other voice actors who had been previously unaffiliated with Star Trek also voiced characters in the game , among them was Richard Penn . Star Trek : Armada II was set in the Star Trek : The Next Generation era of the Star Trek universe . Star Trek : Hidden Evil , which came out in 1999 not only included voice acting by Brent Spiner as Data and Patrick Stewart as Picard , but the story was a follow - on from the ninth Star Trek movie , Star Trek : Insurrection . Films ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( film series ) Levar Burton stars as Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge in all four TNG movies between 1994 and 2002 Michael Dorn also had a scene as Worf in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . The Worf character would also continue for another 4 seasons on the DS9 spin - off TV show and was in all four TNG films Four films feature the characters of the series : Star Trek Generations ( 1994 ) , Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) , Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) , and Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) . Worf played by Dorn also appeared in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . ` ` I think it was kind of an honor they had my character be sort of the link between the two series . It was wonderful to be working with the other cast ( from the original Star Trek series ) . It was kind of a fantasy because who would have thought when I was watching the original show that I ` d be working in the movie ? Beyond that , it ` s like professionalism takes over and you just kind of do the best you can and not make yourself look bad -- Mr. Dorn on his role in Undiscovered Country Gross with TNG - cast ST films ( not - inflation adjusted ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country $74,888,996 Released 12 / 6 / 91 Star Trek : Generations ( also has some TOS cast ) $75,671,125 Released 11 / 18 / 94 Star Trek : First Contact $92,027,888 Released 11 / 22 / 96 Star Trek : Insurrection $70,187,658 Released 12 / 11 / 98 Star Trek : Nemesis $43,254,409 12 / 13 / 02 Lenard Nimoy as Spock also had some TNG episodes ( e.g. Unification ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) and was featured in the re-boot Star Trek film in 2009 Starting with First Contact , they get a new ship the Enterprise - E with a similar but modified designed as the D - model featured in TV and in Generations Release History ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) All episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation were made available on VHS cassettes , starting in 1991 . The entire series was gradually released on VHS over the next few years during the remainder of the show 's run and after the show had ended . The VHS for TNG were available on mail - order usually two episodes per VHS cassette . LaserDisc ( edit ) Paramount published all episodes on the LaserDisc format from October 1991 using an extended release schedule that concluded in May 1999 . Each disc featured two episodes with Closed Captions , Digital Audio , and CX encoding . Also published were four themed `` collections '' , or boxed sets , of related episodes . These included The Borg Collective , The Q Continuum , Worf : Return to Grace , and The Captains Collection . There was a production error with episode 166 , `` Sub Rosa '' , where a faulty master tape was used that was missing 41⁄2 minutes of footage . Though a new master copy of the episode was obtained , no corrected pressing of this disc was issued . Star Trek : The Next Generation was also released on LaserDisc in the non-US markets Japan and Europe . In Japan , all episodes were released in a series of 14 boxed sets ( two boxed sets per season ) , and as with the US releases were in the NTSC format and ordered by production code . The European laserdiscs were released in the PAL format and included the ten two - part telemovies as well as a disc featuring the episodes Yesterday 's Enterprise and Cause And Effect . The pilot episode , Encounter At Farpoint , was also included in a boxed set called Star Trek : The Pilots featuring the pilot episodes from Star Trek : The Original Series , Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , and Star Trek : Voyager . DVD ( edit ) The first season of the series was released on DVD in March 2002 . Throughout the year the next six seasons were released at various times on DVD , with the seventh season being released in December 2002 . To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the series , CBS Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment released Star Trek : The Next Generation -- The Complete Series on October 2 , 2007 . The DVD box set contains 49 discs . Between March 2006 and September 2008 , `` Fan Collective '' editions were released containing select episodes of The Next Generation ( and The Original Series , Deep Space Nine , and Voyager ) based on various themes . The individual episodes were chosen by fans voting on StarTrek.com . In total , six `` Fan Collectives '' were produced , along with a boxed set containing the first five collectives . In April 2013 all seven seasons of Star Trek : The Next Generation were re-released in new packaging featuring a silhouette of a different cast member on each box . However , the discs contained the identical content that was previously released in 2002 . Blu - Ray ( edit ) The original show was shot on high - quality 35 mm film , but had to be downscaled before editing and postprocessing to standard ' 80s and ' 90s TV resolution ( video quality ) for broadcast . The show 's final visual effects ( e.g. all exterior shots of the starship Enterprise , phaser fire or beaming fade - ins and - outs ) were also composed only in standard resolution video . All previous home video and DVD releases used this severely downscaled version . To include such footage on Blu - ray , using only upscaling , would have resulted in a larger but blurred image , so CBS decided to use a more detailed approach to bring the show to high definition . They also opted to adhere to the show 's original 4 : 3 aspect ratio . A news release on the official website announced on September 28 , 2011 , in celebration of the series ' twenty - fifth anniversary , that Star Trek : The Next Generation would be completely re-mastered in 1080p and 4k high definition from the original 35 mm film negatives ( consisting of almost 25,000 reels of original film stock ) . All the visual effects for each episode would be digitally recomposed from original large - format negatives and newly created CGI shots . The release would be accompanied by 7.1 DTS Master Audio . An initial disc featuring the episodes `` Encounter at Farpoint '' , `` Sins of the Father '' , and `` The Inner Light '' was released on January 31 , 2012 under the label `` The Next Level '' . The six - disc first season set was released on July 24 , 2012 . The remaining seasons were released periodically thereafter , culminating in the release of the seventh season on December 2 , 2014 . The entire re-mastered series is available on Blu - ray as individual seasons , and as a 41 - disc box set titled The Full Journey . Eventually , all remastered episodes will also be available for television syndication and digital distribution . Mike Okuda believes this is the largest film restoration project ever attempted . Season Release date Special features Season One July 24 , 2012 Documentaries `` Energized ! '' ( about the VFX remastering ) and `` Stardate Revisited '' ( Origin ) Season Two December 4 , 2012 Extended version of `` The Measure of a Man '' , Reunification : reunion interview with entire TNG cast . Season Three April 30 , 2013 Inside the Writer 's Room , Resistance is Futile : Assimilating TNG , A Tribute to Michael Piller Season Four July 30 , 2013 In Conversation : The Star Trek Art Department , Relativity : The Family Saga of Star Trek TNG , Deleted scenes Season Five November 19 , 2013 In Conversation : The Music of TNG , Requiem : A Remembrance of TNG , Deleted scenes Season Six June 24 , 2014 Beyond the Five Year Mission - The Evolution of Star Trek : The Next Generation , Deleted scenes Season Seven December 2 , 2014 The Sky 's the Limit -- The Eclipse of Star Trek : The Next Generation , In Conversation : Lensing Star Trek : The Next Generation , deleted scenes Standalone episodes ( edit ) When TNG was re-made into 1080p , several episodes were released as stand - alone single show Blu - Ray products . This includes `` The Best of Both Worlds '' `` Redemption '' `` Unification '' `` Chain of Command '' `` All Good Things ... '' The Measure of a Man HD extended cut ( edit ) Main article : The Measure of a Man ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) A famous episode , `` The Measure of a Man `` , which broke - out of entertainment into academia was released in HD in 2012 with an extended cut . The extended version includes an extra 13 minutes of footage as well as recreated special effects . It was released as part of the Season 2 collection set . Spin - offs and the franchise ( edit ) Re-creation of the TNG starship bridge for Star Trek : The Exhibition Star Trek : The Next Generation spawned a lot of media set in its science - fiction vision , which was primarily the 2370s but set in the same universe as first Star Trek TV shows of the 1960s . This included the aforementioned films , computer games , board games , theme parks etc . In the 2010s there was still discussion about a Captain Worf spin - off , the Bridge officer that debuted on TNG and was also featured in the TNG spin - off show Deep Space Nine , which itself had quite a following . Star Trek TNG - era Novels ( examples ) : Balance of Power ( Star Trek ) The Children of Hamlin Dark Mirror ( Star Trek novel ) Death in Winter The Devil 's Heart I , Q Immortal Coil Imzadi The Peacekeepers Planet X ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : The Q Continuum Q - in - Law Rogue ( Star Trek ) Rogue Saucer Star Trek : The Lost Era Star Trek : Typhon Pact Star Trek : Stargazer Strike Zone Survivors ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : A Time to ... Star Trek : Titan Vendetta ( Star Trek ) These are the voyages ... ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Jonathan Frakes and Marina Sirtis returned to their The Next Generation roles for the series finale of Enterprise . In 2005 , the last episode of `` Enteprise '' called `` These Are the Voyages ... '' ( S4E22 ) featured a holodeck simulation on the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) from Star Trek : The Next Generation during the events of the episode `` The Pegasus '' and the return of Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) and Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) . It was written by Berman and Braga , who noted `` ... this was a very cool episode because it has a great concept driving it '' . Star Trek : Enterprise was TV show launched following Star Trek : Voyager conclusion , and was set 100 years before TOS and 200 years before TNG , in addition to including some soft re-boot elements with an all new cast . Some episodes connected to TNG directly including guest stars by Brent Spiner and connections to the events in TNG 's fictional universe . The three - episode story arc consisting of `` Borderland '' , `` Cold Station 12 '' , and `` The Augments '' , with a Soong ancestor portrayed by The Next Generation regular Brent Spiner provides some backstory to Data 's back - story . Also Affliction ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) also helps explain the smooth - headed Klingons that sometimes appeared , a theatrically presented retcon and backstory that helped explain this varying presentation between TOS , TNG , and Films Star Trek would not return to television as a show for over 12 years , until the debut of Star Trek : Discovery on CBS , but thereafter exclusively available on the internet service CBS All Access ( Neflix Internationally ) at that time . The film franchise was rebooted under the Kelvin timeline was quite successful , with several blockbusters from 2009 and featuring scenes with Spock Context ( edit ) This infographic shows the first - run production timeline of various Star Trek franchise shows and films , including Star Trek : The Next Generation The re-production of TNG into HD was done in the 2010s . See also ( edit ) Science Fiction portal Star Trek portal Cultural influence of Star Trek List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes List of comic books based on Star Trek : The Next Generation List of Star Trek Starfleet starships ordered by class ( Includes many fictional spacecraft from TNG , but also the wider Star Trek franchise ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/star_trek_the_next_generation/ Jump up ^ Trek Core Staff . `` Selling ... Into Syndication '' . Trek Core . 12 October 2014 . http://trekcore.com/blog/2014/10/advertising-archive-selling-tng-in-syndication/ Jump up ^ Thill , Scott . `` Warping into Star Trek : The Next Generation 's 25 Years ... '' . Wired. 28 September 2012 . https://www.wired.com/2012/09/star-trek-tng25-ron-moore/ ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler , Eric ( July 24 , 1994 ) . `` TELEVISION : Profits , Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trek Nation - Star Trek Ratings History '' . www.trektoday.com . ^ Jump up to : Nemeck , Larry ( 2003 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Article 99 '' . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( November 2 , 1986 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' Plan Reflects Symbiosis of TV and Movies '' . The New York Times . p. 31 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemecek , Larry ( 1992 ) . `` Rebirth '' . In Stern , Dave . The Star Trek The Next Generation Companion. 1230 Avenue of the Americas , New York 10020 : Pocket Books . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79460 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Teitelbaum , Sheldon ( May 5 , 1991 ) . `` How Gene Roddenberry and his Brain Trust Have Boldly Taken ' Star Trek ' Where No TV Series Has Gone Before : Trekking to the Top '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 16 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roddenberry names new Star Trek crew '' . The StarPhoenix . Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . Associated Press . May 21 , 1987 . pp. C3 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Rick Berman Bio '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gendel , Morgan ( October 11 , 1986 ) . `` NEW ` TREK ' IS ON THE LAUNCH PAD '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Patrick Stewart On Expecting TNG To Fail , Roddenberry v Berman , Star Trek ' Albatross ' + more '' . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Michael and Rick Sternbach ( 1991 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70427 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Steve ( May 3 , 1988 ) . `` Newest ' Star Trek ' Zooms at Warp Speed : ' Next Generation ' Series Scores With Viewers and Critics Alike '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Roberta ( 2011 ) . `` Cult Television as Digital Television 's Cutting Edge '' . In Bennett , James ; Strange , Niki . Television as Digital Media . Duke University Press . pp. 105 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4910 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Máire Messenger ; Roberta Pearson ( 2007 ) . `` The Little Program That Could : The Relationship Between NBC and Star Trek '' . In Hilmes , Michele ; Henry , Michael Lowell . NBC : America 's Network . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25079 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alexander , David ( 1994 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( October 4 , 1987 ) . `` Syndicated ' Star Trek ' Puts Dent in Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cerone , Daniel ( November 6 , 1992 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' -- Still on the Beam : Television : One year after creator Gene Roddenberry 's death , the born - again series tops the syndication charts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClellan , Steve ( February 17 , 1992 ) . `` HOUR DRAMA BOLDLY GOING TO FIRST - RUN '' . Broadcasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel ( November 1 , 1992 ) . `` TELEVISION : Action , Adventure , Aliens ... Ratings ? : Syndication is going where the action was . Mixing revivals of old TV hits with brand - new series , programmers are pinning hopes on a once - vibrant genre '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Technical Specifications for Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dillard , J.M. ( 1994 ) . Star Trek : `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' : A History in Pictures ( Star Trek ( Trade / hardcover ) ) . Pocket Books . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 51149 - 1 . The writers were being rewritten by Gene , and there was a lot of tumult because people did n't know where they stood . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season One '' . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation , Season One '' . Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season One DVD '' . Jump up ^ Beale , Lewis ( July 21 , 1987 ) . `` A Visit to ' Star Trek : The Next Generation ' '' . Deseret News . Los Angeles Daily News . pp. 4T . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dougan , Michael ( October 3 , 1987 ) . `` Going where no cast has gone before ... '' Nashua Telegraph . Scripps Howard News Service . p. 16 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMillin , Guy ( October 30 , 1987 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' looks promising '' . Bowling Green Daily News . Bowling Green , Kentucky . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 12 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive '' . January 19 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation , Season Two '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Season Two DVD Special Features . Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season Two DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` The DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season Two '' . Jump up ^ `` StarTrek.com Biography of Ira Steven Behr '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Is it true that you got back ache from your costume ? -- BBC 's Interview with actor Patrick Stewart ( Captain Picard ) ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 5 - 6 Ratings Archive '' . January 19 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` A Q&A with astronaut Mae Jemison , first black woman in space '' . Jump up ^ `` LeVar Burton Biography - Facts , Birthday , Life Story '' . Biography.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 7 Ratings Archive '' . February 10 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler , Eric ( July 24 , 1994 ) . `` Profits , Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( May 6 , 1994 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation readies for last episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Bill ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Seven '' . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Two Blu - ray Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Star Trek 's Next Generation Debut - The Numbers '' . ^ Jump up to : Staff , TrekCore . `` Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK : TNG in HD - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : The Full Journey Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ `` Geek Trivia : Which Actor Has The Most Appearances In The Star Trek Universe ? '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony . `` Rick Berman Talks 18 Years of Trek In Extensive Oral History '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdmann , Terry J. ; Paula M. Block ( August 1 , 2000 ) . Deep Space Nine Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . April 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire Magazine . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' Model Fetches Over $500,000 ( link inactive as of Nov 10 , 2008 ) '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years . '' Entertainment Weekly . August 3 , 2012 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Two to bid up ! First auction of ' Star Trek ' stuff MSNBC Archived September 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Christie 's 1778 - 0537 , Picard 's Ressikan Flute , Star Trek Propcollector.com at the Star Trek Auction Listings Archive Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Boldly bid where no fan has bid before '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive '' . February 10 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 1 NIELSEN RATINGS '' . users.telenet.be . Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 7 NIELSEN RATINGS '' . users.telenet.be . Jump up ^ Poole , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` Vaporware Hall of Shame '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 5 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Armada II Announced '' . Game Monkeys . February 14 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.G. Hertzler '' . Voice Chasers . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Armada '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved Dec 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek : Hidden Evil '' . IGN . December 2 , 1999 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` That Macho Lt. Worf Is A Nice Guy -- - Really '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . ^ Jump up to : Young , Blaine ( April 19 , 2003 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . Blam Entertainment Group . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV '' . ew.com . Jump up ^ Staff , StarTrek.com ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Star Trek The Next Generation Blu - rays Launch in 2012 '' . Startrek.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : Blu - Ray Release '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Ryan Adams & David S. Grant Interview , Part I TrekCore Blog '' . Tng.trekcore.com . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , TrekCore . `` New STAR TREK TOS , TNG Box Sets Coming in June - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Adam . `` ' Measure of a Man ' Extended Cut Details : New Visual Effects - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ `` Trek Reviews : The Extended Version Of Star Trek TNG ' The Measure Of A Man ' - Trek Mate '' . www.trekmate.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Michael Dorn Confirms He 's Working on a ' Star Trek : Captain Worf ' TV Series ( UPDATED ) '' . September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark A. ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` To boldly flop ; ` Enterprise ' fans will want to be transported away from finale '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Producers : Show fits time - space continuum '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek : The Next Generation . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Star Trek : The Next Generation Star Trek : The Next Generation on IMDb Star Trek : The Next Generation at TV.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) Star Trek : The Next Generation at Memory Beta Star Trek : The Next Generation at CBS.com Star Trek : The Next Generation on Hulu.com Star Trek : The Next Generation at TV Guide TrekCore.com -- Library of DVD screen captures ( still images ) from every episode of The Next Generation . Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Guinan Miles O'Brien Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski Q William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1988 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1989 / 90 ) Dark Shadows ( 1991 ) The Simpsons ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1994 ) The Outer Limits ( 1995 ) The X-Files ( 1996 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Now and Again ( 1999 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2000 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) Angel / CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2003 ) Lost ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) Heroes ( 2006 ) Lost ( 2007 ) Lost ( 2008 ) Lost ( 2009 ) Fringe ( 2010 ) Fringe ( 2011 ) Revolution ( 2012 ) Hannibal / Revolution ( 2013 ) Hannibal ( 2014 ) Gene Roddenberry Early life and career Personal life Legacy Awards and nominations Filmography Films produced Pretty Maids All in a Row Star Trek : The Motion Picture Television series The Lieutenant Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : The Animated Series Star Trek : The Next Generation Earth : Final Conflict Andromeda Television pilots Genesis II Planet Earth The Questor Tapes Spectre Strange New World Family Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Companies Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Related Pan Am Flight 121 Star Trek : Phase II Trek Nation GND : 4334937 - 7 LCCN : n85039387 VIAF : 178244460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation&oldid=843631546 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation 1987 American television series debuts 1994 American television series endings 1980s American science fiction television series 1990s American science fiction television series Space adventure television series American adventure television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series Androids in television Emmy Award - winning programs English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Peabody Award - winning television programs Space Western television series Television series set in the 24th century Star Trek television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Sequel television series American time travel television series Television series created by Gene Roddenberry Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 03 . 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Robin Ward (singer)

Robin Ward ( singer ) - wikipedia Robin Ward ( singer ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2018 ) Robin Ward Birth name Jacqueline McDonnell Also known as Jackie Ward 1941 ( age 76 -- 77 ) Hawaii , USA Genres Pop , TV theme songs , Movie songs , Advertising Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Voice Years active 1954 -- 1979 Labels Dot Records Associated acts Partridge Family , Ray Conniff Singers , Ron Hicklin Singers Jackie Ward ( born Jacqueline McDonnell , 1941 ) , better known as Robin Ward , is an American singer , regarded as a `` one - hit wonder '' of 1963 million - selling song `` Wonderful Summer '' . However , using her real name she was highly accomplished and successful singing in groups . Ward 's voice is heard in U.S. television series , motion pictures , advertisements , and pop records . She is one of the real singers of the hits attributed to The Partridge Family . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 `` Wonderful Summer '' 1.3 Post `` Robin Ward '' TV , movies , and records singing 1.4 The Partridge Family 2 References 3 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Ward was born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941 to a military family in Hawaii ( her father served in the US Navy ) and raised in Nebraska . Her first public singing performances were with her two sisters in a Nebraska church when she was eight years old . After the trio won a national talent search run by Horace Heidt , they moved to Los Angeles to seek work in the music industry . At the age of 13 , Ward was hired by Los Angeles television station KTLA to sing on a Your Hit Parade - like program , Bandstand Revue ; Ward performed popular hits for four years . Then she started a career of singing on demo and released recordings . One 1962 session was singing the `` la la la '' parts in Pat Boone 's `` Speedy Gonzales '' , which became a million - selling single . ( Elton John said the `` hook '' in his best - selling single `` Crocodile Rock '' was inspired by Ward 's `` Speedy Gonzales '' vocal . ) `` Wonderful Summer '' ( edit ) In 1963 , songwriter - producer Perry Botkin Jr. hired Jackie Ward to make a demo recording of `` Wonderful Summer '' , a song he wrote with co-writer and co-producer Gil Garfield . The purpose of a demo is to persuade `` name '' singers to record a song by demonstrating how it might be done . After recording Ward 's vocal at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles , Botkin thought it might sound better if her voice was higher - pitched , so he sped up the recording by wrapping splicing tape around the capstan of the machine . Botkin realized the finished recording , with bird and surf sound effects added , was good enough to release as a pop music single . But because the sped - up singing sounded younger than 21 - year - old Jackie Ward , she suggested using her daughter 's first name Robin on the record label . That fall , `` Wonderful Summer '' was released by Dot Records as a 45rpm single . Sales exceeded one million copies in the United States , propelling the record to # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of December 14 -- 21 , 1963 . An album followed , with limited success . Jackie Ward made additional `` Robin Ward '' recordings , including a duet with radio DJ Wink Martindale , another Dot Records artist . In 1964 Ward released the single `` Winter 's Here '' , which reached # 123 on the Billboard chart . Because `` Wonderful Summer '' is her only Hot 100 hit , the singer named Robin Ward is considered a one - hit - wonder . However , while the public did not know Jackie 's real name , many of her other recordings were and still are widely heard . Post `` Robin Ward '' TV , movies , and records singing ( edit ) As her young - sounding Robin Ward records were disappearing from radio play , Jackie Ward 's grown - up singing career was expanding . At times in 1960s - 1970s she could be heard almost everywhere . In the early to mid-1960s Jackie was one of the singers on The Red Skelton Show and The Danny Kaye Show , and later , on The Carol Burnett Show . In the 1970s she sang on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour . Ward sang in hundreds of commercials , most notably for Rice - a-Roni ( `` The San Francisco treat '' ) . Ward 's voice is heard in dozens of television theme songs , including Flipper , Batman , Love , American Style , Maude ( with Donny Hathaway providing the lead vocal ) , and The Partridge Family . By her own estimate , Ward 's voice can be heard in `` maybe 800 '' films . Among the notable are her voice dubbed as Natalie Wood singing Academy Award - nominated song `` Sweetheart Tree '' from movie The Great Race , as Wood in Inside Daisy Clover , and as Janet Leigh in An American Dream . Ward is the singing voice of Cindy Bear in Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! , and the Singer in Charlotte 's Web . In 1965 movie Beach Blanket Bingo , Ward sings `` New Love '' and `` Fly Boy '' , lip - synched by actor Linda Evans . Along with her TV , movie and advertising singing , Ward is heard on hundreds of pop recordings , including backing Barbra Streisand on `` Stoney End '' . and other major recording artists including Nat King Cole , Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Gordon Lightfoot , the Carpenters , Cass Elliot , and Joan Baez . Ward did broadcast recordings of musicals Hair , Grease , Annie , and Hello Dolly . Ward sang a duet with Allan Sherman on his song Here 's To the Crabgrass from his 1963 comedy album My Son The Nut . In 1967 , she sang on Gábor Szabó 's album for Impulse ! , Wind , Sky And Diamonds , as a member of The California Dreamers . Ward also sang alto in vocal groups heard on many hit records and popular albums , including the Anita Kerr Singers and the Ron Hicklin Singers ( who anonymously made many hit records beyond the Partridge Family ) . As a member of the Ray Conniff Singers , Ward recorded several lead and solo vocals . The Partridge Family ( edit ) Ward 's longest - lasting contribution might be The Partridge Family TV show and hit records , where she is heard but not seen or identified . Other than show star David Cassidy ( and star Shirley Jones on a couple of songs ) , none of the actors participated in singing or playing the songs ; on camera they lip - synced and pretended to play instruments while the soundtrack is actually recordings by session musicians . Ward was in the Ron Hicklin Singers vocal group , along with brothers John Bahler and Tom Bahler , and Ron Hicklin . With Cassidy singing lead , this group did all the TV show performances and records credited to the Partridge Family ( along with session instrumental musicians who became known as the Wrecking Crew ) . Since the public did not know who really created the many Partridge Family songs that became big hits , Ward again was anonymous . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Jackie Ward , part 1 '' . www.cmongethappy.com . Jump up ^ `` Crocodile Rock by Elton John Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Jump up ^ Spectropop , Friends of . `` Spectropop Group Discussion Archives : Digest Number 40 - 19 Sep 2000 '' . www.spectropop.com . Jump up ^ `` Digital Videos - Episodes ( TV Series ) - VH1 '' . VH1 . External links ( edit ) An Interview with Jackie Ward WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2005020436 VIAF : 34183083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Ward_(singer)&oldid=865063923 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people American female singers American pop singers Dot Records artists Singers from Hawaii Singers from Nebraska 20th - century American singers 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2018 All articles needing rewrite Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sang the most wonderful summer of my life

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On Golden Pond (1981 film)

On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) - wikipedia On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) Jump to : navigation , search On Golden Pond Movie poster by Bill Gold Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Bruce Gilbert Screenplay by Ernest Thompson Based on On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson Starring Katharine Hepburn Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Doug McKeon Dabney Coleman William Lanteau Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography Billy Williams Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Production company ITC Entertainment Distributed by Associated Film Distribution Release date December 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 04 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $119.3 million On Golden Pond is a 1981 American drama film directed by Mark Rydell . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson was adapted from his 1979 play of the same name . The film stars Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda ( in his final acting performance ) in the lead roles alongwith Jane Fonda , Doug McKeon , Dabney Coleman and William Lanteau appearing in supporting roles . The film 's narrative revolves around an aged couple , cantankerous retiree Norman Thayer and his conciliatory wife , Ethel who spend summers at their New England vacation home on the shores of idyllic Golden Pond . This year , their adult daughter , Chelsea , visits with her new fiancée and his teenage son , Billy on their way to Europe . After leaving Billy behind to bond with Norman , Chelsea returns , attempting to repair the long - strained relationship with her aging father before it 's too late . On Golden Pond was released theatrically on December 4 , 1981 and grossed $119.3 million worldwide becoming the second highest grossing film of 1981 . The film received critical acclaim for Rydell 's direction , Thompson 's screenplay and Hepburn and Fonda 's performances . The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Fonda ) , Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ) . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this movie and at the age of 76 , he became the oldest winner in the aforementioned category . Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian . On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical Reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) An aging couple , Ethel and Norman Thayer , continue the long tradition of spending each summer at their cottage on a lake called Golden Pond , in the far reaches of northern New England . When they first arrive , Ethel notices the loons calling on the lake `` welcoming them home '' . As they resettle into their summer home , Norman 's memory problems arise when he is unable to recognize several family photographs , which he copes with by frequently talking about death and growing old . They are visited by their only child , a daughter , Chelsea , who is somewhat estranged from her curmudgeon of a father . She introduces her parents to her fiance Bill and his thirteen - year - old son Billy . Norman tries to play mind games with Bill , an apparent pastime of his , but Bill wo n't hear of it , saying he can only take so much . In another conversation , Chelsea discusses with Ethel her frustration over her relationship with her overbearing father , feeling that even though she lives thousands of miles away in Los Angeles , she still feels like she 's answering to him . Before they depart for a European vacation , Chelsea and Bill ask the Thayers to permit Billy to stay with them while they have some time to themselves . Norman , seeming more senile and cynical than usual due to his 80th birthday and heart palpitations , agrees to Billy 's staying . Ethel tells him that he 's the sweetest man in the world , but she is the only one who knows it . Billy is at first annoyed by being left with elderly strangers with no friends nearby and nothing to do . He resents Norman 's brusque manner , but eventually comes to enjoy their Golden Pond fishing adventures together . Billy and Norman soon grow obsessed with catching Norman 's fish rival , named `` Walter '' , which leads to the accidental destruction of the Thayers ' motorboat . Chelsea returns to find out her father has made good friends with her fiance 's , now husband 's , son . But when she sees the change in her father 's demeanor , Chelsea attempts something Billy accomplished that she never could : a backflip . Chelsea successfully executes the dive in front of a cheering Norman , Billy , and Ethel . Chelsea and Norman finally fully embrace before she departs with Billy back home . The final day on Golden Pond comes and the Thayers are loading the last of the boxes . Norman tries to move a heavy box , but starts having heart pain and collapses onto the floor of the porch . Ethel tries unsuccessfully to get the operator to phone the hospital . Norman then says the pain is gone and attempts to stand to say a final farewell to the lake . Ethel tells him she has always known about death but for the first time it felt real , thinking Norman was going to die on the spot . Ethel helps Norman to the edge of the lake where they see the loons and Norman notes how they are just like him and Ethel , that their offspring is grown and gone off on her own , and now it is just the two of them . Cast ( edit ) Katharine Hepburn -- Ethel Thayer Henry Fonda -- Norman Thayer Jr . Jane Fonda -- Chelsea Thayer Wayne Doug McKeon -- Billy Ray Dabney Coleman -- Bill Ray William Lanteau -- Charlie Martin Christopher Rydell -- Sumner Todd Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father , Henry Fonda , to play the role of Norman Thayer Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father , Henry Fonda , to play the role of the cantankerous Norman Thayer . The father - daughter rift depicted on screen closely paralleled the real - life relationship between the two Fondas . Screenwriter Thompson spent his summers along the shores of Great Pond , located in Belgrade , Maine , but the film was made on Squam Lake in Holderness , New Hampshire . The house used in the film was leased from a New York physician and was modified significantly for the shoot : an entire second floor was added as a balcony over the main living area at the request of the production designer . After the shoot , the production company was contractually obligated to return the house to its original state but the owner liked the renovations so much that he elected to keep the house that way and asked the crew not to dismantle the second story . A gazebo and a small boathouse were also relocated during the shoot . Despite their many common acquaintances and long careers in show business , Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn not only had never worked together , but had never met until working on the film . On the first day of shooting , Hepburn presented Henry Fonda with her longtime companion Spencer Tracy 's `` lucky '' hat , which Fonda wore in the film . Hepburn , who was 74 at the time of filming , performed all her own stunts , including a dive into the pond . The scene in which Norman and step - grandson Billy run their boat into the rocks was filmed repeatedly . The vintage 1951 mahogany Chris - Craft boat , used strictly for the crash scene , was so sturdy that it kept bouncing off the rocks without any damage . The crew had to modify the boat so it would break away in the wreck . The water level in Squam Lake was so low during the summer of production that Fonda and Doug McKeon could have stood during the scene in which they were supposedly clinging to the rocks for fear of drowning . The September water was barely knee - deep , but it was cold enough that the pair had to wear wetsuits under their clothes . Hepburn , on the other hand , dove into the water without the aid of the wetsuit because she wanted the scene to keep its authenticity . Some of the scenes in which Billy takes the boat out on his own were filmed on nearby Lake Winnipesaukee . While filming the scene where Fonda and Hepburn were watching the loons on the lake , the speedboat that zoomed by and disturbed them was so forceful it overturned their canoe in one take ; Fonda was immediately taken out of the water and wrapped up in blankets as his health was fragile by that time . The speedboat was piloted by the screenwriter , Ernest Thompson . When visiting Holderness , New Hampshire , one can take a boat tour of Squam Lake and view the filming sites from the movie . There is also a restaurant called `` Walter 's Basin '' , which is named after the trout called `` Walter '' that Billy catches with Norman . For filming , `` Walter '' was brought in from a trout pond at the nearby Castle in the Clouds estate . He was released after his capture back into Squam Lake . Leftover footage of Fonda and Hepburn driving through the New Hampshire countryside , as seen in the opening credits , was later used for the opening of the CBS television sitcom Newhart . The studio behind the film was ITC Entertainment , the British company presided over ( until late 1981 ) by Lord Grade , the television and film mogul . It was Grade who largely raised the financing for the film . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) With a box office take of $119,285,432 , On Golden Pond was the second - highest grossing film of the year , following Raiders of the Lost Ark , which earned $209,562,121 . Critical reception ( edit ) Henry Fonda received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Norman Thayer , marking his only competitive Oscar win and at 76 became the oldest winner in the category On Golden Pond garnered widespread critical acclaim with critics highlighting the performances of Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92 % based on 386 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` There 's little that happens in On Golden Pond that is n't thoroughly predictable from the start , but the film is blessed with so much star power , charm and honest sentiment that everyone in the audience is willing to ignore the cliches and go the distance . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said `` On Golden Pond was a treasure for many reasons , but the best one , I think , is that I could believe it . I could believe in its major characters and their relationships , and in the things they felt for one another , and there were moments when the movie was witness to human growth and change . I left the theater feeling good and warm , and with a certain resolve to try to mend my own relationships and learn to start listening better ... watching the movie , I felt I was witnessing something rare and valuable . '' Katharine Hepburn received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Ethel Thayer , marking her fourth win in the category , making her the most awarded thespian in the history of the Academy Awards In his The New York Times review , Vincent Canby said , `` As a successful Broadway play , On Golden Pond was processed American cheese , smooth , infinitely spreadable and bland , with color added by the actors ... the movie ... still American cheese , but its stars -- Henry Fonda , Katharine Hepburn , Jane Fonda and Dabney Coleman -- add more than color to this pasteurized product . On Golden Pond now has the bite of a good old cheddar ... Mr. Fonda gives one of the great performances of his long , truly distinguished career . Here is film acting of the highest order ... Miss Hepburn ... is also in fine form . One of the most appealing things about her as an actress is the way she responds to -- and is invigorated by -- a strong co-star ... she needs someone to support , challenge and interact with . Mr. Fonda is the best thing that 's happened to her since Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart ... an added pleasure is the opportunity to see Dabney Coleman ( in ) a role that goes beyond the caricatures he 's usually given to play ... On Golden Pond is a mixed blessing , but it offers one performance of rare quality and three others that are very good . That 's not half - bad . '' TV Guide rates it 3 1⁄2 out of a possible four stars , calling it `` a beautifully photographed movie filled with poignancy , humor , and ( of course ) superb acting ... there could have been no finer final curtain for ( Henry Fonda ) than this . '' Channel 4 sums up its review by stating , `` Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn both shine in an impressively executed Hollywood drama . ( It ) has its mawkish moments but there 's a certain pleasure in that , and writer Thompson 's analysis of old age is sensitive , thought - provoking and credible . '' Not all reviewers were impressed , however . David Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film `` the cinematic equivalent of shrink - wrapping , in which all of the ideas , feelings , characters , and images are neatly separated and hermetically sealed to prevent spoilage , abrasion , or any contact with the natural world ... Mark Rydell 's bright , banal visual style further sterilizes the issues . The film exudes complacency and self - congratulation ; it is a very cowardly , craven piece of ersatz art . '' Time Out London says , `` Two of Hollywood 's best - loved veterans deserved a far better swan song than this sticky confection . '' Mad magazine satirized the film as On Olden Pond . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Listen to me , mister . You 're my knight in shining armor . Do n't you forget it . You 're going to get back on that horse , and I 'm going to be right behind you , holding on tight , and away we 're gon na go , go , go ! '' -- # 88 `` Come here , Norman . Hurry up . The loons ! The loons ! They 're welcoming us back . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 45 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 29 , 1982 Best Picture Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Thompson Won Best Cinematography Billy Williams Nominated Best Editing Robert L. Wolfe Nominated Best Original Score Dave Grusin Nominated Best Sound Richard Portman and David M. Ronne Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result BAFTA Awards March 20 , 1983 Best Film Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Nominated Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Golden Globe Awards January 30 , 1982 Best MotionPicture - Drama Bruce Gilbert Won Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Won Others Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( nominee ) Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special ( nominee ) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium ( winner ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for On Golden Pond . Archived 2017 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Golden Pond , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbarella comes of age '' , The Age , May 14 , 2005 . Accessed January 9 , 2008 . `` If Barbarella was an act of rebellion , On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) was a more mature rapprochement : Fonda bought the rights to Ernest Thompson 's play to offer the role to her father . '' Jump up ^ Squam Lake website Jump up ^ The Brass Bell -- Official Publication of the Antique Boat Club serving the interests of owners of Chris Craft and other antique and classic boats . October 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Savage , Jack . `` Chris - Craft -- Enthusiast Color Series '' . P. 79 Jump up ^ New Hampshire Business Review . May 1982 . Jump up ^ On Golden Pond at BoxOfficeMojo.com Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times review Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ Channel 4 review Jump up ^ Chicago Reader review Jump up ^ Time Out London review Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Nominees Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th BAFTA Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) On Golden Pond on IMDb On Golden Pond at the TCM Movie Database On Golden Pond at AllMovie On Golden Pond at Rotten Tomatoes On Golden Pond at Box Office Mojo Squam Lake ( On Golden Pond ) Official Website Awards Preceded by Coming Home Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded by The Silence of the Lambs Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Golden_Pond_(1981_film)&oldid=840018438 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films American films 1980s drama films American drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Films scored by Dave Grusin Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about dysfunctional families Films about fishing Films about old age American films based on plays Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in New Hampshire Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award ITC Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 06 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many oscars did on golden pond win

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America's Got Talent (season 4)

America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 Broadcast from June 23 -- September 16 , 2009 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne David Hasselhoff Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner Origin Mayfield , Kentucky Genre ( s ) Country music Runner - up Bárbara Padilla Chronology ◀ 2009 ▶ The fourth season of America 's Got Talent , an American television reality show talent competition , premiered on the NBC network on June 23 , 2009 . Country singer Kevin Skinner was named the winner on September 16 , 2009 . This season is the first season to be broadcast in high definition . This season 's host is Nick Cannon , who replaced Jerry Springer . Springer had said that he could not host due to other commitments . David Hasselhoff , Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned judges , despite rumors that Osbourne would be leaving the show . Season four was Hasselhoff 's final season as a judge . This season started broadcasting live on August 4 , 2009 . Contents 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Second round 3.1 Vegas Verdicts 3.1. 1 First cut 3.1. 2 Part One cuts 3.1. 3 Part Two cuts 3.1. 4 Unknown cut 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 4.1. 1 Elimination table , week 1 4.2 Week 2 4.2. 1 Elimination table , week 2 4.3 Week 3 4.3. 1 Elimination table , week 3 4.4 Week 4 4.4. 1 Elimination table , week 4 5 Top 20 5.1 Round 1 5.1. 1 Round 1 elimination table 5.2 Round 2 5.2. 1 Round 2 elimination table 6 Finals 6.1 Finals , elimination chart 7 Round Chart 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows 10 Ratings 10.1 U.S. ratings 10.2 Canadian ratings 11 References 12 External links Selection process ( edit ) Nick Cannon replaced Jerry Springer as host Season four carried over season three 's audition process . Out of the over 160 acts that passed through the preliminary auditions , 48 went on to perform in the live shows . This season , the callbacks were renamed `` The Vegas Verdicts '' . Unlike previous seasons , the acts were not given a chance to perform a second time , unless prompted by the judges to as a challenge . The judges re-watched audition tapes and created a Top 40 based on the acts ' preliminary performances , similar to the format used on sister show Britain 's Got Talent . However , it was revealed during the first performance show that the judges , when prompted by executive producer Simon Cowell , called back eight acts that they previously had cut . This brought the total number of acts up to 48 . Last season , the acts who passed through were divided into four groups , who performed over the course of two weeks with the acts who passed through from the previous night being announced before the next group of acts ' performances . This year , each group in the Top 48 was divided into four groups of 12 , but only one group performed per week , as a separate results show for the group aired the next day . This season was the first to feature results episodes lasting one hour on a weekly basis since season one . During the performances episodes , if all three judges buzzed an act , the act was forced to end , unlike the previous season , where it could continue on for a short time . In the results episodes , five best acts from each group of twelve proceeded to the semi-finals - four acts were determined solely by viewers ' votes , the judges decided between acts with the fifth and sixth highest viewers ' vote totals . The twelve acts were presented to the audience in groups of two or three ( usually similar acts - e.g. dancers , children - are put together ) and then the host announced which of them moved forward and which of them had been eliminated . When three acts are presented as a group , the host would first announce an act from the three as the first act eliminated , then would announce which act from the remaining two remained in the competition . The final group were acts in the fifth and sixth places and the judges pick one of them by majority voting . At no time was the audience made aware of how many viewers ' votes each act received . In the semifinals , the twenty acts who passed through the quarterfinals were divided into groups of 10 . One of these groups performed each week , with a performance episode followed by the results the following day . Only four acts were supposed to pass through to the finals each week . Three are determined solely by viewers ' votes , but the fourth and fifth place acts must face the judges ' decision . However , in one case , the judges passed through both performers , as they could not make a decision . In the other case , the top five acts were passed through . Instead of previous seasons , where the finals contain four or five acts , this season the finale contained ten acts . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) This year , auditions were held in New York City , Houston , Los Angeles , Chicago , Miami , and Seattle / Tacoma . Auditions were also held in Boston , Atlanta , and Washington , D.C. but not televised . A total of 160 acts advanced to the Las Vegas Round . Second round ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts aired on July 28 , 2009 and July 29 , 2009 . Over the course of the two episodes , the over 160 acts that made it through the preliminary rounds were narrowed down to a Top 40 that made it through to the live performance rounds . In the first episode of the `` Vegas Verdicts '' , as Cannon referred to it , the episode started off with 25 of the 160 acts being eliminated right at the Las Vegas Airport . The remaining acts were then briefly shown enjoying the sights of Vegas , before the eliminations resumed . Acts were brought before the judges and informed of their fate . The judges selected three dance groups : Destined 2 Be , BreakSk8 , and U4ria Dance Crew for a challenge . They were asked to prepare a dance routine for 12 hours plus they 'll have the same piece of music . After they perform , the judges will decide which dance groups will advance to the Top 40 Quarterfinals . In the second episode , the remainder of the Top 40 was revealed , and many more acts were eliminated . The three dance crews challenged in the previous episode were shown in a montage performing their challenge performance . At the end of the second episode , Simon Cowell , executive producer of the show , called the judges on their flight back to Los Angeles , stating that he was unhappy with some of the eliminations the judges made . Cowell revealed that there was just `` too much talent '' eliminated , and that he felt that a number of these acts should be given another chance . As a result , two acts were brought back as wildcards during each quarterfinal round . First cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at the Las Vegas Airport include : Circus R Us `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Contortion , hula hoops on unicycles `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tallan Noble Latz `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : 9 - year - old electric guitarist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Nathan Burton Preliminaries , Episode 7 `` : Magician , he also appeared in season one `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Kari Callin `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Singer , sang `` Somewhere '' from West Side Story `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Ciana Pelekai `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : 8 - year - old singer , sang `` At Last '' . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Alex Wesley `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : 53 - year - old dancer . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part one cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the first episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Keith Johnson `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Singer and guitarist , performed `` Walking in Memphis '' by Marc Cohn . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tony Ferrante `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : 74 - year - old dancer , performed to `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' by Sylvester James . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Joseph Constantine `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Spiritual Harmonizers `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Close harmony singing group of Post Office workers . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Fuchsia FoXXX `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Belly dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Hurricane Tricksters `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Trickers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part two cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the second episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Rashida Jolley `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Performed and sang `` Killing Me Softly '' on the harp . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Christopher & Laura Camp `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Whip act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Duo Design `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Hand balancers . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Flash `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Jugglers and acrobats . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Kalinins `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Father and son acrobats . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Arthur Gulkarov `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Contortionist and dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Kara & Corey Britz `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Sibling guitarist / singer duo , performed `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Serenades `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Singers . Sang `` Hit the Road Jack '' by Ray Charles . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Auditioned as backup for Marcus Terrell . Eliminated . Destined 2 Be `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Poppers , performed to `` Shawty Get Loose '' by Lil Mama . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Challenged by the judges . Given a new piece of music , they had 12 hours to come up with a performance to that music . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Kelli Glover `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Sang `` Listen '' from Dreamgirls . Previously appeared on American Idol : season one . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Unknown cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at an unknown stage of Vegas Verdicts . Unexpected Step Team `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Step team `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Anointed S `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Vocal percussion `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Black Fire Percussion `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Drumline `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . NYC Gay Men 's Chorus `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Singers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Bruce and Simone `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Aerial artists , performed to `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' by Barry White `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Brad Byers `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Carnival sideshow style performer , put a fishing hook and a drill through his nose `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Urban Nation Hip - Hop Choir `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Show choir `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . The Jesse White Tumbling Team `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Acrobats `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Draconik `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Comic Bots `` Preliminaries , Episode 2 '' : A band consisting of performers dressed in homemade robot costumes `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Although this act was shown as surviving the initial airport cut , they did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Tom Durnin `` Preliminaries , Episode 2 '' : 52 - year - old dancer and illusionist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Joseph Harris `` Preliminaries , Episode 3 '' : Yo - yo performer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . TJ & the Little Mamas `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : 6 - to 9 - year - old dancers , performed to a hip - hop version of `` Dance to the Music '' `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Miss Germany `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Janice Martin `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Singer , violinist , and aerialist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . The Scott Brothers `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Cartoon - style poppers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Iconic Crew `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Live in Color `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Anna Pipoyan `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Belly dancer , danced with a lit candelabra prop on her head `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Chris Collins `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Eclipse `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Rapper `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Timez 2 `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Hip - hop singing twins , sang `` Yeah ! '' by Usher . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Simon Chaban `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Fire dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Louis Bar & Laura Cantu `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Tango dancers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Encore `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Alycia Cooper `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Standup comic `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . N2UN `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Violinist / pianist duo . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Koshka Raenelle `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : Singer , sang `` Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . E3 `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : Dancing trio . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The quarterfinals began on August 4 , 2009 . Twelve acts ( ten of the original Top 40 , plus two wildcards ) performed each week . A two - hour performance episode each Tuesday was followed by a one - hour results show the following day , where five of the twelve acts from the previous night remained in the competition . When an act got buzzed by all three judges , they must stop , unlike in the previous seasons , where at this stage acts were allowed to continue despite being buzzed by all judges . A large X appeared on the screen on stage , indicating the act had been struck out by the judges . Viewers were still able to vote for the buzzed act . The judges ' choice , however , remained , as the judges got to decide whether the contestant who placed either in fifth or sixth place got to advance to the next round . Week 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 4 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 5 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances by Terry Fator and Mariah Carey . Elimination table , Week 1 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Breaksk8 Rollerskating dance troupe Thia Megia Singer The Platt Brothers Pantomimes , acrobats , dancers The Diva League Drag queens 5 Manuela Horn Yodeling dominatrix , singer / performer 6 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 7 Mosaic A cappella singers 8 Acrodunk Acrobatic basketball dunkers 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Drew Thomas Magic Magician 11 Kevin Skinner Singer 12 Lake Houston Dance Dance Troupe Week 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 11 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 12 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances from LMFAO and Penn and Teller . Elimination table , Week 2 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Fab Five Clogging Dance troupe Charles DeWayne Singer Carol Loo Dancer Tony Hoard & Rory Dog trainer & Frisbee - catching dog 5 Eleisha Miller Singer / Dancer 6 Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers 7 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical vocal group 8 SQ Entertainment Dance crew 9 Pete Peterkin Impersonator X 10 Alizma Singing / Violin triplets 11 Beale Street Flippers Flipping dance troupe 12 Voices of Glory Singing trio Footnotes Jump up ^ Morgan jokingly buzzed Pete Peterkin after his performance . Week 3 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 18 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired August 19 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances from Ashley Tisdale and Daughtry . Elimination table , Week 3 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan FootworKINGz Dance Troupe Marcus Terrell and the Serenades Singing group Pixie Mystère Contortionist dancers Jay Mattioli Magician / Illusionist 5 BRI Singer / Pianist 6 U4RIA Dance Crew Dance crew 7 David Johnson Comedic singer 8 Hairo Torres Contortionist and break dancer 9 G - Force Girl Rock Band 10 Jeffery Ou Pianist 11 Mario & Jenny Jugglers 12 Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Week 4 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 25 , 2009 , lasting 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 26 , 2009 , lasting 1 hour . It included a performance from Reba McEntire . Elimination table , Week 4 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Ishaara Bollywood Dance Troupe Bárbara Padilla Singer Pam Martin 's Top Dogs Trainer with dancing dogs African High Flyers Acrobats 5 Mia Boostrom Singer 6 Erik & Rickie Ballroom dancers 7 Coney Island Chris Physical Comedian 8 Matt & Anthony Guitarist and tap dancer 9 The Lollipop Girls Burlesque dancers 10 Drew Stevyns Singer 11 Recycled Percussion Percussion act 12 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio Top 20 ( edit ) The Semifinals began on September 1 , 2009 . The process on stage is identical to that of the Quarterfinals , except there are no longer any new wild card acts . Round 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 1 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired September 2 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included a performance from Miss Piggy and Kermit the Frog ( played by Artie Esposito filling in for an unavailable Steve Whitmire ) singing `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart , '' and one from David Hasselhoff singing `` Feeling Good . '' Round 1 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the finals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Acrodunk Basketball dunkers The Texas Tenors Vocal group Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers Drew Thomas Magic Magician 5 Tony Hoard and Rory Dog frisbee act 6 The Voices of Glory Singing trio 7 The Fab Five Clogging dance troupe 8 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Kevin Skinner Singer / Guitarist Footnotes Because David , Sharon , and Piers were unable to make a decision as to which act they wanted to advance further in the competition , they decided to allow both acts to compete in the next round . Round 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 8 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired September 9 , 2009 , 1 hour , with a guest appearance from the musical Jersey Boys . Round 2 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Advanced to the finals . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Recycled Percussion Percussion group Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Erik and Rickie Ballroom dancers Jeffrey Ou Pianist 5 Hairo Torres Break dancer and contortionist 6 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio 7 Mario and Jenny Jugglers 8 Drew Stevyns Singer 9 FootworKINGz Dance Troupe 10 Bárbara Padilla Singer Footnotes As a result of there being no judges ' choice the previous week of the semifinals , there was no judges ' choice this week of competition , either . Finals ( edit ) The finale performances aired on Monday , September 14 , 2009 , 2 hours . The finale results aired on Wednesday , September 16 , 2009 , 2 hours , and included guest performances from Thelma Houston , Shakira , Rascal Flatts , cast members of Cirque Du Soleil , Leona Lewis , and runner - up of the third series of Britain 's Got Talent , Susan Boyle . The performances episode averaged 13.84 million viewers , and the finale averaged 15.5 million viewers . Finals , elimination chart ( edit ) Here is the chart for the finals of the fourth season of America 's Got Talent . Key Winner Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place 5th Place 6th Place 7th Place 8th Place 9th Place 10th Place Finals , September 14 -- 16 , 2009 Order Contestant Performance Description Result ( September 16 , 2009 ) Voices of Glory Sibling singers ; sang `` Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston . Fifth place Hairo Torres Contortionist dancer ; danced to `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' by Rufus Wainwright and `` Closer '' by Ne - Yo . Eighth place Lawrence Beamen Bass singer ; sang `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' by Barry White . Ninth place Bárbara Padilla Opera singer ; sang `` O Mio Babbino Caro '' by Giacomo Puccini . Runner - up 5 Fab Five Sister cloggers ; danced to `` Circus '' by Britney Spears . Sixth place 6 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical Vocal Group ; sang `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Fourth place 7 Drew Stevyns Singer ( and guitarist ) ; sang `` I 'll Stand By You '' by The Pretenders . Tenth place 8 Grandma Lee Stand - up comedian ; performed a varied routine , picking on her children , her ( fictional ) ex-husband , Piers Morgan and Simon Cowell . Seventh place 9 Kevin Skinner Country singer ; sang `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith . Winner 10 Recycled Percussion Junkyard percussionists ; played `` Wipe Out '' by The Surfaris . Third place Round chart ( edit ) This is the list of the acts who passed through to the live rounds . Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Fourth Place Fifth Place Finalist Semifinalist Name Member ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Qtr . final Semi . final Position reached Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner ( 35 ) Singing Singer / Musician Mayfield , Kentucky Winner Bárbara Padilla Bárbara Padilla ( 36 ) Singing Opera singer Houston , Texas Runner - up Recycled Percussion Ryan Vezina ; Justin Spencer ; James `` Jimmy '' Magoon ; Todd Griffin ( 22 -- 39 ) Musical performance Junkyard percussion group ( and other ) Goffstown , New Hampshire Third place The Texas Tenors Marcus Collins ( 34 ) ; JC Fisher ( 35 ) ; John Hagen ( 44 ) Singing Country / Classical vocal group Houston , Texas Fourth place The Voices of Glory Michael Cole ( 16 ) ; Avery Cole ( 13 ) ; Nadia Cole ( 9 ) Singing Trio sibling singers Highland , New York Fifth place Drew Stevyns Drew Stevyns ( 26 ) Singing Singer / Musician Sykesville , Maryland Finalist Fab Five LaChere Vawdrey ( 35 ) ; Shaundalee Morgan ( 33 ) ; Ayrion Myers ( 31 ) ; Cambria Gibson ( 28 ) ; Veva Ahlstrom ( 24 ) Dancing Sister clogging dance troupe Morgan , Utah Finalist Grandma Lee Lee Strong ( 75 ) Performing Stand - up comedian Jacksonville , Florida Finalist Hairo Torres Hairo Torres ( 23 ) Dancing Contortionist / Breakdancer Grants Pass , Oregon Finalist Lawrence Beamen Lawrence Beamen ( 34 ) Singing Bass singer Walnut Creek , California Finalist Team Acrodunk Jerry L. Burrell ( 45 ) ; Romale Daunte Crawford ( 23 ) ; Anthony Grant ( 27 ) ; Gregory T. Jerralds ( 25 ) ; Eddie Ray Johnson ( 24 ) ; Greg L. Mueller ( 32 ) Acrobatics Acrobatic basketball dunkers Houston , Texas Eliminated Arcadian Broad Arcadian Broad ( 13 ) Dancing Dancer ( and pianist ) Orlando , Florida Eliminated Drew Thomas Magic & Illusion Drew Thomas ( 40 ) ; Rebecca Thomas ; Erin Nicole Cline - Lead ; Heather Specht Performing Magician / Illusionist Orlando , Florida Eliminated EriAm Sisters Haben Abraham ( 11 ) ; Salina Abraham ( 14 ) ; Lianda Abraham ( 16 ) Singing Sister singing trio Seattle , Washington Eliminated Erik & Rickie Erik Linder ( 8 ) ; Rickie Taylor ( 8 ) Dancing Ballroom dancers Seattle , Washington Eliminated FootworKINGz Trevell Johnson ( 23 ) ; Kendall Larkin ( 18 ) ; Kenneth Livingston ( 18 ) ; Brandon Love ( 18 ) ; Eddie Martin ( 16 ) ; Christopher Thomas ( 24 ) Dancing Dance troupe Chicago , Illinois Eliminated Jeffrey Ou Jeffrey Ou ( 18 ) Classical Pianist Pianist Carrollton , Texas Eliminated Mario & Jenny Mario Ferreira ( 34 ) ; Jenny Ferreira ( 33 ) Performing Jugglers Las Vegas Eliminated Paradizo Dance Dave Paris ( 37 ) ; Zoë Klein ( 29 ) Dancing Acrobatic performers Brooklyn , New York Eliminated Tony Hoard & Rory Tony Hoard ( 54 ) ; Rory ( 7 ) Animal performing Canine flying - disc thrower / catcher New Castle , Indiana Eliminated African High Flyers 24 -- 35 Acrobatics Acrobats Orlando , Florida Eliminated Alizma Aleksandra Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Izabela Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Monika Okapiec ( 23 ) Musical performance Singing / Violin triplets Las Vegas Eliminated Anthony & Matt ( AM Project ) Anthony Morigerato ( 24 ) ; Matt Lucas ( 22 ) Dancing ; musical performance Tap dancer / guitarist New York , New York Eliminated Breaksk8 21 -- 30 Dancing Roller - skate dance troupe Kokomo , Indiana Eliminated Beale Street Flippers 20 -- 26 Acrobatics Flippers Memphis , Tennessee Eliminated BRI Sabrina `` Bri '' Bernstein ( 17 ) Singing Singer / Pianist Las Vegas Eliminated Carol Loo Carol Loo ( 63 ) Dancing Dancer Jersey City , New Jersey Eliminated Charles DeWayne Charles DeWayne Dorsey , Jr. ( 21 ) Singer Singer ( and pianist ) La Verne , California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Coney Island Chris Chris Allison ( 42 ) Performing Stunt comedian Naugatuck , Connecticut Eliminated David Johnson David Johnson ( 30 ) Singing Comedic singer Renton , Washington Eliminated Diva League Shi - Queeta Lee ; Jessica Spaulding ; Akasha Cassadine ; Banaka Deveraux ; Mark'us Young ; Kiera Turner ; Derek Brown ; Cheryl Brown ; Byron Smith ; Dominique Harvin ; Rashad Dinkins ( 20 -- 44 ) Dancing Drag dancers and lip - synchers Washington , D.C. Eliminated Eleisha Miller Eleisha Miller ( 8 ) Musical performance Singer and pianist Amarillo , Texas Eliminated G Force Emily Gendics ( 11 ) ; Hannah Gendics ( 9 ) ; Olivia Gendics ( 8 ) Musical performance / singing Sister rock band Amherst , Ohio Eliminated Ishaara Shahil Patel ; Sian Bentson ; Nickesh Viswanathan ; Shivani Mehta ; Neeraj Kohirkar ; Amlu Natesan ; Anwesh Thakur ; Priya Tanna ; Prashant Shukla ; Meghna Bhatter ( 18 -- 23 ) Dancing Bollywood dance troupe Berkeley , California Eliminated Jay Mattioli Jay Mattioli ( 27 ) Performing Magician / Illusionist Manassas , Virginia Eliminated Lake Houston Dance The Lake Houston Performing Arts Center members ( 9 -- 14 ) Dancing Dance troupe Houston , Texas Eliminated Manuela Horn Manuela Horn ( 36 ) Singing Yodeler ( and singer ) Seattle , Washington Eliminated Marcus Terrell & The Serenades Marcus Terrell ( 22 ) ; others varied Singing Singer Kansas City , Missouri Eliminated Mia Boostrom Mia Boostrom ( 16 ) Singing Singer North Dighton , Massachusetts Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Mosaic Corwyn Hodge ; Heath Burgett ; John Henry Gibson II ; Josh Huslig ; Sean Gerrity ; Troy Dolendo ( 30 -- 34 ) Singing A cappella singing group Las Vegas Eliminated Pam Martin 's Top Dog Pam Martin ( 54 ) ; various dogs Animal performing Dancing Dogs Garland , Texas Eliminated Pete Peterkin Pete Peterkin ( 54 ) Performing Impressionist Brooklyn , New York Eliminated Pixie Mystère 9 -- 11 Dancing Contortionist dance troupe Cape May , New Jersey Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Platt Brothers Boone Platt ; Cheetah Platt ; Cy Platt ( 22 -- 27 ) Acrobatics Trio comedic acrobats San Diego , California Eliminated SQ Entertainment 19 -- 32 Dancing Dance crew Boston , Massachusetts Eliminated The Lollipop Girls Alexandra ; Celena ; Janet ; Jessica ; Kyley ; Lindy ; Liza ; Marisa ( 21 -- 40 ) Dancing Burlesque dance troupe San Diego , California Eliminated Thia Megia Thialorei Lising `` Thia '' Megia ( 14 ) Singing Singer Redwood City , California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice U4ria Dance Crew 16 -- 23 Dancing Dance troupe Coral Springs , Florida Eliminated Contestants who appeared on other seasons ( edit ) Nathan Burton competed in season 1 , finished as a semifinalist . Team Acrodunk ( Acrodunk ) competed in season 1 , finishing as a semifinalist Contestants who appeared on other shows ( edit ) Thia Megia competed on the 10th Season of American Idol , finishing in 10th place Arcadian Broad has auditioned for the 15th Season of So You Think You Can Dance Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( night ) ( viewers ) Rank ( week ) ( viewers ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.8 12 3.3 / 10 11.30 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.2 11 3.1 / 9 10.39 # 1 # 3 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.5 13 3.7 / 11 12.91 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 4 '' 6.8 12 2.9 / 9 11.30 # 2 # 3 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 6.2 10 3 / 9 10.43 # 1 # 2 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 6.9 12 3.3 / 10 11.69 # 1 # 1 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 8 13 3.6 / 10 13.17 # 2 # 2 8 `` Auditions Episode 8 '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.38 # 1 # 4 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 8.2 14 3.4 / 10 13.75 # 1 # 1 10 `` Auditions Episode 10 Susan Boyle Interview '' 6.6 11 2.5 / 7 11.26 # 1 # 2 11 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 1 ) '' 7.7 13 3.4 / 10 12.76 # 1 # 1 12 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 2 ) '' 6.4 11 2.8 / 8 10.90 # 1 # 2 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' 7.7 14 3.6 / 11 12.97 # 1 # 1 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' 6 10 2.9 / 9 10.68 # 1 # 2 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' 7.6 13 3.4 / 10 12.48 # 1 # 1 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.42 # 1 # 4 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' 7 12 2.9 / 9 11.59 # 1 # 2 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' 6.4 11 2.4 / 7 10.29 # 1 # 4 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' 6.9 12 3 / 8 11.42 # 1 # 1 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' 6.7 11 2.9 / 8 10.87 # 1 # 2 21 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' 7.5 13 3.2 / 9 12.81 # 1 # 1 22 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' 7.4 12 2.6 / 8 12.39 # 1 # 2 23 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' 7.1 12 2.9 / 8 12.03 # 1 # 5 24 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' 6 9 2.1 / 5 10.06 # 1 # 10 25 `` Finals , Performances '' 8.5 13 3.3 / 9 13.84 # 2 # 3 26 `` Finale '' 9.5 16 3.5 / 10 15.53 # 1 # 2 Canadian ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Viewers ( 100'00s ) Rank ( week ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.77 # 24 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.71 # 25 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.58 # 20 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 8.52 # 18 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 7.93 # 24 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 9.00 # 18 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 7.01 # 28 11 & 12 `` Vegas Verdicts '' 7.08 # 27 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' 8.36 # 18 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' 6.68 # 24 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' 6.00 # 27 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' 6.28 # 27 21 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' 10.44 # 18 22 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' 8.84 # 26 23 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' 7.93 # 28 25 `` Finals , Performances '' 20.27 # 4 26 `` Finale '' 14.47 # 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon replaces Jerry Springer as host of America 's Got Talent '' . Blogs.tampabay.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent `` , January 6 , 2010 '' . TV Guide . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 1 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 2009 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 2 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 2 . 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 3 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 3 . 2009 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 4 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 5 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 5 . 2009 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 6 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 6 . 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 7 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 7 . 2009 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 8 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 8 . 2009 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 9 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2009 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 10 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 10 . 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts , Part 1 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 11 . 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 11 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts , Part 2 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 12 . 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 12 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 13 . 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 13 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 14 . 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 14 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 15 . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 15 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 16 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 17 . 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 17 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 18 . 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 18 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 19 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 20 . 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 20 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . 2009 - 06 - 24 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance ? Keys Fox Win , Philanthropist Premiere Fair '' . 2009 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Got Talent , ABC 's Got Nothing '' . 2009 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Tops With Talent , But Roadtrip Goes Nowhere '' . 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : ' Talent ' Tops ' Dance ' , But Fox Wins Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox , AL , MLB All - Star Game Win ; America 's Got Talent Does Well At 9pm '' . 2009 - 07 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : So You Think You Can Dance Wins Again For Fox On A Down Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Hell 's Kitchen Returns Down ; Still Shouts Fox To Victory '' . 2009 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' is tops , but CBS had most viewers last week '' . 2009 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : The President Speaks ; So You Think You Can Dance Wins '' . 2009 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : More To Love Premieres Light , But Hell 's Kitchen Screams Fox To Victory '' . 2009 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance Beats Talent Head To Head As Fox Wins Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 '' . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 '' . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` NBC top ratings with ' Talent ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Weds TV Ratings : America 's Got Talent tops Octomom , NBC wins night '' . 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : America 's Got Talent Helps NBC Edge Fox & Hell 's Kitchen '' . 2009 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ) . `` ' Wipeout , ' ' Talent ' top primetime ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : 90210 , Melrose Place Premiere Weak ; Fox & Hell 's Kitchen Rule '' . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : SYTYCD vs. POTUS and Glee premieres nicely '' . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . 2009 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . 2009 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs - Total Canada ( English ) : June 22 -- 28 , 2009 '' . 2009 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official NBC America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 3 ( 2008 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 ( 2009 ) Succeeded by Season 5 ( 2010 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Shin Lim Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Zurcaroh Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Alexandr Magala Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Mike Yung Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Us the Duo Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_4)&oldid=864113723 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 05 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won season 4 of america's got talent

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Queen of the South (TV series)

Queen of the South ( tv series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen of the South ( disambiguation ) . Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/queenofthesouth/ Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Recurring cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Gerardo Taracena , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring cast ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Queen of the South on IMDb ( hide ) USA Network original programming Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver Silk Stalkings Strip Poker Swamp Thing : The Series USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Current Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Damnation ( 2017 ) Falling Water ( since 2016 ) First Impressions ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Team Ninja Warrior ( since 2017 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) Upcoming American Rust ( TBA ) Unsolved ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen_of_the_South_(TV_series)&oldid=811964761 '' Categories : 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2016 American television series debuts American action television series American crime drama television series American television series based on telenovelas English - language television programs Serial drama television series USA Network shows Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television series by Universal Television Television shows filmed in Texas Television shows set in Texas Television shows set in Dallas Television shows set in Costa Rica Television shows set in Spain Thriller television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 25 November 2017 , at 02 : 36 . 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how many episodes on queen of the south season 1

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List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan

List of Prime ministers of Pakistan - Wikipedia List of Prime ministers of Pakistan Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Arif Alvi Parliament Senate Chairman : Sadiq Sanjrani Deputy Chairman : Saleem Mandviwalla National Assembly Speaker : Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker : Qasim Suri Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Imran Khan Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2018 2013 2008 General : 2018 2013 2008 Political parties Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزِیرِ اعظم ‬ ‎ -- Wazīr - ē Aʿẓam , Urdu pronunciation : ( ʋəˈziːr - ˌeː ˈɑː. zəm ) ; Turkish lit . `` Grand Vizier '' ) , is the popularly elected politician who is the chief executive of the Government of Pakistan . The Prime Minister is vested with the responsibility of running the administration through his appointed federal cabinet , formulating national policies to ensure the safeguard of the interests of the nation and its people through the Council of Common Interests as well as making the decision to call nationwide general elections for the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan . Since 1947 , Pakistan has had eighteen prime ministers , aside from the appointed caretaker prime ministers who were only mandated to oversee the system until the election process was finished . In Pakistan 's parliamentary system , the Prime Minister is sworn - in by the President and usually is the Chairman or / the President of the party or coalition that has a majority in the National Assembly -- the lower house of Pakistan Parliament . After the Partition of India on the midnight of 14 / 15 August 1947 , Pakistan followed the British system by creating the post of Prime Minister based at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat . The then Governor - General of Pakistan , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , took advice from the Founding Fathers of the nation and appointed Liaquat Ali Khan to establish and lead his administration on 15 August 1947 . Before the presidential system in 1960 , seven prime ministers had served between 1947 until martial law in 1958 . In 1971 , the office was again revived but ceased to exist shortly . Executive powers and authority was given to the Prime Minister when the full set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated in 1973 but the post was ceased from its effective operations after another martial law in 1977 . After the general elections held in 1985 , the office came to its existence . Between 1988 -- 99 , the office was held by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP and Nawaz Sharif of PML ( N ) , each holding the office for two non-consecutive terms between 1988 and 1999 : Bhutto during 1988 -- 90 and 1993 -- 96 ; and Sharif during 1990 -- 93 and 1997 -- 99 . The premiership of I.I. Chundrigar was the shortest in Pakistan 's history , serving only 55 days of his term . At approximately five years and four months in total , Sharif is the longest - serving Prime Minister . Sharif was re-elected for a third non-consecutive term on 5 June 2013 , which is a record in the history of Pakistan . The national politics in Pakistan was mostly dominated by the army department of the Pakistan Armed Forces throughout its history , but it is now dominated by the political parties . After the general elections held in 2002 , Zafarullah Khan Jamali was invited to form his administration as its Prime Minister . After the Supreme Court of Pakistan 's rulings to disqualified the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012 , the business of his administration was looked after by Pervez Ashraf until the caretaker administration was setup under Mir Hazar Khoso . Contents 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers 2.1 Caretakers 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Key ( edit ) Key for Prime Ministers ' list Party Name Muslim League Awami League Republican Party People Party National Peoples Party Muslim League ( N ) Muslim League ( Q ) Tehreek - e-Insaf Independent Prime ministers ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan hide Term Number Portrait Name Took office Left office Tenure Elections Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) Liaquat Ali Khan 14 August 1947 16 October 1951 ( assassinated ) 4 Years , 2 Months , 2 Days , -- Muslim League Following advice given by the founding father of the nation , Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set up and run his administration in 1947 . He was assassinated in 1951 , and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office . Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 1 Year , 6 Months , -- Muslim League Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 . He left the office when Governor - General Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953 . Mohammad Ali Bogra 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 2 Years , 3 Months , 26 Days , -- Muslim League A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics , Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor - General after the legislative elections in 1954 . Chaudhry Mohammad Ali 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 1 Year , 1 Month , -- Muslim League A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League , Awami League and the Republican Party , he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no - confidence movement . 5 Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 12 September 1956 17 October 1957 1 Year , 1 Month , 5 Days , -- Awami League Popular for his wit in law , Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration . 6 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar 17 October 1957 16 December 1957 1 Month , 29 Days , -- Muslim League Shortest tenured Prime Minister , Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no - confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League . 7 Sir Feroze Khan Noon 16 December 1957 7 October 1958 9 Months , 21 Days , -- Republican Party A lawyer , Sir Feroze Khan 's administration collapsed after his party 's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office 7 October 1958 -- 7 December 1971 8 Nurul Amin 7 December 1971 20 December 1971 13 Days , 1970 Pakistan Muslim League After the general elections in 1971 , Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration ; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972 , leading Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . 20 December 1971 -- 14 August 1973 9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 14 August 1973 5 July 1977 3 Years , 10 Months , 21 Days , 1973 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief , General Zia , in July 1977 . 5 July 1977 -- 24 March 1985 10 Muhammad Khan Junejo 24 March 1985 29 May 1988 3 Years , 2 Months , 5 Days , 1985 Pakistan Muslim League ( Independent ) Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985 , therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office . He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution . 29 May 1988 -- 2 December 1988 11 Benazir Bhutto 2 December 1988 6 August 1990 1 Year , 8 Months , 4 Days , 1988 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party , in 1982 . Six years later , she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state . 12 Nawaz Sharif 6 November 1990 18 July 1993 2 Years , 7 Months , 4 Days , 1990 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990 . President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993 , which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan . Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58 - 2b , in April 1993 , but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court . Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well , in July 1993 . 13 Benazir Bhutto 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 3 Years , 17 Days , 1993 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto was re-elected for a second term , in 1993 . She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995 . Bhutto 's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996 . 14 Nawaz Sharif 17 February 1997 12 October 1999 2 Years , 7 Months , 25 Days . Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term , in February 1997 . His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999 , and Martial law was imposed in the entire country . 12 October 1999 -- 23 November 2002 15 Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 23 November 2002 26 June 2004 1 Year , 7 Months , 3 Days , 2002 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002 . He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004 . 26 June 2004 -- 30 June 2004 16 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain 30 June 2004 26 August 2004 1 Month , 27 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50 - day period before the Shaukat Aziz , permanently replaces him . 26 August 2004 -- 28 August 2004 17 Shaukat Aziz 28 August 2004 15 November 2007 3 Years , 2 Months , 18 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004 . He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term , in November 2007 , and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term . 18 Yousaf Raza Gillani 25 March 2008 19 June 2012 4 Years , 2 Months , 25 Days . 2008 Pakistan Peoples Party Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008 . He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court . 19 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 22 June 2012 24 March 2013 9 Months , 2 Days , -- Pakistan Peoples Party Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012 , after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges . 20 Nawaz Sharif 5 June 2013 28 July 2017 4 Years , 1 Month , 23 Days , 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) On 5 June 2013 , Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term . He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan as a result of the Panama Papers case . 29 July 2017 -- 1 August 2017 21 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi 1 August 2017 31 May 2018 10 months -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif . His term expired on May 31 , 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election . 22 Imran Khan 18 August 2018 Incumbent 73 days 2018 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf General elections were held on the 25th July 2018 , which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf becoming the largest party . On August 18 , 2018 , Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes . Caretakers ( edit ) List of Caretakers hide No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Tenure Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) 1st Caretaker Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( 1931 -- 2009 ) 6 August 1990 6 November 1990 3 Months , National Peoples Party Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister . 2nd Caretaker Balakh Sher Mazari ( 1928 -- ) 18 April 1993 26 May 1993 1 Month , 8 Days , Pakistan Peoples Party Appointed by the President Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister , Mazari 's term ended when the Supreme Court overturned the Presidential order and restored Sharif 's government . 3rd Caretaker Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi ( 1930 -- 2016 ) 18 July 1993 19 October 1993 3 Months , 1 Day , Independent After Sharif 's resignation in July 1993 , Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker Prime Minister . 4th Caretaker Malik Meraj Khalid ( 1916 -- 2003 ) 5 November 1996 17 February 1997 3 Months , 12 Days , Independent Khalid was appointed as a caretaker Prime Minister after the dismissal of Bhutto 's government in November 1996 . 5th Caretaker Muhammad Mian Soomro ( 1950 -- ) 16 November 2007 24 March 2008 4 Months , 8 Days , Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Soomro took the office as caretaker Prime Minister in November 2007 . 6th Caretaker Mir Hazar Khan Khoso ( 1929 -- ) 25 March 2013 5 June 2013 2 Months , 11 Days , Independent Khoso was appointed by the Election Commission of Pakistan on 24 March , and took oath on 25 March 2013 . 7th Caretaker Nasirul Mulk ( 1950 -- ) 1 June 2018 18 August 2018 2 Months , 18 Days , Independent Nasirul Mulk was appointed as a consensus between the incumbent Prime Minister , Abbasi , and opposition leader , Khurshid Shah , on 28 May . He took the oath of office on 1 June 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ignoring the 7 caretaker Prime Ministers , Imran Khan is the 19th person to be Prime Minister of Pakistan . However Benazir Bhutto 's two non-consecutive terms ( 1988 - 1990 and 1993 - 1996 ) and Nawaz Sharif 's three non-consecutive terms ( 1990 - 1993 , 1997 - 1999 and 2013 - 2017 ) are usually counted separately . As a result some sources count Khan as 19th Prime Minister , but most count him as 22nd . This counting system does not treat Nawaz Sharif 's two periods in office in 1993 ( separated by Balakh Sher Mazari 's brief stint as caretaker ) as separate terms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 153 ( 2a ) - 153 ( 2c ) in Chapter 3 : Special Provisions , Part V : Relations between Federation and Provinces in the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Prime minister '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tasleem , Nauman ( 27 June 2004 ) . `` 20 prime ministers since independence '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime ministers '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mughal , M Yakub . `` Special Edition ( Liaqat Ali Khan ) '' . The News International . Daily Jang . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parliamentary history '' . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr . Singh ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of the islamic republic of pakistan '' ( pdf ) . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pakistan : Zia and After . Abhinav Publications . 1989 . pp. 20 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 253 - 6 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Benazir Bhutto '' . BBC News . 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif '' . BBC News . 11 December 2000 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Akbar , M.K. `` Pakistan under Nawaz Sharif '' . Pakistan Today . New Delhi , India : Mittal Publications . p. 230 . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 700 - 3 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World : South Asia : Pakistan army seizes power '' . BBC News . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nawaz Sharif calls for an end to US drone strikes '' . BBC News . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nangiana , Umer ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Unprecedented return : He is back '' . The Express Tribune . Agence France - Presse ( AFP ) . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Zafarullah Khan Jamali '' . BBC News . 26 June 2004 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Santana ; Chris Brummitt ; Zarar Khan ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Is Pakistan 's New Prime Minister '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing '' . Dawn . Herald . 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death anniversary of Khawaja Nazimuddin '' . Radio Pakistan . 22 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr . Singh ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Ouster of President Iskander Mirza '' . Story Of Pakistan . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Hasan ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` 4 military dictators among 14 heads of state under Officers ' Club of Revolutionary Armed Forces '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Najeeb in Rawalpindi & Hasan Zaidi in Karachi ( 28 December 2007 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto : Daughter of Tragedy '' . India Today . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John , Wilson ; Vikram Sood and Akmal Hussain ( 2009 ) . Pakistan 's economy in historical perspective : The Growth , Power and Poverty . Pakistan : the struggle within . New Delhi and Washington , D.C. : Dorling Kindersly ( Pvt ) limited , India and the Library of Congress . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2504 - 7 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dutt , Sanjay ( 2009 ) . `` 1993 Elections '' . Inside Pakistan : 52 years oulook . New Delhi : A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 267 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 157 - 2 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ranjha , Khalid ( 1 June 1995 ) . `` Altaf accuses Benazir of ' racism ' '' . DawnWireService . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F ( 5 November 1996 ) . `` Pakistan 's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Syed Shoaib ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 14 October 1999 ) . `` Pakistan Calm After Coup ; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qaisar , Rana ( 29 June 2004 ) . `` Chaudhry Shujaat set to become 19th PM '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM '' . Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Iftikhar A. ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ Zahra - Malik , Mehreen ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Ousted Pakistan Leader Passes Baton to Brother , Shehbaz Sharif '' . Asia - Pacific : The New York Times . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sreemoy Talukdar ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Imran Khan as Pakistan PM : India need not take PTI chief 's insincere ' peace overtures ' seriously '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . The Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) chief , who is poised to take over as Pakistan 's 19th prime minister , Jump up ^ Naila Inayat ( 15 August 2018 ) . `` Famed cricketer turned prime minister faces widespread corruption in his effort to fix Pakistan '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 18 August 2018 ... Imran Khan , the legendary cricketer turned politician who is now slated to become Pakistan 's 19th prime minister , Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan elected 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . The News International . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan sworn - in as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . Dunya News . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan takes oath as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . The Times Of India . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-PM Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi passes away '' . Daily Times . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ F. Burns , John ( 15 November 1996 ) . `` Caretaker Premier leads Pakistan into 90 days of no frills '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM '' . Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ECP selects Mir Hazar Khan Khoso as caretaker PM '' . Dawn . Herald . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justice ( r ) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso named interim PM of Pakistan '' . The Express Tribune . AFP / Web Desk. 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's caretaker PM Mir Hazar Khan Khoso sworn in '' . BBC News . 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former CJP Nasirul Mulk to be caretaker PM '' . Dawn. 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Government of Pakistan portal `` Prime Ministers '' . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . `` Pakistan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . Lists of Prime Ministers Lists of Prime Ministers by country Abkhazia Albania Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Burkina Faso Cambodia Canada Catalonia Congo Croatia Cuba Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Denmark Djibouti Dominica Egypt Equatorial Guinea Fiji Finland France Ghana Great Britain Greece Greenland Grenada Guinea Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Jammu and Kashmir Japan Jordan Kampuchea Kazakhstan Korea Kuwait Lebanon Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malaysia Malta Mauritania Mauritius Moldova Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Nagorno - Karabakh Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles Newfoundland New Zealand Niger North Korea Northern Cyprus Northern Ireland North Rhine - Westphalia Norway Pakistan Palestine Papua New Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Prussia Qatar Queen Elizabeth II Queen Victoria Republika Srpska Rhodesia Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa São Tomé and Príncipe Serbia Serbian Krajina Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Korea South Vietnam Soviet Union Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Syria Tajikistan Tanganyika Tanzania Tatarstan Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom Vietnam Yugoslavia Prime Ministers of Pakistan ( List ) Liaquat Ali Khan Nazimuddin Bogra Chaudhry Mohammad Ali Suhrawardy I.I. Chundrigar Noon Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Junejo Benazir Bhutto Jatoi Nawaz Sharif Mazari Nawaz Sharif Qureshi Benazir Bhutto Malik Meraj Khalid Nawaz Sharif Jamali Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Shaukat Aziz Soomro Gilani Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Khoso Nawaz Sharif Abbasi Nasirul Mulk Imran Khan Italics indicate acting Prime Ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan&oldid=866391769 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Prime Ministers of Pakistan Pakistan - related lists Lists of political office - holders in Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Pakistani English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Esperanto Fiji Hindi हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Occitan پنجابی پښتو Português Русский தமிழ் اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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who is the existing prime minister of pakistan

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Stephen F. Austin

Stephen F. Austin - wikipedia Stephen F. Austin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin , the `` Father of Texas '' . For the university , see Stephen F. Austin State University . For other uses , see Stephen Austin ( disambiguation ) . Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist Stephen Fuller Austin November 3 , 1793 Wythe County , Virginia , United States , present - day Austinville , Virginia December 27 , 1836 ( 1836 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 43 ) West Columbia , Brazoria County , Republic of Texas Cause of death pneumonia Nationality American , Spanish , Mexican , Texian Occupation politician , empresario Known for Being the `` Father of Texas '' Parent ( s ) Moses Austin , Mary Brown Austin Relatives Richard Austin ( colonist ) Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3 , 1793 -- December 27 , 1836 ) was an American empresario . Known as the `` Father of Texas '' , and the founder of Texas , he led the second , and ultimately , the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825 . Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri , Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana . His father , Moses Austin , received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas . After Moses Austin 's death in 1821 , Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly - independent state of Mexico . Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas , and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory . Throughout the 1820s , Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government , and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion . He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution . As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government , Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government , but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution . Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States . Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston . Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic , and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836 . Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor , including the capital of Texas , Austin in Travis County , Austin County , Austin Bayou , Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches , Austin College in Sherman , and a number of K - 12 schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Moving to Texas 3 Empresario Austin 4 Slavery 5 Relations with Mexico 6 Texas Revolution 7 Austin in the Republic of Texas 8 Death and estate 9 Monuments 10 Past family 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early years Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace Stephen F. Austin was born in the mining region of southwestern Virginia ( Wythe County ) in what is known as Austinville today , some 256 miles ( 412 km ) southwest of Richmond , Virginia . He was the second child of Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin ; the first , Eliza , lived only one month . On June 8 , 1798 , when Stephen was four years old , his family moved west to the lead - mining region of present - day Potosi , Missouri , 40 miles west of the Mississippi River . His father Moses Austin received a sitio from the Spanish government for the mining site of Mine à Breton , established by French colonists . His great - great - grandfather , Anthony Austin ( b. 1636 ) , was the son of Richard Austin ( b. 1598 in Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England ) , he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield , Massachusetts , which became Connecticut in 1749 . When Austin was eleven years old , his family sent him back east to be educated , first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester , Connecticut , and then at Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky , from which he graduated in 1810 . After graduation , Austin began studying to be a lawyer . At age 21 , he served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory . As a member of the territorial legislature , he was `` influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis . '' Left penniless after the Panic of 1819 , Austin decided to move south to the new Arkansas Territory . He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River , in the area that would later become Little Rock . After purchasing the property , he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital , which could make his land worth a great deal more . He made his home in Hempstead County , Arkansas . Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820 , Austin declared his candidacy for Congress . His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties , but he still placed second in the field of six candidates . Later , he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court . Over the next few months , Little Rock did become the territorial capital , but Austin 's claim to land in the area was contested , and the courts ruled against him . The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin 's judgeship . Austin left the territory , moving to Louisiana . He reached New Orleans in November 1820 , where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman , Joseph H. Hawkins , and made arrangements to study law . Moving to Texas Sam Houston and Stephen Austin depicted on the Texas Centennial Issue postage stamp of 1936 During Austin 's time in Arkansas , his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas , they would be called `` The Old 300 . '' Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri . He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen . Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father 's Texas venture , he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother , Mary Brown Austin , written two days before Moses Austin would die . Austin boarded the steamer , Beaver , and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín . He was at Natchitoches , Louisiana , on June 31 , 1821 , when he learned of his father 's death . `` This news has effected me very much , he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived . His faults I now say , and always have , were not of the heart . '' At the age of 24 , Austin led his party to travel 300 miles ( 480 km ) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his father 's grant , arriving on August 12 . While in transit , they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain , and Texas had become a Mexican province , rather than a Spanish territory . José Antonio Navarro , a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas , befriended Stephen F. Austin , and the two developed a lasting association . Navarro , proficient in Spanish and Mexican law , assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts . In San Antonio , the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez , who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony . As guides for the party , Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians , went with the expedition . Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans , announcing that land was available along the Brazos and Colorado rivers . A family of a husband , wife , and two children would receive 1,280 acres ( 520 ha ) at twelve and a half cents per acre . Farmers could get 177 acres ( 72 ha ) , and ranchers 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) . In December 1821 , the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea , on the Brazos River in present - day Brazoria County , Texas . Empresario Austin Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas Austin 's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico 's gaining independence from Spain in 1821 . Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente , the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico , refused to recognize the land grant authorized by Spain . His government intended to use a general immigration law to regulate new settlement in Mexico . Austin traveled to Mexico City , where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father , as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3 , 1823 . The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land , 4,605 acres ( 1,864 ha ) , and other inducements . It also provided for the employment of agents , called empresarios , to promote immigration . As an empresario , Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas . According to the law , immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government . Some of the immigrants denied Austin 's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents / acre ( 31 cents / ha ) . When the Emperor of Mexico , Agustín de Iturbide , abdicated in March 1823 , the law was annulled once again . In April 1823 , Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas . He wanted honest , hard - working people who would make the colony a success . In 1824 , the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions . In March 1825 , the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide . The law continued the system of empresarios , as well as granting each married man a league of land , 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) , with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years . By late 1825 , Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement , the Austin Colony ; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred . Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829 . He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers , but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827 . Also , Austin organized small , informal armed groups to protect the colonists , which evolved into the Texas Rangers . Despite his hopes , Austin was making little money from his endeavors ; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as empresario and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services . During these years , Austin , a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste . Genevieve , Missouri , sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas . Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society . It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the House of Bourbon , and the conservatives had total control over the Order . By 1827 , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European - style Scottish Rite . On February 11 , 1828 , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge . Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new lodge . Although the petition reached Matamoros , and was to be forwarded to Mexico City , nothing more was heard of it . By 1828 , the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence . Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons , the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25 , 1828 . In 1829 , Austin called another meeting , where it was decided that it was `` impolitic and imprudent , at this time , to form Masonic lodges in Texas . '' He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities , aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards . Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution . Although `` premature ... the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success . '' For this event , Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels . With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832 , they were becoming less amenable to Austin 's cautious leadership , and also , the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative . It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them . The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830 , but Austin 's skills gained an exemption for his colonies . He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) to the husband , 320 to the wife , 160 for every child , and 80 for every slave . Slavery Slavery was a very important issue to Austin , one he called `` of great interest '' to him . Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life ; however , he had conflicting views about it . Theoretically , he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty . In practice , however , he agreed with the social , economic , and political justifications of it , and worked hard to defend and expand it . Despite his defense of it , he also harbored concerns that the long - term effects of slavery would destroy American society . He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner 's rebellion , stating : `` I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100 , or 200 years . The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep . It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes , and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them . '' While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery , up until the Texas Revolution , he worked to ensure that his colony 's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government 's resistance to it . Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony , which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar . Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony , he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas . In August 1825 , he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840 , with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15 , and males by age of 25 . His recommendation was rejected . In 1826 , when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright , 25 percent of the people in Austin 's colony were slaves . Austin 's colonists , mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south , threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed , while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there . Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery . Without slaves , the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land , which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land , which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave . Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that , at the least ; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves . He argued against the `` bad faith '' of freeing them , demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state , warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute , and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment , but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves , who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners . While he waited for the legislature 's verdict of his request , Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother , Brown Austin , to further lobby the legislature on his behalf . In March of 1827 , the legislature signed Article 13 into law . Despite the law complying with some of his requests , Austin called it `` unconstitutional . '' He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth , established a six - month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state , and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen . Austin -- -- who had been so effective in persuading the legislature , however , that the author of Article 13 ( before its passage ) requested to withdraw it -- -- helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word `` slave '' with the words `` workingmen , '' `` family servants , '' and `` laborers , '' and by working to pass a decree that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued `` debt '' ( e.g. clothing , food ) , incurred for their own enslavement , was worked off . In 1828 , Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners , immigrating to Texas , could legally `` free '' their slaves before immigrating , and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude , thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves . He lobbied to help his colony elude Vicente Guerrero 's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province , and to bypass the government 's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6 , 1830 . In 1830 , Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should `` insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state ( Texas ) . '' In 1833 , he wrote : `` Texas must be a slave country . Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it . It is the wish of the people there , and it is my duty to do all I can , prudently , in favor of it . I will do so . '' In May 1835 , Austin 's colonists learned that Mexico 's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close , with its proposal of new abolition legislation . Alarmed , and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence , colonists turned against the Mexican government , calling it `` oppressive '' and a `` plundering , robbing , autocratical government '' without regard for the security of `` life , liberty or property . '' Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth , and fearing rumors of Mexico 's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists , shortly after Austin returned from Mexico , he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government . Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to `` exterminate '' all of the colonists and fill Texas `` with Indians and negroes ( freed slaves ) . '' Relations with Mexico Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin ( 1903 ) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol The application off the immigration control of the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists , peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances . Austin became involved in Mexican politics , supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna . Following the success of Santa Anna , the colonists sought a compensatory reward , proclaimed at the Convention of 1832 -- resumption of immigration , tariff exemption , separation from Coahuila , and a new state government for Texas . Austin did not support these demands ; he considered them ill - timed and tried his hardest to moderate them . When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833 , Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18 , 1833 , and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías . Austin did gain certain important reforms ; the immigration ban was lifted , but a separate state government was not authorized . Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000 , and Texas had only 30,000 . Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection , Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico . He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned . No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction . He was moved from prison to prison . He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District . He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans . Texas Revolution Main article : Texas Revolution In his absence , a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna 's centralist government . Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11 , 1835 . After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835 , an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas . War began in October 1835 at Gonzales . The Republic of Texas , created by a new constitution on March 2 , 1836 , won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 , and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning . He was then imprisoned . Austin in the republic of Texas Further information : Republic of Texas In December 1835 , Austin , Branch Archer , and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic . On June 10 , 1836 , Austin was in New Orleans , where he received word of Santa Anna 's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto . Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August . On August 4 , he announced his candidacy for president of Texas . Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election , when on August 20 , Houston entered the race . Austin wrote , `` Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him . '' Houston carried East Texas , the Red River region , and most of the soldiers ' votes . Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston 's 5,119 and Henry Smith 's 743 votes . Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic ; however , Austin only served approximately two months before his death . Death and estate In December 1836 , Austin was in the new capital of Columbia ( now known as West Columbia ) where he caught a severe cold ; his condition worsened . Doctors were called in , but could not help him . Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27 , 1836 . He was at the home of George B. McKinstry , near what is now West Columbia , Texas . He was 43 . Austin 's last words were `` The independence of Texas is recognized ! Do n't you see it in the papers ? ... '' Upon hearing of Austin 's death , Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming : `` The Father of Texas is no more ; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed . '' Originally , Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County , Texas . In 1910 Austin 's body was reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . Austin never married , nor did he have any children . He bequeathed all his land , titles , and possessions , to his married sister , Emily Austin Perry . Monuments Stephen F. Austin State Office Building Stephen F. Austin grave monument at Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas Stephen F. Austin statue near Angleton , Texas Sherman , Texas , is the home of Austin College . Nacogdoches , Texas , is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University . Both Austin , Texas , and Austin County , Texas , are named after Stephen F. Austin , however , Austin ( the city ) is not located in Austin ( the county ) . ( Austin , Texas is located in Travis County ) . Angleton , Texas , features a statue of Austin , sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500 , sculpted by David Adickes , with a base of 12 - feet and a total statue height of 72 - feet . The base is 2 - feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville , Texas , but the statue is 7 - feet shorter . The Sam Houston statue is 67 - feet , on a base of 10 - feet , or 77 - feet if you include statue and base . The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington , D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin ; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney . Gulf Prairie Cemetery , his original place of burial . In 1959 , Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . In Austinville , Virginia , Austin 's birthplace , a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the New River Trail State Park . In Bellville , Texas , the county seat of Austin County , a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159 . The late actor John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode `` Here Stands Bailey '' of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days , hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor 's own death . In the story line , the hardy , cantankerous pioneer James Briton `` Brit '' Bailey ( Paul Fix ) and his wife , Hannah ( Rosemary DeCamp ) , make their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years . Now they face Austin 's order that they leave their land , however , Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay . Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west , hence his grave marker , `` Here Stands Bailey Facing West . '' Past family While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography , they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people , including : Moses Austin ( father -- biography published by Trinity University Press ) , Abia Brown ( grandfather ) , Joseph Sharp ( great grandfather ) , Isaac Sharp ( great , great grandfather ) , Anthony Sharp ( great , great , great grandfather -- biography published by Stanford University Press ) . Accordingly , history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen 's family dating back to the early seventeenth century . See also Texas portal Biography portal Moses Austin , his father Mary Brown Austin , his mother James Elijah `` Brown '' Austin , his brother Emily Austin Perry , his sister Abia Brown , his maternal grandfather José María Jesús Carbajal Mentored by Austin Joseph Sharp , great grandfather Isaac Sharp , his great , great grandfather Anthony Sharp , his great , great , great grandfather Peach Point Plantation , his residence Jones Creek , site of his residence Thomas J. Pilgrim , his friend and Spanish interpreter James Bryan , his brother - in - law ( first husband to Emily ) James Franklin Perry , his brother - in - law ( second husband to Emily ) List of Notable Freemasons O.P.Q. Letters Footnotes Jump up ^ Gregg Cantrell ( 1 August 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09093 - 5 ... generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas ... Jump up ^ Thom Hatch ( 1 August 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . McFarland . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9162 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fuller Austin -- Biography '' . Jump up ^ Lonestar Text book Jump up ^ Anthony Austin ( 1635 ) Austin family ancestry ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTIN , STEPHEN F . The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Austin , Mary Brown , Texas Handbook of History Online Jump up ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin , July 13 , 1821 Jump up ^ Todish ( 1998 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14 Jump up ^ `` ITURBIDE , AGUSTIN DE The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Normand , Pete ( 1986 ) . The Texas Masons : The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas . College Station , TX : Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn . Jump up ^ Carter , Dr. James D. ( 1955 ) . Masonry in Texas : Background , History , and Influence to 1846 . Waco , Texas : Committee on Masonic Education and Service , Grand Lodge of Texas , A.F. & A.M. Jump up ^ Bates ( 1956 ) , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 7 Aug 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to José Antonio Saucedo . ^ Jump up to : Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 30 May 1833 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Wiley Martin . Jump up ^ Historic Missourians : Moses Austin ( 1761 - 1821 ) . State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 9 , 204 . Jump up ^ Barker , Eugene C. ( 1926 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 - 1836 : A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo - American People . University of Texas Press . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 189 - 190 ^ Jump up to : Lack , Paul D. ( Oct 1985 ) . `` Slavery and the Texas Revolution '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 89 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fuller Austin '' . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 203 - 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( July 1924 ) . `` The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth -- the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas '' . Texas General Land Office . 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Morritt , Robert D. ( 2011 ) . `` Lure of Texas '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 204 - 206 , 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 192 , 203 . ^ Jump up to : Bugbee , Lester G. ( Sep 1898 ) . `` Slavery in Early Texas . I '' . Political Science Quarterly . 13 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 412 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas ( 1827 ) '' . University of Texas at Austin , Tarlton Law Library . Jump up ^ Austin , J.E.B. ( 10 Oct 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Stephen F. Austin . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( Jul 1918 ) . `` Stephen F. Austin '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Travis , William B. ( 21 May 1835 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to David G. Burnet . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 4 May 1836 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Senator L.F. Linn . Jump up ^ `` Austin College : Sherman , Texas '' . Austincollege.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Austin State University College , University in Texas '' . Sfasu.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Web Site of Travis County , USA '' . Co.travis.tx.us . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at '' . Pbase.com . November 27 , 2005 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building '' . Texasbob.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area Museums and Landmarks '' . Gulf-prairie.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here Stands Bailey on Death Valley Days '' . Internet Movie Data Base . February 18 , 1969 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gracy , David B. , Moses Austin : his life ( Trinity University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 911536 - 84 - 1 Jump up ^ Greaves , Richard L. ( 1998 ) , Dublin 's merchant - Quaker : Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends , 1643 - 1707 , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3452 - 3 References Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 1995 ) . The Chief of Executives of Texas : From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally , Jr . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 641 - 9 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . Further reading Barker , Eugene Campbell ( 1968 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 -- 1836 : A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo - American People ( 2nd ed . ) . Da Capo Press . Beals , Carleton ( 1953 ) . Stephen F. Austin , Father of Texas . McGraw - Hill . Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09093 - 2 . Flynn , Jean ( 1981 ) . Stephen F. Austin , the Father of Texas . Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16421 - 2 . Glasscock , Sallie ( 1951 ) . Dreams of an Empire : The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas . Naylor Co . Tracy , Milton Cook ; Havelock - Bailie , Richard ( 1941 ) . The Colonizer : A Saga of Stephen F. Austin . Guynes Print Co . Warren , Betsy ( 1996 ) . Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin : A Gone to Texas Dual Biography . Hendrick - long Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 937460 - 96 - 2 . Jones , Marie Beth ( 1982 ) . Peach Point Plantation : The First 150 Years . Texian Press . ISBN 0 - 9630042 - 0 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen F. Austin . Stephen Fuller Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online Stephen F. Austin at Find a Grave Ellis P. Bean , Stephen F. Austin , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Austin 's Colonization Laws , 1822 from Gammel 's Laws of Texas , Vol . I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History . City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure French Legation Greater Austin Levi Rock Shelter Stephen F. Austin Texas Archive War Timeline Treaty Oak Waterloo , Texas Education Tertiary Austin Community College Concordia University Texas Huston -- Tillotson University St. Edward 's University University of Texas School districts Austin ISD Del Valle ISD Eanes ISD Hays CISD Leander ISD Lake Travis ISD Manor ISD Pflugerville ISD Libraries Austin Public Library Geography Smith Rock Shelter Government Austin City Hall Austin ReBlend Camp Mabry Fire Police Industry General Amy 's Ice Creams Golfsmith Keller Williams Realty Schlotzsky 's Whole Foods Market Creative arts Alamo Drafthouse Cinema / Drafthouse Films Collings Guitars Inner Sanctum Records Retro Studios Rooster Teeth Troublemaker Studios Waterloo Records Western Vinyl Technology Advanced Technology Development Facility ( ATDF ) Cirrus Logic Dell Computer Freescale Semiconductor Luminex Corporation MCC National Instruments Silicon Laboratories Valence Technology Museums Arthouse at The Jones Center Austin History Center Austin Museum of Art Austin Museum of Digital Art Blanton Museum of Art Bullock Texas State History Museum Dolph Briscoe Center for American History Elisabet Ney Museum French Legation Museum George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Mexic - Arte Museum Neill - Cochran House Museum O. Henry Museum South Austin Museum of Popular Culture Texas Memorial Museum Texas Military Forces Museum Texas State Capitol Visitors Center Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum Music Antone 's Armadillo World Headquarters Austin City Limits Austin Opera Austin Symphony Orchestra Cinematic Symphony Emo 's SXSW Neighborhoods Allandale Anderson Mill Barton Hills Bouldin Creek Bremond Block Historic District Brentwood Bryker Woods Canyon Creek Chinatown Circle C Ranch Clarksville Congress Avenue Copperfield Crestview Dawson Dove Springs Downtown Austin The Drag East Cesar Chavez East Riverside - Oltorf Easton Park French Place Galindo Granada Hills Hancock Hyde Park Historic District Jollyville Montopolis Moore 's Crossing Historic District Mueller Community North Burnet -- Gateway North Shoal Creek Northwest Hills Oak Hill Old West Austin Onion Creek Rainey Street Rosedale Saint John Scenic Brook Shadow Lawn Historic District Sixth Street South Congress South Lamar South River City Spyglass - Barton 's Bluff Swedish Hill Tarrytown Travis Heights Waters Park West Campus Westgate West Line Willow - Spence Streets Windsor Hills Windsor Park Wooten Zilker Parks and recreation Auditorium Shores Barton Creek Barton Springs Big Walnut Creek Bull Creek Colorado River Deep Eddy Pool Emma Long Hippie Hollow Lady Bird Lake Lake Austin Lake Travis Lake Walter E. Long McKinney Falls Mount Bonnell Rosewood Park Walnut Creek Park Wild Basin Zilker Transportation Public Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital MetroRail Capital MetroRapid Capital Area Rural Transportation System Freeways MoPac Expressway Interstate 35 Pickle Parkway SH 71 US 290 US 183 Streets Congress Avenue Guadalupe Street Sixth Street Bridges Pennybacker Bridge Weirdness Keep Austin Weird Leslie Cochran Occupy Austin Spamarama Weird City Mexican Texas Empresarios Stephen F. Austin Martín De León Green DeWitt Haden Edwards James Hewetson James Power Sterling C. Robertson Political conventions Convention of 1832 Convention of 1833 Consultation ( 1835 ) Convention of 1836 Armed conflicts Fredonian Rebellion Anahuac Disturbances Battle of Velasco Battle of Nacogdoches Texas Revolution See also Coahuila y Tejas state Governors of Mexican Texas Municipalities and communities of Travis County , Texas , United States County seat : Austin Cities Austin ‡ Bee Cave Cedar Park ‡ Creedmoor Elgin ‡ Jonestown Lago Vista Lakeway Leander ‡ Manor Mustang Ridge ‡ Pflugerville ‡ Rollingwood Round Rock ‡ Sunset Valley West Lake Hills Villages Briarcliff Point Venture San Leanna The Hills Volente Webberville CDPs Barton Creek Garfield Hornsby Bend Hudson Bend Jollyville ‡ Lost Creek Manchaca Shady Hollow Wells Branch Windemere Other unincorporated communities Bluff Springs Cele Del Valle Elroy Kimbro Littig Lund Maha Manda Marshall Ford McNeil Nameless New Sweden Pilot Knob Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Diplomatic posts Preceded by post created Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 - 1836 served alongside William H. Wharton and Branch T. Archer Succeeded by unique post for support of Texas independence Political offices Political offices Preceded by William Houston Jack Secretary of state of the Republic of Texas 1836 Succeeded by J. Pinckney Henderson Political offices Preceded by office created President of the Convention of 1832 1832 Succeeded by office abolished VIAF : 67331225 LCCN : n50028886 ISNI : 0000 0000 6683 8210 GND : 121754529 SUDOC : 070020256 BNF : cb13736977x ( data ) IATH : w67p92c2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Austin&oldid=803184238 '' Categories : 1793 births 1836 deaths Members of the Missouri Territorial Legislature Convention of 1832 delegates Texas Consultation delegates American emigrants to Mexico People of the Texas Revolution People from Brazoria County , Texas People from Wythe County , Virginia People from Potosi , Missouri Texas Ranger Division Burials at Texas State Cemetery Transylvania University alumni American Freemasons History of Austin , Texas 19th - century American politicians American slave owners Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша मराठी 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 00 : 46 . 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Tobiko

Tobiko - wikipedia Tobiko Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tobiko in varying colors , served as sushi Tobiko ( と びこ ) is the Japanese word for flying fish roe . It is most widely known for its use in creating certain types of sushi . The eggs are small , ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm . For comparison , tobiko is larger than masago ( capelin roe ) , but smaller than ikura ( salmon roe ) . Natural tobiko has a red - orange color , a mild smoky or salty taste , and a crunchy texture . Tobiko , shown in its natural color , topping grilled Albacore tuna Sometimes tobiko is colored to change its appearance , other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change , such as squid ink to make it black , yuzu to make it pale orange ( almost yellow ) , or even wasabi to make it green and spicy . Sometimes a serving of tobiko contains several pieces , each having a different color . When prepared as sashimi , it may be presented on avocado halves or wedges . Tobiko is used in the creation of many other Japanese dishes . Often , tobiko is used as an ingredient in California rolls . Frequently , masago ( capelin or smelt roe ) is substituted for tobiko , due to its similar appearance and flavor . The smaller size of the individual eggs is apparent to the experienced diner , however . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobiko . Jump up ^ `` Tobiko vs Masago Difference '' . Expert answer Question. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Food Republic http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/04/19/what-tobiko-and-whats-different-colors . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sushi History of sushi List of sushi and sashimi ingredients California roll Chūtoro Conveyor belt sushi Decouverte du Sushi Gari ( ginger ) Hanaya Yohei Hangiri Odori ebi Omakase Seattle roll Sushi pizza Tare sauce Tobiko Tofu skin Wasabi Roe Bottarga Buriko Karasumi Caviar Beluga Ossetra Sevruga Red Masago Pollock roe Tarako Taramasalata Tobiko Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobiko&oldid=800779891 '' Categories : Sushi Japanese seafood Roe Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 16 : 36 . About Wikipedia

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State of Origin series

State of Origin series - wikipedia State of Origin series State of Origin Current season or competition : 2018 State of Origin series Sport Rugby league Instituted 1982 Inaugural season 1980 Number of teams Country Australia ( ARLC ) Shield Holders New South Wales ( 2018 ) Website Official State of Origin website Broadcast partner Nine Network Related competitions City vs Country Origin Super League Tri-series The State of Origin series is the annual best - of - three rugby league football match series between two Australian state representative sides , the New South Wales Blues and the Queensland Maroons . Referred to as Australian sport 's greatest rivalry , the State of Origin series is one of Australia 's premier sporting events , attracting huge television audiences and usually selling out the stadiums in which the games are played . It is regularly described as being the pinnacle of rugby league , even in comparison with international competitions . Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game , hence the name ' state of origin ' . Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time . In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental `` State of Origin '' match . From 1982 onwards a best - of - three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield . During the early years , the results were extraordinarily even . However , since 2006 , Queensland has won every series except in 2014 and 2018 . Contents 1 Teams 2 History 2.1 Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 2.2 Conception of State of Origin football 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Adoption 2.5 1987 : American controversy 2.6 1990s 2.7 2000s 2.8 2010s 3 Venues 3.1 Queensland 3.2 New South Wales 3.3 Interstate & International 4 Popularity 5 Broadcasting 6 Selection rules 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Anomalies 7 Results 7.1 Year by year 8 Wally Lewis Medal 9 Records 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 9.2. 1 Playing 9.3 Coaching 9.4 Other Records 10 Under 20s 11 Women 's State of Origin 11.1 All - Team Records 12 See also 13 References 13.1 History 13.2 General records and statistics 13.3 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match 13.4 Player lists 14 Further reading 15 External links Teams ( edit ) Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia , the sport 's two major states , New South Wales and Queensland , have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s . The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons , reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys . These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold . The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League . The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '' , due to names given to them by Barry Muir and Johnny Raper respectively . It was reinforced by a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such . Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams , they have not competed in State of Origin . History ( edit ) Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 ( edit ) The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia . In 1900 a journalist known as ' The Cynic ' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland , Stephen Spragg , should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales . Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908 , an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time . Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state . No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves . The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908 , before Queensland had even commenced its club competition . New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory . The local media were unimpressed . There can be no doubt the NSW men are improving a good deal ... They can not be blamed for the farce , for it was nothing else . If the Australian team depends on Queenslanders to strengthen it , one is afraid it will be found wanting . They are quite the weakest lot of footballers I have even seen come down from Queensland . The play needs no detailed description as it was simply a practice match for NSW , and certainly did not advantageously advertise the new game . - The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 July 1908 The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales , apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s . From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches . At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain . Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders , the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition , and that there would be no Australian tour . The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain , the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars . The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales . This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs . From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition , becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection . Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that `` every time Queensland produces a good footballer , he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine . '' Prior to 1956 , NSW had won 75 % and Qld only 25 % of series played . From 1956 -- 1981 , NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8 % with only 1 series win , in 1959 . Conception of State of Origin football ( edit ) By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded . Matches were played mid-week , so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition , and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds . Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League ( NSWRFL ) declined to host the Queensland team , and both interstate games were played in Queensland . Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon , who had later become a journalist , was the first to suggest that Sydney - based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state . Brisbane Courier - Mail reporter Hugh Lunn , Barry Maranta ( the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos ) and Maranta 's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league . Lunn told McAullife that `` you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland , Ron , but you ca n't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander . '' McAuliffe was initially sceptical . `` What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play , and we are beaten . Where would we go from there ? '' Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one - off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial . New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions : If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial , and also , that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted . ( From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott , a Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks official . ) Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan : St. George Dragons , South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters . As these clubs were refusing to release players , Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial , which would make release mandatory . The clubs backed down . Experimentation ( edit ) See also : 1980 State of Origin game and 1981 State of Origin game After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7 , the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane . The New South Wales media gave both the event , and Queensland 's chance of winning it , little credence , calling the game a `` three day wonder '' . Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century '' . Ron MacAullife however , was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match . Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned . Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ) , few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans , delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever . Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10 . I was strongly against such a match , but last night 's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program . -- Alan Clarkson , journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald , 6 October 1980 In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules . As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series , state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match . Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15 -- 0 lead in the game , Queensland rallied to win 22 -- 15 . Adoption ( edit ) The first State of Origin shield , depicting Queensland 's Wally Lewis and New South Wales ' Brett Kenny . The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year . The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive . -- Frank Hyde ( 2 June 1982 ) Despite the Maroons ' success so far in the State of Origin experiments , the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues ' long - held dominance in series wins . Queensland however , under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis , was inspired by this , and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1 . However , in 1985 , under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer , New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground , claiming the series for the first time . The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash , taking the series 3 -- 0 . 1987 : American controversy ( edit ) After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2 -- 1 , a fourth game was played at Long Beach , California to showcase rugby league to the American public . In Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 ( 2003 ) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story : There was one additional Origin contest played in 1987 . The Queenslanders had climbed the mountain and at no point did they take the project seriously in any competitive sense . The State of Origin trophy was safely stowed in the Queensland Rugby League board room at Lang Park , and for the Maroons the visit to the United States was their end - of - season outing , the game an exhibition ... Such was the Blues ' disappointment at the loss of the State of Origin series that they would go to any length to restore some vestige of their lost pride . The New South Wales Rugby League hierarchy told their men to prepare for the contest as though it was a deciding test match . The match was played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Long Beach , California in front of 12,349 fans . The Blues won the game 30 -- 18 . In 1987 the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) , New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players ' individual statistics . On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League ( whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League ) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match , and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead . ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said : `` There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture ... in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game 's governing body at the time . In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987 , Ken Arthurson , the ARL 's chief executive in 1987 , was quoted as saying ' It 's an exciting experiment but the match is n't and wo n't be billed as an exhibition match ' . '' 1990s ( edit ) After the controversy of the match played in the United States , the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3 -- 0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989 . The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series . It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew , the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series . As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game , the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience . The 1992 , 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins , Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line . It was n't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series . A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos , its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons . Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3 -- 0 in a shocking white - wash . The 1996 series saw the off - field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed , regardless of contract , state of origin selection . Having the majority of the Queenslanders back did n't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white - wash with a 3 -- 0 series win of their own . The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions , one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited - owned Super League , and an interstate series was played in each . Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition . The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format . The teams were selected using origin rules , and New South Wales and Queensland met twice . These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record . As with the premiership , players were spread between two representative tournaments as well . The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League , and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home , setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2 -- 1 . The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw . Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours . 2000s ( edit ) The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance , causing some critics ( who ? ) to question the future of State of Origin . However , this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series , which is seen as the starting point of Queensland 's unprecedented dynasty . Queensland followed by winning the 2007 series , as well as the 2008 series , which made Queensland 's streak three series in a row . New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008 , however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008 , and Game 3 on 2 July 2008 . Queensland continued to follow this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Queensland won its historic , record - breaking , fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23 -- 18 win in the third and final match . This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years . Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010 . The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB - T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB - T and PAL . In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16 -- 12 . In the second game New South Wales defeated Queensland 18 -- 8 . Queensland won the series 34 -- 24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer 's 36th and final game . Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series . In 2012 , then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under - 20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning . Queensland went on to win a historic 7th series win in 2012 , winning the final game by 1 point . In 2013 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2 , while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time . The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system . In 2014 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 12 - 8 in the first game of the series , and 6 - 4 in the second . In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32 - 8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute , with Queensland leading 6 - 2 in the first half . This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years . In 2015 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 - 10 in game 1 played in Sydney , New South Wales defeated Queensland 26 - 18 in game 2 played in Melbourne , Queensland defeated New South Wales 52 - 6 in game 3 played in Brisbane , winning the series 2 - 1 . In 2016 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 6 - 4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26 - 16 win in the second match . New South Wales closed off the series with a 18 - 14 win over Queensland . In 2017 , New South Wales won Game 1 , 28 - 4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty . Queensland won Game 2 , 18 - 16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston , who kicked the winning goal for Queensland . Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match , essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match . Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction , ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year . In Game 3 , New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games , the first to do so since 1996 . Queensland dominated the Blues , winning 22 - 6 , with Queensland winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series . It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith , before being chaired off the ground by his teammates , ending Thurston 's representative career on a high note . In 2018 , New South Wales won their first State of Origin series in four years , defeating Queensland 22 -- 12 and 18 -- 14 in the first two games . Queensland scored a consolation victory 18 -- 12 in the final game . Venues ( edit ) Queensland ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Lang Park ( Brisbane Stadium / Suncorp Stadium ) Brisbane 52 52,540 16,559 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( QE2 Stadium ) Brisbane 49,441 47,989 New South Wales ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Stadium Australia ( Telstra Stadium / ANZ Stadium ) Sydney 25 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium ( Allianz Stadium ) Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) Sydney 6 42,048 20,242 Interstate & International ( edit ) Venue City State Country No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 91,513 25,105 Docklands Stadium ( Telstra Dome / Etihad Stadium ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 56,021 50,967 Olympic Park Stadium Melbourne Victoria Australia 25,800 -- Veterans Memorial Stadium Long Beach California United States 12,439 -- Popularity ( edit ) In 2013 , each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event . In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland , with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds for rugby league and local television ratings comparable to those of some Victorian AFL matches . Internationally , the series is televised in 91 countries , and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea , occasionally sparking riots , violence and deaths . It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand . Broadcasting ( edit ) Within Australia , Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series , with replays airing on Fox Sports . The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand . Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia . In the United States , Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011 , with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013 . Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK . Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG 's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J . This broadcast was presented by the characters `` Rampaging '' Roy Slaven and HG Nelson ( played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver ) , who commentated the game with a unique comedic style . Roy and HG 's broadcasts began in the late 1980s , and continued until 2008 . Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009 , at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary . Selection rules ( edit ) Sydney Brisbane Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior ( or registered ) rugby league . In 2012 , the NSWRL , CRL , QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility , to encompass other factors , such as place of birth . Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level . Controversy ( edit ) From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy . Since 1980 , Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth , while for New South Wales the total is only 6 . However , place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012 . An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling , Ken Nagas , James McManus , Israel Folau and Greg Inglis . Israel Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland . Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales , Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba , Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga , Newcastle & Sydney , all in New South Wales , while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory , but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series . The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed . The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis ' first senior football , making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time . However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle , New South Wales , in the Arrive Alive Cup ; considered to be a senior competition . Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said `` there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team . He played for us at 16 , he 's a Blue '' . The controversy led to the creation of the `` That 's In Queensland '' viral video . Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States . Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland . Previously father and son combinations , such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states . This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales . Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby league for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast Foreign born players have also represented each state . New Zealand has had several players , such as Brad Thorn , Ben Te'o , Craig Smith , Willie Mason , Tonie Carroll , James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin . Tamou 's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis , lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations . Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin . Other players , such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible , creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League . Apart from representing Queensland , Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international , having played international rugby league for Australia , and international rugby union for the All Blacks . Papua New Guinea - born Adrian Lam and Fijian - born Lote Tuqiri , Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin . Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW . Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW . The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international , Ben Te'o , by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season . A report into eligibility based on a player 's birth state showed ; `` Of the 18 series that QLD has won , it had the greater percentage of non-State ( born ) players in its side on 14 of those occasions -- revealing a 77.8 % dependency . Of the 13 series that NSW has won , on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State ( born ) players across the series -- revealing a 38.5 % dependency . '' Anomalies ( edit ) In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection . This included most of Queensland 's usual team , who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos . The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years , allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea . The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon 's swept aside NSW , who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players , 3 - 0 . During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule . The players affected were David Barnhill ( NSW ) , Kevin Campion ( Qld ) , Tonie Carroll ( Qld ) , Graham Mackay ( NSW ) , Willie Mason ( NSW ) , Luke Ricketson ( NSW ) , Lote Tuqiri ( Qld ) and Adrian Vowles ( Qld ) , Results ( edit ) For full results and statistics , see State of Origin results and statistics Year by year ( edit ) Of the 36 full series played , Queensland have won 21 , New South Wales 14 , with 2 series drawn ( Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year 's winner ) . With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980 , 1981 and 1987 , the total number of games played is 108 . Queensland have won 58 , New South Wales have won 51 , with 2 matches being drawn . The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series , as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series , with the final game concluding in a draw . At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock , and by the same set of rules , Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders , but did not win the series . Due to controversy around the second drawn series , and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland , the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series . Equal points at the close of full - time are now resolved with the golden point method . State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland 2018 New South Wales 0 New South Wales State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series . Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series , irrespective of state . The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series . Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times . Recipients Year Player State Position Club Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Lock Sydney Roosters 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Fullback Sydney Roosters 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland Five - eighth Brisbane Broncos 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland Halfback , Five - eighth North Queensland Cowboys 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Centre Melbourne Storm Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2012 Nate Myles Queensland Second - row Gold Coast Titans 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales Lock , Prop Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 2015 Corey Parker Queensland Lock Brisbane Broncos 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Wing Newcastle Knights 2018 Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis ' retirement in 1992 until 2003 , where the best player of the series could win the award , regardless of their state . The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most points scored in a game : 72 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Most points scored by a team : 56 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Largest winning margin : 46 , Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales ( Game III , 2015 ) Most consecutive games won : 8 , Queensland ( Game II , 1987 - Game III , 1989 ) Most consecutive series won : 8 , Queensland ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Most series clean sweeps : 4 , Queensland ( 1988 -- 1989 , 1995 , 2010 ) Individual ( edit ) Oldest player : 36 years 74 days , Petero Civoniceva ( 2012 ) ( Queensland ) Youngest player : 18 years and 83 days , Ben Ikin ( 1995 ) ( Queensland ) Playing ( edit ) Most games : 42 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most consecutive games : 36 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most games as captain : 30 Wally Lewis ( 1981 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 24 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 11 Cameron Smith ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- present ) ( Queensland ) & Johnathan Thurston ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most Man of the Match Awards won : 8 Wally Lewis ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most points : 224 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most tries : 18 Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most goals : 101 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most field goals : 4 Andrew Johns ( 1995 -- 2005 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one game : 32 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one series : 52 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most tries in one game : 3 ( Anderson , Boustead , Girdler , Tuqiri , Sing , King , Gagai , Holmes ) Most tries in one series : 5 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) , Lote Tuqiri ( 2002 ) ( Queensland ) Most goals in one game : 10 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most goals in one series : 16 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one game : 2 Ben Elias ( Game III , 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one series : 2 Ben Elias ( 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) , Andrew Johns ( 2003 ) ( New South Wales ) 1. ^ Smith and Thurston competed in at least one game associated with each series wins . Coaching ( edit ) Most games : 30 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 19 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 9 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Other Records ( edit ) Source Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 ) Leading Try Scorers Try Scorer State Games Tries ( Ave . ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 ( 0.60 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 ( 0.65 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 ( 0.46 ) Billy Slater QLD 31 12 ( 0.44 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 ( 0.58 ) Jarryd Hayne NSW 23 11 ( 0.45 ) Allan Langer QLD 34 10 ( 0.29 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 ( 0.25 ) Dane Gagai QLD 10 10 ( 1.00 ) Timana Tahu NSW 12 8 ( 0.67 ) Anthony Minichiello NSW 11 8 ( 0.73 ) Brad Fittler NSW 31 8 ( 0.26 ) Leading Point Scores Point Scorers State Games Tries Goals Field Goals Points ( Ave . ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 5 101 234 ( 5.94 ) Mal Meninga QLD 32 6 69 0 161 ( 5.03 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 42 129 ( 6.79 ) Andrew Johns NSW 23 38 96 ( 4.17 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 22 82 ( 2.28 ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 7 27 0 82 ( 10.25 ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 0 0 72 ( 2.40 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 0 0 68 ( 2.62 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 9 0 66 ( 2.54 ) Rod Wishart NSW 22 5 22 0 64 ( 2.91 ) Cameron Smith QLD 42 5 19 0 64 ( 1.33 ) Venue Stats Venue State Games Total Attendance Average Lang Park QLD 52 2,049,574 39,414 S.C.G NSW 6 192,773 32,128 Long Beach Neutral 12,439 12,439 S.F.S NSW 14 521,836 37,274 Olympic Neutral 25,800 25,800 M.C.G Neutral 256,773 64,193 Stadium_Australia NSW 25 1,862,616 74,504 QEII QLD 97,430 48,715 Docklands Neutral 161,821 53,940 Appearance Stats Players State Games Years Cameron Smith QLD 42 2003 - 2017 Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 2005 - 2017 Darren Lockyer QLD 36 1998 - 2011 Allan Langer QLD 34 1987 - 2002 Petero Civoniceva QLD 33 2001 - 2012 Greg Inglis QLD 32 2006 - 2018 Mal Meninga QLD 32 1980 - 1994 Nate Myles QLD 32 2006 - 2017 Wally Lewis QLD 31 1980 - 1991 Brad Fittler NSW 31 1990 - 2004 Billy Slater QLD 30 2004 - 2018 Leading Goal Kickers Players State Games Goals / Attempts ( % ) Jamie Soward NSW 9 / 11 ( 81.82 % ) Mat Rogers QLD 5 12 / 15 ( 80.00 % ) James Maloney NSW 11 21 / 23 ( 80.00 % ) Jamie Lyon NSW 10 8 / 10 ( 80.00 % ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 36 96 / 121 ( 79.34 % ) Trent Hodkinson NSW 6 12 / 16 ( 75.00 % ) Tim Brasher NSW 21 9 / 12 ( 75.00 % ) Craig Fitzgibbon NSW 11 20 / 27 ( 74.07 % ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 22 / 30 ( 73.33 % ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 27 / 37 ( 72.97 % ) Cameron Smith QLD 39 16 / 22 ( 72.73 % ) Most Points Scored In A Games Players State Tries Goals Field Goals Points Game Ryan Girdler NSW 10 0 32 Game 3 , 2000 Lote Tuqiri QLD 0 18 Game 2 , 2002 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 9 0 18 Game 3 , 2015 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 18 Game 1 , 1985 Mal Meninga QLD 0 16 Game 1 , 1989 Darren Lockyer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 2001 Dale Shearer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 1989 Mal Meninga QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 1 , 1980 Darren Lockyer QLD 5 0 14 Game 1 , 2001 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 2 , 2008 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 14 Game 4 , 1987 Series List Year Winners Games Crowd Average 1982 Queensland 22,334 Queensland 25,705 1984 Queensland 26,426 1985 New South Wales 30,301 1986 New South Wales 31,623 Queensland 36,020 1988 Queensland 25,056 1989 Queensland 35,452 1990 New South Wales 32,817 1991 Queensland 35,715 1992 New South Wales 37,806 1993 New South Wales 35,465 1994 New South Wales 56,340 1995 Queensland 44,122 Under 20s ( edit ) The Under 20s State of Origin has only had seven seasons so far ( 2012 to 2018 ) with only one game a year , instead of three . New South Wales has won six of the seven , with Queensland winning their first in 2018 . They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 2012 New South Wales 0 0 2013 New South Wales 0 0 2014 New South Wales 0 0 2015 New South Wales 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 Queensland 0 0 Women 's State of Origin ( edit ) The Women 's State of Origin is the Women 's rugby league version of the game , and has been running since 1999 . The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup . Furthermore , the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland , who won every series from 1999 - 2014 , a better straight record than their male counterparts . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1999 Queensland 0 0 2000 Queensland 0 0 2001 Queensland 0 0 2002 Queensland 0 0 2003 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2005 Queensland 0 0 2006 Queensland 0 0 2007 Queensland 0 0 2008 Queensland 0 0 2009 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2011 Queensland 0 0 2012 Queensland 0 0 2013 Queensland 0 0 2014 Queensland 0 0 2015 Draw 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 New South Wales 0 0 All - Team Records ( edit ) Points Queensland : 1808 Points New South Wales : 1842 Points See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal National Rugby League State of Origin Rugby league in Australia Affiliated States Championship Australian regional rivals -- NSW vs. QLD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melissa Jane Johnson Morgan & Jane Summers ( 2005 ) . Sports Marketing . Thomson Learning Nelson . p. 8 . ISBN 9780170128599 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown is on to sport 's greatest rivalry ! '' . melbournestorm.com. 9 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Norman ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : twenty - five years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Caringbah , New South Wales : Playright Publishing . ISBN 0949853933 . Jump up ^ `` Rep season officially launched '' . sportsaustralia.com. 5 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the storm '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State of O - It 's not our Game ! '' . Craccum Magazine ( 14 ) . 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Susie Ashworth , Paul Smitz , Carolyn Bain and Neal Bedford ( 2004 ) . Australia . Lonely Planet . p. 132 . ISBN 9781740594479 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harms , John ( 2005 ) . The Pearl : Steve Renouf 's Story . Australia : University of Queensland Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9780702235368 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 2004 ) . `` A few drinks with Ray Warren '' . Inside Sport . Australia : insidesport.com.au . Archived from the original on 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Battersby ; Paul Smitz ; Barry Blake ( 2007 ) . Australian language & culture . Lonely Planet . p. 83 . ISBN 9781740590990 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Jamie ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` State of Origin in league of its own '' . The Southland Times . Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Middleton , David ( 2008 ) . League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . p. 27 . ISBN 9781876944643 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Template : Webarchive url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042307/http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/attachments/league of legends / rugby league a work in progress / files / 22453 / F RL work in progress. pdf Jump up ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's greatest contest 1980 -- 2002 . Australia : University of Queensland Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9780702233838 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Alan ( 10 July 1980 ) . `` Football lessons by Maroons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 48 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Frank ( 2 June 1982 ) . `` Time to combine the old and new '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 30 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` State of Origin breaks audience records '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roar , The . `` 2014 State of Origin 1 full time result '' . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` The X Factor a winner in the ratings , as Ten slumps '' . The Age . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers say ' game on ' with State of Origin series set to kick off in Melbourne '' . Premier of Victoria . Victorian Government . 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ritson , Mark ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Channel Nine the State of Origin 's real winner '' . BRW . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ARLC Media ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Origin set to reach its biggest market yet '' . New South Wales Rugby League . New South Wales Rugby League . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercest origin passions erupt in PNG '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Security boosted in PNG for State of Origin 2 after first round violence '' . Australia Network News . 10 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big NZ Television Audience for State of Origin Opener '' . throng.co.nz. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Origin broadcast by America 's FOX Sports '' . NRL . May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX SOCCER PLUS ACQUIRES AUSTRALIA 'S NRL TELSTRA PREMIERSHIP AND RUGBY LEAGUE STATE OF ORIGIN SERIES '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports Media Group . 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stead , Chris ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate State of Origin Lineup Comparison '' . Finder . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis sticks to colours Brisbane Times , 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ Fed - up Meninga says NSW should stop bleating over Inglis Canberra Times , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ Why ' State of Birth ' does n't work BigPond Sport , 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Greg Inglis ' Dad defends son 's decision to be a Maroon '' . The Sunday Mail . Brisbane , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blues lose Korbin Sims to Queensland Newcastle Herald , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Kiwis cranky about stopping NZ stars playing Origin Courier Mail , 29 June 2012 Jump up ^ Dark day when Kiwis choose maroon or blue stuff.co.nz , 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Song mocks Ben Te'o defection Jump up ^ Rugby League Tables Jump up ^ New South Wales smash Queensland in under - 20 's State of Origin clash Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Clifford leads the way in Queensland breakthrough '' . 11 July 2018 . History ( edit ) ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rugby Rebellion . RL1908 . ISBN 0 - 9757563 - 0 - 3 . `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 `` NSW v Queensland : 1908 -- 1980 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The First State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin History 1981 -- 2004 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The Origin of State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Brisbane Broncos : The Team To Beat . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0702233420 . ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3383 - 8 . ^ McGregor , Adrian ( 2004 ) . Wally Lewis : Forever the King . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3434 - 6 . ^ `` Overseas Players and State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 12 April 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` The Origins of State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 23 May 2005 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` We Still Want Hunt '' National Rugby League , 21 March 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` How it all began '' stateoforigin.com.au , no date , retrieved 8 May 2007 General records and statistics ( edit ) `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) `` State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2005 '' RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History : State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2003 '' by the Australian Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History '' by The Roar , Retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ `` State of Origin Records '' by the Queensland Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin Statistics '' by World of Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Official State of Origin website http://www.stateoforigin.com.au , Retrieved 15 November 2006 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match ( edit ) ^ Colman , Mike ( 26 November 2005 ) `` Assigning History by asterisks '' The Courier - Mail ( page 61 ) ^ Dick , Barry ( 16 July 2003 ) `` Origin Battle Rages On and Off the Field '' The Courier - Mail ( page 1 ) Player lists ( edit ) ^ State of Origin website Further reading ( edit ) Maxwell Leo Howell ; Peter Hastie ; Reet Howell ( 1992 ) . State of Origin , the first twelve years . Herron . ISBN 9780947163969 . Norman Tasker ; Australian Rugby Football League ; John Macdonald ; Mike Colman ; Andrew Webster ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : 25 years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Playright Publishing . ISBN 9780949853936 . Helen Elward , Graeme Langlands ( 2003 ) . State of origin : gods of the grounds . Best Legenz . ISBN 9780958043311 . Harris , Bret ( 1992 ) . Winfield State of Origin 1980 -- 1991 . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780725106973 . External links ( edit ) State of Origin news section State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Rugby league in Australia National Federation Australian Rugby League Commission National teams Kangaroos Jillaroos Prime Minister 's XIII Indigenous Junior Kangaroos Schoolboys State Federations New South Wales NSW Country Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Other Federations University Masters Police Women Events All Stars Auckland Nines City vs Country State of Origin World Club Challenge Competitions National Rugby League National Youth Competition State Championship Affiliated States Championship Schoolboy Cup NRL Women 's Premiership ( starting 2018 ) Honours Clive Churchill Medal Dally M Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Big League Rugby League Week The Footy Show Fox League Friday Night Football NRL video games Lists Clubs Stadiums Premiers Wooden spooners Rugby league in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Rugby league in Oceania Main articles Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Major federations Asia - Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&oldid=857130341 '' Categories : 1982 establishments in Australia State of Origin series Rugby league competitions in Australia Rugby league rivalries Rugby league in Queensland Rugby league in New South Wales Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1908 Nine 's Wide World of Sport Sports rivalries in Australia Winter events in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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Life Is Strange: Before the Storm

Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation , search Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix . The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One between August and December 2017 . It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series , set as a prequel to the first game , focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber . Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues . Deck Nine started developing the game in 2016 , using the Unity game engine . Voice actors from the original game did not appear in Before the Storm on account of the SAG - AFTRA strike , but reprised their roles in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved . The soundtrack was created by Daughter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price , three years prior to Life Is Strange . Unlike its predecessor , the game does not include time travel . Instead , Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '' , with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse . A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted . Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes . The environment can be interacted with and altered , including marking walls with graffiti . Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay , sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill . Conflict arises with two men inside , whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction . The next day , Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class , stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point . They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park , which upsets Rachel . They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard . Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood , but is refused an answer . After Rachel leaves , Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed . She meets up with Rachel again , who discloses that she witnessed her father , James , cheating on her mother through the viewfinder . Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin , and in a fit of rage kicks it over , igniting a wildfire . The next day , Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school . Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repairing . She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers , who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him . Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew , who owes Frank a large sum . However , Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer , Damon Merrick , and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it . When later a student is unable to participate in the school 's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures from the wildfire , Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel . After the play , they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck and return to Rachel 's house to pack . There , following a confrontation , James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress , but in fact Rachel 's biological mother . Rachel is told that her mother , Sera , is a drug addict , and that on the day her father kissed her , he had rejected Sera 's plea to see Rachel . Chloe vows to find Rachel 's mother , against James ' wishes . Chloe contacts Frank , who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard . She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives . They are ambushed by Frank and Damon , who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney 's daughter . Surviving the wound , Rachel recovers at the hospital . Chloe continues the search by investigating James ' office for clues about Sera , instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon ; Chloe uses James ' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located , and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom . She races to Damon to pay him off , but learns when she reaches him that James wanted him to kill Sera . Frank appears and fights Damon , after which Sera entreats that Chloe never tell Rachel about James ' actions . Back at the hospital , Chloe is faced with a choice : tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth . Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression . Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine . Rhianna DeVries , who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price , voices the character , while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant . Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike . With the strike over , Burch and Hannah Telle , who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange , will return for a bonus episode . The game went under different working titles during casting , according to Kylie Brown , who was cast as Rachel Amber ( then codenamed Rebecca ) in February 2017 . The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter , and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017 . Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation , electric guitar for rebelliousness , and layered vocals for friendship . Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration . The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand the grieving process of the main character . Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development . Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017 , stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits , and Mixtape Mode , allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack . Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' 20 December 2017 Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 76 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber . Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers . Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue . Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on , Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy . Conversely , the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed '' . Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature , while Metro and Wallace cared little for it . Otherwise lauded were the story , graphics , voice acting , and soundtrack . Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series ' greatest . Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc , while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit '' . Similarly , Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character , declaring this `` its biggest strength '' . However , Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace , in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends . Brett Makedonski , writing for Destructoid , thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect '' . Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence , which Metro stated as their favorite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices . Metro criticized the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting . Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with , saying it was `` a bit drawn out '' , though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature . Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017 , Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award . It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017 . At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards , it was nominated for Best Audio . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game '' . Red Bull Games . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 20 December 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 2017 ) . `` Life Will Be Strange '' . Develop . No. 184 . p. 17 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence , season pass kerfuffle and more '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Original Life is Strange actresses return for special episode '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Kylie Brown : ' I Was Nervous , But Ecstatic , ' to Voice Rachel Amber in Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Emily ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Talking to the voice of Rachel from Life is Strange : Before the Storm '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Kress , Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Biery , Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . 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Sodom and Gomorrah

Sodom and Gomorrah - wikipedia Sodom and Gomorrah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical cities . For other uses , see Sodom and Gomorrah ( disambiguation ) . The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , John Martin , 1852 Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of Lucas van Leyden 's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters Sodom and Gomorrah ( / ˈsɒdəm / ; / ɡəˈmɔːrə / ) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible , the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books , as well as in the Quran and the hadith . According to the Torah , the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah , Zeboim and Bela . These five cities , also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ) , were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan . The plain , which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea , was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green , suitable for grazing livestock . Divine judgment by God was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities , which were completely consumed by fire and brimstone . Neighboring Zoar ( Bela ) was the only city to be spared . In Abrahamic religions , Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin , and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution . Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as metaphors for vice and homosexuality , although a close reading of the text and other Ancient Near Eastern sources suggest that this association may be incorrect . The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages . These include the English word sodomy , which is used in sodomy laws to describe sexual `` crimes against nature '' , namely anal or oral sex ( particularly homosexual ) , or bestiality . Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historicity 3 In the Book of Genesis 3.1 Battle of Siddim 3.2 The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah 4 Other references 4.1 Moses 4.2 Major Prophets 4.3 Minor Prophets 4.4 New Testament 4.5 Deuterocanonical references 5 Religious views 5.1 Jewish 5.2 Christian 5.3 Islamic 6 Modern Sodom 7 Second World War 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of both names is uncertain . The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain . Some believe , the name Sodom ( Hebrew : סְדֹם ‎ Səḏōm ) could be a word from an early Semitic language ultimately related to the Arabic sadama , meaning `` fasten '' , `` fortify '' , `` strengthen '' , but that is unlikely as the Gesenius ' Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon defines the hebrew word Sodom ( Cēdom ) as burning . Gomorrah ( Hebrew : עֲמֹרָה ‎ ' Ămōrāh ) could be based on the root gh mr , which means `` be deep '' , `` copious ( water ) , '' but this is also in dispute as it is classically known as עֲמֹרָה ʻĂmôrâh , am - o - raw ' ; from H6014 ; a ( ruined ) heap ; Amorah , a place in Palestine : -- Gomorrah . Historicity ( edit ) Painting from William Francis Lynch book The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea . Published in 1849 There are other stories and historical names which bear a resemblance to the Biblical stories of Sodom and Gomorrah . Some possible natural explanations for the events described have been proposed , but no widely accepted or strongly verified sites for the cities have been found . Of the five `` cities of the plain '' , only Bela , modern - day Zoara , is securely identified , and it remained a settlement long after the biblical period . The ancient Greek historiographer Strabo states that locals living near Moasada ( as opposed to Masada ) say that `` there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis '' . Strabo identifies a limestone and salt hill at the south western tip of the Dead Sea , and Kharbet Usdum ( Hebrew : הר סדום , Har Sedom or Arabic : جبل السدوم , Jabal ( u ) ' ssudūm ) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom . Archibald Sayce translated an Akkadian poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire , written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction ; the names of the cities are not given . However , Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of Sennacherib 's host . In 1976 Giovanni Pettinato claimed that a cuneiform tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at Ebla contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain ( Sodom , Gomorrah , Admah , Zeboim , and Bela ) , listed in the same order as in Genesis . The names si - da - mu ( TM. 76. G. 524 ) and ì - ma - ar ( TM. 75. G. 1570 and TM. 75. G. 2233 ) were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah , which gained some acceptance at the time . However , Alfonso Archi states that , judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list , si - da - mu lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea , and ì - ma - ar is a variant of ì - mar , known to represent Emar , an ancient city located near Ebla . Today , the scholarly consensus is that `` Ebla has no bearing on ... Sodom and Gomorra . '' Certain skeptics of the biblical account have theorized that , provided that the cities existed at all , that they might have been destroyed by natural disaster . One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE . This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar . It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake , especially if they lay along a major fault such as the Jordan Rift Valley . There is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe , however , to corroborate this theory . Another idea is that the destruction was caused by the plume of a meteor that impacted in the Alps , as possibly shown in a planisphere inscribed on a cuneiform tablet . In 1973 , Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities , including Bab edh - Dhra , which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp , and later finished by Rast and Schaub following his death . Other possibilities include Numeira , al - Safi , Feifa , and Khanazir , which were also visited by Schaub and Rast . Each of the sites were near the Dead Sea and showed evidence of burning and traces of sulfur . According to Schaub , however , who dug at Bab edh - Dhra , Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BCE at a different time period than Bab edh - Dhra ( 2350 -- 2067 BCE ) . Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh - Dhra are currently displayed in Karak Archaeological Museum ( Karak Castle ) , Amman Citadel Museum , and the British Museum . Another candidate for Sodom is the Tall el Hammam dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of Steven Collins . Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres ( 9 mi ) northeast of the Dead Sea , and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom . The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . Professor Eugene H. Merrill believes that the identification of Tall el - Hammam with Sodom would require an unacceptable restructuring of the biblical chronology . The Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom . He refers to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . In the Book of Genesis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Book of Genesis is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah . Battle of Siddim ( edit ) See also : Battle of Siddim The Battle of Siddim is described in Genesis 14 : 1 - 17 . Sodom and Gomorrah 's political situation is described when Lot had encamped in Sodom 's territory . At this time , `` the men of Sodom ( were ) wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly '' . Sodom was ruled by King Bera while Gomorrah was ruled by King Birsha . Their kingship , however , was not sovereign , because all of the river Jordan plain was under Elamite rule for 12 years . The kingdom of Elam was ruled by King Chedorlaomer . In the 13th year of subjugation to Elam , the five kings of the river Jordan plain allied to rebel against Elamite rule . These kings included those of Sodom and Gomorrah as well as their neighbors : King Shinab of Admah , King Shemeber of Zeboiim , and the unnamed king of Bela ( later called Zoar ) . In response , Elam 's King Chedorlaomer , gathered additional forces from Shinar , Ellasar and Goyim to suppress this rebellion from the cities of the plain . They waged war in the Vale of Siddim in the 14th year . The battle was brutal with heavy losses in the cities of the plain , with their resultant defeat , Genesis 14 : 10 . Sodom and Gomorrah were spoiled of their goods , and captives were taken , including Lot . The tide of war turned when Lot 's uncle , Abraham , gathered an elite force that slaughtered King Chedorlaomer 's forces in Hobah , north of Damascus . The success of his mission freed the cities of the plain from under Elam 's rule . The judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah ( edit ) See also : Hospitality § Judaism The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in Genesis 18 - 19 . Three men , thought by most commentators to have been angels appearing as men , came to Abraham in the plains of Mamre . After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah , his wife , `` the Lord '' revealed to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah , `` and because their sin is very grievous '' . In response , Abraham inquired of the Lord if he would spare the city if 50 righteous people were found in it , to which the Lord agreed he would not destroy it for the sake of the righteous yet dwelling therein . Abraham then inquired of God for mercy at lower numbers ( first 45 , then 40 , then 30 , then 20 , and finally at 10 ) , with the Lord agreeing each time . Two angels were sent to Sodom to investigate and were met by Abraham 's nephew Lot , who convinced the angels to lodge with him , and they ate with Lot . Genesis 19 : 4 - 5 described what followed , which confirmed its end : 4 But before they lay down , the men of the city , even the men of Sodom , compassed the house round , both young and old , all the people from every quarter . 5 And they called unto Lot , and said unto him : ' Where are the men that came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . ' ( NRSV : know them , NIV : can have sex with them , NJB : can have intercourse with them ) . Sodom and Gomorrah from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel , 1493 . Lot 's wife , already transformed into a salt pillar , is in the center . Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and , instead , offered them his two virgin daughters `` which have not known man '' and to `` do ye to them as ( is ) good in your eyes '' . However , they refused this offer , complained about this alien , namely Lot , giving orders , and then came near to break down the door . Lot 's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city . Then ( not having found even 10 righteous people in the city ) , they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave . As they made their escape , one angel commanded Lot to `` look not behind thee '' ( singular `` thee '' ) . However , as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed with brimstone and fire from the Lord , Lot 's wife looked back at the city , and she became a pillar of salt . Other references ( edit ) Major and minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible have referred to Sodom and Gomorrah to parallel their prophetic events . The New Testament also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved . Later deuterocanonical texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents . Moses ( edit ) Moses referred to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Deuteronomy 29 : 22 - 23 : `` Your children who follow you in later generations and foreigners who come from distant lands will see the calamities that have fallen on the land and the diseases with which the Lord has afflicted it . The whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sulfur -- nothing planted , nothing sprouting , no vegetation growing on it . It will be like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Admah and Zeboyim , which the Lord overthrew in fierce anger . '' -- NIV See also : Deuteronomy 32 : 32 - 33 Major prophets ( edit ) Isaiah 1 : 9 - 10 , Isaiah 3 : 9 and Isaiah 13 : 19 - 22 addresses people as from Sodom and Gomorrah , associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells Babylon that it will end like those two cities . Jeremiah 23 : 14 , Jeremiah 49 : 17 - 18 , Jeremiah 50 : 39 - 40 and Lamentations 4 : 6 associate Sodom and Gomorrah with adultery and lies , prophesies the fate of Edom , south of the Dead Sea , predicts the fate of Babylon and uses Sodom as a comparison . In Ezekiel 16 : 48 - 50 , God compares Jerusalem to Sodom , saying `` Sodom never did what you and your daughters have done . '' He explains that the sin of Sodom was that `` She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . '' Minor prophets ( edit ) In Amos 4 : 1 - 11 , God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah , they still did not repent . In Zephaniah 2 : 9 , Zephaniah tells Moab and Ammon , southeast and northeast of the Dead Sea , that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah . New Testament ( edit ) In Matthew 10 : 1 - 15 , cf . Luke 10 : 1 - 12 , Jesus declares certain cities more damnable than Sodom and Gomorrah , due to their response to Jesus ' disciples , in the light of greater grace ( RSV ) : `` And if any one will not receive you or listen to your words , shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town . Truly , I say to you , it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomor'rah than for that town . '' In Matthew 11 : 20 - 24 , Jesus prophesies the fate of some cities where he did some of his works ( RSV ) : `` And you , Caper'na - um , will you be exalted to heaven ? You shall be brought down to Hades . For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom , it would have remained until this day . But I tell you that it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you . '' In Luke 17 : 28 - 30 , Jesus compares his second - coming to the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah ( RSV ) : `` Likewise as it was in the days of Lot -- they ate , they drank , they bought , they sold , they planted , they built , but on the day when Lot went out from Sodom fire and sulphur rained from heaven and destroyed them all -- so will it be on the day when the Son of man is revealed . '' In Romans 9 : 29 , Paul the Apostle quotes Isaiah 1 : 9 ( RSV ) : `` And as Isaiah predicted , ' If the Lord of hosts had not left us children , we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomor'rah . ' '' In 2 Peter 2 : 4 - 10 , Saint Peter says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot , he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on Judgement Day . Jude 1 : 7 records that both Sodom and Gomorrah were `` giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire '' . Revelation 11 : 7 - 8 makes an allegorical use of Sodom when it describes the places where the two witnesses will descend during the Apocalypse . Deuterocanonical references ( edit ) Wisdom 10 : 6 - 8 refers to the Five Cities : Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing ; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities . Evidence of their wickedness still remains : a continually smoking wasteland , plants bearing fruit that does not ripen , and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul . For because they passed wisdom by , they not only were hindered from recognizing the good , but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly , so that their failures could never go unnoticed . Wisdom 19 : 17 says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were `` struck with blindness , like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot . They found themselves in total darkness , as each one groped around to find his own door . '' Sirach 16 : 8 says `` ( God ) did not spare the neighbors of Lot , whom he loathed on account of their insolence . '' In 3 Maccabees 2 : 5 , the high priest Simon says that God `` consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly , who were notorious for their vices ; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward '' . 2 Esdras 2 : 8 - 9 says `` Woe to you , Assyria , who conceal the unrighteous in your midst ! O wicked nation , remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor ′ rah , whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes . So will I do to those who have not listened to me , says the Lord Almighty . '' 2 Esdras 5 : 1 - 13 describes signs of the end times , one of which is that `` the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish '' . In 2 Esdras 7 : 106 , Ezra says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom . Religious views ( edit ) Jewish ( edit ) Rictor Norton views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of hospitality of the inhabitants of Sodom to the `` stranger '' . The people of Sodom were seen as guilty of many other significant sins . Rabbinic writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes , blasphemy and bloodshed . One of the worst was to give money or even gold ingots to beggars , after inscribing their names on them , and then subsequently refusing to sell them food . The unfortunate stranger would end up starving and after his death , the people who gave him the money would reclaim it . Jon D. Levenson views a rabbinic tradition described in the Mishnah as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct , describing Sodom 's lack of generosity with the saying , `` What is mine is mine ; what is yours is yours '' ( m . Avot 5.10 ) . A modern orthodox position is one that holds , `` The paradigmatic instance of such aberrant behavior is found in the demand of the men of Sodom to ' know ' the men visiting Lot , the nephew of Abraham , thus lending their name to the practice of ' sodomy ' . '' Jay Michaelson proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites . `` Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality -- not the essence of their transgression . Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax . '' Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham 's hospitality to strangers , and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom , they do so without commentary on homosexuality . The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23 : 14 , where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery , lying , and strengthening the hands of evildoers ; Amos 4 : 1 - 11 ( oppressing the poor and crushing the needy ) ; and Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 , which defines the sins of Sodom as `` pride , fullness of bread , and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters , neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy . And they were haughty , and did toevah before me , and I took them away as I saw fit . '' Michaelson uses toevah in place of abomination to emphasize the original Hebrew , which he explains as being more correctly translated as `` taboo '' . Christian ( edit ) Several theories have been advanced in Christian thought concerning the sin of Sodom . One area of dispute is whether the mob was demanding the homosexual rape of Lot 's guests . A second area of dispute is whether the act of homosexuality or the act of inhospitality and violence towards foreigners is the more significant ethical downfall of Sodom . The first contention between the two positions primarily focuses upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb ידע ( yada ) , translated as know in the King James Version : And they called unto Lot , and said unto him , Where ( are ) the men which came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . -- Genesis 19 : 5 However , the word `` know '' in the King James Version has been used to refer to sexual intercourse . One example can be found in Genesis 4 : 1 between Adam and Eve : And Adam knew Eve his wife ; and she conceived , and bare Cain , and said , I have gotten a man from the LORD. -- Genesis 4 : 1 Some Hebrew scholars believe that yada , unlike the English word know , requires the existence of a `` personal and intimate relationship '' . For this reason , many of the most popular of the 20th century translations , including the New International Version , the New King James Version , and the New Living Translation , translate yada as `` have sex with '' or `` know ... carnally '' in Gen 19 : 5 Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context , noting that while the Hebrew word for know appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Scriptures , only approximately 1 % ( 13 -- 14 times ) of those references is it clearly used as a euphemism for realizing sexual intimacy . Instead , those who hold to this interpretation usually see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers . Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of know meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the Gen 19 : 5 request , by offering his daughters for rape , only three verses later in the same narrative : Behold now , I have two daughters which have not known man ; let me , I pray you , bring them out unto you , and do ye to them as is good in your eyes : only unto these men do nothing ... -- Genesis 19 : 8 The following is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions : Even as Sodom and Gomorrah , and the cities about them in like manner , giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire . -- Jude 1 : 7 This reference to `` going after strange flesh '' is understood in different ways to include something akin to bestiality , having illicit sex with strangers , having sex with angels , but most often God 's destruction of the populations of the four cities is interpreted to mean homosexual ( same - sex ) relations . Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for `` strange '' is akin to `` another '' , `` other '' , `` altered '' or even `` next '' , the meaning is unclear , and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse , then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with `` other than human '' angels , perhaps referring to Genesis 6 or the apocryphal Book of Enoch . Countering this , it is pointed out that Genesis 6 refers to angels seeking women , not men seeking angels , and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation , and that , regardless , it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels . In addition , it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for `` strange '' , can mean unlawful or corrupted ( Rm. 7 : 3 ; Gal. 1 : 6 ) , and that the apocryphal Second Book of Enoch ( different from the Book of Enoch which Jude quotes from ) condemns `` sodomitic '' sex ( 2 Enoch 10 : 3 ; 34 : 1 ) , thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent physical sin of Sodom . Both the non-sexual and the homosexuality view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible . Now this was the sin of Sodom : She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . Therefore I did away with them as you have seen . -- Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect , while the other notes the description detestable or abomination , the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins , including those of a sexual nature . In the Gospel of Matthew ( and corresponding verse ) when Jesus warns of a worse judgment for some cities than Sodom , inhospitality is perceived by some as the sin , while others see it fundamentally being impenitence : If anyone will not welcome you or listen to your words , shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town . I tell you the truth , it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town . -- Matthew 10 : 14 - 15 The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality , which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations , such as Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , where hospitality was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods . Within the Christian Churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of know ( yada ) in this context , there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important . On its website , the Anglican Communion presents the argument that the story is `` not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships '' , but is instead `` about dominance and rape , by definition an act of violence , not of sex or love '' . This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom ( and not homosexuality ) , also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the Battle of Gibeah Bible stories . In both stories , an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners . As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner 's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story , the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential , and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob . This Exodus 22 : 21 - 24 lesson is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story . Islamic ( edit ) Main article : Lot in Islam The Quran contains twelve references to `` the people of Lut '' , the biblical Lot , but meaning the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah ( references 6 : 86 - 90 ; 7 : 80 -- 84 ; 11 : 74 -- 83 ; 15 : 58 - 77 ; 21 : 74 - 75 ; 26 : 160 -- 173 ; 27 : 54 -- 58 ; 29 : 28 -- 30 , 33 - 35 ; 37 : 133 - 138 ; 51 : 32 - 37 ; 54 : 33 - 38 and 66 : 10 ) , and their destruction by God is associated explicitly with their sexual practices : The ' people of Lot ' transgressed consciously against the bounds of God . Their avarice led to inhospitality and robbery , which in turn led to the humiliation of strangers by mistreatment and rape . It was their abominable sin of homosexual sex which was seen as symptomatic of their attitudes , and upon Lot 's exhorting them to abandon their transgression against God , they ridiculed him , and threatened him with dire consequences ; Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did . Then Gabriel met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly , as God had given this command to Lot for saving his life . In the Quran it was written that Lot 's wife stayed behind as she had transgressed . She met her fate in the disaster , and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city , with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis , but `` the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an '' In the Quran , surah ( chapter ) 26 Ash - Shu ` arā ' ( The Poets ) -- So , We saved him and his family , all . Except an old woman among those who remained behind . -- Quran 26 : 170 -- 171 Commentary : This was his wife , who was a bad old woman . She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left . This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al - A ` raf and Surat Hud , and in Surat Al - Hijr , where Allah commanded him to take his family at night , except for his wife , and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people . So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered , and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all , and rained upon them stones of baked clay , piled up . -- Tafsir ibn Kathir ( Commentary by Ibn Kathir ) Modern Sodom ( edit ) The site of the present Dead Sea Works , a large operation for the extraction of Dead Sea minerals , is called `` Sdom '' ( סדום ) according to its traditional Arab name , Khirbet as - sudūm ( خربت السدوم ) . Nearby is Mount Sodom ( הר סדום in Hebrew and جبل السدوم in Arabic ) which consists mainly of salt . In the Plain of Sdom ( מישור סדום ) to the south there are a few springs and two small agricultural villages , Neot Hakikar and Ein Tamar . Second World war ( edit ) `` Operation Gomorrah '' was the appropriate name given to the Bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 , in which 42,600 civilians were killed , and where use of incendiaries caused a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire . See also ( edit ) The Bible and homosexuality Bab edh - Dhra and Numeira , two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities ' locations Christianity and homosexuality Christianity and sexual orientation Homosexuality and Judaism Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible LGBT in Islam Religion and homosexuality Religion and LGBT people Tripura , cities likewise destroyed by divine intervention as described in Hindu mythology Vayeira , the Torah portion concerning Sodom and Gomorrah Xenia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide '' . LDS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . IPA format given from `` ga - mōr _́ a '' . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Howard ; Loebel - Fried , Caren ; Ginsburg , Elliot K. ( 2007 ) . Tree of Souls : The Mythology of Judaism . Oxford University Press . p. 465 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce Manning ; Coogan , Michael D ( 2004 ) . The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517610 - 0 . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Roy ( 2014 ) . What is Islamic Philosophy ? . p. 119 . Jump up ^ Smith , William ( 1863 ) . `` Sodom '' . Smith 's Bible Dictionary . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Melton , J. Gordon ; Baumann , Martin ( 2010 ) . Religions of the World , Second Edition : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practises . Jump up ^ Qur'an ( S15 ) Al - Hijr : 72 - 73 Jump up ^ Jordan , Mark ( 1999 ) . The Invention of Sodomy in Christian Theology . Chicago IL : University of Chicago Press . p. 89 - 95 . Jump up ^ Shirelle Phelps ( 2001 ) . World of Criminal Justice : N-Z . Gale Group . p. 686 . ISBN 0787650730 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scheb , John & John Scheb II ( 2013 ) . Criminal Law and Procedure . Cengage Learning . p. 185 . ISBN 128554613X . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ David Newton ( 2009 ) . Gay and Lesbian Rights : A Reference Handbook , Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 85 . ISBN 1598843079 . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kolig , Erich ( 2012 ) . Conservative Islam : A Cultural Anthropology . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Botterweck , G. Johannes ; Ringgren , Helmer ; Fabry , Heinz - Josef , eds. ( 2000 ) . Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament , Volume 10 . Wm Eeerdmans . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2334 - 2 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ) . `` Strong 's Concordance '' . Hendrickson Publishing . Jump up ^ B. Macdonald ( 2000 ) . `` East of the Jordan '' : Territories and Sites of the Hebrew Scriptures ( PDF ) . American Schools of Oriental Research . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 89757 - 031 - 6 . Jump up ^ J. Strong ( 2009 ) . `` Strong 's Concordance '' . Hendrickson Publishing . Jump up ^ de Saulcy , Ferdinand ( 1853 ) . Voyage autour de la mer Morte et dans les terres bibliques . Paris : Gide et J. Baudry . Jump up ^ Sayce , A.H. `` The Overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah ( Accadian Account ) '' Records of the Past XI 115 . Jump up ^ Archibald Sayce ( 1887 ) . The Hibbert Lectures , 1887 : Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion . p. 309 . Jump up ^ Hershel Shanks ( September -- October 1980 ) . `` BAR Interviews Giovanni Pettinato '' . Biblical Archaeology Review . 6 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Alfonso Archi ( November -- December 1981 ) . `` Are `` The Cities of the Plain '' Mentioned in the Ebla Tablets ? `` . Biblical Archaeology Review . 7 ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Chavalas , Mark W. , and K. Lawson Younger , Jr. ( eds . ) Mesopotamia and the Bible : Comparative Explorations. 2003 , p. 41 Jump up ^ Isbouts , Jean - Pierre ( 2007 ) . The Biblical World : An Illustrated Atlas . National Geographic Books . p. 71 . ISBN 1426201389 . Jump up ^ J. Penrose Harland ( September 1943 ) . `` Sodom and Gomorrah : The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( April 10 , 2008 ) . Evidence of Asteroid Impact For Sodom and Gomorrah ? , Universe Today ; retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Does Archeological Data Support the Biblical Story ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology - Sodom & Gomorrah '' . Atlantic Baptist University . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cline , Eric H. From Eden to Exile : Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible ( Tampa , FL : National Geographic , 2007 ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Collins , Steven & Latayne C. Scott . Discovering the City of Sodom : The Fascinating , True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament 's Most Infamous City . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1451684308 Jump up ^ Becca Stanek ( 2015 ) . `` Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` tallelhammam.com '' . Jump up ^ Merrill , Eugene H. `` Texts , Talls , and Old Testament Chronology : Tall Hammam as a Case Study . '' Artifax 27 , no . 4 ( 2012 ) : 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bolen , Todd ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el - Hammam '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contra Collins , Steven . Tall el - Hammam Is Still Sodom : Critical Data - Sets Cast Serious Doubt on E.H. Merrill 's Chronological Analysis '' ( PDF ) , Biblical Research Bulletin 13 , no . 1 ( 2013 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . Book I. Chapter 9 ; retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is compared with the Sorites paradox in Geocomputation , Stan Openshaw , Robert J. Abrahart , 2000 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Inhospitable Sodomites '' . Rictornorton.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ James Alfred Loader ( 1990 ) . A tale of two cities : Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament , early Jewish and early Christian traditions . Peeters Publishers . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Fishbane , Michael , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0195297515 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time '' . JONAH ( Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality ) . 2002 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . * Cf . Genesis Rabbah 50 : 5 , on Gen. 9 : 22 ff . * More generally see M. Kasher , Torah Shelemah , vol. 3 to Gen 19 : 5 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay ( 2011 ) . God Vs. Gay ? The Religious Case for Equality . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780807001592 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay . God vs. Gay . pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality `` , Expository Times 102 ( 1991 ) : 259 - 363 '' . Biblicalstudies.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boswell , John ( 1980 ) . Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July , 2006 , Issue # 029 '' . Ancient Hebrew Research Center . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Business Association . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gn 4 : 1 , 17 , 25 , 24 : 16 , 38 : 26 ; Num 31 : 17 , 18 , 35 ; Jdg 11 : 39 , 19 : 25 , 21 : 11 , 12 ; 1Sam 1 : 19 , 1Ki 1 : 4 , cf . Mt 1 : 25 , Lk 1 : 34 Jump up ^ Jack Bartlet , Rogers ( 2006 ) . Jesus , the Bible , and Homosexuality : Explode the myths , heal the church . Louisville , Kentucky : John Knox Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Howard , Kevin L. `` The Old Testament and Homosexuality '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , David . `` Homosexuality and ' Strange Flesh ' '' ; accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition , pp. 11 - 16 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` The Book of the Secrets of Enoch , Chapters 1 - 68 '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Robert A.J. ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) . `` response to prof. l . William Countryman 's review in Anglican theological review ; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7 '' . Robgagnon.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and Western Tradition , pp. 1 - 28 ; McNeil , Church and the Homosexual , pp. 42 - 50 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , pp. 92 - 97 Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality , Science , and the `` Plain Sense '' of Scripture , Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lv. 18 : 22 ; 26 - 27 , 29 , 30 ; 20 : 13 ; Dt. 23 : 18 ; 24 : 4 1Ki. 14 : 24 ; Ezek. 22 : 11 ; 33 : 26 Jump up ^ cf . Straight & Narrow ? : Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate , Thomas E. Schmidt Jump up ^ Peck , Harry Thurston ( 1898 ) . Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . New York : Harper and Brothers . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mills , Rev. Edward J. `` The Bible and Homosexuality -- Introduction and Overview '' ( PDF ) . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Duran ( 1993 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Kligerman ( 2007 ) pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Quran 07 : 81 ^ Jump up to : Quran 26 : 165 Jump up ^ Quran 29 : 29 Jump up ^ Quran 54 : 33 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 80 Jump up ^ Quran 26 : 168 Jump up ^ Kaltner , John ( 1999 ) . Ishmael Instructs Isaac : An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers . Liturgical Press ( via Google Books ) . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Tafsir Ibn Kathir '' . Quran 26 : 170 - 171 . qtafsir.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sodom and Gomorrah . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodom . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&oldid=815765712 '' Categories : Sodom and Gomorrah Book of Genesis Destroyed cities Biblical phrases LGBT topics and Christianity LGBT topics and Judaism LGBT topics and Islam Torah cities Bible - related controversies Lech - Lecha Vayeira Angelic apparitions in the Bible Sexuality in the Bible Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage አማርኛ বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 20 . 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where is sodom and gomorrah located in the bible

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Xbox 360

Xbox 360 - Wikipedia Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Left : Original model Xbox 360 Premium ( 2005 ) Center : Redesigned slim model Xbox 360 S ( 2010 ) Right : Latest model Xbox 360 E ( 2013 ) Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics , Wistron , Celestica , Foxconn Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Seventh generation Release date November 22 , 2005 ( show ) Original Xbox 360 NA : November 22 , 2005 EU : December 2 , 2005 JP : December 10 , 2005 CO MX : February 2 , 2006 KR : February 24 , 2006 HK SG TW : March 16 , 2006 AU : March 23 , 2006 CL : July 7 , 2006 IN : September 25 , 2006 ZA : September 29 , 2006 CZ PL : November 3 , 2006 BR : December 1 , 2006 RU : February 11 , 2007 PE : February 25 , 2008 UAE : October 28 , 2008 NG TR : 2009 SC : Spring 2010 Xbox 360 S NA : June 18 , 2010 AU : July 1 , 2010 NZ : July 8 , 2010 EU : July 16 , 2010 Xbox 360 E NA : June 10 , 2013 EU : June 20 , 2013 Retail availability 2005 -- 2016 Discontinued WW : April 20 , 2016 Units sold Worldwide : 84 million ( as of June 9 , 2014 ) ( details ) Media DVD , CD , digital distribution Add - on : HD DVD ( discontinued ) Operating system Xbox 360 system software CPU 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon Memory 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz Storage Storage media ( show ) Detachable Hard Drives 20 , 60 , 120 or 250 GB ( older models ) ; 250 or 320 GB ( Xbox 360 S models ) Memory Cards ( Removable ) ( Original design only ) 64 MB , 256 MB , 512 MB On - board storage chip Arcade Consoles ( later models ) 256 MB , 512 MB Budget level `` Xbox 360 S '' consoles : 4 GB USB storage device ( requires system software update ) 1 GB to 32 GB Cloud storage ( requires Xbox LIVE Gold Membership ) 2 GB Display Video output formats ( show ) Composite video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) S - Video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) RGB SCART 480i , 576i ( PAL ) Component ( YP P ) 480i , 576i , 480p , 720p , 1080i D - Terminal ( YP P ) 480i ( D1 ) , 480p ( D2 ) , 720p ( D4 ) , 1080i ( D3 ) , 1080p ( D5 ) VGA 640 × 480 , 848 × 480 , 1024 × 768 , 1280 × 720 ( 720p ) , 1280 × 768 , 1280 × 1024 , 1360 × 768 , 1440 × 900 , 1680 × 1050 , 1920 × 1080 ( 1080p ) HDMI ( later models ) 480p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p Note : 1080p video playback is limited to content from the Zune marketplace Graphics 500 MHz ATI Xenos Sound Analog stereo Stereo LPCM ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital with WMA pro ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Controller input Controllers ( show ) 4 maximum * ( any combination ) : Xbox 360 Controller ( USB wired , 2.4 GHz wireless ) Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel Rhythm game controllers Big Button Pads * Xbox 360 Arcade sticks Ace Combat 6 Flight Stick Kinect * 4 Big button pads may be used in addition to other controllers . Connectivity Original models 2.4 GHz wireless , 3 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet Add - on : Wifi 802.11 a / b / g , Wifi 802.11 a / b / g / n Revised `` S '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 5 × USB 2.0 , Digital Optical audio out , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Revised `` E '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 4 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Online services Xbox Live Best - selling game Kinect Adventures ! ( 24 million as pack - in game for Kinect ) Backward compatibility 461 original Xbox games ( requires hard drive and the latest update ) Predecessor Xbox Successor Xbox One Website xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/ The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 E3 expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription - based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third - party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living - room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005 -- 2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so - called `` Red Ring of Death '' , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 . As of June 2014 , 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - selling video game console in history , and the highest - selling console made by an American company . Although not the best - selling console of its generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live . The Xbox 360 's successor , the Xbox One , was released on November 22 , 2013 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced that it would end the production of new Xbox 360 hardware , although the company will continue to support the platform . Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Sales 1.5 Legacy 2 Hardware 2.1 Technical specifications 2.2 Accessories 2.2. 1 Kinect 2.3 AV output 2.4 Retail configurations 2.4. 1 Timeline 2.4. 2 United States 2.5 Technical problems 3 Software 3.1 Games 3.2 Interface 3.2. 1 New Xbox Experience 3.3 Multimedia 3.4 XNA community 4 Services 4.1 Xbox Live 4.2 Xbox Live Marketplace 4.3 Xbox Live Arcade 4.4 Movies & TV 4.5 Groove Music 4.6 Xbox SmartGlass 5 Game development 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Known during development as Xbox Next , Xenon , Xbox 2 , Xbox FS or NextBox , the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003 . In February 2003 , planning for the Xenon software platform began , and was headed by Microsoft 's Vice President J Allard . That month , Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue , Washington to recruit support for the system . Also that month , Peter Moore , former president of Sega of America , joined Microsoft . On August 12 , 2003 , ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console , a deal which was publicly announced two days later . Before the launch of the Xbox 360 , several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple 's Power Mac G5 hardware . This was because the system 's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM 's Xenon processor . The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3 's Cell Processor PPE architecture . According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps , the IBM employees were `` hiding '' their work from Sony and Toshiba , IBM 's partners in developing the Cell Processor . Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360 . Launch Main article : Xbox 360 launch The Xbox 360 was released on November 22 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada ; December 2 , 2005 , in Europe and December 10 , 2005 , in Japan . It was later launched in Mexico , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , and Russia . In its first year on the market , the system launched in 36 countries , more countries than any other console has launched in a single year . Critical reception In 2009 , IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth - greatest video game console of all time , out of a field of 25 . Although not the best - selling console of the seventh - generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential , by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live , and by popularizing game achievement awards . PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it `` proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second - best console of the 1993 -- 2013 period , stating `` It had its own social network , cross-game chat , new indie games every week , and the best version of just about every multiformat game ... Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza , but it 's not about the exclusives -- there 's nothing to trump Naughty Dog 's PS3 output , after all . Rather , it 's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox 's lifetime . The PC - like architecture meant the early EA Sports games ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3 , Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list , and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next - generation exclusive . And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad -- another industry benchmark , and a critical one . '' Sales Region Units sold First available United States 25.4 million as of March 31 , 2011 November 22 , 2005 EMEA region ( Europe , Middle East and Africa ) 13.7 million as of March 31 , 2011 ( Includes UK sales ) December 2 , 2005 United Kingdom 8 million as of February 14 , 2013 Japan 1.5 million as of June 17 , 2011 December 10 , 2005 Australia & New Zealand 1 million as of April 19 , 2010 March 23 , 2006 Worldwide 80 million as of October 17 , 2013 ( more ... ) Main article : Xbox 360 sales Xbox 360 Premium package . The Xbox 360 began production only 69 days before launch , and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America , selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan . Forty thousand units were offered for sale on auction site eBay during the initial week of release , 10 % of the total supply . By year 's end , Microsoft had shipped 1.5 million units , including 900,000 in North America , 500,000 in Europe , and 100,000 in Japan . In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US . In the US , the Xbox 360 was the leader in current - generation home console sales until June 2008 , when it was surpassed by the Wii . The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1 , 2008 . Between January 2011 and October 2013 , the Xbox 360 was the best - selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months . In Europe , the Xbox 360 has sold seven million units as of November 20 , 2008 , according to Microsoft . In the United Kingdom , the Xbox 360 has sold 3.9 million units as of June 27 , 2009 , according to GfK Chart - Track . While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 450,000 by November 2011 , the Xbox 360 sold almost as poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 . Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan , where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo , had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely . The significance of Japan 's poor sales might be overstated in the media in comparison to overall international sales . Legacy The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor , and although not the best - selling console of the seventh generation , it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well - established rivals . The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third - party software support in its later years , and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012 . The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality games , making it far less dominant than its predecessor , the PlayStation 2 , and it took until late in the PlayStation 3 's lifespan for its sales and games to reach parity with the Xbox 360 . TechRadar proclaimed that `` Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill -- a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor , Xbox One '' . The Xbox 360 's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high - profile games from both first party and third party developers . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins -- more than any other platform . By March 2008 , the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US ; the rate was 7.0 in Europe , while its competitors were 3.8 ( PS3 ) and 3.5 ( Wii ) , according to Microsoft . At the 2008 Game Developers Conference , Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year . As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War , the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of games that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives , including Devil May Cry 4 , Ace Combat 6 , Virtua Fighter 5 , Grand Theft Auto IV , Final Fantasy XIII , Tekken 6 , Metal Gear Solid : Rising , and L.A. Noire . In addition , Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007 , due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3 . TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution , Xbox Live online gaming service , and game achievement feature . During the console 's lifetime , the Xbox brand has grown from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for `` living - room computing environment '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Microsoft announced the Xbox One , successor to the Xbox 360 , at E3 on June 10 , 2013 . Although succeeded as Microsoft 's main console by the Xbox One , support from publishers for the Xbox 360 is expected to continue until at least 2016 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced the end of production of new Xbox 360 hardware ; the company will continue to provide hardware and software support for the platform , as selected Xbox 360 games can be played on Xbox One . Hardware The Xbox 360 E model , announced at 2013 's E3 , shares many aesthetics with the Xbox One . The main unit of the Xbox 360 itself has slight double concavity in matte white or black . The official color of the white model is Arctic Chill . It features a port on the top when vertical ( left side when horizontal ) to which a custom - housed hard disk drive unit can be attached . On the Slim and E models , the hard drive bay is on the bottom when vertical ( right side when horizontal ) and requires the opening of a concealed door to access it . ( This does not void the warranty . ) The Xbox 360 Slim / E hard drives are standard 2.5 '' SATA laptop drives , but have a custom enclosure and firmware so that the Xbox 360 can recognize it . Technical Specifications Main article : Xbox 360 technical specifications Various hard disk drives have been produced , including options at 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 , or 320 GB . Inside , the Xbox 360 uses the triple - core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU , with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads , and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once . Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos , which has 10 MB of eDRAM . Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size . Accessories Main article : Xbox 360 accessories Many accessories are available for the console , including both wired and wireless controllers , faceplates for customization , headsets for chatting , a webcam for video chatting , dance mats and Gamercize for exercise , three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives ( 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 ( initially Japan only , but later also available elsewhere ) and 320 GB ) , among other items , all of which are styled to match the console . Kinect Main article : Kinect A Kinect sensor device . The Xbox 360 E revision has an Xbox logo to the left of the Xbox 360 branding . Kinect is a `` controller - free gaming and entertainment experience '' for the Xbox 360 . It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal . The add - on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures , spoken commands and presented objects and images . The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models , connecting to new models via a custom connector , and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter . During their CES 2010 keynote speech , Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period ( November -- January ) and work with every 360 console . It was released on November 4 , 2010 Xbox 360 Chatpad from the Messenger Kit attached to a wireless controller AV output Built - in HDMI ( only made after 2007 ) S / PDIF ( only Slim ) Stereo Audio , Composite Video - Jack 3.5 mm ( only Slim E ) Through AV connector ( excluding E models which have no AV connector ) Composite Video S - Video SCART RGB VGA YP P D - Terminal S / PDIF RCA - stereo audio Retail configurations Xbox 360 Premium Xbox 360 Arcade ( replaced Xbox 360 Core ) Xbox 360 Elite Main article : List of Xbox 360 retail configurations At launch , the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package ( unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium ) , priced at US $399 or GB £ 279.99 , and the `` Xbox 360 Core '' , priced at US $299 and GB £ 209.99 . The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut - down version of the Media Remote as a promotion . The Elite package was launched later at US $479 . The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1 , 2008 . The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US $249 on August 28 , 2009 to be sold until stock ran out , while the Elite was also marked down in price to US $299 . Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 . The S model carries a smaller , streamlined appearance with an angular case , and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models . It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor . The Xbox 360 E , a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One , was released in 2013 . In addition to its revised aesthetics , the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port , no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ) , and no longer supports S / PDIF . Timeline United States November 22 , 2005 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $399.99 Launch of Xbox 360 Core -- $299.99 April 29 , 2007 Launch Xbox 360 Elite ( 120 GB ) -- $479.99 August 6 , 2007 Price cut on Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $349.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Core -- $279.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $449.99 October 27 , 2007 Launch of Xbox 360 Arcade -- $279.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Core July 13 , 2008 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 20 GB ) ( price cut to $299.99 for remaining stock ) August 1 , 2008 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 60 GB ) -- $349.99 September 5 , 2008 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $399.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) -- $299.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Arcade -- $199.99 August 28 , 2009 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $299.99 June 19 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 250 GB -- $299.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Elite ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Arcade ( price cut to $149.99 for remaining stock ) August 3 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 4 GB -- $199.99 June 10 , 2013 Launch of Xbox 360 E 4 GB -- $199.99 Launch of Xbox 360 E 250 GB -- $299.99 April 20 , 2016 Discontinuation of all Xbox 360 models . Technical problems Main article : Xbox 360 technical problems Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter , '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death . '' The Xbox 360 ( not Slim and E models ) has been subject to a number of technical problems . Since the console 's release in 2005 , users have reported concerns over its reliability and failure rate . To aid customers with defective consoles , Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report . A `` General Hardware Failure '' is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red . This error is often known as the `` Red Ring of Death '' . In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code . The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes . Since these problems surfaced , Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability . Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat . With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S , the warranty for the newer models does not include the three - year extended coverage for `` General Hardware Failures '' . The newer Xbox 360 S and E models indicate system overheating when the console 's power button begins to flash red , unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred . The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled , whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a `` General Hardware Failure '' unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red . Software Games Main article : List of Xbox 360 games See also : List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 Rock of Ages , one of many Unreal Engine 3 powered games available on Xbox 360 . The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe . The console 's best - selling game for 2005 , Call of Duty 2 , sold over a million copies . Five other games sold over a million copies in the console 's first year on the market : Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , Dead or Alive 4 , Saints Row , and Gears of War . Gears of War would become the best - selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006 , before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies . Six games were initially available in Japan , while eagerly anticipated games such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console 's launch . Games targeted specifically for the region , such as Chromehounds , Ninety - Nine Nights , and Phantasy Star Universe , were also released in the console 's first year . Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker , founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi . Mistwalker 's first game , Blue Dragon , was released in 2006 and had a limited - edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders . Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan , along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean : The Last Hope . Mistwalker 's second game , Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the Xbox 360 platform with 38 Nominations and 11 Wins . Interface Main article : Xbox 360 system software The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' ( formerly four blades ) , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain . It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it , or when the disc tray was ejected , but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up , or if inserted when already on . A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad . This simplified version showed the user 's gamercard , Xbox Live messages and friends list . It also allowed for personal and music settings , in addition to voice or video chats , or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game . On November 19 , 2008 , the Xbox 360 's dashboard was changed from the `` Blade '' interface , to a dashboard reminiscent of that present on the Zune and Windows Media Center , known as the `` New Xbox Experience '' or NXE . Since the console 's release , Microsoft has released several updates for the Dashboard software . These updates have included adding new features to the console , enhancing Xbox Live functionality and multimedia playback capabilities , adding compatibility for new accessories , and fixing bugs in the software . Such updates are mandatory for users wishing to use Xbox Live , as access to Xbox Live is disabled until the update is performed . New Xbox Experience Further information : Xbox Live § New Xbox Experience At E3 2008 , at Microsoft 's Show , Microsoft 's Aaron Greenberg and Marc Whitten announced the new Xbox 360 interface called the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ) . The update was intended to ease console menu navigation . Its GUI uses the Twist UI , previously used in Windows Media Center and the Zune . Its new Xbox Guide retains all Dashboard functionality ( including the Marketplace browser and disk ejection ) and the original `` Blade '' interface ( although the color scheme has been changed to match that of the NXE Dashboard ) . The NXE also provides many new features . Users can now install games from disc to the hard drive to play them with reduced load time and less disc drive noise , but each game 's disc must remain in the system in order to run . A new , built - in Community system allows the creation of digitized Avatars that can be used for multiple activities , such as sharing photos or playing Arcade games like 1 vs. 100 . The update was released on November 19 , 2008 . While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory , the NXE update was the first to require a storage device -- at least a 128 MB memory card or a hard drive . Microsoft released a further update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard starting on December 6 , 2011 . It included a completely new user interface which utilizes Microsoft 's Metro design language , and added new features such as cloud storage for game saves and profiles , live television , Bing voice search , access to YouTube videos and better support for Kinect voice commands . Multimedia The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video ( WMV ) format ( including high - definition and PlaysForSure videos ) , as well as H. 264 and MPEG - 4 media . The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG - 4 ASP format videos . The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects , and supports audio playback , with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button . Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard , and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer . Music , photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices , Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices ( such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives ) , and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local - area network in streaming mode . As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol , some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare ( part of the GeeXboX project ) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360 , allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers . This is possible with video files up to HD - resolution and with several codecs ( MPEG - 2 , MPEG - 4 , WMV ) and container formats ( WMV , MOV , TS ) . As of October 27 , 2009 , UK and Ireland users are also able to access live and on - demand streams of Sky television programming . At the 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows , Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360 . In 2007 , Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season , using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform . In 2008 , Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom , in which the BT Vision advanced TV service , using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform , would be accessible via Xbox 360 , planned for the middle of the year . BT Vision 's DVR - based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity . In 2010 , while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom , Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T 's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set - top boxes later in the year . As of January 2010 , IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials . In 2012 , Microsoft released the Live Event Player , allowing for events such as video game shows , beauty pageants , award shows , concerts , news and sporting events to be streamed on the console via Xbox Live . The first live events streamed on Live were the 2012 Revolver Golden Gods , Microsoft 's E3 2012 media briefing and the Miss Teen USA 2012 beauty pageant . XNA Community Main article : Microsoft XNA XNA Community is a feature whereby Xbox 360 owners can receive community - created games , made with Microsoft XNA Game Studio , from the XNA Creators Club . The games are written , published , and distributed through a community managed portal . XNA Community provides a channel for digital videogame delivery over Xbox Live that can be free of royalties , publishers and licenses . XNA game sales , however , did not meet original expectations . though Xbox Live Indie Games ( XBLIG ) has had some `` hits . '' Services Xbox Live Main article : Xbox Live When the Xbox 360 was released , Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade , adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver ( later renamed Xbox Live Free ) to its already established premium subscription - based service ( which was renamed Gold ) . Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console . It allows users to create a user profile , join on message boards , and access Microsoft 's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members . A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however , some games that have rather limited online functions already , ( such as Viva Piñata ) or games that feature their own subscription service ( e.g. EA Sports games ) can be played with a Free account . Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision . Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third - party subscriptions . Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information , friends list , and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold . To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system , users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com . When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console , they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number , which is used for verification purposes and billing . An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US $59.99 , C $ 59.99 , NZ $ 90.00 , GB £ 39.99 , or € 59.99 . On January 5 , 2011 , Xbox Live had reached over 30 million subscribers . Xbox Live Marketplace Main article : Xbox Live Marketplace The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content . The service offers movie and game trailers , game demos , Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add - on game content ( items , costumes , levels etc . ) . These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live . A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace . In order to download priced content , users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip ; though some products ( such as trailers and demos ) are free to download . Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000 - point denominations . Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500 , 1,000 , 2,000 and 5,000 - point denominations . Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website . An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace . Xbox Live Arcade Main article : Xbox Live Arcade Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners . In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac - Man , the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes . The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles , such as the PlayStation game Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma . The service was first launched on November 3 , 2004 , using a DVD to load , and offered games for about US $5 to $15 . Items are purchased using Microsoft Points , a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges . On November 22 , 2005 , Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360 , in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360 's dashboard . The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers ; examples of the more popular games are Geometry Wars , Street Fighter II ' Hyper Fighting , and Uno . On March 24 , 2010 , Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live . Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade . DVD - ROM for Xbox 360 Movies & TV Main article : Microsoft Movies & TV On November 6 , 2006 , Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace , an exclusive video store accessible through the console . Launched in the United States on November 22 , 2006 , the first anniversary of the Xbox 360 's launch , the service allows users in the United States to download high - definition and standard - definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing . With the exception of short clips , content is not currently available for streaming , and must be downloaded . Movies are also available for rental . They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing , whichever comes first . Television episodes can be purchased to own , and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles . Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC - 1 for video at 720p , with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit / s . Television content is offered from MTV , VH1 , Comedy Central , Turner Broadcasting , and CBS ; and movie content is Warner Bros. , Paramount , and Disney , along with other publishers . After the Spring 2007 update , the following video codecs are supported : H. 264 video support : Up to 15 Mbit / s , Baseline , Main , and High ( up to level 4.1 ) Profiles with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . MPEG - 4 Part 2 video support : Up to 8 Mbit / s , Simple Profile with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . As a late addition to the December Xbox 360 update , 25 movies were added to the European Xbox 360 video market place on the December 11 , 2007 and cost 250 Microsoft points for the SD version on the movie and 380 points for the HD version of the movie . Xbox Live members in Canada featured the ability to go on the Xbox Live Marketplace also as of December 11 , 2007 with around 30 movies to be downloaded for the same amount of Microsoft Points . On May 26 , 2009 , Microsoft announced it would release the Zune HD ( in the fall of 2009 ) , which was then the next addition to the Zune product range . This was of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain . Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009 . On October 16 , 2012 , Xbox Video and Xbox Music were released , replacing the Zune Marketplace . Xbox Video is a digital video service on that offers full HD movies and TV series for purchase or rental on Xbox 360 , Windows 8 , Windows RT PCs and tablets , and Windows Phones . On August 18 , 2015 , Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it Movies and TV similar to the Windows 10 App . Groove music Main article : Groove Music Xbox Music provides 30 million music tracks available for purchase or access through subscription . It was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 and it integrates with Windows 8 and Windows Phone as well . In August 2015 Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it to Groove Music similar to the Windows 10 App . Xbox SmartGlass Main article : Xbox SmartGlass Xbox SmartGlass is one of the newer features that allows for integration between the Xbox 360 console and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones . An app is available on Android , Windows Phone 8 and iOS . Users of the feature can view additional content to accompany the game they are playing , or the TV shows and movies they are watching . They can also use their mobile device as a remote to control the Xbox 360 console . Game development PartnerNet , the developers - only alternative Xbox Live network used by developers to beta test game content downloads and games developed for Xbox Live Arcade , runs on Xbox 360 debug kits , which are used both by developers and by the gaming press . In a podcast released on February 12 , 2007 , a developer breached the PartnerNet non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) by commenting that he had found a playable version of Alien Hominid and an unplayable version of Ikaruga on PartnerNet . A few video game journalists , misconstruing the breach of the NDA as an invalidation of the NDA , immediately began reporting on other games being tested via PartnerNet , including a remake of Jetpac . ( Alien Hominid for the Xbox 360 was released on February 28 of that year , and Ikaruga was released over a year later on April 9 , 2008 . Jetpac was released for the Xbox 360 on March 28 , 2007 as Jetpac Refuelled . ) There have also been numerous video and screenshot leaks of game footage on PartnerNet , as well as a complete version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I , which caused for the whole PartnerNet service to be shut down overnight on April 3 , 2010 . In the following days , Microsoft reminded developers and journalists that they were in breach of NDA by sharing information about PartnerNet content and asked websites to remove lists of games in development that were discovered on the service. . Sega used feedback from fans about the leaked version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I to refine it before they eventually released it . Additionally , a pair of hackers played their modded Halo 3 games on PartnerNet in addition to using PartnerNet to scoop up unreleased and untested software . The duo passed their hacked Halo pics to their friends before they were eventually caught by Bungie engineers who left a message for the hackers on PartnerNet which read `` Winners Do n't Break Into PartnerNet . '' . Other games that were leaked in the PartnerNet fiasco include Shenmue and Shenmue 2 . 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( August 19 , 2005 ) . `` To Hard Drive or Not ? '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Barker , Ben ( September 20 , 2005 ) . `` Xbox 360 Get the Points '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berardini , César ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` Browse Live Marketplace from your PC '' . TeamXbox . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berardini , César ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Latest Xbox Live Facts and Stats '' . TeamXbox . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( October 14 , 2004 ) . `` Xbox Live Arcade to launch Nov. 3 -- Oct. 14 , 2004 '' . CNN . Retrieved March 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hryb , Larry ( December 30 , 2006 ) . `` Top Xbox Live Games of 2006 '' . MajorNelson . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2008 . 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Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of mind - wikipedia Philosophy of mind Jump to : navigation , search A phrenological mapping of the brain -- phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain although it is now largely discredited . Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind . The mind -- body problem is a paradigm issue in philosophy of mind , although other issues are addressed , such as the hard problem of consciousness , and the nature of particular mental states . Aspects of the mind that are studied include mental events , mental functions , mental properties , consciousness , the ontology of the mind , the nature of thought , and the relationship of the mind to the body . Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind -- body problem , although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly . Dualism is seen even in the Eastern tradition , in the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy , and Plato , but its entry into Western philosophy was thanks to René Descartes in the 17th century . Substance dualists like Descartes argue that the mind is an independently existing substance , whereas property dualists maintain that the mind is a group of independent properties that emerge from and can not be reduced to the brain , but that it is not a distinct substance . Monism is the position that mind and body are not ontologically distinct entities ( independent substances ) . This view was first advocated in Western philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later espoused by the 17th century rationalist Baruch Spinoza . Physicalists argue that only entities postulated by physical theory exist , and that mental processes will eventually be explained in terms of these entities as physical theory continues to evolve . Physicalists maintain various positions on the prospects of reducing mental properties to physical properties ( many of whom adopt compatible forms of property dualism ) , and the ontological status of such mental properties remains unclear . Idealists maintain that the mind is all that exists and that the external world is either mental itself , or an illusion created by the mind . Neutral monists such as Ernst Mach and William James argue that events in the world can be thought of as either mental ( psychological ) or physical depending on the network of relationships into which they enter , and dual - aspect monists such as Spinoza adhere to the position that there is some other , neutral substance , and that both matter and mind are properties of this unknown substance . The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been variations of physicalism ; these positions include behaviorism , the type identity theory , anomalous monism and functionalism . Most modern philosophers of mind adopt either a reductive or non-reductive physicalist position , maintaining in their different ways that the mind is not something separate from the body . These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences , especially in the fields of sociobiology , computer science , evolutionary psychology and the various neurosciences . Reductive physicalists assert that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states . Non-reductive physicalists argue that although the mind is not a separate substance , mental properties supervene on physical properties , or that the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations are indispensable , and can not be reduced to the language and lower - level explanations of physical science . Continued neuroscientific progress has helped to clarify some of these issues ; however , they are far from being resolved . Modern philosophers of mind continue to ask how the subjective qualities and the intentionality of mental states and properties can be explained in naturalistic terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mind -- body problem 2 Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem 2.1 Arguments for dualism 2.2 Interactionist dualism 2.3 Other forms of dualism 2.3. 1 Psychophysical parallelism 2.3. 2 Occasionalism 2.3. 3 Property dualism 2.3. 4 Dual aspect theory 2.3. 5 Experiential dualism 2.3. 6 Hylomorphism 3 Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem 3.1 Physicalistic monisms 3.1. 1 Behaviorism 3.1. 2 Identity theory 3.1. 3 Functionalism 3.1. 4 Non-reductive physicalism 3.1. 5 Weak emergentism 3.1. 6 Eliminative materialism 3.2 Non-physicalist monisms 3.2. 1 Idealism 3.2. 2 Neutral monism 4 Mysterianism 5 Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem 6 Externalism and internalism 7 Naturalism and its problems 7.1 Qualia 7.2 Intentionality 8 Philosophy of perception 9 Philosophy of mind and science 9.1 Neurobiology 9.2 Computer science 9.3 Psychology 9.4 Cognitive science 10 Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition 11 Mind in Eastern philosophy 11.1 Mind in Hindu philosophy 11.1. 1 Dualism 11.1. 2 Vedanta monistic idealism 11.1. 3 Materialism 11.2 Buddhist philosophy of mind 11.2. 1 Abhidharma theories of mind 11.2. 2 Indian Mahayana 11.2. 3 Tibetan Buddhism 11.2. 4 Zen Buddhism 12 Topics related to philosophy of mind 12.1 Free will 12.2 Self 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Mind -- body problem ( edit ) Main article : Mind -- body problem The mind -- body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds , or mental processes , and bodily states or processes . The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states / processes , and how -- or even if -- minds are affected by and can affect the body . Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli that arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world , and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states , ultimately causing us to feel a sensation , which may be pleasant or unpleasant . Someone 's desire for a slice of pizza , for example , will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants . The question , then , is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties . A related problem is how someone 's propositional attitudes ( e.g. beliefs and desires ) cause that individual 's neurons to fire and muscles to contract . These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes . Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter ( or body ) . It begins with the claim that mental phenomena are , in some respects , non-physical . One of the earliest known formulations of mind -- body dualism was expressed in the eastern Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy ( c. 650 BCE ) , which divided the world into purusha ( mind / spirit ) and prakriti ( material substance ) . Specifically , the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali presents an analytical approach to the nature of the mind . In Western Philosophy , the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans ' `` intelligence '' ( a faculty of the mind or soul ) could not be identified with , or explained in terms of , their physical body . However , the best - known version of dualism is due to René Descartes ( 1641 ) , and holds that the mind is a non-extended , non-physical substance , a `` res cogitans '' . Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self - awareness , and to distinguish this from the brain , which was the seat of intelligence . He was therefore the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it still exists today . Arguments for dualism ( edit ) The most frequently used argument in favor of dualism appeals to the common - sense intuition that conscious experience is distinct from inanimate matter . If asked what the mind is , the average person would usually respond by identifying it with their self , their personality , their soul , or some other such entity . They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain , or vice versa , finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic , or simply unintelligible . Many modern philosophers of mind think that these intuitions are misleading and that we should use our critical faculties , along with empirical evidence from the sciences , to examine these assumptions to determine whether there is any real basis to them . Another important argument in favor of dualism is that the mental and the physical seem to have quite different , and perhaps irreconcilable , properties . Mental events have a subjective quality , whereas physical events do not . So , for example , one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like , or what a blue sky looks like , or what nice music sounds like to a person . But it is meaningless , or at least odd , to ask what a surge in the uptake of glutamate in the dorsolateral portion of the hippocampus feels like . Philosophers of mind call the subjective aspects of mental events `` qualia '' or `` raw feels '' . There is something that it is like to feel pain , to see a familiar shade of blue , and so on . There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical . David Chalmers explains this argument by stating that we could conceivably know all the objective information about something , such as the brain states and wavelengths of light involved with seeing the color red , but still not know something fundamental about the situation -- what it is like to see the color red . If consciousness ( the mind ) can exist independently of physical reality ( the brain ) , one must explain how physical memories are created concerning consciousness . Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality . One possible explanation is that of a miracle , proposed by Arnold Geulincx and Nicolas Malebranche , where all mind -- body interactions require the direct intervention of God . Another possible argument that has been proposed by C.S. Lewis is the Argument from Reason : if , as monism implies , all of our thoughts are the effects of physical causes , then we have no reason for assuming that they are also the consequent of a reasonable ground . Knowledge , however , is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent . Therefore , if monism is correct , there would be no way of knowing this -- or anything else -- we could not even suppose it , except by a fluke . The zombie argument is based on a thought experiment proposed by Todd Moody , and developed by David Chalmers in his book The Conscious Mind . The basic idea is that one can imagine one 's body , and therefore conceive the existence of one 's body , without any conscious states being associated with this body . Chalmers ' argument is that it seems possible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe about a zombie must be true of it . Since none of the concepts involved in these sciences make reference to consciousness or other mental phenomena , and any physical entity can be by definition described scientifically via physics , the move from conceivability to possibility is not such a large one . Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent , or unlikely , concept . It has been argued under physicalism that one must either believe that anyone including oneself might be a zombie , or that no one can be a zombie -- following from the assertion that one 's own conviction about being ( or not being ) a zombie is a product of the physical world and is therefore no different from anyone else 's . This argument has been expressed by Dennett who argues that `` Zombies think they are conscious , think they have qualia , think they suffer pains -- they are just ' wrong ' ( according to this lamentable tradition ) in ways that neither they nor we could ever discover ! '' See also the problem of other minds . Interactionist dualism ( edit ) Portrait of René Descartes by Frans Hals ( 1648 ) Interactionist dualism , or simply interactionism , is the particular form of dualism first espoused by Descartes in the Meditations . In the 20th century , its major defenders have been Karl Popper and John Carew Eccles . It is the view that mental states , such as beliefs and desires , causally interact with physical states . Descartes ' famous argument for this position can be summarized as follows : Seth has a clear and distinct idea of his mind as a thinking thing that has no spatial extension ( i.e. , it can not be measured in terms of length , weight , height , and so on ) . He also has a clear and distinct idea of his body as something that is spatially extended , subject to quantification and not able to think . It follows that mind and body are not identical because they have radically different properties . At the same time , however , it is clear that Seth 's mental states ( desires , beliefs , etc . ) have causal effects on his body and vice versa : A child touches a hot stove ( physical event ) which causes pain ( mental event ) and makes her yell ( physical event ) , this in turn provokes a sense of fear and protectiveness in the caregiver ( mental event ) , and so on . Descartes ' argument crucially depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be `` clear and distinct '' ideas in his mind are necessarily true . Many contemporary philosophers doubt this . For example , Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one 's own ideas . Freud claimed that a psychologically - trained observer can understand a person 's unconscious motivations better than the person himself does . Duhem has shown that a philosopher of science can know a person 's methods of discovery better than that person herself does , while Malinowski has shown that an anthropologist can know a person 's customs and habits better than the person whose customs and habits they are . He also asserts that modern psychological experiments that cause people to see things that are not there provide grounds for rejecting Descartes ' argument , because scientists can describe a person 's perceptions better than the person herself can . Other forms of dualism ( edit ) Four varieties of dualism . The arrows indicate the direction of the causal interactions . Occasionalism is not shown . Psychophysical parallelism ( edit ) Psychophysical parallelism , or simply parallelism , is the view that mind and body , while having distinct ontological statuses , do not causally influence one another . Instead , they run along parallel paths ( mind events causally interact with mind events and brain events causally interact with brain events ) and only seem to influence each other . This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz . Although Leibniz was an ontological monist who believed that only one type of substance , the monad , exists in the universe , and that everything is reducible to it , he nonetheless maintained that there was an important distinction between `` the mental '' and `` the physical '' in terms of causation . He held that God had arranged things in advance so that minds and bodies would be in harmony with each other . This is known as the doctrine of pre-established harmony . Occasionalism ( edit ) Occasionalism is the view espoused by Nicholas Malebranche that asserts that all supposedly causal relations between physical events , or between physical and mental events , are not really causal at all . While body and mind are different substances , causes ( whether mental or physical ) are related to their effects by an act of God 's intervention on each specific occasion . Property dualism ( edit ) Property dualism is the view that the world is constituted of just one kind of substance -- the physical kind -- and there exist two distinct kinds of properties : physical properties and mental properties . In other words , it is the view that non-physical , mental properties ( such as beliefs , desires and emotions ) inhere in some physical bodies ( at least , brains ) . How mental and physical properties relate causally depends on the variety of property dualism in question , and is not always a clear issue . Sub-varieties of property dualism include : Strong emergentism asserts that when matter is organized in the appropriate way ( i.e. in the way that living human bodies are organized ) , mental properties emerge in a way not fully accountable for by physical laws . Hence , it is a form of emergent materialism . These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and can not be reduced to , or explained in terms of , the physical substrate from which they emerge . They are dependent on the physical properties from which they emerge , but opinions vary as to the coherence of top -- down causation , i.e. the causal effectiveness of such properties . A form of property dualism has been espoused by David Chalmers and the concept has undergone something of a renaissance in recent years , but was already suggested in the 19th century by William James . Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley . It consists of the view that mental phenomena are causally ineffectual , where one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states or mental phenomena are the effects , but not the causes , of physical phenomena . Physical events can cause other physical events and physical events can cause mental events , but mental events can not cause anything , since they are just causally inert by - products ( i.e. epiphenomena ) of the physical world . This view has been defended most strongly in recent times by Frank Jackson . Non-reductive Physicalism is the view that mental properties form a separate ontological class to physical properties : mental states ( such as qualia ) are not reducible to physical states . The ontological stance towards qualia in the case of non-reductive physicalism does not imply that qualia are causally inert ; this is what distinguishes it from epiphenomenalism . Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect , or , alternatively , all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view . Superficially , it seems to be a form of property dualism , since it regards everything as having both mental and physical properties . However , some panpsychists say mechanical behaviour is derived from primitive mentality of atoms and molecules -- as are sophisticated mentality and organic behaviour , the difference being attributed to the presence or absence of complex structure in a compound object . So long as the reduction of non-mental properties to mental ones is in place , panpsychism is not a ( strong ) form of property dualism ; otherwise it is . Dual aspect theory ( edit ) Dual aspect theory or dual - aspect monism is the view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of , or perspectives on , the same substance . ( Thus it is a mixed position , which is monistic in some respects ) . In modern philosophical writings , the theory 's relationship to neutral monism has become somewhat ill - defined , but one proffered distinction says that whereas neutral monism allows the context of a given group of neutral elements and the relationships into which they enter to determine whether the group can be thought of as mental , physical , both , or neither , dual - aspect theory suggests that the mental and the physical are manifestations ( or aspects ) of some underlying substance , entity or process that is itself neither mental nor physical as normally understood . Various formulations of dual - aspect monism also require the mental and the physical to be complementary , mutually irreducible and perhaps inseparable ( though distinct ) . Experiential dualism ( edit ) This is a philosophy of mind that regards the degrees of freedom between mental and physical well - being as not necessarily synonymous thus implying an experiential dualism between body and mind . An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is `` experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable -- for instance , while engaging in a strenuous physical workout -- while mentally cheerful ; conversely , one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort '' . Experiential dualism notes that our subjective experience of merely seeing something in the physical world seems qualitatively different than mental processes like grief that comes from losing a loved one . This philosophy also is a proponent of causal dualism which is defined as the dual ability for mental states and physical states to affect one another . Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa . However , unlike cartesian dualism or some other systems , experiential dualism does not posit two fundamental substances in reality : mind and matter . Rather , experiential dualism is to be understood as a conceptual framework that gives credence to the qualitative difference between the experience of mental and physical states . Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism . Madhayamaka Buddhism goes even further , finding fault with the monist view of physicalist philosophies of mind as well in that these generally posit matter and energy as the fundamental substance of reality . Nonetheless , this does not imply that the cartesian dualist view is correct , rather Madhyamaka regards as error any affirming view of a fundamental substance to reality . In denying the independent self - existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience , the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism -- namely , physicalism -- that is characteristic of modern science . The physicalism propounded by many contemporary scientists seems to assert that the real world is composed of physical things - in - themselves , while all mental phenomena are regarded as mere appearances , devoid of any reality in and of themselves . Much is made of this difference between appearances and reality . Indeed physicalism , or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality , is explicitly rejected by Buddhism . In the Madhyamaka view , mental events are no more or less real than physical events . In terms of our common - sense experience , differences of kind do exist between physical and mental phenomena . While the former commonly have mass , location , velocity , shape , size , and numerous other physical attributes , these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena . For example , we do not commonly conceive of the feeling of affection for another person as having mass or location . These physical attributes are no more appropriate to other mental events such as sadness , a recalled image from one 's childhood , the visual perception of a rose , or consciousness of any sort . Mental phenomena are , therefore , not regarded as being physical , for the simple reason that they lack many of the attributes that are uniquely characteristic of physical phenomena . Thus , Buddhism has never adopted the physicalist principle that regards only physical things as real . Hylomorphism ( edit ) Main article : Hylomorphism Hylomorphism is a theory that originates with Aristotelian philosophy , which conceives being as a compound of matter and form . `` Hylomorphism '' is a 19th - century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη hyle , `` wood , matter '' , and μορφή , morphē , `` form '' . Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) In contrast to dualism , monism does not accept any fundamental divisions . The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia . In Indian and Chinese philosophy , monism is integral to how experience is understood . Today , the most common forms of monism in Western philosophy are physicalist . Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical , in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science . However , a variety of formulations ( see below ) are possible . Another form of monism , idealism , states that the only existing substance is mental . Although pure idealism , such as that of George Berkeley , is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy , a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism , according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties , has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin . Phenomenalism is the theory that representations ( or sense data ) of external objects are all that exist . Such a view was briefly adopted by Bertrand Russell and many of the logical positivists during the early 20th century . A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental . The mental and physical would then both be properties of this neutral substance . Such a position was adopted by Baruch Spinoza and was popularized by Ernst Mach in the 19th century . This neutral monism , as it is called , resembles property dualism . Physicalistic monisms ( edit ) Behaviorism ( edit ) Main article : Behaviorism Behaviorism dominated philosophy of mind for much of the 20th century , especially the first half . In psychology , behaviorism developed as a reaction to the inadequacies of introspectionism . Introspective reports on one 's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and can not be used to form predictive generalizations . Without generalizability and the possibility of third - person examination , the behaviorists argued , psychology can not be scientific . The way out , therefore , was to eliminate the idea of an interior mental life ( and hence an ontologically independent mind ) altogether and focus instead on the description of observable behavior . Parallel to these developments in psychology , a philosophical behaviorism ( sometimes called logical behaviorism ) was developed . This is characterized by a strong verificationism , which generally considers unverifiable statements about interior mental life pointless . For the behaviorist , mental states are not interior states on which one can make introspective reports . They are just descriptions of behavior or dispositions to behave in certain ways , made by third parties to explain and predict another 's behavior . Philosophical behaviorism has fallen out of favor since the latter half of the 20th century , coinciding with the rise of cognitivism . Cognitivists reject behaviorism due to several perceived problems . For example , behaviorism could be said to be counterintuitive when it maintains that someone is talking about behavior in the event that a person is experiencing a painful headache . Identity theory ( edit ) Main article : Type physicalism Type physicalism ( or type - identity theory ) was developed by John Smart and Ullin Place as a direct reaction to the failure of behaviorism . These philosophers reasoned that , if mental states are something material , but not behavioral , then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain . In very simplified terms : a mental state M is nothing other than brain state B . The mental state `` desire for a cup of coffee '' would thus be nothing more than the `` firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions '' . The classic Identity theory and Anomalous Monism in contrast . For the Identity theory , every token instantiation of a single mental type corresponds ( as indicated by the arrows ) to a physical token of a single physical type . For anomalous monism , the token -- token correspondences can fall outside of the type -- type correspondences . The result is token identity . Despite its initial plausibility , the identity theory faces a strong challenge in the form of the thesis of multiple realizability , first formulated by Hilary Putnam . It is obvious that not only humans , but many different species of animals can , for example , experience pain . However , it seems highly unlikely that all of these diverse organisms with the same pain experience are in the identical brain state . And if this is the case , then pain can not be identical to a specific brain state . The identity theory is thus empirically unfounded . On the other hand , even granted the above , it does not follow that identity theories of all types must be abandoned . According to token identity theories , the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state . The type -- token distinction can be illustrated by a simple example : the word `` green '' contains four types of letters ( g , r , e , n ) with two tokens ( occurrences ) of the letter e along with one each of the others . The idea of token identity is that only particular occurrences of mental events are identical with particular occurrences or tokenings of physical events . Anomalous monism ( see below ) and most other non-reductive physicalisms are token - identity theories . Despite these problems , there is a renewed interest in the type identity theory today , primarily due to the influence of Jaegwon Kim . Functionalism ( edit ) Main article : Functionalism ( philosophy of mind ) Functionalism was formulated by Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor as a reaction to the inadequacies of the identity theory . Putnam and Fodor saw mental states in terms of an empirical computational theory of the mind . At about the same time or slightly after , D.M. Armstrong and David Kellogg Lewis formulated a version of functionalism that analyzed the mental concepts of folk psychology in terms of functional roles . Finally , Wittgenstein 's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning , further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman . Another one , psychofunctionalism , is an approach adopted by the naturalistic philosophy of mind associated with Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn . What all these different varieties of functionalism share in common is the thesis that mental states are characterized by their causal relations with other mental states and with sensory inputs and behavioral outputs . That is , functionalism abstracts away from the details of the physical implementation of a mental state by characterizing it in terms of non-mental functional properties . For example , a kidney is characterized scientifically by its functional role in filtering blood and maintaining certain chemical balances . From this point of view , it does not really matter whether the kidney be made up of organic tissue , plastic nanotubes or silicon chips : it is the role that it plays and its relations to other organs that define it as a kidney . Non-reductive physicalism ( edit ) Main article : Physicalism Non-reductionist philosophers hold firmly to two essential convictions with regard to mind -- body relations : 1 ) Physicalism is true and mental states must be physical states , but 2 ) All reductionist proposals are unsatisfactory : mental states can not be reduced to behavior , brain states or functional states . Hence , the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism . Donald Davidson 's anomalous monism is an attempt to formulate such a physicalism . He `` thinks that when one runs across what are traditionally seen as absurdities of Reason , such as akrasia or self - deception , the personal psychology framework is not to be given up in favor of the subpersonal one , but rather must be enlarged or extended so that the rationality set out by the principle of charity can be found elsewhere . '' Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience : mental states supervene on physical states , but are not reducible to them . `` Supervenience '' therefore describes a functional dependence : there can be no change in the mental without some change in the physical -- causal reducibility between the mental and physical without ontological reducibility . Because non-reductive physicalist theories attempt to both retain the ontological distinction between mind and body and to try to solve the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' in some way ; critics often see this as a paradox and point out the similarities to epiphenomenalism , in that it is the brain that is seen as the root `` cause '' not the mind , and the mind seems to be rendered inert . Epiphenomenalism regards one or more mental states as the byproduct of physical brain states , having no influence on physical states . The interaction is one - way ( solving the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' ) but leaving us with non-reducible mental states ( as a byproduct of brain states ) -- causally reducible , but ontologically irreducible to physical states . Pain would be seen by epiphenomenaliasts as being caused by the brain state but as not having effects on other brain states , though it might have effects on other mental states ( i.e. cause distress ) . Weak emergentism ( edit ) Main article : Emergentism Weak emergentism is a form of `` non-reductive physicalism '' that involves a layered view of nature , with the layers arranged in terms of increasing complexity and each corresponding to its own special science . Some philosophers hold that emergent properties causally interact with more fundamental levels , while others maintain that higher - order properties simply supervene over lower levels without direct causal interaction . The latter group therefore holds a less strict , or `` weaker '' , definition of emergentism , which can be rigorously stated as follows : a property P of composite object O is emergent if it is metaphysically impossible for another object to lack property P if that object is composed of parts with intrinsic properties identical to those in O and has those parts in an identical configuration . Sometimes emergentists use the example of water having a new property when Hydrogen H and Oxygen O combine to form H O ( water ) . In this example there `` emerges '' a new property of a transparent liquid that would not have been predicted by understanding hydrogen and oxygen as gases . This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state . Emergentists try to solve the notorious mind -- body gap this way . One problem for emergentism is the idea of `` causal closure '' in the world that does not allow for a mind - to - body causation . Eliminative materialism ( edit ) Main article : Eliminative materialism If one is a materialist and believes that all aspects of our common - sense psychology will find reduction to a mature cognitive neuroscience , and that non-reductive materialism is mistaken , then one can adopt a final , more radical position : eliminative materialism . There are several varieties of eliminative materialism , but all maintain that our common - sense `` folk psychology '' badly misrepresents the nature of some aspect of cognition . Eliminativists such as Patricia and Paul Churchland argue that while folk psychology treats cognition as fundamentally sentence - like , the non-linguistic vector / matrix model of neural network theory or connectionism will prove to be a much more accurate account of how the brain works . The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other , erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history . For example , Ptolemaic astronomy served to explain and roughly predict the motions of the planets for centuries , but eventually this model of the solar system was eliminated in favor of the Copernican model . The Churchlands believe the same eliminative fate awaits the `` sentence - cruncher '' model of the mind in which thought and behavior are the result of manipulating sentence - like states called `` propositional attitudes '' . Non-physicalist monisms ( edit ) Idealism ( edit ) Idealism is the form of monism that sees the world as consisting of minds , mental contents and or consciousness . Idealists are not faced with explaining how minds arise from bodies : rather , the world , bodies and objects are regarded as mere appearances held by minds . However , accounting for the mind -- body problem is not usually the main motivation for idealism ; rather , idealists tend to be motivated by skepticism , intentionality , and the unique nature of ideas . Idealism is prominent in Eastern religious and philosophical thought . It has gone through several cycles of popularity and neglect in the history of Western philosophy . Different varieties of idealism may hold that there are multiple minds ( pluralistic idealism ) only one human mind ( solipsism ) or a single Absolute , Anima Mundi , One or Over-soul . Neutral monism ( edit ) Neutral monism , in philosophy , is the metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the same elements , which are themselves `` neutral '' , that is , neither physical nor mental . This view denies that the mental and the physical are two fundamentally different things . Rather , neutral monism claims the universe consists of only one kind of stuff , in the form of neutral elements that are in themselves neither mental nor physical . These neutral elements might have the properties of color and shape , just as we experience those properties . But these shaped and colored elements do not exist in a mind ( considered as a substantial entity , whether dualistically or physicalistically ) ; they exist on their own . Mysterianism ( edit ) Main article : New mysterianism Some philosophers take an epistemic approach and argue that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable , and perhaps will always remain unsolvable to human beings . This is usually termed New mysterianism . Colin McGinn holds that human beings are cognitively closed in regards to their own minds . According to McGinn human minds lack the concept - forming procedures to fully grasp how mental properties such as consciousness arise from their causal basis . An example would be how an elephant is cognitively closed in regards to particle physics . A more moderate conception has been expounded by Thomas Nagel , which holds that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable at the present stage of scientific development and that it might take a future scientific paradigm shift or revolution to bridge the explanatory gap . Nagel posits that in the future a sort of `` objective phenomenology '' might be able to bridge the gap between subjective conscious experience and its physical basis . Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Each attempt to answer the mind -- body problem encounters substantial problems . Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion . These philosophers , such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and his followers in the tradition of linguistic criticism , therefore reject the problem as illusory . They argue that it is an error to ask how mental and biological states fit together . Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways -- for instance , in a mental and in a biological vocabulary . Illusory problems arise if one tries to describe the one in terms of the other 's vocabulary or if the mental vocabulary is used in the wrong contexts . This is the case , for instance , if one searches for mental states of the brain . The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary -- the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning . Today , such a position is often adopted by interpreters of Wittgenstein such as Peter Hacker . However , Hilary Putnam , the originator of functionalism , has also adopted the position that the mind -- body problem is an illusory problem which should be dissolved according to the manner of Wittgenstein . Externalism and internalism ( edit ) Where is the mind located ? If the mind is a physical phenomenon of some kind , it has to be located somewhere . According to some , there are two possible options : either the mind is internal to the body ( internalism ) or the mind is external to it ( externalism ) . More generally , either the mind depends only on events and properties taking place inside the subject 's body or it depends also on factors external to it . Proponents of internalism are committed to the view that neural activity is sufficient to produce the mind . Proponents of externalism maintain that the surrounding world is in some sense constitutive of the mind . Externalism differentiates into several versions . The main ones are semantic externalism , cognitive externalism and phenomenal externalism . Each of these versions of externalism can further be divided into whether they refer only to the content or to the vehicles of the mind . Semantic externalism holds that the semantic content of the mind is totally or partially defined by a state of affairs external to the body of the subject . Hilary Putnam 's Twin Earth thought experiment is a good example . Cognitive externalism is a very broad collection of views that suggests the role of the environment , of tools , of development , and of the body in fleshing out cognition . Embodied cognition , the extended mind , and enactivism are good examples . Phenomenal externalism suggests that the phenomenal aspects of the mind are external to the body . Authors who addressed this possibility are Ted Honderich , Edwin Holt , Francois Tonneau , Kevin O'Regan , Riccardo Manzotti , Teed Rockwell and Max Velmans . Naturalism and its problems ( edit ) The thesis of physicalism is that the mind is part of the material ( or physical ) world . Such a position faces the problem that the mind has certain properties that no other material thing seems to possess . Physicalism must therefore explain how it is possible that these properties can nonetheless emerge from a material thing . The project of providing such an explanation is often referred to as the `` naturalization of the mental '' . Some of the crucial problems that this project attempts to resolve include the existence of qualia and the nature of intentionality . Qualia ( edit ) Main article : Qualia Many mental states seem to be experienced subjectively in different ways by different individuals . And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality , e.g. of pain , that it hurts . However , the sensation of pain between two individuals may not be identical , since no one has a perfect way to measure how much something hurts or of describing exactly how it feels to hurt . Philosophers and scientists therefore ask where these experiences come from . The existence of cerebral events , in and of themselves , can not explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences . The puzzle of why many cerebral processes occur with an accompanying experiential aspect in consciousness seems impossible to explain . Yet it also seems to many that science will eventually have to explain such experiences . This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations . According to this view , if an attempt can be successfully made to explain a phenomenon reductively ( e.g. , water ) , then it can be explained why the phenomenon has all of its properties ( e.g. , fluidity , transparency ) . In the case of mental states , this means that there needs to be an explanation of why they have the property of being experienced in a certain way . The 20th - century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model , and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms . This is because , according to Heidegger , the nature of our subjective experience and its qualities is impossible to understand in terms of Cartesian `` substances '' that bear `` properties '' . Another way to put this is that the very concept of qualitative experience is incoherent in terms of -- or is semantically incommensurable with the concept of -- substances that bear properties . This problem of explaining introspective first - person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third - person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap . There are several different views of the nature of this gap among contemporary philosophers of mind . David Chalmers and the early Frank Jackson interpret the gap as ontological in nature ; that is , they maintain that qualia can never be explained by science because physicalism is false . There are two separate categories involved and one can not be reduced to the other . An alternative view is taken by philosophers such as Thomas Nagel and Colin McGinn . According to them , the gap is epistemological in nature . For Nagel , science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required . We are not even able to formulate the problem coherently . For McGinn , on other hand , the problem is one of permanent and inherent biological limitations . We are not able to resolve the explanatory gap because the realm of subjective experiences is cognitively closed to us in the same manner that quantum physics is cognitively closed to elephants . Other philosophers liquidate the gap as purely a semantic problem . This semantic problem , of course , led to the famous `` Qualia Question '' , which is : Does Red cause Redness ? Intentionality ( edit ) Main article : Intentionality John Searle -- one of the most influential philosophers of mind , proponent of biological naturalism ( Berkeley 2002 ) Intentionality is the capacity of mental states to be directed towards ( about ) or be in relation with something in the external world . This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values . When one tries to reduce these states to natural processes there arises a problem : natural processes are not true or false , they simply happen . It would not make any sense to say that a natural process is true or false . But mental ideas or judgments are true or false , so how then can mental states ( ideas or judgments ) be natural processes ? The possibility of assigning semantic value to ideas must mean that such ideas are about facts . Thus , for example , the idea that Herodotus was a historian refers to Herodotus and to the fact that he was a historian . If the fact is true , then the idea is true ; otherwise , it is false . But where does this relation come from ? In the brain , there are only electrochemical processes and these seem not to have anything to do with Herodotus . Philosophy of perception ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of perception Philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual objects , in particular how perceptual experience relates to appearances and beliefs about the world . The main contemporary views within philosophy of perception include naive realism , enactivism and representional views . Philosophy of mind and science ( edit ) Humans are corporeal beings and , as such , they are subject to examination and description by the natural sciences . Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes , the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind . There are many scientific disciplines that study processes related to the mental . The list of such sciences includes : biology , computer science , cognitive science , cybernetics , linguistics , medicine , pharmacology , and psychology . Neurobiology ( edit ) Main article : Neuroscience The theoretical background of biology , as is the case with modern natural sciences in general , is fundamentally materialistic . The objects of study are , in the first place , physical processes , which are considered to be the foundations of mental activity and behavior . The increasing success of biology in the explanation of mental phenomena can be seen by the absence of any empirical refutation of its fundamental presupposition : `` there can be no change in the mental states of a person without a change in brain states . '' Within the field of neurobiology , there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes : Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation . Cognitive neuroscience studies the correlations between mental processes and neural processes . Neuropsychology describes the dependence of mental faculties on specific anatomical regions of the brain . Lastly , evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and , in as much as this is the basis of the mind , also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages . Evolutionary biology furthermore places tight constraints on any philosophical theory of the mind , as the gene - based mechanism of natural selection does not allow any giant leaps in the development of neural complexity or neural software but only incremental steps over long time periods . Since the 1980s , sophisticated neuroimaging procedures , such as fMRI ( above ) , have furnished increasing knowledge about the workings of the human brain , shedding light on ancient philosophical problems . The methodological breakthroughs of the neurosciences , in particular the introduction of high - tech neuroimaging procedures , has propelled scientists toward the elaboration of increasingly ambitious research programs : one of the main goals is to describe and comprehend the neural processes which correspond to mental functions ( see : neural correlate ) . Several groups are inspired by these advances . Computer science ( edit ) Main article : Computer science Computer science concerns itself with the automatic processing of information ( or at least with physical systems of symbols to which information is assigned ) by means of such things as computers . From the beginning , computer programmers have been able to develop programs that permit computers to carry out tasks for which organic beings need a mind . A simple example is multiplication . It is not clear whether computers could be said to have a mind . Could they , someday , come to have what we call a mind ? This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence ( AI ) . Within AI , it is common to distinguish between a modest research program and a more ambitious one : this distinction was coined by John Searle in terms of a weak AI and strong AI . The exclusive objective of `` weak AI '' , according to Searle , is the successful simulation of mental states , with no attempt to make computers become conscious or aware , etc . The objective of strong AI , on the contrary , is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings . The program of strong AI goes back to one of the pioneers of computation Alan Turing . As an answer to the question `` Can computers think ? '' , he formulated the famous Turing test . Turing believed that a computer could be said to `` think '' when , if placed in a room by itself next to another room that contained a human being and with the same questions being asked of both the computer and the human being by a third party human being , the computer 's responses turned out to be indistinguishable from those of the human . Essentially , Turing 's view of machine intelligence followed the behaviourist model of the mind -- intelligence is as intelligence does . The Turing test has received many criticisms , among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle . The question about the possible sensitivity ( qualia ) of computers or robots still remains open . Some computer scientists believe that the specialty of AI can still make new contributions to the resolution of the `` mind -- body problem '' . They suggest that based on the reciprocal influences between software and hardware that takes place in all computers , it is possible that someday theories can be discovered that help us to understand the reciprocal influences between the human mind and the brain ( wetware ) . Psychology ( edit ) Main article : Psychology Psychology is the science that investigates mental states directly . It uses generally empirical methods to investigate concrete mental states like joy , fear or obsessions . Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism . An example of this is the psychology of perception . Scientists working in this field have discovered general principles of the perception of forms . A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other . This law describes a relation between visual input and mental perceptual states . However , it does not suggest anything about the nature of perceptual states . The laws discovered by psychology are compatible with all the answers to the mind -- body problem already described . Cognitive science ( edit ) Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes . It examines what cognition is , what it does , and how it works . It includes research on intelligence and behavior , especially focusing on how information is represented , processed , and transformed ( in faculties such as perception , language , memory , reasoning , and emotion ) within nervous systems ( human or other animal ) and machines ( e.g. computers ) . Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines , including psychology , artificial intelligence , philosophy , neuroscience , linguistics , anthropology , sociology , and education . It spans many levels of analysis , from low - level learning and decision mechanisms to high - level logic and planning ; from neural circuitry to modular brain organisation . Rowlands argues that cognition is enactive , embodied , embedded , affective and ( potentially ) extended . The position is taken that the `` classical sandwich '' of cognition sandwiched between perception and action is artificial ; cognition has to be seen as a product of a strongly coupled interaction that can not be divided this way . Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition ( edit ) Most of the discussion in this article has focused on one style or tradition of philosophy in modern Western culture , usually called analytic philosophy ( sometimes described as Anglo - American philosophy ) . Many other schools of thought exist , however , which are sometimes subsumed under the broad ( and vague ) label of continental philosophy . In any case , though topics and methods here are numerous , in relation to the philosophy of mind the various schools that fall under this label ( phenomenology , existentialism , etc . ) can globally be seen to differ from the analytic school in that they focus less on language and logical analysis alone but also take in other forms of understanding human existence and experience . With reference specifically to the discussion of the mind , this tends to translate into attempts to grasp the concepts of thought and perceptual experience in some sense that does not merely involve the analysis of linguistic forms . Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason , first published in 1781 and presented again with major revisions in 1787 , represents a significant intervention into what will later become known as the philosophy of mind . Kant 's first critique is generally recognized as among the most significant works of modern philosophy in the West . Kant is a figure whose influence is marked in both continental and analytic / Anglo - American philosophy . Kant 's work develops an in - depth study of transcendental consciousness , or the life of the mind as conceived through universal categories of consciousness . In Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 's Philosophy of Mind ( frequently translated as Philosophy of Spirit or Geist ) , the third part of his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences , Hegel discusses three distinct types of mind : the `` subjective mind / spirit '' , the mind of an individual ; the `` objective mind / spirit '' , the mind of society and of the State ; and the `` Absolute mind / spirit '' , the position of religion , art , and philosophy . See also Hegel 's The Phenomenology of Spirit . Nonetheless , Hegel 's work differs radically from the style of Anglo - American philosophy of mind . In 1896 , Henri Bergson made in Matter and Memory `` Essay on the relation of body and spirit '' a forceful case for the ontological difference of body and mind by reducing the problem to the more definite one of memory , thus allowing for a solution built on the empirical test case of aphasia . In modern times , the two main schools that have developed in response or opposition to this Hegelian tradition are phenomenology and existentialism . Phenomenology , founded by Edmund Husserl , focuses on the contents of the human mind ( see noema ) and how processes shape our experiences . Existentialism , a school of thought founded upon the work of Søren Kierkegaard , focuses on Human predicament and how people deal with the situation of being alive . Existential - phenomenology represents a major branch of continental philosophy ( they are not contradictory ) , rooted in the work of Husserl but expressed in its fullest forms in the work of Martin Heidegger , Jean - Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau - Ponty . See Heidegger 's Being and Time , Merleau - Ponty 's Phenomenology of Perception , Sartre 's Being and Nothingness , and Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex . Mind in eastern philosophy ( edit ) Mind in Hindu philosophy ( edit ) Dualism ( edit ) Substance Dualism is a common feature of several orthodox Hindu schools including the Sāṅkhya , Nyāya , Yoga and Dvaita Vedanta . In these schools a clear difference is drawn between matter and a non-material soul , which is eternal and undergoes samsara , a cycle of death and rebirth . The Nyāya school argued that qualities such as cognition and desire are inherent qualities which are not possessed by anything solely material , and therefore by process of elimination must belong to a non-material self , the atman . Many of these schools see their spiritual goal as moksha , liberation from the cycle of reincarnation . Vedanta monistic idealism ( edit ) Śaṅkara In the Advaita Vedanta of the 8th century Indian philosopher Śaṅkara , the mind , body and world are all held to be the same unchanging eternal conscious entity called Brahman . Advaita , which means non-dualism , holds the view that all that exists is pure absolute consciousness . The fact that the world seems to be made up of changing entities is an illusion , or Maya . The only thing that exists is Brahman , which is described as Satchitananda ( Being , consciousness and bliss ) . Advaita Vedanta is best described by a verse which states `` Brahman is alone True , and this world of plurality is an error ; the individual self is not different from Brahman . '' Another form of monistic Vedanta is Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) as posited by the eleventh century philosopher Ramanuja . Ramanuja criticized Advaita Vedanta by arguing that consciousness is always intentional and that it is also always a property of something . Ramanuja 's Brahman is defined by a multiplicity of qualities and properties in a single monistic entity . This doctrine is called `` samanadhikaranya '' ( several things in a common substrate ) . Materialism ( edit ) Arguably the first exposition of empirical materialism in the history of philosophy is in the Cārvāka school ( also called Lokāyata ) . The Cārvāka school rejected the existence of anything but matter ( which they defined as being made up of the four elements ) , including God and the soul . Therefore , they held that even consciousness was nothing but a construct made up of atoms . A section of the Cārvāka school believed in a material soul made up of air or breath , but since this also was a form of matter , it was not said to survive death . Buddhist philosophy of mind ( edit ) The Five Aggregates ( pañca khandha ) according to the Pali Canon . form ( rūpa ) 4 elements ( mahābhūta ) ↓ contact ( phassa ) ↓ ↑ consciousness ( viññāna ) → ← ← mental factors ( cetasika ) feeling ( vedanā ) perception ( sañña ) formation ( saṅkhāra ) Form is derived from the Four Great Elements . Consciousness arises from other aggregates . Mental Factors arise from the Contact of Consciousness and other aggregates . Source : MN 109 ( Thanissaro , 2001 ) diagram details Buddhist teachings describe that the mind manifests moment - to - moment as sense impressions and mental phenomena that are continuously changing . The moment - by - moment manifestation of the mind - stream has been described as happening in every person all the time , even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world , or analyses the material body including the organ brain . The manifestation of the mind - stream is also described as being influenced by physical laws , biological laws , psychological laws , volitional laws , and universal laws . A salient feature of Buddhist philosophy which sets it apart from Indian orthodoxy is the centrality of the doctrine of not - self ( Pāli . anatta , Skt . anātman ) . The Buddha 's not - self doctrine sees humans as an impermanent composite of five psychological and physical aspects instead of a single fixed self . In this sense , what is called ego or the self is merely a convenient fiction , an illusion that does not apply to anything real but to an erroneous way of looking at the ever changing stream of five interconnected aggregate factors . The relationship between these aggregates is said to be one of dependent - arising ( pratītyasamutpāda ) . This means that all things , including mental events , arise co-dependently from a plurality of other causes and conditions . This seems to reject both causal determinist and epiphenomenalist conceptions of mind . Abhidharma theories of mind ( edit ) Three centuries after the death of the Buddha ( c. 150 BCE ) saw the growth of a large body of literature called the Abhidharma in several contending Buddhist schools . In the Abhidharmic analysis of mind , the ordinary thought is defined as prapañca ( ' conceptual proliferation ' ) . According to this theory , perceptual experience is bound up in multiple conceptualizations ( expectations , judgments and desires ) . This proliferation of conceptualizations form our illusory superimposition of concepts like self and other upon an ever changing stream of aggregate phenomena . In this conception of mind no strict distinction is made between the conscious faculty and the actual sense perception of various phenomena . Consciousness is instead said to be divided into six sense modalities , five for the five senses and sixth for perception of mental phenomena . The arising of cognitive awareness is said to depend on sense perception , awareness of the mental faculty itself which is termed mental or ' introspective awareness ' ( manovijñāna ) and attention ( āvartana ) , the picking out of objects out of the constantly changing stream of sensory impressions . Rejection of a permanent agent eventually led to the philosophical problems of the seeming continuity of mind and also of explaining how rebirth and karma continue to be relevant doctrines without an eternal mind . This challenge was met by the Theravāda school by introducing the concept of mind as a factor of existence . This `` life - stream '' ( Bhavanga - sota ) is an undercurrent forming the condition of being . The continuity of a karmic `` person '' is therefore assured in the form of a mindstream ( citta - santana ) , a series of flowing mental moments arising from the subliminal life - continuum mind ( Bhavanga - citta ) , mental content , and attention . Indian Mahayana ( edit ) The Sautrāntika school held a form of phenomenalism that saw the world as imperceptible . It held that external objects exist only as a support for cognition , which can only apprehend mental representations . This influenced the later Yogācāra school of Mahayana Buddhism . The Yogācāra school is often called the mind - only school because of its internalist stance that consciousness is the ultimate existing reality . The works of Vasubandhu have often been interpreted as arguing for some form of Idealism . Vasubandhu uses the dream argument and a mereological refutation of atomism to attack the reality of external objects as anything other than mental entities . Scholarly interpretations of Vasubandhu 's philosophy vary widely , and include phenomenalism , neutral monism and realist phenomenology . The Indian Mahayana schools were divided on the issue of the possibility of reflexive awareness ( svasaṃvedana ) . Dharmakīrti accepted the idea of reflexive awareness as expounded by the Yogācāra school , comparing it to a lamp that illuminates itself while also illuminating other objects . This was strictly rejected by Mādhyamika scholars like Candrakīrti . Since in the philosophy of the Mādhyamika all things and mental events are characterized by emptiness , they argued that consciousness could not be an inherently reflexive ultimate reality since that would mean it was self - validating and therefore not characterized by emptiness . These views were ultimately reconciled by the 8th century thinker Śāntarakṣita . In Śāntarakṣita 's synthesis he adopts the idealist Yogācāra views of reflexive awareness as a conventional truth into the structure of the two truths doctrine . Thus he states : `` By relying on the Mind - Only system , know that external entities do not exist . And by relying on this Middle Way system , know that no self exists at all , even in that ( mind ) . '' The Yogācāra school also developed the theory of the repository consciousness ( ālayavijñāna ) to explain continuity of mind in rebirth and accumulation of karma . This repository consciousness acts as a storehouse for karmic seeds ( bija ) when all other senses are absent during the process of death and rebirth as well as being the causal potentiality of dharmic phenomena . Thus according to B. Alan Wallace : No constituents of the body -- in the brain or elsewhere -- transform into mental states and processes . Such subjective experiences do not emerge from the body , but neither do they emerge from nothing . Rather , all objective mental appearances arise from the substrate , and all subjective mental states and processes arise from the substrate consciousness . Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) Tibetan Buddhist theories of mind evolved directly from the Indian Mahayana views . Thus the founder of the Gelug school , Je Tsongkhapa discusses the Yogācāra system of the Eight Consciousnesses in his Explanation of the Difficult Points . He would later come to repudiate Śāntarakṣita 's pragmatic idealism . According to the 14th Dalai Lama the mind can be defined `` as an entity that has the nature of mere experience , that is , ' clarity and knowing ' . It is the knowing nature , or agency , that is called mind , and this is non-material . '' The simultaneously dual nature of mind is as follows : 1 . Clarity ( gsal ) -- The mental activity which produces cognitive phenomena ( snang - ba ) . 2 . Knowing ( rig ) -- The mental activity of perceiving cognitive phenomena . The 14th Dalai Lama has also explicitly laid out his theory of mind as experiential dualism which is described above under the different types of dualism . Because Tibetan philosophy of mind is ultimately soteriological , it focuses on meditative practices such as Dzogchen and Mahamudra that allow a practitioner to experience the true reflexive nature of their mind directly . This unobstructed knowledge of one 's primordial , empty and non-dual Buddha nature is called rigpa . The mind 's innermost nature is described among various schools as pure luminosity or `` clear light '' ( ' od gsal ) and is often compared to a crystal ball or a mirror . Sogyal Rinpoche speaks of mind thus : `` Imagine a sky , empty , spacious , and pure from the beginning ; its essence is like this . Imagine a sun , luminous , clear , unobstructed , and spontaneously present ; its nature is like this . '' Zen Buddhism ( edit ) The central issue in Chinese Zen philosophy of mind is in the difference between the pure and awakened mind and the defiled mind . Chinese Chan master Huangpo described the mind as without beginning and without form or limit while the defiled mind was that which was obscured by attachment to form and concepts . The pure Buddha - mind is thus able to see things `` as they truly are '' , as absolute and non-dual `` thusness '' ( Tathatā ) . This non-conceptual seeing also includes the paradoxical fact that there is no difference between a defiled and a pure mind , as well as no difference between samsara and nirvana . In the Shobogenzo , the Japanese philosopher Dogen argued that body and mind are neither ontologically nor phenomenologically distinct but are characterized by a oneness called shin jin ( bodymind ) . According to Dogen , `` casting off body and mind '' ( Shinjin datsuraku ) in zazen will allow one to experience things - as - they - are ( genjokoan ) which is the nature of original enlightenment ( hongaku ) . Topics related to philosophy of mind ( edit ) There are countless subjects that are affected by the ideas developed in the philosophy of mind . Clear examples of this are the nature of death and its definitive character , the nature of emotion , of perception and of memory . Questions about what a person is and what his or her identity consists of also have much to do with the philosophy of mind . There are two subjects that , in connection with the philosophy of the mind , have aroused special attention : free will and the self . Free will ( edit ) Main article : Free will In the context of philosophy of mind , the problem of free will takes on renewed intensity . This is certainly the case , at least , for materialistic determinists . According to this position , natural laws completely determine the course of the material world . Mental states , and therefore the will as well , would be material states , which means human behavior and decisions would be completely determined by natural laws . Some take this reasoning a step further : people can not determine by themselves what they want and what they do . Consequently , they are not free . This argumentation is rejected , on the one hand , by the compatibilists . Those who adopt this position suggest that the question `` Are we free ? '' can only be answered once we have determined what the term `` free '' means . The opposite of `` free '' is not `` caused '' but `` compelled '' or `` coerced '' . It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination . A free act is one where the agent could have done otherwise if it had chosen otherwise . In this sense a person can be free even though determinism is true . The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume . More recently , this position is defended , for example , by Daniel Dennett . On the other hand , there are also many incompatibilists who reject the argument because they believe that the will is free in a stronger sense called libertarianism . These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a ) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency , b ) determined by indeterministic natural law only , or c ) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency . Under Libertarianism , the will does not have to be deterministic and , therefore , it is potentially free . Critics of the second proposition ( b ) accuse the incompatibilists of using an incoherent concept of freedom . They argue as follows : if our will is not determined by anything , then we desire what we desire by pure chance . And if what we desire is purely accidental , we are not free . So if our will is not determined by anything , we are not free . Self ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of self The philosophy of mind also has important consequences for the concept of `` self '' . If by `` self '' or `` I '' one refers to an essential , immutable nucleus of the person , some modern philosophers of mind , such as Daniel Dennett believe that no such thing exists . According to Dennett and other contemporaries , the self is considered an illusion . The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul . Such an idea is unacceptable to modern philosophers with physicalist orientations and their general skepticism of the concept of `` self '' as postulated by David Hume , who could never catch himself not doing , thinking or feeling anything . However , in the light of empirical results from developmental psychology , developmental biology and neuroscience , the idea of an essential inconstant , material nucleus -- an integrated representational system distributed over changing patterns of synaptic connections -- seems reasonable . See also ( edit ) Animal consciousness Artificial consciousness Collective intentionality Outline of human intelligence Outline of thought Theory of mind in animals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oliver Elbs , Neuro - Esthetics : Mapological foundations and applications ( Map 2003 ) , ( Munich 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Kim , J. ( 1995 ) . Honderich , Ted , ed . Problems in the Philosophy of Mind . Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , S. : The Contents of Visual Experience . 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Jump up ^ Schneider , Susan ( 2013 ) . `` Non-Reductive Physicalism and the Mind Problem1 '' . Noûs. 47 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 153 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0068.2011. 00847. x . ISSN 0029 - 4624 . Jump up ^ DePaul , Michael ; Baltimore , Joseph A. ( 2013 ) . `` Type Physicalism and Causal Exclusion '' . Journal of Philosophical Research . 38 : 405 -- 418 . doi : 10.5840 / jpr20133821 . ISSN 1053 - 8364 . Jump up ^ S.C. Gibb ; E.J. Lowe ; R.D. Ingthorsson ( 21 March 2013 ) . Mental Causation and Ontology . OUP Oxford . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 165255 - 4 . Jump up ^ Demircioglu , Erhan ( 2011 ) . `` Supervenience And Reductive Physicalism '' . European Journal of Analytic Philosophy. 7 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . ^ Jump up to : Francescotti , Robert . `` Supervenience and Mind '' . The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ISSN 2161 - 0002 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Gibb , Sophie ( 2010 ) . `` Closure Principles and the Laws of Conservation of Energy and Momentum '' . Dialectica. 64 ( 3 ) : 363 -- 384 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1746 - 8361.2010. 01237. x . ISSN 0012 - 2017 . See also Dempsey , L.P. ( 2012 ) . `` Consciousness , Supervenience , and Identity : Marras and Kim on the Efficacy of Conscious Experience '' . Dialogue. 51 ( 3 ) : 373 -- 395 . doi : 10.1017 / s0012217312000662 . See also Baltimore , J.A. ( 2010 ) . `` Defending the piggyback principle against Shapiro and Sober 's empirical approach '' . Dialectica. 175 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 168 . doi : 10.1007 / s11229 - 009 - 9467 - 2 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Brian ; Bennett , Karen ( 2014 ) . Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , ed . `` Supervenience '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Spring 2014 Edition ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 10 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Megill , Jason ( 2012 ) . `` A Defense of Emergence '' . Axiomathes. 23 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 615 . doi : 10.1007 / s10516 - 012 - 9203 - 2 . ISSN 1122 - 1151 . ^ Jump up to : Kim , J. , `` Mind -- Body Problem '' , Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Ted Honderich ( ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 1995 . Jump up ^ Pinel , J. Psychobiology , ( 1990 ) Prentice Hall , Inc . ISBN 88 - 15 - 07174 - 1 Jump up ^ LeDoux , J. ( 2002 ) The Synaptic Self : How Our Brains Become Who We Are , New York : Viking Penguin . ISBN 88 - 7078 - 795 - 8 Jump up ^ Russell , S. and Norvig , P. Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach , New Jersey : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 103805 - 2 Jump up ^ Dawkins , R . The Selfish Gene ( 1976 ) Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN ^ Jump up to : Churchland , Patricia ( 1986 ) . Neurophilosophy : Toward a Unified Science of the Mind -- Brain . MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03116 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Churchland , Paul ( 1981 ) . `` Eliminative Materialism and the Propositional Attitudes '' . Journal of Philosophy . Journal of Philosophy , Inc. 78 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 90 . doi : 10.2307 / 2025900 . JSTOR 2025900 . ^ Jump up to : Smart , J.J.C. ( 1956 ) . `` Sensations and Brain Processes '' . Philosophical Review . ^ Jump up to : Donald Davidson ( 1980 ) . Essays on Actions and Events . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924627 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Putnam , Hilary ( 1967 ) . `` Psychological Predicates '' , in W.H. Capitan and D.D. Merrill , eds. , Art , Mind and Religion ( Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press . ) ^ Jump up to : Dennett , Daniel ( 1998 ) . The intentional stance . Cambridge , Mass. : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54053 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Searle , John ( 2001 ) . Intentionality . A Paper on the Philosophy of Mind . Frankfurt a . M. : Nachdr . Suhrkamp . ISBN 3 - 518 - 28556 - 4 . Jump up ^ Robinson , H. ( 1983 ) : `` Aristotelian dualism '' , Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1 , 123 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Jackson , F. ( 1982 ) `` Epiphenomenal Qualia . '' Reprinted in Chalmers , David ed. : 2002 . Philosophy of Mind : Classical and Contemporary Readings . Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Nagel , T. ( 1974 ) . `` What is it like to be a bat ? '' . Philosophical Review ( 83 ) : 435 -- 456 . Jump up ^ Lewis , C.S ( 1947 ) . Miracles . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17369 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chalmers , David ( 1997 ) . The Conscious Mind . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511789 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dennett , Daniel ( 1995 ) . `` The unimagined preposterousness of zombies '' . J Consciousness Studies . 2 : 322 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Daniel ( 1991 ) . Consciousness Explained . Little , Brown and Co. p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 18065 - 3 . Jump up ^ Popper , Karl & Eccles , John ( 2002 ) . The Self and Its Brain . Springer Verlag . ISBN 3 - 492 - 21096 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dennett D. , ( 1991 ) , Consciousness Explained , Boston : Little , Brown & Company Jump up ^ Stich , S. , ( 1983 ) , From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press ( Bradford ) Jump up ^ Ryle , G. , 1949 , The Concept of Mind , New York : Barnes and Noble Jump up ^ Agassi , J. ( 1975 ) . Privileged Access ; Science in Flux , Boston Stidues in the Philosophy of Science , 80 . Dordrecht : Reidel . Jump up ^ Agassi , J. ( 1997 ) . La Scienza in Divenire . Rome : Armando . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Howard ( 2003 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Dualism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2003 Edition ) . Center for the Study of Language and Information , Stanford University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Leibniz , Gottfried Wilhelm ( 1714 ) . Monadology . ISBN 0 - 87548 - 030 - 6 . Jump up ^ Schmaltz , Tad ( 2002 ) . `` Nicolas Malebranche '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2002 Edition ) . Center for the Study of Language and Information , Stanford University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chalmers , David ( 1996 ) . The Conscious Mind . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511789 - 9 . Jump up ^ Huxley , T.H. ( 1874 ) `` On the Hypothesis that Animals are Automata , and its History '' , The Fortnightly Review , n.s. 16 : 555 -- 580 . Reprinted in Method and Results : Essays by Thomas H. Huxley ( New York : D. Appleton and Company , 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Jackson , Frank ( 1986 ) . `` What Mary did n't know '' . Journal of Philosophy. : 291 -- 295 . Jump up ^ Atmanspacher , H ( 2012 ) . `` Dual - aspect monism a la Pauli and Jung '' . Journal of Consciousness Studies : Special Issue on Monist Alternatives to Physicalism. 19 ( 9 - 10 ) : 96 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Velmans , M ( 2012 ) . `` Reflexive Monism : psychophysical relations among mind , matter and consciousness '' . Journal of Consciousness Studies : Special Issue on Monist Alternatives to Physicalism. 19 ( 9 -- 10 ) : 143 -- 165 . Jump up ^ Leopold Stubenberg . `` Neutral Monism and the Dual Aspect Theory '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Allen ( 1999 ) . Consciousness At The Crossroads : Conversations With The Dalai Lama On Brain Science And Buddhism. Snow Lion . ISBN 9780545227209 . ^ Jump up to : Stoljar , Daniel ( 2005 ) . `` Physicalism '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2005 Edition ) . Center for the Study of Language and Information , Stanford University . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cf . Michel Weber and Anderson Weekes ( eds . ) , Process Approaches to Consciousness in Psychology , Neuroscience , and Philosophy of Mind ( Whitehead Psychology Nexus Studies II ) , Albany , New York , State University of New York Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1918 ) Mysticism and Logic and Other Essays , London : Longmans , Green . Jump up ^ Mach , E. ( 1886 ) Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das Verhältnis des Physischen zum Psychischen . Fifth edition translated as The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of Physical to the Psychical , New York : Dover . 1959 Jump up ^ Skinner , B.F. ( 1972 ) . Beyond Freedom & Dignity . New York : Bantam / Vintage Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 14372 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ryle , Gilbert ( 1949 ) . The Concept of Mind . Chicago : Chicago University Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 73295 - 9 . Jump up ^ Place , Ullin ( 1956 ) . `` Is Consciousness a Brain Process ? '' . British Journal of Psychology . 47 : 44 -- 50 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2044 - 8295.1956. tb00560. x . Jump up ^ Smart , J.J.C , `` Identity Theory '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Summer 2002 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Davidson , D. ( 2001 ) . Subjective , Intersubjective , Objective . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 88 - 7078 - 832 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Block , Ned . `` What is functionalism '' in Readings in Philosophy of Psychology , 2 vols . Vol 1 . ( Cambridge : Harvard , 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Armstrong , D. , 1968 , A Materialist Theory of the Mind , Routledge . Jump up ^ Di Francesco M. & Marraffa M. ( 2013 ) . `` The Unconscious , consciousness , and the Self illusion '' ( PDF ) . Dialogues in Philosophy , Mental and Neuro Sciences . 6 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Stanton , W.L. ( 1983 ) . `` Supervenience and Psychological Law in Anomalous Monism '' . Pacific Philosophical Quarterly . 64 : 72 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Jaegwon Kim , Philosophy of Mind , Westview Press ; 2 edition ( July 8 , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4269 - 4 Jump up ^ McGinn , Colin . `` Can We Solve the Mind -- Body Problem ? '' , Mind , New Series , Vol. 98 , No. 391 , July 1989 ( pp. 349 -- 366 ) , p. 350 . Reprinted in O'Connor , Timothy and Robb , David . `` Colin McGinn , Can We Solve the Mind -- Body Problem ? '' , Philosophy of Mind : Contemporary Readings . Routledge , 2003 , p. 438ff . Jump up ^ `` Hard problem of Consciousness '' , The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy , Josh Weisberg ^ Jump up to : Hacker , Peter ( 2003 ) . Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience . Blackwel Pub . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 0838 - X . ^ Jump up to : Wittgenstein , Ludwig ( 1954 ) . Philosophical Investigations . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 631 - 14660 - 1 . Jump up ^ Putnam , Hilary ( 2000 ) . The Threefold Cord : Mind , Body , and World . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10286 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hubert Dreyfus , `` Critique of Descartes I '' ( recorded lecture ) , University of California at Berkeley , Sept. 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Joseph Levine , Materialism and Qualia : The Explanatory Gap , in : Pacific Philosophical Quarterly , vol. 64 , no . 4 , October , 1983 , 354 -- 361 Jump up ^ Jackson , F. ( 1986 ) `` What Mary did n't Know '' , Journal of Philosophy , 83 , 5 , pp. 291 -- 295 . Jump up ^ McGinn , C. `` Can the Mind - Body Problem Be Solved '' , Mind , New Series , Volume 98 , Issue 391 , pp. 349 -- 366 . a ( online ) Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fodor , Jerry ( 1993 ) . Psychosemantics . The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind . Cambridge : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 06106 - 6 . Jump up ^ Siegel , S. ( 2011 ). `` The Contents of Perception '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2011 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/perception-contents/ . ^ Jump up to : Pinker , S. ( 1997 ) How the Mind Works . tr . It : Come Funziona la Mente . Milan : Mondadori , 2000 . ISBN 88 - 04 - 49908 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Bear , M.F. et al. Eds. ( 1995 ) . Neuroscience : Exploring The Brain . Baltimore , Maryland , Williams and Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3944 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Pinel , J.P.J ( 1997 ) . Psychobiology . Prentice Hall . ISBN 88 - 15 - 07174 - 1 . Jump up ^ Metzinger , Thomas ( 2003 ) . Being No One -- The Self Model Theory of Subjectivity . Cambridge : MIT Press . pp. 349 -- 366 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sipser , M. ( 1998 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Computation . Boston , Mass. : PWS Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 534 - 94728 - X . ^ Jump up to : Searle , John ( 1980 ) . `` Minds , Brains and Programs '' . The Behavioral and Brain Sciences ( 3 ) : 417 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Turing , Alan ( October 1950 ) , `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '' , Mind , LIX ( 236 ) : 433 -- 460 , doi : 10.1093 / mind / LIX. 236.433 , ISSN 0026 - 4423 , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Russell , S. & Norvig , R. ( 1995 ) . Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach . New Jersey : Prentice Hall , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 103805 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Psychology '' . Jump up ^ Thagard , Paul , Cognitive Science , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Mark Rowlands ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 3 : The mind embedded '' . The new science of the mind : From extended mind to embodied phenomenology . MIT Press . pp. 51 ff . ISBN 0262014556 . Jump up ^ Dave Ward ; Mog Stapleton ( 2012 ) . `` Es are good . Cognition as enacted , embodied , embedded , affective and extended '' . In Fabio Paglieri . Consciousness in Interaction : The role of the natural and social context in shaping consciousness . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 89 ff . ISBN 978 - 9027213525 . On - line version here . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , M. ( 2001 ) . Origini della Filosofia Analitica . Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 15286 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hegel , G.W.F. Phenomenology of Spirit . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503169 - 5 . , translated by A.V. Miller with analysis of the text and foreword by J.N. Findlay ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 824597 - 1 . Jump up ^ Husserl , Edmund . Logische Untersuchungen . ISBN 3 - 05 - 004391 - 1 . trans. : Giovanni Piana . Milan : EST . ISBN 88 - 428 - 0949 - 7 Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nyāya , Matthew R. Dasti Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Advaita Vedanta , Sangeetha Menon Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Ramanuja , Shyam Ranganathan Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Lokāyata / Cārvāka -- Indian Materialism , Abigail Turner - Lauck Wernicki ^ Jump up to : Karunamuni N.D. ( May 2015 ) . `` The Five - Aggregate Model of the Mind '' ( PDF ) . SAGE open . 5 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 2158244015583860 . ^ Jump up to : Coseru , Christian , `` Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Gold , Jonathan C. , `` Vasubandhu '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Blumenthal , James , `` Śāntarakṣita '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2009 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ B. Alan Wallace ; Mind in the Balance : Meditation in Science , Buddhism , and Christianity , p. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Sparham , Gareth , `` Tsongkhapa '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2011 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Talk by His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Cambridge , MA USA , From MindScience , edited by Daniel Goleman and Robert F. Thurman , first in 1991 by Wisdom Publications , Boston , USA . ^ Jump up to : Zeuschner , Robert B. , `` The Understanding of Mind in the Northern Line of Ch'an ( Zen ) '' , Philosophy East and West , V. 28 , No. 1 ( January 1978 ) , pp. 69 -- 79 , University of Hawaii Press , Hawaii , USA . Jump up ^ David E. Shaner , `` The bodymind experience in Dogen 's Shobogenzo : a phenomenological perspective '' , Philosophy East and West 35 , no . 1 ( January 1985 ) , University of Hawaii Press , Hawaii , USA . ^ Jump up to : `` Philosopher Ted Honderich 's Determinism web resource '' . Jump up ^ Russell , Paul , Freedom and Moral Sentiment : Hume 's Way of Naturalizing Responsibility Oxford University Press : New York & Oxford , 1995 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Daniel ( 1984 ) . The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting . Cambridge MA : Bradford Books -- MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Descartes , René ( 1649 ) . Passions of the Soul . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 035 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kane , Robert ( 2009 ) . `` Libertarianism '' . Philosophical Studies . Springer Netherlands . 144 ( 1 ) : 39 . doi : 10.1007 / s11098 - 009 - 9365 - y . Jump up ^ Dennett , C. & Hofstadter , D.R. ( 1981 ) . The Mind 's I. Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 01412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Searle , John ( 1 November 2004 ) . Mind : A Brief Introduction . Oxford University Press Inc , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515733 - 8 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , Joseph ( 2002 ) . The Synaptic Self . New York : Viking Penguin . ISBN 88 - 7078 - 795 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Philosophy of Mind AL Engleman `` Expressions : A Philosophy of Mind '' ( CafePress , 2005 ) Richard Rorty , Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature ( Princeton , 1980 ) , p. 120 , 125 . Pedro Jesús Teruel , Mente , cerebro y antropología en Kant ( Madrid , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 309 - 4688 - 4 . David J. Ungs , Better than one ; how we each have two minds ( London , 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78220 - 173 - 1 Alfred North Whitehead Science and the Modern World ( 1925 ; reprinted London , 1985 ) , pp. 68 -- 70 . Edwin Burtt The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , 2nd ed . ( London , 1932 ) , pp. 318 -- 19 . Felix Deutsch ( ed . ) On the Mysterious Leap from the Mind to the Body ( New York , 1959 ) . Herbert Feigl The `` Mental '' and the `` Physical '' : The Essay and a Postscript ( 1967 ) , in H. Feigl et al. , ( eds . ) , Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science ( Minneapolis , 1958 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 370 -- 497 , at p. 373 . Nap Mabaquiao , Jr. , Mind , Science and Computation ( with foreword by Tim Crane ) . Manila : De La Salle University Publishing House , 2012 . Celia Green The Lost Cause : Causation and the Mind -- Body Problem . ( Oxford : Oxford Forum , 2003 ) . Applies a sceptical view on causality to the problems of interactionism . Gyatso , Geshe Kelsang Gyatso , Understanding the Mind : The Nature and Power of the Mind , Tharpa Publications ( 2nd . ed. , 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 948006 - 78 - 4 Gerhard Medicus . Being Human -- Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind . Berlin ( 2015 ) : VWB Scott Robert Sehon , Teleological Realism : Mind , Agency and Explanation . Cambridge : MIT University Press , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Consciousness Studies Look up philosophy of mind in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of mind . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind at PhilPapers Philosophy of mind at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Theory of Mind '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Guide to Philosophy of Mind , compiled by David Chalmers . MindPapers : A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Mind and the Science of Consciousness , compiled by David Chalmers ( Editor ) & David Bourget ( Assistant Editor ) . Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind , edited by Chris Eliasmith . An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind , by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . A list of online papers on consciousness and philosophy of mind , compiled by David Chalmers Field guide to the Philosophy of Mind Mind Field : The Playground of Gods , from the Indian Psychology series by Swami Veda Bharati . 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who spread the theory that one is a product of the mind and body

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Cristiano Ronaldo

Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese footballer For the Brazilian footballer , see Ronaldo ( Brazilian footballer ) . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo with Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Juventus Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- 2018 Real Madrid 292 ( 311 ) 2018 -- Juventus ( 0 ) National team Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 154 ( 85 ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine 2016 France FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 25 August 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Madrid , Ronaldo won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , four UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , and three FIFA Club World Cups. Real Madrid 's all - time top goalscorer , Ronaldo scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . After joining Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . After winning the 2016 and 2017 Champions Leagues , Ronaldo secured back - to - back Ballons d'Or again in 2016 and 2017 . A historic third consecutive Champions League followed , making Ronaldo the first player to win the trophy five times . In 2018 , he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth € 100 million , the highest fee ever paid for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . He made his senior debut for Portugal in 2003 at age 18 , and has since had over 150 caps , including appearing and scoring in eight major tournaments , becoming Portugal 's most capped player and his country 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament , before becoming the highest European international goalscorer of all - time . One of the most marketable athletes in the world , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- 18 : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 2.4 Juventus 2.4. 1 2018 -- 19 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 07 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2007 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory , and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.3. 3 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Portugal 8.4. 5 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in São Pedro , Funchal , Portugal and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways , altering his resting heart rate . He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within a single season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , however , determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently , after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003 . Initially , United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year . Having impressed the Manchester United players , however , they urged Ferguson to sign him . After the game , Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . He played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal in the FA Cup final , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . United advanced to the final against Chelsea in Moscow , where , despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty being saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season . Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain . During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home ground . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign . Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano , and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season . Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer . Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November , Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021 . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- 18 : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes , during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was issued a five - match suspension following the match . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League , taking his club tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 6 December , he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund . A day later , Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time , receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris . On 3 March 2018 , he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe , his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance , making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi . On 18 March , he reached his 50th career hat - trick , scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona . Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final On 3 April , Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick . The goal , described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli , garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium , as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers , pundits and coaches . The goal was also his 119th in European competition , more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club , it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history . He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April . On 11 April , he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final , in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus , from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat , with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win . It was also his tenth goal against Juventus , a Champions League record against a single club . In the final of the tournament , on 26 May , Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1 , winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph , becoming the first team to do so . He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season , ending the campaign with 15 goals . After the final , Ronaldo referred to his time with the Champions League winners in the past tense , sparking speculation that he could leave Real Madrid . Juventus 2018 -- 19 After a week of transfer speculation , on 10 July 2018 , Ronaldo signed a four - year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a € 100 million transfer , plus solidarity contributions to Ronaldo 's youth clubs and an additional € 12 million in other fees . The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . Upon signing , Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Real Madrid . Ronaldo made his official debut for Juventus in their opening Serie A match on 18 August , a 3 -- 2 away win over Chievo . International career 2001 -- 07 : youth level and early international career Ronaldo began his international career with Portugal at the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival , debuting in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Finland . The following year he would represent his country under - 17 side at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . During his international youth career , Ronaldo would go on to represent the under - 15 team , under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . At age 18 , Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany 's Lukas Podolski , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . Following the 2006 World Cup , Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008 , scoring two goals in the process . 2007 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 . One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic ; in the same game , he also set - up Portugal 's third goal in injury time , which was scored by Quaresma , and was named man of the match for his performance . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . In the last group stage game against the Netherlands , Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory . He scored a header in the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equaling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal 's Euro 2016 quarter - final match against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . After multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory , and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory . These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros . With the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition . With his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches . Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski . Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory . Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup , Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia , Belgium and Algeria . Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup . In doing so , he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total . His third goal saw him curl in a 30 yard free kick with two minutes remaining for the equaliser . His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time , with 84 international goals . In Portugal 's second game on 20 June , Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory against Morocco , breaking Puskás ' record . In the final group match against Iran on 25 June , Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1 -- 1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners - up behind Spain . On 30 June , Portugal were eliminated following a 2 -- 1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16 . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , gives him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls . These attributes allow him to function as a target - man , and makes him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Allied with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , often dropping deep to pick up the ball , participate in the build - up of plays , and create chances for his teammates , courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Pictured during El Clásico in 2011 , Ronaldo in his familiar pose before striking a free kick In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot , courtesy of his striking ability . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited , although not entirely diminished . Initially deployed as a centre forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role ; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score , or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . However , while he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring , he also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , completing fewer dribbles and passes per game , and instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring . Since 2017 , Ronaldo has adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free - roaming centre forward , a role in which he has continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record ; in this position , he has earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement , excellent positional sense , link - up play , clinical finishing , and opportunism , as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers , find space in the box , and score from few opportunities . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi . Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s , featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s . However , after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23 , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history . Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer , especially in important and high - pressured situations . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic , elite body conditioning , and dedication to improvement on the training pitch , as well being regarded as a natural leader . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring . Ronaldo has at times , however , been criticised for simulating when tackled . In addition to this , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . During his career , Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which is among the world 's most viewed annual sporting events . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , CR7 , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including sportswear , football boots ( since November 2012 Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics and computer video games . Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game 's promotion . He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the cover in 2008 , 2012 and 2013 . Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . Ronaldo statue in Madeira Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal , in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In September 2015 , Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance , `` Legacy '' . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In 2007 , C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ) . In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . The bust and the name change were controversial , with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians , including Saturday Night Live , while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens , who even started a petition against the move , an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque . A year later , sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust . However , this bust was never used ; instead , a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor , shown to the public on 15 June 2018 . Personal life Family and relationships Ronaldo 's children Via a surrogate mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 , announcing that he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother . In January 2015 , Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended . In June 2017 , Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins , a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo . Five months later , his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina . Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career . Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Controversies In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims , labelling them `` journalistic fiction '' , with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations . According to Der Spiegel , the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement . In July 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim he denies . In May 2018 , Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million . It was reported on 15 June , just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup , Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities . The sentence can be served under probation , without any jail time , so long as he does not reoffend . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time . The Spanish government would later reduce the amount by € 2 million . Career Statistics Club As of match played 25 August 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 55 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 -- 13 15 44 44 Total 292 311 30 22 -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Juventus 2018 -- 19 Serie A 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 517 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 765 573 Notes Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup , Copa del Rey , and Coppa Italia Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League , unless where noted . Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , Supercopa de España , Supercoppa Italiana , UEFA Super Cup , and FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International For a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of match played 30 June 2018 National team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Portugal 2003 0 0 0 0 11 7 5 0 16 7 2005 7 0 11 2006 10 14 6 2007 9 5 0 10 5 2008 5 0 8 2009 5 0 7 6 5 0 11 2011 6 5 8 7 2012 9 13 5 2013 6 7 9 10 2014 5 9 5 2015 0 5 2016 10 10 13 13 2017 10 10 11 11 2018 7 6 Total 107 68 47 17 154 85 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 , 2017 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Performances FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top goal scorer : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2013 -- 14 UEFA European Championship top goalscorer : 2012 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Orders Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 14 July 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 398 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 158 goals Most goals scored in UEFA club competitions : 123 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Europe 's all - time leading international goalscorer : 85 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 61 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Portugal Portugal 's most capped player of all time : 154 caps Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer : 85 goals Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 451 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 311 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 105 goals Most assists in La Liga : 85 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 25 assists See also Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff , UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : `` Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 '' Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Jump up ^ Bayern Munich had previously won three consecutive European Cups , the predecessor of the Champions League . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Paul . `` A future without Messi and Ronaldo '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Staunton , Peter . `` Messi and Ronaldo : Changing the face of football '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Haugstad , Thore ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or , the Messi - Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end '' . Official website of Eurosport . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Brewin , John ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Will Cristiano Ronaldo 's Madrid departure hasten the end of the ' Greatest ' era ? '' . Tifo Football . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Danny ( 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the world 's greatest ever goal scorer '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . `` From a flashy winger to the greatest goal scorer Europe ever produced '' . Sportskeeda. 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Ruthven , Graham ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time ' '' . Marca English . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` We analysed who the better big - game player is , Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi -- and the stats show the winner is clear '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Weiner , David ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player '' . The Queensland Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jones , Robert ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo has become king of the big - game occasion for Real Madrid '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Bradley , Ciaran ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Giles : Ronaldo is a genius and made for big games '' . Off the Ball . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Tom ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Divers in World Football 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Pickup , Oliver ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time , but where does he rank compared to the others ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo `` Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver '' . Sport English . 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Citations Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017 : List of players : Real Madrid CF '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 16 December 2017 . p. 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 June 2018 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER '' . FourFourTwo. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé has been voted the greatest footballer of all time '' . The Independent . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo goal , Portugal vs Morocco World Cup 2018 : Real Madrid forward breaks record with header '' . The Independent . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto -- Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca . Spain . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro -- Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried -- the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Biography & Facts '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Conte , Peter ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` What you did n't know about Cristiano Ronaldo '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pilger , Sam ( 6 October 2017 ) . `` ' He Was There to Put on a Show ' : Ronaldo 's Legendary Manchester United Audition '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 12 August 2003 ) . `` United confirm Ronaldo capture '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Message from the president '' . Sporting Clube de Portugal . 29 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 12 August 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` United fork out record £ 12m fee to land teenager '' . The Daily Telegraph . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 13 August 2003 ) . `` Teenager takes Beckham No7 shirt '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McDonnell , David ( 29 September 2007 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo exclusive '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best on Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 2 -- 4 Man Utd '' . BBC . 1 February 2005 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arsenal 0 -- 0 Man Utd ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport. 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Middlesbrough 4 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2005 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo extends Man Utd contract '' . BBC Sport. 18 November 2005 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd ease to Carling Cup glory '' . BBC Sport. 26 February 2006 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ban after finger gesture '' . BBC . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 15 January 2006 ) . `` Fergie upset with red card '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 17 January 2006 ) . `` Ruud and Ron in training bust - up '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2006 ) . `` Rooney must look at himself rather than blame Ronaldo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Stirling , James ( 9 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I ca n't stay in Manchester '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 12 July 2006 ) . `` United : Ronaldo not for sale '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tyldesley , Clive ( 25 September 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo has last laugh on Reading fans '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` The secrets behind the development of Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo , revealed by Rene Meulensteen '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 24 December 2006 ) . `` Cristiano 's stockings full of gifts for United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . 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Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . 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London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 -- 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury '' . The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ) . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca . Spain . 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . sportskeeda. 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . Goal. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . BBC . 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Borussia Dortmund '' . BBC . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or 2017 : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award '' . BBC . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest to score 300th goal in La Liga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 3 Girona '' . BBC . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Morientes ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores overhead kick against Juventus '' . BT Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pat Nevin ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick : Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Watch : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Goal Leaves Sporting World In Awe -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Short , Joe ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Was Ronaldo 's goal better than Zidane 's ? Real Madrid boss REFUSES to concede defeat '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Jose ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo Has More UCL Goals Than 465 European Teams '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Hits 650th Career Goal as Incredible Scoring Run Continues '' . Goal . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League : Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo edges Real Madrid past Juventus '' . uefa.com. 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saffer , Paul ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid make more history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . uefa.com. 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts future in doubt : ' It 's been very nice playing for Real Madrid ' '' . ESPN . 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs for Juventus ! '' . juventus.com ( Press release ) . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus : Is £ 99m signing a good deal for Italian champions ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks transfer record '' . Football Italia. 10 July 2018 . 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Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo : The Most Underrated Man in Football ? '' . BleacherReport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : The five phases of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Bate ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's evolution : Could he really play beyond the age of 40 ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Graham Hunter ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid vs. Barcelona : Clasico promises goals aplenty '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thore Haugstad ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo has been Real Madrid 's major problem this season ... but he can also be their solution '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre - forward , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position '' . The Telegraph . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago an unknown baby - faced kid from Portugal was signed by Fergie for £ 12.2 m ... and the rest , as they say , is history '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included in the Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . CR7 comes in at No. 7 and for good reason . He has shown little sign that he wo n't continue to be the brightest of stars on a Real Madrid squad filled with world - class players . Once criticized for lacking end product , he has developed into the world 's most effective player , a testament to his relentless desire for self - improvement , which can also be seen in his phenomenal athleticism . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heta , Marco ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Blood , sweat and toil : The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Football Paradise . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN FC. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Madrid , Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca ( Spain ) . 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Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIKE 'S CR7 COLLECTION REFLECTS ATTITUDE AND IRREVERENCE OF A GLOBAL ICON '' . Nike. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . Gulf News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo 's $1 Billion Nike Deal May Be A Bargain For Sportswear Giant '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art '' . Goal. 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 18 release date confirmed with Cristiano Ronaldo as cover star '' . Evening Standard . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . 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Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus '' . CD Nacional . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Maisfutebol.iol.pt . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust -- SNL '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust '' . BBC News . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl '' . ESPN . 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . The Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer '' . As . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case '' . MSN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain taxman knocks € 2 million off Cristiano Ronaldo tax settlement : Report '' . Channel News Asia . Retrieved 10 August 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Madrid : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . The Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer . Time ( UK ) . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced '' . UEFA. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . FIFA. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup statistics and leaders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 5 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` Champions League 2013 / 2014 '' Assists `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 30 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal star Ronaldo becomes second leading international scorer with Morocco goal '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time -- Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain '' Primera División '' All - time best penalty takers '' rank 1 -- 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid C.F. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Played for Portugal national team '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal national football team goal scorers '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Further Reading Balagué , Guillem ( 2015 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1409155041 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Juventus F.C. -- current squad 1 Szczęsny 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini ( c ) 4 Benatia 5 Pjanić 6 Khedira 7 Ronaldo 10 Dybala 11 Douglas Costa 12 Alex Sandro 14 Matuidi 15 Barzagli 16 Cuadrado 17 Mandžukić 18 Kean 19 Bonucci 20 Cancelo 21 Pinsoglio 22 Perin 23 Can 24 Rugani 30 Bentancur 33 Bernardeschi 37 Spinazzola Manager : Allegri Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=856964583 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Portuguese Second Division players Sporting CP B players Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Juventus F.C. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain Portuguese expatriates in Italy UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with short description UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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Della Reese

Della Reese - wikipedia Della Reese Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Della Reese Reese in 1961 Delloreese Patricia Early ( 1931 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1931 Detroit , Michigan , U.S. November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) ( aged 86 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Wayne State University ( attended ) Occupation Singer actress producer minister Spouse ( s ) Vermont Taliaferro ( m . 1952 ; div. 1958 ) Leroy Basil Gray ( m . 1959 ; div. 1961 ) Mercer Ellington ( m . 1961 ; ann. 1961 ) Franklin Lett Jr . ( m . 1983 -- 2017 ) Children Musical career Genres Gospel Pop Jazz R&B Traditional pop Instruments Vocals Years active 1944 -- 2014 Labels Jubilee RCA Associated acts Mahalia Jackson Erskine Hawkins Albertina Walker Aretha Franklin Dorothy Norwood Cissy Houston Website dellareese.com Delloreese Patricia Early ( July 6 , 1931 -- November 19 , 2017 ) , known professionally as Della Reese , was an American jazz and gospel singer , actress , and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades . Reese 's long career began as a singer , scoring a hit with her 1959 single `` Do n't You Know ? '' . In the late -- 1960s , Reese hosted her own talk show , Della , which ran for 197 episodes . She also starred in films beginning in 1975 , including playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights ( 1989 ) , Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary ( 2010 ) . She achieved continuing success in the television religious supernatural drama Touched by an Angel ( 1994 -- 2003 ) , in which Reese played the leading role of Tess . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Musical career 3 Television and film career 3.1 Television guest appearances 3.2 Touched by an Angel 4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Marriages 4.3 Health 4.4 Ministry 5 Death 6 Discography 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television films 7.3 Television series 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Della Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6 , 1931 , in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit , Michigan , to Richard Thaddeus Early , an African American steelworker , and Nellie ( Mitchelle ) , a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe . Her mother had had several children before Reese 's birth , none of whom lived with her ; hence , Reese grew up as an only child . At six years old , Reese began singing in church . From this experience , she became an avid gospel singer . On weekends in the 1940s , she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford , Bette Davis , and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen . Afterwards , Reese would act out the scenes from the films . In 1944 , she began her career directing the young people 's choir , after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent . She was often chosen , on radio , as a regular singer . At the age of 13 , she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson 's gospel group . Delloreese entered Detroit 's popular Cass Technical High School ( where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly , later known as Ellen Burstyn ) . She also continued with her touring with Jackson . With higher grades , she was the first in her family to graduate from high school in 1947 , at only 15 . Afterwards , she formed her own gospel group , the Meditation Singers . However , due in part to the death of her mother and her father 's serious illness , Reese had to interrupt her schooling at Wayne State University to help support her family . Faithful to the memory of her mother , Delloreese moved out of her father 's house when she disapproved of him taking up with a new girlfriend . She then took on odd jobs , such as truck driver , dental receptionist , and elevator operator , after 1949 . Performing in clubs , Early soon decided to shorten her name from `` Delloreese Early '' to `` Della Reese '' . Musical career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese , circa 1961 . Reese was discovered by the gospel singer Mahalia Jackson , and her big break came when she won a contest , which gave her a week to sing at Detroit 's well - known Flame Show Bar . Reese remained there for eight weeks . Although her roots were in gospel music , she now was being exposed to and influenced by such jazz artists as Ella Fitzgerald , Sarah Vaughan and Billie Holiday . In 1953 , she signed a recording contract with Jubilee Records , for which she recorded six albums . Later that year , she also joined the Hawkins Orchestra . Her first recordings for Jubilee were songs such as `` In the Still of the Night '' ( originally published in 1937 ) , `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' and `` Time After Time '' ( 1947 ) . The songs were later included on the album And That Reminds Me ( 1959 ) . In 1957 , Reese released a single called `` And That Reminds Me '' . After years of performing , she gained chart success with this song . It became a Top Twenty pop hit and a million - seller record . That year , Reese was voted by Billboard , Cashbox and various other magazines , as `` The Most Promising Singer '' . In 1959 , Reese moved to RCA Records and released her first RCA single , called `` Do n't You Know ? , '' which was adapted from Giacomo Puccini 's music for La bohème , specifically , the aria `` Quando m'en vo ' '' ( Musetta 's Waltz ) . It became her biggest hit to date , reaching the number 2 spot on the pop charts and topping the R&B charts ( then called the `` Hot R&B Sides '' ) that year . It sold over one million copies , and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA . Eventually , the song came to be widely considered the signature song of her early career . She then released a successful follow - up single called `` Not One Minute More '' ( number 16 ) . She remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with `` And Now '' ( number 69 ) . In 1960 she released `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' ( number 56 ) which was drawn from her Grammy - nominated album Della . The album rose in the pop album charts to number 35 . In November 1960 , Reese appeared in advertisements in Ebony magazine for the newly launched AMI Continental jukebox . Reese recorded regularly throughout the 1960s , releasing singles and several albums . Two of the most significant were The Classic Della ( 1962 ) and Waltz with Me , Della ( 1963 ) , which broadened her fan base internationally . She recorded several jazz - focused albums , including Della Reese Live ( 1966 ) , On Strings of Blue ( 1967 ) and One of a Kind ( 1978 ) . She also performed in Las Vegas for nine years and toured across the country . Reese continued to record albums in the following decades , receiving two more Grammy nominations in the gospel category for the album Della Reese and Brilliance ( 1991 ) and for the live recorded album , My Soul Feels Better Right Now ( 1999 ) . Motown singer Martha Reeves cites Reese as a major influence and says she named her group The Vandellas after Van Dyke Street in Detroit and Della Reese . Television and film career ( edit ) Reese appearing in a Kraft Foods commercial , 1977 . In 1969 , Reese began a transition into acting work which would eventually lead to her highest profile . Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series , Della , which was cancelled after 197 episodes ( June 9 , 1969 -- March 13 , 1970 ) . In 1970 , Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries , was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B.A. Baracus in The A-Team episode `` Lease with an Option to Die '' . In 1991 , she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom , The Royal Family , but his death halted production of the series for several months . Reese also did voice - over for the late 1980s Hanna - Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby - Doo on ABC . In 1989 , she starred alongside Eddie Murphy , Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights , in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy . Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the popular television game show Match Game . Television guest appearances ( edit ) Reese has had a wide variety of guest - starring roles , beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad . This led to other roles in such series as : The Bold Ones : The New Doctors , Getting Together , Police Woman , Petrocelli , Joe Forrester , Police Story , The Rookies , McCloud , Sanford and Son with old friend Redd Foxx , Vega $ , Insight and two episodes of The Love Boat . She also had a recurring role on It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke , three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox , four episodes of Charlie & Co. opposite Flip Wilson , 227 with best friend Marla Gibbs , MacGyver , Night Court , Dream On , Designing Women , Picket Fences , Disney Channel 's That 's So Raven and The Young and the Restless . Touched by an Angel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After coping with the death of one of her best friends , Redd Foxx , in 1991 , she was reluctant to play an older female lead in the inspirational television drama Touched by an Angel , but went ahead and auditioned for the role of Tess . She wanted to have a one - shot agreement between CBS and producer Martha Williamson , but ordered more episodes . Reese was widely seen as a key component of the show 's success . Already starring on Touched by an Angel was the lesser - known Irish actress Roma Downey , who played the role of case worker Tess 's angel / employee , Monica . In numerous interviews , there was an on - and off - screen chemistry between both Reese and Downey . The character of Tess was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God 's love , while at the same time , she was sassy and had a no - nonsense attitude . The show often featured a climactic monologue delivered by the angel Monica in which she reveals herself as an angel to a human with the words : `` I am an angel sent by God to tell you that He loves you . '' The character of Tess was portrayed by Reese as down - to - earth , experienced and direct . Reese also sang the show 's theme song , `` Walk with You '' , and was featured prominently on the soundtrack album produced in conjunction with the show . During its first season in 1994 , many critics were skeptical about the show , it being the second overtly religious prime - time fantasy series , after Highway to Heaven . The show had a rocky start , low ratings and was cancelled 11 episodes into the first season . However , with the help of a massive letter - writing campaign , the show was resuscitated the following season and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons . At the beginning of the fourth season in 1997 , Reese threatened to leave the show because she was making less than her co-stars ; CBS ended up raising her salary . Touched by an Angel was cancelled in 2003 , but it continued re-running heavily in syndication and on Ion Television ( formerly PAX - TV ) , The Hallmark Channel , Up , and later MeTV . Roma Downey said of her on - and off - screen relationship with Reese : `` She 's very wise . She 's very loving . She can be a little gruff at times , but she 's always adoring and adorable . I lost my mother when I was very young , and during my whole adolescence and into my twenties , I 'd been looking for a mother figure , and I really think I can say with absolute truth and sincerity that I feel that I finally found her in Della Reese . '' Downey later also said : `` I think I 'll just always remember the feel of her neck against my cheek when she hugs me and the love I know that she has for me and the love that I feel for her and the love that she has for God . To know Della is to know that she loves God . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 2005 , Reese was honored by Oprah Winfrey at her Legends Ball ceremony , along with 25 other black women . On July 6 , 2011 , Reese celebrated her 80th birthday at the Catalina Jazz Club in Los Angeles . In 2015 , a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her . Della Reese was the godmother of Roma Downey 's daughter Reilly Marie . Reese officiated at the marriage ceremony of Roma Downey and Mark Burnett in the absence of Downey 's late mother . Family ( edit ) Reese 's mother , Nellie Mitchelle Early , died in 1949 of an intracerebral hemorrhage . Reese 's father , Richard Early , died ten years later . Reese had an adoptive daughter whom she acquired from a family member unable to care for her , named Delorese Daniels Owens , in 1961 . Owens died on March 14 , 2002 . She passed away from complications stemming from pituitary disease . Reese said about the painful experience , sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders : `` When it happened , I thought , ' It 's such an odd thing to die from , ' because pituitary problems are n't something you hear about . It makes it harder because you do n't understand what happened . It seemed so strange and hard to explain . It still is , to be honest . '' Marriages ( edit ) In 1952 , Reese married factory worker Vermont Adolphus Bon Taliaferro , nineteen years her senior , and adopted the stage name Pat Ferro for a week , before introducing the stage name she used for the rest of her life -- though sources differ as to whether this was after the failure of the marriage , or simply a show - business decision . A second marriage ceremony , on December 28 , 1959 , to accountant Leroy Basil Gray , who had two children by a previous marriage , was kept secret for some time . This marriage either ended in divorce or was annulled on the basis that Gray 's previous divorce was invalid . Reese appears to have been briefly married to Mercer Ellington ( who was then her manager ) in 1961 , before this was annulled later that year due to Ellington 's Mexican divorce being ruled invalid.In 1983 , she married Franklin Thomas Lett , Jr. , a concert producer and writer . Health ( edit ) In 1979 , after taping a guest spot for The Tonight Show , she suffered a near - fatal brain aneurysm , but made a full recovery after two surgeries by neurosurgeon Charles Drake at University Hospital in London , Ontario . In 2016 , shortly after her 85th birthday , Reese was said to be in poor health , and had undergone multiple surgeries . She further disclosed that she had neglected her health for years , which had contributed to her developing diabetes . After her last appearance on Signed , Sealed , Delivered , she had retired from acting . While Reese sometimes used a wheelchair , she avoided using one often , because it would make her condition worse . Ministry ( edit ) In the 1980s , Reese was ordained as a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity , after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church , Understanding Principles for Better Living . The `` Up Church '' is under Universal Foundation for Better Living , a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev. Johnnie Colemon , a close friend of Rev. Reese - Lett . As of 2009 , they meet at First Lutheran Church in Inglewood , California . In her ministerial work , she was known as the Rev. Dr. Della Reese Lett . Death ( edit ) Reese died on November 19 , 2017 , at her Los Angeles , California , home at the age of 86 . No cause was given , although she had suffered from Type 2 - diabetes. . Her representative Lynda Blensky told USA Today , `` We lost a magnificent woman who was a trailblazer in many ways . '' Longtime friends Roma Downey ( with whom she worked on Touched by an Angel ) and Jackee Harry ( with whom she worked on 227 and The Royal Family ) reflected on her death . Downey said , `` On behalf of her husband , Franklin Lett , and all her friends and family , I share with you the news that our beloved Della Reese has passed away peacefully at her California home last evening surrounded by love , '' She then said : `` She was an incredible wife , mother , grandmother , friend , and pastor , as well as an award - winning actress and singer . Through her life and work , she touched and inspired the lives of millions of people . She was a mother to me and I had the privilege of working with her side by side for so many years on Touched by an Angel . I know heaven has a brand new angel this day . Della Reese will be forever in our hearts . Rest In Peace , sweet angel . We love you . '' Harry tweeted , `` I am completely devastated by the loss of Della Reese . She was a great co-star , sparring partner , drinking buddy , and friend . She taught me the power of prayer and the importance of humility . I 'll be forever grateful to call her my friend . '' Discography ( edit ) Main article : Della Reese discography Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Psychic Killer Mrs. Gibson 1989 Harlem Nights Vera Walker Thin Line Between Love and Hate , AA Thin Line Between Love and Hate Ma Wright 2000 Dinosaur Eema ( voice ) 2005 Beauty Shop Mrs. Towner 2007 If I Had Known I Was a Genius Nana Expecting Mary Doris Dorkus 2012 Meant to Be Mave 2012 Me Again Muriel 2012 Christmas Angel Elsa Way Television films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Voyage of the Yes Opal Parker 1973 Daddy 's Girl Diane Twice in a Lifetime Flo Cop on the Beat Claudine 1976 Flo 's Place Flo 1976 Nightmare in Badham County Sarah 1990 Kid Who Loved Christmas , The The Kid Who Loved Christmas Alicia Slater 1992 You Must Remember This Ella DuChamps Voice 1997 Match Made in Heaven , AA Match Made in Heaven Katie Beale 1997 Miracle in the Woods Lilly Cooper 1998 Emma 's Wish Mona Washburn 1998 Mama Flora 's Family Nana Fleming 1999 Secret Path , The The Secret Path Honey 1999 Having Our Say : The Delany Sisters First 100 Years Martha Logan 1999 Anya 's Bell Anya Herpick 2000 Moving of Sophia Myles , The The Moving of Sophia Myles Sophia Myles 2011 Hallelujah Dulcie Prejean 2012 Christmas Angel Elsie Waybright 2013 Dear Secret Santa Linda 2013 Miracle at Gate 213 Alma Peddington Television series ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Reference 1968 Mod Squad , The The Mod Squad Paula Episode : `` Find Tara Chapman ! '' 1970 Bold Ones : The New Doctors , The The Bold Ones : The New Doctors Grace Dayton Episode : `` Killer on the Loose '' Police Woman Tina Thompson Episode : `` Requiem for Bored Wives '' 1974 -- 1976 McCloud Police Sgt . Gladys Harris 2 episodes Petrocelli Angela Damon Episode : `` Once Upon a Victim '' Rookies , The The Rookies Landers Episode : `` Ladies Day '' Sanford and Son Herself Episode : `` Della , Della , Della '' 1975 -- 1978 Chico and the Man Della Rogers 27 episodes 1976 Medical Center Capt . Sykes Episode : `` Major Annie , MD '' 1979 Welcome Back , Kotter Mrs. Tremaine Episodes : `` Come Back , Little Arnold '' , `` The Gang Show '' 1980 Insight Judge Roberta Lynn Episode : `` God in the Dock '' 1982 Love Boat , The The Love Boat Millie Washington 2 episodes 1982 -- 1983 It Takes Two Judge Caroline Phillips 5 episodes 1985 A-Team , The The A-Team Mrs. Baracus Episode : `` Lease with an Option to Die '' 1985 -- 1986 Crazy Like a Fox Nurse Flood 3 episodes 1986 Charlie & Co . Aunt Rachel 4 episodes 1986 ABC Afterschool Special Aunt Faith Episode : `` The Gift of Amazing Grace '' 1987 -- 1990 227 Grace / Rita Clark 2 episodes 1989 Night Court Aunt Ruth Episode : `` Auntie Maim '' 1990 Young Riders , The The Young Riders Stagecoach Sally Episode : `` Born to Hang '' 1990 -- 1991 MacGyver Mama Colton 2 episodes 1991 Married People Annette Episode : `` Dance Ten , Friends Zero '' 1991 -- 1992 Royal Family , The The Royal Family Victoria Royal 15 episodes 1992 Dream On Receptionist Episode : `` No Deposit , No Return '' 1993 Designing Women Mrs. Toussant Episode : `` Wedding Redux '' 1993 L.A. Law Lucille Lake Episode : `` Vindaloo in the Villows '' 1993 Picket Fences Naomi Grand Episode : `` The Lullaby League '' 1994 -- 2003 Touched by an Angel Tess 211 episodes NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) 1996 -- 1998 Promised Land Tess 6 episodes 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child The Blues Fairy ( voice ) Episode : `` Pinocchio '' 2006 That 's So Raven Miss Rhonnie Wilcox Episode : `` The Four Aces '' 2009 Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless Aunt Virginia 2 episodes Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 Lorraine Henderson Episode : `` Shelter '' 2014 Signed , Sealed , Delivered Cora Brandt 2 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1994 : Hollywood Walk of Fame : 7060 Hollywood Boulevard -- Television 1996 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2000 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2001 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2002 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel Nominations 1960 : Grammy Award -- Do n't You Know 1961 : Grammy Award -- Della ( Album ) 1997 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Made for TV Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Grammy Award -- My Soul Feels Better Right Now 2000 : Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting By a Female Performer in an Animated Feature -- Dinosaur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Della ( 1969 ) '' . Internet Movie Database. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( Video ) . Della Reese interview with Tavis Smiley . June 12 , 2009 . Tavis Smiley Late Night . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Biography '' . filmreference. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hilary de Vries ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Della Reese : Earning Her Wings '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andrea LeVasseur ( 2009 ) . `` Della Reese : Biography '' . All Movie Guide . MSN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . dellareese.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Della '' Talk Show on IMDb Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Presenting Her Accomplished 80 Years of Life in Song for ' I 'm Still Here ' Performance at Catalina Jazz Club `` 94.7 The WAVE '' . 947thewave.cbslocal.com. 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . October 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , Touched by an Angel Star and Legendary Singer , Dead at 86 '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Deloreese Daniels Owens 's Story '' , Cushing 's . ^ Jump up to : Jessie Carney Smith ( 1996 ) . Notable Black American Women . VNR AG . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 9177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Clarke ( 1977 ) . Pseudonyms . BCA . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Jet , 25 August 1977 , page 58 Jump up ^ Jet , 11 February 1960 Jump up ^ Andy Gregory ( 2002 ) . The International Who 's Who in Popular Music 2002 . Psychology Press . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 161 - 2 . Jump up ^ Victoria Uwumarogie ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Della Reese Reportedly in Bad Shape : `` I Do n't Have Type 2 Diabetes -- Type 2 Diabetes Has Me '' `` . Madamenoire . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radar Staff ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Calling All Angels ! Sickly Della Reese Admits : ' My Life is at State ' '' . Radar Online . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local News Della Reese Is No Angel , But She 's Real Reverend -- In Dual Roles Of Minister And Actress , She Has A Big Following Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry '' . dellareese.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry : Biography '' . Understanding Principles for Better Living Church . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mazur , Marcia Levine ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` Della Reese : `` Diabetes will not make me a victim . '' Della Reese has type 2 diabetes , but you 'll never hear her complain about her life `` . Diabetes Forecast. 57 ( 7 ) : 56 -- 60 . PMID 15295806 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via PubMed . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Della Reese , ' Touched by an Angel ' Star and R&B Singer , Dies at 86 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , star of TV 's ' Touched By An Angel , ' dies at 86 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , singer and Touched by an Angel star , dies '' . EW.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86 , Actors Praise Exemplary Life '' . Christian Post.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmography for Della Reese '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Ronnie ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Expecting Mary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Meant to Be ' - Chicago Tribune '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Della Reese : ' God 's Had a Bad Agent ' '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COP ON THE BEAT '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` HALLELUJAH ( 2011 ) '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Dear Secret Santa ( TV ) ( 2013 ) '' . FilmAffinity . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Della Reese , Singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' Star , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Biography.com Editors . `` Della Reese '' . The Biography.com website . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese , ' Touched By an Angel ' Star , Dies at 86 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese Biography ( 1931 - ) '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INSIGHT '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86 '' . billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DETROIT 1 - 8 - 7 Preview : December 7 on ABC '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' star , dies at 86 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese - Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese - Awards & Nominations '' . Awards and Winners . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese '' . Grammy.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Touched by an Angel ' star Della Reese has died '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations Search '' . Emmy Awards . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Nominees for Golden Globe Awards - December 18 , 1997 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 4th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : Della Reese Wikimedia Commons has media related to Della Reese . Official website Della Reese on IMDb Della Reese at the TCM Movie Database Della Reese Interview at The Archive of American Television Understanding Principles for Better Living Church Della Reese 's Tough TV Career Della Reese 's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project Appearances on C - SPAN ( hide ) Della Reese Studio albums Amen ! What Do You Know About Love ? The Story of the Blues Della Della by Starlight Della Della Cha - Cha - Cha The Classic Della Live albums Della Reese at Basin Street East Compilations The Best of Della Reese ( 1962 ) The Best of Della Reese ( 1972 ) Singles `` And That Reminds Me '' `` Do n't You Know ? '' `` Not One Minute More '' `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' `` After Loving You '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Games People Play '' `` Compared to What '' Related articles Discography Touched by an Angel Book : Della Reese VIAF : 84975278 LCCN : no91017360 ISNI : 0000 0003 6846 8374 GND : 135244668 BNF : cb138374591 ( data ) MusicBrainz : f9328e7e - 889f - 4cc7 - b56a - 8d94cf0b8fe2 IATH : w6cr9sb7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Della_Reese&oldid=815372483 '' Categories : 1931 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American singers 20th - century Christians 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers 21st - century Christians 21st - century women writers Actresses from Detroit African - American actresses American actresses African - American Christians African - American female singers African - American musicians African - American television talk show hosts African - American writers American writers American Christian writers American evangelists American female jazz singers American film actresses American people of Native American descent American people of Cherokee descent American performers of Christian music American stage actresses American television actresses American television talk show hosts American voice actresses American women writers Cass Technical High School alumni Disease - related deaths in California Singers from Detroit American gospel singers Grammy Award winners Jubilee Records artists Musicians from Detroit New Thought writers Nondenominational Christianity RCA Victor artists Stroke survivors Traditional pop music singers Wayne State University alumni Writers from Michigan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 12 : 49 . 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who played tess on touched by an angel

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New Orleans Pelicans

New Orleans Pelicans - wikipedia New Orleans Pelicans Jump to : navigation , search For the former minor league baseball team , see New Orleans Pelicans ( baseball ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 -- 18 New Orleans Pelicans season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 2002 History New Orleans Hornets 2002 - 2013 New Orleans Pelicans 2013 -- present Arena Smoothie King Center Location New Orleans , Louisiana Team colors Navy blue , gold , red President Dennis Lauscha General manager Dell Demps Head coach Alvin Gentry Ownership Tom Benson Affiliation ( s ) None Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2008 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Website www.nba.com/pelicans Uniforms Home Away Third Smoothie King Center , home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ) . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season . The Charlotte Hornets name , history and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 14 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 528 -- 604 , and has qualified for the playoffs six times . Their achievements include one playoff series victory and one division title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Relocation to New Orleans 1.2 2002 -- 2005 : Early years in New Orleans 1.3 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : CP3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era 1.5 2013 -- present : The Pelicans take flight 1.5. 1 2015 : Return to the playoffs 1.5. 2 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Players 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retained draft rights 3.3 Retired numbers 4 Franchise records 5 Seasons 5.1 Head coaches 6 Home arenas 7 Mascot 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New Orleans Pelicans Relocation to New Orleans ( edit ) While the Charlotte Hornets put a competitive team on the court throughout the 1990s , the team 's attendance began falling dramatically . Many attributed this lapse in popularity to the team 's owner , George Shinn , who was slowly becoming despised by the people of the city . In 1997 , a Charlotte woman claimed that Shinn had raped her , and the resulting trial severely tarnished his reputation in the city . The consensus was that while Charlotte was as basketball - crazy as ever , fans took out their anger at Shinn on the team . Shinn had also become discontented with the Charlotte Coliseum , which , although considered state - of - the - art when it opened in 1988 , had by then been considered obsolete due to a limited number of luxury boxes . On March 26 , 2001 , both the Hornets and the Vancouver Grizzlies applied for relocation to Memphis , Tennessee , which was ultimately won by the Grizzlies . Shinn issued an ultimatum : unless the city built a new arena at no cost to him , the Hornets would leave town . The city initially refused , leading Shinn to consider moving the team to either Norfolk , Louisville , or St. Louis . Of the cities in the running , only St. Louis had an NBA - ready arena ( Savvis Center , now known as Scottrade Center ) already in place and was a larger media market than Charlotte at the time ; also , it was the only one of the four to have previously hosted an NBA franchise -- the St. Louis Hawks , who moved to Atlanta in 1968 . Finally , a new arena in Uptown , which would eventually become the Charlotte Bobcats Arena ( now known as Spectrum Center ) , was included in a non-binding referendum for a larger arts - related package , and Shinn withdrew his application to move the team . Polls showed the referendum on its way to passage . However , just days before the referendum , Mayor Pat McCrory vetoed a living wage ordinance . The veto prompted many of the city 's black ministers to oppose the referendum ; they felt it was immoral for the city to build a new arena when city employees were n't paid enough to make a living . After the referendum failed , city leaders devised a plan to build a new arena in a way that did not require voter support , but made it known that they would not even consider building it unless Shinn sold the team . While even the NBA acknowledged that Shinn had alienated fans , league officials felt such a demand would anger other owners . The city council refused to remove the statement , leading the Hornets to request a move to New Orleans -- a move which would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs , the NBA approved the move . As part of a deal , the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team , which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats . In a 2008 interview with the Charlotte Observer , Shinn , who has not returned to Charlotte since the Hornets moved , admitted that the `` bad judgment I made in my life '' played a role in the Hornets ' departure . He also said that if he had it to do all over again , he would not have withdrawn from the public after the sexual assault trial . Shinn emphasized how he was making amends by committing to New Orleans saying , `` I 've made enough mistakes in my life . I 'm not going to make one here . This city needs us here . We 're going to make this ( New Orleans ) thing work . '' 2002 -- 2005 : early years in New Orleans ( edit ) The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30 , 2002 , against New Orleans ' original NBA franchise , the now - Utah Jazz . In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years , the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100 -- 75 , and posthumously retired # 7 of `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich during halftime . The Hornets finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs . Following the season , the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Alan Bristow . The Hornets began the 2003 -- 04 season strong with a 17 -- 7 start but sputtered at the end and finished 41 -- 41 . They lost to the Miami Heat in the first round of the 2004 playoffs . After the season , Floyd was fired and the team hired Byron Scott as its new head coach . During the first two seasons in New Orleans the Hornets competed in the NBA 's Eastern Conference . The 2004 -- 05 season saw the team moved to the Western Conference 's Southwest Division . In a season marred by injury to the team 's three all - stars , the team finished the year with a franchise - worst record of 18 -- 64 . 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era ( edit ) In the subsequent draft , the Hornets used their first round pick to select point guard Chris Paul out of Wake Forest University . Chris Paul , selected by the Hornets as the 4th pick of the 2005 NBA draft Because of the catastrophic devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina upon the communities of southeastern Louisiana , the Hornets franchise temporarily relocated its base of operations to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , posting records of 38 -- 44 and 39 -- 43 respectively . During this time , the franchise was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . In these two seasons , most home games were played at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , while a few remained at New Orleans Arena . One year after the Hornets moved back to New Orleans permanently , the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder . The Hornets franchise returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season , with all 41 home games in the New Orleans Arena . The 2008 NBA All - Star Game and its accompanying festivities were awarded to New Orleans and a serious marketing campaign was commenced in February 2007 . Healthier than previous seasons , the Hornets raced to a 29 -- 12 record at the halfway mark , completing the regular season with a record of 56 -- 26 , making the season their most successful ever . The Hornets also won their first - ever division title , winning the Southwest Division . Having clinched the 2nd overall seed for the Western Conference in the 2008 playoffs , the Hornets beat the Dallas Mavericks in the first round but eventually lost to the defending - champion San Antonio Spurs in seven games in the conference semifinals . In August 2008 the Hornets unveiled a modified logo and new uniforms with the colors of Creole blue , purple , and Mardi Gras gold . Pinstripes were also added to the uniforms . The Hornets also introduced a new gold alternate uniform in 2010 which was used mostly in games played on Saturday at home and on the road . The Hornets finished the 2008 -- 09 season with a 49 -- 33 record . Paired up with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the 2009 NBA Playoffs , the Hornets were eliminated in five games . The Hornets started the 2009 -- 10 season in a disappointing fashion , and head coach Byron Scott was fired after a 3 -- 6 start to the season . General manager Jeff Bower took over the head coaching duties for the remainder of the season . The Hornets finished the season with a 37 -- 45 record , finishing last in the Southwest division they had won only two seasons before . Jeff Bower later resigned as head coach , and Monty Williams was brought in as new head coach . The team finished the 2010 -- 11 season with a 46 -- 36 record and qualified for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , where they lost to the Lakers 4 -- 2 . In December 2010 the NBA purchased the Hornets from George Shinn for an estimated $300 million . 2011 -- 2013 : cp3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era ( edit ) Before the 2011 -- 12 NBA season , the Hornets were considering trade offers for Chris Paul . Paul eventually requested a trade to the New York Knicks . The Hornets looked at many teams , including the Boston Celtics and the Golden State Warriors as trade partners , but Paul had made it clear he wanted to be traded to New York or Los Angeles . A three - team trade involving the Los Angeles Lakers and the Houston Rockets was agreed upon , but commissioner David Stern vetoed the trade . On December 14 , 2011 , the Hornets agreed to a deal with the Los Angeles Clippers that would send Paul to L.A. in exchange for Eric Gordon , Chris Kaman , Al - Farouq Aminu , and a first - round draft pick acquired by the Clippers from a trade with the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2004 . At the end of the 66 - game lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 NBA season , the Hornets had the worst record in the West , 21 -- 45 . On April 13 , 2012 , it was announced that Tom Benson , owner of the New Orleans Saints , had purchased the franchise from the NBA for $338 million . In addition , Benson announced that he would change the team name to something that would better suit the region , fueling rumors that the Hornets name could one day return to Charlotte , where the Bobcats play . In June 2012 , Benson appointed two senior Saints executives to supervise the Hornets as well : Saints general manager Mickey Loomis became head of basketball operations , overseeing general manager Dell Demps , and Saints business operations head Dennis Lauscha took on the same role with the Hornets . The Hornets traded Emeka Okafor and Trevor Ariza to the Wizards for Rashard Lewis , whom they bought out , and a draft pick . On May 30 , 2012 , the Hornets were awarded the first overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft and subsequently drafted Anthony Davis . They also drafted Austin Rivers with the 10th pick ( acquired from the Clippers as part of the Chris Paul trade ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Ryan Anderson , 2012 's Most Improved Player and three - point field goals leader , was acquired in a sign - and - trade by the New Orleans Hornets , with the Orlando Magic , for Gustavo Ayón . 2013 -- present : the Pelicans take flight ( edit ) New owner Tom Benson had indicated early in his ownership that he wished to change the team 's name to something more local , even preferring that the Utah Jazz -- founded in New Orleans in 1974 and played there until 1979 , give up the `` Jazz '' name . But the Jazz indicated they had no interest in returning the name due to over 30 years of history associated with it . Benson had also heavily favored the names `` Brass '' and `` Krewe '' . However , on December 4 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their name to the New Orleans Pelicans beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season . The team name is inspired by Louisiana 's state bird , the brown pelican . The name `` Pelicans '' previously had been used by a minor - league baseball team that played in New Orleans from 1901 to 1957 . The Hornets organization officially confirmed the name change in a press conference held on January 24 , 2013 , where officials unveiled the team 's new logos and navy blue -- gold -- red color scheme . On April 18 , 2013 , after the end of the team 's 2012 -- 13 season , the team 's name was officially changed to the Pelicans . Following the New Orleans franchise 's 2013 disestablishment of the `` Hornets '' name , on May 21 , 2013 , Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of his franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014 -- 15 NBA season pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas , on July 18 , 2013 . Then - NBA Deputy Commissioner and COO Adam Silver had previously pointed out the fact that the league owns the rights to the name Hornets and that could speed up the process . The NBA unanimously approved the name change starting with 2014 -- 15 . On June 27 , 2013 , during the 2013 NBA draft , the Pelicans selected Nerlens Noel 6th overall , and traded him along with a 2014 protected first - round pick for All - Star point guard Jrue Holiday of the Philadelphia 76ers and the 42nd pick , Pierre Jackson . At a May 20 , 2014 press conference announcing the Charlotte Bobcats ' official team name change to Hornets , it was also announced that the Pelicans agreed to transfer the records and statistics of the original Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) to the current Charlotte franchise , thus unifying all of Charlotte 's NBA basketball history under one franchise ; the team records and statistics since the 2002 move to New Orleans would be retained by the Pelicans , retroactively turning the Pelicans into a 2002 expansion team . To restate and clarify a confusing series of events : after the 2002 season , the original Hornets moved to New Orleans . In 2004 , Charlotte was granted a new franchise , the Bobcats . After the 2013 -- 14 season , the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988 -- 2002 Hornets . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004 , while the Pelicans are now reckoned as having joined the league in 2002 . 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) Alvin Gentry is the New Orleans Pelicans current head coach . For the first time under the name Pelicans , the team qualified for the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record as the number 8 seed in the Western Conference . They owned the tie - breaker over the Oklahoma City Thunder by winning the regular season head - to - head series 3 -- 1 , and they faced the Golden State Warriors in the first round ; the Warriors swept the Pelicans in four games . After the season , the Pelicans fired coach Monty Williams despite qualifying for the playoffs . On May 31 , 2015 , the Pelicans hired Alvin Gentry as the franchise 's 6th head coach . 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era ( edit ) On February 20 , 2017 , Pelicans acquired DeMarcus Cousins in a trade with the Sacramento Kings when they traded Buddy Hield , Tyreke Evans , Langston Galloway , a 2017 1st round pick , and a 2017 2nd round pick in exchange for Cousins and Omri Casspi . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The New Orleans Hornets were sold to Tom Benson on April 13 , 2012 . After purchasing the team , Benson indicated that he wanted to change the club 's nickname to something more regionally appropriate . On December 14 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their nickname to the New Orleans Pelicans . On January 24 , 2013 , the team held a press conference , where it unveiled its new nickname , logos and colors . The name Pelicans is a reference to the brown pelican , the state bird of Louisiana . The team said in a press release that its colors would be navy , gold and red ; each color is represented in the city flag of New Orleans . The team formally adopted its new brand identity at the end of the 2012 -- 13 NBA season . On August 1 , 2013 , the Pelicans released their new uniforms . The ' New Orleans ' wordmark logo across the front of the jerseys is inspired by French Quarter street signs ; the Pelicans are one of three NBA teams to wear the city name across the front of both home and road jerseys . The partial logo is featured on the sides of the shorts , and the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo ( a combination mark of the pelican , fleur - de-lis and crescent basketball shape ) is featured on the back neck . NBA teams were not allowed to have alternate uniforms during their first season of operation . On September 23 , 2014 , the Pelicans unveiled a red alternate uniform for the 2014 -- 15 season that would be worn four times in the year . Prior to the red alternate uniform unveiling , the NBA announced that its league logo would be moved to the back neck of game jerseys for all 30 clubs ; as a result , the NBA league logo replaced the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo on the back neck . On September 17 , 2015 , the Pelicans unveiled a new alternate uniform , introduced as part of the NBA 's `` Pride '' uniforms for the 2015 -- 16 season . The short - sleeved uniforms feature Mardi Gras ' signature colors -- purple , green and gold . The tops are purple with green accents on the sleeves and sport ' NOLA ' ( a local acronym for New Orleans , Louisiana ) across the chest in the Pelicans ' signature font in gold letters trimmed in green . The Pelicans ' NO ' logo is featured at the bottom of the v - neck and the Crescent City basketball logo is on the left sleeve in Mardi Gras colors . Additionally , the trim around the neckline is purple , green and gold - striped . Additionally , on the back of the jersey , the players ' numbers will be gold with green trim , last name in white traditional lettering and the NBA logo will be featured at the base of the neck . The purple shorts will have green and gold stripes down the side with a small secondary logo -- the `` Bird - de-Lis '' in gold centered on the waistband . The Pelicans ' partial logo is on both sides of the shorts in Mardi Gras colors . Players ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans all - time roster See also : New Orleans Pelicans draft history Current roster ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ajinça , Alexis 7000218440000000000 ♠ 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1988 - 05 - 06 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Alexander , Cliff 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 11 -- 16 Kansas 2.5 ! G / F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Allen , Tony 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) 1982 - 01 - 11 Oklahoma State 6.0 ! C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık , Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 - 07 - 04 Turkey 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Clark , Ian 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cooke , Charles ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 01 Dayton 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cousins , DeMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1990 - 08 - 13 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Crawford , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1988 - 10 - 23 Xavier 4.0 ! F 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Cunningham , Dante 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1987 - 04 - 22 Villanova 5.5 ! F / C 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Davis , Anthony ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1993 - 03 - 11 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Diallo , Cheick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 09 - 13 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Hill , Solomon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 18 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Holiday , Jrue 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1990 - 06 - 12 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jackson , Frank 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 - 05 - 04 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Jones , Jalen ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 05 -- 27 Texas A&M 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , Perry 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1991 -- 09 -- 24 Baylor 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Miller , Darius 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 21 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Moore , E'Twaun 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 191 lb ( 87 kg ) 1989 - 02 - 25 Purdue 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo , Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 - 02 - 22 Kentucky Head coach Alvin Gentry Assistant coach ( es ) Darren Erman Chris Finch Dave Hanners Kevin Hanson Robert Pack Fred Vinson Phil Weber Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 27 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pelicans hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Majok , Ater Ater Majok F / C Australia Free agent Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers ( via Chicago ) 48 Williams , Latavious Latavious Williams United States Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Acquired from the Miami Heat ( via Oklahoma City ) Retired numbers ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 The New Orleans Hornets retired Maravich 's number during their first game in New Orleans in honor of his basketball contributions to the state of Louisiana , both during his college career at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and his professional career with the city 's former NBA team , the New Orleans Jazz . Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans accomplishments and records Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans seasons Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans head coaches Name Tenure Totals Regular season Playoffs PCT PCT PCT Paul Silas 2002 -- 2003 88 49 39 . 557 82 47 35 . 573 6 . 333 Tim Floyd 2003 -- 2004 89 44 45 . 494 82 41 41 . 500 7 . 429 Byron Scott 2004 -- 2009 436 211 225 . 484 419 203 216 . 484 17 8 9 . 471 Jeff Bower 2009 -- 2010 73 34 39 . 487 73 34 39 . 487 0 0 0 -- Monty Williams 2010 -- 2015 404 175 229 . 433 394 173 221 . 439 10 8 . 200 Alvin Gentry 2015 -- present 164 64 100 . 390 82 64 100 . 390 0 0 0 -- Home arenas ( edit ) Smoothie King Center ( 2002 -- present ) , formerly known as New Orleans Arena ( 2002 -- 2014 ) One other temporary facility due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina : Chesapeake Energy Arena ( Oklahoma City , formerly known as Ford Center ) ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Mascot ( edit ) Pierre the Pelican is the official mascot for the Pelicans . He was introduced on October 30 , 2013 , the opening night of regular season for the team at home against the Indiana Pacers . The name for the mascot was selected by the fans through an online poll on the team 's website . However , Pierre 's unconventional design frightened some fans . The mascot 's redesigned head was released on February 11 . The Pelicans ' prior mascot was Hugo the Hornet , who was part of the organization from 2002 -- 13 . Hugo returned as the mascot for the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2016 - 17 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Family Unveils New Orleans Pelicans Colors and Logos '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) '' . SportsECyclopedia.com . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Hornets to apply for relocation to Memphis -- Monday March 26 , 2001 05 : 47 PM '' . SportsIllustrated.CNN.com . March 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World Class City , Third World Paycheck . Creative Loafing , 2001 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com -- Council willing to amend ' new owner ' statement '' . ESPN.Go.com . Associated Press . 2002 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron Jr . Shinn : I messed up in Charlotte . Charlotte Observer , 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Eye for victory '' . ESPN.Go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City '' . National Basketball Association . September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Dashiell ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Larry Ellison Confirms He Tried To Buy The New Orleans Hornets , But Was Beaten Back By The NBA '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA completes Hornets purchase '' . National Basketball Association . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` N.B.A. Rejects Trade Sending Paul to Lakers '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints owner Benson buys Hornets from NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jimmy ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` New Orleans Hornets to be purchased by New Orleans Saints ' owner Tom Benson for $338 million '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets seeking name change , set to build new practice facility '' . WWL - TV . 2012 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ We Beelive : Charlotte ... take back your Hornets ! Facebook Page Jump up ^ `` Mickey Loomis takes on top New Orleans Hornets job '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Report : Hornets to change name to New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 - 14 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Louisiana State symbols '' . Louisiana Division of Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eichenhofer , Jim ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Pelicans nickname has century - plus history in New Orleans '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sports & Entertainment Applies to Change Team 's Name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Bobcats changing name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves Charlotte 's name change '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Pompey ; Marc Narducci ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Holiday - Noel trade becomes official '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Name Alvin Gentry Head Coach '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Uniform Unveiling '' . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ORLEANS PELICANS UNVEIL NEW UNIFORMS '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil New Uniforms '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch on Pelicans ' jersey reveal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil Alternate Red Uniform '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New NBA Swingman Jersey Features -- Guide to New 2014 -- 2015 Swingman Jerseys '' . National Basketball Association . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` NBA to move league logo to back of jerseys '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Unveil Pride Uniforms in Celebration of the Spirit of Mardi Gras '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Acquire Ish Smith '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre the Pelican introduced in first quarter '' . New Orleans Pelicans . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans introduce new mascot ' Pierre ' as part of rebranding effort '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PIERRE THE PELICAN INJURY UPDATE '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hornet Comes Home '' . Charlotte Hornets . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Pelicans . 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Evolution of fish

Evolution of fish - wikipedia Evolution of fish Jump to : navigation , search Fish Fossil range : Mid Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg The Devonian period 419 -- 359 Ma ( Age of Fishes ) saw the development of early sharks , armoured placoderms and various lobe - finned fishes including the tetrapod transitional species Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish † Spiny sharks Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Ray - finned fish Lobe - finned fish Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion . It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column , leading to the first craniates and vertebrates . The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha , or jawless fish . Early examples include Haikouichthys . During the late Cambrian , eel - like jawless fish called the conodonts , and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms , first appeared . Most jawless fish are now extinct ; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish . Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata , which includes the extant hagfish , and this group may have split early on from other agnathans . The first jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period . They are first represented in the fossil record from the Silurian by two groups of fish : the armoured fish known as placoderms , which evolved from the ostracoderms ; and the Acanthodii ( or spiny sharks ) . The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared in late Silurian : the Chondrichthyes ( or cartilaginous fish ) and the Osteichthyes ( or bony fish ) . The bony fish evolved into two separate groups : the Actinopterygii ( or ray - finned fish ) and Sarcopterygii ( which includes the lobe - finned fish ) . During the Devonian period a great increase in fish variety occurred , especially that of the ostracoderms and placoderms , as well as lobe - finned fish and early sharks . This has led to the Devonian being known as the age of fishes . It was from the lobe - finned fish that the tetrapods evolved , the four - limbed vertebrates , represented today by amphibians , mammals , reptiles and birds . Transitional tetrapods first appeared during the early Devonian , and by the late Devonian the first tetrapods appeared . The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth ; but it is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force , improved respiration , or a combination of factors . Fish do not represent a monophyletic group , but a paraphyletic one , as they exclude the tetrapods . Fish , like many other organisms , have been greatly affected by extinction events throughout natural history . The Ordovician -- Silurian extinction events led to the loss of many species . The late Devonian extinction led to the extinction of the ostracoderms and placoderms by the end of the Devonian , as well as other fish . The spiny sharks became extinct at the Permian -- Triassic extinction event ; the conodonts became extinct at the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . The Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , and the present day Holocene extinction , have also affected fish variety and fish stocks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Jawless fish 2.1 Conodonts 2.2 Ostracoderms 3 Jawed fish 3.1 Placoderms 3.2 Spiny sharks 3.3 Cartilaginous fishes 3.4 Bony fishes 3.4. 1 Lobe - finned fishes 3.4. 2 Ray - finned fishes 4 Timeline 4.1 Pre Devonian : Origin of fish 4.2 Devonian : Age of fishes 4.3 Fish to tetrapods 4.4 Post Devonian 5 Prehistoric fish 6 Living fossils 7 Fossil sites 8 Fossil collections 9 Paleoichthyologists 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Vertebrate classes Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . Conventional classification has living vertebrates as a subphylum grouped into eight classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits . In turn , these classes are grouped into the vertebrates that have four limbs ( the tetrapods ) and those that do not : fishes . The extant vertebrate classes are : Fish : jawless fishes ( Agnatha ) cartilaginous fishes ( Chondrichthyes ) ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) lobe - finned fishes ( Sarcopterygii ) Tetrapods : amphibians ( Amphibia ) reptiles ( Reptilia ) birds ( Aves ) mammals ( Mammalia ) In addition to these are two classes of extinct jawed fishes , the armoured placoderms and the spiny sharks . Further information : Vertebrate paleontology and List of transitional fossils § Invertebrates to Fish Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral - like sea squirt ( a tunicate ) , whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways . The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood ( as some sea squirts do today ) , although this path can not be proven . Vertebrates , among them the first fishes , originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion , which saw the rise in organism diversity . The lancelet , a small , translucent , fish - like animal , is the closest living invertebrate relative of the olfactoreans ( vertebrates and tunicates ) . The early vertebrate Haikouichthys , from about 518 million years ago in China , may be the `` ancestor to all vertebrates '' and is one of the earliest known fish . Somewhat dated view of continuous evolutionary gradation ( click to animate ) The first ancestors of fish , or animals that were probably closely related to fish , were Pikaia , Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia . These three genera all appeared around 530 Ma . Pikaia had a primitive notochord , a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later . Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian , these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan : a notochord , rudimentary vertebrae , and a well - defined head and tail . All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed . These were followed by indisputable fossil vertebrates in the form of heavily armoured fishes discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period 500 -- 430 Ma . The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian , often known as the `` Age of Fishes '' . The two groups of bony fishes , the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii , evolved and became common . The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes , save for lampreys and hagfish , as well as the Placodermi , a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts , which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians . The colonisation of new niches resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size . The Devonian Period ( 395 to 345 Ma ) brought in such giants as the placoderm Dunkleosteus , which could grow up to seven meters long , and early air - breathing fish that could remain on land for extended periods . Among this latter group were ancestral amphibians . The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period . The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic , while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic . In the sea , the bony fishes became dominant . The later radiations , such as those of fish in the Silurian and Devonian periods , involved fewer taxa , mainly with very similar body plans . The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods . Some fish had lungs and strong , bony fins and could crawl onto the land also . Jawless fish ( edit ) A modern jawless fish , the lamprey , attached to a modern jawed fish Lamprey mouth Main article : Agnatha Jawless fishes belong to the superclass Agnatha in the phylum Chordata , subphylum Vertebrata . Agnatha comes from the Greek , and means `` no jaws '' . It excludes all vertebrates with jaws , known as gnathostomes . Although a minor element of modern marine fauna , jawless fish were prominent among the early fish in the early Paleozoic . Two types of Early Cambrian animal apparently having fins , vertebrate musculature , and gills are known from the early Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China : Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia . They have been tentatively assigned to Agnatha by Janvier . A third possible agnathid from the same region is Haikouella . A possible agnathid that has not been formally described was reported by Simonetti from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia . Many Ordovician , Silurian , and Devonian agnathians were armoured with heavy bony - spiky plates . The first armoured agnathans -- the Ostracoderms , precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods ( including humans ) -- are known from the middle Ordovician , and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution . Most of the ostracoderms , such as thelodonts , osteostracans , and galeaspids , were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans , known as cyclostomes . Cyclostomes apparently split from other agnathans before the evolution of dentine and bone , which are present in many fossil agnathans , including conodonts . Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered . The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic , because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes . Recent molecular data , both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the theory that living agnathans , known as cyclostomes , are monophyletic . In phylogenetic taxonomy , the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks , but illustrated as a nested `` family tree '' known as a cladogram . Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another , rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone . This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy , in a practice known as evolutionary taxonomy . Evolution of jawless fishes . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . The cladogram below for jawless fish is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project . ( † = group is extinct ) Jawless fish Hyperoartia ( lampreys ) ? † Euconodonta ( eel like animals ) unnamed † Pteraspidomorphi ( jawless fishes ) ? † Thelodonti ( jawless fishes with scales ) unnamed ? † Anaspida ( jawless ancestors of lampreys ) unnamed † Galeaspida ( jawless fishes with bone head shields ) unnamed ? † Pituriaspida ( armoured jawless fishes with large rostrums ) † Osteostraci ( bony armoured jawless fish with bone head shields ) Jawed vertebrates → continued in section below Conodonts ( edit ) Conodonts ( extinct ) resembled primitive jawless eels Conodonts resembled primitive jawless eels . They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma . Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements . These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array '' . Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum . Their large eyes had a lateral position , which makes a predatory role unlikely . The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed . In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays , chevron - shaped muscles and notochord . Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys , though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups . Ostracoderms ( edit ) Ostracoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawless fishes Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are armoured jawless fishes of the Paleozoic . The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic , and has no phylogenetic meaning . However , the term is still used informally to group together the armoured jawless fishes . The ostracoderm armour consisted of 3 -- 5 mm polygonal plates that shielded the head and gills , and then overlapped further down the body like scales . The eyes were particularly shielded . Earlier chordates used their gills for both respiration and feeding , whereas ostracoderms used their gills for respiration only . They had up to eight separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head , which were permanently open with no protective operculum . Unlike invertebrates that use ciliated motion to move food , ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow moving prey into their mouths . The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms . The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s . He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature . He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeons but later realizing that they had no movable jaws , classified them in 1844 into a new group `` ostracoderms '' . Ostracoderms existed in two major groups , the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids . Later , about 420 million years ago , the jawed fish evolved from one of the ostracoderms . After the appearance of jawed fish , most ostracoderm species underwent a decline , and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the Devonian period . Jawed fish ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External video Evolution Of Jaws 1 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 2 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 3 of 5 Animal Planet Further information : Jawed fish and Evolution of jaws The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish , which further diversified in the Devonian . The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch , respectively . The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of the skull , permitting great mobility of the jaws . Already long assumed to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to more derived gnathostomes , the discovery of Entelognathus suggests that placoderms are directly ancestral to modern bony fish . As in most vertebrates , fish jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically , comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw . The jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills , and usually bears numerous teeth . The skull of the last common ancestor of today 's jawed vertebrates is assumed to have resembled sharks . It is thought that the original selective advantage garnered by the jaw was not related to feeding , but to increased respiration efficiency . The jaws were used in the buccal pump ( observable in modern fish and amphibians ) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians . Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws ( to humans ) , in feeding , was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates . Many teleost fish have substantially modified their jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion , resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved . Jawed vertebrates and jawed fish evolved from earlier jawless fish , and the cladogram below for jawed vertebrates is a continuation of the cladogram in the section above . ( † = group is extinct ) Jawed vertebrates † Placodermi ( armoured fishes ) unnamed Acanthodians and Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Bony fishes Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) < dominant class of fish today Lobe - finned fishes ? † Onychodontiformes ( lobe - finned ) Actinistia ( coelacanths ) unnamed † Porolepiformes ( lobe - finned ) Dipnoi ( lungfishes ) unnamed † Rhizodontimorpha ( predatory lobe - finned ) † Tristichopteridae ( tetrapodomorphs ) Tetrapods ( four - legged animals ) Placoderms ( edit ) Evolution of the ( now extinct ) placoderms . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . Placoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawed fishes ( compare with the ostracoderms above ) Further information : Placodermi and List of placoderms Placoderms , class Placodermi ( plate skinned ) , are extinct armoured prehistoric fish , which appeared about 430 Ma in the Early to Middle Silurian . They were mostly wiped out during the Late Devonian Extinction event , 378 Ma , though some survived and made a slight recovery in diversity during the Famennian epoch before dying out entirely at the close of the Devonian , 360 mya ; they are ultimately ancestal to modern vertebrates . Their head and thorax were covered with massive and often ornamented armoured plates . The rest of the body was scaled or naked , depending on the species . The armour shield was articulated , with the head armour hinged to the thoratic armour . This allowed placoderms to lift their heads , unlike ostracoderms . Placoderms were the first jawed fish ; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches . The chart on the right shows the rise and demise of the separate placoderm lineages : Acanthothoraci , Rhenanida , Antiarchi , Petalichthyidae , Ptyctodontida and Arthrodira . Spiny sharks ( edit ) Spiny sharks ( extinct ) were the earliest known jawed fishes . They resembled sharks and were indeed ancestral to them . Further information : Acanthodii and List of acanthodians Spiny sharks , class Acanthodii , are extinct fishes that share features with both bony and cartilaginous fishes , though ultimately more closely related to and ancestral to the latter . Despite being called `` spiny sharks '' , acanthodians predate sharks , though they gave rise to them . They evolved in the sea at the beginning of the Silurian Period , some 50 million years before the first sharks appeared . Eventually competition from bony fishes proved too much , and the spiny sharks died out in Permian times about 250 Ma . In form they resembled sharks , but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteans ( gars , bowfins ) . Cartilaginous fishes ( edit ) Radiation of cartilaginous fishes , derived from work by Michael Benton , 2005 . Further information : List of transitional fossils § Chondrichthyes , and List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish Cartilaginous fishes , class Chondrichthyes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared by about 395 million years ago , in the middle Devonian , evolving from acanthodians . The class contains the sub classes Holocephali ( chimaera ) and Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) . The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa : Cladoselache , Eugeneodontiformes , Symmoriida , Xenacanthiformes , Ctenacanthiformes , Hybodontiformes , Galeomorphi , Squaliformes and Batoidea . Bony fishes ( edit ) Further information : Osteichthyes , List of transitional fossils § Bony fish , and List of prehistoric bony fish External video Chordate Evolution and Bony Fish YouTube Bony fishes , class Osteichthyes , are characterised by bony skeleton rather than cartilage . They appeared in the late Silurian , about 419 million years ago . The recent discovery of Entelognathus strongly suggests that bony fishes ( and possibly cartilaginous fishes , via acanthodians ) evolved from early placoderms . A subclass of the Osteichthyes , the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) , have become the dominant group of fishes in the post-Paleozoic and modern world , with some 30,000 living species . The bony ( and cartilaginous ) fish groups that emerged after the Devonian , were characterised by steady improvements in foraging and locomotion . Lobe - finned fishes ( edit ) Further information : Sarcopterygii and List of lobe - finned fishes The Queensland lungfish is a lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil . Lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs . They developed the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ) , and have remained virtually the same for over 100 million years . Phylogenomic analysis has shown that `` the closest living fish to the tetrapod ancestor is the lungfish , not the coelacanth '' . Lobe - finned fishes , fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii , are mostly extinct bony fishes , basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton , cosmoid scales and internal nostrils . Their fins are fleshy , lobed , paired fins , joined to the body by a single bone . The fins of lobe - finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy , lobelike , scaly stalk extending from the body . The pectoral and pelvic fins are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to . The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates , amphibians . They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases , as opposed to the single dorsal fin of ray - finned fish . The braincase of lobe - finned fishes primitively has a hinge line , but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish . Many early lobe - finned fishes have a symmetrical tail . All lobe - finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel . Lobe - finned fishes , such as coelacanths and lungfish , were the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian . Taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping Tetrapoda within the Sarcopterygii , and the tetrapods in turn include all species of four - limbed vertebrates . The fin - limbs of lobe - finned fishes such as the coelacanths show a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs . The lobe - finned fish apparently followed two different lines of development and are accordingly separated into two subclasses , the Rhipidistia ( including the lungfish , and the Tetrapodomorpha , which include the Tetrapoda ) and the Actinistia ( coelacanths ) . The first lobe - finned fishes , found in the uppermost Silurian ( ca 418 Ma ) , closely resembled spiny sharks , which became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic . In the early -- middle Devonian ( 416 - 385 Ma ) , while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas , some lobe - finned fishes came into freshwater habitats . The coelacanth is another lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil . It is thought to have evolved into roughly its current form about 408 million years ago , during the early Devonian , and has not essentially evolved further from its ancient form . In the Early Devonian ( 416 - 397 Ma ) , the lobe - finned fishes split into two main lineages -- the coelacanths and the rhipidistians . The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous , from 385 to 299 Ma , as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic ; coelacanths still live today in the oceans ( genus Latimeria ) . The Rhipidistians , whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries , migrated into freshwater habitats . They in turn split into two major groups : the lungfish and the tetrapodomorphs . The lungfish 's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period ; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left . The lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs ; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ) . The first tetrapodomorphs , which included the gigantic rhizodonts , had the same general anatomy as the lungfish , who were their closest kin , but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch ( 385 - 359 Ma ) , with the appearance of tetrapods ( four - legged vertebrates ) . Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian . Lobe - finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era , suffering heavy losses during the Permian - Triassic extinction event ( 251 Ma ) . Ray - finned fishes ( edit ) Ray - finned fishes , class Actinopterygii , differ from lobe - finned fishes in that their fins consist of webs of skin supported by spines ( `` rays '' ) made of bone or horn . There are other differences in respiratory and circulatory structures . Ray - finned fishes normally have skeletons made from true bone , though this is not true of sturgeons and paddlefishes . Ray - finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group , containing half of all known vertebrate species . They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea , coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes , and are a major source of food for humans . Timeline ( edit ) Preceded by Proterozoic Eon Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 4ry Pre Devonian : origin of fish ( edit ) Cambrian Cambrian ( 541 -- 485 Ma ) : The beginning of the Cambrian was marked by the Cambrian explosion , the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla ( molluscs , jellyfish , worms and arthropods , such as crustaceans ) in great abundance . The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish , which were subsequently greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian . Pikaia External video Pikaia gracilens animation The Burgess Shale Pikaia , along with Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis immediately below , are all candidates in the fossil record for the titles of `` first vertebrate '' and `` first fish '' . Pikaia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life . Pikaia gracilens ( pictured ) is a transitional fossil between invertebrates and vertebrates , and may be the earliest known chordate . In this sense it may have been the original ancestor of fishes . It was a primitive creature with no evidence of eyes , without a well defined head , and less than 2 inches ( 5 centimetres ) long . Pikaia was a sideways - flattened , leaf - shaped animal that swam by throwing its body into a series of S - shaped , zig - zag curves , similar to movement of snakes . Fish inherited the same swimming movement , but they generally have stiffer backbones . It had a pair of large head tentacles and a series of short appendages , which may be linked to gill slits , on either side of its head . Pikaia shows the essential prerequisites for vertebrates . The flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks , seen as faint vertical lines . The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail . Haikouichthys Haikouichthys ( fish from Haikou ) is another genus that also appears in the fossil record about 530 Ma , and also marks the transition from invertebrate to vertebrates . Haikouichthys are craniates ( animals with backbones and distinct heads ) . Unlike Pikaia , they had eyes . They also had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate , and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes . Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate ; but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group . Myllokunmingia Myllokunmingia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma . It is a chordate , and it has been argued that it is a vertebrate , It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high , and is among the oldest possible craniates . Conodont Conodonts ( cone - teeth ) resembled primitive eels . They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma . Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements . These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array '' . Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum . Their large eyes had a lateral position of which makes a predatory role unlikely . The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed . In 2012 researchers classify the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays , chevron - shaped muscles and notochord . Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys , though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups . Ostracoderms Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are any of several groups of extinct , primitive , jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates . They appeared in the Cambrian , about 510 million years ago , and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian , about 377 million years ago . Initially Ostracoderms had poorly formed fins , and paired fins , or limbs , first evolved within this group . They were covered with a bony armour or scales and were often less than 30 cm ( 0.98 ft ) long . Ordov - ician Ordovician ( 485 -- 443 Ma ) : Fish , the world 's first true vertebrates , continued to evolve , and those with jaws ( Gnathostomata ) may have first appeared late in this period . Life had yet to diversify on land . Arandaspis Arandaspis are jawless fish that lived in the early Ordovician period , about 480 -- 470 Ma . It was about 15 cm ( 6 in ) long , with a streamlined body covered in rows of knobbly armoured scutes . The front of the body and the head were protected by hard plates with openings for the eyes , nostrils and gills . Although it was jawless , Arandaspis might have had some moveable plates in its mouth , serving as lips , sucking in food particles . The low position of its mouth suggests it foraged the ocean floor . It lacked fins and its only method of propulsion was its horizontally flattened tail . As a result , it probably swam in a fashion similar to a modern tadpole . Astraspis Astraspis ( star shield ) is an extinct genus of primitive jawless fish related to other Ordovician fishes , such as Sacabambaspis and Arandaspis . Fossils show clear evidence of a sensory structure ( lateral line system ) . The arrangement of these organs in regular lines allows the fish to detect the direction and distance from which a disturbance in the water is coming . Arandaspis are thought to have had a mobile tail covered with small protective plates and a head region covered with larger plates . A specimen described by Sansom et al. had relatively large , lateral eyes and a series of eight gill openings on each side . Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish . The fossils show extensive shielding of the head . Many had hypocercal tails to generate lift to increase ease of movement through the water for their armoured bodies , which were covered in dermal bone . They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in fresh water . Thelodonts Thelodonts ( nipple teeth ) are a class of small , extinct jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armour . There is debate over whether these represent a monophyletic grouping , or disparate stem groups to the major lines of jawless and jawed fish . Thelodonts are united by their characteristic `` thelodont scales '' . This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry , as it may have been evolved independently by different groups . Thus the thelodonts are generally thought to represent a polyphyletic group . If they are monophyletic , there is no firm evidence on what their ancestral state was . These scales were easily dispersed after death ; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time . The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments , first appearing during the Ordovician , and perishing during the Frasnian -- Famennian extinction event of the Late Devonian . They were predominantly deposit - feeding bottom dwellers , although some species may have been pelagic . The Ordovician ended with the Ordovician -- Silurian extinction event ( 450 -- 440 Ma ) . Two events occurred that killed off 27 % of all families , 57 % of all genera and 60 % to 70 % of all species . Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth 's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct . Silurian Silurian ( 443 -- 419 Ma ) : Many evolutionary milestones occurred during this period , including the appearance of armoured jawless fish , jawed fish , spiny sharks and ray - finned fish . While it is traditional to refer to the Devonian as the age of fishes , recent findings have shown the Silurian was also a period of considerable diversification . Jawed fish developed movable jaws , adapted from the supports of the front two or three gill arches Anaspida Anaspida ( without shield ) is an extinct class of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods . They are classically regarded as the ancestors of lampreys . Anaspids were small , primarily marine agnathans that lacked heavy bony shield and paired fins , but have highly exaggerated hypocercal tails . They first appeared in the early Silurian , and flourished until the Late Devonian extinction , where most species , save for lampreys , became extinct . Unusually for an agnathan , anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armour . The head is instead covered in an array of smaller , weakly mineralised scales . Osteostraci Osteostraci ( `` bony shields '' ) was a class of bony - armored jawless fish that lived from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian . Anatomically speaking , the osteostracans , especially the Devonian species , were among the most advanced of all known agnathans . This is due to the development of paired fins , and their complicated cranial anatomy . The osteostracans were more similar to lampreys than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear , as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates . Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield , but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced , thinner , and often micromeric dermal skeleton . They were probably relatively good swimmers , possessing dorsal fins , paired pectoral fins , and a strong tail . Spiny sharks Spiny sharks , more formally called `` Acanthodians '' ( having spines ) , constitute the class Acanthodii . They first appeared by the late Silurian ~ 420 Ma , and were among the first fishes to evolve jaws . They share features with both cartilaginous fish and bony fish , but they are not true sharks , though leading to them . They became extinct before the end of the Permian ~ 250 Ma . However , scales and teeth attributed to this group , as well as more derived jawed fish , such as cartilaginous and bony fish , date from the Ordovician ~ 460 Ma . Acanthodians were generally small shark - like fishes varying from toothless filter - feeders to toothed predators . They were once often classified as an order of the class Placodermi , but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern cartilaginous fish . They are distinguished in two respects : they were the earliest known jawed vertebrates , and they had stout spines supporting all their fins , fixed in place and non-movable ( like a shark 's dorsal fin ) , an important defensive adaptation . Their fossils are extremely rare . Placoderms Placoderms , ( plate - like skin ) , are a group of armoured jawed fishes , of the class Placodermi . The oldest fossils appeared during the late Silurian , and became extinct at the end of the Devonian . Recent studies suggest that the placoderms are possibly a paraphyletic group of basal jawed fishes , and the closest relatives of all living jawed vertebrates . Some placoderms were small , flattened bottom - dwellers , such as antiarchs . However many , particularly the arthrodires , were active midwater predators . Dunkleosteus , which appeared later in the Devonian below , was the largest and most famous of these . The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull , but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region . This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and , in arthrodires , allowed them to take larger bites . Guiyu oneiros Guiyu oneiros , the earliest known bony fish . It has the combination of both ray - finned and lobe - finned features , although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe - finned fish . Andreolepis The extinct genus Andreolepis includes the earliest known ray finned fish Andreolepis hedei , which appeared in the late Silurian , around 420 Ma . Devonian : Age of fishes ( edit ) Events of the Devonian Period view discuss edit - 420 -- -- - 415 -- -- - 410 -- -- - 405 -- -- - 400 -- -- - 395 -- -- - 390 -- -- - 385 -- -- - 380 -- -- - 375 -- -- - 370 -- -- - 365 -- -- - 360 -- -- - 355 -- l o z o i Silurian o n i n Carboniferous r l y i d d l Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian ← Rhynie chert ← Hangenberg event ; last placoderms disappear ← Kellwasser event ( s ) ← first tetrapods ← most jawless fish disappear ← Hunsrück fauna Key events of the Devonian Period . Axis scale : millions of years ago . The Devonian Period is broken into the Early , Middle and Late Devonian . By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya , jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades : the placoderms and spiny sharks , both of which are now extinct , and the cartilaginous and bony fishes , both of which are still extant . The modern bony fishes , class Osteichthyes , appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian , about 416 million years ago . Both the cartilaginous and bony fishes may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks . A subclass of bony fishes , the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) , have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world , with some 30,000 living species . Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high . Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa , diverse and abundant brachiopods , the enigmatic hederelloids , microconchids and corals . Lily - like crinoids were abundant , and trilobites were still fairly common . Among vertebrates , jawless armoured fish ( ostracoderms ) declined in diversity , while the jawed fish ( gnathostomes ) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water . Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian , perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species . Early cartilaginous ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Osteichthyes ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas . The first abundant genus of shark , Cladoselache , appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period . The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name `` The Age of Fish '' in popular culture . The first ray - finned and lobe - finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian , while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment . However , another subclass of Osteichthyes , the Sarcopterygii , including lobe - finned fishes including coelacanths and lungfish ) and tetrapods , was the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian . Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils , lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton , and cosmoid scales . During the Middle Devonian 393 -- 383 Ma , the armoured jawless ostracoderm fishes were declining in diversity ; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater . The shallow , warm , oxygen - depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes , surrounded by primitive plants , provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time . Cartilaginous fishes , class Chondrichthyes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared by about 395 million years ago , in the middle Devonian During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land . The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period , the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events . This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya . The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land , their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs ( see Tiktaalik ) . In the oceans , primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician . The first ammonite mollusks appeared . Trilobites , the mollusk - like brachiopods and the great coral reefs , were still common . The Late Devonian extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period , the Famennian faunal stage , ( the Frasnian - Famennian boundary ) , about 372.2 Ma . Many fossil agnathan fishes , save for the psammosteid heterostracans , make their last appearance shortly before this event . The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community , and selectively affected shallow warm - water organisms rather than cool - water organisms . The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef - builders of the great Devonian reef - systems . A second extinction pulse , the Hangenberg event closed the Devonian period and had a dramatic impact on vertebrate faunas . Placoderms mostly became extinct during this event , as did most members of other groups including lobe - finned fishes , acanthodians and early tetrapods in both marine and terrestrial habitats , leaving only a handful of survivors . This event has been related to glaciation in the temperate and polar zones as well as euxinia and anoxia in the seas . Devonian ( 419 -- 359 mya ) : The start of Devonian saw the first appearance of lobe - finned fish , precursors to the tetrapods ( animals with four limbs ) . Major groups of fish evolved during this period , often referred to as the age of fishes . See Category : Devonian fish . o n i n Early Devonian Early Devonian ( 419 -- 393 Ma ) : Psarolepis Psarolepis ( speckled scale ) is a genus of extinct lobe - finned fish that lived around 397 to 418 Ma . Fossils of Psarolepis have been found mainly in South China and described by paleontologist Xiaobo Yu in 1998 . It is not known for certain which group Psarolepis belongs , but paleontologists agree that it probably is a basal genus and seems to be close to the common ancestor of lobe - finned and ray - finned fishes . Holoptychius Holoptychius is an extinct genus from the order of porolepiform lobe - finned fish , extant from 416 to 359 Ma . It was a streamlined predator about 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) long ( though it could grow up to 2.5 m ) , which fed on other bony fish . Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey . Similar to other rhipidistians , it had fang - like teeth on its palate in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws . Its asymmetrical tail sported a caudal fin on its lower end . To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement , Holoptychius 's pectoral fins were placed high on the body . Ptyctodontida The ptyctodontids ( beak - teeth ) are an extinct monotypic order of unarmored placoderms , containing only one family . They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian . With their big heads , big eyes , and long bodies , the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras ( Holocephali ) . Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck . Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids , and the living and unrelated holocephalians , most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish . Petalichthyida The Petalichthyida was an order of small , flattened placoderms that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian . They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour . They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world . Because they had compressed body forms , it is supposed they were bottom - dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish . Their diet is not clear , as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts . Laccognathus Laccognathus ( pitted jaw ) was a genus of amphibious lobe - finned fish that existed 398 -- 360 Ma . They were characterized by the three large pits ( fossae ) on the external surface of the lower jaw , which may have had sensory functions . Laccognathus grew to 1 -- 2 metres ( 3 -- 7 ft ) in length . They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads , less than one - fifth the length of the body . The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone . This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers -- so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely . Rather , the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water . Middle Devonian Middle Devonian ( 393 -- 383 Ma ) : Cartilaginous fishes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared about 395 Ma . Dipterus Dipterus ( two wings ) is an extinct genus of lungfish from 376 -- 361 Ma . It was about 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) long , mostly ate invertebrates , and had lungs , not an air bladder . Like its ancestor Dipnorhynchus it had tooth - like plates on its palate instead of real teeth . However , unlike its modern relatives , in which the dorsal , caudal , and anal fin are fused into one , its fins were still separated . Otherwise Dipterus closely resembled modern lungfish . Cheirolepis Cheirolepis ( hand fin ) was a genus of ray - finned fishes . It was among the most basal of the Devonian ray - finned fishes and is considered the first to possess the `` standard '' dermal cranial bones seen in later ray - finned fish . It was a predatory freshwater fish about 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) long , and based on the size of its eyes it hunted by sight . Cladoselache Cladoselache was the first abundant genus of primitive shark , appearing about 370 Ma . It grew to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) long , with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks . It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales , with five to seven gill slits and a short , rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull . It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern - day sharks , but it compensated for that with very strong jaw - closing muscles . Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth - edged , making them suitable for grasping , but not tearing or chewing . Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole . It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin , with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior . This combination helped with its speed and agility , which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator , the heavily armoured 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus . Coccosteus Coccosteus ( seed bone ) is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm . The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments , though they may have been able to enter saltwater . They grew up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long . Like all other arthrodires , Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull . In addition , it also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull , allowing it to open its mouth even wider . Along with the longer jaws , this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey . As with all other arthrodires , Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws , forming a beak . The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other . Bothriolepis External video Bothriolepis -- Animal Planet Bothriolepis ( pitted scale ) was the most successful genus of antiarch placoderms , if not the most successful genus of any placoderm , with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent . Pituriaspida Pituriaspida ( hallucinogenic shield ) is a class containing two bizarre species of armoured jawless fishes with tremendous nose - like rostrums . They lived in estuaries around 390 Ma . The paleontologist Gavin Young , named the class after the hallucinogenic drug pituri , since he thought he might be hallucinating upon viewing the bizarre forms . The better studied species looked like a throwing - dart - like , with an elongate headshield and spear - like rostrum . The other species looked like a guitar pick with a tail , with a smaller and shorter rostrum and a more triangular headshield . Late Devonian extinction : 375 -- 360 Ma . A prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19 % of all families , 50 % of all genera and 70 % of all species . This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma , and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period . Late Devonian Late Devonian ( 383 -- 359 Ma ) : Dunkleosteus External video Dunkleosteus -- Animal Planet Dunkleosteus is a genus of arthrodire placoderms that existed from 380 to 360 Ma . It grew up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long and weighed up to 3.6 tonnes . It was a hypercarnivorous apex predator . Apart from its contemporary Titanichthys ( below ) , no other placoderm rivalled it in size . Instead of teeth , Dunkleosteus had two pairs of sharp bony plates , which formed a beak - like structure . Apart from megalodon , it had the most powerful bite of any fish , generating bite forces in the same league as Tyrannosaurus rex and the modern crocodile . Titanichthys Titanichthys is a genus of giant , aberrant marine placoderm that lived in shallow seas . Many of the species approached Dunkleosteus in size and build . Unlike its relative , however , the various species of Titanichys had small , ineffective - looking mouth - plates that lacked a sharp cutting edge . It is assumed that Titanichthys was a filter feeder that used its capacious mouth to swallow or inhale schools of small , anchovy - like fish , or possibly krill - like zooplankton , and that the mouth - plates retained the prey while allowing the water to escape as it closed its mouth . Materpiscis External video The mother fish -- Nature Materpiscis ( mother fish ) is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from about 380 Ma . Known from only one specimen , it is unique in having an unborn embryo present inside , and with remarkable preservation of a mineralised placental feeding structure ( umbilical cord ) . This makes Materpiscis the first known vertebrate to show viviparity , or giving birth to live young . The specimen was named Materpiscis attenboroughi in honour of David Attenborough . Hyneria Hyneria is a genus of predatory lobe - finned fish , about 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) long , that lived 360 million years ago . Rhizodonts Rhizodonts were an order of lobe - finned fish that survived to the end of the Carboniferous , 377 -- 310 Ma . They reached huge sizes . The largest known species , Rhizodus hibberti grew up to 7 metres in length , making it the largest freshwater fish known . Fish to tetrapods ( edit ) Further information : Tetrapod § Evolution , and List of transitional fossils § Fish to Tetrapods A cladogram of the evolution of tetrapods showing some of the best - known transitional fossils . It starts with Eusthenopteron at the bottom , indisputably still a fish , through Panderichthys , Tiktaalik , Acanthostega and Ichthyostega to Pederpes at the top , indisputably a tetrapod ( show ) From fins to limbs Illustration showing shows how much the hindlimb attachments in lobe - finned fishes need to change in transitioning from lobe - finned fishes ( A ) to early tetrapods ( B ) if the fish was to become a terrestrial animal . Comparison between the fins of lobe - finned fishes and the legs of early tetrapods : 1 . Tiktaalik 2 . Panderichthys 3 . Eusthenopteron 4 . Acanthostega 5 . Ichthyostega ( hindleg ) The first tetrapods are four - legged , air - breathing , terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended , including humans . They evolved from lobe - finned fish of the clade Sarcopterygii , appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian , and giving rise to the first amphibians . The group of lobe - finned fishes that were the ancestors of the tetrapod are grouped together as the Rhipidistia , and the first tetrapods evolved from these fish over the relatively short timespan 385 -- 360 Ma . The early tetrapod groups themselves are grouped as Labyrinthodontia . They retained aquatic , fry - like tadpoles , a system still seen in modern amphibians . From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land , possibly so they could go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper . However , in 1987 , nearly complete fossils of Acanthostega from about 363 Ma showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills , but could never have survived on land : its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight ; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight ; its fish - like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground . The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega , which was about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) long , was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water . Its skeleton differed from that of most fish , in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged , including : its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air ; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together , providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head ; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck . Until the 1980s early transitional lobe - finned fishes , such as the Eusthenopteron shown here , were depicted as emerging onto land . Paleontologists now widely agree this did not happen , and they were strictly aquatic . External video Tetrapod Evolution Animal Planet 1 2 3 4 5 Evolution fish with fingers Transitional fossils -- YouTube The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air - breathing would have been an advantage : leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation ; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them ; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish ; air - breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen , since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen . There are three major hypotheses as to how tetrapods evolved their stubby fins ( proto - limbs ) . The traditional explanation is the `` shrinking waterhole hypothesis '' or `` desert hypothesis '' posited by the American paleontologist Alfred Romer . He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up . The second hypothesis is the `` inter-tidal hypothesis '' put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki . They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water . Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million - year - old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie , Poland , the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods . The third hypothesis , the `` woodland hypothesis '' , was proposed by the American paleontologist Gregory J. Retallack in 2011 . He argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water in woodlands as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation . He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded floodplains . Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods , animals similar to Acanthostega , were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land . This is in contrast to the earlier view that fish had first invaded the land -- either in search of prey ( like modern mudskippers ) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out -- and later evolved legs , lungs , etc . Two ideas about the homology of arms , hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years . First that digits are unique to tetrapods and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early sarcopterygian fish . Until recently it was believed that `` genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties '' . However new research that created a three - dimensional reconstruction of Panderichthys , a coastal fish from the Devonian period 385 million years ago , shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates . For example , they had radial bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm - like base of their fins . Thus there was in the evolution of tetrapods a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits . This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of actinopterygians , sharks and lungfish that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish . Controversy still exists since Tiktaalik , a vertebrate often considered the missing link between fishes and land - living animals , had stubby leg - like limbs that lacked the finger - like radial bones found in the Panderichthys . The researchers of the paper commented that it `` is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is autapomorphic , that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent , or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik . At any rate , it demonstrates that the fish -- tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures . '' . From the end of the Devonian to the Mid Carboniferous a 30 million year gap occurs in the fossil record . This gap , called Romer 's gap , is marked by the absence of ancestral tetrapod fossils and fossils of other vertebrates that look well - adapted for life on land . Transition from lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods ~ 385 Ma Eusthenopteron External video Eusthenopteron -- Animal Planet Genus of extinct lobe - finned fishes that has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to tetrapods . Early depictions of this animal show it emerging onto land , however paleontologists now widely agree that it was a strictly aquatic animal . The genus Eusthenopteron is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period , about 385 Ma . It was the object of intense study from the 1940s to the 1990s by the paleoichthyologist Erik Jarvik . Gogonasus Gogonasus ( snout from Gogo ) was a lobe - finned fish known from 3 - dimensionally preserved 380 million - year - old fossils found in the Gogo Formation . It was a small fish reaching 30 -- 40 cm ( 0.98 -- 1.31 ft ) in length . Its skeleton shows several tetrapod - like features . They included the structure of its middle ear , and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones , the radius and ulna . Researchers believe it used its forearm - like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey . Gogonasus was first described in 1985 by John A. Long . For almost 100 years Eusthenopteron has been the role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods . Gogonasus now replaces Eusthenopteron in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy . ~ 385 Ma Panderichthys Adapted to muddy shallows , and capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion . Had the ability to prop itself up . They had large tetrapod - like heads , and are thought to be the most crownward stem fish - tetrapod with paired fins . ~ 375 Ma Tiktaalik A fish with limb - like fins that could take it onto land . It is an example from several lines of ancient sarcopterygian fish developing adaptations to the oxygen - poor shallow - water habitats of its time , which led to the evolution of tetrapods . Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ( fish ) such as Panderichthys , known from fossils 380 million years old , and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega , known from fossils about 365 million years old . Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers , Neil Shubin , to characterize Tiktaalik as a `` fishapod '' . 365 Ma Acanthostega A fish - like early labyrinthodont that occupied swamps and changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods . It had eight digits on each hand ( the number of digits on the feet is unclear ) linked by webbing , it lacked wrists , and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land . Subsequent discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish - like animals . 374 -- 359 Ma Ichthyostega External video Ichthyostega -- Animal Planet Pierce et al. Vertebral Architecture 1 2 3 4 5 -- YouTube Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century , Ichthyostega stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods , combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs . It possessed lungs and limbs with seven digits that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps . 359 -- 345 Ma Pederpes Pederpes is the earliest known fully terrestrial tetrapod . It is included here to complete the transition of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods , even though Pederpes is no longer a fish . By the late Devonian , land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats , allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop , with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities . Freshwater habitats were not the only places to find water filled with organic matter and choked with plants with dense vegetation near the water 's edge . Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands , coastal lagoons and large brackish river deltas also existed at this time , and there is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved . Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments , and because fossils of primitive tetrapods in general are found scattered all around the world , they must have spread by following the coastal lines -- they could not have lived in freshwater only . Fossil Illuminates Evolution of Limbs from Fins Scientific American , 2 2 April 2004 . Post Devonian ( edit ) The Mesozoic Era began about 250 million years ago in the wake of the Permian - Triassic event , the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended about 66 million years ago with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction that killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species . It is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time . The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses . The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods ; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today . Carbon - iferous Carboniferous ( 359 -- 299 Ma ) : Sharks underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous . It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches . Coastal seas during the Carboniferous c. 300 Ma The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils . This gap in the fossil record , is called Romer 's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer . While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event , recent work indicates the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels , indicating some sort of ecological collapse . The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish - like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts , and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna . The Carboniferous seas were inhabited by many fish , mainly Elasmobranchs ( sharks and their relatives ) . These included some , like Psammodus , with crushing pavement - like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods , crustaceans , and other marine organisms . Other sharks had piercing teeth , such as the Symmoriida ; some , the petalodonts , had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth . Most of the sharks were marine , but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps . Among the bony fish , the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers . Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent , and one group , the Rhizodonts , reached very large size . Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth , fin spines and dermal ossicles , with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole . Freshwater fish were abundant , and include the genera Ctenodus , Uronemus , Acanthodes , Cheirodus , and Gyracanthus . Stethacanthidae As a result of the evolutionary radiation , carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes -- including sharks of the family Stethacanthidae , which possessed a flat brush - like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top . Stethacanthus ' unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals . Apart from the fins , Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus ( below ) . Falcatus Falcatus is a genus of small cladodont - toothed sharks that lived 335 -- 318 Ma . They were about 25 -- 30 cm ( 10 -- 12 in ) long . They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads . Orodus Orodus is another shark of the Carboniferous , a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma . It grew to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) in length . Permian Permian ( 298 -- 252 Ma ) : Acanthodes Acanthodes are an extinct genus of spiny shark . It had gills but no teeth , and was presumably a filter feeder . Acanthodes had only two skull bones and were covered in cubical scales . Each paired pectoral and pelvic fins had one spine , as did the single anal and dorsal fins , giving it a total of six spines , less than half that of many other spiny sharks . Acanthodians share qualities of both bony fish ( osteichthyes ) and cartilaginous fish ( chondrichthyes ) , and it has been suggested that they may have been stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes . The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology : the Permian - Triassic extinction event . 90 % to 95 % of marine species became extinct , as well as 70 % of all land organisms . It is also the only known mass extinction of insects . Recovery from the Permian - Triassic extinction event was protracted ; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover , and marine ecosystems took even longer . Triassic Triassic ( 252 -- 201 Ma ) : The fish fauna of the Triassic was remarkably uniform , reflecting the fact that very few families survived the Permian extinction . A considerable radiation of ray - finned fishes occurred during the Triassic , laying the foundation for many modern fishes . See Category : Triassic fish . Perleidus Perleidus was a ray - finned fish from the Early Triassic . About 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) in length , it was a freshwater predatory fish with jaws that hung vertically under the braincase , allowing them to open wide . Perleidus had highly flexible dorsal and anal fins , with a reduced number of fin rays , which would have made the fish more agile in the water . Pachycormiformes Pachycormiformes are an extinct order of ray - finned fish that existed from the Middle Triassic to the K - Pg extinction ( below ) . They were characterized by serrated pectoral fins , reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum . Their relations with other fish are unclear . Pholidophorus Pholidophorus was an extinct genus of teleost , around 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long , from about 240 -- 140 Ma . Although not closely related to the modern herring , it was somewhat like them . It had a single dorsal fin , a symmetrical tail , and an anal fin placed towards the rear of the body . It had large eyes and was probably a fast swimming predator , hunting planktonic crustaceans and smaller fish . A very early teleost , Pholidophoris had many primitive characteristics such as ganoid scales and a spine that was partially composed of cartilage , rather than bone . The Triassic ended with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . About 23 % of all families , 48 % of all genera ( 20 % of marine families and 55 % of marine genera ) and 70 % to 75 % of all species became extinct . Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments , while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments . Jurassic Jurassic ( 201 -- 145 Ma ) : During the Jurassic period , the primary vertebrates living in the seas were fish and marine reptiles . The latter include ichthyosaurs who were at the peak of their diversity , plesiosaurs , pliosaurs , and marine crocodiles of the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae . Numerous turtles could be found in lakes and rivers . See Category : Jurassic fish . Leedsichthys Along with its close pachycormid relatives Bonnerichthys and Rhinconichthys , Leedsichthys is part of a lineage of large - sized filter - feeders that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years , from the middle Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous period . Pachycormids might represent an early branch of Teleostei , the group most modern bony fishes belong to ; in that case Leedsichthys is the largest known teleost fish . In 2003 , a fossil specimen 22 meters ( 72 feet ) long was unearthed . Ichthyodectidae This fossil Ichthyodectidae from the Lower Jurassic is one of the best conserved fossil fishes worldwide The family Ichthyodectidae ( literally `` fish - biters '' ) was a family of marine actinopterygian fish . They first appeared 156 Ma during the Late Jurassic and disappeared during the K - Pg extinction event 66 Ma . They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period . Sometimes classified in the primitive bony fish order Pachycormiformes , they are today generally regarded as members of the `` bulldog fish '' order Ichthyodectiformes in the far more advanced Osteoglossomorpha . Most ichthyodectids ranged between 1 and 5 meters ( 3.3 and 16.4 ft ) in length . All known taxa were predators , feeding on smaller fish ; in several cases , larger Ichthyodectidae preyed on smaller members of the family . Some species had remarkably large teeth , though others , such as Gillicus arcuatus , had small ones and sucked in their prey . The largest Xiphactinus was 20 feet long , and appeared in the Late Cretaceous ( below ) . Cret - aceous Cretaceous ( 145 -- 66 Ma ) : See Category : Cretaceous fish . Sturgeon True sturgeons appear in the fossil record during the Upper Cretaceous . Since that time , sturgeons have undergone remarkably little morphological change , indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as living fossils . This is explained in part by the long generation interval , tolerance for wide ranges of temperature and salinity , lack of predators due to size , and the abundance of prey items in the benthic environment . Cretoxyrhina Cretoxyrhina mantelli was a large shark that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago , during the mid Cretaceous period . It is commonly known as the Ginsu Shark . This shark was first identified by a famous Swiss Naturalist , Louis Agassiz in 1843 , as Cretoxyhrina mantelli . However , the most complete specimen of this shark was discovered in 1890 , by the fossil hunter Charles H. Sternberg , who published his findings in 1907 . The specimen consisted of a nearly complete associated vertebral column and over 250 associated teeth . This kind of exceptional preservation of fossil sharks is rare because a shark 's skeleton is made of cartilage , which is not prone to fossilization . Charles dubbed the specimen Oxyrhina mantelli . This specimen represented a 20 - foot - long ( 6.1 m ) shark . Enchodus Enchodus is an extinct genus of bony fish . It flourished during the Upper Cretaceous and was small to medium in size . One of the genus ' most notable attributes are the large `` fangs '' at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones , leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists , `` the saber - toothed herring '' . These fangs , along with a long sleek body and large eyes , suggest Enchodus was a predatory species . Xiphactinus External video Xiphactinus -- YouTube Xiphactinus is an extinct genus of large predatory marine bony fish of the Late Cretaceous . They grew more than 4.5 metres ( 15 feet ) long . Ptychodus Ptychodus is a genus of extinct hybodontiform shark that lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene . Ptychodus mortoni ( pictured ) was about 32 feet ( 9.8 metres ) long and was unearthed in Kansas , United States . The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( K - Pg extinction ) . There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K -- T boundary , which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates . Within cartilaginous fish , approximately 80 % of the sharks , rays , and skates families survived the extinction event , and more than 90 % of teleost fish ( bony fish ) families survived . There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K -- T boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica , apparently precipitated by the K -- Pg extinction event . However , the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event , and evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the extinction , apparently due to the elimination of their ammonite competitors ( there was no similar change in shark populations across the boundary ) . Cenozoic Era Cenozoic Era ( 66 Ma to present ) : The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes . Over half of all living vertebrate species ( about 32,000 species ) are fishes ( non-tetrapod craniates ) , a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world 's aquatic ecosystems , from snow minnows ( Cypriniformes ) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres ( 15,100 feet ) to flatfishes ( order Pleuronectiformes ) in the Challenger Deep , the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres ( 36,000 feet ) . Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world 's water bodies , both freshwater and marine . Amphistium Amphistium is a 50 - million - year - old fossil fish that has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish , and as a transitional fossil . In a typical modern flatfish , the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head . In Amphistium , the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete , with one eye placed near the top of the head . Megalodon External video Megalodon Giant Shark -- National Geographic ( full documentary ) Megalodon battle History Channel The Nightmarish Megalodon Discovery Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma . It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark , but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres ( 67 ft ) . Found in all oceans it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history , and probably had a profound impact on marine life . Prehistoric fish ( edit ) See also : Lists of prehistoric fish External video Fossil Fishes American Museum of Natural History Prehistoric fish are early fish that are known only from fossil records . They are the earliest known vertebrates , and include the first and extinct fish that lived through the Cambrian to the Tertiary . The study of prehistoric fish is called paleoichthyology . A few living forms , such as the coelacanth are also referred to as prehistoric fish , or even living fossils , due to their current rarity and similarity to extinct forms . Fish that have become recently extinct are not usually referred to as prehistoric fish . Living fossils ( edit ) The jawless hagfish is a living fossil that essentially has not changed for 300 million years . Bony fishes Arowana and Arapaima Bowfin Coelacanth Gar Queensland lungfish Sturgeons and paddlefish Bichir Polypterus retropinnis Sharks Blind shark Bullhead shark Elephant shark Frilled shark Goblin shark Gulper shark Jawless fishes Hagfish Northern brook lamprey Eels Protoanguilla palau The coelacanth was thought to have gone extinct 66 million years ago , until a living specimen belonging to the order was discovered in 1938 Fossil sites ( edit ) Miguasha National Park : outcrop of Devonian beds rich in fossil fish See also : List of fossil sites Some fossil sites that have produced notable fish fossils Abbey Wood SSSI Bracklesham Beds Bear Gulch Limestone Burgess Shale Canowindra Crato Formation Dura Den Feltville Formation Fossil Butte National Monument Fur Formation Gogo Formation Green 's Creek Green River Formation Kakwa Provincial Park Land Grove Quarry Maotianshan Shales Matanuska Formation McAbee Fossil Beds Miguasha National Park MoClay Monte Bolca Mount Ritchie Orcadian Basin Portishead Pier to Black Nore SSSI Santana Formation Southerham Grey Pit Thanet Formation Towaco Formation Weydale Zhoukoudian Fossil collections ( edit ) Part of a series on Paleontology Fossils ( show ) Fossilization Trace fossil Index fossil List of fossils List of fossil sites Lagerstätte fossil beds List of transitional fossils List of human evolution fossils Natural history ( show ) Biogeography Extinction event Geochronology Geologic time scale Geologic record History of life Origin of life Timeline of evolution Transitional fossil Organs and processes ( show ) Avian flight Cells Multicells Eyes Flagella Hair Mammalian auditory ossicles Mosaic evolution Nervous systems Sex Evolution of various taxa ( show ) Birds Butterflies Cephalopods Cetaceans Dinosaurs Fishes Fungi Humans Insects Mammals Molluscs Plants Reptiles Sea cows Spiders Tetrapods Evolution ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Phylogeny Cladistics Biological classification History of paleontology ( show ) History of paleontology Timeline of paleontology Branches of paleontology ( show ) Biostratigraphy Ichnology Invertebrate paleontology Micropaleontology Molecular paleontology Palaeoxylology Paleobiology Paleobotany Paleoecology Paleogenetics Paleolimnology Paleopedology Paleotempestology Paleozoology Palynology Sclerochronology Taphonomy Vertebrate paleontology Paleontology Portal Category Some notable fossil fish collections . Fossil fish collection Natural History Museum , Britain . Collection and expertise Museum für Naturkunde , Germany . Fossil fishes The Field Museum , United States . Paleoichthyologists ( edit ) Paleoichthyology is the scientific study of the prehistoric life of fish . Listed below are some researchers who have made notable contributions to paleoichthyology . Louis Agassiz Mary Anning Michael Benton Derek Briggs Hans C. Bjerring John Samuel Budgett Frederick Chapman Jenny Clack Ted Daeschler Bashford Dean Robert Dick Philip Grey Egerton Edwin Sherbon Hills Jeffrey A. Hutchings Thomas Henry Huxley Johan Aschehoug Kiær Philippe Janvier Erik Jarvik George V. Lauder John A. Long Hugh Miller Charles Moore Paul E. Olsen Heinz Christian Pander Elizabeth Philpot Jean Piveteau Colin Patterson Alfred Romer Ira Rubinoff Neil Shubin Franz Steindachner Erik Stensiö Ramsay Heatley Traquair Thomas Stanley Westoll Tiberius Cornelis Winkler Arthur Smith Woodward See also ( edit ) Evolutionary biology portal Fish portal Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution in fish Evolution of paired fins Ichthyolith List of years in paleontology Old Red Sandstone Parodies of the ichthys symbol Prehistoric life Walking fish - fish with tetrapod - like features Vertebrate paleontology References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lecointre & Le Guyader 2007 Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology John Wiley , 3rd edition , page 14 . ISBN 9781405144490 . Jump up ^ Romer 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Dawkins 2004 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Gewin , V ( 2005 ) . `` Functional genomics thickens the biological plot '' . PLOS Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : e219 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030219 . PMC 1149496 . PMID 15941356 . Jump up ^ Lancelet ( amphioxus ) genome and the origin of vertebrates Ars Technica , 19 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Shu , D. - G. ; Conway Morris , S. ; Han , J. ; et al. ( January 2003 ) . `` Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys '' . Nature . 421 ( 6922 ) : 526 -- 529 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 526S . doi : 10.1038 / nature01264 . PMID 12556891 . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Shu , D-G. ; et al. ( November 4 , 1999 ) . `` Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China '' . Nature . 402 ( 6757 ) : 42 -- 46 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 402 ... 42S . doi : 10.1038 / 46965 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Ben . `` Vertebrates : Fossil Record '' . UCMP . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Haines & Chambers 2005 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica 1954 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Berg 2004 , p. 599 . Jump up ^ SOED Jump up ^ Baker , Clare V.H. ( 2008 ) . `` The evolution and elaboration of vertebrate neural crest cells '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 18 ( 6 ) : 536 -- 543 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gde. 2008.11. 006 . PMID 19121930 . Jump up ^ Purnell , M.A. ( 2001 ) . Derek E.G. Briggs and Peter R. Crowther , ed . Palaeobiology II . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . p. 401 . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05149 - 3 . Jump up ^ Zhao Wen - Jin ; Zhu Min ( 2007 ) . `` Diversification and faunal shift of Siluro - Devonian vertebrates of China '' . Geological Journal . 42 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 351 -- 369 . doi : 10.1002 / gj. 1072 . Jump up ^ Sansom , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . `` Phylogeny , classification , & character polarity of the Osteostraci ( Vertebrata ) '' . Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 7 : 95 -- 115 . doi : 10.1017 / S1477201908002551 . Jump up ^ Mallatt , J. , and J. Sullivan . 1998 . ( 1998 ) . `` 28S and 18S ribosomal DNA sequences support the monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 15 ( 12 ) : 1706 -- 1718 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a025897 . PMID 9866205 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ DeLarbre Christiane ; Gallut Cyril ; Barriel Veronique ; Janvier Philippe ; Gachelin Gabriel ( 2002 ) . `` Complete mitochondrial DNA of the hagfish , Eptatretus burgeri : The comparative analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences strongly supports the cyclostome monophyly '' . Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 22 ( 2 ) : 184 -- 192 . doi : 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.1045 . PMID 11820840 . Jump up ^ Janvier , P. 2010 . `` MicroRNAs revive old views about jawless vertebrate divergence and evolution . '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ( USA ) 107 : 19137 - 19138 . ( 1 ) `` Although I was among the early supporters of vertebrate paraphyly , I am impressed by the evidence provided by Heimberg et al. and prepared to admit that cyclostomes are , in fact , monophyletic . 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Helfman G , Collette BB , Facey DH and Bowen BW ( 2009 ) The Diversity of Fishes : Biology , Evolution , and Ecology Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2494 - 2 Janvier , Philippe ( 2003 ) . Early Vertebrates . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 852646 - 9 . Lecointre , G ; Le Guyader , H ( 2007 ) . `` The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification '' . Harvard University Press Reference Library . Long , John A . The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7 . Palmer , D. , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals . London : Marshall Editions . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9 . Palmer , D. ( 2000 ) . `` The Atlas of the Prehistoric World '' . Philadelphia : Marshall Publishing Ltd . Patterson , Colin ( 1987 ) . Molecules and morphology in evolution : conflict or compromise ? . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32271 - 5 . Sarjeant , William Antony S. ; L.B. Halstead ( 1995 ) . Vertebrate fossils and the evolution of scientific concepts : writings in tribute to Beverly Halstead . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88124 - 996 - 9 . Romer , AS ( 1970 ) . `` The Vertebrate Body '' ( 4 ed . ) . London : W.B. Saunders . Turner , S. ( 1999 ) . `` Early Silurian to Early Devonian thelodont assemblages and their possible ecological significance '' . In A.J. Boucot ; J. Lawson . Palaeocommunities , International Geological Correlation Programme 53 , Project Ecostratigraphy , Final Report . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) External video Feeding Mechanism of Conodonts -- YouTube Chordate evolution -- YouTube Benton MJ ( 1998 ) `` The quality of the fossil record of the vertebrates '' Pages 269 -- 303 in Donovan , SK and Paul CRC ( eds ) , The adequacy of the fossil record . Wiley . ISBN 9780471969884 . Cloutier R ( 2010 ) . `` The fossil record of fish ontogenies : Insights into developmental patterns and processes '' ( PDF ) . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 21 ( 4 ) : 400 -- 413 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2009.11. 004 . Janvier , Philippe ( 1998 ) Early Vertebrates , Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854047 - 7 Long , John A. ( 1996 ) The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 McKenzie DJ , Farrell AP and Brauner CJ ( 2011 ) Fish Physiology : Primitive Fishes Academic Press . ISBN 9780080549521 . Maisey JG ( 1996 ) Discovering fossil fishes Holt . ISBN 9780805043662 . Near , T.J. ; Dornburg , A. ; Eytan , R.I. ; Keck , B.P. ; Smith , W.L. ; Kuhn , K.L. ; Moore , J.A. ; Price , S.A. ; Burbrink , F.T. ; Friedman , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny - rayed fishes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 ( 31 ) : 12738 -- 12743 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1304661110 . PMC 3732986 . PMID 23858462 . Shubin , Neil ( 2009 ) Your inner fish : A journey into the 3.5 - billion - year history of the human body Vintage Books . ISBN 9780307277459 . Introduction to the Vertebrates Museum of Palaeontology , University of California . External links ( edit ) Fossil Fish Origins of Fish Overview of evolution -- Carl Sagan The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner , iBioSeminars . 150 Million Years of Fish Evolution in One Handy Figure ScientificAmerican , 29 August 2013 . 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Faith No More

Faith No More - Wikipedia Faith No More Jump to : navigation , search Faith No More Faith No More performing in Portugal in 2009 Background information Also known as Faith No Man Sharp Young Men Origin San Francisco , California , United States Genres Alternative metal funk metal experimental rock Years active 1979 -- 1998 2009 -- present Labels Slash London Mordam Reclamation ! Ipecac Associated acts Mr. Bungle Pop - O - Pies Website fnm.com Members Mike Bordin Roddy Bottum Billy Gould Mike Patton Jon Hudson Past members List of Faith No More band members Faith No More ( sometimes abbreviated as FNM ) is an American rock band from San Francisco , California , formed in 1979 . Before settling on their current name in 1982 , the band performed under the names Sharp Young Men and later Faith No Man . Bassist Billy Gould and drummer Mike Bordin are the longest remaining members of the band , having been involved with Faith No More since its inception . The band underwent several lineup changes early in their career , along with some major changes later on . The current lineup of Faith No More consists of Gould , Bordin , keyboardist / rhythm guitarist Roddy Bottum , lead guitarist Jon Hudson and vocalist / lyricist Mike Patton . After releasing six studio albums , including their best - selling records The Real Thing ( 1989 ) and Angel Dust ( 1992 ) , Faith No More officially announced their breakup on April 20 , 1998 . They have since reunited , embarked on The Second Coming Tour from 2009 to 2012 , and released their seventh studio album , Sol Invictus , in May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) 1.2 We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) 1.3 Mike Patton joins and The Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) 1.4 Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) 1.5 King for a Day ... , Album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 1.6 Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.7 Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 3.1 Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers 4 Concert tours 5 Members 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Vocalist Chuck Mosley joined Faith No More in 1983 , and during his five - year tenure with the band , he appeared on their first two studio albums . Faith No More was originally formed as Sharp Young Men in 1979 by bassist Billy Gould , drummer Mike Bordin , vocalist Mike Morris , and keyboardist Wade Worthington . Mike Morris described the name as `` a piss - take on all the ' elegant ' groups at the time . '' Later on , Morris proposed the name Faith In No Man , but , eventually , the band settled on Bordin 's suggestion Faith No Man ( stylized as Faith . No Man ) . The band 's classic logo , used on their 1985 debut We Care a Lot . It was originally designed by Billy Gould as an homage to the Symbol of Chaos . They recorded `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '' , released in 1983 . The songs were recorded in Matt Wallace 's parents ' garage , where Wallace had set up and been running a recording studio while the band was still recording under the name Sharp Young Men , with Mike Morris , Billy Gould , Mike Bordin and Wade Worthington . Worthington left shortly thereafter . They changed their name to Faith No Man for the release of the single , which featured two of the three songs recorded in Wallace 's garage , and hired Roddy Bottum to replace Worthington . Bottum , Gould and Bordin quit the band shortly after and formed Faith No More . They chose the name to accentuate the fact that `` The Man '' ( Mike Morris ) was `` No More '' . They did n't have any constant guitarists or vocalists until they eventually settled on Chuck Mosley in 1983 and later Jim Martin . We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After the name change , the band initially started recording We Care a Lot without backing from a record label and , after pooling their money , recorded five songs . This gained the attention of Ruth Schwartz , who was then forming the independent label Mordam Records , under which the band , after getting the necessary financial support , finished and released the album . It was the first official release for both the band and the label . `` Why Do You Bother '' ( 1985 ) 30 second sample of the We Care a Lot song `` Why Do You Bother '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In late 1986 , Faith No More was signed to Los Angeles label Slash Records by Anna Statman . The label had recently been sold to the Warner Music Group subsidiary London Records , ensuring a widespread release for the band 's following albums . Introduce Yourself was released in 1987 , and a revamped version of their debut album 's title track `` We Care a Lot '' saw minor success on MTV . Mosley 's behaviour had started to become increasingly erratic , particularly during a troubled tour of Europe in 1988 . Incidents include him allegedly punching Billy Gould on stage , the release party for the album Introduce Yourself -- during which he fell asleep on stage -- and one of Mosley 's roadies getting into a fist fight with guitarist Jim Martin during the European tour . Mosley was eventually fired after the band returned home from Europe . Billy Gould reflected `` There was a certain point when I went to rehearsal , and Chuck wanted to do all acoustic guitar songs . It was just so far off the mark . The upshot was that I got up , walked out and quit the band . I Just said : ' I 'm done -- I ca n't take this any longer . It 's just so ridiculous ' . The same day , I talked to Bordin , and he said : ' Well , I still want to play with you ' . Bottum did the same thing . It was another one of these ' firing somebody without firing them ' scenarios . '' Faith No More in a promotional photo for The Real Thing , c. 1989 - 1990 Mike Patton joins and the Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Chuck Mosley was replaced with singer Mike Patton in 1988 . Patton , who was singing with his high school band , Mr. Bungle , was recruited at Martin 's suggestion after he heard a demo of Mr. Bungle . According to Patton , he first met the band during a 1986 gig at `` a pizza parlour '' in his hometown of Eureka , California . Two weeks after joining Faith No More , he had written all the lyrics for the songs that would make up the Grammy award - nominated The Real Thing . `` Epic '' ( 1989 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` Epic '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Epic '' was released in January 1990 and was a top 10 hit . The music video for `` Epic '' received extensive airplay on MTV in 1990 , despite anger from animal rights activists for a slow motion shot of a fish flopping out of water . That same year , Faith No More performed at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards ( September 6 ) and on the 293rd episode of Saturday Night Live ( December 1 ) `` From Out of Nowhere '' and `` Falling to Pieces '' saw releases as singles , and a cover of Black Sabbath 's `` War Pigs '' was also produced for non-vinyl releases . In 1990 , the band went on an extensive US tour , sending The Real Thing to Platinum status in Canada , the US , and South America . The album also had big sales numbers in Australia , UK , and the rest of Europe , pushing the total sales well above 4 million worldwide . Vocalist Mike Patton joined Faith No More in 1988 , replacing Chuck Mosley . In February 1991 , Faith No More released their only official live album , Live at the Brixton Academy . The album also included two previously unreleased studio tracks , `` The Grade '' and `` The Cowboy Song '' . That same year , the band contributed a track for the motion picture soundtrack to Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey with the song `` The Perfect Crime '' . Jim Martin also made a brief cameo in the film as `` Sir James Martin '' as the head of the `` Faith No More Spiritual and Theological Center '' . Mike Patton 's original band Mr. Bungle would go on to sign with Slash / London 's parent label Warner Bros. Records in 1991 , following the worldwide success of The Real Thing . Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Faith No More displayed an even more experimental effort on their next album , Angel Dust . One critic writes that the album is `` one of the more complex and simply confounding records ever released by a major label '' and another writes that the single `` ' A Small Victory ' , which seems to run Madame Butterfly through Metallica and Nile Rodgers ( ... ) reveals a developing facility for combining unlikely elements into startlingly original concoctions . '' Aside from `` A Small Victory '' ( which received a nomination for Best Art Direction at the MTV Video Music Awards ) , the tracks `` Midlife Crisis '' and `` Everything 's Ruined '' were also released as singles . The album included a re-recording of the theme to the film Midnight Cowboy , and later pressings included a cover of The Commodores `` Easy '' , which in some parts of the world became the band 's biggest hit . Angel Dust , though not as successful as The Real Thing in the US , sold 665,000 copies there , and managed to outsell The Real Thing in many other countries . In Germany , the record was certified Gold for sales of more than 250,000 copies . The album also matched the sales of The Real Thing in Canada ( Platinum ) , Australia ( Gold ) , and surpassed it in the Netherlands , France , Russia , and the UK . Worldwide sales are around 3.1 million copies . `` Midlife Crisis '' ( 1992 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` MidLife Crisis '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After touring to support Angel Dust in the summer of 1993 , long - time guitarist Jim Martin left the band due to internal conflicts . He was reportedly unhappy with the band 's change in musical direction on Angel Dust , describing it as `` gay disco '' . According to Roddy Bottum , Martin was fired via fax . However , Martin himself states it was his decision to leave . Both Godflesh guitarist Justin Broadrick and Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker were reportedly offered to join Faith No More after Martin 's departure , but declined to join . The position was filled by Mike Patton 's bandmate from Mr. Bungle , Trey Spruance , who left soon after recording 1995 's King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime and just before the band was to begin their world tour . Spruance was replaced by Dean Menta , the band 's keyboard tech . King for a Day ... , album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) The alternate `` barking dog logo '' , based on the artwork for Faith No More 's 1995 album King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime 1995 's King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime varies greatly from song to song in style ; post-hardcore / punk , country , jazz , bossa nova , thrash metal , gospel music , along with other signature FNM elements , are woven together throughout the album . Singles included `` Digging the Grave '' , `` Evidence '' , and `` Ricochet '' . The album featured Mr. Bungle 's Trey Spruance on guitar . The record went Gold in the UK , Australia , New Zealand , Netherlands and Germany , which gave the album a respectable sales figure of around 1.5 million copies ; this was significantly lower than sales of their previous albums . A 7 x 7 - inch box set of singles was released , which included the B - sides and some interviews between the songs . Album of the Year was released in 1997 and featured yet another new guitarist , Jon Hudson , who was a former roommate of Billy Gould . The album debuted much higher than expected in some countries ( for example , in Germany , the album debuted at No. 2 and stayed in the chart for 5 months ) . In Australia , Album of the Year went to No. 1 and was certified Platinum . The album charted in many countries in Europe . To date , Album of the Year has sold around 2 million copies worldwide . The singles `` Ashes to Ashes '' and `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' had minimal success ( notably , the music video for `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' , which featured actress Jennifer Jason Leigh , was inspired by the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo ) . `` Stripsearch '' was released as a single in various countries ( excluding the US and UK ) . The album received largely negative reviews from US - based critics at the time . Rolling Stone magazine wrote in their original review `` ( They ) are floundering around desperately , groping for a sense of identity and direction in a decade that clearly finds them irrelevant '' , while Pitchfork Media stated `` Album Of The Year leaves one feeling like waking up and finding last night 's used condom -- sure , the ride was fun while it lasted , but what remains is just plain icky . And you definitely do n't want it in your CD player . '' `` Helpless '' ( 1997 ) 30 second sample of the Album of the Year song `` Helpless '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In early 1998 , rumors of Faith No More 's imminent demise began . Starting with a rumor posted to the Faith No More newsgroup alt. music. faith - no - more claiming Mike Patton had quit the band in favor of side projects , this rumor , although denied at the time , proved to be at least partly true . Faith No More played their last show in Lisbon , Portugal on April 7 , 1998 . The band cancelled their planned support tour for Aerosmith and on April 20 , Billy Gould released a statement by email and fax , saying `` ( T ) he decision among the members is mutual '' and `` the split will now enable each member to pursue his individual project ( s ) unhindered . '' The band `` thank ( ed ) all of those fans and associates that have stuck with and supported the band throughout its history . '' Immediately after the dissolution of Faith No More , the members went on to numerous different projects . Mike Patton notably co-founded the supergroups Fantômas and Tomahawk in 1998 - 99 , as well as continuing his original band Mr. Bungle , who were still signed with Warner Bros. Records . The sound of Tomahawk in particular has often been compared to Faith No More 's mid-late 1990s output . When Faith No More was brought up in a 1999 interview with The A.V. Club , Patton ( then fronting Mr. Bungle ) stated `` I 'm definitely glad it 's over : It was a great thing while it lasted , but it really had to end . I think if it had continued it would have gotten really ugly . No fistfights or bloody noses or anything like that , but the music would have been substandard . So the line must be drawn there . '' In another interview from 2001 , he similarly stated that the band had broken up `` because we were starting to make bad music . '' However , Gould did not share the same sentiment as Patton on the quality of the band 's late material , stating in 1998 `` However many records we sold or did n't , we maintained over a long period of time a high standard of music that we 're proud of , and we never sucked . Whatever shit that happened to us on the way , thank God it did n't get in the way of the music . '' Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Rumours that Faith No More would reunite for shows in the UK in the summer of 2009 were circulating in late November 2008 , but were originally dismissed by bassist Billy Gould . He explained : `` If anything like this were to happen , it would have to come from the band , and I have n't spoken with any of them in over a year . So as far as I know , there is n't anything to talk about , and I 'm pretty sure that if you were to contact Patton , he would tell you the same thing . '' However , on February 24 , 2009 after months of speculation and rumors , Faith No More announced they would be reforming with a line - up identical to the Album of the Year era , embarking on a reunion tour called The Second Coming Tour . To coincide with the band 's reunion tour , Rhino released the sixth Faith No More compilation , The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection , a double album that includes their hit singles and b sides & rarities , in the UK on June 8 . Faith No More then played in major European festivals including Download Festival in the UK in June , Hurricane and Southside festivals in Germany , Greenfield Festival in Switzerland , Hove Festival in Norway and Roskilde Festival in Denmark , among other dates . The tour continued into 2010 with appearances at the Soundwave Festival in Australian cities throughout February and March . During their tour , the band added covers to their repertoire including `` Switch '' by Siouxsie and the Banshees . After an eleven - month hiatus , Faith No More played four shows in South America in November 2011 . On the first date ( November 8 , 2011 ) , the band played a `` mystery song , '' which led to speculation of new material . They played Sonisphere France on July 7 , 2012 . Following several more shows in Europe during 2012 , Faith No More became temporarily inactive again . Mike Patton spent 2013 touring with his reformed rock supergroup Tomahawk , while the band 's other members also pursued their own side projects . In July 2013 , Billy Gould confirmed that the band 's hiatus would not be permanent , saying `` We will do something again only when all members are with the focus on that , and ready for the challenge . This is not the time ... yet . '' Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) `` Black Friday '' ( 2015 ) 30 second sample of the Sol Invictus song `` Black Friday '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On May 29 , 2014 , Faith No More posted a message ( along with a photograph of Mike Patton ) on their Twitter account , saying that `` the reunion thing was fun , but now it 's time to get a little creative . '' On July 4 , Faith No More played their first show in two years at Hyde Park in London , supporting Black Sabbath . At that show , Faith No More debuted two new songs `` Motherfucker '' and `` Superhero '' ( also known by fans as `` Leader of Men '' ) . On August 20 , the band posted `` The Reunion Tour is over ; in 2015 things are going to change . '' These tweets led to speculation that the band was working on new material . On August 30 , Gould said that the band is `` considering doing something new '' , and may begin work on a new studio album at some point in the not - too - distant future , explaining , `` to do something creative would be a really good thing to do . '' On September 2 , Bill Gould revealed to Rolling Stone that the band had begun work on a new album . Faith No More headlined the final edition of Australia 's Soundwave in February and March 2015 . The band released their seventh studio album , Sol Invictus , in May 2015 . The songs on the album were influenced by The Cramps , Link Wray and Siouxsie and the Banshees . Speaking to Revolver , Gould described the song `` Cone of Shame '' as `` blues - based rock and roll '' . Describing the song `` Matador '' , he said : `` parts of it remind me of the first Siouxsie and the Banshees album . We used real pianos and that brings this organic quality to it to the music '' . The second single from the album , `` Superhero '' , was shared by the band on March 1 , 2015 . In a June 2016 interview , guitarist Jon Hudson stated that he has been `` working on a few ideas '' for the next Faith No More album , and added that `` it 's something that ( he ) wanted to focus on after the tour ended . '' When asked about the prospect of more music from Faith No More , Patton told Australian newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald , `` I do n't know whether or not we 're going to attack it , but there is some stuff we wrote around the time of the last one and said , ' Why do n't we save this for the next record ? ' . So we 'll see . '' In August 2016 , the band performed two concerts with former lead singer Chuck Mosley to celebrate the reissue of their debut album We Care a Lot . The band was billed as `` Chuck Mosley & Friends '' for the two shows and featured the lineup of Mosley , Mike Bordin , Billy Gould , Jon Hudson and Roddy Bottum . In a September 2017 interview on Full Metal Jackie Radio , Patton revealed that Faith No More has been `` on an extended break . '' He added that he does not rule out more shows with the band , explaining , `` If something happens , it 'll happen organically and naturally . But I kind of do n't think it will . I kind of feel like we 've tipped the scales a little bit . But we 'll see . Who knows ? I 've learned my lesson not to say ' no . ' '' Former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley died on November 9 , 2017 , due to `` the disease of addiction . '' He was 57 years old . Musical style and influences ( edit ) While Faith No More 's music is generally considered as alternative metal , experimental rock , and funk metal , as Faith No Man , their sound was described as post-punk . The band 's first single from 1983 , `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '' , was labelled as a `` solid post-punk / pre-goth single . '' During their tenure with Chuck Mosley in the mid-1980s , Billy Gould stated the band were in a `` weird spot '' , as their eclectic sound did n't fit in with the burgeoning hardcore punk and alternative rock movements of the era . Upon Mike Patton 's arrival in 1989 , the band began to expand their sound range even further , merging disparate genres such as synthpop , thrash metal and carousel music on The Real Thing . Rolling Stone states that during the 1990s , the band were `` too heavy for the post-grunge pop hits of The Verve and Third Eye Blind ( and ) too arty to work comfortably with the nu metal knuckle - draggers they spawned . '' Over the course of their career , they have experimented with heavy metal , funk , hip hop , progressive rock , alternative rock , hardcore punk , polka , easy listening , jazz , samba , ska , bossa nova , hard rock , pop , soul , gospel , and lounge music . `` Ugly in the Morning '' ( 1995 ) 30 second sample of the King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime song `` Ugly in the Morning '' . It is one of many Faith No More songs predominantly influenced by heavy metal . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Faith No More 's lyrics have been described as `` bizarrely humorous '' . When interviewed about his lyrics , Patton responded , `` I think that too many people think too much about my lyrics . I am more a person who works more with the sound of a word than with its meaning . Often I just choose the words because of the rhythm , not because of the meaning '' . Bordin acknowledged certain bands as early influences , including Killing Joke , PiL , Black Sabbath , and Theatre of Hate , and upon reforming , Faith No More returned to their early post-punk / goth influences on Sol Invictus . Legacy ( edit ) In a 2015 article by Artistdirect , Duff McKagan , Chino Moreno , Serj Tankian , Corey Taylor , Max Cavalera and Jonathan Davis praised the band for their significance and influence . Nirvana bassist , and co-founder , Krist Novoselic cited Faith No More as a band that `` paved the way for Nirvana '' in the late 1980s . Robert Plant , singer of Led Zeppelin , mentioned the then Chuck Mosley - led Faith No More as one of his current favorite bands in a 1988 interview with Rolling Stone . Plant and Faith No More subsequently toured together following The Real Thing 's release . Scott Ian of Anthrax has also named Faith No More as one of his favorite bands . Corey Taylor ( frontman for both Slipknot and Stone Sour ) told Loudwire in 2015 that if it was n't for Faith No More , he `` would n't be here today . '' While recovering from an attempted suicide at his grandmother 's house , he saw the band perform `` Epic '' live on the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards and the performance inspired him to begin writing and performing music again . They were voted No. 52 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . The band is credited for inventing the alternative metal genre which began in the 1980s and that fuses metal with other genres , including alternative rock . Tim Grierson of About.com said the band `` helped put alternative metal on the map . '' Faith No More has also been credited for influencing nu metal bands , such as Limp Bizkit , Korn , and Sevendust , primarily due to the popularity of `` Epic '' , and other early material that featured rap and rock crossovers . Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix , a self - confessed fan of the band , stated in a 2015 interview `` They fused some of that hip - hop and rock together . They were one of the earliest bands to do that , and definitely pioneers to a whole genre . If you listen to Korn , if you listen to how the bass and the drums lock up , it 's quite similar to how Faith No More was doing it in their early years . '' Faith No More have been covered by prominent metal acts such as 36 Crazyfists , Apocalyptica , Atreyu , Between the Buried and Me , Disturbed , Five Finger Death Punch , Helloween , Ill Niño , Korn , Machine Head , Papa Roach , Redemption , Revocation , Sentenced , Slaves on Dope and Trail of Tears . In 2002 , a tribute album titled Tribute of the Year ( a reference to Faith No More 's Album of the Year ) was released by Underground Inc . It featured 30 Faith No More songs covered by mostly unknown independent hardcore , industrial and alternative metal acts . The band and their 1989 single `` Epic '' have frequently been cited as an example of an ' 80s or ' 90s one - hit wonder . Flavorwire stated in 2014 `` Although the band always had a loyal fan base and Patton remains an indie hero , they only cracked the Billboard Hot 100 once , with Epic . '' Others have noted that after `` Epic '' 's success , the band still managed to remain highly popular in regions outside North America : including Australia , South America , Europe and the UK . The band 's original final record Album of the Year notably experienced high sales in countries such as Australia ( where it went platinum ) , New Zealand and Germany , while being deemed a critical and commercial failure in their native USA . Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers ( edit ) Main article : Anthony Kiedis § Feud with Mike Patton After the release of The Real Thing , Faith No More developed somewhat of a rivalry with fellow Californian funk rock group Red Hot Chili Peppers , whom they had previously played with on The Uplift Mofo Party Tour . Singer Anthony Kiedis accused Mike Patton of stealing his `` style '' in the `` Epic '' music video . He told Kerrang ! magazine `` My drummer says he 's gon na kidnap ( Patton ) , shave his hair off and cut off one of his feet , just so he 'll be forced to find a style of his own '' . In a separate interview , he clarified his comment , remarking `` I love The Real Thing , and I liked his vocals on that record . I mean , when I heard the record I noticed subtle similarities , but when I saw that video it was like , ' Wait a second here , what the fuck ? . ' '' Roddy Bottum responded by saying `` To me , our band sounds nothing like Red Hot Chili Peppers . If you 're talking about long hair , rapping with his shirt off , then yeah , I can see similarities . But beyond that , I ca n't see any . I have n't talked to them since this whole thing started . We 're really good friends with that band and i 'd like to think they 're doing it ... like as a favour '' . Mike Patton finally addressed the allegations from Kiedis in 1990 , commenting that `` It just kind of came out of the blue . It does n't bother me a bit . I got a real big kick out of it to tell you the truth . I mean , if he 's gon na talk about me in interviews , that 's fine - it 's free press ! Either he 's feeling inadequate or old or I do n't know , but I have no reason to talk shit about him . '' Later in 2001 , Patton also theorized that `` I think Anthony , deep down , feels like I 'm a better dancer than he is . I think I shake my booty just a little bit fresher than he does . And if he would stop doing drugs I think he could outdance me . Maybe one day we 'll have a breakoff , just breakdance . '' Following a period of silence , the feud between Patton and Kiedis quickly escalated again in 1999 with Patton 's other band Mr. Bungle , culminating in an infamous Halloween show during 1999 in which Patton ( dressed as Kiedis ) and his bandmates parodied the Red Hot Chili Peppers and their hit singles . The performance was in response to getting kicked off a series of lucrative festival gigs shared with Red Hot Chili Peppers , due to Kiedis 's staunch refusal to perform with Mike Patton . Despite this , other members of both groups appear to have remained on good terms since the initial controversy . Regarding the perceived conflict , Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea stated `` There was never any fight between us , that was a bunch of bullshit created by the media . I mean I think they 're a good band . Maybe there was some things said between Anthony and the singer ( Patton ) , but it all means nothing to me . Those guys in the band are nice people and there 's no fight . '' At a 2014 show in Brooklyn , the band also notably covered a portion of the Chuck Mosley - era song `` We Care a Lot '' . Fox News commentator Greg Gutfeld attracted media attention in 2016 when he stated `` You 're either a Faith No More fan , or a Red Hot Chili Peppers fan . You can not love Mike Patton and Anthony Kiedis , because they are two different people . You have to love Mike Patton , you can not love Anthony Kiedis . So that is why the Red Hot Chili Peppers are the worst band in the universe , because Faith No More is the greatest band in the universe . '' Concert tours ( edit ) 1979 -- 1984 : Early shows 1985 -- 1986 : We Care a Lot Tour 1987 -- 1988 : Introduce Yourself Tour 1989 -- 1991 : The Real Thing Tour 1992 -- 1993 : Angel Dust Tour 1995 : King for a Day Tour 1997 -- 1998 : Album of the Year Tour 2009 -- 2012 : The Second Coming Tour 2015 : Soundwave Tour 2015 : Sol Invictus Tour Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Faith No More band members Current members Mike Bordin -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Billy Gould -- bass , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Roddy Bottum -- keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Mike Patton -- lead vocals ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Jon Hudson -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1996 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Timeline Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` The Real Thing '' Best Metal Performance Nominated 1991 `` Epic '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated 1993 `` Angel Dust '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` Epic '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Visual Effects in a Video Won 1993 `` A Small Victory '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated Discography ( edit ) Main article : Faith No More discography Studio albums We Care a Lot ( 1985 ) Introduce Yourself ( 1987 ) The Real Thing ( 1989 ) Angel Dust ( 1992 ) King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime ( 1995 ) Album of the Year ( 1997 ) Sol Invictus ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Faith No More List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area List of alternative metal artists List of funk rock bands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Greatest Lefties in Hard Rock + Heavy Metal '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No Man Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Mike . `` Faith No Man bio by Mike Morris '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Faith No More logo '' . faithnoman.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chirazi 1994 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska . `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions '' . Fnm.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chirazi 1994 , pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( June 1992 ) . `` Faith No More : Angel Dust in the wind '' . Issue 25 . Reflex Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` FAITH NO MORE BAND OF THE YEAR 1990 '' . Faithnomorefollowers.com . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faith No More : The Real Story '' . teamrock.com. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More BIOGRAPHY '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cee , Gary ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Faith No More : Inside the insatiable Mike Patton '' . Circus Magazine ( # 369 ) : 62 -- 64 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Patton And The Mr Bungle Tape '' . Faithnomorefollowers.com. 4 October 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faith No More Biography '' . Faith No More Official Site . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory : 9 Music Videos Featuring Animals In Prominent Roles '' . The A.V. Club . 9 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lowell , Travis ( 20 June 2001 ) . `` Faith No More : The Real Thing Review '' . Toxic Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mick Funz ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) , Faith No More Perform ' Epic ' on the 1990 MTV Awards , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Metal Insider 's Top 10 : Heaviest SNL Musical GuestsMetal Insider '' . Metal Insider. 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ GOLDSTEIN , PATRICK ( 3 February 1991 ) . `` Warner Records Stays Faithful to Mike Patton 's Bungle '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Faith No More Biography '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira . `` Faith No More Biography '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : The Real Story '' . Teamrock.com. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Story Behind The Album : Faith No More '' . Metalhammer.co.uk. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Garry Sharpe - Young ( 2007 ) . Metal : The Definitive Guide . London , England : Jawbone Press . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Album Of The Year : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . April 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stomberg , Jeremy . `` Faith No More : Album of the Year : Pitchfork Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2001 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tomahawk - Tomahawk - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hear Tomahawk 's Hypnotic ' Oddfellows ' Title Track '' . Spin.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stratton , Jeff ( October 20 , 1999 ) . `` Mike Patton of Mr. Bungle '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Patton , June 30th 2001 , Wâldrock Festival Jump up ^ Kerrang ! , Issue 698 ( 09.05. 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Reunion In The Works ? '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2008 - 11 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Not Reuniting Music News '' . Ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : ' The Very Best ' Greatest - Hits Collection Due In June '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel - Bands , Tickets , alle Infos zum Hurricane - Hurricane Festival '' . Hurricane.de. 2015 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Greenfield Festival : Intro '' . Greenfieldfestival.ch. 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Confirmed For Denmark 's Roskilde Festival '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More , Jane 's Addiction , Him Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave Festival '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Switch and Stripsearch Live Melbourne 25 / 02 / 2010 '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Performs Mystery Song In Argentina ( Video ) '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2011 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Duane Denison ( of Tomahawk ) '' . Consequence of Sound . 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Could there be more ? ~ Faith No More Blog '' . Faithnomoreblog.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Black Sabbath to headline Barclaycard British Summer Time '' . Nme.com. 2014 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Debuts New Music At London 's Hyde Park ; Video Available '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Perform Two New Songs in Concert '' . Loudwire.com. 2014 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Is Faith No More Gearing Up For A New Album ? '' . Bloody-disgusting.com. 2014 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Official Faith No More Twitter feed '' . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Is ' Considering Doing Something New , ' Says Bassist Billy Gould '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Release First Album in 18 Years , Plot U.S. Tour '' . Rollingstone.com. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Faith No More Begins Recording First Studio Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Slipknot , Faith No More , Judas Priest , Soundgarden Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Interview : Faith No More Give Update from the Studio '' . Revpmver . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Jamie . `` Faith No More Share `` Superhero '' `` . overblown.co.uk . Overblown . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson : ' I 'm Working On A Few Ideas Right Now ' '' . Theprp.com . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson working on fresh material '' . Teamrock.com . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major Update On Faith No More 's Next Album '' . Alternativenation.net . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Annabel ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` Mike Patton speaks about his latest project , tetema , and hints at new Faith No More album '' . Smh.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More reuniting with original singer Chuck Mosley for pair of shows '' . Consequence of Sound . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Reunite with Original Singer Chuck Mosley for Two Shows '' . Diffuser.fm . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MIKE PATTON Does n't Rule Out More FAITH NO MORE Shows : ' If Something Happens , It 'll Happen Organically And Naturally ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former FAITH NO MORE Singer CHUCK MOSLEY Dead At 57 '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page 9 of Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Hear Faith No More 's Brand New Single `` Superhero '' `` . Rolling Stone India . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More preview new album at Soundwave '' . Rockhampton Morning Bulletin . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Plant : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Jump up ^ Darzin , Daina ; Spencer , Lauren ( January 1991 ) . `` The Thrash - Funk scene proudly presents Primus , along with a host of others . Go for the funk , do n't get your dreds stomped in the metal mosh pit '' . Spin. 6 ( 10 ) : 39 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Rotondi , James ( July 2000 ) . `` Sacramento Kings -- the deftones rule '' . CMJ New Music Monthly ( 83 ) : 46 . ISSN 1074 - 6978 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2001 ) . All Music Guide : The Definitive Guide to Popular Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 145 . ISBN 9780879306274 . Jump up ^ Wurtzel , Elizabeth ( September 3 , 1990 ) . `` Sounds : The Rap of the New '' . New York Magazine . 23 ( 34 ) : 46 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Jump up ^ Blush , Steven ( August 1990 ) . `` Obscure No More '' . Spin . Vol. 6 no . 5 . p. 16 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` Song of Liberty / All Quiet in Heaven -- Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More founding member Bill Gould talks about We Care A Lot '' . Independent.co.uk. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ian ( 2015 ) . The Periodic Table of Heavy Rock . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78503 - 165 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stephen . `` Faith No More Biography on Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . With their fusion of heavy metal , funk , hip - hop , and progressive rock , Faith No More has earned a substantial cult following . Jump up ^ Neil Strauss ( April 23 , 1998 ) . `` The Pop Life ; Horde Festival Offers a Surprise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Faith No More , the 15 - year - old San Francisco rock band known for its energetic mix of punk , jazz , heavy metal , alternative rock , samba , polka and easy - listening , has broken up . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Sol Invictus - Album Review - Slant Magazine '' . Slantmagazine.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More Frequently Asked Questions '' . Old.fnm.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Greg Prato . `` Album of the Year review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Outstanding tracks blend hard rock and pop melodicism the way only FNM can . Album of the Year was a fitting way for one of alternative rock 's most influential and important bands to end its career . Jump up ^ `` Evidence is the quiet moment , a piece of easy listening and soul masterfully played ( Translated from Spanish ) '' . Hoyesarte.com . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Greg Prato . `` King for a Day , Fool for a Lifetime -- Faith No More '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ned Raggett . `` The Real Thing - Faith No More Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Samborska , Agatha ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zildjian Artists Mike Bordin Artist Page '' . Zildjian.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher R. ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Get Praise from Deftones , Slipknot , System of a Down and More @ ARTISTdirect '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Published Wednesday , Mar 11 2009 , 2 : 50pm EDT ( 2009 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Novoselic : ' FNM paved way for Nirvana ' -- Music News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Roddy Bottum Fan Q and A - The Answers '' . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Scott Ian ( Anthrax ) '' . Wikimetal.com.br . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` SKY magazine December 1992 '' . Negele.org. 2001 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Taylor - Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ( Part 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest artists of hard rock ( 60 -- 41 ) '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Garry Sharpe - Young ( 2007 ) . Metal : The Definitive Guide . London , England : Jawbone Press . p. 482 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Patton Does n't See a Future for Faith No More '' . Rock.about.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Essi Berelian ( 2005 ) , The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal , p. 259 , `` Faith No More must be counted among the pioneers ( of nu metal ) '' Jump up ^ `` Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach : Songwriter Interviews '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digging the Grave - 36 Crazyfists - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apocalyptica - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Epic - Atreyu - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malpractice - Between the Buried and Me - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Disturbed Stream Faith No More Cover , `` Midlife Crisis , '' From ' The Lost Children ' `` . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Out of Nowhere - Five Finger Death Punch - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metal Jukebox - Helloween - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Eaters - Ill Niño - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KORN Covers FAITH NO MORE , ASKING ALEXANDRIA Covers SLIPKNOT On METAL HAMMER 's ' Decades Of Destruction ' CD '' . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MACHINE HEAD Cover METALLICA 's ' Battery ' For ' Master Of Puppets ' Tribute '' . 31 January 2006 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naked in Front of the Computer - Papa Roach - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REDEMPTION : New Album Samples Posted Online '' . blabbermouth.net. 22 April 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revocation Release Cover of Faith No More 's `` Surprise ! You 're Dead ! '' `` . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digging the Grave ( Bonus Track ) - Sentenced - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SLAVES ON DOPE To Release ' Covers EP Vol. 1 ' Tomorrow '' . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRAIL OF TEARS To Issue Third Album '' . blabbermouth.net. 9 September 2002 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute of the Year : Tribute to Faith No More - Various Artists - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders '' , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com . Jump up ^ `` 5 One - Hit Wonders Who Deserve Your Respect '' . cracked.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best One - Hit Wonders of the ' 90s '' . flavorwire.com. 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Unique One - Hit Wonder Stories '' . lyricinterpretations.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Apter , Jeff . Fornication : The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 065 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kangas , Chaz ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Do Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers Still Hate Each Other ? '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Bungle Frequently Asked Questions '' . bunglefever.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerrang magazine ( August 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` FAITH NO MORE VS RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS '' . faithnomorefollowers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny L ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Patton ( Fantômas ) on Anthony Kiedis '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flea . `` Flea talks about Faith No More '' . M6 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers now called `` worst band in the universe '' by FOX News - News - Alternative Press `` . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Brett ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Fox News Debates Red Hot Chili Peppers Vs. Faith No More : ' You Ca n't Love Kiedis & Patton ' '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham , Alex ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` Bigfoot and me : Roddy Bottum on his avant garde monster opera '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Notes ( edit ) 1 . The song was recorded in 1988 and first appeared on 1989 's The Real Thing , although it gained popularity after being released as a single in 1990 . Bibliography ( edit ) Chirazi , Steffan ( 1994 ) . Faith No More : The Real Story . Penguin USA . ISBN 1 - 8981411 - 5 - 0 . Prato , Greg ( 2013 ) . The Faith No More & Mr. Bungle Companion . Createspace . ISBN 1 - 4936966 - 6 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Faith No More at Wikimedia Commons Official website Faith no More in Concert ( hide ) Faith No More Mike Bordin Billy Gould Roddy Bottum Mike Patton Jon Hudson Mike Morris Wade Worthington Chuck Mosley Jim Martin Trey Spruance Dean Menta Studio albums We Care a Lot Introduce Yourself The Real Thing Angel Dust King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime Album of the Year Sol Invictus Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Compilations Who Cares a Lot ? This Is It : The Best of Epic and Other Hits The Platinum Collection The Works The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection Singles `` Quiet in Heaven '' / `` Song of Liberty '' ( as Faith No Man ) `` We Care a Lot '' `` Anne 's Song '' `` From Out of Nowhere '' `` Epic '' `` Falling to Pieces '' `` Midlife Crisis '' `` A Small Victory '' `` Everything 's Ruined '' `` ( I 'm ) Easy '' `` Another Body Murdered '' `` Digging the Grave '' `` Ricochet '' `` Evidence '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' `` Stripsearch '' `` I Started a Joke '' `` Motherfucker '' Other songs `` New Improved Song '' `` The World Is Yours '' Videos You Fat Bastards : Live at the Brixton Academy Video Croissant Who Cares a Lot ? : The Greatest Videos You Fat Bastards / Who Cares a Lot ? ( DVD ) Related bands Brujeria Dead Cross Fantômas General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners Imperial Teen Mr. Bungle Ozzy Osbourne Peeping Tom Primitive Race Tomahawk Related articles Discography Songs recorded Members Tribute of the Year : A Tribute to Faith No More The Second Coming Tour Book VIAF : 145554794 LCCN : n91127579 ISNI : 0000 0001 2177 9453 GND : 10291326 - 2 SUDOC : 160202620 BNF : cb13903420k ( data ) MusicBrainz : b15ebd71 - a252 - 417d - 9e1c - 3e6863da68f8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faith_No_More&oldid=824901034 '' Categories : Faith No More American alternative metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from California American funk metal musical groups American experimental rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1998 Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from San Francisco Slash Records artists Ipecac Recordings artists Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Mission District , San Francisco Musical quintets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 06 : 12 . 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who died from the band faith no more

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Gun Control Act of 1968

Gun Control Act of 1968 - wikipedia Gun Control Act of 1968 Jump to : navigation , search Gun Control Act of 1968 Other short titles State Firearms Control Assistance Act Long title An Act to amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms . Acronyms ( colloquial ) GCA , GCA68 Enacted by the 90th United States Congress Effective October 22 , 1968 Citations Public law 90 - 618 Statutes at Large 82 Stat. 1213 - 2 Codification Titles amended 18 U.S.C. : Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S.C. sections amended 18 U.S.C. ch. 44 § 921 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 17735 Passed the House on July 24 , 1968 ( 305 - 118 ) Passed the Senate on September 18 , 1968 ( 70 - 17 , in lieu of S. 3633 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 10 , 1968 ; agreed to by the House on October 10 , 1968 ( 161 - 129 ) and by the Senate on Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 Major amendments Firearm Owners Protection Act Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA or GCA68 ) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners . It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers , dealers and importers . The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 , and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws . The National Firearms Act of 1934 ( NFA ) is Title II . Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Prohibited persons 3 Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) system 3.1 Gunsmith and Factory Repair Exception 4 Import restrictions 5 Marking requirements 6 Commentary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Passage of the Gun Control Act was initially prompted by the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963 . The President was shot and killed with a rifle purchased by mail - order from an ad in the magazine American Rifleman . Congressional hearings followed and a ban on mail - order gun sales was discussed , but no law was passed until 1968 . At the hearings NRA Executive Vice-President Franklin Orth supported a ban on mail - order sales , stating , `` We do not think that any sane American , who calls himself an American , can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States . '' Precursors of the passage of the Gun Control Act were Senate Bill 1975 in 1963 , `` A Bill to Regulate the Interstate Shipment of Firearms , '' and Senate Bill 1592 in 1965 , `` A Bill to Amend the Federal Firearms Act of 1938 . '' Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met with fierce opposition on the floor but the bills also paved the way for the creation of the Gun Control Act of 1968 . The deaths of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968 and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968 , along with fears of armed uprising in black cities , renewed efforts to pass the bill . On June 11 , 1968 , a tie vote in the House Judiciary Committee halted the bill 's passage . On reconsideration nine days later , the bill was passed by the committee . The Senate Judiciary Committee similarly brought the bill to a temporary halt , but as in the House , it was passed on reconsideration . House Resolution 17735 , known as the Gun Control Act , was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 banning mail order sales of rifles and shotguns and prohibiting most felons , drug users and people found mentally incompetent from buying guns . Prohibited persons ( edit ) The Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act . The Brady Act created a background check system which required licensed sellers to inspect the criminal history background of prospective gun purchasers , and the Brady Act created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited . As quoted from 18 U.S.C. 922 ( d ) : It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or otherwise dispose of any firearm or ammunition to any person knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that such person -- ( 1 ) is under indictment for , or has been convicted in any court of , a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year ; ( 2 ) is a fugitive from justice ; ( 3 ) is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance ( as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 802 ) ) ; ( 4 ) has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution ; ( 5 ) who , being an alien -- ( A ) is illegally or unlawfully in the United States ; or ( B ) except as provided in subsection ( y ) ( 2 ) , has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa ( as that term is defined in section 101 ( a ) ( 26 ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 ( a ) ( 26 ) ) ) ; ( 6 ) who ( 2 ) has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions ; ( 7 ) who , having been a citizen of the United States , has renounced his citizenship ; ( 8 ) is subject to a court order that restrains such person from harassing , stalking , or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person , or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child , except that this paragraph shall only apply to a court order that -- ( A ) was issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice , and at which such person had the opportunity to participate ; and ( B ) ( i ) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child ; or ( ii ) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use , attempted use , or threatened use of physical force against such intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury ; or ( 9 ) has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence . Exceptions as quoted from 18 U.S.C. 921 ( a ) ( 33 ) ( B ) : ( ii ) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside , or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored ( if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense ) unless the pardon , expungement , or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship , transport , possess , or receive firearms . Many states automatically reinstate gun ownership rights upon completion of sentence . Some states reinstate rights depending on the crime convicted of , and others have a petition process . Those convicted of a federal offense must contact the Office of the Pardon Attorney , Department of Justice , to receive a presidential pardon . Under the Department 's rules governing petitions for executive clemency , 28 C.F.R. § § 1.1 et seq. , an applicant must satisfy a minimum waiting period of five years before he becomes eligible to apply for a presidential pardon of his federal conviction . According to a 21 Sep 2011 `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' from ATF , holders of state - issued medical marijuana cards are automatically `` prohibited persons '' under 18 U.S.C 922 ( g ) ( 3 ) and `` shipping , transporting , receiving or possessing firearms or ammunition '' by a medical marijuana card holder is a violation . Additionally , 18 U.S.C 922 ( x ) generally prohibits persons under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment , target practice , education , and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest . The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited persons . Federal firearms license ( FFL ) system ( edit ) Main article : Federal Firearms License The Gun Control Act mandated the licensing of individuals and companies engaged in the business of selling firearms . This provision effectively prohibited the direct mail order of firearms ( except antique firearms ) by consumers and mandated that anyone who wants to buy a gun in an interstate transaction from a source other than a private individual must do so through a federally licensed firearms dealer . The Act also banned unlicensed individuals from acquiring handguns outside their state of residence . The interstate purchase of long guns ( rifles and shotguns ) was not impeded by the Act so long as the seller is federally licensed and such a sale is allowed by both the state of purchase and the state of residence . Private sales between residents of two different states are also prohibited without going through a licensed dealer , except for the case of a buyer holding a Curio & Relic license purchasing a firearm that qualifies as a curio or relic . Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws . While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license , private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law . A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be in the business of buying or selling firearms . Individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection . Under the Gun Control Act , a federally licensed importer , manufacturer , dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age , nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age . Gunsmith and factory repair exception ( edit ) While the Gun Control Act prohibits the direct mail - ordering of firearms , a person may ship a gun via contract carrier ( such as United Parcel Service - UPS , United States Postal Service or FedEx ) to a gunsmith ( who has an FFL ) or the gunmaker 's factory for repairs or modification . After the repair work is done , the gunsmith or the factory can ship the gun directly back to the customer . Import restrictions ( edit ) ATF Form 4590 ( `` Factoring Criteria for Weapons '' ) The GCA created what is known as the `` sporting purposes '' standard for imported firearms , saying that they must `` be generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes . '' GCA sporting purposes includes hunting and organized competitive target shooting , but does not include `` plinking '' or `` practical shooting '' ( which the ATF says is closer to police / combat - style competition and not comparable to more traditional types of sports ) , nor does it allow for collection for historical or design interest . Marking requirements ( edit ) The law also required that all newly manufactured firearms produced by licensed manufacturers in the United States and imported into the United States bear a serial number . Firearms manufactured prior to the Gun Control Act and firearms manufactured by non-FFLs remain exempt from the serial number requirement . Defacement or removal of the serial number ( if present ) is a felony offense . Commentary ( edit ) In a June 1966 essay , Neal Knox wrote that what was then called the Dodd Bill was opposed by outdoorsmen and conservationists Harry R. Woodward , C.R. Gutermuth of the Wildlife Management Institute , Richard H. Stroud of the Sport Fishing Institute , Howard Carter Jr. of the National Shooting Sports Foundation , E.C. Hadley of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute , Robert T. Dennis of the Izaak Walton League , `` and countless other sportsmen , and sportsmen and industry groups '' because it would have a far - reaching and damaging effect on the hunting and shooting sports , while failing to reduce crime . In his remarks upon signing the act in October 1968 , Johnson said : Congress adopted most of our recommendations . But this bill -- as big as this bill is -- still falls short , because we just could not get the Congress to carry out the requests we made of them . I asked for the national registration of all guns and the licensing of those who carry those guns . For the fact of life is that there are over 160 million guns in this country -- more firearms than families . If guns are to be kept out of the hands of the criminal , out of the hands of the insane , and out of the hands of the irresponsible , then we just must have licensing . If the criminal with a gun is to be tracked down quickly , then we must have registration in this country . The voices that blocked these safeguards were not the voices of an aroused nation . They were the voices of a powerful lobby , a gun lobby , that has prevailed for the moment in an election year . At the time of its passage in 1968 , NRA executive vice president Franklin Orth wrote in American Rifleman that `` the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with '' . In the May 1993 issue of Guns & Ammo magazine , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership ( JPFO ) compared the GCA to Nazi gun laws . In a 2011 article noting the death of former U.S. Senator James A. McClure , the NRA called provisions of the GCA `` draconian . '' McClure was cosponsor of the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) of 1986 , also called the McClure - Volkmer Act . Political scientist Robert Spitzer wrote in 2011 that the Gun Control Act of 1968 `` provides an ideal case study to highlight the political processes affecting a direct effort to regulate firearms . '' He also stated in his book that President Johnson 's proposal called for national registration of all guns as well as licensing for all gun carriers , but his influence over the enacted law was small . House Rules Committee chair William Colmer only released H.R. 177735 to the floor after Judiciary Committee chair Emanuel Celler promised to oppose efforts to add licensing and registration provisions . See also ( edit ) Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michaud , Jon ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Birth of the Modern Gun Debate '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugliosi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Reclaiming History : The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04525 - 3 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Steven ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` The NRA once supported gun control '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Osha Gray ( 1998 ) . Under Fire : The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control . University of Iowa Press . p. 30 . ISBN 9781587290428 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sources for Connecticut 's role in the gun control debate '' . University of Connecticut . 2014 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Common Sense '' . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( June 12 , 1968 ) . `` Gun Control Bill Blocked In House ; Panel Deadlocks on Johnson Plan to Curb Rifle Sales -- New Vote Is Scheduled '' . New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( June 21 , 1968 ) . `` Senate Due To Act Today ; House Unit Votes Gun Bill , But Senate Panel Delays It House Committee Vote '' . New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Lyndon B. ( October 22 , 1968 ) . `` 553 -- Remarks Upon Signing the Gun Control Act of 1968 '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Dolak , Kevin ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gun Debate Spurred by Kennedy Assassination Rages on Today '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. gun control : A history of tragedy , legislative action '' . CBS Interactive . April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Arthur ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov . U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 922 -- Unlawful acts '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute ( LII ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide 2005 '' ( PDF ) . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Defining the type of weapon under review , The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Jump up ^ `` Department of the Treasury Study on the Sporting Suitability of Modified Semiautomatic Assault Rifles '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov. April 1998 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1966 ) . `` The Dodd Bill Both Fact ... and Fantasy '' . In Knox , Chris . The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines . MacFarlane . ISBN 9780976863304 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Michael ( 2014 ) . The Second Amendment : A Biography . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781476747460 . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel ; Higham , Scott ; Horwitz , Sari ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` How NRA 's true believers converted a marksmanship group into a mighty gun lobby '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1993 ) . `` JPFO Proves Me Wrong '' . In Knox , Chris . The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines . MacFarlane . ISBN 9780976863304 . OCLC 423586835 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Adam ( 2011 ) . Gunfight : The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America . Norton . ISBN 9780393077414 . ^ Jump up to : Norell , James O.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Passing of a Legend '' . nrapublications.org . National Rifle Association . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth ? '' . In Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics . M.E. Sharpe . p. 175 . ISBN 9780765627452 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth ? '' . In Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics . M.E. Sharpe . p. 176 . ISBN 9780765627452 . Further reading ( edit ) Zimring , Frank ( 1968 ) . `` Is Gun Control Likely to Reduce Violent Killings ? '' . The University of Chicago Law Review . 35 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 737 . doi : 10.2307 / 1598883 . JSTOR 1598883 . OCLC 65016157 . Hahn , Robert A. ; Bilukha , Oleg ; Crosby , Alex ; Fullilove , Mindy T. ; Liberman , Akiva ; Moscicki , Eve ; Snyder , Susan ; Tuma , Farris ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Firearms laws and the reduction of violence '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 28 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2004.10. 005 . PMID 15698747 . External links ( edit ) Text of H.R. 17735 ( 90th ) : An Act to amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill ) -- GovTrack.us ( hide ) Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_Control_Act_of_1968&oldid=834109706 '' Categories : 1968 in law 90th United States Congress Gun politics in the United States Legal history of the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 00 : 13 . About Wikipedia

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Frankenstein

Frankenstein - wikipedia Frankenstein Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a novel by Mary Shelley . For the characters , see Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein 's monster . For the historic German castles and other uses , see Frankenstein ( disambiguation ) . Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus Volume I , first edition Author Mary Shelley Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Gothic novel , horror fiction , soft science fiction Published 1 January 1818 ( Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor & Jones ) Pages 280 Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley ( 1797 -- 1851 ) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein , a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment . Shelley started writing the story when she was 18 , and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818 , when she was 20 . Her name first appeared on the second edition , published in France in 1823 . Shelley travelled through Europe in 1814 , journeying along the river Rhine in Germany with a stop in Gernsheim which is 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) away from Frankenstein Castle , where , two centuries before , an alchemist was engaged in experiments . Later , she travelled in the region of Geneva ( Switzerland ) -- where much of the story takes place -- and the topic of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions , particularly her lover and future husband , Percy Shelley . Mary , Percy , Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story . After thinking for days , Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made ; her dream later evolved into the novel 's story . Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement . At the same time , it is an early example of science fiction . Brian Aldiss has argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction story because , in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction , the central character `` makes a deliberate decision '' and `` turns to modern experiments in the laboratory '' to achieve fantastic results . It has had a considerable influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories , films and plays . Since the novel 's publication , the name `` Frankenstein '' has often been used to refer to the monster itself . This usage is sometimes considered erroneous , but usage commentators regard it as well - established and acceptable . In the novel , the monster is identified by words such as `` creature '' , `` monster '' , `` demon '' , `` wretch '' , `` abortion '' , `` fiend '' and `` it '' . Speaking to Victor Frankenstein , the wretch refers to himself as `` the Adam of your labours '' , and elsewhere as someone who `` would have ( been ) your Adam '' , but is instead `` your fallen angel '' ( which ties to Lucifer in Paradise Lost , which the monster reads , and which relates to the disobedience of Prometheus in the book 's subtitle ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Captain Walton 's Introductory Frame Narrative 1.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative 1.3 The Creature 's Narrative 1.4 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative Resumes 1.5 Captain Walton 's Concluding Frame Narrative 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Publication 5 Frankenstein and the Monster 5.1 The Creature 5.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Surname 5.3 Victor Frankenstein 's Given Name 5.4 Modern Prometheus 6 Shelley 's sources 7 Reception 8 Derivative works 9 Films , plays and television 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Editions 13.1. 1 1818 text 13.1. 2 1831 text 14 External links Summary A variety of different editions Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister . It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century , as the letters ' dates are given as `` 17 -- '' . Captain Walton 's introductory frame narrative The novel Frankenstein is written in epistolary form , documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister , Margaret Walton Saville . Walton is a failed writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole and expand his scientific knowledge in hopes of achieving fame . During the voyage , the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure . A few hours later , the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named Victor Frankenstein . Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton 's crew . Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion ; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him , and recounts a story of his life 's miseries to Walton as a warning . The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein 's narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's narrative Victor begins by telling of his childhood . Born in Naples , into a wealthy Genevan family , Victor and his brothers , Ernest and William , all three being sons of Alphonse Frankenstein by the former Caroline Beaufort , are encouraged to seek a greater understanding of the world through chemistry . As a young boy , Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders . When Victor is five years old , his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza , the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman , with whom Victor later falls in love . During this period , Victor 's parents , Alphonse and Caroline , take in yet another orphan , Justine Moritz , who becomes William 's nanny . Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany , his mother dies of scarlet fever ; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief . At the university , he excels at chemistry and other sciences , soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter . Eventually , he undertakes the creation of a humanoid , but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body , Victor makes the Creature tall , about 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in height and proportionally large . Despite his intentions , the beautiful creation of his dreams is instead hideous , with yellow eyes and skin that barely conceals the muscle tissue and blood vessels underneath . Repulsed by his work , Victor flees and dismisses him when it awakens . While wandering the streets , he meets his childhood friend , Henry Clerval , and takes Henry back to his apartment , fearful of Henry 's reaction if he sees the monster . Victor does not have to deal with that issue , however , because the monster has escaped . Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry . After a four - month recovery , he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William . Upon arriving in Geneva , Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain , leading him to believe his creation is responsible . Justine Moritz , William 's nanny , is convicted of the crime after William 's locket , which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline , is found in her pocket . Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged , as he knows no one would believe his story . Ravaged by grief and guilt , Victor retreats into the mountains . The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale . The Creature 's narrative Intelligent and articulate , the Creature relates his first days of life , living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance , which led him to fear and hide from them . While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage , he grew fond of the poor family living there , and discreetly collected firewood for them . Secretly living among the family for months , the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods . When he saw his reflection in a pool , he realized his physical appearance was hideous , and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans . Nevertheless , he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend . Initially he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family , but the rest of them were frightened and they all fled their home , resulting in the Creature burning the cottage in a fit of rage . He then swore revenge on his creator for bringing him into a world that hated him . He traveled to Victor 's family estate using details from Victor 's journal , murdered William , and framed Justine . The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself . He argues that as a living being , he has a right to happiness . The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness , never to reappear , if Victor grants his request . Should Victor refuse his request , The Creature also threatens to kill Victor 's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him . Fearing for his family , Victor reluctantly agrees . The Creature says he will watch over Victor 's progress . Victor Frankenstein 's narrative resumes Clerval accompanies him to England , but they separate at Victor 's insistence at Perth , Scotland . Victor suspects that the Creature is following him . Working on the female creature on the Orkney Islands , he is plagued by premonitions of disaster , such as the female hating the Creature or becoming more evil than him , but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind . He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature , who had indeed followed Victor , watching through a window . The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again , but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil and that its mate would be evil as well , and the pair would threaten all humanity . Victor destroys his work and the Creature vows that he will `` be with ( him ) on ( his ) wedding night '' . Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life , believing that the Creature will kill him after finally becoming happy . When Victor lands in Ireland , he is soon imprisoned for Clerval 's murder , as the Creature had strangled Clerval to death and left the corpse to be found where his creator had arrived , causing the latter to suffer another mental breakdown in prison . After being acquitted , Victor returns home with his father , who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father 's fortune . In Geneva , Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death , arming himself with pistols and a dagger . The night following their wedding , Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for `` the fiend '' . While Victor searches the house and grounds , the Creature strangles Elizabeth to death . From the window , Victor sees the Creature , who tauntingly points at Elizabeth 's corpse ; Victor tries to shoot him , but the Creature escapes . After getting back to Geneva , Victor 's father , weakened by age and by the death of his precious Elizabeth , dies a few days later . Seeking revenge , Victor pursues the Creature to the North Pole , but collapses from exhaustion and hypothermia before he can find his quarry . Captain Walton 's concluding frame narrative At the end of Victor 's narrative , Captain Walton resumes the telling of the story , closing the frame around Victor 's recounting . A few days after the Creature vanished , the ship becomes trapped in pack ice and multiple crewmen die in the cold , before the rest of Walton 's crew insists on returning south once it is freed . Walton sees Victor 's story as a warning , and decides to turn the ship around . Victor dies shortly thereafter , but not before telling Walton to `` avoid ambition '' . Walton discovers the Creature on his ship , mourning over Victor 's body . The Creature tells Walton that Victor 's death has not brought him peace ; rather , his crimes have left him completely alone . The Creature vows to kill himself so that no others will ever know of his existence . Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft that is soon lost in darkness and distance , never to be seen again . Characters Victor Frankenstein - Protagonist and narrator of most of the story . Creates the monster . The creature ( Frankenstein 's monster ) - The hideous creature created by Victor Frankenstein . Mrs. Margaret Saville - Resident of England . Sister of Robert Walton . Addressee of letters written by him . Captain Robert Walton - Captain of the boat which picked up Victor . Brother of Mrs. Margaret Saville , and writer of letters addressed to her . Beaufort - A Merchant . Caroline Beaufort 's father . One of the most intimate friends of Victor 's father . Caroline Beaufort - Beaufort 's daughter , Victor 's mother . Ernest - Victor 's brother . Seven years younger than Victor . Henry Clerval - Victor 's best friend from childhood . The son of a merchant of Geneva . Justine Moritz - Daughter of Madame Moritz . Moved in with the Frankenstein family at age of 12 , and hanged for the murder of William . Elizabeth Lavenza - Daughter of a Milanese nobleman . Her mother was a German and had died on giving birth to her . Raised as Victor 's `` cousin '' in the Frankenstein home . William - Victor 's youngest brother . M. Krempe - professor of natural philosophy at university of Ingolstadt . He was an uncouth man , but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science . Influenced Victor . M. Waldman - A professor , at Ingolstadt . Influenced Victor . Agatha - Daughter of De Lacey . Felix 's sister . Felix - Son of De Lacey . De Lacey - Blind old man descended from a good family in France . Father of Agatha and Felix . His family was observed by the monster , and unbeknownst to them , taught him to speak and read . Safie - Daughter of a Turkish Merchant and a Christian Arab . Mr. Kirwin - A magistrate . Daniel Nugent - A witness against Victor in his murder trial . Composition Draft of Frankenstein ( `` It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ... '' ) `` How I , then a young girl , came to think of , and to dilate upon , so very hideous an idea ? '' -- Mary Shelley During the rainy summer of 1816 , the `` Year Without a Summer '' , the world was locked in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 . Mary Shelley , aged 18 , and her lover ( and later husband ) Percy Bysshe Shelley , visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland . The weather was consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned , so the group retired indoors until dawn . Sitting around a log fire at Byron 's villa , the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book Fantasmagoriana , then Byron proposed that they `` each write a ghost story '' . Unable to think of a story , young Mary became anxious : `` Have you thought of a story ? I was asked each morning , and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative . '' During one evening in the middle of summer , the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life . `` Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated '' , Mary noted , `` galvanism had given token of such things '' . It was after midnight before they retired , and unable to sleep , she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her `` waking dream '' . I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together . I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out , and then , on the working of some powerful engine , show signs of life , and stir with an uneasy , half vital motion . Frightful must it be ; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world . In September 2011 , astronomer Donald Olson , after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year , and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars , concluded that her `` waking dream '' took place `` between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. '' on 16 June 1816 , several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story . She began writing what she assumed would be a short story . With Percy Shelley 's encouragement , she expanded the tale into a full - fledged novel . She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment `` when I first stepped out from childhood into life '' . Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half - sister Fanny . This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley 's work . Shelley 's first child died in infancy , and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816 , she was likely nursing her second child , who would also be dead at Frankenstein 's publication . Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans , and from this John Polidori created The Vampyre ( 1819 ) , the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre . Thus two legendary horror tales originated from the conclave . The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well . Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly ; however , she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society ( Bennett 36 -- 42 ) . Mary 's and Percy Bysshe Shelley 's manuscripts for the first three - volume edition in 1818 ( written 1816 -- 1817 ) , as well as Mary Shelley 's fair copy for her publisher , are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford . The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004 , and they belong now to the Abinger Collection . In 2008 , the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley 's original text with Percy Shelley 's additions and interventions alongside . Publication Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell ( 1840 -- 41 ) Shelley completed her writing in April / May 1817 , and Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818 by the small London publishing house Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor , & Jones . It was issued anonymously , with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin , her father . It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes , the standard `` triple - decker '' format for 19th - century first editions . The second edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1822 in two volumes ( by G. and W.B. Whittaker ) following the success of the stage play Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake . This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book 's author on its title page . On 31 October 1831 , the first `` popular '' edition in one - volume appeared , published by Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley . This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley , partially to make the story less radical . It included a lengthy new preface by the author , presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story . This edition is the one most widely published and read now , although a few editions follow the 1818 text . Some scholars prefer the original version , arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley 's vision ( see Anne K. Mellor 's `` Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach '' in the W.W. Norton Critical edition ) . In 2008 , a new edition of the novel , titled The Original Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , was published . Robinson examined the original manuscript by Mary Shelley and noted the edits that Percy Bysshe Shelley made to it . Frankenstein and the monster The Creature Main article : Frankenstein 's monster An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein 's creature , in the wake of the Phoenix Park murders . Illustration from an 1882 issue of Punch Part of Frankenstein 's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name , which causes a lack of identity . Instead it is referred to by words such as `` wretch '' , `` monster '' , `` creature '' , `` demon '' , `` devil '' , `` fiend '' , and `` it '' . When Frankenstein converses with the creature in Chapter 10 , he addresses it as `` vile insect '' , `` abhorred monster '' , `` fiend '' , `` wretched devil '' , and `` abhorred devil '' . During a telling of Frankenstein , Shelley referred to the creature as `` Adam '' . Shelley was referring to the first man in the Garden of Eden , as in her epigraph : Did I request thee , Maker , from my clay To mould Me man ? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me ? John Milton , Paradise Lost ( X . 743 -- 5 ) Although the creature would be described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and reanimated by the use of electricity , this description is not entirely consistent with Shelley 's work ; both the use of electricity and the cobbled - together image of Frankenstein 's monster were more the result of James Whale 's popular 1931 film adaptation of the story , and other early motion - picture works based upon the creature . In Shelley 's original work , Dr. Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life , and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter , though the exact nature of the process is left largely ambiguous . After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power , Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the creature 's body ( one anatomical feature at a time , from raw materials supplied by `` the dissecting room and the slaughter - house '' ) , which he then brings to life using his unspecified process . The creature has often been mistakenly called `` Frankenstein '' . In 1908 one author said `` It is strange to note how well - nigh universally the term `` Frankenstein '' is misused , even by intelligent people , as describing some hideous monster `` . Edith Wharton 's The Reef ( 1916 ) describes an unruly child as an `` infant Frankenstein . '' David Lindsay 's `` The Bridal Ornament '' , published in The Rover , 12 June 1844 , mentioned `` the maker of poor Frankenstein . '' After the release of Whale 's cinematic Frankenstein , the public at large began speaking of the creature itself as `` Frankenstein '' . This also occurs in Frankenstein films , including Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) and several subsequent films , as well as in film titles such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . Furthermore , future renditions and adaptations of the story include an evil laboratory assistant Igor or Ygor , who does not actually exist within the original narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's surname Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream - vision . Despite her public claims of originality , however , a number of other sources have been suggested as Shelley 's actual inspiration . The German name Frankenstein means `` stone of the Franks '' , and it is associated with various places in Germany , including Frankenstein Castle ( Burg Frankenstein ) in Darmstadt , Hesse , and Frankenstein Castle in Frankenstein , a town in the Palatinate . There is also a castle called Frankenstein in Bad Salzungen , Thuringia , and a municipality called Frankenstein in Saxony . Until 1945 , Ząbkowice Śląskie , now a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , was mainly populated by Germans and named Frankenstein in German , and was the site of a scandal involving gravediggers in 1606 , which has been suggested as an inspiration to the author . Finally , the name is borne by the aristocratic House of Franckenstein from Franconia . Radu Florescu argues that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814 during their return to England from their elopement to Switzerland . It was at this castle that a notorious alchemist , Conrad Dippel , had experimented with human bodies , and Florescu reasons that Mary suppressed mention of her visit in order to maintain her public claim of originality . A literary essay by A. J. Day supports Florescu 's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel . Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle that exists in Mary Shelley 's ' lost ' journals . According to Jörg Heléne , the ' lost journals ' , as well as Florescu 's claims , can not be verified . Victor Frankenstein 's given name Main article : Victor Frankenstein A possible interpretation of the name Victor is derived from Paradise Lost by John Milton , a great influence on Shelley ( a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley even has the monster himself read it ) . Milton frequently refers to God as `` the Victor '' in Paradise Lost , and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life . In addition , Shelley 's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost ; indeed , the monster says , after reading the epic poem , that he empathizes with Satan 's role in the story . There are many similarities between Victor and Percy Shelley , Mary 's husband . Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley 's , as in the collection of poetry he wrote with his sister Elizabeth , Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire . There is speculation that one of Mary Shelley 's models for Victor Frankenstein was Percy , who at Eton had `` experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions '' , and whose rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment . Percy Shelley was the first - born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley , 1st Baronet of Castle Goring , and Richard Fitzalan , 10th Earl of Arundel . Victor 's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics . Percy had a sister named Elizabeth ; Victor had an adopted sister named Elizabeth . On 22 February 1815 , Mary Shelley gave birth to a baby two months prematurely , and the baby died two weeks later . Percy did not care about the condition of this premature infant and left with Claire , Mary 's stepsister , for a lurid affair . When Victor saw the creature come to life he fled the apartment , though the newborn creature approached him , as a child would a parent . The question of Victor 's responsibility to the creature is one of the main themes of the book . Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is the novel 's subtitle ( though some modern editions now drop the subtitle , mentioning it only in an introduction ) . Prometheus , in later versions of Greek mythology , was the Titan who created mankind at the behest of Zeus . He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it . Prometheus taught man to hunt , read , and heal their sick , but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor - quality offerings from humans , Zeus kept fire from mankind . Prometheus , being the creator , took back the fire from Zeus to give to man . When Zeus discovered this , he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus , where each day an eagle would peck out his liver , only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god . He was intended to suffer alone for eternity , but eventually Heracles ( Hercules ) released him . Prometheus was also a myth told in Latin , but was a very different story . In this version Prometheus makes man from clay and water , again a very relevant theme to Frankenstein , as Victor rebels against the laws of nature ( how life is naturally made ) and as a result is punished by his creation . In 1910 , Edison Studios released the first motion - picture adaptation of Shelley 's story . The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein . Victor 's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans . Some have argued that Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil , and blamed him for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat ( fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing ) . Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus , and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound ( 1820 ) . The term `` Modern Prometheus '' was actually coined by Immanuel Kant in reference to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity . Shelley 's sources Shelley incorporated a number of different sources into her work , one of which was the Promethean myth from Ovid . The influence of John Milton 's Paradise Lost , and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , are also clearly evident within the novel . Mary is likely to have acquired some ideas for Frankenstein 's character from Humphry Davy 's book Elements of Chemical Philosophy , in which he had written that `` science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative ; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ... '' . References to the French Revolution run through the novel ; a possible source may lie in François - Félix Nogaret ( fr ) 's Le Miroir des événemens actuels , ou la Belle au plus offrant ( 1790 ) : a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn who creates a life - sized automaton . Within the past thirty years or so , many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then popular natural philosophers ( now called physical scientists ) with Shelley 's work on account of several notable similarities . Two of the most notable natural philosophers among Shelley 's contemporaries were Giovanni Aldini , who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London and Johann Konrad Dippel , who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans . While Shelley was obviously aware of both these men and their activities , she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes . Reception Illustration by Theodor von Holst from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition Frankenstein has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818 . Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views , along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author . The Belle Assemblee described the novel as `` very bold fiction '' ( 139 ) . The Quarterly Review stated that `` the author has the power of both conception and language '' ( 185 ) . Sir Walter Scott , writing in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine congratulated `` the author 's original genius and happy power of expression '' ( 620 ) , although he is less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language . The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany hoped to see `` more productions from this author '' ( 253 ) . On the other hand , the Quarterly Review described it `` a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity '' . In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin , the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley . The British Critic attacks the novel 's flaws as the fault of the author : `` The writer of it is , we understand , a female ; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel ; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex , it is no reason why we should ; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment '' ( 438 ) . The Literary Panorama and National Register attacks the novel as a `` feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin 's novels '' produced by the `` daughter of a celebrated living novelist '' ( 414 ) . Despite the reviews , Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success . It became widely known especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations -- Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption ; or The Fate of Frankenstein , a play by Richard Brinsley Peake , in 1823 . A French translation appeared as early as 1821 ( Frankenstein : ou le Prométhée Moderne , translated by Jules Saladin ) . Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century . Major critics such as M.A. Goldberg and Harold Bloom have praised the `` aesthetic and moral '' relevance of the novel , although there are also critics such as Germaine Greer , who criticized the novel as terrible due to technical and narrative defects ( such as it featuring three narrators that speak in the same way ) . In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism : Lawrence Lipking states ' even the Lacanian subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism , for instance , has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel ' The novel today is generally considered to be a landmark work of romantic and gothic literature , as well as science fiction . Film director Guillermo del Toro describes Frankenstein as `` the quintessential teenage book '' , adding `` You do n't belong . You were brought to this world by people that do n't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering , and tears and hunger . It 's an amazing book written by a teenage girl . It 's mind blowing . '' Professor of philosophy Patricia MacCormack says the creature , brought to life by Victor Frankenstein , addresses the most fundamental human questions : `` It 's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is . Why are we here , what can we do ? '' Derivative works There are numerous novels retelling or continuing the story of Frankenstein and his monster . Further information on derivative works : Frankenstein in popular culture Films , plays and television See also : List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster A photo of Charles Ogle as the monster in Frankenstein ( 1910 ) A promotional photo of Boris Karloff , as Frankenstein 's monster , using Jack Pierce 's makeup design 1823 : Richard Brinsley Peake 's adaptation , Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein , was seen by Mary Shelley and her father William Godwin at the English Opera House . 1826 : Henry M. Milner 's adaptation , The Man and The Monster ; or The Fate of Frankenstein opened on 3 July at the Royal Coburg Theatre , London . 1887 : Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim was a musical burlesque written by Richard Henry ( a pseudonym of Richard Butler and Henry Chance Newton ) . 1910 : Edison Studios produced the first Frankenstein film , directed by J. Searle Dawley . 1915 : Life Without Soul , the second film adaptation of Mary Shelley 's novel , was released . No known print of the film has survived . 1920 : The Monster of Frankenstein , Directed by Eugenio Testa , starring Luciano Albertini and Umberto Guarracino . 1931 : Universal Studios ' Frankenstein , directed by James Whale , starring Colin Clive , Mae Clarke , John Boles , Edward Van Sloan , Dwight Frye , and Boris Karloff as the monster . 1935 : James Whale directed the sequel Bride of Frankenstein , starring Colin Clive as Frankenstein , and Boris Karloff as the monster once more . This incorporated the novel 's plot motif of Frankenstein creating a bride for the monster omitted from Whale 's earlier film . There were two more sequels , prior to the Universal `` monster rally '' films combining multiple monsters from various movie series or film franchises . 1939 : Son of Frankenstein was another Universal monster movie with Boris Karloff as the Creature . Also in the film were Basil Rathbone as the title character and Bela Lugosi as the sinister assistant Ygor . Karloff ended playing the Frankenstein monster with this film . 1942 : The Ghost of Frankenstein featured brain transplanting and a new monster , played by Lon Chaney Jr . The film also starred Evelyn Ankers and Bela Lugosi . 1942 -- 1948 : Universal did `` monster rally '' films featuring Frankenstein 's Monster , Dracula and the Wolf Man . Included would be Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man , House of Frankenstein , House of Dracula and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . The last three films introduced Glenn Strange as Frankenstein 's monster . 1957 -- 1974 : Hammer Films in England did a string of Frankenstein films starring Peter Cushing , including The Curse of Frankenstein , The Revenge of Frankenstein and Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed . Co-starring in these films were Christopher Lee , Hazel Court , Veronica Carlson and Simon Ward . Another Hammer film , The Horror of Frankenstein , starred Ralph Bates as the main character , Victor Frankenstein . 1965 : Toho Studios created the film Frankenstein Conquers the World or Frankenstein vs. Baragon , followed by The War of the Gargantuas . 1972 : A comedic stage adaptation , Frankenstein 's Monster , was written by Sally Netzel and produced by the Dallas Theater Center . 1973 : The TV film Frankenstein : The True Story appeared on NBC . The movie starred Leonard Whiting , Michael Sarrazin , James Mason , and Jane Seymour . 1981 : A Broadway adaptation by Victor Gialanella played for one performance ( after 29 previews ) and was considered the most expensive flop ever produced to that date . 1984 : The flop Broadway production yielded a TV film starring Robert Powell , Carrie Fisher , David Warner , and John Gielgud . 1992 : Frankenstein became a Turner Network Television film directed by David Wickes , starring Patrick Bergin and Randy Quaid . John Mills played the blind man . 1994 : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein appeared in theatres , directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh , with Robert De Niro and Helena Bonham Carter . Its all - star cast also included John Cleese , Ian Holm , and Tom Hulce . 2004 : Frankenstein A two - episode mini-series starring Alec Newman , with Luke Goss and Donald Sutherland . This is the only T.V. or movie adaption that is faithful to the novel . 2011 : In March , BBC3 broadcast Colin Teague 's live production from Kirkstall Abbey , Leeds , billed as Frankenstein 's Wedding , Live in Leeds . About the same time , the National Theatre , London presented a stage version of Frankenstein , which ran until 2 May 2011 . The play was written by Nick Dear and directed by Danny Boyle . Jonny Lee Miller and Benedict Cumberbatch alternated the roles of Frankenstein and the Creature . The National Theatre broadcast live performances of the play worldwide on 17 March . 2012 : An interactive ebook app created by Inkle and Profile Books that retells the story with added interactive elements . 2014 : Penny Dreadful is a horror TV series that airs on Showtime , that features Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature . 2015 : Frankenstein , a modern - day adaptation written and directed by Bernard Rose . 2015 : Victor Frankenstein is an American film directed by Paul McGuigan . 2016 : Frankenstein , a full length ballet production by Liam Scarlett . Some performances were also live simulcasts worldwide . 2019 : Bride of Frankenstein , the currently postponed second film in the Dark Universe , a reboot of the Universal series in which Javier Bardem is currently slated to portray Frankenstein 's monster . Loose adaptations 1967 : I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night and its sequel , Frankenstein Unbound ( Another Monster Musical ) , are a pair of musical comedies written by Bobby Pickett and Sheldon Allman . The casts of both feature several classic horror characters including Dr. Frankenstein and his monster . 1973 : The Rocky Horror Show , is a British horror comedy stage musical written by Richard O'Brian in which Dr. Frank N. Furter has created a creature ( Rocky ) , to satisfy his ( pro ) creative drives . Elements are similar to I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night . 1973 : Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein . Usually , Frankenstein is a man whose dedication to science takes him too far , but here his interest is to rule the world by creating a new species that will obey him and do his bidding . 1974 : Young Frankenstein . Directed by Mel Brooks , this sequel - spoof has been listed as one of the best movie comedies of any comedy genre ever made , even prompting an American film preservation program to include it on its listings . It reuses many props from James Whale 's 1931 Frankenstein and is shot in black - and - white with 1930s - style credits . Gene Wilder portrayed the descendant of Dr. Frankenstein , with Peter Boyle as the Monster . 1975 : The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the 1975 film adaptation of the British rock musical stageplay , The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) , written by Richard O'Brien . 1984 : Frankenweenie is a parody short film directed by Tim Burton , starring Barrett Oliver , Shelley Duvall and Daniel Stern . 1985 : The Bride starring Sting as Baron Charles Frankenstein and Jennifer Beals as Eva , a woman he creates in the same fashion as his infamous monster . 1986 : Gothic , directed by Ken Russell , is the story of the night that Mary Shelley gave birth to Frankenstein . Starring Gabriel Byrne , Julian Sands , Natasha Richardson . 1988 : Frankenstein ( フランケン シュタイン ) is a manga adaptation of Shelley 's novel by Junji Ito . 1989 : Frankenstein the Panto . A pantomime script by David Swan , combining elements of Frankenstein , Dracula , and traditional British panto . 1990 : Frankenstein Unbound . Combines a time - travel story with the story of Shelley 's novel . Scientist Joe Buchanan accidentally creates a time - rift which takes him back to the events of the novel . Filmed as a low - budget independent film in 1990 , based on a novel published in 1973 by Brian Aldiss . This novel bears no relation to the 1967 stage musical with the same name listed above . 1991 : Khatra ( film ) is a Hindi movie of Bollywood made by director H.N. Singh loosely based on the story , Frankenstein . 1995 : Monster Mash is a film adaptation of I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night starring Bobby Pickett as Dr. Frankenstein . The film also features Candace Cameron Bure , Anthony Crivello and Mink Stole . 1998 : Billy Frankenstein is a very loose adaptation about a boy who moves into a mansion with his family and brings the Frankenstein monster to life . The film was directed by Fred Olen Ray . 2003 : Reading Frankenstein , a new media performance work in which Mary Shelley is a genetic engineer and artificial life scientist and her Creature a hybrid form of computational a-life . It was co-created by director Annie Loui and artist - writer Antoinette LaFarge for UC Irvine . 2004 : Frankenstein made - for - TV film based on Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein . 2005 : Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove , a 90 - minute feature film homage of classic monsters and Atomic Age creature features , shot in black and white , and directed by William Winckler . The Frankenstein Monster design and make - up was based on the character descriptions in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 's novel . 2009 : The Diary of Anne Frankenstein , a short film from Chillerrama . 2009 : Anuman Interactive ( French publisher ) launches Frankestein , a hidden objects game freely inspired by Mary Shelley 's book , on iPhone and iPad . 2011 : Frankenstein : Day of the Beast is an independent horror film based loosely on the original book . 2011 : Victor Frankenstein appears in the ABC show Once Upon a Time , a fantasy series on ABC that features multiple characters from fairy tales and classic literature trapped in the real world . 2012 : Frankenweenie , Tim Burton 's feature film remake of his 1984 short film of the same name . 2012 : In the Adventure Time episode `` Princess Monster Wife '' , the Ice King removes body parts from all the princesses that rejected him and creates a jigsaw wife to love him . 2012 : A Nightmare on Lime Street , Fred Lawless 's comedy play starring David Gest staged at the Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool . 2014 : I , Frankenstein is a 2014 fantasy action film . The film stars Aaron Eckhart as Adam Frankenstein and Bill Nighy . The film is based on the graphic novel . 2014 : Frankenstein , MD , A web show by Pemberly Digital starring Victoria , a female adaptation of Victor . 2015 : The Supernatural season 10 episodes Book of the Damned , Dark Dynasty and The Prisoner feature the Styne Family which member Eldon Styne identifies as the descendants of the house of Frankenstein . According to Eldon , Mary Shelley had learned their secrets while on a visit to Castle Frankenstein and wrote a book based on her experiences , forcing the Frankensteins underground as the Stynes . The Stynes , through bioengineering and surgical enhancements , feature many of the superhuman features of Frankenstein 's monster . 2015 : The Frankenstein Chronicles , is a British television drama series - starring Sean Bean as John Marlott and Anna Maxwell Martin as Mary Shelley 2016 : Second Chance , a TV series known at one point as Frankenstein , was inspired by the classic . See also United Kingdom portal Books portal Frankenstein argument Frankenstein complex Frankenstein in Baghdad Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein 's monster Golem Homunculus Johann Conrad Dippel List of dreams Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 1 January 1818 ) . `` Books Published This Day '' . The Times ( 10342 ) . London , England . p. 4 -- via Newspapers.com . This day is published , in 3 vols. , price 16s . 6d. , a Work of Imagination , to be entitled Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus . Jump up ^ Hobbler , Dorthy and Thomas . The Monsters : Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein . Back Bay Books ; 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Martin . Mary Shelley . Oxford University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ Seymour , Miranda . Mary Shelley . Atlanta , GA : Grove Press , 2002 . pg 110 - 111 Jump up ^ The Detached Retina : Aspects of SF and Fantasy by Brian Aldiss ( 1995 ) , page 78 . Jump up ^ Bergen Evans , Comfortable Words , New York : Random House , 1957 Jump up ^ Bryan Garner , A Dictionary of Modern American Usage , New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of American English , Merriam - Webster : 2002 Jump up ^ `` Preface '' , 1831 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ Sunstein , 118 . Jump up ^ Dr. John Polidori , `` The Vampyre '' 1819 , The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register ; London : H. Colburn , 1814 -- 1820 . Vol. 1 , No. 63 . Jump up ^ paragraph 7 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 8 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 10 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary . Paragraphs 11 -- 13 , `` Introduction '' Frankenstein ( 1831 edition ) Gutenberg Jump up ^ Quoted in Spark , 157 , from Mary Shelley 's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein . Jump up ^ Radford , Tim , Frankenstein 's hour of creation identified by astronomers , The Guardian , Sunday 25 September 2011 ( retrieved 5 January 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bennett , An Introduction , 30 -- 31 ; Sunstein , 124 . Jump up ^ Sunstein , 117 . Jump up ^ Hay , 103 . Jump up ^ Lepore , Jill ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Strange and Twisted Life of ' Frankenstein ' '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` OX.ac.uk '' . Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary Shelley , with Percy Shelley ( 2008 ) . Charles E. Robinson , ed . The Original Frankenstein . Oxford : Bodleian Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 851 - 24396 - 9 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles ( 1996 ) . The Frankenstein Notebooks : A Facsimile Edition . 1 . Garland Publishing , Inc. p. xxv . She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old , she finished it as Mary Shelley in April / May 1817 when she was nineteen ... and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft . Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf , `` A Note on the Text '' , Frankenstein , 2nd ed. , Peterborough : Broadview Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wollstonecraft Shelley , Mary ( 2000 ) . Frankenstein . Bedford Publishing . p. 3 . Jump up ^ See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition . Jump up ^ The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text , as is the `` Ignatius Critical Edition '' . Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions . Jump up ^ James Grande ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` The Original Frankenstein , By Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frankenstein : Celluloid Monster at the National Library of Medicine website of the ( U.S. ) National Institutes of Health Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text '' ( PDF ) . National Library of Medicine and ALA Public Programs Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . from the traveling exhibition Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Author 's Digest : The World 's Great Stories in Brief , by Rossiter Johnson , 1908 Jump up ^ The Reef , page 96 . Jump up ^ zapomniana , Historia ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein '' . Jump up ^ Florescu 1996 , pp. 48 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Day , A.J. ( 2005 ) . Fantasmagoriana ( Tales of the Dead ) . Fantasmagoriana Press . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 5291 - 0 . Jump up ^ Helene , Jorge ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel '' . Darmstadt . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wade , Phillip . `` Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . '' Milton and the Romantics , 2 ( December , 1976 ) , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Jones 1952 , pp. 496 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Sandy , Mark ( 20 September 2002 ) . `` Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Bysshe Shelley ( 1792 -- 1822 ) '' . Romantic Natural History . Department of English , Dickinson College . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Percy Shelley # Ancestry Jump up ^ `` Journal 6 December -- Very Unwell . Shelley & Clary walk out , as usual , to heaps of places ... A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir . Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event , which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells , etc. , for it is the son of his wife . '' Quoted in Spark , 39 . Jump up ^ For example , the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education Jump up ^ In the best - known versions of the Prometheus story , by Hesiod and Aeschylus , Prometheus merely brings fire to mankind . But in other versions , such as several of Aesop 's fables ( See in particular Fable 516 ) , Sappho ( Fragment 207 ) , and Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity . Jump up ^ ( Leonard Wolf , p. 20 ) . Jump up ^ RoyalSoc.ac.uk `` Benjamin Franklin in London . '' The Royal Society . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Douthwaite , `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution '' chapter 2 of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France ( Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Ruston , Sharon ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . The Public Domain Review . Jump up ^ This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the 2008 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ `` Crossref-it.info '' . Crossref-it.info . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Frankenstein , or the Modern Prometheus '' . The Quarterly Review . 18 : 379 -- 385 . January 1818 . Jump up ^ `` Enotes.com '' . Enotes.com . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KCTCS.edu '' . Octc.kctcs.edu . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Germaine Greer ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Yes , Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley . It 's obvious - because the book is so bad '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ L Lipking Frankenstein the True Story ; or Rousseau Judges Jean - Jacques . ( Published in the Norton critical edition. 1996 ) Jump up ^ UTM.edu Lynn Alexander , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frankenstein : Behind the monster smash '' . BBC . 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Shanon ( 11 February 1998 ) . `` A Chronology of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : 1825 -- 1835 '' . umd.edu . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Blood on the Stage , 1950 -- 1975 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery and Detection , by Amnon Kabatchnik . Scarecrow Press , 2011 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Lawson , Carol ( 7 January 1981 ) . `` '' FRANKENSTEIN '' NEARLY CAME BACK TO LIFE `` . New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` Frankenstein 's Wedding -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference BBc 2018 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Announcing FRANKENSTEIN , a new interactive literary app for iPad and iPhone '' . Profile Books . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hello Igor ... Daniel Radcliffe gets into character on the set of the brand new Frankenstein movie , The Daily Mail Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein 4 -- 27 May 2016 . Main Stage . The world premiere of Liam Scarlett 's new full - length ballet , inspired by Mary Shelley 's Gothic masterpiece '' . roh.org.uk . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Rose ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Frankenstein to be relayed live to BP Big Screens in the UK and cinemas around the world on 18 May 2016 '' . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Universal Pictures Unveils `` Dark Universe '' With Name , Mark and Musical Theme for its Classic Monsters Series of Films `` . PR Newswire . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` ' Bride Of Frankenstein ' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed ; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ LaFarge , Antoinette , and Annie Loui . `` Excerpts from Reading Frankenstein : Mary Shelley as 21st Century Artificial Life Scientist '' . Ada : A Journal of Gender , New Media & Technology , Fall 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communiqués officiels des jeux vidéo '' . AFJV . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare On Lime Street -- Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool '' . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Rob Kazinsky Is Fox 's ' Frankenstein ' Monster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . References Aldiss , Brian W. `` On the Origin of Species : Mary Shelley '' . Speculations on Speculation : Theories of Science Fiction . Eds . James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow , 2005 . Baldick , Chris . In Frankenstein 's Shadow : Myth , Monstrosity , and Nineteenth - Century Writing . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . Bann , Stephen , ed . `` Frankenstein '' : Creation and Monstrosity . London : Reaktion , 1994 . Behrendt , Stephen C. , ed . Approaches to Teaching Shelley 's `` Frankenstein '' . New York : MLA , 1990 . Bennett , Betty T. and Stuart Curran , eds . Mary Shelley in Her Times . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5976 - X . Bohls , Elizabeth A. `` Standards of Taste , Discourses of ' Race ' , and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster : Critique of Empire in Frankenstein '' . Eighteenth - Century Life 18.3 ( 1994 ) : 23 -- 36 . Botting , Fred . Making Monstrous : `` Frankenstein '' , Criticism , Theory . New York : St. Martin 's , 1991 . Chapman , D. That Not Impossible She : A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , UK : Concept , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1480047617 Clery , E.J. Women 's Gothic : From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley . Plymouth : Northcote House , 2000 . Conger , Syndy M. , Frederick S. Frank , and Gregory O'Dea , eds . Iconoclastic Departures : Mary Shelley after `` Frankenstein '' : Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley 's Birth . Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1997 . Donawerth , Jane . Frankenstein 's Daughters : Women Writing Science Fiction . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1997 . Douthwaite , Julia V . `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution , '' chapter two of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . Dunn , Richard J. `` Narrative Distance in Frankenstein '' . Studies in the Novel 6 ( 1974 ) : 408 -- 17 . Eberle - Sinatra , Michael , ed . Mary Shelley 's Fictions : From `` Frankenstein '' to `` Falkner '' . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2000 . Ellis , Kate Ferguson . The Contested Castle : Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Florescu , Radu ( 1996 ) . In Search of Frankenstein : Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley 's Monster ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 861 - 05033 - 5 . Forry , Steven Earl . Hideous Progenies : Dramatizations of `` Frankenstein '' from Mary Shelley to the Present . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1990 . Freedman , Carl . `` Hail Mary : On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Science Fiction Studies 29.2 ( 2002 ) : 253 -- 64 . Gigante , Denise . `` Facing the Ugly : The Case of Frankenstein '' . ELH 67.2 ( 2000 ) : 565 -- 87 . Gilbert , Sandra and Susan Gubar . The Madwoman in the Attic : The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth - Century Literary Imagination . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1979 . Hay , Daisy `` Young Romantics '' ( 2010 ) : 103 . Heffernan , James A.W. `` Looking at the Monster : Frankenstein and Film '' . Critical Inquiry 24.1 ( 1997 ) : 133 -- 58 . Hodges , Devon . `` Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel '' . Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature 2.2 ( 1983 ) : 155 -- 64 . Hoeveler , Diane Long . Gothic Feminism : The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1998 . Holmes , Richard . Shelley : The Pursuit. 1974 . London : Harper Perennial , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720458 - 2 . Jones , Frederick L. ( 1952 ) . `` Shelley and Milton '' . Studies in Philology. 49 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 519 . JSTOR 4173024 . Knoepflmacher , U.C. and George Levine , eds . The Endurance of `` Frankenstein '' : Essays on Mary Shelley 's Novel . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 . Lew , Joseph W . `` The Deceptive Other : Mary Shelley 's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 30.2 ( 1991 ) : 255 -- 83 . Lauritsen , John . `` The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein '' . Pagan Press , 2007 . London , Bette . `` Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , and the Spectacle of Masculinity '' . PMLA 108.2 ( 1993 ) : 256 -- 67 . Mellor , Anne K. Mary Shelley : Her Life , Her Fiction , Her Monsters . New York : Methuen , 1988 . Michaud , Nicolas , Frankenstein and Philosophy : The Shocking Truth , Chicago : Open Court , 2013 . Miles , Robert . Gothic Writing 1750 -- 1820 : A Genealogy . London : Routledge , 1993 . Milner , Andrew . Literature , Culture and Society . London : Routledge , 2005 , ch. 5 . O'Flinn , Paul . `` Production and Reproduction : The Case of Frankenstein '' . Literature and History 9.2 ( 1983 ) : 194 -- 213 . Poovey , Mary . The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer : Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft , Mary Shelley , and Jane Austen . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . Rauch , Alan . `` The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 34.2 ( 1995 ) : 227 -- 53 . Selbanev , Xtopher . `` Natural Philosophy of the Soul '' , Western Press , 1999 . Schor , Esther , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Scott , Grant F. ( 1934 ) . `` Victor 's Secret : Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward 's Illustrations to Frankenstein '' . Word & Image - 28 ( April -- June 2012 ) . pp. 206 -- 232 . Smith , Johanna M. , ed . Frankenstein . Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 1992 . Spark , Muriel . Mary Shelley . London : Cardinal , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0318 - X . Stableford , Brian . `` Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Anticipations : Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors . Ed . David Seed . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1995 . Sunstein , Emily W. Mary Shelley : Romance and Reality. 1989 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4218 - 2 . Tropp , Martin . Mary Shelley 's Monster . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1976 . Veeder , William . Mary Shelley & Frankenstein : The Fate of Androgyny . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1986 . Williams , Anne . The Art of Darkness : A Poetics of Gothic . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . Further reading Richard Holmes , `` Out of Control '' ( review of Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , Or , The Modern Prometheus : Annotated for Scientists , Engineers , and Creators of All Kinds , edited by David H. Guston , Ed Finn , and Jason Scott Robert , MIT Press , 277 pp. ; and Mary Shelley , The New Annotated Frankenstein , edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger , Liveright , 352 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXIV , no . 20 ( 21 December 2017 ) , pp. 38 , 40 -- 41 . Editions 1818 text Shelley , Mary Frankenstein : 1818 text ( Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by Marilyn Butler . 1831 text Fairclough , Peter ( ed . ) Three Gothic Novels : Walpole / Castle of Otranto , Beckford / Vathek , Mary Shelley / Frankenstein ( Penguin English Library , 1968 ) . With an introductory essay by Mario Praz . Shelley , Mary Frankenstein ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by M.K. Joseph . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankenstein . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frankenstein Wikisource has original text related to this article : Frankenstein Frankenstein at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein 1818 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site `` On Frankenstein '' , review by Percy Bysshe Shelley `` 13 Ways of Looking at Frankenstein '' , slideshow by Life `` My Hideous Progeny : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' Frankenstein : a new reality ! Inside look at the `` Frankenstein Phenomenon '' Inside look at the `` Read original Frankenstein by Mary Shelley '' Crash Course Literature - Frankenstein ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Frankenstein - Italian Style ( 1975 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Transylvania 6 - 5000 ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Frankenhooker ( 1990 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein ( 1999 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Frankenthumb ( 2002 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Monster Family ( 2017 ) Others Frankenstein ( 1910 ) Life Without Soul ( 1915 ) The Monster of Frankenstein ( 1920 ) I Was a Teenage Frankenstein ( 1957 ) Frankenstein 1970 ( 1958 ) Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster ( 1965 ) Jesse James Meets Frankenstein 's Daughter ( 1966 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Lady Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Frankenstein ' 80 ( 1972 ) Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein ( 1973 ) Blackenstein ( 1973 ) Frankenstein 's Castle of Freaks ( 1974 ) Frankenstein Legend of Terror ( 1981 ) Frankenstein Island ( 1981 ) The Bride ( 1985 ) Frankenstein Unbound ( 1990 ) Frankenstein ( 1992 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein ( 1994 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove ( 2005 ) Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl ( 2009 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Frankenstein : Day of the Beast ( 2011 ) Frankenstein 's Army ( 2013 ) The Frankenstein Theory ( 2013 ) I , Frankenstein ( 2014 ) Army of Frankensteins ( 2014 ) Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Victor Frankenstein ( 2015 ) Television Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles ( 1966 -- 1968 ) Groovie Goolies ( 1970 ) Frankenstein : The True Story ( 1973 ) Struck by Lightning ( 1979 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1997 ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , TV film ) Frankenstein ( 2004 , miniseries ) Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 ) Once Upon a Time `` The Doctor '' ( 2012 ) `` In the Name of the Brother '' ( 2013 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) The Frankenstein Chronicles ( 2015 ) Second Chance ( 2016 ) Stage Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein ( 1823 ) Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim ( 1887 ) Joined At The Heart ( 2007 ) Frankenstein -- A New Musical ( 2007 ) Young Frankenstein ( 2007 ) Frankenstein ( 2011 play ) Frankenstein 's Wedding ( 2011 play ) Novels Frankenstein 's Aunt ( 1978 ) Frankenstein 's Aunt Returns ( 1989 ) Frankenstein 's Cat ( 2001 ) Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein Prodigal Son ( 2005 ) City of Night ( 2005 ) Dead and Alive ( 2009 ) Lost Souls ( 2010 ) Frankenstein in Baghdad ( 2013 ) Comics Bernie Wrightson 's Frankenstein Frankenstein ( DC Comics ) Frankenstein ( Dell Comics ) Doc Frankenstein Embalming Frankenstein 's Monster ( Marvel Comics ) Frankenstein ( Prize Comics ) Young Frankenstein Video games Frankenstein Frankenstein : The Monster Returns Dr. Franken Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Frankenstein : Through the Eyes of the Monster Van Helsing Related Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein Castle Johann Conrad Dippel Frankenstrat ( guitar ) `` Frankenstein '' ( 1973 single ) Frankenstein ( Death Race ) Frankenstein , MD ( 2014 ) Mary Shelley Works History of a Six Weeks ' Tour Frankenstein Mathilda Proserpine Midas Valperga `` Maurice '' The Last Man The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck `` The Mortal Immortal '' Lodore Falkner Rambles in Germany and Italy Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men Family Percy Bysshe Shelley ( husband ) Percy Florence Shelley ( son ) Mary Wollstonecraft ( mother ) William Godwin ( father ) Fanny Imlay ( half - sister ) Claire Clairmont ( stepsister ) Related Mounseer Nongtongpaw Frankenstein in popular culture Rowing with the Wind ( 1988 film ) Lord Byron John Polidori Thomas Jefferson Hogg Organ transplantation in fiction Novels and short stories Frankenstein ( 1818 ) Les Mains d'Orlac ( 1920 ) A Gift from Earth ( 1968 ) Coma ( 1977 ) Pegasus in Flight ( 1990 ) Flatlander ( 1995 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2004 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2005 ) Unwind ( 2007 ) Films The Hands of Orlac ( 1924 ) Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Mad Love ( 1935 ) The Hands of Orlac ( 1960 ) Hands of a Stranger ( 1962 ) Night of the Bloody Apes ( 1969 ) The Amazing Transplant ( 1970 ) Percy ( 1971 ) The Incredible 2 - Headed Transplant ( 1971 ) The Resurrection of Zachary Wheeler ( 1971 ) The Thing with Two Heads ( 1972 ) Mansion of the Doomed ( 1976 ) Coma ( 1978 ) Parts : The Clonus Horror ( 1979 ) Fleisch ( 1979 ) The Man with Two Brains ( 1983 ) Body Parts ( 1991 ) Body Bags ( 1993 ) The Eye ( 2002 ) Dirty Pretty Things ( 2002 ) 21 Grams ( 2003 ) The Island ( 2005 ) Turistas ( 2006 ) Awake ( 2007 ) Seven Pounds ( 2008 ) Repo ! The Genetic Opera ( 2008 ) My Sister 's Keeper ( 2009 ) Never Let Me Go ( 2010 ) Repo Men ( 2010 ) The Harvest ( 2013 ) Pound of Flesh ( 2015 ) Television `` Spock 's Brain '' ( 1968 ) The Brain of Morbius ( 1976 ) `` Appointment on Route 17 '' ( 1988 ) `` Phage '' ( Vidiians ) ( 1995 ) Three Rivers ( 2009 - 2010 ) Coma ( 2012 ) iZombie ( 2015 ) Music `` Gary Gilmore 's Eyes '' ( 1977 ) Concepts Organ trade Organlegging Brain transplantation Body horror VIAF : 185508590 LCCN : n84007242 GND : 4220200 - 0 SUDOC : 027515354 BNF : cb11953887q ( data ) NLA : 35303735 BNE : XX2187643 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&oldid=827713020 '' Categories : Frankenstein British science fiction novels British novels adapted into films Gothic novels British horror novels Epistolary novels Romanticism Novels set in the Arctic Novels set in Germany Novels set in Switzerland Novels by Mary Shelley Works published anonymously Debut novels Novels about revenge Frame stories 1818 British novels Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games 1810s science fiction novels 1810s fantasy novels Science fiction horror novels Experimental medical treatments in fiction Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2017 Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 08 : 10 . 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Mirroring (psychology)

Mirroring ( psychology ) - wikipedia Mirroring ( psychology ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mirroring in an argument . Mirroring is the behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture , speech pattern , or attitude of another . Mirroring often occurs in social situations , particularly in the company of close friends or family . The concept often affects other individuals ' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors , which can lead to the individual building rapport with others . Mirroring is the subconscious replication of another person 's nonverbal signals . This concept takes place in everyday interactions , and often goes unnoticed by both the person enacting the mirroring behaviors as well as the individual who is being mirrored . The activation of mirror neurons takes place within the individual who begins to mirror another 's movements , and allows them a greater connection and understanding with the individual who they are mirroring , as well as allowing the individual who is being mirrored to feel a stronger connection with the other individual . Mirroring is distinct from conscious imitation under the premise that while the latter is a conscious , typically overt effort to copy another person , mirroring is subconsciously done during the act and often goes unnoticed . The display of mirroring often begins as early as infancy , as babies begin to mimic individuals around them and establish connections with particular body movements . The ability to mimic another person 's actions allows the infant to establish a sense of empathy and thus begin to understand another person 's emotions . The infant continues to establish connections with other individual 's emotions and subsequently mirror their movements . Mirroring can establish rapport with the individual who is being mirrored , as the similarities in nonverbal gestures allow the individual to feel more connected with the person exhibiting the mirrored behavior . As the two individuals in the situation display similar nonverbal gestures , they may believe that they share similar attitudes and ideas as well . Mirror neurons react to and cause these movements , allowing the individuals to feel a greater sense of engagement and belonging within the situation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 1.1 Interviews 1.2 Effects of lacking 2 Development 2.1 Self - concept 2.2 Empathy 3 Rapport 3.1 Power dynamics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Occurrence ( edit ) Mirroring taking place during a meeting with President Reagan . Mirroring generally takes place subconsciously as individuals react with the situation . Mirroring is common in conversation , as the listeners will typically smile or frown along with the speaker , as well as imitate body posture or attitude about the topic . Individuals may be more willing to empathize with and accept people whom they believe hold similar interests and beliefs , and thus mirroring the person with whom one is speaking may establish connections between the individuals involved . Interviews ( edit ) Additionally , mirroring may play a role in how well an individual fares in a job interview . Within a study conducted by Word , Zanna and Cooper , interviewers were instructed to follow specific types of body language in different experimental conditions . In one condition , interviewers were instructed to demonstrate distant and uninterested body language ( such as leaning away or avoiding eye contact ) , and in another condition they were asked to demonstrate more welcoming body language ( such as smiling and making eye contact ) . As a result , the individuals being interviewed began to mirror the actions of the interviewer , and thus the individuals in the condition with less friendly body language fared worse within the interview than did individuals in the friendly condition . The study demonstrates that the initial attitudes that an interviewer may have of the individual being interviewed may affect the performance of the interviewee due to mirroring . Effects of lacking ( edit ) Individuals with autism or other social difficulties may be less likely to exhibit mirroring , as they may be less subconsciously and consciously aware of the actions of others . This factor may cause additional difficulties for the individuals , as without mirroring , establishing connections with other people may be more difficult . Additionally , other individuals may be less likely to build rapport with the person , as without mirroring the person may seem more dissimilar and less friendly . Individuals who are not subconsciously aware of gesture may have difficulties in social situations , as they may be less able to understand another person 's perspective without it being explicitly stated , and thus may not understand covert cues that are often used in the social world . It is possible , though very rare , for some of these individuals to deliberately learn and become aware of these cues . This , however , is the exception to the rule , not the norm . Development ( edit ) A young boy mirrors the gesture of his grandmother . In infant - parent interactions , mirroring consists of the parent imitating the infant 's expressions while vocalizing the emotion implied by the expression . This imitation helps the infant to associate the emotion with their expression , as well as feel validated in their own emotions as the parent shows approval through imitation . Studies have demonstrated that mirroring is an important part of child and infant development . According to Kohut 's theories of self - psychology , individuals need a sense of validation and belonging in order to establish their concepts of self . When parents mirror their infants , the action may help the child develop a greater sense of self - awareness and self - control , as they can see their emotions within their parent 's faces . Additionally , infants may learn and experience new emotions , facial expressions , and gestures by mirroring expressions that their parents utilize . The process of mirroring may help infants establish connections of expressions to emotions and thus promote social communication later in life . Infants also learn to feel secure and valid in their own emotions through mirroring , as the parent 's imitation of their emotions may help the child recognize their own thoughts and feelings more readily . Self - concept ( edit ) Main article : Self - concept Mirroring has been shown to play a critical role in the development of an infant 's notion of self . The importance of mirroring suggests that infants primarily gather their social skills from their parents , and thus a household that lacks mirroring may inhibit the child 's social development . Without mirroring , it may be difficult for the child to relate their emotions to socially learned expressions and thus have a difficult experience in expressing their own emotions . Empathy ( edit ) Main article : Empathy The inability to properly mirror other individuals may strain the child 's social relationships later in life . This strain may exist because others may feel more distant from the child due to a lack of rapport , or because the child may have a difficult time feeling empathy for others without mirroring . Mirroring helps to facilitate empathy , as individuals more readily experience other people 's emotions through mimicking posture and gestures . This empathy may help individuals create lasting relationships and thus excel in social situations . The action of mirroring allows individuals to believe they are more similar to another person , and perceived similarity can be the basis for creating a relationship . Rapport ( edit ) Main article : Rapport Rapport may be an important part of social life , as establishing rapport with an individual is generally the initial route to becoming friends or acquaintances with another person . Mirroring can help establish rapport , as exhibiting similar actions , attitudes , and speech patterns as another person may lead them to believe that one is more similar to them and thus more likely to be a friend . Individuals may believe that because one replicates the individual 's gestures , that one may hold similar beliefs and attitudes as the individual . Mirroring may be more pervasive in close friendships or romantic relationships , as the individuals regard each other highly and thus wish to emulate or appease them . Additionally , individuals who are friends may have more similarities than two strangers , and thus may be more likely to exhibit similar body language regardless of mirroring . Power dynamics ( edit ) Main article : Power ( social and political ) Additionally , individuals are likely to mirror the person of higher status or power within the situation . Mirroring individuals of higher power may create an illusion of higher status , or create rapport with the individual in power , thus allowing the person to gain favor with the individual in power . This mechanism may be helpful for individuals in situations where they are in a position of bargaining with an individual who possesses more power , as the rapport that mirroring creates may help to persuade the higher status individual to help the person of lower status . These situations include job interviews , other work situations such as requesting promotions , parent - child interactions , and asking professors for favors . Each of these situations involve one party who is in a more powerless position for bargaining , and another party who has the ability to fulfill the person of lower status 's needs , but may not necessarily wish to . Thus , mirroring can be a useful tool for individuals of lower status in order to persuade the other party to relinquish goods or privileges for the lower status party . See also ( edit ) Eye contact Facial expression Gesture Kinesthetic learning Nonverbal communication Mirror stage Mirror neuron Posture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chartrand , T. ; Bargh , J. `` The Chameleon Effect : The Perception - Behavior Link and Social Interaction '' ( PDF ) . yale.edu . New York University . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pineda , J. ( 2007 ) . Mirror neuron systems : The role of mirroring processes in social cognition . Atlanta , GA : Emory University . pp. 191 -- 212 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Iacoboni , M. ( 2008 ) . Mirroring people : The new science of how we connect with others . New York , NY : Picador . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Word , C.O. ; Zanna , M.P. ; Cooper , J. ( 1974 ) . `` The nonverbal mediation of self - fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psycholocy. 10 : 109 -- 120 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 74 ) 90059 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzoff , A. ( 1990 ) . Foundations for developing a concept of self : The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring , social modeling , and self practice in infancy . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . pp. 139 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Gergely , G. ; Watson , J. ( 1996 ) . `` The social biofeedback theory of parental affect - mirroring : The development of emotional self - awareness and self - control in infancy '' ( PDF ) . The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 77 : 1181 -- 1212 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohut , H. ( 1985 ) . Self Psychology and the Humanities . New York & London : W.W. Norton & Co . Jump up ^ Jermann , P. ; Soller , A. ; Muehlenbrock , M. ( 2001 ) . From mirroring to guiding : A review of the state of art technology for supporting collaborative learning ( PDF ) . Maastricht , Netherlands : European Conference on Computer - Supported Collaborative Learning . pp. 324 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 1985 ) . Sweetness and Power . Harmondsworth : Penguin . Jump up ^ Talley , L. ; Temple , S. ( 2015 ) . `` How Leaders Influence Followers Through the Use of Nonverbal Communication '' . Leadership & Organizational Development Journal . 36 : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1108 / lodj - 07 - 2013 - 0107 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Mirroring a tool for Rapport Imitation / Exercise NLP and Social Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirroring_(psychology)&oldid=841220971 '' Categories : Human communication Interpersonal relationships Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

the human tendency to mimic other people’s behavior is an example of

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The Killing (U.S. TV series)

The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Killing Genre Serial drama Crime drama Mystery Based on Forbrydelsen by Søren Sveistrup Developed by Veena Sud Starring Mireille Enos Billy Campbell Joel Kinnaman and others Theme music composer We Fell to Earth Composer ( s ) Frans Bak Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Veena Sud Mikkel Bondesen Søren Sveistrup Piv Bernth Ingolf Gabold Dawn Prestwich Nicole Yorkin Producer ( s ) Aaron Zelman Jeremy Doner Kristen Campo Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Running time 42 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Fox Television Studios Fuse Entertainment KMF Films Fabrik Entertainment Release Original network AMC ( 2011 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1080p ( HD ) ( 2014 ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) -- August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3 , 2011 , on AMC , based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ) . The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment . Set in Seattle , Washington , the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ) . AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012 , but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix . The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013 , but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series . The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 Production 3.1 First cancellation and revival 3.2 Second cancellation and revival 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Season 1 4.1. 2 Season 2 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Distribution 6 Online promotion 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing characters Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Mireille Enos Sarah Linden Main Billy Campbell Darren Richmond Main Does not appear Guest Joel Kinnaman Stephen Holder Main Michelle Forbes Mitch Larsen Main Does not appear Brent Sexton Stan Larsen Main Does not appear Kristin Lehman Gwen Eaton Main Does not appear Eric Ladin Jamie Wright Main Does not appear Brendan Sexton III Belko Royce Main Does not appear Jamie Anne Allman Terry Marek Main Does not appear Annie Corley Regi Darnell Main Recurring Guest Liam James Jack Linden Recurring Main Guest Main Elias Koteas James Skinner Does not appear Main Does not appear Hugh Dillon Francis Becker Does not appear Main Does not appear Amy Seimetz Danette Leeds Does not appear Main Guest Bex Taylor - Klaus Bullet Does not appear Main Does not appear Julia Sarah Stone Lyric Does not appear Main Does not appear Max Fowler Twitch Does not appear Main Does not appear Peter Sarsgaard Ray Seward Does not appear Main Does not appear Gregg Henry Carl Reddick Does not appear Recurring Main Tyler Ross Kyle Stansbury Does not appear Main Sterling Beaumon Lincoln Knopf Does not appear Main Levi Meaden AJ Fielding Does not appear Main Joan Allen Margaret Rayne Does not appear Main Recurring ( edit ) Evan Bird as Tom Larsen , Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Seth Isaac Johnson as Denny Larsen , Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Tom Butler as Lesley Adams , the mayor ( season 1 -- 2 ) Garry Chalk as Lt. Michael Oakes , the detectives ' boss ( season 1 -- 2 ) Katie Findlay as Rosie Larsen , the teenage girl who was found dead ( season 1 -- 2 ) Brandon Jay McLaren as Bennet Ahmed , a teacher at Rosie 's high school ( season 1 -- 2 ) Ashley Johnson as Amber Ahmed , Bennet Ahmed 's wife ( season 1 -- 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Rick Felder , Sarah 's fiancée ( season 1 -- 2 ) Kacey Rohl as Sterling Fitch , Rosie 's best friend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Alan Dale as Senator Eaton , Gwen 's father ( season 1 -- 2 ) Richard Harmon as Jasper Ames , Rosie 's ex-boyfriend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Barclay Hope as Michael Ames , Jasper 's father ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Claudia Ferri as Nicole Jackson , the manager of the Wapi Eagle Casino ( season 1 -- 2 ) Don Thompson as Janek Kovarsky , a figure from Stan Larsen 's shady past ( season 1 -- 2 ) Mark Moses as Lt. Erik Carlson , Linden 's new boss at the police department ( season 2 ) Brian Markinson as Gil Sloane , Holder 's NA sponsor ( season 2 ) Ben Cotton as Pastor Mike , director of Beacon House , the youth homeless shelter ( season 3 ) Aaron Douglas as Evan Henderson , a death row prison guard ( season 3 ) Nicholas Lea as Dale Daniel Shannon , a death row inmate ( season 3 ) Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift , Holder 's girlfriend and a District Attorney ( season 3 -- 4 ) Katherine Evans as Bethany Skinner , James Skinner 's daughter ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Series overview ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) AMC 13 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 12 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 6 August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Netflix Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 1 ) The first season covers the first two weeks of the investigation of the murder of local teenager Rosie Larsen and has three main storylines : the police investigation into Rosie 's murder , the Larsen family 's attempts to deal with their grief , and the fluctuating electoral fortunes of a political campaign that becomes embroiled in the case . Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 2 ) The season resumes the investigation into the murder and reveals secrets about the Larsen family as well as a possible conspiracy within the campaign race and the Seattle police department . The Larsen murder case gets closed with the discovery of those involved in it . Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 3 ) A year after the Rosie Larsen case , Stephen Holder searches for a runaway girl and uncovers a string of murders connected to one of Sarah Linden 's previous murder investigations . Linden , no longer a detective , must return to both a career and a case she had put behind her . Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 4 ) The fourth season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all - boys military academy . Production ( edit ) The pilot was ordered by AMC in January 2010 and then was picked up for a full series order in August 2010 . The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , with some scenes in season two filmed in Coquitlam , British Columbia , at Riverview Hospital . Production began on the pilot episode on December 2 , 2010 . The pilot is written by series creator and executive producer Veena Sud and is directed by Patty Jenkins . In contrast to the original Danish series , executive producer Veena Sud explained , `` We 're creating our own world . We are using the Danish series as a blueprint , but we are kind of diverging and creating our own world , our world of suspects and , potentially , ultimately who killed Rosie Larsen . '' Sud describes the series as `` slow - burn storytelling in a sense that every moment that we do n't have to prettify or gloss over or make something necessarily easy to digest , that we 're able to go to all sorts of places that are honest , and dark , and beautiful and tragic , in a way that is how a story should be told . '' First cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC announced on July 27 , 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season . However , Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks . In August 2012 , it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the series . In November 2012 , it was confirmed that Fox Television Studios was in final negotiations with Netflix to continue the series for a third season . AMC , which had originally canceled the show , was also included in the deal , which would gain the network the privilege of airing the new episodes before being hosted by Netflix , in return for sharing any associated production costs with Netflix . Variety reported on November 30 , 2012 , that the show would be returning to AMC , planning for a May 2013 debut , with production set to begin months before that . Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman were confirmed to return , with Veena Sud as showrunner and returning writers including executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin . On December 12 , 2012 , it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell , Michelle Forbes , and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season . On January 15 , 2013 , AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 - episode third season . Production started on February 25 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and ended on June 25 , 2013 . Second cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC ultimately canceled the series after the third season in September 2013 . However , in November 2013 , two months after its cancellation , Netflix announced it had picked up The Killing for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes . Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman returned , with Veena Sud as showrunner , and executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reviewers and fans of three seasons of Veena Sud 's U.S. TV series , The Killing , have noted similarities and borrowed elements from David Lynch 's TV series Twin Peaks and the follow - up film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me , and compared and contrasted Sud and Lynch 's works . Season 1 ( edit ) The series premiere was praised by most critics , Metacritic gave it a score of 84 / 100 based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` Universal acclaim '' . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave the series a very positive review , calling it `` excellent , absorbing and addictive . When each episode ends , you long for the next -- a hallmark of great dramas . '' Goodman also praised Mireille Enos 's performance as the lead character Sarah , saying , `` It 's not until you watch Enos play Sarah for a while that it sinks in -- there has n't been a female American character like her probably ever . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker gave it a B+ , saying , `` The acting is strikingly good '' and that `` ( s ) ome viewers may find The Killing a little too cold and deliberate , but give it time . Its intensity builds steadily , giving the series unexpected power . '' Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun said the series `` is soaked in atmosphere and steeped in the stark realism of Scandinavian crime novelists Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson '' and that it `` is not as much about a young girl 's murder as it is a psychological study of what happens afterward , how a tight - knit community tries to recover and how a dead child 's mother , father and siblings learn to deal with their pain in their own private ways . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide applauded the series , calling the acting `` tremendous '' and saying that he `` was instantly hooked by the moody atmosphere of this season - long murder mystery set in Seattle . '' He went on to say , `` What really stands out for me , in this age of cookie - cutter procedurals , is how The Killing dramatizes the devastation a violent death has on a family , a community , on the people involved in the investigation . Nothing about this show is routine . '' Subsequent episodes were met with lesser praise by some critics , criticizing the show 's reliance upon increasingly implausible red herrings to drive each episode and the withholding of details about each character 's background , especially Rosie 's , thus making them difficult to relate to or empathize with . The first - season finale was met with negative reviews from some critics . The Los Angeles Times called it `` one of the most frustrating finales in TV history , '' with Alan Sepinwall of HitFix.com calling the end `` insulting . '' Finally , Maureen Ryan of AOL TV said that the finale `` killed off any interest I had in ever watching the show again . '' `` ( The show ) began last spring looking like the smartest , most stylish pilot in years , '' complained Heather Havrilevsky in The New York Times Magazine . `` Fast - forward to the finale , in which we learn that what we 've been watching is actually a 26 - hour - long episode of Law & Order , and we 're only halfway through it . '' Season 2 ( edit ) The early seasonal episodes received generally favorable reviews from critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 68 / 100 based on reviews from 23 critics . Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun - Times stated : `` Few television shows are as addictive as this pensive , wonderfully paced suspenser . '' The Washington Post 's Hank Stuever stated : `` My own enjoyment of The Killing begins and ends with the gloom so brilliantly conveyed by its pace and performances . '' Brian Lowry of Variety stated the series remained `` compelling , '' adding that `` the writers ... are adept at overcoming the stodgy pace by dangling tantalizing clues near each hour 's end , creating a strong pull to see what transpires next . '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall compared this season to the first and called it `` better . '' He added : `` The performances are still good , and now the characterization is a bit better . When you add that to the fine atmosphere ... and you view the mystery itself as a kind of necessary evil that allows you to see the parts of the show that do work , then it 's not bad . '' The season finale , `` What I Know , '' received mixed reviews . Sepinwall stated : `` I 'd like to say that season 2 of The Killing was an improvement on season 1 , and in some ways , it probably was . The second season certainly did a better job of doing what Veena Sud claimed to be doing last year , in that it took advantage of the extra time to sketch in some of the characters ... I honestly feel like any kinder feelings I have for the second season came from the complete lack of investment I had in it . '' Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic rated the finale 4.7 out of 5 stars , but , upon first viewing , `` was n't sure what to feel . I was n't elated . I was n't excited '' but after watching it again was `` sucked into the world , mesmerized not by the victory of our hero cops ... but by the gut - wrenching moments that unfolded . '' CraveOnline 's William Bibbiani called the finale `` an odd duck . '' After citing Jamie 's early revelation as `` melodramatic silliness , '' Bibbiani added : `` The rest of the episode gets its job done , with one major , glaring flaw . The characters end up more or less where they need to be , but some nearly ridiculous loose ends remain . '' Brandon Nowalk of The A.V. Club rated this finale a C - , calling it `` so unconvincing , '' adding `` I could n't believe how little all this resolution affected me after The Killing so thrillingly took my grudging engagement for a ride a few weeks ago . This is the same show that delivered Richmond 's hospital nightmare , the hunt for Holder , the anti-Western standoff `` Sayonara , Hiawatha , '' and the crazy train of the last two weeks ? No , this is the full - circle episode , the one that takes the show back to its roots . Wah wah . '' Ratings ( edit ) When it premiered , the pilot was AMC 's second - highest original series premiere , following The Walking Dead . The premiere drew 2.7 million viewers and a 2 household rating . The two encores of the premiere episode brought the ratings of the premiere up to a total of 4.6 million total viewers and a 3.7 household rating . The UK premiere on Channel 4 brought in 2.2 million viewers . In the second season , the viewership and ratings dipped to a series low 1.59 million viewers and 0.6 rating with adults aged 18 -- 49 . The following table shows viewer numbers , in millions , for the first airings : The Killing : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 2.72 2.72 2.56 2.51 2.25 1.81 1.83 1.98 1.69 1.97 1.98 1.83 2.32 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.65 1.59 1.35 1.34 1.61 1.31 1.31 1.67 1.84 1.45 1.76 1.76 1.47 1.36 1.67 1.37 1.62 1.52 1.35 1.47 1.48 1.48 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for The Killing Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2011 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Patty Jenkins ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Veena Sud ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Elizabeth Kling ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series The Killing Nominated 2012 38th Saturn Awards Best Television Presentation The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actor in Television Joel Kinnaman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in Television Michelle Forbes Won 64th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Killing Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Mireille Enos Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series Patty Jenkins Won 2013 39th Saturn Awards Best Syndicated Cable Television Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated 34th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Seth Isaac Johnson Nominated 2nd Annual Social TV Awards Best Drama Social TV The Killing Story Sync Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Sarsgaard Nominated Distribution ( edit ) In March 2013 , Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription service for the series ' third season . Netflix streamed the season approximately three months after its finale . It already provides the first two seasons . In November 2013 , Netflix announced it picked up the series for a fourth and final season after AMC had canceled it . Online promotion ( edit ) Season - one promotion on AMC 's The Killing website included `` Rosie 's Room '' , a virtual simulation of murder victim Rosie Larsen 's bedroom that users could explore in order to learn more about Rosie 's life and search for secrets and clues that could help lead to the discovery of who is responsible for her untimely death . Users could peek inside Rosie 's dresser , look under her bed , listen to her answering machine messages , flip through her vinyl record collection , and explore her laptop computer to access her social networking profile , vlogs , photos , and emails . Season - one promotion also included an interactive application called the `` Suspect Tracker '' whereby users could vote each week for who they think is the prime suspect in the murder investigation and discuss their theories about the case and its suspects with other fans . A personality quiz titled `` How Would You Be Cast in a Crime Thriller ? '' telling users what part they would be cast in on The Killing based on their reactions to various crime - related situations was also released prior to season one . AMC 's The Killing website also featured exclusive sneak - peek and behind - the - scenes videos , trivia games , numerous photo galleries , episode and character guides , a blog , and a community forum . For season two 's promotion , AMC 's The Killing website added the `` Rosie Larsen Interactive Case File , '' which gave a glimpse into the suspects , evidence , crime scene photographs , and documents related to the case . Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' shock : Netflix revives twice - canceled show for FINAL season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gregg Henry Upped To Regular On ' The Killing ' , Sarah - Jane Potts Joins ' Gracepoint ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Killing ' Adds Tyler Ross , Sterling Beaumon & Levi Meaden '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Joan Allen Joins ' The Killing 's Final Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC and Fox Television Studios Partner on `` The Killing '' Season Three `` . The Futon Critic . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Releases First Image of Joan Allen from ' The Killing ' '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Orders Two Pilots , Building on Network 's Original Programming Strategy '' ( Press release ) . AMC . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Picks up Next Original Series -- Untitled Project Formerly Known as The Killing '' . AMC . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` AMC Begins Production on The Killing '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing Brings Murder to AMC '' . IGN . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AMC Cancels ' The Killing ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing ' cancelled by AMC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : The Killing Lives ? Netflix and DirecTV Each Eye Revival of Axed AMC Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` AMC And Netflix Near Deal To Resurrect ' The Killing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Writers back at work on AMC 's ' The Killing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Campbell departs ' The Killing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BCFC Film List -- TV Series -- The Killing Season 3 '' . British Columbia Film Commission . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing Lives ! Netflix Orders 6 - Episode Final Season of AMC 's Cancelled Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cheats Death A Second Time With 6 - Episode Final Season On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing : The Jungle '' / That You Fear The Most `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing : Seventeen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` How The Killing Channeled Twin Peaks Last Night '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' : A ' Twin Peaks ' for a new generation ? The network 's dark thriller is drawing comparisons to David Lynch 's show -- and getting rave reviews . What makes it so good ? '' . The Week . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Troy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing : A new crime show has some of that Twin Peaks flair '' . Slate . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' The Killing ' Make a Comeback ? '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewit , Meghan ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` From ' Twin Peaks ' to ' The Killing , ' the Problem of Noir on TV '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' : ' Twin Peaks ' Meets ' 24 ' On AMC '' . NPR . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's The Killing a taut psychological study '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Matt : SNL , Castle , Fringe , Glee , Being Human and More ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` How `` The Killing '' killed itself `` . Salon.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' recap : One of the most frustrating finales in TV history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' -- ' Orpheus Descending ' : Reviewing the season finale '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Season 1 Finale Recap '' . AOL TV . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Havrilevsky , Heather ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Clues That Lead to More Clues That Add Up to Nothing ' '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 2 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic. April 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing ' promises answers , finally '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing 's ' second season : Not guilty as charged '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews -- The Killing '' . Variety . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Review : AMC 's ' The Killing ' returns , slightly improved , for season 2 '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Season finale review : ' The Killing ' -- ' What I Know ' : Who done it ? '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Killing Season Finale Review : Who Killed Rosie ? '' . TVFanatic.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` THE KILLING 2.13 ' What I Know ' '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norwalk , Brandon ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` What I Know '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' Premieres Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' debuts with 2.2 m on Channel 4 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mad Men , Fringe , Good Wife , Modern Family , Community , Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations 2011 : Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Writers Guild Awards Television , News , Radio , Promotional Writing , and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced '' ( Press release ) . Writers Guild of America . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Globe TV nominations list : ' Homeland , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' American Horror Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Artist and Curb Your Enthusiasm Win Top Prizes at Directors Guild Awards '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Annual Social TV Awards '' . Social TV Awards . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Journalists Association Unveils Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Pacts For ' The Killing ' Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie 's Room '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Suspect Tracker '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Crime Thriller Quiz '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie Larsen Case File '' . AMC . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Killing on Netflix The Killing on IMDb The Killing at TV.com The Killing Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Cage '' `` El Diablo '' `` A Soundless Echo '' `` Super 8 '' `` What You Have Left '' `` Vengeance '' `` Stonewalled '' `` Undertow '' `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' `` Missing '' `` Beau Soleil '' `` Orpheus Descending '' Season 2 `` Reflections '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Numb '' `` Ogi Jun '' `` Ghosts of the Past '' `` Openings '' `` Keylela '' `` Off the Reservation '' `` Sayonara , Hiawatha '' `` 72 Hours '' `` Bulldog '' `` Donnie or Marie '' `` What I Know '' Season 3 `` The Jungle '' `` That You Fear the Most '' `` Seventeen '' `` Head Shots '' `` Scared and Running '' `` Eminent Domain '' `` Hope Kills '' `` Try '' `` Reckoning '' `` Six Minutes '' `` From Up Here '' `` The Road to Hamelin '' Season 4 Other Characters Forbrydelsen Category AMC original programming Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Upcoming Dietland ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) Lodge 49 ( TBA ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Church of England

Church of England - wikipedia Church of England `` C of E '' redirects here . For other uses , see Council of Europe . Anglican state church of England Church of England Abbreviation C of E Orientation Anglican Polity Episcopal Supreme Governor Queen Elizabeth II Primate Archbishop Justin Welby Associations Anglican Communion Porvoo Communion Region England , Wales ( cross-border parishes ) Isle of Man Channel Islands Continental Europe Headquarters Church House , Westminster , England , United Kingdom Separated from Roman Catholic Church ( 1534 ) Separations English Dissenters ( 1534 onwards ) Methodists ( 18th century ) Plymouth Brethren ( 1820s ) Free Church of England ( 1844 ) Members 25 million Official website churchofengland.org Part of a series on Anglicanism Theology ( show ) Christian theology Anglican doctrine Thirty - nine Articles Books of Homilies Caroline Divines Lambeth Quadrilateral Episcopal polity Sacraments Mary Ministry and worship ( show ) Ministry Music Eucharist King James Version ( Book of Common Prayer ) Liturgical year Churchmanship ( High , Low , Central , Broad ) Monasticism Saints Christianity ( show ) Jesus Christ Paul Christian Church First seven Ecumenical Councils Background and history ( show ) Celtic Christianity Augustine of Canterbury Bede Medieval cathedral architecture Henry VIII English Reformation Thomas Cranmer Dissolution of Monasteries Church of England Edward VI Elizabeth I Parker Hooker James I Charles I Laud Nonjuring schism Anglo - Catholicism Oxford Movement Anglican Communion ( show ) Anglican Communion history Archbishop of Canterbury Anglican Communion Primates ' Meetings Lambeth Conference Bishops Anglican Consultative Council Ecumenism Ordination of women Windsor Report Continuing Anglicanism ( show ) Anglican realignment Bartonville Agreement Congress of St. Louis North American Anglican Conference Anglicanism portal The Church of England ( C of E ) is the Established Church of England . The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric , although the monarch is the supreme governor . The Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion . It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain by the third century , and to the 6th - century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury . The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII failed to secure an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1534 . The English Reformation accelerated under Edward VI 's regents , before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip . The Act of Supremacy 1558 renewed the breach and the Elizabethan Settlement charted a course enabling the English church to describe itself as both catholic and reformed : catholic in that it views itself as a part of the universal church of Jesus Christ in unbroken continuity with the early apostolic church . This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers , as formalised in the Apostles ' , Nicene , and Athanasian creeds . reformed in that it has been shaped by some of the doctrinal principles of the 16th - century Protestant Reformation , in particular in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion and the Book of Common Prayer . In the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs . The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants . In the 17th century , the Puritan and Presbyterian factions continued to challenge the leadership of the Church which under the Stuarts veered towards a more catholic interpretation of the Elizabethan Settlement especially under Archbishop Laud and the rise of the concept of Anglicanism as the Via Media . After the victory of the Parliamentarians the Prayer Book was abolished and the Presbyterian and Independent factions dominated . The Episcopacy was abolished . The Restoration restored the Church of England , episcopacy and the Prayer Book . Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to greater religious tolerance . Since the English Reformation , the Church of England has used a liturgy in English . The church contains several doctrinal strands , the main three known as Anglo - Catholic , Evangelical and Broad Church . Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality . The church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members . The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses , each presided over by a bishop . Within each diocese are local parishes . The General Synod of the Church of England is the legislative body for the church and comprises bishops , other clergy and laity . Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early Christianity in England 1.2 Separation from Rome 1.3 Stuart period 1.4 19th century 1.5 Overseas developments 1.6 21st century 1.6. 1 Deposition from holy orders overturned 1.6. 2 Dwindling congregations 1.6. 3 Low salaries 2 Doctrine and practice 2.1 Worship and liturgy 2.2 Women 's ministry 2.3 Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy 2.4 Liberal theology 2.5 Bioethics issues 3 Poverty 3.1 Church Urban Fund 3.1. 1 Child poverty 3.2 Action on hunger 4 Membership 5 Structure 5.1 Primates 5.2 Diocesan bishops 5.3 Representative bodies 5.4 House of Lords 5.5 Crown dependencies 6 Sex abuse 7 Financial situation 8 Online church directory 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Church of England Early Christianity in England ( edit ) Main articles : History of Christianity in England and Anglo - Saxon Christianity According to tradition , Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century , during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire . The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian and Origen in the first years of the 3rd century . Three Romano - British bishops , including Restitutus , are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314 . Others attended the Council of Serdica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360 , and a number of references to the church in Roman Britain are found in the writings of 4th century Christian fathers . Britain was the home of Pelagius , who opposed Augustine of Hippo 's doctrine of original sin . While Christianity was long established as the religion of the Britons at the time of the Anglo - Saxon invasion , Christian Britons made little progress in converting the newcomers from their native paganism . Consequently , in 597 , Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrew 's ( later canonised as Augustine of Canterbury ) from Rome to evangelise the Angles . This event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history . With the help of Christians already residing in Kent , Augustine established his church at Canterbury , the capital of the Kingdom of Kent , and became the first in the series of Archbishops of Canterbury in 598 . A later archbishop , the Greek Theodore of Tarsus , also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England . The Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine , with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head . Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War , the Church of England considers itself to be the same church which was more formally organised by Augustine . While some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby , the Christian in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times . Queen Bertha of Kent was among the Christians in England who recognised papal authority before Augustine arrived , and Celtic Christians were carrying out missionary work with papal approval long before the Synod of Whitby . Hereford is one of the church 's 43 cathedrals ; many have histories stretching back centuries The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in England . This meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hilda 's double monastery of Streonshalh ( Streanæshalch ) , later called Whitby Abbey . It was presided over by King Oswiu , who did not engage in the debate but made the final ruling . Separation from Rome ( edit ) In 1534 , King Henry VIII separated the English Church from Rome . A theological separation had been foreshadowed by various movements within the English Church , such as Lollardy , but the English Reformation gained political support when Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn . Pope Clement VII , considering that the earlier marriage had been entered under a papal dispensation and how Catherine 's nephew , Emperor Charles V , might react to such a move , refused the annulment . Eventually , Henry , although theologically opposed to Protestantism , took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England to ensure the annulment of his marriage . He was excommunicated by Pope Paul III . In 1536 -- 40 Henry VIII engaged in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , which controlled much of the richest land . He disbanded monasteries , priories , convents and friaries in England , Wales and Ireland , appropriated their income , disposed of their assets , and provided pensions for the former residents . The properties were sold to pay for the wars . Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history . There were nearly 900 religious houses in England , around 260 for monks , 300 for regular canons , 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total , 4,000 monks , 3,000 canons , 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns ... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders . The population of England at the time is estimated to have been only 2.5 million : half male of whom 750,000 adult . This is one in 75 , not 1 in 50 . However the latter figure is creditable if secular clergy are included . Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and , during his reign , Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England . Indeed , this part of Henry 's reign saw trials for heresy of Protestants as well as Roman Catholics . Under his son , King Edward VI , more Protestant - influenced forms of worship were adopted . Under the leadership of the Archbishop of Canterbury , Thomas Cranmer , a more radical reformation proceeded . A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer ( 1549 and 1552 ) . These were based on the older liturgy in particular the Prayer Book of 1549 , but both influenced by Protestant doctrines such as justification by faith alone , the rejection of the sacrifice of the Mass , and the Real Presence understood as physical presence ( Cranmer was Calvinist in that he believed Christ was truly and really present in the Eucharist but after a spiritual manner as in a sacrament ) . The confession of the reformed Church of England was set out in the Forty - two Articles ( later revised to thirty - nine ) . The reformation however was cut short by the death of the king . Queen Mary I , who succeeded him , returned England again to the authority of the papacy , thereby ending the first attempt at an independent Church of England . During her co-reign with her husband , King Philip , many leaders and common people were burnt for their refusal to recant of their reformed faith . These are known as the Marian martyrs and the persecution led to her nickname of `` Bloody Mary '' . Stained glass window in Rochester Cathedral , Kent Mary also died childless and so it was left to the new regime of her half - sister Elizabeth to resolve the direction of the church . The settlement under Queen Elizabeth I ( from 1558 ) , known as the Elizabethan Settlement , tried to stir a middle way between radical Protestantism and Roman Catholicism , the via media , ( a term that actually only became current in the 1620s ) , as the character of the Church of England , a church moderately Reformed in doctrine , as expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles , but also emphasising continuity with the Catholic and Apostolic traditions of the Church Fathers . The three-fold ministry in the Apostolic Succession was maintained ; the institutional continuity of the Church was preserved without break ( at her accession almost all clergy had been ordained in Catholic Orders using the Roman Pontifical ) , although the character of the organization was changed by the adoption of some reformed doctrines and the simplification of the outwards forms of worship and the abandonment of traditional vestments and art work ; the retention of medieval Canon Law , a much shortened Calendar of Saints and liturgical music . It was also an established church ( constitutionally established by the state with the Head of State as its supreme governor ) . The exact nature of the relationship between church and state would be a source of continued friction into the next century . Stuart period ( edit ) Further information : Stuart period For the next century , through the reigns of James I , who ordered the translation of the Bible known as the King James Version ( Authorized to be used in parishes which does not mean it was the official version ) , and Charles I , culminating in the English Civil War and the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell , there were significant swings back and forth between two factions : the Puritans ( and other radicals ) who sought more far - reaching Protestant reforms , and the more conservative churchmen who aimed to keep closer to traditional beliefs and Catholic practices . The failure of political and ecclesiastical authorities to submit to Puritan demands for more extensive reform was one of the causes of open warfare . By Continental standards the level of violence over religion was not high , since the Civil was mainly about politics , but the casualties included King Charles I and the Archbishop of Canterbury , William Laud and tens of thousands of civilians who died from the unsettled conditions . Under the Commonwealth and the Protectorate of England from 1649 to 1660 , the bishops were dethroned and former practices were outlawed , and Presbyterian ecclesiology was introduced in place of the episcopate . The 39 Articles were replaced by the Westminster Confession , the Book of Common Prayer by the Directory of Public Worship . Despite this , about one quarter of English clergy refused to conform to this form of State Presbyterianism . Major repairs were done to Canterbury Cathedral after the Restoration in 1660 With the Restoration of Charles II , Parliament restored the Church of England to a form not far removed from the Elizabethan version . One difference was that the ideal of encompassing all the people of England in one religious organisation , taken for granted by the Tudors , had to be abandoned . The religious landscape of England assumed its present form , with the Anglican established church occupying the middle ground , and those Puritans and Protestants who dissented from the Anglican establishment , having to continue their existence outside the national church rather than trying to influence or trying to gain control of it . One result of the Restoration was the ousting of 2,000 parish ministers who had not been ordained by bishops in the Apostolic Succession or had been by presbyters ( ministers in presbyter 's orders ) . Continuing official suspicion and legal restrictions continued well into the 19th century . Roman Catholics , perhaps 5 % of the English population ( down from 20 % in 1600 ) were grudgingly tolerated , having had little or no official representation after the Pope 's excommunication of Queen Elizabeth in 1570 , though the Stuarts were sympathetic to them . In the 18th century they dwindled to 1 % of the population mostly among eccentric gentry and their tenants and extended families . 19th century ( edit ) By the Fifth Article of the Union with Ireland 1800 , the Church of England and Church of Ireland were united into `` one Protestant Episcopal church , to be called , the United Church of England and Ireland '' . Although this union was declared `` an essential and fundamental Part of the Union '' , the Irish Church Act 1869 separated the Irish part of the church again and disestablished it , the Act coming into effect on 1 January 1871 . Overseas developments ( edit ) Captain John Smith 's 1624 map of Bermuda , showing St Peter 's at centre , left Main article : Anglican Communion Further information : Historical development of Church of England dioceses § Colonial dioceses As the British Empire expanded , British colonists and colonial administrators took the established church doctrines and practices together with ordained ministry and formed overseas branches of the Church of England . As they developed or , beginning with the United States of America , became sovereign or independent states , many of their churches became separate organisationally but remained linked to the Church of England through the Anglican Communion . In Bermuda , the oldest remaining English colony ( now designated a British Overseas Territory ) , the first Church of England services were performed by the Reverend Richard Buck , one of the survivors of the 1609 wreck of the Sea Venture which initiated Bermuda 's permanent settlement . The nine parishes of the Church of England in Bermuda , each with its own church and glebe land , rarely had more than a pair of ordained ministers to share between them until the Nineteenth Century . From 1825 to 1839 , Bermuda 's parishes were attached to the See of Nova Scotia . Bermuda was then grouped into the new Diocese of Newfoundland and Bermuda from 1839 . In 1879 , the Synod of the Church of England in Bermuda was formed . At the same time , a Diocese of Bermuda became separate from the Diocese of Newfoundland , but both continued to be grouped under the Bishop of Newfoundland and Bermuda until 1919 , when Newfoundland and Bermuda each received its own Bishop . The Church of England in Bermuda was renamed in 1978 as the Anglican Church of Bermuda , which is an extra-provincial diocese , with both metropolitan and primatial authority coming directly from the Archbishop of Canterbury . Among its parish churches is St Peter 's Church in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of St George 's Town , which is both the oldest Anglican and the oldest non-Roman Catholic church in the New World . 21st century ( edit ) Deposition from Holy orders overturned ( edit ) Under the guidance of Rowan Williams and with significant pressure from clergy union representatives , the ecclesiastical penalty for convicted felons to be defrocked was set aside from the Clergy Discipline Measure 2003 . The clergy union argued that the penalty was unfair to victims of hypothetical miscarriages of criminal justice , because the ecclesiastical penalty is considered irreversible . Although clerics can still be banned for life from ministry , they remain ordained as priests . Dwindling congregations ( edit ) One of the now `` redundant '' buildings , Holy Trinity Church , Wensley , in North Yorkshire ; much of the current structure was built in the 14th and 15th Centuries The archbishops of Canterbury and York warned in January 2015 that the Church of England will no longer be able to carry on in its current form unless the downward spiral in membership is somehow reversed as typical Sunday attendances had halved to 800,000 in the previous 40 years : The urgency of the challenge facing us is not in doubt . Attendance at Church of England services has declined at an average of one per cent per annum over recent decades and , in addition , the age profile of our membership has become significantly older than that of the population ... Renewing and reforming aspects of our institutional life is a necessary but far from sufficient response to the challenges facing the Church of England ... The age profile of our clergy has also been increasing . Around 40 per cent of parish clergy are due to retire over the next decade or so . However , Sarah Mullally , the fourth woman chosen to become a bishop in the Church of England , insisted in June 2015 that declining numbers at services should not necessarily be a cause of despair for churches because people will still `` encounter God '' without ever taking their place in a pew , saying that people might hear the Christian message through social media sites such as Facebook or in a café run as a community project . Additionally , the church 's own statistics reveal that 9.7 million people visit an Anglican church every year and 1 million students are educated at Anglican schools ( which number 4,700 ) . Approximately 30 Church of England parish churches are declared `` closed for regular public worship '' ( previously termed `` redundant '' ) each year . Between 1969 and 2010 , a full 1795 closures were achieved , equalling roughly 11 % of the stock , with just over a third being Listed buildings , either Grade I or II . Of these , closures , only 514 were made since 1990 . Some active use is made of about half of the closed churches . Low salaries ( edit ) In 2015 the Church of England admitted that it was embarrassed to be paying staff under the living wage . The Church of England had previously campaigned for all employers to pay this minimum amount . The archbishop of Canterbury acknowledged it was not the only area where the church `` fell short of its standards '' . Doctrine and practice ( edit ) See also : Anglicanism and Anglican doctrine Richard Hooker ( 1554 -- 1600 ) , one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self - identity The canon law of the Church of England identifies the Christian scriptures as the source of its doctrine . In addition , doctrine is also derived from the teachings of the Church Fathers and ecumenical councils ( as well as the ecumenical creeds ) in so far as these agree with scripture . This doctrine is expressed in the Thirty - Nine Articles of Religion , the Book of Common Prayer , and the Ordinal containing the rites for the ordination of deacons , priests , and the consecration of bishops . Unlike other traditions , the Church of England has no single theologian that it can look to as a founder . However , Richard Hooker 's appeal to scripture , church tradition , and reason as sources of authority continue to inform Anglican identity . Canterbury Cathedral houses the cathedra or episcopal chair of the Archbishop of Canterbury and is the cathedral of the Diocese of Canterbury and the mother church of the Church of England as well as a focus for the Anglican Communion The Church of England 's doctrinal character today is largely the result of the Elizabethan Settlement , which sought to establish a comprehensive middle way between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism . The Church of England affirms the Protestant Reformation principle that scripture contains all things necessary to salvation and is the final arbiter in doctrinal matters . The Thirty - nine Articles are the church 's only official confessional statement . Though not a complete system of doctrine , the articles highlight areas of agreement with Lutheran and Reformed positions , while differentiating Anglicanism from Roman Catholicism and Anabaptism . While embracing some themes of the Protestant Reformation , the Church of England also maintains Catholic traditions of the ancient church and teachings of the Church Fathers , unless these are considered contrary to scripture . It accepts the decisions of the first four ecumenical councils concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation . The Church of England also preserves Catholic Order by adhering to episcopal polity , with ordained orders of bishops , priests and deacons . There are differences of opinion within the Church of England over the necessity of episcopacy . Some consider it essential , while others feel it is needed for the proper ordering of the church . In sum these express the ' Via Media ' viewpoint that the first five centuries of doctrinal development and church order as approved as acceptable be a kind of yardstick by which to gauge authentic catholicity , as minimum and sufficient ; Anglicanism did not emerge as the result of charismatic leaders with particular doctrines . It is light on details compared to Roman Catholic , Reformed and Lutheran teachings . The Bible , the Creeds , Apostolic Order , and the administration of the Sacraments are sufficient to establish Catholicity . Indeed , not one major doctrinal development emerged from the English reformation , Diarmid MacCulloch , The Later Reformation in England , 1990 , p. 55 . The Reformation in England was initially much concerned about doctrine but the Elizabethan Settlement tried to put a stop to doctrinal contentions . The proponents of further changes , nonetheless , tried to get their way by making changes in Church Order ( abolition of bishops ) , governance ( Canon Law ) and liturgy ( ' too Catholic ' ) . They did not succeed because the Monarchy , the Church and resisted and the majority of the population were indifferent . Moreover , `` despite all the assumptions of the Reformation founders of that Church , it had retained a catholic character . '' The Elizabethan Settlement had created a cuckoo in a nest ... '' a Protestant theology and program within a largely pre-Reformation Catholic structure whose continuing life would arouse a theological interest in the Catholicism that had created it ; and would result in the rejection of predestinarian theology in favor of sacraments , especially the eucharist , ceremonial , and anti-Calvinist doctrine '' ( ibid pp. 78 -- 86 ) . The existence of cathedrals `` without substantial alteration '' and `` where the `` old devotional world cast its longest shadow for the future of the ethos that would become Anglicanism , '' p. 79 . This is `` One of the great mysteries of the English Reformation , '' ibid that there was no complete break with the past but a muddle that was per force turned into a virtue . The story of the English Reformation is the tale of retreat from the Protestant advance of 1550 which could not proceed further in the face of the opposition of the institution which was rooted in the medieval past , ibid . p. 142 and the adamant opposition of Queen Elizabeth I . The Church of England has , as one of its distinguishing marks , a breadth and `` open - mindedness '' . This tolerance has allowed Anglicans who emphasise the Catholic tradition and others who emphasise the Reformed tradition to coexist . The three `` parties '' ( see Churchmanship ) in the Church of England are sometimes called high church ( or Anglo - Catholic ) , low church ( or evangelical Anglican ) and broad church ( or liberal ) . The high church party places importance on the Church of England 's continuity with the pre-Reformation Catholic Church , adherence to ancient liturgical usages and the sacerdotal nature of the priesthood . As their name suggests , Anglo - Catholics maintain many traditional Catholic practices and liturgical forms . The low church party is more Protestant in both ceremony and theology . Historically , broad church has been used to describe those of middle - of - the - road ceremonial preferences who lean theologically towards liberal Protestantism . The balance between these strands of churchmanship is not static : in 2013 , 40 % of Church of England worshippers attended evangelical churches ( compared with 26 % in 1989 ) , and 83 % of very large congregations were evangelical . Such churches were also reported to attract higher numbers of men and young adults than others . Worship and liturgy ( edit ) The Church of England 's official book of liturgy as established in English Law is the Book of Common Prayer . In addition to this book the General Synod has also legislated for a modern liturgical book , Common Worship , dating from 2000 , which can be used as an alternative to the BCP . Like its predecessor , the 1980 Alternative Service Book , it differs from the Book of Common Prayer in providing a range of alternative services , mostly in modern language , although it does include some BCP - based forms as well , for example Order Two for Holy Communion . ( This is a revision of the BCP service , altering some words and allowing the insertion of some other liturgical texts such as the Agnus Dei before communion . ) The Order One rite follows the pattern of more modern liturgical scholarship . The liturgies are organised according to the traditional liturgical year and the calendar of saints . The sacraments of baptism and the Eucharist are generally thought necessary to salvation . Infant baptism is practised . At a later age , individuals baptised as infants receive confirmation by a bishop , at which time they reaffirm the baptismal promises made by their parents or sponsors . The Eucharist , consecrated by a thanksgiving prayer including Christ 's Words of Institution , is believed to be `` a memorial of Christ 's once - for - all redemptive acts in which Christ is objectively present and effectually received in faith '' . The use of hymns and music in the Church of England has changed dramatically over the centuries . Traditional Choral evensong is a staple of most cathedrals . The style of psalm chanting harks back to the Church of England 's pre-reformation roots . During the 18th century , clergy such as Charles Wesley introduced their own styles of worship with poetic hymns . In the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the Charismatic Movement significantly altered the worship traditions of numerous Church of England parishes , primarily affecting those of evangelical persuasion . These churches now adopt a contemporary worship form of service , with minimal liturgical or ritual elements , and incorporating contemporary worship music . Women 's ministry ( edit ) Women were appointed as deaconesses from 1861 but they could not function fully as deacons and were not considered ordained clergy . Women have been lay readers for a long time . During the First World War , some women were appointed as lay readers , known as `` bishop 's messengers '' , who also led missions and ran churches in the absence of men . After that no more lay readers were appointed until 1969 . Legislation authorising the ordination of women as deacons was passed in 1986 and they were first ordained in 1987 . The ordination of women as priests was passed by the General Synod in 1992 and began in 1994 . In 2010 , for the first time in the history of the Church of England , more women than men were ordained as priests ( 290 women and 273 men ) . In July 2005 , the synod voted to `` set in train '' the process of allowing the consecration of women as bishops . In February 2006 , the synod voted overwhelmingly for the `` further exploration '' of possible arrangements for parishes that did not want to be directly under the authority of a bishop who is a woman . On 7 July 2008 , the synod voted to approve the ordination of women as bishops and rejected moves for alternative episcopal oversight for those who do not accept the ministry of bishops who are women . Actual ordinations of women to the episcopate required further legislation , which was narrowly rejected in a vote at General Synod in November 2012 . On 20 November 2013 , the General Synod voted overwhelmingly in support of a plan to allow the ordination of women as bishops , with 378 in favour , 8 against and 25 abstentions . On 14 July 2014 , the General Synod approved the ordination of women as bishops . The House of Bishops recorded 37 votes in favour , two against with one abstention . The House of Clergy had 162 in favour , 25 against and four abstentions . The House of Laity voted 152 for , 45 against with five abstentions . This legislation had to be approved by the Ecclesiastical Committee of the Parliament before it could be finally implemented at the November 2014 synod . In December 2014 , Libby Lane was announced as the first woman to become a bishop in the Church of England . She was consecrated as a bishop in January 2015 . In July 2015 , Rachel Treweek was the first woman to become a diocesan bishop in the Church of England when she became the Bishop of Gloucester . She and Sarah Mullally , Bishop of Crediton , were the first women to be ordained as bishops at Canterbury Cathedral . Treweek later made headlines by calling for gender - inclusive language , saying that `` God is not to be seen as male . God is God . '' In May 2018 , the Diocese of London consecrated Dame Sarah Mullally as the first woman to serve as the Bishop of London . Bishop Sarah Mullally occupies the third most senior position in the Anglican church . Mullally has described herself as a feminist and will ordain both men and women to the priesthood . She is also considered by some to be a theological liberal . On women 's reproductive rights , Mullally describes herself as pro-choice while also being personally pro-life . On marriage , she supports the current stance of the Church of England that marriage is between a man and a woman , but also said that `` It is a time for us to reflect on our tradition and scripture , and together say how we can offer a response that is about it being inclusive love . '' After the consecration of the first women as bishops , Women and the Church ( WATCH ) , a group supporting the ministries of women in the Church of England , called for language referring to God as `` Mother '' . This call for more gender inclusive language has receive the outspoken support of the Rt Rev Alan Wilson , the Bishop of Buckingham . In 2015 , the Rev Jody Stowell , from WATCH , expressed her support for female images saying `` we 're not restricted to understanding God with one gender . I would encourage people to explore those kinds of images . They 're wholly Biblical . '' Same - sex unions and LGBT clergy ( edit ) See also : Same - sex marriage in the United Kingdom , LGBT rights in the United Kingdom , and Homosexuality and the Anglican Communion The Church of England has been discussing same - sex marriages and LGBT clergy . `` The Church of England does not allow gay weddings , but its priests are allowed to be in a civil partnership . '' The church holds that marriage is a union of one man with one woman . However , the church teaches `` Same - sex relationships often embody genuine mutuality and fidelity . '' The church also officially supports civil partnerships ; `` We believe that Civil Partnerships still have a place , including for some Christian LGBTI couples who see them as a way of gaining legal recognition of their relationship . '' The `` Church of England does not conduct Civil Partnership Ceremonies or Same Sex Marriages but individual churches can conduct a service of thanksgiving after a ceremony . '' The church says `` clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same - sex relationships ; '' As such , many Anglican churches , with clergy open to it , `` already bless same - sex couples on an unofficial basis . '' Civil Partnerships for clergy have been allowed since 2005 . The church extends pensions to clergy in civil unions . In a missive to clergy , the church communicated that `` there was a need for committed same - sex couples to be given recognition and ' compassionate attention ' from the Church , including special prayers . '' `` There is no prohibition on prayers ' being said in church or there being a ' service ' '' after a civil union . After same - sex marriage was legalised , the church asked for the government to continue to offer civil unions saying `` The Church of England recognises that same - sex relationships often embody fidelity and mutuality . Civil partnerships enable these Christian virtues to be recognised socially and legally in a proper framework . '' In 2014 , the Bishops released guidelines that permit `` more informal kind of prayer '' for couples . In the guidelines , `` gay couples who get married will be able to ask for special prayers in the Church of England after their wedding , the bishops have agreed . '' In 2016 , The Bishop of Grantham , the Rt Rev Nicholas Chamberlain , announced he is gay , in a same - sex relationship and celibate ; becoming the first bishop to do so in the church . The church had decided in 2013 that gay clergy in civil partnerships could become bishops . `` The House ( of Bishops ) has confirmed that clergy in civil partnerships , and living in accordance with the teaching of the church on human sexuality , can be considered as candidates for the episcopate . '' In 2017 , the House of Clergy voted against the motion to ' take note ' of the Bishops ' report defining marriage as between a man and a woman . Due to passage in all three houses being required , the motion was rejected . After General Synod rejected the motion , the Archbishops of Canterbury and York called for `` radical new Christian inclusion '' that is `` based on good , healthy , flourishing relationships , and in a proper 21st century understanding of being human and of being sexual . '' The church officially opposes ' conversion ' therapy , a practice which attempts to change a gay or lesbian person 's sexual orientation , calling it unethical and supports the banning of ' conversion ' therapy in the UK . The Diocese of Hereford approved a motion calling for the church `` to create a set of formal services and prayers to bless those who have had a same - sex marriage or civil partnership . '' Regarding transgender issues , the 2017 General Synod voted in favour of a motion saying that transgender people should be `` welcomed and affirmed in their parish church ... '' The motion also asked the Bishops `` to look into special services for transgender people . '' The House of Bishops declined to create a new liturgy , but advised that clergy adapt the service for an affirmation of baptism to mark a gender transition . `` The House notes that the Affirmation of Baptismal Faith , found in Common Worship , is an ideal liturgical rite which trans people can use to mark this moment of personal renewal . '' Transgender people may marry in the Church of England after legally making a transition . `` Since the Gender Recognition Act ( 2004 ) , trans people legally confirmed in their gender identity under its provisions are able to marry someone of the opposite sex in their parish church . '' Since 2000 , the church has allowed priests to undergo gender transition and remain in office . The church has ordained openly transgender clergy since 2005 . Liberal theology ( edit ) See also : Liberal Christianity Just as the Church of England has a large conservative or `` traditionalist '' wing , it also has many liberal members and clergy . Approximately one third of clergy `` doubt or disbelieve in the physical resurrection '' . Others , such as the Revd Giles Fraser , a contributor to The Guardian , have argued for an allegorical interpretation of the virgin birth of Jesus . The Independent reported in 2014 that , according to a YouGov survey of Church of England clergy , `` as many as 16 per cent are unclear about God and two per cent think it is no more than a human construct . '' Moreover , many congregations are seeker - friendly environments . For example , one report from the Church Mission Society suggested that the church open up `` a pagan church where Christianity ( is ) very much in the centre '' to reach out to spiritual people . Bioethics issues ( edit ) The Church of England is generally opposed to abortion but recognises that `` there can be - strictly limited - conditions under which it may be morally preferable to any available alternative '' . The church also opposes euthanasia . Its official stance is that `` While acknowledging the complexity of the issues involved in assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia , the Church of England is opposed to any change in the law or in medical practice that would make assisted dying / suicide or voluntary euthanasia permissible in law or acceptable in practice . '' It also states that `` Equally , the Church shares the desire to alleviate physical and psychological suffering , but believes that assisted dying / suicide and voluntary euthanasia are not acceptable means of achieving these laudable goals . '' However , George Carey , a former Archbishop of Canterbury , announced that he had changed his stance on euthanasia in 2014 and now advocated legalising `` assisted dying '' . On embryonic stem - cell research , the church has announced `` cautious acceptance to the proposal to produce cytoplasmic hybrid embryos for research '' . Poverty ( edit ) Church Urban Fund ( edit ) Main article : Church Urban Fund The Church of England set up the Church Urban Fund in the 1980s to tackle poverty and deprivation . They see poverty as trapping individuals and communities with some people in urgent need . This leads to dependency , homelessness , hunger , isolation , low income , mental health problems , social exclusion and violence . They feel that poverty reduces confidence and life expectancy and that people born in poor conditions have difficulty escaping their disadvantaged circumstances . Child poverty ( edit ) In parts of Liverpool , Manchester and Newcastle two - thirds of babies are born to poverty and have poorer life chances , also life expectancy 15 years lower than babies born in most fortunate communities . South Shore , Blackpool , has lowest life expectancy at 66 years for men . The deep - rooted unfairness in our society is highlighted by these stark statistics . Children being born in this country , just a few miles apart , could n't witness a more wildly differing start to life . In child poverty terms , we live in one of the most unequal countries in the western world . We want people to understand where their own community sits alongside neighbouring communities . The disparity is often shocking but it 's crucial that , through greater awareness , people from all backgrounds come together to think about what could be done to support those born into poverty . ( Paul Hackwood , the Chair of Trustees at Church Urban Fund ) Action on hunger ( edit ) Many prominent people in the Church of England have spoken out against poverty and welfare cuts in the United Kingdom . Twenty - seven bishops are among 43 Christian leaders who signed a letter which urged David Cameron to make sure people have enough to eat . We often hear talk of hard choices . Surely few can be harder than that faced by the tens of thousands of older people who must ' heat or eat ' each winter , harder than those faced by families whose wages have stayed flat while food prices have gone up 30 % in just five years . Yet beyond even this we must , as a society , face up to the fact that over half of people using food banks have been put in that situation by cutbacks to and failures in the benefit system , whether it be payment delays or punitive sanctions . Benefit cuts , failures and `` punitive sanctions '' force thousands of UK citizens to use food banks . The campaign to end hunger considers this `` truly shocking '' and called for a national day of fasting on 4 April 2014 . Membership ( edit ) Official figures from 2005 showed there were 25 million baptised Anglicans in England and Wales . Due to its status as the established church , in general , anyone may be married , have their children baptised or their funeral in their local parish church , regardless of whether they are baptised or regular churchgoers . Between 1890 and 2001 , churchgoing in the United Kingdom declined steadily . In the years 1968 to 1999 , Anglican Sunday church attendances almost halved , from 3.5 per cent of the population to 1.9 per cent . By the year 2014 , Sunday church attendances had declined further to 1.4 per cent of the population . One study published in 2008 suggested that if current trends were to continue , Sunday attendances could fall to 350,000 in 2030 and just 87,800 in 2050 . In 2011 , the Church of England published statistics showing 1.7 million people attending at least one of its services each month , a level maintained since the turn of the millennium ; approximately one million participating each Sunday and three million taking part in a Church of England service on Christmas Day or Christmas Eve . The church also claimed that 30 % attend Sunday worship at least once a year ; more than 40 % attend a wedding in their local church and still more attend a funeral there . Nationally the Church of England baptises one child in ten ( 2011 ) . In 2015 , the church 's statistics showed that 2.6 million people attended a special Advent service , 2.4 million attended a Christmas service , 1.3 million attended an Easter service , and 980,000 attended service during an average week . In 2016 , 2.6 million people attended a Christmas service , 1.2 million attended an Easter service , 1.1 million people attended a service in the Church of England each month , an average of 930,000 people attended a weekly service , an additional 180,000 attended a service for school each week , and an average of 740,000 people attended Sunday service . The Church of England has 18,000 active ordained clergy and 10,000 licensed lay ministers . In 2009 , 491 people were recommended for ordination training , maintaining the level at the turn of the millennium , and 564 new clergy ( 266 women and 298 men ) were ordained . More than half of those ordained ( 193 men and 116 women ) were appointed to full - time paid ministry . In 2011 , 504 new clergy were ordained , including 264 to paid ministry , and 349 lay readers were admitted to ministry ; and the mode age - range of those recommended for ordination training had remained 40 -- 49 since 1999 . Structure ( edit ) See also : Anglican ministry and List of Church of England dioceses Dioceses of the Church of England Province of Canterbury Province of York Article XIX ( ' Of the Church ' ) of the 39 Articles defines the church as follows : The visible Church of Christ is a congregation of faithful men , in which the pure Word of God is preached , and the sacraments be duly ministered according to Christ 's ordinance in all those things that of necessity are requisite to the same . The British monarch has the constitutional title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England . The canon law of the Church of England states , `` We acknowledge that the Queen 's most excellent Majesty , acting according to the laws of the realm , is the highest power under God in this kingdom , and has supreme authority over all persons in all causes , as well ecclesiastical as civil . '' In practice this power is often exercised through Parliament and the Prime Minister . The Church of Ireland and the Church in Wales separated from the Church of England in 1869 and 1920 respectively and are autonomous churches in the Anglican Communion ; Scotland 's national church , the Church of Scotland , is Presbyterian but the Scottish Episcopal Church is in the Anglican Communion . In addition to England , the jurisdiction of the Church of England extends to the Isle of Man , the Channel Islands and a few parishes in Flintshire , Monmouthshire , Powys and Radnorshire in Wales which voted to remain with the Church of England rather than joining the Church in Wales . Expatriate congregations on the continent of Europe have become the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe . The church is structured as follows ( from the lowest level upwards ) : The parish church of St Lawrence in Toot Baldon is typical of many small English village churches Parish is the most local level , often consisting of one church building and community , although many parishes are joining forces in a variety of ways for financial reasons . The parish is looked after by a parish priest who for historical or legal reasons may be called by one of the following offices : vicar , rector , priest in charge , team rector , team vicar . The first , second , and fourth of these may also be known as the ' incumbent ' . The running of the parish is the joint responsibility of the incumbent and the Parochial Church Council ( PCC ) , which consists of the parish clergy and elected representatives from the congregation . The Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe is not formally divided into parishes . There are a number of local churches that do not have a parish . In urban areas there are a number of proprietary chapels ( mostly built in the 19th century to cope with urbanisation and growth in population ) . Also in more recent years there are increasingly church plants and fresh expressions of church , whereby new congregations are planted in locations such as schools or pubs to spread the Gospel of Christ in non-traditional ways . Map showing the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe with the archdeaconries colour - coded Deanery , e.g. , Lewisham or Runnymede . This is the area for which a Rural Dean ( or area dean ) is responsible . It consists of a number of parishes in a particular district . The rural dean is usually the incumbent of one of the constituent parishes . The parishes each elect lay ( non-ordained ) representatives to the deanery synod . Deanery synod members each have a vote in the election of representatives to the diocesan synod . Archdeaconry , e.g. , the seven in the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe . This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archdeacon . It consists of a number of deaneries . Diocese , e.g. , Diocese of Durham , Diocese of Guildford , Diocese of St Albans . This is the area under the jurisdiction of a diocesan bishop , e.g. , the Bishops of Durham , Guildford and St Albans , and will have a cathedral . There may be one or more assisting bishops , usually called suffragan bishops , within the diocese who assist the diocesan bishop in his ministry , e.g. , in Guildford diocese , the Bishop of Dorking . In some very large dioceses a legal measure has been enacted to create `` episcopal areas '' , where the diocesan bishop runs one such area himself and appoints `` area bishops '' to run the other areas as mini-dioceses , legally delegating many of his powers to the area bishops . Dioceses with episcopal areas include London , Chelmsford , Oxford , Chichester , Southwark , and Lichfield . The bishops work with an elected body of lay and ordained representatives , known as the Diocesan Synod , to run the diocese . A diocese is subdivided into a number of archdeaconries . Province , i.e. , Canterbury or York . This is the area under the jurisdiction of an archbishop , i.e. the Archbishops of Canterbury and York . Decision - making within the province is the responsibility of the General Synod ( see also above ) . A province is subdivided into dioceses . Primacy , i.e. , Church of England . In addition to his specific authority in his own province , each archbishop is `` Primate of All England '' ( Canterbury ) or `` Primate of England '' ( York ) and has powers that extend over the whole country -- for example his licence to marry without the banns ( marriage licence ) . Royal Peculiar , a small number of churches more closely associated with the Crown , and a very few with the law and are outside the usual church hierarchy though conforming to the rite . These are outside episcopal jurisdiction . All rectors and vicars are appointed by patrons , who may be private individuals , corporate bodies such as cathedrals , colleges or trusts , or by the bishop or directly by the Crown . No clergy can be instituted and inducted into a parish without swearing the Oath of Allegiance to Her Majesty , and taking the Oath of Canonical Obedience `` in all things lawful and honest '' to the bishop . Usually they are instituted to the benefice by the bishop and then inducted by the archdeacon into the possession of the benefice property -- church and parsonage . Curates ( assistant clergy ) are appointed by rectors and vicars , or if priests - in - charge by the bishop after consultation with the patron . Cathedral clergy ( normally a dean and a varying number of residentiary canons who constitute the cathedral chapter ) are appointed either by the Crown , the bishop , or by the dean and chapter themselves . Clergy officiate in a diocese either because they hold office as beneficed clergy or are licensed by the bishop when appointed , or simply with permission . Primates ( edit ) Justin Welby , Archbishop of Canterbury The most senior bishop of the Church of England is the Archbishop of Canterbury , who is the metropolitan of the southern province of England , the Province of Canterbury . He has the status of Primate of All England . He is the focus of unity for the worldwide Anglican Communion of independent national or regional churches . Justin Welby has been Archbishop of Canterbury since the confirmation of his election on 4 February 2013 . The second most senior bishop is the Archbishop of York , who is the metropolitan of the northern province of England , the Province of York . For historical reasons ( relating to the time of York 's control by the Danes ) he is referred to as the Primate of England . John Sentamu became Archbishop of York in 2005 . The Bishop of London , the Bishop of Durham and the Bishop of Winchester are ranked in the next three positions . Diocesan bishops ( edit ) The process of appointing diocesan bishops is complex , due to historical reasons balancing hierarchy against democracy , and is handled by the Crown Nominations Committee which submits names to the Prime Minister ( acting on behalf of the Crown ) for consideration . Representative bodies ( edit ) Main article : General Synod of the Church of England The Church of England has a legislative body , the General Synod . Synod can create two types of legislation , measures and canons . Measures have to be approved but can not be amended by the British Parliament before receiving the Royal Assent and becoming part of the law of England . Although it is the established church in England only , its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament including the non-English members . Canons require Royal Licence and Royal Assent , but form the law of the church , rather than the law of the land . Another assembly is the Convocation of the English Clergy , which is older than the General Synod and its predecessor the Church Assembly . By the 1969 Synodical Government Measure almost all of the Convocations ' functions were transferred to the General Synod . Additionally , there are Diocesan Synods and deanery synods , which are the governing bodies of the divisions of the Church . House of Lords ( edit ) Main article : Lords Spiritual Of the 42 diocesan archbishops and bishops in the Church of England , 26 are permitted to sit in the House of Lords . The Archbishops of Canterbury and York automatically have seats , as do the Bishops of London , Durham and Winchester . The remaining 21 seats are filled in order of seniority by consecration . It may take a diocesan bishop a number of years to reach the House of Lords , at which point he becomes a Lord Spiritual . The Bishop of Sodor and Man and the Bishop of Gibraltar in Europe are not eligible to sit in the House of Lords as their dioceses lie outside the United Kingdom . Crown dependencies ( edit ) Although they are not part of England or the United Kingdom , the Church of England is also the Established Church in the Crown dependencies of the Isle of Man , the Bailiwick of Jersey and the Bailiwick of Guernsey . The Isle of Man has its own diocese of Sodor and Man , and the Bishop of Sodor and Man is an ex officio member of the Legislative Council of the Tynwald on the island . The Channel Islands are part of the Diocese of Winchester , and in Jersey the Dean of Jersey is a non-voting member of the States of Jersey . In Guernsey the Church of England is the Established Church , although the Dean of Guernsey is not a member of the States of Guernsey . Sex abuse ( edit ) See also : Anglican Communion sexual abuse cases The Archbishop of Canterbury , Justin Welby , has made some effort to prevent complaints of sex abuse cases being covered up . Independent investigators are examining files as far back as the 1950s and Welby hopes this independence will prevent any possibility of a cover - up . We will systematically bring those transparently and openly first of all working with the survivors where they are still alive and then seeing what they want . The rule is survivors come first , not our own interests , and however important the person was , however distinguished , however well - known , survivors come first . ( Justin Welby ) The personal files of all Anglican clergy since the 1950s are being audited in an effort to ensure no cover - up . Welby emphasised repeatedly that no cover - up would be acceptable . Despite such assurances there is concern that not enough may be done and historic abuse may still sometimes be covered up . Keith Porteous Wood of the National Secular Society stated : The problem was n't that bishops were n't trained in such matters , it is the institutional culture of denial and the bullying of the abused and whistleblowers into silence . One report suggests that 13 bishops ignored letters written in the 1990s warning of abuse by Ball on behalf of a victim who later committed suicide . I have seen evidence that such bullying persists to this day . I hope that the Archbishop 's review into the case of Peter Ball will deal with such bullying and what appears to be the undue influence exerted on the police and CPS by the Church in dealing with this case . The total failure of procedures , outlined by Ian Elliott , echoes that revealed in the totally damning Cahill Report about the conduct of the Archbishop Hope of York in respect of Robert Waddington . The current Archbishop of York has decided that this report should remain in printed form rather than be more widely available on the web . Bishop Peter Ball was convicted in October 2015 on several charges of indecent assault against young adult men . There are allegations of large - scale earlier cover - ups involving many British establishment figures which prevented Ball 's earlier prosecution . There have also been allegations of child sex abuse , for example Robert Waddington . A complainant , known only as `` Joe '' , tried for decades to have action taken over sadistic sex abuse which Garth Moore perpetrated against him in 1976 when `` Joe '' was 15 years old . None of the high ranking clergy who `` Joe '' spoke to recall being told about the abuse , which `` Joe '' considers incredible . A representative of the solicitors firm representing `` Joe '' said : The Church of England wants to bury and discourage allegations of non-recent abuse . They know how difficult it is for survivors to come forward , and it appears from this case that the Church has a plan of making it hard for these vulnerable people to come forward . This survivor has had the courage to press his case . Most do not . Most harbour the psychological fallout in silence . We need to find a way to make the system more approachable for survivors . Financial situation ( edit ) Main article : Properties and finances of the Church of England Although an established church , the Church of England does not receive any direct government support . Donations comprise its largest source of income , and it also relies heavily on the income from its various historic endowments . In 2005 , the Church of England had estimated total outgoings of around £ 900 million . The Church of England manages an investment portfolio which is worth more than £ 8 billion . Online Church directory ( edit ) The Church of England supports A Church Near You , an online directory of churches . A user - edited resource , it currently lists 16,400 churches and has 7,000 editors in 42 dioceses . The directory enables parishes to maintain accurate location , contact and event information which is shared with other websites and mobile apps . In 2012 , the directory formed the data backbone of Christmas Near You and in 2014 was used to promote the church 's Harvest Near You initiative . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal England portal List of the largest Protestant bodies Appointment of Church of England bishops Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England Church of England Newspaper Church of England parish church Mothers ' Union Historical development of Church of England dioceses List of bishops in the Church of England List of archdeacons in the Church of England Ritualism in the Church of England List of the first 32 women ordained as Church of England priests References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Church of England '' . oikoumene.org . World Council of Churches . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exactly how big is the Anglican Communion ? '' . 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Eberle , Edward J. ( 2011 ) . Church and State in Western Society . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4094 - 0792 - 8 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . The Church of England later became the official state Protestant church , with the monarch supervising church functions . Jump up ^ Fox , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . A World Survey of Religion and the State . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88131 - 9 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . The Church of England ( Anglican ) and the Church of Scotland ( Presbyterian ) are the official religions of the UK . Jump up ^ Ferrante , Joan ( 2010 ) . Sociology : A Global Perspective . Cengage Learning . p. 408 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8400 - 3204 - 1 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . the Church of England ( Anglican ) , which remains the official state church ^ Jump up to : `` An Ancient Church - Detailed History '' . Church of England . 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ John E. Booty , Stephen Sykes , Jonathan Knight ( 1998 ) . Study of Anglicanism . London : Fortress Books . p. 477 . ISBN 0 - 281 - 05175 - 5 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Delaney , John P. ( 1980 ) . Dictionary of Saints ( Second ed . ) . Garden City , NY : Doubleday . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 13594 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree . Bbc.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Section A : The Church of England '' , Canons of the Church of England ( 7 ed . ) , Church of England , retrieved 1 February 2018 Jump up ^ Brown , Andrew ( 13 July 2014 ) . `` Liberalism increases as power shifts to the laity in the Church of England '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rahner , Karl ( 1975 ) . Encyclopedia of theology : a concise Sacramentum mundi . Freiburg : Herder . pp. 301 -- 302 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86012 - 006 - 3 . Jump up ^ Paula K. Byers ; 1998 , Encyclopedia of World Biography , Page 189 -- Pelagius , ISBN 0 - 7876 - 2553 - 1 Jump up ^ Marcus Holden and Andrew Pinsent , The Catholic Gift to Civilisation ( London : CTS ) , p. 13ff Jump up ^ D. Attwater , `` Ethelbert of Kent '' in The Penguin Dictionary of Saints ( Harmondsworth : Penguin Books ) , p. 118 Jump up ^ King Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) . HistoryMole ( 18 September 2010 ) . Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard , `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries , '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen Jump up ^ The Laws of England , p. 104 Jump up ^ Article Fifth of `` An Act for the Union of Great Britain and Ireland '' 1800 . rahbarnes.co.uk Union pages Jump up ^ Office , Anglican Communion . `` Member Churches '' . Jump up ^ telegraph.co.uk : `` Church of England could return to defrocking rogue priests after child abuse scandals '' , 13 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` Church of England can not carry on as it is unless decline ' urgently ' reversed -- Welby and Sentamu '' , The Daily Telegraph , 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Empty pews not the end of the world , says Church of England 's newest bishop '' , The Daily Telegraph , 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Stats of The Church of England '' . churchofengland.org . Church of England . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Closed Churches Division Jump up ^ http://www.theheritagealliance.org.uk/hrba/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/churches-and-closure-in-cofe-mar-2010.pdf , p = 2 Jump up ^ `` Church of England : Justin Welby says low pay ' embarrassing ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Canon A5 . Canons of the Church of England . ^ Jump up to : Massey H. Shepherd , Jr. and Dale B. Martin , `` Anglicanism '' in Encyclopedia of Religion , vol. 1 , 2nd . ed. , edited by Lindsay Jones ( Detroit : Macmillan Reference USA , 2005 ) , pp. 349 -- 350 . Jump up ^ `` High Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 6 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , pp. 823 -- 824 . Jump up ^ `` Low Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 8 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , p. 836 . Jump up ^ E. McDermott , `` Broad Church '' , New Catholic Encyclopedia , 2nd ed. , vol. 2 ( Detroit : Gale , 2003 ) , pp. 624 -- 625 . Jump up ^ ' New Directions ' , May 2013 Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jr. and Martin , `` Anglicanism '' , p. 350 . Jump up ^ `` More new women priests than men for first time '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 February 2012 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Church votes overwhelmingly for compromise on women bishops -- news from . Ekklesia . Jump up ^ `` Church will ordain women bishops '' . BBC News . 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Pigott , Robert . ( 14 February 2009 ) Synod struggles on women bishops . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Church of England general synod votes against women bishops '' , BBC News , 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England Synod votes overwhelmingly in support of women bishops '' . The Descrier. 20 November 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` LIVE : Vote backs women bishops '' . BBC . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ITN News . `` The Church of England names its first female bishop -- Video Dailymotion '' . Dailymotion . Jump up ^ `` After turmoil , Church of England consecrates first woman bishop '' . Reuters . ^ Jump up to : First female diocesan bishop in C of E consecrated . Anglicannews.org . Retrieved on 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ; correspondent , religion ( 24 October 2015 ) . `` ' God is not a he or a she ' , says first female bishop to sit in House of Lords '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` First woman Bishop of London installed '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First female Bishop of London installed '' . BBC News . 12 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Social Affairs Editor , Nicholas Hellen ( 13 May 2018 ) . `` New woman bishop goes to war for female vicars '' . The Sunday Times . ISSN 0956 - 1382 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Choice '' . Contemplation in the shadow of a carpark. 9 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Former Chief Nursing Officer to be first woman Bishop of London '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calls to refer to God as a woman as female bishops take up posts '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jesa Christa ' : God is female too , say Church of England campaigners Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ reporter , Amelia Butterly Newsbeat . `` God is neither ' she ' nor ' he ' say Anglican priests '' . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters . `` Church of England proposes celebrating gay marriage '' . U.K . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.churchofengland.org/media/1657614/ssmarriagebillbriefing.pdf Jump up ^ Bingham , John . `` telegraph.co.uk '' . Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying . Telegraph . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Premier ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Keep civil partnerships , Church of England urges Government - Premier '' . Premier . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` cc - shooters - hill '' . cc - shooters - hill . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : Secretary General responds to GAFCON UK '' . Church of England News . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christian attitudes to same - sex marriage '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bisset , By Chris Hastings , Fiona Govan and Susan . `` Vicars bless hundreds of gay couples a year '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS UK England Beds / Bucks / Herts Gay cleric 's ' wedding ' to partner '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Walker , Peter ( 4 January 2013 ) . `` Church of England rules gay men in civil partnerships can become bishops '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bates , Stephen ( 11 February 2010 ) . `` Church of England General Synod extends pension rights for gay partners '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England gives blessing to recognising civil partnerships '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Civil partnerships and defining marriage '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England says civil partnerships should not be abolished following gay marriage legalisation Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 21 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England News : House of Bishops Pastoral Guidance on Same Sex Marriage '' . Church of England News . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church offers prayers after same - sex weddings - but bans gay priests from marrying '' . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ correspondent , Harriet Sherwood Religion ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Bishop of Grantham first C of E bishop to declare he is in gay relationship '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2 September 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Ben Brumfield . `` Priests in same - sex relationships may become Anglican Bishops - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( 2013 ) . `` Anglicans Open a Path to Bishopric for Gay Men '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church Of England 's Clergy Issue Shock Rebuke To Bishops ' View On Sexuality Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church takes step towards gay marriage after vote rejects controversial report '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishops Call For ' Radical New Christian Inclusion ' After Synod Blocks Sexuality Report Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General Synod backs ban on conversion therapy The Church of England '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England ' Warmly Welcomes ' UK 's Plan to Ban Gay Conversion Therapy '' . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Religious Affairs Correspondent , Kaya Burgess ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Landmark vote piles pressure on Anglicans over same - sex marriage '' . The Times . ISSN 0140 - 0460 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ correspondent , Harriet Sherwood Religion ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Anglican church set to offer special services for transgender people '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Fiona Parker for ( 9 July 2017 ) . `` Church of England to hold special services for transgender people '' . Metro . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England votes to explore transgender services '' . BBC News . 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Diocese of Blackburn seeks new liturgy for trans service '' . www.churchtimes.co.uk . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England ceremony can be adapted to mark changes of gender '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England Advises Clergy to Use Baptism Rite to Celebrate Gender Transition '' . www.christianpost.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` An update on ' Welcoming Transgender People ' '' ( PDF ) . churchofengland.org . January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansfield , Katie ( 24 June 2017 ) . `` Church of England to consider re-naming services for transgender worshippers '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Beardsley , Tina ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` The church 's trans epiphany will ease the way for others like me Tina Beardsley '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News UK Sex - change vicar back in pulpit '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 1 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transgender priest sings for change '' . Stuff . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Correspondent , By Jonathan Petre , Religion . `` One third of clergy do not believe in the Resurrection '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The story of the virgin birth runs against the grain of Christianity '' . The Guardian . 24 December 2015 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survey finds 2 per cent of Anglican priests are not believers '' . The Independent . 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YouGov / University of Lancaster and Westminster Faith Debates '' ( PDF ) . YouGov. 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Church of England creating ' pagan church ' to recruit members '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 1 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Church of England 's position on abortion '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assisted Dying / Suicide and Voluntary Euthanasia '' , Church of England official website . Jump up ^ Watt , Nicholas ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Former archbishop lends his support to campaign to legalise right to die '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Church of England and human fertilisation & embryology '' . www.churchofengland.org . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ About Church Urban Fund Archived 14 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Church Urban Fund finds ' poorest ' in north - west England '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Child poverty in the UK '' . Church of England News . ^ Jump up to : Church of England bishops demand action over hunger Jump up ^ `` Catholicism set to be UK 's top religion '' . Metro News . Jump up ^ See the pages linked from the Life Events page on the Church of England website Jump up ^ Peter J. Bowler , Reconciling science and religion : the debate in early - twentieth - century Britain ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) , page 194 . Jump up ^ Robin Gill , The Empty Church Revisited , ( Ashgate Publishing , 2003 ) page 161 . Jump up ^ Church of England attendance plunges to record low 12 January 2016 The Telegraph Jump up ^ Christian Research , Religious Trends ( 2008 ) , cited in Ruth Gledhill , `` Churchgoing on its knees as Christianity falls out of favour '' , The Times , 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Church of England website . Churchofengland.org . Jump up ^ 10 ways christening has changed 23 October 2013 BBC News Jump up ^ `` Church of England weekly attendance falls below one million for first time Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics for Mission 2016 '' ( PDF ) . churchofengland.org. 2017 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Church of England Research & Statistics link page . Churchofengland.org ( 9 May 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Facts and stats . Churchofengland.org . Jump up ^ Church of England Year Book , 2012 Jump up ^ 39 Articles -- 19 -- 22 . Church Society . Jump up ^ Canon A 7 `` Of the Royal Supremacy '' Jump up ^ `` Irish Church Act 1869 '' . Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our Heritage : Facing Difficulties '' . Church in Wales website . Archived from the original on 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History : The Revolution '' . Scottish Episcopal Church website . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ( ed . ) ( 1957 ) Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ; p. 1436 Jump up ^ `` Justin Welby becomes Archbishop of Canterbury '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Church Assembly and General Synod Measures '' . Church of England website . Archbishops ' council of the Church of England . November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` General Synod '' . Church of England website . Archbishops ' council of the Church of England . Archived from the original on 12 November 2004 . Retrieved 5 June 2010 . Jump up ^ House of Lords : alphabetical list of Members Archived 2 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Gell , Sir James . `` Gell on Manx Church '' . Isle Of Man Online . IOM Online . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Guernsey Deanery . Church of England . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry into CofE cleric abuse claim set up '' , BBC . Jump up ^ `` Church of England to examine 1950s records in child abuse investigation '' , The Guardian , 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Church cut contact with child abuse victim on order of insurers '' . 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Laville , Sandra ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Bishop escaped abuse charges after MPs and a royal backed him , court told '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Damning report reveals Church of England 's failure to act on abuse '' , The Guardian , 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor reaches settlement with diocese on historic abuse '' , Church Times , 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ outgoings . Cofe.anglican.org . Jump up ^ `` Citing ethics , Anglicans sell stake in News Corp '' by Eric Pfanner , The New York Times , 8 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Church Near You Help '' . achurchnearyou.com . A Church Near You . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Christmas Near You Announcement Archived 7 August 2014 at Archive.is Accessed : 6 August 2014 Jump up ^ Harvest Near You announcement , Accessed 6 August 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Buchanan , Colin . Historical Dictionary of Anglicanism ( 2nd ed. 2015 ) excerpt Garbett , Cyril , Abp . The Church of England Today . London : Hodder and Stoughton , 1953 . 128 p . Hardwick , Joseph . An Anglican British world : The Church of England and the expansion of the settler empire , c. 1790 -- 1860 ( Manchester UP , 2014 ) . Hodges , J.P. The Nature of the Lion : Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage . London : Faith Press , 1962 . 153 pp . Kirby , James . Historians and the Church of England : Religion and Historical Scholarship , 1870 -- 1920 ( 2016 ) online at DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198768159.001. 0001 Lawson , Tom . God and War : The Church of England and Armed Conflict in the Twentieth Century ( Routledge , 2016 ) . Maughan Steven S. Mighty England Do Good : Culture , Faith , Empire , and World in the Foreign Missions of the Church of England , 1850 -- 1915 ( 2014 ) Picton , Hervé . A Short History of the Church of England : From the Reformation to the Present Day . Newcastle upon Tyne : Cambridge Scholars Publishing , 2015 . 180 p . Rowlands , John Henry Lewis . Church , State , and Society , 1827 -- 1845 : the Attitudes of John Keble , Richard Hurrell Froude , and John Henry Newman . ( 1989 ) . xi , 262 p . ISBN 1 - 85093 - 132 - 1 Tapsell , Grant . The later Stuart Church , 1660 -- 1714 ( 2012 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Church of England . Official website Historical resources on the Church of England Church of England history in the West Indies The History Files : Churches of the British Isles , a gallery of church photos and information . 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X ISNI : 0000 0004 1759 4124 LCCN : n79056234 SUDOC : 027257150 VIAF : 135203514 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Church_of_England&oldid=855478206 '' Categories : Church of England Anglo - Catholicism Anglican Communion church bodies Anglicanism Members of the World Council of Churches Christian denominations founded in Great Britain Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template archiveis links Articles with short description EngvarB from October 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2018 Use British English from August 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans Ænglisc Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kernowek Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 67 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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Demethylation

Demethylation - wikipedia Demethylation Jump to : navigation , search Demethylation is the chemical process resulting in the removal of a methyl group ( CH ) from a molecule . A common way of demethylation is the replacement of a methyl group by a hydrogen atom , resulting in a net loss of one carbon and two hydrogen atoms . The counterpart of demethylation is methylation . Contents ( hide ) 1 In biochemistry 2 In organic chemistry 2.1 O - Demethylation 2.2 N - Demethylation 3 References 4 See also In biochemistry ( edit ) In biochemical systems , the process of demethylation is catalyzed by demethylases . These enzymes oxidize N - methyl groups , which occur in histones and some forms of DNA : R N - CH + O → R N-H + CH O One such oxidative enzyme family is the cytochrome P450 . Alpha - ketoglutarate - dependent hydroxylases are active for demethylation of DNA , operating by similar pathway . These reactions exploit the weak C-H bond adjacent to amines . In organic Chemistry ( edit ) O - demethylation ( edit ) Demethylation typically refers to cleavage of ethers , especially aryl ethers , although there are some exceptions , for instance cf . `` desipramine '' . Apparently , aryl ethers are pervasive in lignin - derived compounds . The reaction typically requires harsh conditions or harsh reagents . For example , the methyl ether in vanillin can be removed by heating near 250 ° C with strong base . Stronger nucleophiles such as diorganophosphides ( LiPPh ) also cleave aryl ethers under milder conditions . Boron tribromide is a classical reagent for the dealkylation of methyl arylethers . The mechanism of ether dealkylation proceeds via the formation of a complex between the boron center and the ether oxygen followed by the elimination of an alkyl bromide to yield a dibromo ( organo ) borane . The dibromo ( organo ) borane can then undergo hydrolysis to give the alcohol or phenol , boric acid , and hydrogen bromide as products . ROR + BBr → RO ( BBr ) R RO ( BBr ) R → ROBBr + RBr ROBBr + 3 H O → ROH + B ( OH ) + 2 HBr Methyl esters also are susceptible to demethylation , which is usually achieved by saponification . Highly specialized demethylations are abundant such as the Krapcho decarboxylation : N - Demethylation ( edit ) N - demethylation of 3 ° amines is by the von Braun reaction , which uses BrCN as the reagent to give the corresponding nor - derivatives . A modern variation of the Von Braun reaction was developed where BrCN was superseded by ethyl chloroformate . The preparation of Paxil from arecoline is an application of this reaction , as well as the synthesis of GSK - 372,475 , for example . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Clayden , J. ; Greeves , N. ; Warren , S. ; Wothers , P. ( 2001 ) . Organic Chemistry . Oxford , Oxfordshire : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850346 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith , Michael B. ; March , Jerry ( 2007 ) , Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure ( 6th ed . ) , New York : Wiley - Interscience , ISBN 0 - 471 - 72091 - 7 Jump up ^ Roland Sigel ; Sigel , Astrid ; Sigel , Helmut ( 2007 ) . The Ubiquitous Roles of Cytochrome P450 Proteins : Metal Ions in Life Sciences . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 01672 - 8 . Jump up ^ Irwin A. Pearl ( 1949 ) . `` Protocatechulic Acid '' . Organic Syntheses. 29 : 85 . ; Collective Volume , 3 , p. 745 Jump up ^ Robert E. Ireland and David M. Walba ( 1977 ) . `` Demethylation of Methyl Aryl Ethers : 4 - Ethoxy - 3 - hydroxybenzaldehyde '' . Organic Syntheses. 56 : 44 . ; Collective Volume , 3 , p. 745 Jump up ^ J.F.W. McOmie , D.E. West ( 1969 ) . `` 3 , 3 ' - Dihydroxybiphenyl '' . Organic Syntheses. 49 : 13 . ; Collective Volume , 5 , p. 412 See also ( edit ) Methylation , the addition of a methyl group to a substrate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demethylation&oldid=824472599 '' Categories : Gene expression Organic reactions Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Deutsch Eesti Español Nederlands 日本 語 Português Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 15 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Nose piercing

Nose piercing - wikipedia Nose piercing Jump to : navigation , search This article is about nose piercings of humans . For nose piercings of other animals , see Nose ring ( animal ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nose piercing Nicknames Nostril , nose ring Location Nose ( nostril , nasal septum , nose bridge ) Jewelry nose stud , nose bone , Circular barbell , curved barbell , captive bead ring Healing 3 to 6 months Nose piercing is the piercing of the skin or cartilage which forms any part of the nose , normally for the purpose of wearing jewelry , called a nose - jewel . Among the different varieties of nose piercings , the nostril piercing is the most common . Nose piercing is the second most common variety of piercing after earlobe piercing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nostril piercing 2 Septum piercing 2.1 Risks 3 Bridge piercing 4 Social acceptability of nose piercing 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Nostril piercing ( edit ) Early 20th century Indian nose ring Nostril piercing is a body piercing practice for the purpose of wearing jewelry , much like nose piercing , which is most primarily and prominently associated with Indian culture and fashion since classical times , and found commonly in India , Pakistan , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Philippines and throughout South and even Southeast Asia . Nostril piercing is also part of traditional Australian Aboriginal culture . and the culture of the Ilocano , a Muslim tribe in the Philippines . With the diffusion , exposure and spread of Indian fashion and culture , nostril piercing has in recent decades become popular in the wider world , as have other forms of body piercing , after punks and subsequent youth cultures in the ' 80s and ' 90s adopted this sort of piercing . Today , nostril piercing is popular in the wider world including South America , United States of America , Canada , the Caribbean , Australia , Africa , Japan and Europe , with piercings being performed on either the left or right nostril . Historically in the Indian Subcontinent , nose piercings are done by women only . However the spread of this fashion has resulted in both men and women having nostril piercings in the wider world . Several different types of nostril rings are found . Among the most popular are the loop , the stud with an L - bar closure , the stud with a ball closure , and the stud with a flat backing . In India the outside of the left part of the body ( ? ) is the preferred position of the piercing . This is followed by some orthodox folk also because Ayurvedic medicine associates this location with the female reproductive organs . In India , like any other jewelry , piercings and the jewelry are regarded as a mark of beauty and social standing as well as a Hindu 's honor to Parvati , the goddess of marriage . Nose piercing is still popular in India and the subcontinent . The piercings are often an integral part of Indian wedding jewelry . In Maharashtra women wear very large intricate nose pieces that often cover the mouth or the side of the face . It is very common in Bengali women . Pashtun and Pahari women commonly have both nostrils pierced . Many South Indian Tamil also follow this old tradition . Numerous traditions are associated with it . Many women from the Asian subcontinent are cremated with just their nose studs as jewelry is removed before the funeral . Indian widows usually remove their nose studs as a sign of respect . Nose piercing has historically been strictly forbidden among many families of Kashmiris belonging to Butt , Dar , Lone and Mir castes settled in Pakistan as their ancestors associated nose piercing with people of menial descent in ancient Kashmiri society . Septum piercing ( edit ) Large - gauge septum piercing Fulani woman with traditional nose ring and mouth tattoo The nasal septum is the cartilaginous dividing wall between the nostrils . Generally , the cartilage itself is not pierced , but rather the small gap between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose ( sometimes called the `` sweet spot '' ) , typically at 14ga ( 1.6 mm ) although it is often stretched to a larger gauge ( size ) . The nose has many nerves running through it , and as a result , nose piercings can be painful , although the pain varies by individual . This piercing heals within a month and a half to three months also depending on the individual . It should only be stretched by 1mm at a time , and waiting at least a month between stretches is advisable . If a certain point is exceeded , usually about 8mm , the cartilage gets forced towards the top of the nose , which can be uncomfortable . Many types of jewelry generally are worn in a septum piercing , such as : Captive bead rings ( CBRs ) , rings that close with a bead held in the center by the tension of the ring , circular barbells ( as shown in the picture ) , a circular bar with a bead that screws onto either end , a `` tusk '' that is a straight or shaped piece of material generally tapered on either end , or pinchers . For large gauge septums , many individuals choose to wear plugs , as the plugs do not weigh their noses down , which is helpful in healing . This measure allows the piercing not to be damaged by the sudden movement of the jewelry . Another option is a septum retainer , which is staple - shaped . This type of nose piercing is particularly easy to hide when desired , for example to comply with a dress code . A septum retainer makes possible turning the jewelry up into the nose , thus concealing it . With black jewelry flipped up into the nostrils , this piercing can be made practically invisible . A circular barbell can also be hidden by pushing it to the back into the nose , but it may be uncomfortable . Septum piercing is a popular trend among South Indian dancers ( Kuchipudi , Bharatnatyam ) and among certain Native American peoples in history ; the Shawnee leaders Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa , for example , had such piercings . The septum piercing is popular in countrysides of India , Nepal , and Bangladesh . In India such piercing is called the ' Nathori ' and popular with the Banjara ethnic groups and Adivasi tribes . Lord Krishna and his consort Radharani are often depicted wearing the ' Nathori ' style jewel nose pieces . Bengali women traditionally would wear the nathori as a sign of being a married woman . The nathori would be gold with a tear drop that would move along the ring . Many lower - class women in rural Bengal still keep this tradition . This practice is now declining as many women prefer the nose studs . In southern Nepal the septum piercing is still common . Many older women still adorn their noses with both the septum and left nostril rings . Many women have gold nose piercings to show their social , tribal , and religious status in society . Risks ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The septum or nasal septum is the cartilaginous wall that divides the two nostrils . The cartilage is , however , usually not pierced . It is the thin strip of very soft and flexible skin , just between the cartilage and the bottom of the nose , where septum piercing is mostly done . Piercing the skin instead of the cartilage can greatly minimize the pain , as well as other discomforts associated with this type of body piercing . This piercing should be done only with a needle . As far as jewelry is concerned , captive bead rings , circular barbells , plugs , tusks , curls , and septum retainer can be used . All types of body piercings , including septum piercing , are associated with the risk of contracting certain blood borne diseases , like hepatitis , from the needles and piercing guns used in the procedure . This risk can be reduced by getting the piercing done by a reputed piercer and making sure that the piercer uses only sterile single - use needles . The next common risk associated with almost all types of piercing is the risk of infection and pain . These issues can be minimized greatly if piercing is done on the soft and flexible skin that lies between the cartilage and bottom of the nose . As far as infection risks are concerned , they can be managed with proper piercing aftercare . This piercing can sometimes lead to ' septal hematoma ' -- an injury to the soft tissue within the septum that can disrupt the blood vessels to cause the accumulation of blood and fluid under the lining . Nasal septum hematoma can eventually cause nasal congestion and interfere with breathing along with causing pain and inflammation . If not treated immediately , the condition can ultimately cause formation of a hole in the septum , leading to nasal congestion . Sometimes , that part of the nose may collapse , resulting in a cosmetic deformity , known as ' saddle nose ' . Bridge piercing ( edit ) Main article : Bridge piercing Bridge piercing Bridge piercings are inserted through the skin at the top of the nose , between the eyes . Curved barbells and straight barbells are the most commonly used in this piercing , while seamless rings are less common . Social acceptability of nose piercing ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) More and more companies in the workplace have become more lenient on such issues as piercings and the dress code . The acceptance of more visible body modifications is attributable to its becoming a social norm . If companies did not hire employees with a tattoo or nose piercing , the number of future workers that the companies could hire would be limited . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nose piercings . Body piercing Nose - jewel Nose ring ( animals ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Stirn 2003 ) Jump up ^ Morris , Desmond ( 2004 ) . `` The Nose '' . The Naked Woman . p. 69 . ISBN 9780099453581 . Jump up ^ `` Septum Piercing Dangers '' . Retrieved 17 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Amy . `` Fashion Leads by a Nose . '' The Washington Post . ( 2013 ) Website . Jump up ^ Dobosh , Sara . `` Piercing the Workplace Stereotype . '' Fox Business . ( 2010 ) Website . References ( edit ) Stirn , A. ( 2003 ) . Body Piercing : Medical Consequences and Psychological Motivations . The Lancet 361 : 1205 -- 1215 . Body piercing General piercing topics Contemporary piercing practices Scalpelling Stretching Play piercing Pocketing Surface piercing Ear piercing gun Jewelry ( materials ) Barbell Claw Captive bead ring Flesh tunnel Plug Prince 's wand Spiral Stud Nose chain Nipple shield Ear piercings Antitragus Conch Daith Helix Industrial Rook Snug Tragus Facial piercings Anti-eyebrow Cheek Eyebrow Jestrum Labret Lip ( Lip plate ) Monroe Nose Nose bridge Philtrum Oral piercings Lip frenulum Tongue Tongue frenulum Uvula Body piercings Corset Hand web Hip Madison Nape Navel Neck Nipple Wrist Unisex genital piercings Anus Guiche Pubic Chastity Female genital piercings Christina Clitoris Clitoral hood Fourchette Isabella Labia Nefertiti Princess Albertina Triangle Male genital piercings Ampallang Apadravya Deep shaft Dydoe Foreskin Frenum Hafada Lorum Magic cross Prince Albert Reverse Prince Albert Transscrotal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nose_piercing&oldid=843355210 '' Categories : Facial piercings Body piercing jewellery 1980s fashion 1990s fashion 2000s fashion 2010s fashion Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano मराठी 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Suomi தமிழ் اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 16 : 18 . 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Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis Jump to : navigation , search `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the Cyprus Missile Crisis , see Cyprus Missile Crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 , 1962 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to agree to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a military blockade to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . It announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States also agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced US - Soviet tensions for several years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Earlier US actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Very close to launching thermonuclear war 7.3. 1 Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons 7.3. 2 Unauthorized US spy flights 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) The U.S. was concerned about an expansion of communism , and a Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by it as unacceptable since the end of World War II , and the start of the Cold War . Such an involvement would also directly defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , US Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 - 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous US . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the US did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the US tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the US would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the US and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a US invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Marshal Sergei Biryuzov , chief of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the US Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the US suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from US forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental US . The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . US intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 light bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The US first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . The EXCOMM quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . The details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , US delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , and French President Charles de Gaulle to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all US forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the US Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the US 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , US journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the US 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Very close to launching thermonuclear War ( edit ) Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was `` hulled '' ( a hole in the hull from depth charges or surface fire ) . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the launch was narrowly averted . Unauthorized US spy flights ( edit ) On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . ( See the section above on `` Depth charges against a Soviet submarine armed with nuclear weapons '' . ) Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcasts over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Herblock cartoon in Washington Post , ( November 1962 ) Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated 30 October 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even the disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made heavy use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . According to William Cohn , television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . The Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis The World Next Door , 1990 novel by Brad Ferguson , set in this period Quantum Leap , 1991 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , Nuclear Family -- October 26 , 1962 ) , Sam must deal with the panic associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis as a Florida fallout shelter salesman , as well as prevent a man from being killed during a practice raid a few days after his arrival . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 is available for free download at the Internet Archive Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis Blast from the Past ( film ) , 1999 American romantic comedy film , set in the period K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . `` Meditations in an Emergency '' , the last episode of season 2 of the television series Mad Men takes place during the crisis Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King released for the Amazon Kindle , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Politics of Deception : JFK 'S Secret Decisions on Vietnam , Civil Rights and Cuba . Patrick J. Sloyan , St. Martins Press , New York , 2015 . The 2016 music video for My Trigger , by Miike Snow , is based loosely on the crisis . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 55 лет назад на Кубу были доставлены первые советские баллистические ракеты / / Департамент информации и массовых коммуникаций Министерства обороны Российской Федерации Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . Taylor & Francis . p. 17 . ^ Jump up to : Absher , Kenneth Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Mind - Sets and Missiles : A First Hand Account of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Strategic Studies Institute , United States Army War College . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Jane ( 1997 ) . Cuba and the United States : A Chronological History . Melbourne : Ocean Press . ISBN 1 - 875284 - 92 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group USA . Jump up ^ Rodriguez ( October 1989 ) . Shadow Warrior : The CIA Hero of 100 Unknown Battles . John Weisman . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 66721 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3447 -- Embargo on All Trade With Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . February 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Correll , John T. ( August 2005 ) . `` Airpower and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . AirForce-Magazine.com. 88 ( 8 ) . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Alexeyev , Alexandr . `` Interview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro , Mikoyan , Kennedy , Khruschev , and the Missiles of November '' . The national security archive . October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weldes , Jutta ( 1999 ) . Constructing National Interests : The United States and the Cuban Missile Crisis . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 3111 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James H. `` Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Learning from the Past . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cool Crisis Management ? It 's a Myth , Ask JFK '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Joint resolution expressing the determination of the United States with respect to the situation in Cuba -- P.L. 87 - 733 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 3 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Blight , James G. ; Bruce J. Allyn ; David A. Welch ( 2002 ) . Cuba on the Brink : Castro , the Missile Crisis , and the Soviet Collapse ; ( revised for the Fortieth Anniversary ) ( 2nd ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 2269 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Days the World Held Its Breath '' . July 31 , 1997 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 80 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford University Press . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Zak , Anatoly ( 2012 ) . `` Rockets : R - 12 '' . Morristown , New Jersey : RussianSpaceWeb.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` R - 12 / SS - 4 SANDAL '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` R - 14 / SS - 5 SKEAN '' . Global Security . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Sidney Graybeal -- 29 January 1998 '' . Episode 21 . George Washington University , National Security Archive . March 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Pedlow , Gregory , The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance . CIA . 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 11 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Project RAZOR '' . Taiwan Air Blog , updated April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Max Holland . `` The ' Photo Gap ' That Delayed Discovery of Missiles . '' Studies in Intelligence , Vol. 49 , No. 4 ; published online April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Joseph Caddell . `` Corona over Cuba : The Missile Crisis and the Early Limitations of Satellite Imagery Intelligence . '' Intelligence & National Security ; published online February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved : March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remarks by LTG Ronald L. Burgess Jr. , Director , Defense Intelligence Agency . Association of Former Intelligence Officers , August 12 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vladislav Zubok & Constantine Pleshkov , Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War , 1996 , page 264 , Harvard Press , Massachusetts ISBN 0 - 674 - 45532 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Revelations from the Russian Archives '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Off the Record Meeting on Cuba : The White House '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . October 16 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Security Action Memorandum 196 '' . JFK Presidential Library and Museum . October 22 , 1962 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Averting The Final Failure , John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2003 . Jump up ^ The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality ( Stanford Nuclear Age Series ) , Sheldon M. Stern , Stanford University Press , 2012 Jump up ^ Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D. ( 1999 ) ( 1971 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . pp. 111 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 01349 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Robert ( 1971 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 09896 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Axelrod , Alan ( 2009 ) . The Real History of the Cold War : A New Look at the Past . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. pp. 332 , 335 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6302 - 1 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Robert Evan ( 1989 ) . New world new mind : moving toward conscious evolution . The University of Michigan , Doubleday . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. ; David A. Welch ( 1989 ) . On the Brink : Americans and Soviets Reexamine the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 22634 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard ; Woolley , John T. `` John F. Kennedy : `` 378 -- The President 's News Conference , '' September 13 , 1962 `` . The American Presidency Project . University of California -- Santa Barbara . Jump up ^ Kennedy , J. ( December 17 , 1962 ) . `` After Two Years : A conversation with the president '' . In ' Public Papers of the Presidents : John F. Kennedy , 1962 ' . Washington , DC : Government Printing Office : 889 -- 904 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Online Highways LLC . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` JFK on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The History Place . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Global Security . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kamps , Charles Tustin , `` The Cuban Missile Crisis '' , Air & Space Power Journal , AU Press , Air University , Maxwell Air Force Base , Alabama , Fall 2007 , Volume XXI , Number 3 , page 88 . Jump up ^ `` Third VP - 18 '' . Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons ( PDF ) . 2 . Naval Aviation History Office . November 9 , 2000 . p. 2 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 '' . Report on the Naval Quarantine of Cuba , Operational Archives Branch , Post 46 Command File , Box 10 , Washington , DC . Naval History & Heritage Command . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham and Philip Zelikow ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision : Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Ernest R May ( 2011 ) . `` John F Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . BBC History of the Cold War . ^ Jump up to : The Naval Quarantine of Cuba , 1962 : Abeyance and Negotiation , 31 October − 13 November ( Report ) . Department of the Navy , Naval Historical Center . January 2001 . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . pp. 99 -- 101 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 3504 -- Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . October 23 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Brinkmanship '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JFK Tapes '' JFK and Dwight Eisenhower during the Cuban Missile Crisis `` . October 22 , 1962 . Jump up ^ David Von Pein 's JFK Channel ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` JFK TALKS WITH DWIGHT EISENHOWER ABOUT THE CUBAN CRISIS ( OCTOBER 22 , 1962 ) '' -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` 1962 Year In Review : Cuban Missile Crisis '' . United Press International , Inc. 1962 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges Document 63 . United States Department of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khruschev Letter to President Kennedy '' . October 24 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology 1 : October 26 , 1962 to November 15 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Germany , between Cuba and Berlin '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis '' . The Telegraph . June 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Global Strike Command . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Jerry , ed . ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 , 1962 '' . History and Politics Out Loud . Northwestern University . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Buried treasures '' . The Spokesman Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyland , Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ) . `` WW III , A Close Call '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , R.H. ; Harahan , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Air Power , 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay , Leon W. Johnson , David A. Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ) . `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy , Khrushchev , Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Press Release , 11 October 2002 , 5 : 00 pm '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Special Report 205 . United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Thirteen Days , October 16 -- 28 , 1962 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text ^ Jump up to : JFK Library ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Phone Call with General Eisenhower during Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ rmm413c ( August 13 , 2008 ) . `` JOHN F. KENNEDY TAPES : Truman on Cuban Missile Crisis '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ William H. Cohn , `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past . '' Journal of Popular Culture 10 # 2 ( 1976 ) pp : 280 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Andrei Kozovoi , `` Dissonant Voices '' Journal of Cold War Studies ( 2014 ) 16 # 3 pp 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( 18 January 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei ( ed . ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Crisis of 1961 Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Eritrean War of Independence Sand War North Yemen Civil War Aden Emergency 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War Shifta War Guatemalan Civil War Colombian conflict Nicaraguan Revolution 1964 Brazilian coup d'état Dominican Civil War South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 Years of Lead ( Italy ) USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Al - Wadiah War Protests of 1968 French May Tlatelolco massacre Cultural Revolution Prague Spring 1968 Polish political crisis Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Ugandan - Tanzanian War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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Worldism White supremacy Organizations ASEAN CIA Comecon EEC KGB MI6 Non-Aligned Movement SAARC Safari Club Stasi Propaganda Active measures Crusade for Freedom Izvestia Pravda Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Red Scare TASS Voice of America Voice of Russia Races Arms race Nuclear arms race Space Race See also Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War Soviet espionage in the United States Soviet Union -- United States relations USSR -- USA summits Russian espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Russia -- NATO relations Brinkmanship CIA and the Cultural Cold War Cold War II Category Commons Portal Timeline List of conflicts Cuba -- United States relations pre-1902 Spanish -- American War Teller Amendment Platt Amendment 1902 -- 1959 Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations ( 1903 ) First Occupation Second Occupation Sugar Intervention Hay - Quesada Treaty ( 1925 ) Cuban -- American Treaty of Relations ( 1934 ) 1959 -- present Groups and individuals Brothers to the Rescue Balseros ( rafters ) Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban - American lobby Cuban Five Luis Posada Carriles Military and activities Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Project Elián González Cuba -- United States aircraft hijackings Mariel boatlift Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Legislation and offices United States embargo against Cuba United States Interests Section in Havana ( 1977 -- 2015 ) Cuban thaw Embassy of the United States , Havana Embassy of Cuba in Washington , D.C. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act United States Ambassador to Cuba Miscellaneous Balseros ( 2002 film ) Cuban Americans John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. 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Kennedy University ( California ) John Kennedy College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) MV John F. Kennedy USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Category Robert F. Kennedy November 20 , 1925 -- June 6 , 1968 United States Senator from New York , 1965 -- 1968 64th United States Attorney General , 1961 -- 1964 Life 1948 Palestine visit Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Civil rights Freedom Riders Voter Education Project Baldwin -- Kennedy meeting 1964 Democratic National Convention Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation Mississippi Delta tour Kennedy Compound Hickory Hill home Electoral 1964 U.S. Senate election 1968 presidential campaign primaries Boiler Room Girls Speeches Law Day Address ( 1961 ) Day of Affirmation Address ( 1966 ) Conflict in Vietnam and at Home ( 1968 ) University of Kansas ( 1968 ) Ball State ( 1968 ) On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. ( 1968 ) `` On the Mindless Menace of Violence '' ( 1968 ) Books The Enemy Within ( 1960 ) The Pursuit of Justice ( 1964 ) To Seek a Newer World ( 1967 ) Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1969 ) Assassination Sirhan Sirhan Ambassador Hotel Conspiracy theories Gravesite Legacy and memorials Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights Human Rights Award Journalism Award Book Award Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium Landmark for Peace Memorial Kennedy -- King College Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools Robert F. Kennedy Bridge Popular culture Crisis : Behind a Presidential Commitment ( 1963 documentary ) Robert Kennedy Remembered ( 1968 documentary ) `` Abraham , Martin and John '' ( 1968 song ) The Missiles of October ( 1974 docudrama ) Kennedy ( 1983 miniseries ) Blood Feud ( 1983 film ) Prince Jack ( 1985 film ) Robert Kennedy and His Times ( 1985 miniseries ) Hoover vs. The Kennedys ( 1987 miniseries ) Thirteen Days ( 2000 film ) RFK ( 2002 film ) Bobby ( 2006 film ) RFK Must Die ( 2007 documentary ) The Kennedys ( 2011 miniseries ) Ethel ( 2012 documentary ) Jackie ( 2016 film ) Family , family tree Ethel Skakel ( wife ) Kathleen Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy ( son ) Robert F. Kennedy Jr. ( son ) David Kennedy ( son ) Courtney Kennedy ( daughter ) Michael Kennedy ( son ) Kerry Kennedy ( daughter ) Chris Kennedy ( son ) Max Kennedy ( son ) Doug Kennedy ( son ) Rory Kennedy ( daughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy III ( grandson ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Kennedy ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) John F. Kennedy ( brother presidency ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) Patrick J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) Fidel Castro Timeline Early life Cuban Revolution Participation 26th of July Movement `` History Will Absolve Me '' Primacy Premiership Land reform Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Presidency Machurucuto Incident Transfer of duties Death and state funeral Family Ángel Castro y Argiz ( father ) Ramón Castro Ruz ( brother ) Raúl Castro ( brother ) Juanita Castro ( sister ) Mirta Diaz - Balart ( wife ) Natalia Revuelta Clews ( lover ) Vilma Espín ( sister - in - law ) Alina Fernández ( daughter ) Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart ( son ) Mariela Castro ( niece ) Alejandro Castro Espín ( nephew ) Popular culture Films Fidel : The Untold Story ( 2001 ) Fidel ( 2002 ) Comandante ( 2003 ) Looking for Fidel ( 2004 ) 638 Ways to Kill Castro ( 2006 ) Other Guerrilla War ( 1987 ) The Real Fidel Castro ( 2003 ) Fidel Castro Handbook ( 2006 ) Killing Castro ( 2006 ) The Cuba Wars ( 2008 ) Other Assassination attempts Robert Maheu Awards and honours Birán Eponymous things Politics Religious views My Life Granma ( yacht ) United States intervention in Latin America Policy Monroe Doctrine ( 1823 ) Platt Amendment ( 1901 -- 04 ) Roosevelt Corollary / Big Stick ideology ( 1904 ) Good Neighbor policy ( 1933 ) Dollar diplomacy Banana Wars Wars Mexican -- American War ( 1846 - 48 ) Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution ( 1916 -- 19 ) Overt actions and occupations Paraguay expedition ( 1858 ) First Occupation of Cuba ( 1899 -- 1902 ) Panama -- Colombia separation and Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty ( 1903 ) Second Occupation of Cuba ( 1906 -- 09 ) Occupations of Honduras Occupation of Nicaragua ( 1912 -- 33 ) Occupation of Veracruz ( 1914 ) Occupation of Haiti ( 1915 -- 34 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1916 -- 24 ) Occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) Invasion of Grenada ( 1983 ) Invasion of Panama ( 1989 ) Covert actions 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Bay of Pigs Invasion ( 1961 ) Operation MONGOOSE Project FUBELT 1973 Chilean coup d'état Disputed claims 2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt 2004 Haitian rebellion Other Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) United States involvement in regime change in Latin America Foreign policy of the United States Latin America -- United States relations History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial America 's Critical Period 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal GND : 4136402 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Missile_Crisis&oldid=828331134 '' Categories : Cuban Missile Crisis Aftermath of the Cuban Revolution Cold War conflicts Conflicts in 1962 1962 in international relations Cold War history of Cuba Cold War history of the Soviet Union Cold War history of the United States 1962 in Cuba 1962 in the Soviet Union 1962 in the United States Blockades Cold War military history of Cuba History of Cuba History of Key West , Florida Nuclear history of the Soviet Union Nuclear history of the United States Fidel Castro Nikita Khrushchev Presidency of John F. Kennedy Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Cuba -- United States relations Soviet Union -- United States relations DEFCON 2 Conflicts DEFCON 3 Conflicts 1962 establishments in Cuba 1962 disestablishments in Cuba 1960s in Cuba 1960s in the Soviet Union 1960s in the United States October 1962 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 61 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the cuban missile crisis began in 1962 when which country placed nuclear missiles in cuba

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Accounting Standards Codification

Accounting standards Codification - Wikipedia Accounting standards Codification This accounting - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . In US accounting practices , the Accounting Standards Codification is the current single source of United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . It is maintained by the Financial Accounting Standards Board ( FASB ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 FASB accounting standards codification 2 Goal 3 Leading up to the codification process 4 Public access to codification 5 Structure 6 See also 7 References 8 External links FASB Accounting standards Codification ( edit ) The codification is effective for interim and annual periods ending after September 15 , 2009 . All prior accounting standards documents were superseded as described in FASB Statement No. 168 , The FASB Accounting Standards Codification and the Hierarchy of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles . Accounting literature not included in the Codification is non-authoritative . The Codification reorganizes the thousands of U.S. GAAP pronouncements into roughly 90 accounting topics and displays all topics using a consistent structure . It also includes relevant U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) guidance that follows the same topical structure in separate sections in the Codification . To prepare constituents for the change , the FASB provided a number of tools and training resources . The Codification did not change GAAP , but it introduced a new structure , organized in an easily accessible , user - friendly online research system . The FASB expected the system to reduce the amount of time and effort required to research accounting issues , mitigate the risk of noncompliance with standards through improved usability of the literature , provide accurate information with real - time updates as new standards are released , and assist the FASB with the research efforts required during the standard - setting process . Goal ( edit ) The three primary goals of the codification are `` simplify user access by codifying all authoritative U.S. GAAP in one spot , ensure that the codification content accurately represented authoritative U.S. GAAP as of July 1 , 2009 , and to create a codification research system that is up to date for the released results of standard - setting activity . '' The codification was made to make accounting standards easier to find through a single data base . Leading up to the Codification process ( edit ) Before the Codification , accounting standards lacked a consistent and logical structure . For the last 50 years , U.S. GAAP consisted of thousands of standards with multiple standard setters . The old U.S. GAAP were difficult to interpret , and the complexity of the standards made it hard for users to stay up to date . Problems with the old standards increased financial reporting risk and led to inefficiencies that increased cost . FASAC then voiced its concerns due to the increase of financial reporting guidance from the old U.S. GAAP standards , and the FASB responded by launching a new project to codify the standards . The project was approved in September 2004 by the Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation . Public access to Codification ( edit ) All users must register to view any codification information . The codification allows a free basic view or paid professional view to the public . The professional view requires an annual subcription up to $940 depending on concurrent users . Discounts may apply to multiple concurrent users . The codification is used by accounting and reporting professionals , analysts and investors . Structure ( edit ) Each ASC reference is structured as a series of four numbers separated by hyphens : a three - digit Topic ( the first digit of which represents an Area ) , a two - digit Subtopic , a two - digit Section , and a two - or three - digit Paragraph . Topic Series Area 100 General Principles 200 Presentation 300 Assets 400 Liabilities 500 Equity 600 Revenue 700 Expenses 800 Broad Transactions 900 Industry Subtopic 10 is always `` Overall . '' Section numbers are standardized across topics ( not all subtopics have all sections ) : Section number Section title 00 Status 05 Overview and Background 10 Objectives 15 Scope and Scope Exceptions 20 Glossary 25 Recognition 30 Initial Measurement 35 Subsequent Measurement 40 Derecognition 45 Other Presentation Matters 50 Disclosure 55 Implementation Guidance and Illustrations 60 Relationships 65 Transition and Open Effective Date Information 70 Grandfathered Guidance 75 XBRL Elements For instance , 210 - 10 - 20 is Balance Sheet , Overall , Glossary. 605 - 40 - 25 - 1 is Revenue Recognition , Gains and Losses , Recognition , first paragraph . See also ( edit ) List of FASB pronouncements References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Financial Accounting Standards Board . News Release , 07 / 01 / 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` FASB Accounting Standards CodificationTM Notice to Constituents ( v 2.0 ) '' ( PDF ) . Financial Accounting Standards Board . Jul 1 , 2009 . Retrieved Oct 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® '' . asc.fasb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` FASB Accounting Standards Codification ® '' . asc.fasb.org . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Codification Learning Guide '' . Financial Accounting Standards Board . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) https://asc.fasb.org Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Accounting_Standards_Codification&oldid=827824989 '' Categories : Accounting stubs United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 23 : 20 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

when did fasb codification become authoritative u.s. gaap

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F Is for Family

F is for Family - wikipedia F is for Family F Is for Family F Is for Family promotional poster Genre Animated sitcom Comedy - drama Black Comedy Satire Created by Bill Burr Michael Price Starring Bill Burr Laura Dern Justin Long Haley Reinhart Debi Derryberry Sam Rockwell Opening theme `` Come and Get Your Love '' by Redbone Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 16 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Vince Vaughn Peter Billingsley Bill Burr Michael Price Katie O'Connell Elisa Todd Ellis Sidonie Dumas Christophe Riandee Producer ( s ) Heath Kenny Brian J. Cowan Running time 25 -- 28 minutes Production company ( s ) Wild West Television Loner Productions King of France Productions Gaumont International Television Gaumont Animation Telegael Teoranta Paramount Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website F Is for Family is an American web animated sitcom created by Bill Burr and Michael Price and produced by Gaumont International Television and Vince Vaughn 's Wild West Television . The show premiered on December 18 , 2015 to generally favorable reviews . Season 2 premiered May 30 , 2017 . On June 28 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a third season . On July 1 , 2018 , Burr confirmed season 3 for a November 2018 release at a show in Detroit . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Co-starring 1.3 Recurring 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Bill Burr as Francis X . `` Frank '' Murphy -- Frank is a disillusioned , short - tempered , foul - mouthed , Irish - American , Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in the Great Lakes region of town during the mid-1970s . He is prone to angry , profane rants . As a parent , Frank often responds to his children with profanity and emotional abuse . The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father . Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines , and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident . Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home . Frank 's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger . Luger , an overweight middle - aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero . When facing dire situations , Luger utters the phrase `` Sometimes , a man 's got to do ... what a man does '' , much to Frank 's excitement . Laura Dern as Sue Murphy -- Frank 's wife who is a housewife , and also sells Plast - a-Ware ( a play on words of Tupperware . ) Justin Long as Kevin Murphy -- Frank 's teenage son who is a juvenile delinquent , chronic pot smoker , and a struggling rock musician . Despite his rebellious personality , Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself ( although he rarely , if ever , follows through on the latter ) . Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy , Frank 's younger son . Bill tends to be shy and is skinny . He gets bullied frequently . Despite his seemingly weak persona , Bill can often let his anger get the best of him . He is 11 years old in the first season . Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy -- Frank 's young daughter who he often refers to as `` Princess '' . However , even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess , Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members . However , Maureen is smart enough to hide it . Despite her generally girly appearance , Maureen can act somewhat tomboyish at times , much to Frank 's chagrin . Sam Rockwell as Vic -- Frank 's wealthy , womanizing neighbor , who brags a lot . Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle , laid - back attitude and successful career . He 's based on Matt McConaughey 's character David Wooderson from Dazed and Confused . Co-starring ( edit ) Mo Collins as Jimmy , Vivian , Ben , Brandy , Ginny Trevor Devall as Red , Bolo , Mr. Goomer , Mr. Holtenwasser , others Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords , Colt Luger , others Recurring ( edit ) Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie , others David Koechner as Robert `` Bob Pogo '' Pogrohvich , Frank 's obese , chainsmoking boss . Kevin Farley as Babe , Carl , others Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton , the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work . Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi , others John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton , Roger Dunbarton 's racist and moronic nephew . Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne T.J. Miller as Randy Michael K. Williams as Smoky Episodes ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 6 December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 10 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` The Bleedin ' in Sweden '' Benjamin Marsaud Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price Teleplay by : Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 101 Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match , but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set , Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead . After he purchases one , Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project . Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund , embarrassing Sue . Bill eventually confesses , but after being gloated over by one of the store 's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize , Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store , and Frank gets refunded . At the end of the episode , the neighbors watch the match at Frank 's house , while Vic watches it at his house `` alone '' . `` Saturday Bloody Saturday '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 102 After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes , Frank takes him to his job at the airport , where he 's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident , to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family . Frank is torn between his underpaid , hard - working co-workers who are contemplating a strike , and his employer , who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good . Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill - popping , underachieving airport staff , he realizes the difficulties of his father 's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman , who accuses the airport of stealing her medication , and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table . Meanwhile , after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day , Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps , while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife . `` The Trough '' Benjamin Marsaud Michael Price December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 103 Despite Kevin 's promises to get back on track to improve his grades , Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind , and as a punishment , takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways , which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to . While there , they meet Rodger Dunbarton , CEO at Mohican Airways , who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers . On the drive home , their car breaks down , and they are rescued by Rosie , one of Frank 's colleagues , but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father 's conversation with Dunbarton , Frank faces a hostile situation at work . Meanwhile , Sue goes to the mall with Maureen , where she is accosted by a talkative friend , and Maureen learns of her mother 's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst . Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high , reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young . `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' Laurent Nicolas Tom Gianas December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 104 On Halloween , Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion , leading to tensions between them ; Bill is reluctant to trick - or - treat due to his fear of being bullied by school greaser Jimmy Fitzsimmons . 5 5 `` Bill Murphy 's Day Off '' Benjamin Marsaud Emily Towers December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 105 Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline . In addition , Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin . 6 6 `` O Holy Moly Night '' Laurent Nicolas David Richardson December 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 18 ) 106 When Christmas comes near , Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing . Kevin starts his part - time job . Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 7 `` Heavy Sledding '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Three weeks after he got fired , Frank is still unemployed . On a snow day , Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump . 8 `` A Girl Named Sue '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm David Richardson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank 's old boss , Bob Pogo , calls him to offer him a job , only for things to turn out bad for Frank . Meanwhile , Sue ponders a change in her life . 9 `` The Liar 's Club '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Bill Burr May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After bailing out of the unemployment office , Frank turns to Rosie 's friend , Smokey , for a job , but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school . Meanwhile , Sue gets a new job as a secretary , but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company . 10 `` Night Shift '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Emily Towers May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey , consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family . All the while , Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast - a-Ware product . 11 5 `` Breaking Bill '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Joe Heslinga May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night , his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin . Meanwhile , Bill , having received money from his job as a paperboy , tries to buy a hockey - stick for hockey tryouts , but a run - in with the local bully , Jimmy , pushes him over the edge . Also , when Sue pitches her idea , she still receives a lack of respect . 12 6 `` This is Not Good '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Henry Gammill May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA When Frank 's new job includes a stop at the airport , he ends up in a predicament with Bob . Kevin tries to get a date with a ' haircut ' girl , but due to erection problems , he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic 's new girlfriend . Also , Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law , much to the concern of his friend Phillip . 13 7 `` Fight Night '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue 's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they 're called into a meeting with Maureen 's school teacher . 14 8 `` F is for Fixing It '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Valeri Vaughn May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems ; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic 's new girlfriend ; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School , a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill 's part in sending him away , causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways . 15 9 `` Pray Away '' Romain Bounoure , Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts Marc Wilmore May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA Frank and Sue go to a couple 's retreat to get help from a priest when their marriage begins to hit a snag , which only leads to a moment of truth between them . Meanwhile , Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy , while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend 's affair with Kevin . 16 10 `` Landing the Plane '' Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm Michael Price May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) TBA The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast - a-Wares takes credit for Sue 's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of `` Scoop , '' the mentally unstable new manager ( Roger Dunbarton 's nephew ) , which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists . Production ( edit ) The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix , Gaumont International Television , and Wild West Television . The show is a `` family comedy '' based on the standup of Bill Burr . Moreover , the show takes place in the 1970s , `` a time when you could smack your kid , smoke inside , and bring a gun to the airport '' . Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch , with Laura Dern as his wife , Justin Long as his eldest son , Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen , and Haley Reinhart as his young son . The first season consists of six episodes , shown in a serial manner , written by Bill Burr and Michael Price . Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award - winning work on The Simpsons . The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud ( director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball ) . Reception ( edit ) The series has received generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes the first season holds a rating of 82 % based on 17 reviews , with an average score of 6.56 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While the humor relies on vulgarity , the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart . '' On Metacritic , the first season holds a score of 75 out of 100 , based on 14 reviews , indicating `` Generally favorable reviews '' . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Result 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Character Voice - Over Performance Mo Collins as Ginny , Jimmy Fitzsimmons , Lex , Ben , and Cutie Pie ( Episode : Pray Away ) Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` F is for Family : Original , Animated Series From Bill Burr Coming Exclusively to Netflix '' . PR Newswire . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' F Is for Family ' Animated Comedy Series from Bill Burr '' . Variety . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' F Is For Family ' Gets December Premiere On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . November 6 , 2015 . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` F Is for Family - Season 2 Date Announcement Teaser - Netflix '' . April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 - 06 - 28 ) . `` ' F Is for Family ' Renewed for Season 3 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://reddit.com/r/fisforfamily/comments/8vm4oa/season_3_less_general_release_window_confirmed_by/ ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Idol ' Alum Haley Reinhart to Star in New Netflix Animated Series '' . Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` I will be making my VoiceOver debut ... '' Instagram.com . December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' F ' is for Halloween '' . F is for Family . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 26 June 2017 . Netflix . Jump up ^ `` That 's the amazing @ DebiDerryberry '' . Twitter.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mo voices Jimmy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall Part 5 '' . Twitter.com . December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I love Mr. Goomer '' . Twitter.com . December 26 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast roll call '' . Twitter.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Bill Burr 's New Netflix Series '' . Decider.com . December 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` I play this guy '' . Twitter.com . December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` He 's so so great as Bob Pogo '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` # FIsForFamily cast rollcall part 6 '' . Twitter.com . December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who does Joe Buck voice '' . Twitter.com . December 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Dennis ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` F Is For Family knows that all family debts come due sometime '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Orders Bill Burr Cartoon ' F Is for Family ' '' . Hollywood Reporter . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix orders Bill Burr animated series F Is For Family '' . AV Club . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' F is for Family ' is the newest addition to Netflix 's original shows '' . Digital Trends . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family Critica animada '' . CoolPop : criticas animadas , noticias y rumores sobre animacion . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` F is for Family -- Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) F Is for Family on Netflix F Is for Family on IMDb Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest 21 Thunder Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Treehouse Detectives All About the Washingtons Insatiable La casa de las flores Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F_Is_for_Family&oldid=852626750 '' Categories : Netflix original programming 2015 American television series debuts 2010s American adult animated television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American satirical television series 2010s American sitcoms 2015 French television series debuts 2010s French animated television series French adult animated television series Gaumont Animation Television series by Gaumont International Television Television series set in the 1970s Media portrayals of the working class Television series about dysfunctional families American flash adult animated television series French flash animated television series French satirical television programs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Suomi Türkçe 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 08 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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who plays frank in f is for family

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Android (operating system)

Android ( operating system ) - Wikipedia Android ( operating system ) For other uses , see Android ( disambiguation ) . Android Android 8.1 Oreo home screen Developer Google , Open Handset Alliance Written in Java ( UI ) , C ( core ) , C++ and more OS family Unix - like Working state Current Source model Open source ( most devices include proprietary components , such as Google Play ) Initial release September 23 , 2008 ; 9 years ago ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) Latest release 8.1. 0 `` Oreo '' / December 5 , 2017 ; 7 months ago ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) Latest preview Android P / March 7 , 2018 ; 4 months ago ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) Marketing target Smartphones , tablet computers , smartTVs ( Android TV ) , Android Auto and smartwatches ( Wear OS ) Available in 100 + languages Package manager APK ( primarily through Google Play ; installation of APKs also possible locally or from alternative sources such as F - Droid ) Platforms 32 - and 64 - bit ARM , x86 and x86 - 64 Kernel type Monolithic ( modified Linux kernel ) Userland Bionic libc , mksh shell , Toybox as core utilities beginning with Android 6.0 , previously native core utilities with a few from NetBSD Default user interface Graphical ( multi-touch ) License Apache License 2.0 GNU GPL v2 for the Linux kernel modifications Official website android.com Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google , based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open source software and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets . In addition , Google has further developed Android TV for televisions , Android Auto for cars , and Wear OS for wrist watches , each with a specialized user interface . Variants of Android are also used on game consoles , digital cameras , PCs and other electronics . Initially developed by Android Inc. , which Google bought in 2005 , Android was unveiled in 2007 , with the first commercial Android device launched in September 2008 . The operating system has since gone through multiple major releases , with the current version being 8.1 `` Oreo '' , released in December 2017 . The core Android source code is known as Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , and is primarily licensed under the Apache License . Android is also associated with a suite of proprietary software developed by Google , including core apps for services such as Gmail and Google Search , as well as the application store and digital distribution platform Google Play , and associated development platform . These apps are licensed by manufacturers of Android devices certified under standards imposed by Google , but AOSP has been used as the basis of competing Android ecosystems , such as Amazon.com 's Fire OS , which utilize their own equivalents to the Google Mobile Services . Android has been the best - selling OS worldwide on smartphones since 2011 and on tablets since 2013 . As of May 2017 , it has over two billion monthly active users , the largest installed base of any operating system , and as of June 2018 , the Google Play store features over 3.3 million apps . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Features 2.1 Interface 2.2 Applications 2.3 Memory management 3 Hardware 4 Development 4.1 Update schedule 4.2 Linux kernel 4.3 Software stack 4.4 Open - source community 5 Security and privacy 5.1 Scope of surveillance by public institutions 5.2 Common security threats 5.3 Technical security features 6 Licensing 6.1 Leverage over manufacturers 7 Reception 7.1 Market share 7.2 Adoption on tablets 7.3 Platform usage 7.4 Application piracy 8 Legal issues 9 Other uses 10 Mascot 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History See also : Android version history The `` Sooner '' prototype phone , running a pre-release version of Android Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto , California , in October 2003 by Andy Rubin , Rich Miner , Nick Sears , and Chris White . Rubin described the Android project as `` tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner 's location and preferences '' . The early intentions of the company were to develop an advanced operating system for digital cameras , and this was the basis of its pitch to investors in April 2004 . The company then decided that the market for cameras was not large enough for its goals , and by five months later it had diverted its efforts and was pitching Android as a handset operating system that would rival Symbian and Microsoft Windows Mobile . Rubin had difficulty attracting investors early on , and Android was facing eviction from its office space . Steve Perlman , a close friend of Rubin , brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope , and shortly thereafter wired an undisclosed amount as seed funding . Perlman refused a stake in the company , and has stated `` I did it because I believed in the thing , and I wanted to help Andy . '' In July 2005 , Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million . Its key employees , including Rubin , Miner and White , joined Google as part of the acquisition . Not much was known about the secretive Android at the time , with the company having provided few details other than that it was making software for mobile phones . At Google , the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel . Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible , upgradeable system . Google had `` lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation '' . Speculation about Google 's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006 . An early prototype had a close resemblance to a BlackBerry phone , with no touchscreen and a physical QWERTY keyboard , but the arrival of 2007 's Apple iPhone meant that Android `` had to go back to the drawing board '' . Google later changed its Android specification documents to state that `` Touchscreens will be supported '' , although `` the Product was designed with the presence of discrete physical buttons as an assumption , therefore a touchscreen can not completely replace physical buttons '' . By 2008 , both Nokia and BlackBerry announced touch - based smartphones to rival the iPhone 3G , and Android 's focus eventually switched to just touchscreens . The first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream , also known as T - Mobile G1 , announced on September 23 , 2008 . HTC Dream or T - Mobile G1 , the first commercially released device running Android ( 2008 ) . On November 5 , 2007 , the Open Handset Alliance , a consortium of technology companies including Google , device manufacturers such as HTC , Motorola and Samsung , wireless carriers such as Sprint and T - Mobile , and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments , unveiled itself , with a goal to develop `` the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices '' . Within a year , the Open Handset Alliance faced two other open source competitors , the Symbian Foundation and the LiMo Foundation , the latter also developing a Linux - based mobile operating system like Google . In September 2007 , InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony . Since 2008 , Android has seen numerous updates which have incrementally improved the operating system , adding new features and fixing bugs in previous releases . Each major release is named in alphabetical order after a dessert or sugary treat , with the first few Android versions being called `` Cupcake '' , `` Donut '' , `` Eclair '' , and `` Froyo '' , in that order . During its announcement of Android KitKat in 2013 , Google explained that `` Since these devices make our lives so sweet , each Android version is named after a dessert '' , although a Google spokesperson told CNN in an interview that `` It 's kind of like an internal team thing , and we prefer to be a little bit -- how should I say -- a bit inscrutable in the matter , I 'll say '' . In 2010 , Google launched its Nexus series of devices , a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions . The series was described as having `` played a pivotal role in Android 's history by introducing new software iterations and hardware standards across the board '' , and became known for its `` bloat - free '' software with `` timely ... updates '' . At its developer conference in May 2013 , Google announced a special version of the Samsung Galaxy S4 , where , instead of using Samsung 's own Android customization , the phone ran `` stock Android '' and was promised to receive new system updates fast . The device would become the start of the Google Play edition program , and was followed by other devices , including the HTC One Google Play edition , and Moto G Google Play edition . In 2015 , Ars Technica wrote that `` Earlier this week , the last of the Google Play edition Android phones in Google 's online storefront were listed as `` no longer available for sale '' and that `` Now they 're all gone , and it looks a whole lot like the program has wrapped up '' . Eric Schmidt , Andy Rubin and Hugo Barra at a 2012 press conference announcing Google 's Nexus 7 tablet From 2008 to 2013 , Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson , representing Android at press conferences and Google I / O , Google 's annual developer - focused conference . He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi . Less than six months earlier , Google 's then - CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that Andy Rubin had moved from the Android division to take on new projects at Google , and that Sundar Pichai would become the new Android lead . Pichai himself would eventually switch positions , becoming the new CEO of Google in August 2015 following the company 's restructure into the Alphabet conglomerate , making Hiroshi Lockheimer the new head of Android . In June 2014 , Google announced Android One , a set of `` hardware reference models '' that would `` allow ( device makers ) to easily create high - quality phones at low costs '' , designed for consumers in developing countries . In September , Google announced the first set of Android One phones for release in India . However , Recode reported in June 2015 that the project was `` a disappointment '' , citing `` reluctant consumers and manufacturing partners '' and `` misfires from the search company that has never quite cracked hardware '' . Plans to relaunch Android One surfaced in August 2015 , with Africa announced as the next location for the program a week later . A report from The Information in January 2017 stated that Google is expanding its low - cost Android One program into the United States , although The Verge notes that the company will presumably not produce the actual devices itself . Google introduced the Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones in October 2016 , marketed as being the first phones made by Google , and exclusively featured certain software features , such as the Google Assistant , before wider rollout . The Pixel phones replaced the Nexus series , with a new generation of Pixel phones launched in October 2017 . Features See also : List of features in Android Interface Android 's default user interface is mainly based on direct manipulation , using touch inputs that loosely correspond to real - world actions , like swiping , tapping , pinching , and reverse pinching to manipulate on - screen objects , along with a virtual keyboard . Game controllers and full - size physical keyboards are supported via Bluetooth or USB . The response to user input is designed to be immediate and provides a fluid touch interface , often using the vibration capabilities of the device to provide haptic feedback to the user . Internal hardware , such as accelerometers , gyroscopes and proximity sensors are used by some applications to respond to additional user actions , for example adjusting the screen from portrait to landscape depending on how the device is oriented , or allowing the user to steer a vehicle in a racing game by rotating the device , simulating control of a steering wheel . Android devices boot to the homescreen , the primary navigation and information `` hub '' on Android devices , analogous to the desktop found on personal computers . Android homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets ; app icons launch the associated app , whereas widgets display live , auto - updating content , such as a weather forecast , the user 's email inbox , or a news ticker directly on the homescreen . A homescreen may be made up of several pages , between which the user can swipe back and forth . Third - party apps available on Google Play and other app stores can extensively re-theme the homescreen , and even mimic the look of other operating systems , such as Windows Phone . Most manufacturers customize the look and features of their Android devices to differentiate themselves from their competitors . Along the top of the screen is a status bar , showing information about the device and its connectivity . This status bar can be `` pulled '' down to reveal a notification screen where apps display important information or updates . Notifications are `` short , timely , and relevant information about your app when it 's not in use '' , and when tapped , users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification . Beginning with Android 4.1 `` Jelly Bean '' , `` expandable notifications '' allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for it to expand and display more information and possible app actions right from the notification . An All Apps screen lists all installed applications , with the ability for users to drag an app from the list onto the home screen . A Recents screen lets users switch between recently used apps . Applications See also : Android software development and Google Play Applications ( `` apps '' ) , which extend the functionality of devices , are written using the Android software development kit ( SDK ) and , often , the Java programming language . Java may be combined with C / C++ , together with a choice of non-default runtimes that allow better C++ support . The Go programming language is also supported , although with a limited set of application programming interfaces ( API ) . In May 2017 , Google announced support for Android app development in the Kotlin programming language . The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools , including a debugger , software libraries , a handset emulator based on QEMU , documentation , sample code , and tutorials . Initially , Google 's supported integrated development environment ( IDE ) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools ( ADT ) plugin ; in December 2014 , Google released Android Studio , based on IntelliJ IDEA , as its primary IDE for Android application development . Other development tools are available , including a native development kit ( NDK ) for applications or extensions in C or C++ , Google App Inventor , a visual environment for novice programmers , and various cross platform mobile web applications frameworks . In January 2014 , Google unveiled an framework based on Apache Cordova for porting Chrome HTML 5 web applications to Android , wrapped in a native application shell . Android has a growing selection of third - party applications , which can be acquired by users by downloading and installing the application 's APK ( Android application package ) file , or by downloading them using an application store program that allows users to install , update , and remove applications from their devices . Google Play Store is the primary application store installed on Android devices that comply with Google 's compatibility requirements and license the Google Mobile Services software . Google Play Store allows users to browse , download and update applications published by Google and third - party developers ; as of July 2013 , there are more than one million applications available for Android in Play Store . As of July 2013 , 50 billion applications have been installed . Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Google Play application purchases , where the cost of the application is added to the user 's monthly bill . As of May 2017 , there are over one billion active users a month for Gmail , Android , Chrome , Google Play and Maps . Due to the open nature of Android , a number of third - party application marketplaces also exist for Android , either to provide a substitute for devices that are not allowed to ship with Google Play Store , provide applications that can not be offered on Google Play Store due to policy violations , or for other reasons . Examples of these third - party stores have included the Amazon Appstore , GetJar , and SlideMe . F - Droid , another alternative marketplace , seeks to only provide applications that are distributed under free and open source licenses . Memory management Since Android devices are usually battery - powered , Android is designed to manage processes to keep power consumption at a minimum . When an application is not in use the system suspends its operation so that , while available for immediate use rather than closed , it does not use battery power or CPU resources . Android manages the applications stored in memory automatically : when memory is low , the system will begin invisibly and automatically closing inactive processes , starting with those that have been inactive for the longest amount of time . Lifehacker reported in 2011 that third - party task killer applications were doing more harm than good . Hardware See also : Android hardware requirements The main hardware platform for Android is ARM ( the ARMv7 and ARMv8 - A architectures ) , with x86 , MIPS and MIPS64 , and x86 - 64 architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android . The unofficial Android - x86 project provided support for x86 architectures ahead of the official support . The MIPS architecture was also supported ahead of Google 's support . Since 2012 , Android devices with Intel processors began to appear , including phones and tablets . While gaining support for 64 - bit platforms , Android was first made to run on 64 - bit x86 and then on ARM64 . Since Android 5.0 `` Lollipop '' , 64 - bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32 - bit variants . Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 range from in practice 2 GB for best hardware , down to 1 GB for the most common screen , to absolute minimum 512 MB for the lowest spec 32 - bit smartphone . The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM , while for `` low RAM '' devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor . Android 4.4 requires a 32 - bit ARMv7 , MIPS or x86 architecture processor ( latter two through unofficial ports ) , together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit ( GPU ) . Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1 , 2.0 , 3.0 , 3.1 and as of latest major version , 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan ( and version 1.1 available for some devices ) . Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES , and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications . Android devices incorporate many optional hardware components , including still or video cameras , GPS , orientation sensors , dedicated gaming controls , accelerometers , gyroscopes , barometers , magnetometers , proximity sensors , pressure sensors , thermometers , and touchscreens . Some hardware components are not required , but became standard in certain classes of devices , such as smartphones , and additional requirements apply if they are present . Some other hardware was initially required , but those requirements have been relaxed or eliminated altogether . For example , as Android was developed initially as a phone OS , hardware such as microphones were required , while over time the phone function became optional . Android used to require an autofocus camera , which was relaxed to a fixed - focus camera if present at all , since the camera was dropped as a requirement entirely when Android started to be used on set - top boxes . In addition to running on smartphones and tablets , several vendors run Android natively on regular PC hardware with a keyboard and mouse . In addition to their availability on commercially available hardware , similar PC hardware - friendly versions of Android are freely available from the Android - x86 project , including customized Android 4.4 . Using the Android emulator that is part of the Android SDK , or third - party emulators , Android can also run non-natively on x86 architectures . Chinese companies are building a PC and mobile operating system , based on Android , to `` compete directly with Microsoft Windows and Google Android '' . The Chinese Academy of Engineering noted that `` more than a dozen '' companies were customising Android following a Chinese ban on the use of Windows 8 on government PCs . Development Main article : Android software development The stack of Android Open Source Project Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released , at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) , an open source initiative led by Google . The AOSP code can be found without modification on select devices , mainly the Nexus and Pixel series of devices . The source code is , in turn , customized and adapted by original equipment manufacturers ( OEMs ) to run on their hardware . Also , Android 's source code does not contain the often proprietary device drivers that are needed for certain hardware components . As a result , most Android devices , including Google 's own , ultimately ship with a combination of free and open source and proprietary software , with the software required for accessing Google services falling into the latter category . Update schedule See also : Android version history Google announces major incremental upgrades to Android on a yearly basis . The updates can be installed on devices over-the - air . The latest major release is 8.0 `` Oreo '' , announced in March 2017 , and released the following August . Compared to its primary rival mobile operating system , Apple 's iOS , Android updates typically reach various devices with significant delays . Except for devices within the Google Nexus and Pixel brands , updates often arrive months after the release of the new version , or not at all . This was partly due to the extensive variation in hardware in Android devices , to which each upgrade must be specifically tailored , a time - and resource - consuming process . Manufacturers often prioritize their newest devices and leave old ones behind . Additional delays can be introduced by wireless carriers that , after receiving updates from manufacturers , further customize and brand Android to their needs and conduct extensive testing on their networks before sending the upgrade out to users . There are also situations in which upgrades are not possible due to one manufacturing partner not providing necessary updates to drivers . The extensive variation of hardware in Android devices causes significant delays for software upgrades , with new versions of the operating system and security patches typically taking months before reaching consumers , or sometimes not at all . The lack of after - sale support from manufacturers and carriers has been widely criticized by consumer groups and the technology media . Some commentators have noted that the industry has a financial incentive not to upgrade their devices , as the lack of updates for existing devices fuels the purchase of newer ones , an attitude described as `` insulting '' . The Guardian complained that the method of distribution for updates is complicated only because manufacturers and carriers have designed it that way . In 2011 , Google partnered with a number of industry players to announce an `` Android Update Alliance '' , pledging to deliver timely updates for every device for 18 months after its release ; however , there has not been another official word about that alliance since its announcement . In 2012 , Google began decoupling certain aspects of the operating system ( particularly its core applications ) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS . One of those components , Google Play Services , is a closed - source system - level process providing APIs for Google services , installed automatically on nearly all devices running Android 2.2 `` Froyo '' and higher . With these changes , Google can add new system functionality through Play Services and update apps without having to distribute an upgrade to the operating system itself . As a result , Android 4.2 and 4.3 `` Jelly Bean '' contained relatively fewer user - facing changes , focusing more on minor changes and platform improvements . In May 2016 , Bloomberg reported that Google was making efforts to keep Android more up - to - date , including accelerated rates of security updates , rolling out technological workarounds , reducing requirements for phone testing , and ranking phone makers in an attempt to `` shame '' them into better behavior . As stated by Bloomberg : `` As smartphones get more capable , complex and hackable , having the latest software work closely with the hardware is increasingly important '' . Hiroshi Lockheimer , the Android lead , admitted that `` It 's not an ideal situation '' , further commenting that the lack of updates is `` the weakest link on security on Android '' . Wireless carriers were described in the report as the `` most challenging discussions '' , due to carriers ' slow approval time due to testing on their networks , despite some carriers , including Verizon and Sprint , having already shortened their respective approval times . HTC 's then - executive Jason Mackenzie called monthly security updates `` unrealistic '' in 2015 , and Google was trying to persuade carriers to exclude security patches from the full testing procedures . In a further effort for persuasion , Google shared a list of top phone makers measured by updated devices with its Android partners , and is considering making the list public . Mike Chan , co-founder of phone maker Nextbit and former Android developer , said that `` The best way to solve this problem is a massive re-architecture of the operating system '' , `` or Google could invest in training manufacturers and carriers `` to be good Android citizens '' `` . In May 2017 , with the announcement of Android 8.0 , Google introduced Project Treble , a major re-architect of the Android OS framework designed to make it easier , faster , and less costly for manufacturers to update devices to newer versions of Android . Project Treble separates the vendor implementation ( device - specific , lower - level software written by silicon manufacturers ) from the Android OS framework via a new `` vendor interface '' . In Android 7.0 and earlier , no formal vendor interface exists , so device makers must update large portions of the Android code to move a device to a newer version of the operating system . With Treble , the new stable vendor interface provides access to the hardware - specific parts of Android , enabling device makers to deliver new Android releases simply by updating the Android OS framework , `` without any additional work required from the silicon manufacturers . '' In September 2017 , Google 's Project Treble team revealed that , as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices , Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long - Term Support ( LTS ) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historically lasted to 6 years for future versions of the LTS kernel , starting with Linux kernel 4.4 . Linux kernel Android 's kernel is based on one of the Linux kernel 's long - term support ( LTS ) branches . As of 2017 , Android devices mainly use versions 3.18 or 4.4 of the Linux kernel . The actual kernel depends on the individual device . Android 's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle , such as the inclusion of components like device trees , ashmem , ION , and different out of memory ( OOM ) handling . Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel , notably a power management feature called `` wakelocks '' , were initially rejected by mainline kernel developers partly because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code . Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community , but Greg Kroah - Hartman , the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch , said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux . Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company 's developer conference that `` Android is not Linux '' , with Computerworld adding that `` Let me make it simple for you , without Linux , there is no Android '' . Ars Technica wrote that `` Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel , the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack '' . In August 2011 , Linus Torvalds said that `` eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel , but it will probably not be for four to five years '' . In December 2011 , Greg Kroah - Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project , which aims to put some Android drivers , patches and features back into the Linux kernel , starting in Linux 3.3 . Linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel , after many previous attempts at merger . The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes : to memory ( the traditional suspend that Android uses ) , and to disk ( hibernate , as it is known on the desktop ) . Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to re-base Android off the latest stable Linux versions . The flash storage on Android devices is split into several partitions , such as / system for the operating system itself , and / data for user data and application installations . In contrast to desktop Linux distributions , Android device owners are not given root access to the operating system and sensitive partitions such as / system are read - only . However , root access can be obtained by exploiting security flaws in Android , which is used frequently by the open - source community to enhance the capabilities of their devices , but also by malicious parties to install viruses and malware . Android is a Linux distribution according to the Linux Foundation , Google 's open - source chief Chris DiBona , and several journalists . Others , such as Google engineer Patrick Brady , say that Android is not Linux in the traditional Unix - like Linux distribution sense ; Android does not include the GNU C Library ( it uses Bionic as an alternative C library ) and some of other components typically found in Linux distributions . With the release of Android Oreo in 2017 , Google began to require that devices shipped with new SoCs had Linux kernel version 4.4 or newer , for security reasons . Existing devices upgraded to Oreo , and new products launched with older SoCs , were exempt from this rule . Software stack Android 's architecture diagram On top of the Linux kernel , there are the middleware , libraries and APIs written in C , and application software running on an application framework which includes Java - compatible libraries . Development of the Linux kernel continues independently of Android 's other source code projects . Until version 5.0 , Android used Dalvik as a process virtual machine with trace - based just - in - time ( JIT ) compilation to run Dalvik `` dex - code '' ( Dalvik Executable ) , which is usually translated from the Java bytecode . Following the trace - based JIT principle , in addition to interpreting the majority of application code , Dalvik performs the compilation and native execution of select frequently executed code segments ( `` traces '' ) each time an application is launched . Android 4.4 introduced Android Runtime ( ART ) as a new runtime environment , which uses ahead - of - time ( AOT ) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of an application . In Android 4.4 , ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default ; it became the only runtime option in the next major version of Android , 5.0 . For its Java library , the Android platform uses a subset of the now discontinued Apache Harmony project . In December 2015 , Google announced that the next version of Android would switch to a Java implementation based on the OpenJDK project . Android 's standard C library , Bionic , was developed by Google specifically for Android , as a derivation of the BSD 's standard C library code . Bionic itself has been designed with several major features specific to the Linux kernel . The main benefits of using Bionic instead of the GNU C Library ( glibc ) or uClibc are its smaller runtime footprint , and optimization for low - frequency CPUs . At the same time , Bionic is licensed under the terms of the BSD licence , which Google finds more suitable for the Android 's overall licensing model . Aiming for a different licensing model , toward the end of 2012 , Google switched the Bluetooth stack in Android from the GPL - licensed BlueZ to the Apache - licensed BlueDroid . Android does not have a native X Window System by default , nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries . This made it difficult to port existing Linux applications or libraries to Android , until version r5 of the Android Native Development Kit brought support for applications written completely in C or C++ . Libraries written in C may also be used in applications by injection of a small shim and usage of the JNI . Since Marshmallow , `` Toybox '' , a collection of command line utilities ( mostly for use by apps , as Android does n't provide a command line interface by default ) , replaced similar `` Toolbox '' collection . Android has another operating system , Trusty OS , within it , as a part of `` Trusty '' `` software components supporting a Trusted Execution Environment ( TEE ) on mobile devices . '' `` Trusty and the Trusty API are subject to change . ( ... ) Applications for the Trusty OS can be written in C / C++ ( C++ support is limited ) , and they have access to a small C library . ( ... ) All Trusty applications are single - threaded ; multithreading in Trusty userspace currently is unsupported . ( ... ) Third - party application development is not supported in '' the current version , and software running on the OS and processor for it , run the `` DRM framework for protected content . ( ... ) There are many other uses for a TEE such as mobile payments , secure banking , full - disk encryption , multi-factor authentication , device reset protection , replay - protected persistent storage , wireless display ( '' cast `` ) of protected content , secure PIN and fingerprint processing , and even malware detection . '' Open - source community Android 's source code is released by Google under an open source license , and its open nature has encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open - source code as a foundation for community - driven projects , which deliver updates to older devices , add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices originally shipped with other operating systems . These community - developed releases often bring new features and updates to devices faster than through the official manufacturer / carrier channels , with a comparable level of quality ; provide continued support for older devices that no longer receive official updates ; or bring Android to devices that were officially released running other operating systems , such as the HP TouchPad . Community releases often come pre-rooted and contain modifications not provided by the original vendor , such as the ability to overclock or over / undervolt the device 's processor . CyanogenMod was the most widely used community firmware , now discontinued and succeeded by LineageOS . Historically , device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third - party firmware development . Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this . Moreover , modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features , such as tethering , for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium . As a result , technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions are common in many devices . However , as community - developed software has grown more popular , and following a statement by the Librarian of Congress in the United States that permits the `` jailbreaking '' of mobile devices , manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding third party development , with some , including HTC , Motorola , Samsung and Sony , providing support and encouraging development . As a result of this , over time the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware has lessened as an increasing number of devices are shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders , similar to Nexus series of phones , although usually requiring that users waive their devices ' warranties to do so . However , despite manufacturer acceptance , some carriers in the US still require that phones are locked down , frustrating developers and customers . Security and Privacy See also : Mobile security and WARRIOR PRIDE Scope of surveillance by public institutions As part of the broader 2013 mass surveillance disclosures it was revealed in September 2013 that the American and British intelligence agencies , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) , respectively , have access to the user data on iPhone , BlackBerry , and Android devices . They are reportedly able to read almost all smartphone information , including SMS , location , emails , and notes . In January 2014 , further reports revealed the intelligence agencies ' capabilities to intercept the personal information transmitted across the Internet by social networks and other popular applications such as Angry Birds , which collect personal information of their users for advertising and other commercial reasons . GCHQ has , according to The Guardian , a wiki - style guide of different apps and advertising networks , and the different data that can be siphoned from each . Later that week , the Finnish Angry Birds developer Rovio announced that it was reconsidering its relationships with its advertising platforms in the light of these revelations , and called upon the wider industry to do the same . The documents revealed a further effort by the intelligence agencies to intercept Google Maps searches and queries submitted from Android and other smartphones to collect location information in bulk . The NSA and GCHQ insist their activities are in compliance with all relevant domestic and international laws , although the Guardian stated `` the latest disclosures could also add to mounting public concern about how the technology sector collects and uses information , especially for those outside the US , who enjoy fewer privacy protections than Americans . '' Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks , codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 -- 2016 , detail the capabilities of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare , including the ability to compromise the operating systems of most smartphones ( including Android ) . Common security threats Research from security company Trend Micro lists premium service abuse as the most common type of Android malware , where text messages are sent from infected phones to premium - rate telephone numbers without the consent or even knowledge of the user . Other malware displays unwanted and intrusive advertisements on the device , or sends personal information to unauthorised third parties . Security threats on Android are reportedly growing exponentially ; however , Google engineers have argued that the malware and virus threat on Android is being exaggerated by security companies for commercial reasons , and have accused the security industry of playing on fears to sell virus protection software to users . Google maintains that dangerous malware is actually extremely rare , and a survey conducted by F - Secure showed that only 0.5 % of Android malware reported had come from the Google Play store . In August 2015 , Google announced that devices in the Google Nexus series would begin to receive monthly security patches . Google also wrote that `` Nexus devices will continue to receive major updates for at least two years and security patches for the longer of three years from initial availability or 18 months from last sale of the device via the Google Store . '' The following October , researchers at the University of Cambridge concluded that 87.7 % of Android phones in use had known but unpatched security vulnerabilities due to lack of updates and support . Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica wrote also in August 2015 that `` Android was originally designed , above all else , to be widely adopted . Google was starting from scratch with zero percent market share , so it was happy to give up control and give everyone a seat at the table in exchange for adoption . ( ... ) Now , though , Android has around 75 -- 80 percent of the worldwide smartphone market -- making it not just the world 's most popular mobile operating system but arguably the most popular operating system , period . As such , security has become a big issue . Android still uses a software update chain - of - command designed back when the Android ecosystem had zero devices to update , and it just does n't work '' . Following news of Google 's monthly schedule , some manufacturers , including Samsung and LG , promised to issue monthly security updates , but , as noted by Jerry Hildenbrand in Android Central in February 2016 , `` instead we got a few updates on specific versions of a small handful of models . And a bunch of broken promises '' . In a March 2017 post on Google 's Security Blog , Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that `` More than 735 million devices from 200 + manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016 '' and that `` Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates , releasing updates for over half of the top 50 devices worldwide in the last quarter of 2016 '' . They also wrote that `` About half of devices in use at the end of 2016 had not received a platform security update in the previous year '' , stating that their work would continue to focus on streamlining the security updates program for easier deployment by manufacturers . Furthermore , in a comment to TechCrunch , Ludwig stated that the wait time for security updates had been reduced from `` six to nine weeks down to just a few days '' , with 78 % of flagship devices in North America being up - to - date on security at the end of 2016 . Patches to bugs found in the core operating system often do not reach users of older and lower - priced devices . However , the open - source nature of Android allows security contractors to take existing devices and adapt them for highly secure uses . For example , Samsung has worked with General Dynamics through their Open Kernel Labs acquisition to rebuild Jelly Bean on top of their hardened microvisor for the `` Knox '' project . Android smartphones have the ability to report the location of Wi - Fi access points , encountered as phone users move around , to build databases containing the physical locations of hundreds of millions of such access points . These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones , allowing them to run apps like Foursquare , Google Latitude , Facebook Places , and to deliver location - based ads . Third party monitoring software such as TaintDroid , an academic research - funded project , can , in some cases , detect when personal information is being sent from applications to remote servers . Technical security features Android applications run in a sandbox , an isolated area of the system that does not have access to the rest of the system 's resources , unless access permissions are explicitly granted by the user when the application is installed , however this may not be possible for pre-installed apps . It is not possible , for example , to turn off the microphone access of the pre-installed camera app without disabling the camera completely . This is valid also in Android versions 7 and 8 . Since February 2012 , Google has used its Google Bouncer malware scanner to watch over and scan apps available in the Google Play store . A `` Verify Apps '' feature was introduced in November 2012 , as part of the Android 4.2 `` Jelly Bean '' operating system version , to scan all apps , both from Google Play and from third - party sources , for malicious behavior . Originally only doing so during installation , Verify Apps received an update in 2014 to `` constantly '' scan apps , and in 2017 the feature was made visible to users through a menu in Settings . Before installing an application , the Google Play store displays a list of the requirements an app needs to function . After reviewing these permissions , the user can choose to accept or refuse them , installing the application only if they accept . In Android 6.0 `` Marshmallow '' , the permissions system was changed ; apps are no longer automatically granted all of their specified permissions at installation time . An opt - in system is used instead , in which users are prompted to grant or deny individual permissions to an app when they are needed for the first time . Applications remember the grants , which can be revoked by the user at any time . Pre-installed apps , however , are not always part of this approach . In some cases it may not be possible to deny certain permissions to pre-installed apps , nor be possible to disable them . The Google Play Services app can not be uninstalled , nor disabled . Any force stop attempt , result in the app restarting itself . The new permissions model is used only by applications developed for Marshmallow using its software development kit ( SDK ) , and older apps will continue to use the previous all - or - nothing approach . Permissions can still be revoked for those apps , though this might prevent them from working properly , and a warning is displayed to that effect . In September 2014 , Jason Nova of Android Authority reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android . Nova wrote that `` The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them ; this does not allow applications to list the directory contents of other apps to keep the system safe . By not allowing the antivirus to list the directories of other apps after installation , applications that show no inherent suspicious behavior when downloaded are cleared as safe . If then later on parts of the app are activated that turn out to be malicious , the antivirus will have no way to know since it is inside the app and out of the antivirus ' jurisdiction '' . The study by Fraunhofer AISEC , examining antivirus software from Avast , AVG , Bitdefender , ESET , F - Secure , Kaspersky , Lookout , McAfee ( formerly Intel Security ) , Norton , Sophos , and Trend Micro , revealed that `` the tested antivirus apps do not provide protection against customized malware or targeted attacks '' , and that `` the tested antivirus apps were also not able to detect malware which is completely unknown to date but does not make any efforts to hide its malignity '' . In August 2013 , Google announced Android Device Manager ( renamed Find My Device in May 2017 ) , a service that allows users to remotely track , locate , and wipe their Android device , with an Android app for the service released in December . In December 2016 , Google introduced a Trusted Contacts app , letting users request location - tracking of loved ones during emergencies . Licensing The source code for Android is open - source : it is developed in private by Google , with the source code released publicly when a new version of Android is released . Google publishes most of the code ( including network and telephony stacks ) under the non-copyleft Apache License version 2.0. which allows modification and redistribution . The license does not grant rights to the `` Android '' trademark , so device manufacturers and wireless carriers have to license it from Google under individual contracts . Associated Linux kernel changes are released under the copyleft GNU General Public License version 2 , developed by the Open Handset Alliance , with the source code publicly available at all times . Typically , Google collaborates with a hardware manufacturer to produce a flagship device ( part of the Nexus series ) featuring the new version of Android , then makes the source code available after that device has been released . The only Android release which was not immediately made available as source code was the tablet - only 3.0 Honeycomb release . The reason , according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post , was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom , and they did not want third parties creating a `` really bad user experience '' by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets . Only the base Android operating system ( including some applications ) is open - source software , whereas most Android devices ship with a substantial amount of proprietary software , such as Google Mobile Services , which includes applications such as Google Play Store , Google Search , and Google Play Services -- a software layer that provides APIs for the integration with Google - provided services , among others . These applications must be licensed from Google by device makers , and can only be shipped on devices which meet its compatibility guidelines and other requirements . Custom , certified distributions of Android produced by manufacturers ( such as TouchWiz and HTC Sense ) may also replace certain stock Android apps with their own proprietary variants and add additional software not included in the stock Android operating system . There may also be `` binary blob '' drivers required for certain hardware components in the device . Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation have been critical of Android and have recommended the usage of alternatives such as Replicant , because drivers and firmware vital for the proper functioning of Android devices are usually proprietary , and because the Google Play Store application can forcibly install or deinstall applications and , as a result , invite non-free software ; although the Free Software Foundation has not found Google to use it for malicious reasons . Leverage over manufacturers Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software , along with Android trademarks , only to hardware manufacturers for devices that meet Google 's compatibility standards specified in the Android Compatibility Program document . Thus , forks of Android that make major changes to the operating system itself do not include any of Google 's non-free components , stay incompatible with applications that require them , and must ship with an alternative software marketplace in lieu of Google Play Store . Examples of such Android forks are Amazon 's Fire OS ( which is used on the Kindle Fire line of tablets , and oriented toward Amazon services ) , the Nokia X Software Platform ( a fork used by the Nokia X family , oriented primarily toward Nokia and Microsoft services ) , and other forks that exclude Google apps due to the general unavailability of Google services in certain regions ( such as China ) . In 2014 , Google also began to require that all Android devices which license the Google Mobile Services software display a prominent `` Powered by Android '' logo on their boot screens . Google has also enforced preferential bundling and placement of Google Mobile Services on devices , including mandated bundling of the entire main suite of Google applications , and that shortcuts to Google Search and the Play Store app must be present on or near the main home screen page in its default configuration . Some stock applications and components in AOSP code that were formerly used by earlier versions of Android , such as Search , Music , Calendar , and the location API , were abandoned by Google in favor of non-free replacements distributed through Play Store ( Google Search , Google Play Music , and Google Calendar ) and Google Play Services , which are no longer open - source . Moreover , open - source variants of some applications also exclude functions that are present in their non-free versions , such as Photosphere panoramas in Camera , and a Google Now page on the default home screen ( exclusive to the proprietary version `` Google Now Launcher '' , whose code is embedded within that of the main Google application ) . These measures are likely intended to discourage forks , as more of the operating system 's core functionality ( and in turn , third - party software ) , are dependent on proprietary components licensed exclusively by Google , and it would take significant development resources to develop an alternative suite of software and APIs to replicate or replace them . Apps that do not utilize Google components would also be at a functional disadvantage , as they can only utilize APIs contained within the OS itself . In March 2018 , it was reported that Google had begun to block `` uncertified '' Android devices from utilizing Google Mobile Services software , and display a warning indicating that `` the device manufacturer has preloaded Google apps and services without certification from Google '' . Users of custom ROMs are able to register their device ID to their Google account to remove this block . Members of the Open Handset Alliance , which include the majority of Android OEMs , are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS ; in 2012 , Acer Inc. was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Group 's Aliyun OS with threats of removal from the OHA , as Google deemed the platform to be an incompatible version of Android . Alibaba Group defended the allegations , arguing that the OS was a distinct platform from Android ( primarily using HTML5 apps ) , but incorporated portions of Android 's platform to allow backwards compatibility with third - party Android software . Indeed , the devices did ship with an application store which offered Android apps ; however , the majority of them were pirated . Reception Android received a lukewarm reaction when it was unveiled in 2007 . Although analysts were impressed with the respected technology companies that had partnered with Google to form the Open Handset Alliance , it was unclear whether mobile phone manufacturers would be willing to replace their existing operating systems with Android . The idea of an open - source , Linux - based development platform sparked interest , but there were additional worries about Android facing strong competition from established players in the smartphone market , such as Nokia and Microsoft , and rival Linux mobile operating systems that were in development . These established players were skeptical : Nokia was quoted as saying `` we do n't see this as a threat , '' and a member of Microsoft 's Windows Mobile team stated `` I do n't understand the impact that they are going to have . '' Since then Android has grown to become the most widely used smartphone operating system and `` one of the fastest mobile experiences available '' . Reviewers have highlighted the open - source nature of the operating system as one of its defining strengths , allowing companies such as Nokia ( Nokia X family ) , Amazon ( Kindle Fire ) , Barnes & Noble ( Nook ) , Ouya , Baidu and others to fork the software and release hardware running their own customised version of Android . As a result , it has been described by technology website Ars Technica as `` practically the default operating system for launching new hardware '' for companies without their own mobile platforms . This openness and flexibility is also present at the level of the end user : Android allows extensive customisation of devices by their owners and apps are freely available from non-Google app stores and third party websites . These have been cited as among the main advantages of Android phones over others . Despite Android 's popularity , including an activation rate three times that of iOS , there have been reports that Google has not been able to leverage their other products and web services successfully to turn Android into the money maker that analysts had expected . The Verge suggested that Google is losing control of Android due to the extensive customization and proliferation of non-Google apps and services -- Amazon 's Kindle Fire line uses Fire OS , a heavily modified fork of Android which does not include or support any of Google 's proprietary components , and requires that users obtain software from its competing Amazon Appstore instead of Play Store . In 2014 , in an effort to improve prominence of the Android brand , Google began to require that devices featuring its proprietary components display an Android logo on the boot screen . Android has suffered from `` fragmentation '' , a situation where the variety of Android devices , in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them , makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware and software varies less . For example , according to data from OpenSignal in July 2013 , there were 11,868 models of Android device , numerous different screen sizes and eight Android OS versions simultaneously in use , while the large majority of iOS users have upgraded to the latest iteration of that OS . Critics such as Apple Insider have asserted that fragmentation via hardware and software pushed Android 's growth through large volumes of low end , budget - priced devices running older versions of Android . They maintain this forces Android developers to write for the `` lowest common denominator '' to reach as many users as possible , who have too little incentive to make use of the latest hardware or software features only available on a smaller percentage of devices . However , OpenSignal , who develops both Android and iOS apps , concluded that although fragmentation can make development trickier , Android 's wider global reach also increases the potential reward . Market share Main article : Usage share of operating systems Research company Canalys estimated in the second quarter of 2009 , that Android had a 2.8 % share of worldwide smartphone shipments . By May 2010 , Android had a 10 % worldwide smartphone market share , overtaking Windows Mobile , whilst in the US Android held a 28 % share , overtaking iPhone OS . By the fourth quarter of 2010 , its worldwide share had grown to 33 % of the market becoming the top - selling smartphone platform , overtaking Symbian . In the US it became the top - selling platform in April 2011 , overtaking BlackBerry OS with a 31.2 % smartphone share , according to comScore . By the third quarter of 2011 , Gartner estimated that more than half ( 52.5 % ) of the smartphone sales belonged to Android . By the third quarter of 2012 Android had a 75 % share of the global smartphone market according to the research firm IDC . In July 2011 , Google said that 550,000 Android devices were being activated every day , up from 400,000 per day in May , and more than 100 million devices had been activated with 4.4 % growth per week . In September 2012 , 500 million devices had been activated with 1.3 million activations per day . In May 2013 , at Google I / O , Sundar Pichai announced that 900 million Android devices had been activated . Android market share varies by location . In July 2012 , `` mobile subscribers aged 13 + '' in the United States using Android were up to 52 % , and rose to 90 % in China . During the third quarter of 2012 , Android 's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75 % , with 750 million devices activated in total . In April 2013 Android had 1.5 million activations per day . As of May 2013 , 48 billion applications ( `` apps '' ) have been installed from the Google Play store , and by September 2013 , one billion Android devices have been activated . As of February 2017 , the Google Play store has over 2.7 million Android applications published , and As of May 2016 , apps have been downloaded more than 65 billion times . The operating system 's success has made it a target for patent litigation as part of the so - called `` smartphone wars '' between technology companies . Android devices account for more than half of smartphone sales in most markets , including the US , while `` only in Japan was Apple on top '' ( September -- November 2013 numbers ) . At the end of 2013 , over 1.5 billion Android smartphones have been sold in the four years since 2010 , making Android the most sold phone and tablet OS . Three billion Android smartphones are estimated to be sold by the end of 2014 ( including previous years ) . According to Gartner research company , Android - based devices outsold all contenders , every year since 2012 . In 2013 , it outsold Windows 2.8 : 1 or by 573 million . As of 2015 , Android has the largest installed base of all operating systems ; Since 2013 , devices running it also sell more than Windows , iOS and Mac OS X devices combined . According to StatCounter , which tracks only the use for browsing the web , Android is the most popular mobile operating system since August 2013 . Android is the most popular operating system for web browsing in India and several other countries ( e.g. virtually all of Asia , with Japan and North Korea exceptions ) . According to StatCounter , Android is most used on mobile in all African countries , and it stated `` mobile usage has already overtaken desktop in several countries including India , South Africa and Saudi Arabia '' , with virtually all countries in Africa having done so already ( except for seven countries , including Egypt ) , such as Ethiopia and Kenya in which mobile ( including tablets ) usage is at 90.46 % ( Android only , accounts for 75.81 % of all use there ) . While Android phones in the Western world commonly include Google 's proprietary add - ons ( such as Google Play ) to the otherwise open - source operating system , this is increasingly not the case in emerging markets ; `` ABI Research claims that 65 million devices shipped globally with open - source Android in the second quarter of ( 2014 ) , up from 54 million in the first quarter '' ; depending on country , percent of phones estimated to be based only on AOSP source code , forgoing the Android trademark : Thailand ( 44 % ) , Philippines ( 38 % ) , Indonesia ( 31 % ) , India ( 21 % ) , Malaysia ( 24 % ) , Mexico ( 18 % ) , Brazil ( 9 % ) . According to a January 2015 Gartner report , `` Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014 , and will continue to grow at a double - digit pace in 2015 , with a 26 percent increase year over year . '' This made it the first time that any general - purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users within a year : by reaching close to 1.16 billion end users in 2014 , Android shipped over four times more than iOS and OS X combined , and over three times more than Microsoft Windows . Gartner expected the whole mobile phone market to `` reach two billion units in 2016 '' , including Android . Describing the statistics , Farhad Manjoo wrote in The New York Times that `` About one of every two computers sold today is running Android . ( It ) has become Earth 's dominant computing platform . '' According to a Statistica 's estimate , Android smartphones had an installed base of 1.8 billion units in 2015 , which was 76 % of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide . Android has the largest installed base of any mobile operating system and , since 2013 , the highest - selling operating system overall with sales in 2012 , 2013 and 2014 close to the installed base of all PCs . In the second quarter of 2014 , Android 's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 84.7 % , a new record . This had grown to 87.5 % worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016 , leaving main competitor iOS with 12.1 % market share . According to an April 2017 StatCounter report , Android overtook Microsoft Windows to become the most popular operating system for total Internet usage . It has maintained the plurality since then . In September 2015 , Google announced that Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users . This changed to 2 billion monthly active users in May 2017 . Adoption on tablets The first - generation Nexus 7 tablet , running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean Despite its success on smartphones , initially Android tablet adoption was slow . One of the main causes was the chicken or the egg situation where consumers were hesitant to buy an Android tablet due to a lack of high quality tablet applications , but developers were hesitant to spend time and resources developing tablet applications until there was a significant market for them . The content and app `` ecosystem '' proved more important than hardware specs as the selling point for tablets . Due to the lack of Android tablet - specific applications in 2011 , early Android tablets had to make do with existing smartphone applications that were ill - suited to larger screen sizes , whereas the dominance of Apple 's iPad was reinforced by the large number of tablet - specific iOS applications . Despite app support in its infancy , a considerable number of Android tablets , like the Barnes & Noble Nook ( alongside those using other operating systems , such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook ) were rushed out to market in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad . InfoWorld has suggested that some Android manufacturers initially treated their first tablets as a `` Frankenphone business '' , a short - term low - investment opportunity by placing a smartphone - optimized Android OS ( before Android 3.0 Honeycomb for tablets was available ) on a device while neglecting user interface . This approach , such as with the Dell Streak , failed to gain market traction with consumers as well as damaging the early reputation of Android tablets . Furthermore , several Android tablets such as the Motorola Xoom were priced the same or higher than the iPad , which hurt sales . An exception was the Amazon Kindle Fire , which relied upon lower pricing as well as access to Amazon 's ecosystem of applications and content . This began to change in 2012 , with the release of the affordable Nexus 7 and a push by Google for developers to write better tablet applications . According to International Data Corporation , shipments of Android - powered tablets surpassed iPads in Q3 2012 . Barnes & Noble Nook running Android As of the end of 2013 , over 191.6 million Android tablets had sold in three years since 2011 . This made Android tablets the most - sold type of tablet in 2013 , surpassing iPads in the second quarter of 2013 . According to StatCounter 's web use statistics , as of August 15 , 2017 , Android tablets represent the majority of tablet devices used in South America ( 57.46 % ) and Africa ( 69.08 % ) , while being a distant second to iOS in North America ( 25.29 % ) and Europe ( 32.64 % ) , despite having sizeable majorities in many Central American , Caribbean , and Eastern European states . ) and representing the majority in Asia ( 51.25 % ) notably in India ( 65.98 % ) and Indonesia ( 82.18 % ) . Android is an extremely distant second at 11.93 % in Oceania as well , mostly due to Australia ( 10.71 % ) and New Zealand ( 16.9 % ) , while in some countries such as Nauru over 80 % of tablets are believed to use Android . As well , Android is more often than not used by the minority of web users in Antarctica , which has no permanent population . In March 2016 , Galen Gruman of InfoWorld stated that Android devices could be a `` real part of your business ( ... ) there 's no longer a reason to keep Android at arm 's length . It can now be as integral to your mobile portfolio as Apple 's iOS devices are '' . A year earlier , Gruman had stated that Microsoft 's own mobile Office apps were `` better on iOS and Android '' than on Microsoft 's own Windows 10 devices . Platform usage Oreo ( 5.7 % ) Nougat ( 31.1 % ) Marshmallow ( 25.5 % ) Lollipop ( 22.4 % ) KitKat ( 10.3 % ) Jelly Bean ( 4.3 % ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 0.4 % ) Gingerbread ( 0.3 % ) Charts in this section provide breakdowns of Android versions , based on devices accessing the Google Play Store in a seven - day period ending on May 7 , 2018 . Therefore , these statistics exclude devices running various Android forks that do not access the Google Play Store , such as Amazon 's Fire tablets . Version Code name Release date API level Runtime Distribution First devices to run version ? Android P N / A Latest preview version of a future release : 28 ART N / A Essential Phone , Pixel , Pixel XL , Pixel 2 , Pixel 2 XL , Nokia 7 Plus , OnePlus 6 , Oppo R15 Pro , Sony Xperia XZ2 , Vivo X21UD , Vivo X21 , Xiaomi Mi Mix 2S 8.1 December 5 , 2017 Current stable version : 27 ART 0.8 % Pixel , Pixel XL , Nexus 6P , Nexus 5X 8.0 Oreo August 21 , 2017 Current stable version : 26 ART 4.9 % N / A 7.1 Nougat October 4 , 2016 Older version , yet still supported : 25 ART 8.2 % Pixel , Pixel XL 7.0 August 22 , 2016 Older version , yet still supported : 24 ART 22.9 % Nexus 5X , Nexus 6P 6.0 Marshmallow October 5 , 2015 Older version , yet still supported : 23 ART 25.5 % 5.1 Lollipop March 9 , 2015 Old version , no longer supported : 22 ART 17.6 % Android One 5.0 November 3 , 2014 Old version , no longer supported : 21 ART 2.1. 0 4.8 % Nexus 6 , Nexus 9 4.4 KitKat October 31 , 2013 Old version , no longer supported : 19 Dalvik ( and ART 1.6. 0 ) 10.3 % Nexus 5 4.3 Jelly Bean July 24 , 2013 Old version , no longer supported : 18 Dalvik 0.6 % Nexus 7 2013 4.2 November 13 , 2012 Old version , no longer supported : 17 Dalvik 2.2 % Nexus 4 , Nexus 10 4.1 July 9 , 2012 Old version , no longer supported : 16 Dalvik 1.5 % Nexus 7 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich October 19 , 2011 Old version , no longer supported : 15 Dalvik 0.4 % Galaxy Nexus 2.3 Gingerbread February 9 , 2011 Old version , no longer supported : 10 Dalvik 1.4. 0 0.3 % Nexus S Legend : Old version Older version , still supported Latest version Latest preview version Future release As of April 2018 , 64.8 % of devices have OpenGL ES 3.0 or higher . Application piracy In general , paid Android applications can easily be pirated . In a May 2012 interview with Eurogamer , the developers of Football Manager stated that the ratio of pirated players vs legitimate players was 9 : 1 for their game Football Manager Handheld . However , not every developer agreed that piracy rates were an issue ; for example , in July 2012 the developers of the game Wind - up Knight said that piracy levels of their game were only 12 % , and most of the piracy came from China , where people can not purchase apps from Google Play . In 2010 , Google released a tool for validating authorized purchases for use within apps , but developers complained that this was insufficient and trivial to crack . Google responded that the tool , especially its initial release , was intended as a sample framework for developers to modify and build upon depending on their needs , not as a finished piracy solution . Android `` Jelly Bean '' introduced the ability for paid applications to be encrypted , so that they may work only on the device for which they were purchased . Legal issues Further information : Oracle v. Google , Smartphone wars , and Patent troll The success of Android has made it a target for patent and copyright litigation between technology companies , both Android and Android phone manufacturers having been involved in numerous patent lawsuits . On August 12 , 2010 , Oracle sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents related to the Java programming language . Oracle originally sought damages up to $6.1 billion , but this valuation was rejected by a United States federal judge who asked Oracle to revise the estimate . In response , Google submitted multiple lines of defense , counterclaiming that Android did not infringe on Oracle 's patents or copyright , that Oracle 's patents were invalid , and several other defenses . They said that Android 's Java runtime environment is based on Apache Harmony , a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries , and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik . In May 2012 , the jury in this case found that Google did not infringe on Oracle 's patents , and the trial judge ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable . The parties agreed to zero dollars in statutory damages for a small amount of copied code . On May 9 , 2014 , the Federal Circuit partially reversed the district court ruling , ruling in Oracle 's favor on the copyrightability issue , and remanding the issue of fair use to the district court . In December 2015 , Google announced that the next major release of Android ( Android Nougat ) would switch to OpenJDK , which is the official open - source implementation of the Java platform , instead of using the now - discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime . Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP source repository . In its announcement , Google claimed this was part of an effort to create a `` common code base '' between Java on Android and other platforms . Google later admitted in a court filing that this was part of an effort to address the disputes with Oracle , as its use of OpenJDK code is governed under the GNU General Public License ( GPL ) with a linking exception , and that `` any damages claim associated with the new versions expressly licensed by Oracle under OpenJDK would require a separate analysis of damages from earlier releases '' . In June 2016 , a United States federal court ruled in favor of Google , stating that its use of the APIs was fair use . In addition to lawsuits against Google directly , various proxy wars have been waged against Android indirectly by targeting manufacturers of Android devices , with the effect of discouraging manufacturers from adopting the platform by increasing the costs of bringing an Android device to market . Both Apple and Microsoft have sued several manufacturers for patent infringement , with Apple 's ongoing legal action against Samsung being a particularly high - profile case . In January 2012 , Microsoft said they had signed patent license agreements with eleven Android device manufacturers , whose products account for `` 70 percent of all Android smartphones '' sold in the US and 55 % of the worldwide revenue for Android devices . These include Samsung and HTC . Samsung 's patent settlement with Microsoft included an agreement to allocate more resources to developing and marketing phones running Microsoft 's Windows Phone operating system . Microsoft has also tied its own Android software to patent licenses , requiring the bundling of Microsoft Office Mobile and Skype applications on Android devices to subsidize the licensing fees , while at the same time helping to promote its software lines . Google has publicly expressed its frustration for the current patent landscape in the United States , accusing Apple , Oracle and Microsoft of trying to take down Android through patent litigation , rather than innovating and competing with better products and services . In August 2011 , Google purchased Motorola Mobility for US $12.5 billion , which was viewed in part as a defensive measure to protect Android , since Motorola Mobility held more than 17,000 patents . In December 2011 , Google bought over a thousand patents from IBM . In 2013 , FairSearch , a lobbying organization supported by Microsoft , Oracle and others , filed a complaint regarding Android with the European Commission , alleging that its free - of - charge distribution model constituted anti-competitive predatory pricing . The Free Software Foundation Europe , whose donors include Google , disputed the Fairsearch allegations . On April 20 , 2016 , the EU filed a formal antitrust complaint against Google based upon the FairSearch allegations , arguing that its leverage over Android vendors , including the mandatory bundling of the entire suite of proprietary Google software , hindering the ability for competing search providers to be integrated into Android , and barring vendors from producing devices running forks of Android , constituted anti-competitive practices . In August 2016 , Google was fined US $6.75 million by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service ( FAS ) under similar allegations by Yandex . Other uses Ouya , a video game console which runs Android Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases , including Android Wear , later renamed Wear OS , for wearable devices such as wrist watches , Android TV for televisions , and Android Things for smart devices and Internet of things . Additionally , by providing infrastructure that combines dedicated hardware and dedicated applications running on regular Android , Google have opened up the platform for its use in particular usage scenarios , such as Android Auto for cars , and Daydream , a Virtual Reality platform . The open and customizable nature of Android allows device makers to use it on other electronics as well , including laptops , netbooks , and desktop computers , cameras , headphones , home automation systems , game consoles , media players , satellites , routers , printers , payment terminals , automated teller machines , and robots . Additionally , Android has been installed and run on a variety of less - technical objects , including calculators , single - board computers , feature phones , electronic dictionaries , alarm clocks , refrigerators , landline telephones , coffee machines , bicycles , and mirrors . Ouya , a video game console running Android , became one of the most successful Kickstarter campaigns , crowdfunding US $8.5 m for its development , and was later followed by other Android - based consoles , such as Nvidia 's Shield Portable -- an Android device in a video game controller form factor . In 2011 , Google demonstrated `` Android@Home '' , a home automation technology which uses Android to control a range of household devices including light switches , power sockets and thermostats . Prototype light bulbs were announced that could be controlled from an Android phone or tablet , but Android head Andy Rubin was cautious to note that `` turning a lightbulb on and off is nothing new '' , pointing to numerous failed home automation services . Google , he said , was thinking more ambitiously and the intention was to use their position as a cloud services provider to bring Google products into customers ' homes . Android - x86 running on an ASUS EeePC netbook Parrot unveiled an Android - based car stereo system known as Asteroid in 2011 , followed by a successor , the touchscreen - based Asteroid Smart , in 2012 . In 2013 , Clarion released its own Android - based car stereo , the AX1 . In January 2014 , at the Consumer Electronics Show ( CES ) , Google announced the formation of the Open Automotive Alliance , a group including several major automobile makers ( Audi , General Motors , Hyundai , and Honda ) and Nvidia , which aims to produce Android - based in - car entertainment systems for automobiles , `` ( bringing ) the best of Android into the automobile in a safe and seamless way . '' Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops ( a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google 's Chrome OS ) and can also be installed on personal computers by end users . On those platforms Android provides additional functionality for physical keyboards and mice , together with the `` Alt - Tab '' key combination for switching applications quickly with a keyboard . In December 2014 , one reviewer commented that Android 's notification system is `` vastly more complete and robust than in most environments '' and that Android is `` absolutely usable '' as one 's primary desktop operating system . In October 2015 , The Wall Street Journal reported that Android will serve as Google 's future main laptop operating system , with the plan to fold Chrome OS into it by 2017 . Google 's Sundar Pichai , who led the development of Android , explained that `` mobile as a computing paradigm is eventually going to blend with what we think of as desktop today . '' Also , back in 2009 , Google co-founder Sergey Brin himself said that Chrome OS and Android would `` likely converge over time . '' Lockheimer , who replaced Pichai as head of Android and Chrome OS , responded to this claim with an official Google blog post stating that `` While we 've been working on ways to bring together the best of both operating systems , there 's no plan to phase out Chrome OS ( which has ) guaranteed auto - updates for five years '' . That is unlike Android where support is shorter with `` EOL dates ( being ... ) at least 3 years ( into the future ) for Android tablets for education '' . At Google I / O in May 2016 , Google announced Daydream , a virtual reality platform that relies on a smartphone and provides VR capabilities through a virtual reality headset and controller designed by Google itself . The platform is built into Android starting with Android Nougat , differentiating from standalone support for VR capabilities . The software is available for developers , and was released in 2016 . Mascot A giant Android mascot at Googleplex in 2008 The mascot of Android is a green android robot , as related to the software 's name . Although it has no official name , the Android team at Google reportedly call it `` Bugdroid '' . Due to Android 's high popularity in the 2010s , it has become one of the most recognizable icons in the technology world . It was designed by then - Google graphic designer Irina Blok on November 5 , 2007 when Android was announced . Contrary to reports that she was tasked with a project to create an icon , Blok confirmed in an interview that she independently developed it and made it open source . The robot design was initially not presented to Google , but it quickly became commonplace in the Android development team , with various different variations of it created by the developers there who liked the figure , as it was free under a Creative Commons license . Its popularity amongst the development team eventually led to Google adopting it as an official icon as part of the Android logo when it launched to consumers in 2008 . See also Comparison of mobile operating systems Index of Android OS articles Alphabet portal Free software portal Google portal Notes Jump up ^ To put the Statistica 's numbers in context : by Strategy Analytics estimates , Windows the most popular `` desktop '' operating system , has an estimated installed base of about 1.3 billion at best ; they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018 . Jump up ^ Versions accounting for less than 0.1 % are not included . References Jump up ^ `` Android Language Breakdown '' . Open Hub . October 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morrill , Dan ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK , release 1 '' . Android Developers Blog . Google . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Android P '' . Android Developers . Google . March 9 , 2018 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Android 7.0 Nougat '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Internationalization Multi-locale support ( ... ) New languages supported : Coupled with allowing you to select multiple languages preferences , Android Nougat allows you to select from 100 new languages and 25 locales for commonly used languages such as English , Spanish , French , and Arabic . This enables Apps to better support and understanding your language preferences even if your devices lacks official support for it . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / bionic / '' . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / external / mksh / '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / external / toybox / toys / '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Android gets a toybox '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` android / platform / system / core / toolbox / '' . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` dd command from NetBSD as an example '' . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Licenses '' . Android Source . Google . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Google Play Store apps 2018 Statistic '' . Statista . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ Devine , Richard ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Google Sooner prototype appears , shows off one Google 's first prototype builds of Android '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . 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Official website Android Developers Android Open Source Project Android Software development Category Official development tools Software Development Kit ( SDK ) Android Debug Bridge ( ADB ) Fastboot Android application package ( APK ) Native Development Kit ( NDK ) Android Open Accessory Development Kit Bionic RenderScript Skia Dalvik Android Runtime ( ART ) Firebase Google Cloud Messaging ( GCM ) Firebase Cloud Messaging ( FCM ) AdMob Material Design Fonts Droid Roboto Noto Google Developers Other development tools OpenBinder Apache Harmony OpenJDK Gradle Integrated development environments ( IDE ) Android Studio IntelliJ IDEA Eclipse Android Development Tools ( ADT ) App Inventor Languages & Databases Java Kotlin XML C++ SQLite Virtual reality Cardboard Daydream Events & Communities Google I / O Developer Challenge Developer Lab Android Open Source Project ( AOSP ) Releases 1.0 Cupcake ( 1.5 ) Donut ( 1.6 ) Eclair ( 2.0 -- 2.1 ) Froyo ( 2.2 ) Gingerbread ( 2.3 ) Honeycomb ( 3. x ) Ice Cream Sandwich ( 4.0 ) Jelly Bean ( 4.1 -- 4.3 ) KitKat ( 4.4 ) Lollipop ( 5. x ) Marshmallow ( 6.0 ) Nougat ( 7. x ) Oreo ( 8. x ) Derivatives Android Auto Android Things Android TV Wear OS Smartphones & Tablets Google Pixel Pixel & Pixel XL Pixel 2 & Pixel 2 XL Pixel C Nexus devices Nexus One Nexus S Galaxy Nexus Nexus 4 Nexus 5 Nexus 5X Nexus 6 Nexus 6P Nexus 7 2012 version 2013 version Nexus 10 Nexus 9 Nexus Q Nexus Player Google Play edition HTC One ( M7 ) HTC One ( M8 ) LG G Pad 8.3 Moto G Samsung Galaxy S4 Sony Xperia Z Ultra Android One Customized variants Android - x86 Remix OS AOKP Baidu Yi Barnes & Noble Nook ColorOS CopperheadOS CyanogenMod Fire OS Funtouch OS Flyme OS LeWa OS LineageOS MIUI Nokia X software platform OPhone OmniROM OxygenOS Replicant Ubuntu for Android XobotOS Yun OS Applications Assistant Google Now Earth Sky Gmail Google Chrome for Android Goggles Hangouts Maps Navigation Waze Pay Send Play Books Games Movies & TV Music Newsstand Talk Voice APIs Google Maps Google Play Services Google Search Alternative user interfaces Asus Zen UI Hive UI HTC Sense Google Pixel UI LG UX ( Optimus UI ) Samsung Experience ( Samsung TouchWiz ) Huawei EMUI Lists Custom firmware Features Free and open - source applications Games Google apps Launchers Related topics Index of articles Google Androidland Lawn statues Chromecast Java vs. Android API Legal issues Oracle America , Inc. v. Google , Inc . 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Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle

Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle - wikipedia Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Jump to : navigation , search Flexor digitorum superficialis Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna . ( Flexor dig . subliminis labeled at center top . ) Details Origin medial epicondyle of the humerus ( common flexor tendon ) as well as parts of the radius and ulna . Insertion anterior margins on the bases of the middle phalanges of the four fingers Artery ulnar artery Nerve median nerve Actions flexor of fingers ( primarily at proximal interphalangeal joints ) Antagonist Extensor digitorum muscle Identifiers Latin musculus flexor digitorum superficialis Dorlands / Elsevier m_22 / 12549098 TA A04. 6.02. 033 FMA 38469 Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) Flexor digitorum superficialis ( flexor digitorum sublimis ) is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints . It is in the anterior compartment of the forearm . It is sometimes considered to be the deepest part of the superficial layer of this compartment , and sometimes considered to be a distinct , `` intermediate layer '' of this compartment . It is relatively common for the Flexor digitorum superficialis to be missing from the little finger , bilaterally and unilaterally , which can cause problems when diagnosing a little finger injury . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Innervation 2 Function 3 Additional images 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The muscle has two classically described heads - the humeroulnar and radial - and it is between these heads that the median nerve and ulnar artery pass . The ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint gives its origin to part of this muscle . Four long tendons come off this muscle near the wrist and travel through the carpal tunnel formed by the flexor retinaculum . These tendons , along with those of flexor digitorum profundus , are enclosed by a common flexor sheath . The tendons attach to the anterior margins on the bases of the intermediate phalanges of the four fingers . These tendons have a split ( Camper 's Chiasm ) at the end of them through which the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass . Innervation ( edit ) The Flexor digitorium superficialis muscle is innervated by the median nerve ( C7 , C8 , T1 ) . Function ( edit ) The primary function of flexor digitorum superficialis is flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints , however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint . To test flexor digitorum superficialis , one finger is flexed at the proximal interphalangeal joint against resistance , while the remaining three fingers are held fully extended ( to inactivate flexor digitorum profundus ) . Additional images ( edit ) Tendons of forefinger and vincula tendina . Cross-section through the middle of the forearm . Transverse section across the wrist and digits . The mucous sheaths of the tendons on the front of the wrist and digits . The muscles of the left hand . Palmar surface . The radial and ulnar arteries . Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle Muscles of upper limb. Cross section . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medical Mnemonics.com : 273 1117 Jump up ^ `` Dissector Answers - Forearm & Wrist '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` uams.edu '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` J Hand Surg Eur '' . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Lutsky KF , Giang EL , Matzon JL ( January 2015 ) . `` Flexor tendon injury , repair and rehabilitation '' . Orthopedic Clinics of North America . 46 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 76 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ocl. 2014.09. 004 . PMID 25435036 . External links ( edit ) Illustration : upper - body / flexor - digitorum - superficialis from The Department of Radiology at the University of Washington ( hide ) Muscles of the arm Shoulder deltoid rotator cuff supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis teres major fascia : deltoid fascia supraspinous fascia infraspinous fascia Arm ( compartments ) anterior coracobrachialis biceps brachialis posterior triceps brachii anconeus articularis cubiti fascia axillary sheath axillary fascia brachial fascia intermuscular septa lateral medial other spaces quadrangular space triangular space triangular interval Forearm anterior superficial : pronator teres palmaris longus flexor carpi radialis flexor carpi ulnaris flexor digitorum superficialis deep : pronator quadratus flexor digitorum profundus flexor pollicis longus posterior superficial : mobile wad brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis extensor digitorum extensor digiti minimi extensor carpi ulnaris deep : supinator anatomical snuff box abductor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus extensor indicis fascia bicipital aponeurosis common tendons extensor flexor antebrachial fascia other cubital tunnel Hand lateral volar thenar opponens pollicis flexor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis brevis adductor pollicis medial volar hypothenar opponens digiti minimi flexor digiti minimi brevis abductor digiti minimi palmaris brevis intermediate lumbrical interossei dorsal palmar fascia posterior : extensor retinaculum extensor expansion anterior : flexor retinaculum palmar aponeurosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flexor_digitorum_superficialis_muscle&oldid=722282385 '' Categories : Muscles of the upper limb Forearm Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia עברית Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2016 , at 02 : 27 . 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where does the flexor digitorum superficialis distally attach

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The Bible (miniseries)

The Bible ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Bible ( miniseries ) Jump to : navigation , search The Bible Genre Biblical epic Drama Created by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Based on Protestant Bible Directed by Roma Downey Mark Burnett Starring Diogo Morgado Roma Downey Darwin Shaw Andrew Scarborough Narrated by Keith David ( US version ) Robert Powell ( UK version ) Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe Lisa Gerrard Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English Hebrew No. of episodes 10 Production Producer ( s ) Roma Downey Mark Burnett Richard Bedser Dirk Hoogstra Julian P. Hobbs Cinematography Christopher Titus King Rob Goldie Peter Greenhalgh Editor ( s ) Robert Hall Iain Kitching Tom Parsons Julian Rodd Dominic Strevens Running time 440 minutes Production company ( s ) Lightworkers Media Budget Under $22 million Release Original network History Original release March 3 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) -- March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) Chronology Followed by Son of God A.D. The Bible Continues External links Website The Bible is a television miniseries based on the Bible . It was produced by Roma Downey and Mark Burnett and was broadcast weekly between March 3 and 31 , 2013 on History channel . It has since been adapted for release to theaters as a feature film ( 138 minutes ) , the 2014 American epic biblical drama Son of God . Burnett , best known for producing prime - time hit reality shows , considers the scripted 10 - hour series to be the `` most important '' project he has undertaken . The project was conceived by Burnett and Downey , who are married , after watching Cecil B. DeMille 's 1956 film The Ten Commandments for the first time since childhood . The series is Mark Burnett 's first scripted project . In addition to Burnett and Downey , executive producers include Richard Bedser and History 's Dirk Hoogstra and Julian P. Hobbs . The first episode of the mini-series was seen by 13.1 million viewers , the largest cable television audience of 2013 to date . The second installment continued `` to deliver blockbuster ratings '' for the network , attracting 10.8 million viewers . The third installment on March 17 , 2013 was once again the No. 1 show on all of Sunday night television with 10.9 million total viewers . In addition , the series garnered 4.2 million adults 25 -- 54 and 3.5 million adults 18 -- 49 . In total , with subsequent airings , ' The Bible ' has received more than 100 million cumulative views . The series received three Emmy Award nominations for best miniseries , and sound editing and sound mixing on July 18 , 2013 . Parts of the telecast -- including unaired footage -- have been turned into a feature film about the life of Jesus entitled Son of God . A sequel series with the title A.D. The Bible Continues aired on NBC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 TV ratings 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Distribution 5.3. 1 Differences from the Bible 5.3. 2 Lookalike controversy 5.4 Awards and nominations 6 Other media 6.1 International broadcasts 6.2 DVD release 6.3 Novel 6.4 Soundtrack 6.5 Score 6.6 Theatrical release 7 Sequel -- A.D. 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Description ( edit ) The series covers `` Genesis to Revelation '' in `` one grand narrative , '' within five two - hour parts , each containing two or three biblical stories told through live action and computer - generated imagery . According to Burnett , it included `` obvious '' stories such as Noah 's Ark , the Exodus , and the life of Jesus Christ . Five hours are taken from the Old Testament , five from the New . The series is based on the New International Version and the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible . Downey and Burnett said their `` greatest hope '' in making the series was that it would `` affect a new generation of viewers and draw them back to the Bible . '' `` Part of what we hoped to accomplish with the series was to show the Bible is not simply a collection of unconnected stories which are often discussed and analyzed in snippets with chapter and verse numbers , '' the couple wrote in an op - ed in The Huffington Post . `` Instead , we wanted to show how the Old Testament connects seamlessly to the New Testament . How they are one sweeping story with one grand , overriding message : God loves each one of us as if we were the only person in all the world to love . '' Development ( edit ) Mark Burnett in 2009 In May 2011 , The New York Times reported that Downey , Burnett and their production team were selecting stories for the series , with production scheduled to begin in 2012 for a 2013 broadcast . The budget for the series was under $22 million . Researchers and theologians were asked to verify accuracy . Academic consultants included Craig A. Evans , Helen Bond , Paula Gooder , Mark Goodacre and Candida Moss . Shooting took place in Morocco and elsewhere . Burnett and Downey consulted `` a wide range of pastors and academics , '' including their friend Joel Osteen , Joshua Garroway ( a rabbi from Hebrew Union College ) , and a Catholic cardinal . Geoff Tunnicliffe of the World Evangelical Alliance , read each episode 's script and visited the set in Morocco : he `` wanted to be sure that the final edits would hold together as a singular thematic message throughout the entire series '' and `` was not disappointed . '' Another consultant , Focus on the Family President Jim Daly , applauded the couple 's courage for making the series : `` Let 's face it , it takes some moxie to lift up the Bible in the middle of Hollywood . In fact , when they first proposed the project they were told to try and tell the story without mentioning Jesus . They refused . '' Other project advisors included : Rick Warren ( pastor , Saddleback Church ) Erwin McManus ( pastor , Mosaic ) Sam Rodriguez ( National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference ) Paul Eshleman ( Campus Crusade for Christ ) Bobby Gruenewald ( YouVersion Bible ) Brad Lomenick ( Catalyst ) Leith Anderson ( president , National Association of Evangelicals ) Frank Wright ( president , National Religious Broadcasters ) Tom Peterson ( Catholics Come Home ) Gabe Lyons ( founder of the Fermi Project ) Luis Palau ( Christian evangelist ) George Wood ( General Superintendent of the General Council of the Assemblies of God in the United States of America ) Craig Groeschel ( Life Church ) Denny Rydberg ( Young Life ) Andrew Benton ( president , Pepperdine University ) Days before the series premiere , Downey and Burnett authored an op - ed for The Wall Street Journal arguing that Bible teaching should be mandatory in U.S. public schools because `` ( t ) he foundations of knowledge of the ancient world -- which informs the understanding of the modern world -- are biblical in origin . '' Cast ( edit ) Diogo Morgado -- Jesus Christ Darwin Shaw -- Peter Paul Brightwell -- Malchus Roma Downey -- Mary , mother of Jesus Leila Mimmack -- Mary ( young ) Greg Hicks -- Pontius Pilate Sebastian Knapp -- John Amber Rose Revah -- Mary Magdalene Adrian Schiller -- Caiaphas Andrew Brooke -- Antonius Louise Delamere -- Claudia Matthew Gravelle -- Thomas Simon Kunz -- Nicodemus Joe Wredden -- Judas Fraser Ayres -- Barabbas Michael Legge -- Stephen Paul Marc Davis -- Simon Paul Freeman -- Samuel Will Houston -- Moses Joe Forte -- Moses ( young ) Melia Kreiling -- Bathsheba Dhaffer L'Abidine -- Uriah Francis Magee -- Saul Con O'Neill -- Paul the Apostle Joe Coen -- Saint Joseph Stephanie Leonidas -- Rahab Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni -- Satan Gary Oliver -- Abraham Josephine Butler -- Sarah Andrew Scarborough -- Joshua Sean Knopp -- Joshua ( young ) Clive Wood -- Nathan Hara Yannas -- Michal Langley Kirkwood -- David Jassa Ahluwalia -- David ( young ) Eddie Elks -- Angel Gabriel Nonso Anozie -- Samson Jake Canuso -- Daniel Sam Douglas -- Herod the Great Gerald Kyd -- Cyrus the Great Peter Guinness -- Nebuchadnezzar II Cristian Solimeno -- Jonathan Laurie Calvert -- Jonathan ( young ) Paul Knops -- Adam Darcie Lincoln -- Eve Hugo Rossi -- Isaac Conan Stevens -- Goliath Sharon Duncan - Brewster -- Samson 's mother Kierston Wareing -- Delilah Lonyo -- Guardian angel David Rintoul -- Noah Aharon Ipalé -- Pharaoh Stewart Scudamore -- Ramesses Sean Teale -- Ramesses ( young ) Jalaal Hartley -- Nashon Shivani Ghai -- Batya Louis Hilyer -- Aaron Joanna Foster -- Miriam Soraya Radford -- Hagar Antonio Magro -- Lot Rachel Edwards -- Lot 's wife Raad Rawi -- Jeremiah Samuel Collings -- Zedekiah Christopher Simon -- Azariah David Freedman -- Eleazar the Scribe Jake Maskall -- Bashaa Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( in millions ) `` Beginnings '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo Colin Swash Nic Young March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 Noah tells of the Creation of the world and the Fall of man while aboard the ark ( Genesis 1 - 3 ; 6 - 8 ) ; Abrahamic covenant ; the Battle of the Vale of Siddim ( Genesis 14 ) ; Hagar and Ishmael ( Genesis 16 ) ; birth of Isaac ( Genesis 21 ) ; Abraham is tested ( Genesis 22 ) ; Sodom and Gomorrah ( Genesis 19 ) . `` Exodus '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Alexander Marengo March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) 13.10 During the time of Egyptian slavery , Moses learns of his roots , kills a soldier and flees Egypt ( Exodus 2 ) ; God speaks to Moses through the burning bush ( Exodus 3 ) ; Moses returns to Egypt ; ten Plagues of Egypt ( Exodus 7 - 11 ) ; Moses leads the Israelites in The Exodus ; Moses parts the Red Sea ( Exodus 14 ) ; Moses receives the Ten Commandments at Mt . Sinai ( Exodus 20 ) `` Homeland '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Adam Rosenthal Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Joshua becomes the leader of the Israelites ( Deuteronomy 31 ; Joshua 1 ) ; the Israelites camp outside of Jericho ; Joshua sends spies into Jericho ( Joshua 2 ) ; Joshua invades and conquers Jericho ( Joshua 6 ) ; Delilah betrays Samson , a hero of the Israelites who battled against the Philistines ( Judges 13 - 16 ) `` Kingdom '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Colin Swash Nic Young March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) 10.80 Samuel anoints Saul as king , a move that could throw the nation into civil war ( 1 Samuel 15 ) ; Saul is consumed with jealousy over the crown when David defeats Goliath ( 1 Samuel 17 ) ; King David ushers a golden age for Israel , but is soon seduced by power and lust for Bathsheba ( 2 Samuel 11 ) ; God forgives David , and Solomon builds God 's temple in Jerusalem ( 1 Kings 6 ) 5 `` Survival '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 The Jews are enslaved in Babylon ( Jeremiah 39 ) ; the image of gold and the three Hebrews in the blazing furnace ( Daniel 3 ) ; Daniel is thrown into the lions ' den , but when his faith endures and God spares him ( Daniel 6 ) ; the Jews are allowed to return to Jerusalem ( 2 Chronicles 36 ; Ezra 1 ) 6 `` Hope '' Crispin Reece Richard Bedser Nic Young March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) 10.90 During the time of Roman occupation , the Angel Gabriel tells Mary that she will bear a child ( Luke 1 ) ; Joseph takes Mary to Bethlehem for the census , where Jesus is born ( Luke 2 ) ; the Holy family escapes Herod 's order to kill Bethlehem 's male babies ( Matthew 2 ) ; Judea comes under the ruthless rule of Pilate ; John baptizes Jesus ( Matthew 3 ) ; Satan tempts Jesus in the wilderness ( Matthew 4 ) ; Jesus performs the miraculous catch of fish and calls Peter ( Matthew 4 ) 7 `` Mission '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Jesus feeds crowds of thousands in Galilee ( Matthew 14 ) and brings a dead man , Lazarus , back to life ( John 11 ) ; Jesus enters Jerusalem riding on a donkey -- a declaration that he is the Messiah ; Jesus turns on the money - changers in the Temple ( Mark 11 ) 8 `` Betrayal '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Colin Swash Nic Young March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 10.30 Caiphas coaxes Judas into betraying Jesus ; Jesus throws the disciples into turmoil at the Last Supper ; Jesus prays in the Garden of Gethsemane ( Mark 14 ) ; Jesus is arrested and Malchus ' ear is cut off by Peter and Jesus heals his ear ; Jesus is confronted by the high priests at his Sanhedrin trial ( Matthew 26 ) 9 `` Passion '' Christopher Spencer Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Abraham Christen Liando Colin Swash Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Peter denies Jesus ( Luke 22 ) and Judas hangs himself ; Pilate 's wife has a dream and warns Pilate not to crucify Jesus ( Matthew 27 ) ; Pilate has Jesus whipped 40 times and the crown of thorns are placed on Jesus ' head ( John 19 ) ; Jesus is condemned to death ( Matthew 27 ) ; Jesus is crucified ; Jesus is buried ( John 19 ) 10 `` Courage '' Tony Mitchell Richard Bedser Christopher Spencer Nic Young March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 11.70 Mary Magdalene goes to his tomb , a figure walks towards her -- He is back ( John 20 ) ; Jesus commissions the disciples to `` go and preach to all '' before he ascends ( Acts 1 ) . The Holy Spirit comes at Pentecost ( Acts 2 ) ; Stephen is stoned by the Pharisee Paul ( Acts 7 ) ; Paul has a vision and experiences a miraculous change of faith on a journey to Damascus ( Acts 9 ) ; martyrdom of the Disciples , John 's survival and exile to Patmos , John receives a revelation -- Jesus is coming back , and all who keep the faith will be rewarded Reception ( edit ) TV ratings ( edit ) The opening episode of the series premiered to very high ratings . The miniseries was watched by 13.1 million total viewers , according to Nielsen . In Canada , the premiere was watched by 1.05 million viewers . The second installment saw a ratings slippage , but still brought in 10.8 million viewers , tops in all television for the 8 -- 10 p.m. time period . Week three 's installment , meanwhile , garnered 10.9 million total viewers . Critical reception ( edit ) Reviews of The Bible have been mixed . It has had a `` mixed or average reviews '' rating at Metacritic , having a score of 44 out of 100 based on 13 critical reviews . Distribution ( edit ) On March 19 , 2013 , Roma Downey and Mark Burnett offered remarks on the viewership and its anticipated diffusion . He said : `` We 've realized , on the journey around the country to churches and all over the place , many people can not afford cable TV . And those people need to see this Bible series . So we 're rushing the DVD out April 2nd , also immediately with Spanish subtitles . This is very important . And this is only for America and Canada . Now we 're about to start around the world . This will be in every country of the world . More people will see this series than everything we ever made ; together , combined . Billions of people will see this series . Billions . '' Differences from the Bible ( edit ) In the introduction to each episode , the message is displayed `` This program is an adaptation of Bible stories that changed our world . It endeavors to stay true to the spirit of the Book . '' Roma Downey stated in an interview , `` we had a great team of scholars and theologians helping us , making sure that we told these stories accurately and truthfully , '' However , many of the story elements in the series have been criticized as deviating from the events described in the traditional text , and using too many creative licenses . These are included below : In the Bible , Noah 's three sons are full grown men , whereas in the TV series they are depicted as boys . In the Book of Genesis , the angelic visitors were approached by Lot who insisted that they stay with him . Then they feasted with Lot in his home . The series shows the angels approaching Lot , begging for help with no hospitality extended to them . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 5 ) The text describes a mob gathered outside of Lot 's home wanting to rape his two angelic visitors , and Lot offering his daughters instead . The series omits this . ( Genesis 19 : 4 - 10 ) At the destruction of Sodom , the series shows the angels slaughtering some of the city 's inhabitants . Critics refer to these as `` Ninja Angels '' . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 19 : 1 - 17 ) The series shows Abraham traveling with Isaac , a very short distance to the place where he was to sacrifice his son . In the Bible it is a three - day journey and the two are accompanied by a donkey and two attendants . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 4 ) The series shows Sarah running after Abraham once she realizes he is going to sacrifice Isaac . This is not in the text . ( Genesis 22 : 1 - 19 ) In the Binding of Isaac , the text describes a ram ( adult ) caught by its horns in a thicket . The miniseries depicts a juvenile lamb caught by its leg ( Genesis 22 : 13 ) When Moses appeared to Pharaoh years later , the text shows Moses ' brother Aaron releasing his shepherd staff onto the ground which turns into a snake wherein Pharaoh 's magicians copying the trick . The series omits this . The Bible text says that Samson tied torches on 300 foxes ' tails causing them to burn the Phillistines ' crops and plants . This was because Samson was angry with his father in law for giving his wife to another man . When they head this they burned Samson 's wife and her father to death ( Judges 15 : 4 - 6 ) . In the series the Philistine commander has Samson 's wife and her father put to death as consequence for marrying Samson , who was an Israelite . After David 's affair with Bathsheba and the killing of Uriah the Hittite , he is confronted by Nathan . The series depicts David as resistant or even indignant , whereas in the text , David is remorseful for his sin and admits his guilt , leading him to write Psalm 51 and beg forgiveness from God ( 2 Samuel 12 : 13 , Psalms 51 ) When the Babylonians destroy Jerusalem , Jeremiah is depicted as escaping unnoticed by the invaders . In the text Jeremiah is captured , bound in chains and later released ( Jeremiah 39 : 11 - 40 : 6 ) The show depicts Daniel and his three compatriots being captured during the siege , when in fact , they were deported more than a decade before Jerusalem 's destruction ( Daniel 1 ; 2 Kings 24 : 10 - 16 ) When Shadrach , Meshach , and Abednego refuse to worship King Nebuchadnezzar 's golden statue , the miniseries depicts them as being tied up , with a fire lit under them . In the text , the king orders the three to be thrown into a furnace that was heated seven times hotter than usual . In fact , the text describes the furnace as being so hot , that some of Nebuchadnezzar 's `` strongest soldiers '' who threw them in there were killed by the flames while doing so . ( Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 ) The miniseries 's depicts the prophet Isaiah as a contemporary of Daniel , living during the time of the Babylonian exile . This is a major inconsistency with the text as Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus the Persian would release the captives after a period of time . This prophecy occurred 150 years before Cyrus was born , 180 years before Cyrus performed any of these feats , and 80 years before the Jews were taken into exile meaning that Isaiah could never have existed contemporaneously -- that is , at the same time -- as Daniel and Cyrus . ( Isaiah 44 : 28 ; 45 : 1 ; 45 : 13 ) . In the miniseries ' depiction of the Temptation of Christ , the Devil took Jesus to a high mountain when he tempted Jesus to throw himself down . In the text , the Devil tempted Jesus to throw himself down from the pinnacle of the temple . The high mountain was where the devil tempted Jesus to worship him . ( Matthew 4 : 1 - 11 ; Luke 4 : 1 - 13 ) In the Bible , Jesus had the mourners remove the stone , and then he called for Lazarus to come out . In the miniseries , Jesus enters Lazarus ' tomb and kisses him on the head , while not even addressing Lazarus , and gives a brand - new monologue . ( John 11 : 38 - 44 ) During the Way of The Cross scene , the actual scripture depicts Jesus meeting a group of women wailing for him and admonishes them to `` not to weep for him ; Rather for themselves and their children '' ( Luke 23 : 27 - 31 ) . The miniseries omits this . However , they featured a scene where a woman ( Saint Veronica ) wipes his face . This is however taken from one of the 14 Stations of the Cross of the Catholic Church . Lookalike controversy ( edit ) There have been claims of a resemblance of the actor in the role of Satan ( Mohamen Mehdi Ouazanni ) to U.S. President Barack Obama . The resemblance was first pointed out notably by Glenn Beck ahead of the episode 's premiere . This led the History Channel to announce , History ( C ) hannel has the highest respect for President Obama . The Bible series was produced with an international and diverse cast of respected actors . It 's unfortunate that anyone made this false connection . History 's `` The Bible '' is meant to enlighten people on its rich stories and deep history . '' Burnett and Downey responded in a joint statement , This is utter nonsense . The actor who played Satan , Mehdi Ouazanni , is a highly acclaimed Moroccan actor . He has previously played parts in several Biblical epics -- including Satanic characters long before Barack Obama was elected as our President . Downey added separately , `` Both Mark and I have nothing but respect and love for our president , who is a fellow Christian . False statements such as these are just designed as a foolish distraction to try and discredit the beauty of the story of The Bible . Awards and nominations ( edit ) The Bible was nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards ; Outstanding Miniseries or Movie , Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special , and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Miniseries or a Movie . The 44th GMA Dove Awards gave a tribute to the miniseries in October 2013 . In 2014 , The Bible won the honor of Home Media Magazine 's Best Miniseries or TV Movie on Disc for the year . Other Media ( edit ) International broadcasts ( edit ) United States -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Canada -- History : March 3 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Spain -- Antena 3 : March 25 , 2013 -- April 2013 Finland - Alfa TV : Premiered December 1 , 2013 Colombia -- Caracol TV : March 28 , 2013 -- April 2013 Chile -- Canal 13 : March 29 , 2013 -- April 2013 / March 30 , 2018 Portugal -- SIC : March 30 , 2013 -- March 31 , 2013 Greece -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 Cyprus -- ANT1 : April 29 , 2013 -- May 4 , 2013 United Kingdom -- Channel 5 : November 30 , 2013 -- December 22 , 2013 Australia -- Nine Network : Premiered July 16 , 2013 Brazil -- Rede Record : Premiered October 16 , 2013 Poland -- Polsat : Premiered October 19 , 2013 Hong Kong -- TVB Pearl : Premiered November 6 , 2013 Kenya -- KTN : Premiered October 7 , 2013 France -- Paris Première : Premiered December 8 , 2013 Ireland -- TV3 ( Ireland ) : December 21 , 2013 Slovakia -- Slovenská televízia : Premiered December 23 , 2013 Russia -- TV - 3 : Premiered January 2014 Italy -- Rete 4 : Premiered March 23 , 2014 Mexico -- Canal 5 : April 14 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 26 , 2018 -- March 30 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Costa Rica -- Teletica Canal 7 : April 17 , 2014 -- April 18 , 2014 Philippines -- ABS -- CBN : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 / March 29 , 2018 -- March 31 , 2018 ( Holy Week special ) Peru -- América Televisión : April 6 , 2014 -- April -- , 2014 Netherlands -- EO : Premiered May 12 , 2014 Germany -- VOX : April 17 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Ecuador -- Ecuavisa , Ecuavisa HD : April 5 , 2014 -- April 19 , 2014 Lebanon - LBCI : April 10 , 2014 -- April 20 , 2014 . United States -- Telemundo : March 25 , 2015 DVD release ( edit ) The series became the biggest - selling miniseries on DVD in its first week of release , and biggest on Blu - ray and Digital HD of all time . In its first week on home video , ' The Bible ' series sold 525,000 copies . It was the fastest selling television show on DVD since 2008 . A Blu - ray version is also available via 20th Century Fox . Novel ( edit ) Roma Downey and Mark Burnett have also released a novelization of this miniseries , entitled A Story of God and All of Us : A Novel Based on the Epic TV Miniseries `` The Bible . '' It debuted at No. 27 on the New York Times Best - Seller List . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Bible : Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries Soundtrack album A CD was released on March 12 , 2013 with Christian music singers performing songs inspired by the miniseries : The Bible ( Music Inspired by the Epic Miniseries ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` In Your Eyes '' Peter Gabriel Francesca Battistelli 5 : 08 2 . `` Live Like That '' David Frey Ben Glover Ben McDonald Sidewalk Prophets 3 : 57 3 . `` This Side of Heaven '' Chris August Chris August 2 : 57 4 . `` Starting Line '' Jason Castro Phillip LaRue Seth Mosley Jason Castro 3 : 32 5 . `` Love Come to Life '' Jeremy Redmon Big Daddy Weave 3 : 46 6 . `` Crave '' Shaun Shankel Joel Smallbone Luke Smallbone for King & Country 4 : 26 7 . `` Fearless '' Andy Anderson Tony Battaglia Blanca Callahan Manwell Reyes Group 1 Crew 3 : 22 8 . `` What Love Means '' Seth Mosley Nikita Odnoralov Ruslan Odnoralov Everfound 3 : 36 9 . `` Home '' Paul Alan Dara Maclean Dara Maclean 3 : 53 10 . `` Wash Me Away '' Ian Eskelin Nicole Witt Tony Wood Point of Grace 3 : 03 11 . `` Not for a Moment ( After All ) '' Meredith Andrews Stu G Jason Ingram James MacDonald Andi Rozier Meredith Andrews 4 : 00 12 . `` Mary , Did You Know ? '' Buddy Greene Mark Lowry Kenny Rogers Wynonna 3 : 51 Score ( edit ) The Bible ( Official Score Soundtrack ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 12 : 49 2 . `` In the Beginning '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 47 3 . `` Romas Lament '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 5 : 30 4 . `` Hope '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 22 5 . `` Journey '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 18 6 . `` Zedekiah 's Sons '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 55 7 . `` Daniel Prays '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 12 8 . `` The Road to Jerusalem '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 05 9 . `` Pentecost '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 15 10 . `` King David '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 41 11 . `` I Am '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 3 : 45 12 . `` Pray for Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 1 : 51 13 . `` Free Us , Save Us '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 28 14 . `` The Nativity '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 4 : 33 15 . `` Creation Choral '' Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 08 16 . `` Rise up in Faith '' ( featuring Lisa Gerrard ) Hans Zimmer Lorne Balfe 2 : 45 Theatrical release ( edit ) Main article : Son of God ( film ) Mark Burnett announced in April 2013 that a three - hour version is being prepared for global theatrical release . He claimed that he has had no distribution arrangements yet , though he could possibly release it himself . In June 2013 , Burnett elaborated that the film , which has already been edited , will focus exclusively on the life of Jesus , and will run two hours and fifteen minutes . In September 2013 , it was announced that 20th Century Fox will partner with Burnett on theatrical distribution , currently titled Son of God . In October 2013 , it was announced that Son of God will be released on February 28 , 2014 . Sequel -- A.D. ( edit ) Main article : A.D. The Bible Continues On December 17 , 2013 , it was announced that there would be a follow - up miniseries in 2015 , titled A.D. The Bible Continues , also produced by Burnett , Downey , and Bedser . The limited series began airing on NBC on Easter Sunday , April 5 . It airs in twelve weekly one - hour episodes . The story takes place immediately after the events of The Bible , beginning with the Crucifixion and Resurrection , and continues with the first ten chapters of the Book of Acts . On July 3 , 2015 , NBC cancelled A.D. The Bible Continues after one season . However , producers Burnett and Downey plan future biblical productions on their OTT digital channel . See also ( edit ) Depiction of Jesus The Bible in film References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Marrapodi , Eric ( March 2 , 2013 ) . `` Reality TV Goliath takes up Bible miniseries challenge , hopes for better outcome '' . CNN Belief Blog . CNN . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Reality - TV Producer Mark Burnett Tackles the Bible '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . p . C1 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : History Channel , Mark Burnett Creating CGI 10 - Hour Miniseries '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Mark Burnett , Roma Downey promo ' Bible ' mini to faithful '' . Variety . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett to produce ' The Bible ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett producing ' The Bible ' miniseries for History Channel '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' begets record ratings '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Rise In Week 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik . ' The Bible ' Earns Three Emmy Nominations , The Hollywood Reporter , July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Burnett Prepping ' The Bible ' Miniseries For Theatrical Release '' . PMC . April 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Elavsky , Cindy ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Burnett Declines to Make Bible Reality Show '' . New York . New York City , New York : New York Media , LLC . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Robert ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` From Survivor and Touched by an Angel to the Bible '' . Christianity Today . Jump up ^ Downey , Roma ; Burnett , Mark ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Making The Bible a Daunting , Deep Experience '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Evans , Craig . `` Dr Craig A. Evans '' . Homepage . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodacre , Mark . `` More Bible Series News and Video Clips '' . NT Blog . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Review : ' The Bible ' -- This Time , Hollywood Got It Right , a Christian Post review by Geoff Tunnicliffe , one of the film 's consultants . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Draper , Electa ( March 10 , 2013 ) . `` Focus on the Family CEO Jim Daly consulted on TV mega-hit `` The Bible '' `` . Denver Post . Jump up ^ About the Bible - Outreach.com Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Roma Downey and Mark Burnett : Why Public Schools Should Teach the Bible - WSJ.com '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' Courage ( TV episode 2013 ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Peter Guinness on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` History 's ' The Bible ' is the Number 1 Cable Entertainment Telecast of the Year '' . TV by the Numbers . A + E press release . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 2 , Still Tower Over Competition '' . Deadline Hollywood . March 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` History 's ' The Bible ' & ' Vikings ' Slip In Week 4 '' , Deadline Hollywood , March 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Mike ( April 1 , 2013 ) . `` TV Ratings : History 's ' The Bible ' Pulls 11.7 Million Viewers With Easter Ender '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Collins , Scott . ' The Bible , ' ' Vikings ' premieres tell a ratings epic for History , Los Angeles Times , March 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Redirecting '' . Jump up ^ `` The Bible '' . Jump up ^ Roma Downey and Mark Burnett Interview at The Bible Experience in New York ( Video clip recorded March 19 , 2013 , located at YouTube ) Jump up ^ Owen , Rob . `` Miniseries tries to stay true to spirit of the Good Book '' . Standard - Examiner . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , Steve . `` The Bible : The Mini-Series '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bible : first episode , first impressions '' . Jump up ^ Garvin , Glenn . `` Reviews of ' The Bible , ' ' Red Widow ' and ' Vikings ' '' . Jump up ^ Kovacs , Joe . `` Just how unbiblical is ' The Bible ' ? '' . Jump up ^ Hallowell , Billy . `` Is The Bible TV Series Really Filled With Historical Inaccuracies ? '' . Jump up ^ McClarty , Jim . `` The Bible according to the History Channel '' . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` One scholar takes issue with ' The Bible ' : 5 things the series got wrong '' . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Merritt , Jonathan . `` Inaccuracies in The Bible ... the miniseries , not the book '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Murrell , Steve . `` When Leaders Fail , Grace Must Abound '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel 3 : 19 - 23 Jump up ^ Ross , Hugh . `` Reasons To Believe : Fulfilled Prophecy '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` John 11 - The Death of Lazarus '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Anyone else think the Devil in # TheBible Sunday on HIstory Channel looks exactly like That Guy ? '' . @ glennbeck . Twitter . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Why does the devil in ' The Bible ' look exactly like President Obama ? '' . Daily Mail . London . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Makarechi , Kia ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' : Satan Actor Looks Like Obama In History Channel Miniseries '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` History , Mark Burnett Defend Satan 's Similarity to President Obama in ' The Bible ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy nominations 2013 : `` House of Cards '' makes history , `` American Horror Story '' leads '' ( PDF ) . CBS . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annual Dove Awards '' . Event occurs at 0 : 30 . Up ( TV network ) . Missing or empty series = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' Breaking Bad , ' ' Doctor Who , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Big Winners of ' HM ' Awards - Home Media Magazine '' . April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( two 5 hour episodes ) `` A Bíblia - - Sic - Sapo '' . SIC . Jump up ^ http://www.channel5.com/shows/the -- bible Jump up ^ `` TV News : On Set Interviews and TV Show Listings - EW.com '' . Jump up ^ `` ' The Bible ' Miniseries Novel Hits National Best - Seller Lists '' . Charisma News . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CD '' . Jesus Freak Hideout . Retrieved November 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` Produced By Conference : Mark Burnett On ' Bible ' Follow Up , Feature Version Of History Series Finished Editing '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Lands ' Bible ' Feature Film Cut From Mark Burnett - Roma Downey Miniseries '' . Deadline . September 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Bible ' Producers Resurrect Jesus for Expanded ' Son of God ' Film ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Burnett 's ' The Bible ' Feature Film Gets February 2014 Release Date '' . Deadline . October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Greenlights 12 - Hour Miniseries ' A.D. ' '' . December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dent Brant , Ginny . `` ' A.D. : The Bible Continues ' slated for primetime '' . The Biblical Recorder . Jump up ^ `` About A.D. The Bible Continues '' . Lightworkers Media . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 3 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Cancels ' A.D. ' As Producers Plan Digital Revival For Biblical Drama '' . External links ( edit ) Official website The Bible - History Channel ( official History Channel website ) The Bible on IMDb Mark Burnett Director Survivor ( 2000 -- present ) 2007 MTV Movie Awards ( 2007 ) 2008 MTV Movie Awards ( 2008 ) Screenwriter The Restaurant ( 2003 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2008 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) Creator Eco-Challenge ( 1995 -- 2002 ) The Casino ( 2004 ) The Contender ( 2005 ) Amne $ ia ( 2007 ) Pirate Master ( 2007 ) The Apprentice ( 2004 -- 2017 ) Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? ( 2007 -- 11 , 2015 ) My Dad Is Better Than Your Dad ( 2008 ) Bully Beatdown ( 2009 -- 12 ) Expedition Impossible ( 2011 ) The Bible ( 2013 ) Spin Off ( 2013 -- present ) A.D. The Bible Continues ( 2015 ) Messiah ( 2019 ) History original documentary films and miniseries Documentaries 102 Minutes That Changed America Amelia Earhart : The Lost Evidence China 's First Emperor Countdown to Armageddon Failure Is Not an Option Flying Pyramids , Soaring Stones Hotel Ground Zero I Missed Flight 93 Predator X Quest for King Arthur Search for the Lost City of Gold Star Wars : The Legacy Revealed The Exodus Decoded The People Speak Miniseries America : The Story of Us The American Revolution Barbarians Rising The Bible The Century : America 's Time Conquest of America Hatfields & McCoys Houdini Mankind : The Story of All of Us The Men Who Built America The Occult History of the Third Reich Roots Sons of Liberty Texas Rising Vietnam in HD WWII in HD The World Wars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Bible_(miniseries)&oldid=837986079 '' Categories : 2013 television films 2010s American drama television miniseries Cultural depictions of Adam and Eve Cultural depictions of Abraham Cultural depictions of Moses Cultural depictions of Noah Cultural depictions of Judas Iscariot Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate Cultural depictions of Cyrus the Great Cultural depictions of Nebuchadnezzar II Cultural depictions of the Maccabees Cultural depictions of Mary ( mother of Jesus ) Cultural depictions of David Cultural depictions of Ramesses II Cultural depictions of Esther Cultural depictions of Judith Portrayals of Jesus in film Films set in ancient Egypt History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Television programs based on the Bible Television series by MGM Television Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 46 . 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Flag of Ghana

Flag of Ghana - wikipedia Flag of Ghana Jump to : navigation , search Ghana Use National flag and state ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 1957 ( readopted 1966 ) Design A horizontal triband of red , gold , and green , charged with a black star in the centre Designed by Theodosia Okoh Variant flag of Ghana Use Civil ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design A red field with the national flag , fimbriated in black , in the canton Variant flag of Ghana Use Naval ensign Proportion 2 : 3 Design Red St. George cross on white centrrensign , with the national flag in canton . The national flag of Ghana was designed and adopted in 1957 and was flown until 1962 , and then reinstated in 1966 . It consists of the Pan-African colours of red , yellow , and green , in horizontal stripes , with a black five - pointed star in the centre of the gold stripe . The Ghanaian flag was the second African flag after the flag of the Ethiopian Empire to feature these colours . The flag 's design influenced that of the flag of Guinea - Bissau ( 1973 ) . It was designed by Theodosia Okoh . The red represents the blood of those who died in the country 's struggle for independence from the Great Britain , the gold represents the mineral wealth of the country , the green symbolises the country 's rich forests and natural wealth , and the black star is the symbol of African emancipation . The black star was adopted from the flag of the Black Star Line , a shipping line incorporated by Marcus Garvey that operated from 1919 to 1922 . It is where the Ghana national football team draw their nickname , the Black Stars , from . Contents ( hide ) 1 National ensign 2 Air force ensign and civil air ensign 3 History 4 References 5 External links National ensign ( edit ) Under terms of section 183 of Ghana 's Merchant Shipping Act of 1963 , the civil ensign is a red flag with the national flag in a black - fimbriated canton . In 2003 , a new merchant shipping act was enacted , however , and this simply provides that `` the National Flag of Ghana '' is the proper national colours for Ghanaian ships . No mention is made of other flags or other possible flags . The naval ensign is a red St. George cross on white flag , with the national flag in canton . Air Force ensign and civil Air ensign ( edit ) The ensign of the Ghana Air Force The Ghanaian civil air ensign The Ghana Air Force has its own ensign which incorporates the flag of Ghana . Civil aviation in Ghana is represented by the national civil air ensign . It is a standard light blue field with the Ghanaian flag in the canton . It is charged in the fly with either a red , yellow and green roundel ( in the case of the military ensign ) or black five - pointed star ( in the case of the civil ensign ) . they have both been used since independence , and the subsequent founding of the Ghana Air Force in 1959 . History ( edit ) Flag of the Kingdom of Ashanti , the forerunner to the Gold Coast . Flag of the Gold Coast , the forerunner to Ghana . Used until 1957 . Flag of the Union of African States , used between 1958 and 1961 . Flag of the Union of African States , used between 1961 and 1964 . Ghana national flag ( 1964 -- 1966 ) . Flag of the Presidency of Ghana since 1966 . Presidential Standard of Ghana ; replicate of the national flag of Ghana with a gold rim . The Ghanaian government flag , adopted in 1957 , was flown until 1962 . Similarly , when the country formed the Union of African States , the flag of the Union was modelled on Bolivia 's flag , but with two black stars , representing the nations . In May 1959 , a third star was added . In 1962 , prior to the dissolution of the Union the following year , Ghana adopted a variant of the 1957 tricolour with white in the place of yellow , after the colours of Kwame Nkrumah 's ruling Convention People 's Party , and similar to the flag of Hungary . The original 1957 flag was reinstated in 1966 following Nkrumah 's overthrow in a coup d'état . Flag of Ghana raised high and flowing . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mrs. Theodosia Salome Okoh at GhanaWeb Jump up ^ Crampton , William George ( 1993 ) . `` Marcus Garvey and the Rasta colours '' . Report of the 13th International Congress of Vexillology , Melbourne , 1989 . Flag Society of Australia . pp. 169 -- 180 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 14343 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Ghana . Ghana at Flags of the World Armed Forces of Ghana Colours Flags of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Ghana&oldid=832253132 '' Categories : Flags introduced in 1957 National symbols of Ghana Flags of Africa National flags Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 48 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 20 : 13 . 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what does the star on the ghana flag mean

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The Divergent Series

The Divergent Series - Wikipedia The Divergent Series For the book series on which the film series is based , see Divergent trilogy . For the mathematical use , see Divergent series . The Divergent Series Produced by Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Based on The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth Starring Shailene Woodley Theo James Zoë Kravitz Miles Teller Ansel Elgort Production company Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Distributed by Summit Entertainment Lionsgate Release date 1 : March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2015 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2016 4 : TBA Running time 379 minutes ( 3 films ) Country United States Language English Budget Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million Box office Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015 The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth . Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films , the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society . They have been produced by Lucy Fisher , Pouya Shabazian , and Douglas Wick . The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ) , respectively . The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort , Zoë Kravitz , and Miles Teller . Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films . The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger , while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke . The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ' , ' Insurgent ' , ' Allegiant ' ) . Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment . The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings , where it grossed $4.9 million . They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013 , deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation . The first installment , Divergent ( 2014 ) , grossed over $288 million worldwide , while the second installment , The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) , grossed over $297 million worldwide . Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D . The third installment , The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) , grossed $179 million . Thus , the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide . A fourth film , The Divergent Series : Ascendant was to be released theatrically , but due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office , it was announced it will be released as a TV movie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Casting the main roles 2 Production 2.1 Directors 2.2 Scripts 2.3 Cast 2.4 Filming 2.5 Music 3 Plot 3.1 Divergent ( 2014 ) 3.2 The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) 3.3 The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) 3.4 Cancelled film 3.5 Ascendant ( TV series ) 4 Recurring cast and characters 5 Crew 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) In March 2011 , Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment , while Lionsgate distributes the franchise . Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23 , 2012 . Evan Daugherty , who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor , said , `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four . It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey . There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry , but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in , but that it all helps Tris grow as a character . '' Daugherty further added , `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas . So , distilling that into a cool , faithful two - hour movie is challenging . Not only do you have to establish five factions , but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity , which is the divergent , and you also have the factionless . So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen ... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently . '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience . I 'd never read a script before . I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book . '' Initially , the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games . Analyst Ben Mogil said , `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable . '' In December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent , the second novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20 , 2015 , as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film . On December 16 , 2013 , it was announced that Neil Burger , director of Divergent , would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film . On February 13 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script . Also in December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant , the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released in March 2016 , serving as the finale of the series , which at the time was planned as a trilogy , but on April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film , much the like the Harry Potter , Twilight , and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series . Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that , `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant , ' a rich , action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies . The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films , a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise '' . Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9 , 2014 . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1 . On September 10 , 2015 , it was announced that the two films would be re-titled , with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant . Casting the main roles ( edit ) Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18 , 2014 . On October 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior . Lucas Till , Jack Reynor , Jeremy Irvine , Alex Pettyfer , Brenton Thwaites , Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton . On March 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four . Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast , Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ' , no question . Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength , as well as his depth and sensitivity . '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris . I 'm thrilled ! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four , and Theo is definitely the perfect fit . Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world . '' Production ( edit ) Filming for the franchise began on April 16 , 2013 . Film Producers Director Screenwriters Novel by Veronica Roth Divergent Fisher , Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian Burger , Neil Neil Burger Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent Schwentke , Robert Robert Schwentke Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Allegiant The Divergent Series : Ascendant Lee Toland Krieger Lucy Fisher , Douglas Wick , and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series . Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films . Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . On April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the final book , Allegiant , into two parts , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 . Directors ( edit ) Neil Burger directed the first film , Divergent , and was originally going to direct the sequel , The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return , due to him still working on post-production work for the first film . Speaking on the subject the director stated , `` There was no breathing room . They were like , ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date , and we have to start no later than May 2014 . ' It was a recipe for failure , at least with me on board . I would n't be able to do either thing right . I reluctantly let it go '' . In February 2014 , it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant . Scripts ( edit ) Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent . During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel , Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director , he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script . The screenplay for the two - part finale , The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant , was written by Noah Oppenheim , Adam Cooper , Bill Collage , and Stephen Chbosky . Cast ( edit ) On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that the roles of Tori , Christina , and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q , Zoë Kravitz , and Ansel Elgort , respectively . Ray Stevenson , Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15 , 2013 , Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric , respectively . That same day , Miles Teller was cast as Peter . The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max . Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24 , 2013 . Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews . Talking about playing the negative character for the first time , Winslet said , `` I 'm no idiot . The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised . '' Since Winslet joined the filming late , she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot . `` I wanted to break it and say , ' It 's OK , I 'm really fun . I promise . ' But I thought , just for today , I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch . '' On March 25 , 2013 , Ben Lamb was cast as Edward , Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will , and Christian Madsen as Al . In April 2013 , Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior , Beatrice 's parents . In 2014 , the cast for the second film was announced . On May 12 , 2014 , it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes . Late May 2014 , Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively . Early June 2014 , Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity , and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang . On June 9 , 2014 , Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn . On June 10 , 2014 , Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah . On June 11 , 2014 , Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector . On April 28 , 2015 , it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David , the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare . On May 1 , 2015 , it was announced that Bill Skarsgård had joined the cast as Matthew . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16 , 2013 , and concluded on July 16 , 2013 . Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26 , 2014 , in Los Angeles . Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27 , 2014 , in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on September 6 , 2014 . Filming took place at United States Penitentiary , Atlanta . A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta . In downtown Atlanta , a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center . For two days , production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street , Franklin Street , and Adams Street . Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots . Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18 , 2015 , with filming concluding on August 23 , 2015 . Music ( edit ) Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series , Divergent , while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries , Insurgent and Allegiant . Plot ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : Divergent ( film ) In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues , Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group . When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents , Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late . The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising , Tris and Four are on the run . Hunted by Jeanine Matthews , leader of the Erudite faction , Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect , and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them . Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves , Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world . The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant On December 16 , 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2014 , Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled , The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1 . The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant . Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago . For the first time ever , they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city . Once outside , old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths . Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago . In order to survive , Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage , allegiance , sacrifice and love . Cancelled film ( edit ) A Third sequel to the film was initially planned , with a March 2017 release , based on the latter half of the Allegiant book . The timing was changed to a June 2017 release , with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director . Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit ) In July 2016 , after the poor performance of the third film at the box office , the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film , which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series , moving beyond the books . In September 2016 , Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized , and that it was `` a limbo waiting game '' . In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format , although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film . In February 2017 , with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project , it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role . In August 2017 , Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Divergent characters Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior Shailene Woodley TBA Tobias `` Four '' Eaton Theo James TBA Christina Zoë Kravitz TBA Peter Hayes Miles Teller TBA Caleb Prior Ansel Elgort TBA Marcus Eaton Ray Stevenson Tori Wu Maggie Q Jeanine Matthews Kate Winslet Natalie Prior Ashley Judd Eric Coulter Jai Courtney Max Mekhi Phifer Will Ben Lloyd - Hughes Andrew Prior Tony Goldwyn Lauren Justine Wachsberger Evelyn Johnson - Eaton Naomi Watts TBA Johanna Reyes Octavia Spencer Uriah Pedrad Keiynan Lonsdale Edgar Jonny Weston David Jeff Daniels TBA Matthew Bill Skarsgård TBA Al Christian Madsen Molly Amy Newbold Edward Ben Lamb Jack Kang Daniel Dae Kim Marlene Suki Waterhouse Lynn Rosa Salazar Hector Emjay Anthony Edith Prior Janet McTeer Crew ( edit ) Divergent ( 2014 ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA ) Director Neil Burger Robert Schwentke Lee Toland Krieger Producer ( s ) Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian N / A Writer ( s ) Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage Based on Divergent by Veronica Roth Insurgent by Veronica Roth Allegiant by Veronica Roth Composer Junkie XL Joseph Trapanese N / A Cinematographer Alwin H. Küchler Florian Ballhaus Editor ( s ) Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy Stuart Levy N / A Production companies Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films N / A Distributor Lionsgate Summit Entertainment N / A Running time 139 minutes 119 minutes 121 minutes TBA Release date March 21 , 2014 March 20 , 2015 March 18 , 2016 TBA Reception ( edit ) Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) § Reception , The Divergent Series : Insurgent § Reception , and The Divergent Series : Allegiant § Reception Though the first two films were commercially successful , the series as a whole has not been well received by critics . Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites . Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office . Box office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time worldwide Divergent March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) $85 million $150,947,895 $137,937,923 $288,885,818 # 283 # 375 The Divergent Series : Insurgent March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) $110 million $130,179,072 $167,097,257 $297,276,329 # 392 # 372 The Divergent Series : Allegiant March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) $110 million $66,184,051 $113,062,817 $179,246,868 # 1,088 # TBA Total $305 million $347,311,018 $418,097,997 $765,409,015 Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore Divergent 41 % ( 203 reviews ) 48 ( 38 reviews ) The Divergent Series : Insurgent 28 % ( 184 reviews ) 42 ( 40 reviews ) A - The Divergent Series : Allegiant 12 % ( 171 reviews ) 33 ( 33 reviews ) See also ( edit ) 2010s portal Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million , Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films , Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White , James ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ) . `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT , the Film 's Casting , How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own , the Final Book ALLEGIANT , and More '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ' , ' Divergent ' Prospects '' . reelchicago.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT , Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel , INSURGENT '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 ′ ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles , Logos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley ? '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four ' ! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori , Caleb , and Christina roles '' . Hypable . Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie '' . Jump up ^ White , James ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan . `` On set of ' Divergent , ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al , Edward And Will '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior '' . Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse , Jonny Weston ( updated ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent , ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th ! '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Collider . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 ′ '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29 , 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor '' . Movie Insider . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' '' . variety . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' `` . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise '' . Uproxx . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening , ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Divergent on IMDb Divergent at AllMovie Divergent at Box Office Mojo Divergent at Metacritic Divergent at Rotten Tomatoes hide Divergent series by Veronica Roth Book series Divergent Insurgent Allegiant Film series Divergent The Divergent Series : Insurgent The Divergent Series : Allegiant Music Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Spin - offs Four : A Divergent Collection `` Free Four '' The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant Other Characters Factions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=846044722 '' Categories : English - language films Divergent trilogy Action films by series Adventure films by series Science fiction films by series IMAX films Lions Gate Entertainment films Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 22 : 25 . 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when is the last movie of divergent coming out

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East Durham College

East Durham College - wikipedia East Durham College Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) East Durham College East Durham College Houghall campus Established 1999 Principal Suzanne Duncan Location Willerby Grove Peterlee County Durham SR8 2RN England 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Coordinates : 54 ° 45 ′ 44 '' N 1 ° 21 ′ 00 '' W  /  54.762256 ° N 1.349999 ° W  / 54.762256 ; - 1.349999 Local authority North East England LSC ( but situated in County Durham ) DfE URN 131859 Tables Ofsted Reports Gender Coeducational Ages 16 + Former names Peterlee Grammar School , East Durham & Houghall Community College Website East Durham College An inside view of the East Durham College Peterlee Campus . East Durham College , formerly known as East Durham & Houghall Community College , is a community college with campuses in Peterlee and Houghall , south - east of Durham . The College student roll , as at the last Ofsted report , February 2014 , was 1579 full - time and 4,154 part - time students . East Durham College operates across three campuses , as well as providing work force development within individual work places across the region . The Peterlee campus is situated on Willerby Grove off the B1320 ( Burnhope Way ) in Peterlee , near the A19 . The Houghall campus is situated on the A177 ( Stockton Road ) to the south - east of Durham , near Shincliffe . The Peterlee campus includes a variety of facilities including the bistro restaurant Scene1 , two functional beauty and hair salons , recording studio , IT suites , sports centre and fitness suite , dance studio , theatre and a conference suite . The 400 - acre Houghall Campus includes football and rugby pitches , gardens , woodland , stables , an all - weather equine arena , small - animal care unit and working farm . Houghall now hosts the Durham Flower Festival . The College 's third site is The Technical Academy located on Peterlee 's South West Industrial Estate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Courses 2 History 3 Sport Development Centre 4 Alumni 4.1 Peterlee Grammar School 4.2 Easington Technical College 5 References 6 External links Courses ( edit ) Houghall Campus : Agriculture , Animal Care , Arboriculture & Forestry , Environmental Conservation , Equine Studies , Floristry , Horticulture and Land - based Operations ( LBO ) . Peterlee Campus : Access to Higher Education , Art & Design , Barbering , Beauty Therapy , Brickwork , Business , Carpentry , Catering , Childcare , Computing , Construction , Hairdressing , Health & Social Care , Hospitality , ICT , Media , Music , Outdoor Education , Painting & Decorating , Performing Arts , Plastering , Sport , Teacher Training , Travel & Tourism , Uniformed Public Services , Apollo Studio Academy The Technical Academy : Engineering , Electrical , Gas , Fitted Interiors ( Kitchen & Bathroom Plumbing and Fitting ) , Motor Vehicle Maintenance and Tiling ( Wall and Floor ) History ( edit ) The history of Houghall Farm can be traced back through many centuries . In 1260 the manor at Houghall , plus the attached lands were granted to the Priory and Convent of Durham . Although some of the land was leased , most of the area was farmed by the monks themselves . Sheep were a very important part of the farm at this time and also crops , such as oats and barley were grown . The land was very marshy so fish farming took place in the many ponds and the rushes , which grew abundantly , were harvested for use in the Cathedral , Cloisters and Castle . The Priory let the farm in 1464 to Richard Rackett , and the tenancy remained with the Rackett family until the dissolution of the monasteries . Houghall was then sold to Viscount Lisle , the tenant at that time being Clement Farrowe . The farm was returned to the Church ( Dean and Chapter ) in 1660 . A survey of the farm was carried out in 1794 , and it is interesting to note that many of the fields had the same shape and the same name as they have today . The crops grown at this time were oats , barley , wheat , grass , clover and rape . In 1836 Houghall and other land in the area was endowed to Durham University . In 1920 Durham County Council then bought the farm to provide the site for an agricultural school and training farm . The course of the river Wear has changed many times over the centuries , both through natural means and by design . A large area , which is now part of the farm , was once the river bed . The silt deposits left by the river have contributed greatly to the fertility of the farm . The present college results from the merger in June 1999 of Durham College of Agriculture and Horticulture ( also known as Houghall College ) and East Durham Community College in Peterlee ( formerly known as Peterlee Tertiary College in the 1980s and Peterlee College since 1989 ) . The former campus at the town centre on Burnhope Way ( B1320 ) was originally Easington Technical College and the campus at Howletch was originally Peterlee Grammar School . In 2006 , the college was given planning permission to build a new campus at Peterlee because the buildings at the two campuses there did not meet the requirements for access for disabled people . In September 2008 a brand new £ 36m college building was opened on the Howletch site ; the old college building at Howletch has also been demolished to make way for further college buildings and the old college building at Burnhope Way will be demolished to make way for a Tesco Extra . The college 's new 220 seat theatre was named after Berthold Lubetkin . In September 2013 , the college opened Apollo Studio Academy , a new studio school at the Peterlee campus . Sport development centre ( edit ) The college also runs a Student Athlete Programme , providing health education to participants . The programme includes boxing , basketball , football and rugby , providing a variety of competitive opportunities ( friendly , league , cup fixtures ) , but the major focus is on individual skill development as opposed to team organisation . The sports hall has 500 seats on the bleachers . Alumni ( edit ) Shaun Reay , footballer Steve Howey , footballer -- Steve Howey worked at the East Durham College Football Development Centre from 2007 was Acting Head of the Centre until 2011 Tony Jeffries , Tony studied Engineering at East Durham College and was part of the boxing development team Dave Wilson , Bath and England Rugby Union Prop Gina McKee , Actress best known for her roles in The Lost Prince and Notting Hill Steve Harper , Steve studied Sport and attended the Football Development Centre at East Durham College and is now a footballer at Hull City FC . Peterlee Grammar School ( edit ) Grahame Morris , Labour MP since 2010 for Easington Easington Technical College ( edit ) John Cummings , Labour MP from 1987 -- 2010 for Easington References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) East Durham College homepage Edubase ( hide ) Universities and colleges in North East England Universities Durham Newcastle Northumbria Sunderland Teesside Further education colleges Bishop Auckland Cleveland Darlington Derwentside East Durham Gateshead Hartlepool Middlesbrough Newcastle New College Durham Northumberland Redcar & Cleveland South Tyneside Stockton Riverside Sunderland Tyne Metropolitan Sixth form colleges Carmel Durham English Martyrs Gateshead Jewish Academy for Girls Hartlepool Newcastle Prior Pursglove Queen Elizabeth Stockton Usworth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Durham_College&oldid=785150702 '' Categories : Durham , England Further education colleges in County Durham Educational institutions established in 1999 1999 establishments in England Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2010 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 June 2017 , at 22 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the former peterlee campus of east durham college

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Optical coating

Optical coating - wikipedia Optical coating Jump to : navigation , search Optically coated mirrors and lenses . An optical coating is one or more thin layers of material deposited on an optical component such as a lens or mirror , which alters the way in which the optic reflects and transmits light . One type of optical coating is an antireflection coating , which reduces unwanted reflections from surfaces , and is commonly used on spectacle and photographic lenses . Another type is the high - reflector coating which can be used to produce mirrors which reflect greater than 99.99 % of the light which falls on them . More complex optical coatings exhibit high reflection over some range of wavelengths , and anti-reflection over another range , allowing the production of dichroic thin - film optical filters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of coating 1.1 Antireflection coatings 1.2 High - reflection coatings 1.2. 1 Extreme ultraviolet coatings 1.3 Transparent conductive coatings 2 Current market and forecast 3 Sources 4 References 5 See also 6 External links Types of coating ( edit ) Reflectance vs. wavelength curves for aluminium ( Al ) , silver ( Ag ) , and gold ( Au ) metal mirrors at normal incidence The simplest optical coatings are thin layers of metals , such as aluminium , which are deposited on glass substrates to make mirror surfaces , a process known as silvering . The metal used determines the reflection characteristics of the mirror ; aluminium is the cheapest and most common coating , and yields a reflectivity of around 88 % - 92 % over the visible spectrum . More expensive is silver , which has a reflectivity of 95 % - 99 % even into the far infrared , but suffers from decreasing reflectivity ( < 90 % ) in the blue and ultraviolet spectral regions . Most expensive is gold , which gives excellent ( 98 % - 99 % ) reflectivity throughout the infrared , but limited reflectivity at wavelengths shorter than 550 nm , resulting in the typical gold colour . By controlling the thickness and density of metal coatings , it is possible to decrease the reflectivity and increase the transmission of the surface , resulting in a half - silvered mirror . These are sometimes used as `` one - way mirrors '' . The other major type of optical coating is the dielectric coating ( i.e. using materials with a different refractive index to the substrate ) . These are constructed from thin layers of materials such as magnesium fluoride , calcium fluoride , and various metal oxides , which are deposited onto the optical substrate . By careful choice of the exact composition , thickness , and number of these layers , it is possible to tailor the reflectivity and transmitivity of the coating to produce almost any desired characteristic . Reflection coefficients of surfaces can be reduced to less than 0.2 % , producing an antireflection ( AR ) coating . Conversely , the reflectivity can be increased to greater than 99.99 % , producing a high - reflector ( HR ) coating . The level of reflectivity can also be tuned to any particular value , for instance to produce a mirror that reflects 90 % and transmits 10 % of the light that falls on it , over some range of wavelengths . Such mirrors are often used as beamsplitters , and as output couplers in lasers . Alternatively , the coating can be designed such that the mirror reflects light only in a narrow band of wavelengths , producing an optical filter . The versatility of dielectric coatings leads to their use in many scientific optical instruments ( such as lasers , optical microscopes , refracting telescopes , and interferometers ) as well as consumer devices such as binoculars , spectacles , and photographic lenses . Dielectric layers are sometimes applied over top of metal films , either to provide a protective layer ( as in silicon dioxide over aluminium ) , or to enhance the reflectivity of the metal film . Metal and dielectric combinations are also used to make advanced coatings that can not be made any other way . One example is the so - called `` perfect mirror '' , which exhibits high ( but not perfect ) reflection , with unusually low sensitivity to wavelength , angle , and polarization . Antireflection coatings ( edit ) Main article : Anti-reflective coating Comparison of uncoated glasses ( top ) and glasses with an anti-reflective coating ( bottom ) . Antireflection coatings are used to reduce reflection from surfaces . Whenever a ray of light moves from one medium to another ( such as when light enters a sheet of glass after travelling through air ) , some portion of the light is reflected from the surface ( known as the interface ) between the two media . A number of different effects are used to reduce reflection . The simplest is to use a thin layer of material at the interface , with an index of refraction between those of the two media . The reflection is minimized when n 1 = n 0 n S ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) = ( \ sqrt ( n_ ( 0 ) n_ ( S ) ) ) ) , where n 1 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 1 ) ) is the index of the thin layer , and n 0 ( \ displaystyle n_ ( 0 ) ) and n S ( \ displaystyle n_ ( S ) ) are the indices of the two media . The optimum refractive indices for multiple coating layers at angles of incidence other than 0 ° is given by Moreno et al. ( 2005 ) . Such coatings can reduce the reflection for ordinary glass from about 4 % per surface to around 2 % . These were the first type of antireflection coating known , having been discovered by Lord Rayleigh in 1886 . He found that old , slightly tarnished pieces of glass transmitted more light than new , clean pieces due to this effect . Practical antireflection coatings rely on an intermediate layer not only for its direct reduction of reflection coefficient , but also use the interference effect of a thin layer . If the layer 's thickness is controlled precisely such that it is exactly one - quarter of the wavelength of the light ( a quarter - wave coating ) , the reflections from the front and back sides of the thin layer will destructively interfere and cancel each other . Interference in a quarter - wave antireflection coating In practice , the performance of a simple one - layer interference coating is limited by the fact that the reflections only exactly cancel for one wavelength of light at one angle , and by difficulties finding suitable materials . For ordinary glass ( n ≈ 1.5 ) , the optimum coating index is n ≈ 1.23 . Few useful substances have the required refractive index . Magnesium fluoride ( MgF ) is often used , since it is hard - wearing and can be easily applied to substrates using physical vapour deposition , even though its index is higher than desirable ( n = 1.38 ) . With such coatings , reflection as low as 1 % can be achieved on common glass , and better results can be obtained on higher index media . Further reduction is possible by using multiple coating layers , designed such that reflections from the surfaces undergo maximum destructive interference . By using two or more layers , broadband antireflection coatings which cover the visible range ( 400 - 700 nm ) with maximum reflectivities of less than 0.5 % are commonly achievable . Reflection in narrower wavelength bands can be as low as 0.1 % . Alternatively , a series of layers with small differences in refractive index can be used to create a broadband antireflective coating by means of a refractive index gradient . High - reflection coatings ( edit ) See also : Dielectric mirror High - reflection ( HR ) coatings work the opposite way to antireflection coatings . The general idea is usually based on the periodic layer system composed from two materials , one with a high index , such as zinc sulfide ( n = 2.32 ) or titanium dioxide ( n = 2.4 ) and low index material , such as magnesium fluoride ( n = 1.38 ) or silicon dioxide ( n = 1.49 ) . This periodic system significantly enhances the reflectivity of the surface in the certain wavelength range called band - stop , whose width is determined by the ratio of the two used indices only ( for quarter - wave system ) , while the maximum reflectivity is increasing nearly up to 100 % with a number of layers in the stack . The thicknesses of the layers are generally quarter - wave ( then they yield to the broadest high reflection band in compare to the non-quarter - wave systems composed from the same materials ) , this time designed such that reflected beams constructively interfere with one another to maximize reflection and minimize transmission . The best of these coatings built - up from deposited dielectric lossless materials on the perfect smooth surfaces can reach reflectivities greater than 99.999 % ( over a fairly narrow range of wavelengths ) . Common HR coatings can achieve 99.9 % reflectivity over a broad wavelength range ( tens of nanometers in the visible spectrum range ) . As for AR coatings , HR coatings are affected by the incidence angle of the light . When used away from normal incidence , the reflective range shifts to shorter wavelengths , and becomes polarization dependent . This effect can be exploited to produce coatings that polarize a light beam . By manipulating the exact thickness and composition of the layers in the reflective stack , the reflection characteristics can be tuned to a particular application , and may incorporate both high - reflective and anti-reflective wavelength regions . The coating can be designed as a long - or short - pass filter , a bandpass or notch filter , or a mirror with a specific reflectivity ( useful in lasers ) . For example , the dichroic prism assembly used in some cameras requires two dielectric coatings , one long - wavelength pass filter reflecting light below 500 nm ( to separate the blue component of the light ) , and one short - pass filter to reflect red light , above 600 nm wavelength . The remaining transmitted light is the green component . Extreme ultraviolet coatings ( edit ) In the EUV portion of the spectrum ( wavelengths shorter than about 30 nm ) nearly all materials absorb strongly , making it difficult to focus or otherwise manipulate light in this wavelength range . Telescopes such as TRACE or EIT that form images with EUV light use multilayer mirrors that are constructed of hundreds of alternating layers of a high - mass metal such as molybdenum or tungsten , and a low - mass spacer such as silicon , vacuum deposited onto a substrate such as glass . Each layer pair is designed to have a thickness equal to half the wavelength of light to be reflected . Constructive interference between scattered light from each layer causes the mirror to reflect EUV light of the desired wavelength as would a normal metal mirror in visible light . Using multilayer optics it is possible to reflect up to 70 % of incident EUV light ( at a particular wavelength chosen when the mirror is constructed ) . Transparent conductive coatings ( edit ) Transparent conductive coatings are used in applications where it is important that the coating conduct electricity or dissipate static charge . Conductive coatings are used to protect the aperture from electromagnetic Interference , while dissipative coatings are used to prevent the build - up of static electricity . Transparent conductive coatings are also used extensively to provide electrodes in situations where light is required to pass , for example in flat panel display technologies and in many photoelectrochemical experiments . A common substance used in transparent conductive coatings is indium tin oxide ( ITO ) . ITO is not very optically transparent , however . The layers must be thin to provide substantial transparency , particularly at the blue end of the spectrum . Using ITO , sheet resistances of 20 to 10,000 ohms per square can be achieved . An ITO coating may be combined with an antireflective coating to further improve transmittance . Other TCOs ( Transparent Conductive Oxides ) include AZO ( Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide ) , which offers much better UV transmission than ITO . A special class of transparent conductive coatings applies to infrared films for theater - air military optics where IR transparent windows need to have ( Radar ) stealth ( Stealth technology ) properties . These are known as RAITs ( Radar Attenuating / Infrared Transmitting ) and include materials such as boron doped DLC ( Diamond - like carbon ) . Current market and forecast ( edit ) Estimated at US $6.5 billion in 2013 , the global demand of optical coatings is forecast to grow 6.5 % annually over the next years . The largest application market of optical coatings is electronics and semiconductor combined , while the fastest growing one is fiber optics & telecommunication combined . Sources ( edit ) Hecht , Eugene . Chapter 9 , Optics , 2nd ed. ( 1990 ) , Addison Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 11609 - X . I. Moreno , et al. , `` Thin - film spatial filters , '' Optics Letters 30 , 914 - 916 ( 2005 ) C. Clark , et al. , `` Two - color Mach 3 IR coating for TAMD systems '' , Proc. SPIE Vol. 4375 , p. 307 - 314 ( 2001 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` MIT researchers create a ' perfect mirror ' '' . MIT press release . 1998 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Thin - film spatial filters , '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Market Report : Global Optical Coatings Market '' . Acmite Market Intelligence . External link in publisher = ( help ) See also ( edit ) List of telescope parts and construction External links ( edit ) Browser - based thin film design and optimization software Java demonstration of anti-reflection coating Browser - based numerical calculator of single - layer thin film reflectivity ( 1 ) - Melles Griot Technical Guide NDL : 01172276 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optical_coating&oldid=787430975 '' Categories : Thin - film optics Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Español فارسی 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 June 2017 , at 10 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the amount of light reflected from the front surface of common window glass is about

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Display size

Display size - wikipedia Display size Jump to : navigation , search For the number of pixels measured vertically and horizontally per screen , see Display resolution . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : formatting Please help improve this article if you can . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Comparison of screen sizes by width , height , diagonal , area , and aspect ratio . On 2D displays , such as computer monitors and TVs , the display size ( or viewable image size or VIS ) is the physical size of the area where pictures and videos are displayed . The size of a screen is usually described by the length of its diagonal , which is the distance between opposite corners , usually in inches . It is also sometimes called the logical image size to distinguish it from the `` logical image size , '' which describes a screen 's display resolution and is measured in pixels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Optimal screen size and viewing distance 2 Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors 3 History 4 See also 5 References Optimal screen size and viewing distance ( edit ) The TV image is composed of many lines of pixels . Ideally , the TV watcher sits far enough away from the screen that the individual lines merge into one solid image . The watcher may sit even farther away and still see a good picture , but it will be a smaller portion of their visual field . However , note that viewing behavior is dependent on screen size . With increasing screen sizes visual exploration is enhanced with an increased number of fixations of shorter duration and a tendency to view only the center of the display . The resolution of the human eye ( with 20 / 20 vision ) is about one minute of arc . For full HDTV resolution , this one minute of arc implies that the TV watcher should sit 4 times the height of the screen away . At this distance the individual pixels can not be resolved while simultaneously maximising the viewing area . So the ideal set size can be determined from the chart below by measuring the distance from where the watcher would sit to the screen in centimeters ( or inches ) , dividing that by 4 , and comparing with the screen heights below . Do not be surprised if the observer can see the pixels at this viewing distance as most normal people see far better than 6 / 6 ( ( 20 / 20 vision ) ) . If the user is replacing a standard definition TV with an HDTV this implies that the best visual experience will be with a set that is twice as tall as the standard definition set . As the average size LCD TV being sold is now 38 `` , which is only about 15 % taller than a 27 '' standard definition TV , this means that most consumers buy HDTV sets that are smaller than what they could utilize . Cost and budget also limit screen size . Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors ( edit ) Knowing the actual height and width of a screen is useful when deciding which one to purchase . Common dimensions are listed in the table below . If the display is not listed , then the following equations can be used . Note that D is the diagonal ( in centimeters or inches ) , W is the width ( in pixels ) , and H is the height ( in pixels ) . h e i g h t = H × D W 2 + H 2 ( \ displaystyle height = H \ times ( \ frac ( D ) ( \ sqrt ( W ^ ( 2 ) + H ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) w i d t h = W × h e i g h t H ( \ displaystyle width = W \ times ( \ frac ( height ) ( H ) ) ) Display sizes of common TVs and computer monitors Diagonal 5 : 4 4 : 3 3 : 2 ( 15 : 10 ) 8 : 5 ( 16 : 10 ) 5 : 3 ( 15 : 9 ) 16 : 9 ( 42 : 32 ) 21. 3 : 9 ( 43 : 33 ) ( in ) ( cm ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) w ( cm ) h ( cm ) A ( cm2 ) 3.5 9 7 6 39 7 5 38 7 5 36 8 5 36 8 5 35 8 34 8 28 3.7 9 7 6 43 8 6 42 8 5 41 8 5 40 8 5 39 8 5 38 9 32 10 8 6 50 8 6 50 8 6 48 9 5 46 9 5 46 9 5 44 9 37 4.3 11 9 7 58 9 7 57 9 6 55 9 6 54 9 6 53 10 5 51 10 43 5 13 10 8 79 10 8 77 11 7 74 11 7 72 11 7 71 11 6 69 12 5 58 7 18 14 11 154 14 11 152 15 10 146 15 9 142 15 9 139 15 9 135 16 7 113 10 25 20 16 315 20 15 310 21 14 298 22 13 290 22 13 285 22 12 276 23 10 231 11.6 29 23 18 423 24 18 417 25 16 401 25 16 390 25 15 383 26 14 371 27 11 311 13.3 34 26 21 557 27 20 548 28 19 527 29 18 513 29 17 503 29 17 488 31 13 409 14 36 28 22 617 28 21 607 30 20 584 30 19 568 30 18 558 31 17 540 33 14 453 15 38 30 24 708 30 23 697 32 21 670 32 20 652 33 20 640 33 19 620 35 15 520 15.4 39 31 24 746 31 23 734 33 22 706 33 21 688 34 20 675 34 19 654 36 15 548 17 43 34 27 910 35 26 895 36 24 861 37 23 838 37 22 823 38 21 797 40 17 668 18.5 47 37 29 1,077 38 28 1,060 39 26 1,019 40 25 992 40 24 974 41 23 944 43 18 791 19 48 38 30 1,136 39 29 1,118 40 27 1,075 41 26 1,047 41 25 1,028 42 24 995 44 19 834 20 51 40 32 1,259 41 30 1,239 42 28 1,191 43 27 1,160 44 26 1,139 44 25 1,103 47 20 924 21 53 42 33 1,388 43 32 1,366 44 30 1,313 45 28 1,279 46 27 1,255 46 26 1,216 49 21 1,019 22 56 44 35 1,523 45 34 1,499 46 31 1,441 47 30 1,403 48 29 1,378 49 27 1,334 51 22 1,118 23 58 46 36 1,665 47 35 1,638 49 32 1,575 50 31 1,534 50 30 1,506 51 29 1,458 54 23 1,222 24 61 48 38 1,813 49 37 1,784 51 34 1,715 52 32 1,670 52 31 1,639 53 30 1,588 56 24 1,331 25 64 50 40 1,967 51 38 1,935 53 35 1,861 54 34 1,812 54 33 1,779 55 31 1,723 59 25 1,444 26 66 52 41 2,127 53 40 2,093 55 37 2,013 56 35 1,960 57 34 1,924 58 32 1,864 61 26 1,562 27 69 54 43 2,294 55 41 2,258 57 38 2,171 58 36 2,114 59 35 2,075 60 34 2,010 63 27 1,684 28 71 56 44 2,467 57 43 2,428 59 39 2,334 60 38 2,273 61 37 2,231 62 35 2,161 66 28 1,811 29 74 58 46 2,647 59 44 2,604 61 41 2,504 62 39 2,439 63 38 2,394 64 36 2,318 68 29 1,943 30 76 60 48 2,832 61 46 2,787 63 42 2,680 65 40 2,610 65 39 2,562 66 37 2,481 70 30 2,079 31 79 61 49 3,024 63 47 2,976 66 44 2,862 67 42 2,787 68 41 2,735 69 39 2,649 73 31 2,220 32 81 63 51 3,223 65 49 3,171 68 45 3,049 69 43 2,969 70 42 2,915 71 40 2,823 75 32 2,366 34 86 67 54 3,638 69 52 3,580 72 48 3,442 73 46 3,352 74 44 3,290 75 42 3,187 80 34 2,671 39 99 77 62 4,787 79 59 4,710 82 55 4,529 84 53 4,410 85 51 4,329 86 49 4,193 91 39 3,514 42 107 83 67 5,552 85 64 5,463 89 59 5,253 90 57 5,115 91 55 5,021 93 52 4,863 98 41 4,076 46 117 91 73 6,659 93 70 6,553 97 65 6,301 99 62 6,136 100 60 6,023 102 57 5,833 108 45 4,889 48 122 95 76 7,251 98 73 7,135 101 68 6,861 103 65 6,681 105 63 6,558 106 60 6,352 112 47 5,323 50 127 99 79 7,868 102 76 7,742 106 70 7,444 108 67 7,249 109 65 7,116 111 62 6,892 117 49 5,776 55 140 109 87 9,520 112 84 9,368 116 77 9,007 118 74 8,771 120 72 8,610 122 68 8,339 129 54 6,989 58 147 115 92 10,587 118 88 10,418 123 82 10,017 125 78 9,754 126 76 9,575 128 72 9,274 136 57 7,773 60 152 119 95 11,330 122 91 11,148 127 85 10,720 129 81 10,439 131 78 10,247 133 75 9,924 140 59 8,318 64 163 127 102 12,891 130 98 12,684 135 90 12,197 138 86 11,877 139 84 11,658 142 80 11,292 150 63 9,464 70 178 139 111 15,421 142 107 15,174 148 99 14,591 151 94 14,208 152 91 13,947 155 87 13,508 164 69 11,322 80 203 159 127 20,142 163 122 19,819 169 113 19,057 172 108 18,557 174 105 18,216 177 100 17,643 187 79 14,787 84 213 167 133 22,206 171 128 21,851 178 118 21,010 181 113 20,460 183 110 20,083 186 105 19,452 197 83 16,303 99 251 196 157 30,845 201 151 30,351 209 139 29,184 213 133 28,419 216 129 27,897 219 123 27,019 232 98 22,646 102 259 202 162 32,743 207 155 32,219 216 144 30,980 220 137 30,167 222 133 29,613 226 127 28,681 239 101 24,039 108 274 214 171 36,708 219 165 36,121 228 152 34,731 233 145 33,821 235 141 33,199 239 134 32,155 253 107 26,950 111 282 220 176 38,776 226 169 38,155 235 156 36,688 239 149 35,726 242 145 35,069 246 138 33,966 260 110 28,468 152 386 301 241 72,711 309 232 71,548 321 214 68,796 327 205 66,992 331 199 65,761 336 189 63,692 356 150 53,383 History ( edit ) The method of measuring screen size by its diagonal was inherited from the method used for the first generation of CRT television , when picture tubes with circular faces were in common use . Being circular , the external diameter of the bulb was used to describe their size . Since these circular tubes were used to display rectangular images , the diagonal measurement of the visible rectangle was smaller than the diameter of the tube due to the thickness of the glass surrounding the phosphor screen ( which was hidden from the viewer by the casing and bezel ) . This method continued even when cathode ray tubes were manufactured as rounded rectangles ; it had the advantage of being a single number specifying the size , and was not confusing when the aspect ratio was universally 4 : 3 . In the US , when virtually all TV tubes were 4 : 3 , the size of the screen was given as the true screen diagonal with a V following it ( this was a requirement in the US market but not elsewhere ) . In virtually all other markets , the size of the outer diameter of the tube was given . What was a 27V in the US could be a 28 '' elsewhere . However the V terminology was frequently dropped in US advertising referring to a 27V as a 27 `` . This was not misleading for the consumer as the seller had to give the actual screen size by law . Flat panel displays by contrast use the actual diagonal of their visible display size , thus the size is the actual size presented to the viewer in all markets . This means that a similarly specified size of display will be larger as a flat panel display compared with a cathode ray tube display . When the common aspect ratio went from 4 : 3 to 16 : 9 , the new widescreens were labeled with a W in the US . A screen that is approximately the same height as a 27V would be a 32W . Vizio and other US TV manufacturers have introduced even wider screens with a 21 : 9 aspect ratio in order to match aspect ratios used in cinemas . In order to gauge the relative sizes of these new screens , the screen aspect must be considered . In a commercial market where multiple aspect ratios are being sold , it will always take two numbers to describe the screen size , some combination of diagonal , aspect ratio , height or width . Set sizes are frequently given as a `` class '' as screens from different manufacturers will have slight differences in size . However the `` class '' should be within 1 / 2 '' of the actual size . The reasons for the different sizes within a class stem from differences in the manufacturers ' equipment . As manufacturers move from one size to another , newer larger sizes must fit on the same size glass , though with fewer displays being cut from it . Some sizes fit well and maximize glass utilization , other sizes fit more poorly and waste glass . As an example , in some cases , increasing the screen size by even 0.1 '' can cause an LCD manufacturer to go from 12 screens fitting on their glass sheet to 9 . This would make them uncompetitive with other screen makers . See also ( edit ) Display resolution Computer display standard References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ramos Gameiro , R ; Kaspar , K ; König , SU ; Nordholt , S ; König , P ( 2017 ) . `` Exploration and exploitation in natural viewing behavior '' . Sci Rep. 7 : 2311 . PMID 28536434 . doi : 10.1038 / s41598 - 017 - 02526 - 1 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Display_size&oldid=790868176 '' Categories : Display technology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from December 2013 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from December 2013 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from December 2013 Wikipedia articles that are too technical from September 2010 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from September 2010 All articles needing expert attention All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how many cm is a 24 inch tv

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The Walking Dead (season 7)

The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Steven Yeun Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Michael Cudlitz Lennie James Sonequa Martin - Green Jeffrey Dean Morgan Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Austin Nichols Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 16 Release Original network AMC Original release October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) -- April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 Next → Season 8 List of The Walking Dead episodes The seventh season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 23 , 2016 , and concluded on April 2 , 2017 , consisting of 16 episodes . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season . The seventh season received mixed reviews by critics . It was nominated for multiple awards and won three , including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year , at the 43rd Saturn Awards . This season adapts material from issues # 100 -- 114 of the comic book series and focuses on the oppressive group of survivors known as the Saviors , led by the vindictive Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . Negan uses numbers , power and lethal brutality to coerce Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) , his group of survivors , and the Alexandria Safe - Zone to make regular offerings of supplies and weapons for the Saviors . Eventually , Rick and his group seek allies to help them confront Negan , including members of the survivor communities of the Hilltop , the Kingdom , Oceanside , and the Scavengers , who have had their own dealings with Negan and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop Colony 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 4.3 Ratings 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters The primary characters of the seventh season , from `` The Well '' onwards , include ( from left to right ) : Sasha , Daryl , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Carol , Rick , Carl , Maggie , Jesus , Rosita , Morgan , and Aaron ; Absent : Eugene , Negan , Spencer , Dwight , and Gregory Main cast ( edit ) The seventh season features twenty series regulars overall . For the season premiere , Jeffrey Dean Morgan and Austin Amelio were promoted to series regular status , with Morgan added to the opening credits and Amelio listed under `` Also starring '' . After the first episode aired , the cast faced numerous changes : Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz were removed from the opening credits , while Alanna Masterson , Josh McDermitt and Christian Serratos were added to the opening credits , respectively , after previously being credited as `` Also starring '' , in the second episode onwards . Tom Payne and Xander Berkeley were also promoted to series regulars in the second episode and beyond . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist and leader of Alexandria , who is forced to adapt under the rule of Negan . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Steven Yeun as Glenn Rhee , Maggie 's resourceful husband , who stands as the group 's moral compass . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , Glenn 's strong - willed and pregnant wife . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's teenage son , who struggles to maintain his renewed morality that he achieved from residing in Alexandria . Danai Gurira as Michonne , a katana - wielding warrior , who has opened up from her previous solitary life and has recently begun a relationship with Rick . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , an empowered member of the group , whose several tragedies force her to question her ruthless methods . Michael Cudlitz as Sgt . Abraham Ford , a former military sergeant , whose reevaluation of his life led him to break up with Rosita and pursue Sasha . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who is questioning the pacifist philosophy he had adopted . Sonequa Martin - Green as Sasha Williams , a former firefighter , Abraham 's girlfriend and a guard of Alexandria , who has overcome various traumas . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring member of the group , who found a community named Oceanside and struggles to keep it a secret . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a survivor , who struggles to prove his worth to the group after lying to them about knowing a possible cure to the walker virus . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , a pragmatic and protective member of the group , and ex-girlfriend of Abraham . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the manipulative and totalitarian leader of the Saviors who served as the primary antagonist of the season . Also starring ( edit ) Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest , who has managed to earn the group 's trust after previously betraying them . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter , who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and serves as a bridge between the two factions . Austin Nichols as Spencer Monroe , a guard of Alexandria and the only surviving member of his family . Austin Amelio as Dwight , a ruthless , reluctant member of the Saviors and one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who forms a hostile rivalry with Daryl . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop Colony , who introduced Rick 's group to their compound . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and arrogant leader of the Hilltop Colony . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Katelyn Nacon as Enid , an isolated teenager residing in Alexandria , who forms a special bond with Maggie and is starting to show feelings for Carl Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew , who had a brief relationship with Carol . Corey Hawkins as Heath , a supply runner for Alexandria who went missing . Ann Mahoney as Olivia , an Alexandria resident , who is in charge of the community 's food and armory . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew . The Hilltop Colony ( edit ) R. Keith Harris as Dr. Harlan Carson , the doctor of the Hilltop Colony . James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Peter Luis Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop Colony . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . Ilan Srulovicz as Wesley , a resident of the Hilltop Colony . The Saviors ( edit ) Christine Evangelista as Sherry , Dwight 's ex-wife and now one of Negan 's harem . Steven Ogg as Simon , Negan 's right - hand man . Joshua Hoover as Fat Joey , a member of the Saviors . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Tim Parati as Dr. Emmett Carson , the doctor of the Sanctuary . Aerli Austen as Isabelle , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Martinez as David , a sexually deviant member of the Saviors . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Brian Stapf as Roy , a member of the Saviors . Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who extorts the Kingdom . Joshua Mikel as Jared , a hostile member of the Saviors who works with Gavin and forms a hostile rivalry with Richard . Autumn Dial as Amber , one of Negan 's harem . Elyse Nicole DuFour as Frankie , one of Negan 's harem . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's harem . Griffin Freeman as Mark , a member of the Saviors and Amber 's ex-boyfriend . The Kingdom ( edit ) Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , a former zookeeper and the flamboyant leader of the Kingdom . Logan Miller as Benjamin , a young resident of the Kingdom , who forms a bond with Morgan . Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's bodyguard . Karl Makinen as Richard , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and Benjamin 's younger brother . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , a member of Oceanside and Natania 's maternal granddaughter . Mimi Kirkland as Rachel , an aggressive young member of Oceanside . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , a top member of Oceanside . Nicole Barré as Kathy , a top member of Oceanside . The Scavengers ( edit ) Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the impassive leader of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a superior member of the Scavengers . Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a superior member of the Scavengers and the right - hand of Jadis . Anja Akstin as Farron , a member of the Scavengers . Gino Crognale as Winslow , a zombie with swords and spikes shoved through it that fights Rick in a garbage pit . Cast notes * ^ 1 Steven Yeun and Michael Cudlitz are only credited as main cast members in the season premiere . Cudlitz makes a re-appearance in the season finale as a special guest . Production ( edit ) The promotional poster for the season at the San Diego Comic - Con The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode seventh season on October 30 , 2015 . Filming for season 7 began in Georgia on May 2 , 2016 and concluded on November 18 , 2016 . Actors Jeffrey Dean Morgan , Xander Berkeley , Tom Payne , and Austin Amelio were all promoted to series regulars for the seventh season , after having recurring roles in the sixth season . The seventh season has featured several extended episodes , running longer than its usual 43 - minute running time ( without commercials ) . Extended episodes have ranged from 46 to 62 minutes in length . The finale was dedicated in memory of American comic artist Bernie Wrightson , who died on March 18 , 2017 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 84 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) 17.03 Negan 's victim is revealed to be Abraham , who is beaten to death in front of Rick 's group . Daryl punches Negan out of anger , prompting Negan to also murder Glenn . After several tests , Negan ultimately breaks Rick 's resolve by nearly forcing him to hack off Carl 's arm . Negan and his crew then leave with Daryl as hostage , while Sasha volunteers to take Maggie to Hilltop to recover , along with the bodies of Glenn and Abraham . 85 `` The Well '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete October 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 30 ) 12.46 Carol and Morgan arrive at the Kingdom , a well - established community run by flamboyant former zookeeper `` King '' Ezekiel . The Kingdom , like Hilltop , has been producing for the Saviors under the threat of violence , although Ezekiel has kept this arrangement secret from most residents of the Kingdom . Carol recuperates and eagerly prepares to abandon the community , but opts to stay in an isolated house nearby after bonding with Ezekiel . 86 `` The Cell '' Alrick Riley Angela Kang November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 11.72 Daryl is locked in a cell at the Sanctuary , where Negan and Dwight constantly torture him in an effort to break him down to obedience . Negan sends Dwight on a mission to retrieve an escaped Savior , who says he would rather die than return to the Sanctuary . Dwight , therefore , ultimately mercy - kills the man . Daryl is given the opportunity to become a Savior but adamantly refuses . 87 `` Service '' David Boyd Corey Reed November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 11.40 As the grieving survivors struggle to come to terms with life under Negan 's rule , Negan and the Saviors arrive at Alexandria days ahead of schedule for their first offering and take most of Alexandria 's furniture and medicine , and all their firearms . Feeling powerless , Rick informs the survivors that he is no longer in charge and they must learn to live by Negan 's terms . Rosita finds an empty cartridge case and brings it to Eugene , tasking him to craft a loaded cartridge for a gun she found in the woods . 88 5 `` Go Getters '' Darnell Martin Channing Powell November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 11.00 Carl accompanies Enid to Hilltop to visit Maggie , who is recovering there with Sasha . Gregory is furious with Maggie and Sasha for not fulfilling their deal to kill the Saviors , and demands they leave . However , after they help defend Hilltop from a walker attack , Jesus convinces Gregory to let them stay . While the Saviors raid Hilltop 's supplies , Sasha asks Jesus if he can find where Negan lives , which he agrees to do . Jesus then sneaks onto one of the Saviors ' trucks , where he finds Carl hiding . 89 6 `` Swear '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 10.40 Two weeks after the attack at the Saviors ' satellite station outpost , Tara is separated from Heath when she falls off a bridge during a walker attack . She washes up on a beach , where she is revived by a girl named Cyndie . Tara follows Cyndie to her community , Oceanside , a secluded group consisting of heavily - armed women and children ; any men in the group had been slaughtered by the Saviors . Cyndie helps Tara find her way back to Alexandria and makes her swear to never mention Oceanside to anyone . 90 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' Rosemary Rodriguez Angela Kang & Corey Reed December 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) 10.48 Upon nearing the Sanctuary , Jesus jumps off the Saviors ' truck to recon the area , but Carl stays behind to kill Negan on his own . Dwight subdues Carl , but Negan is impressed by Carl 's bravery and tours him around Sanctuary . Rosita and Eugene manage to craft a live cartridge , while Spencer scavenges for supplies in the woods . Upon returning to Alexandria , the trio finds Negan and the Saviors are there . 91 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' Michael E. Satrazemis Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 10.58 With help from Jesus and an anonymous source , Daryl finally escapes from the Sanctuary . During a discussion about Rick 's leadership , Negan guts and kills Spencer , enraging Rosita , who shoots at Negan but hits Lucille instead . As punishment , Arat kills Olivia . Negan and the Saviors then leave with Eugene as hostage . After a talk with Michonne , Rick is finally motivated to fight the Saviors . Rick 's group travels to Hilltop to reunite with Maggie , Sasha , and Enid ; Daryl and Jesus emerge , and the group embraces . 92 9 `` Rock in the Road '' Greg Nicotero Angela Kang February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 12.00 After Hilltop rallies behind Rick 's group in the fight against the Saviors , Jesus introduces the group to the Kingdom , where they meet `` King '' Ezekiel and reunite with Morgan . Although Ezekiel hesitates to join the proposed alliance , he offers Daryl asylum at the Kingdom . In Alexandria , a group of Saviors raids the community in search of Daryl but leaves after they are unable to find him . Rick 's group pursues Father Gabriel , who had taken the group 's supplies and left clues leading to a dilapidated yard . Upon their arrival , the group is surrounded by the Scavengers . 93 10 `` New Best Friends '' Jeffrey F. January Channing Powell February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) 11.08 Rick manages to convince the Scavengers to join Alexandria in the fight against the Saviors , but their leader , Jadis , demands Rick 's group deliver them guns in exchange for their assistance . Richard plans to have Carol killed by the Saviors , believing that her death would motivate Ezekiel to fight . When Daryl learns of Richard 's plans , he threatens to kill him should Carol be harmed in any way . After reuniting with Carol and lying to her about Glenn and Abraham 's fates , Daryl travels to Hilltop to prepare for battle against the Saviors . 94 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' Kari Skogland David Leslie Johnson February 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 26 ) 10.42 Eugene settles in quickly at the Sanctuary , as he 's rewarded for his intelligence and willingness to submit to Negan 's demands . Eugene bonds with two of Negan 's wives . At their request , he makes poison capsules ; however , he refuses to give them the capsules after learning of their intentions to kill Negan . Dwight discovers a note from Sherry that reveals she helped Daryl escape from the Sanctuary and then fled to parts unknown . Dwight frames Dr. Emmett Carson for Daryl and Sherry 's disappearances , leading Negan to murder Carson by hurling him into a furnace . 95 12 `` Say Yes '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) 10.16 Rick and Michonne embark on a hunt for guns to bring to the Scavengers and find an abandoned school carnival , where they acquire dozens of guns . They bring the guns back to the Scavengers , but Jadis is unsatisfied and demands more . Tara contemplates whether or not to tell Rick about Oceanside , knowing Rick 's group 's need for weapons and reinforcements . Frustrated with the delay , Rosita travels to Hilltop and meets with Sasha ; they make a pact to kill Negan together . 96 13 `` Bury Me Here '' Alrick Riley Scott M. Gimple March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) 10.68 Ezekiel and his group meet the Saviors for the Kingdom 's weekly tribute . After the Saviors notice a single cantaloupe is missing , Jared shoots Benjamin , who bleeds to death . Morgan , who finds the missing cantaloupe hidden in the street and learns that Richard sabotaged the drop - off in an effort to get himself killed and become a martyr for war , strangles Richard to death for causing Benjamin 's murder . Morgan reveals the truth about Glenn , Abraham , Spencer , and Olivia to Carol , leading her to return to the Kingdom prepared to fight the Saviors alongside Ezekiel . 97 14 `` The Other Side '' Michael E. Satrazemis Angela Kang March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) 10.32 The Saviors raid Hilltop unexpectedly , forcing Daryl and Maggie into hiding ; the Saviors leave with Dr. Harlan Carson in tow to replace his now - deceased brother as their doctor . While sneaking into the Sanctuary on a secret mission , Sasha and Rosita encounter Eugene and urge him to escape , but he refuses . Sasha then locks Rosita out , telling her to go back to Alexandria because the group needs her . As Sasha breaks into the Sanctuary to kill Negan herself , Rosita flees and notices someone watching her . 98 15 `` Something They Need '' Michael Slovis Corey Reed March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) 10.54 Tara leads the group to Oceanside in hopes of convincing that community to join the fight against the Saviors . Natania refuses to have her people fight but ultimately capitulates to Rick 's group 's demands to take their guns . After imprisoning Sasha , Negan reveals he is aware of Rick 's plans to fight him and encourages Sasha to join him . She confides in Eugene and asks him for a weapon , then a way to kill herself ; in response , he gives her one of the poison capsules he had made . Upon their return to Alexandria , Rick 's group is greeted by Rosita , who after running into Dwight while fleeing the Sanctuary , reveals Dwight 's intentions of helping take down Negan . 99 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple & Angela Kang & Matthew Negrete April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) 11.31 Negan and the Saviors travel to Alexandria with Sasha in a coffin as a gimmick to confront Rick . On the way , Sasha commits suicide with the poison capsule Eugene had given her . At Alexandria , the Scavengers double - cross Rick 's group , revealing they 've been dealing with Negan all along . After a standoff , a gun fight ensues , with the unexpected arrival of Kingdom and Hilltop fighters forcing Negan and the Saviors and the Scavengers to retreat . Alexandria , the Kingdom , and Hilltop are hit badly , but are prepared for all - out war against their enemies , while the undead Sasha is put down by Maggie and Jesus . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The seventh season of The Walking Dead has received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 61 % with an average rating of 6.97 out of 10 , based on 10 reviews , and an average episode score of 77 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` Increased character depth and effective world - building helps The Walking Dead overcome a tiresome reliance on excessive , gratuitous violence . '' The first episode of the season , `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' , received criticism for the amount of violence depicted in the episode , with one writer calling it the equivalent of `` torture porn '' . Subsequently , the first half of the seventh season has seen some of the show 's lowest critical ratings . The show 's executive producer Gale Anne Hurd claimed that in light of the negative feedback , they tamed some of the more gruesome scenes that were in episodes being filmed for the second half of the season . Hurd said that `` this is not a show that 's torture porn ... Let 's make sure we do n't cross that line '' . However , this claim was countered by executive producers Scott M. Gimple and Greg Nicotero . Gimple said that the violence used in the episode was `` pronounced for a reason '' , specifically that `` there was a purpose of traumatizing these characters to a point where maybe they would have been docile for the rest of their lives '' , but noted that he felt that this episode should n't represent `` the base level of violence that necessarily should be on the show '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , it holds a 69 % with an average rating of 7.12 out of 10 , based on 48 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : The flashback - laden `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' is slow to deliver the payoff from last season 's finale -- but ultimately delivers with sadistic acts of gut - wrenching violence that will push Walking Dead fans to their limit . The Walking Dead ( season 7 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by The Walking Dead For the 43rd Saturn Awards , the seventh season of The Walking Dead received seven nominations and three wins . The wins were for Best Horror Television Series , Best Actor on Television ( Andrew Lincoln ) , and Best Guest Starring Role on Television ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) . The nominations were for Best Supporting Actor on Television ( Norman Reedus ) , Best Supporting Actress on Television ( Danai Gurira and Melissa McBride ) , and Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series ( Chandler Riggs ) . The first half of the season was nominated for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards . Additionally , for his portrayal of Negan , Jeffrey Dean Morgan earned himself a nomination and win for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series at the 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards for the first half of the season , in addition to his guest appearance in the season six finale , `` Last Day on Earth '' . Morgan was also nominated at the 26th MTV Movie & TV Awards for Best Actor in a TV Show and Best Villain , winning the latter . Ratings ( edit ) The Walking Dead 's seventh - season premiere ( `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' ) received 17.03 million viewers in its initial broadcast on AMC in the United States . The viewership steadily declined every week after the premiere , until the seventh episode ( `` Sing Me a Song '' ) , with the sixth episode ( `` Swear '' ) of the season dropping to 10.40 million viewers , the lowest rating the show has had since season three . Viewing increased to 12 million viewers in the ninth episode ( `` Rock in the Road '' ) , following this viewing decreased with the twelfth episode ( `` Say Yes '' ) reaching a season low with 10.16 million viewers . No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' October 23 , 2016 8.4 17.03 2.3 4.50 10.7 21.53 `` The Well '' October 30 , 2016 6.1 12.46 2.9 5.49 9.0 17.95 `` The Cell '' November 6 , 2016 5.7 11.72 2.9 5.49 8.6 17.21 `` Service '' November 13 , 2016 5.4 11.40 2.3 4.32 7.7 15.72 5 `` Go Getters '' November 20 , 2016 5.2 11.00 2.7 5.31 7.9 16.31 6 `` Swear '' November 27 , 2016 4.9 10.40 2.5 4.69 7.4 15.10 7 `` Sing Me a Song '' December 4 , 2016 5.0 10.48 2.7 5.29 7.7 15.78 8 `` Hearts Still Beating '' December 11 , 2016 5.1 10.58 2.8 5.42 7.9 16.02 9 `` Rock in the Road '' February 12 , 2017 5.7 12.00 2.5 4.82 8.2 16.84 10 `` New Best Friends '' February 19 , 2017 5.3 11.08 2.6 5.08 7.9 16.17 11 `` Hostiles and Calamities '' February 26 , 2017 5.0 10.43 2.7 5.32 7.7 15.76 12 `` Say Yes '' March 5 , 2017 4.7 10.16 1.9 3.50 6.6 13.67 13 `` Bury Me Here '' March 12 , 2017 4.9 10.68 2.0 3.74 6.9 14.43 14 `` The Other Side '' March 19 , 2017 4.7 10.32 2.3 4.45 7.0 14.78 15 `` Something They Need '' March 26 , 2017 4.9 10.54 4.22 7.0 14.77 16 `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' April 2 , 2017 5.4 11.31 2.6 5.09 8.0 16.42 ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . Home Media ( edit ) The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on August 22 , 2017 , in region 2 on September 25 , 2017 , and in region 4 on September 27 , 2017 . The `` Limited Edition Spike Walker Statue '' set , which is exclusive to Amazon.com was released on October 24 , 2017 , and was created by McFarlane Toys to pay homage to the zombie character featured in the `` New Best Friends '' episode in season 7 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : The Walking Dead Reveals Season 7 Trailer , Premiere Date and Ezekiel '' . IGN . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Screener . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Lucas ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel , Star Wars , The Walking Dead win big at 2017 Saturn Awards '' . Syfy Wire . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : Walking Dead season 7 trailer introduces Ezekiel and Shiva '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes 4 to Series Regular for Season 7 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wigler , Josh ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' : What the Comic - Con Trailer Reveals About Season 7 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Magliocchetti , Geoff ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` 7 Takeaways from The Walking Dead 's Season 7 Trailer '' . SportsGrid . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh ( October 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' at NYCC : A Bloody Comic Book Moment Is Teased in New Look at Season 7 Premiere '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Walking Dead ' Casts Kingdom Leader Ezekiel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Renewed for Seventh Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( April 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Starts Filming On May 2 '' . Comic Book . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Season 7 Wraps Production Today '' . Comic Book . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( November 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead Midseason Finale Episode Gets Extended Run Time '' . Comic Book . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead , Season 7 '' . iTunes . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 7 finale : Who is Bernie Wrightson , the person episode 16 was dedicated to ? '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' premiere kills it with second - highest ratings ever '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' takes a bigger - than - usual hit in episode 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' down but stays on top , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' returns lower '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ticks up as ' Walking Dead ' slips a little more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Librarians ' returns slightly lower , ' Walking Dead ' dips a bit more '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' hits a 4 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Westworld ' ends with season highs , ' Walking Dead ' stops 5 - week slide '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , trails prior seasons '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves in its return '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' leads , ' Big Little Lies ' has OK premiere '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' dips vs. Oscars but remains dominant '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' at lowest point since Season 2 , ' Feud ' has decent premiere for FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' rebounds a little , ' Feud ' slips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Into the Badlands ' returns lower , but also higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Big Little Lies ' hits season high , ' Into the Badlands ' improves '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' finale lowest since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffries , Stuart ( October 24 , 2016 ) . `` The Walking Dead season seven premiere : The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebermen , David ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Tamed Some Gruesome Scenes Following Viewer Protests '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead producers claim they did not tone down violence due to backlash '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards : NOMINEES AND RECIPIENTS '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ; Grobar , Matt ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics ' Choice Awards : ' La La Land ' Leads With 8 Wins Including Best Picture ; Donald Glover Unveils Lando Calrissian ' Stache '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petit , Stephanie ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get Out Leads the Nominations for MTV 's First Ever Movie & TV Awards '' . People . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead 's Jeffrey Dean Morgan Wins Best Villain At MTV Awards '' . Comic Book . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Suffers Another Huge Ratings Drop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 -- 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` Down but still on top : ' Walking Dead ' leads cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 21 -- 27 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' dominates cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 28 - Dec. 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Vikings , ' ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' join ' Walking Dead ' atop cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Legion ' premiere scores strong gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Taboo ' triples in adults 18 - 49 : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 13 - 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes its lead even bigger in cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Feud ' both behind and ahead of recent FX debuts : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Feb. 27 - March 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Americans ' premiere triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 6 -- 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' makes up for losses in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 13 -- 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' makes major gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 20 -- 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Underground ' makes a big leap in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 27 - April 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - Official Lionsgate / Anchor Bay Press Release for ' The Complete 7th Season ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead Season 7 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Walking Dead : Season 7 '' . EzyDVD . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead - When Will ' The Complete 7th Season : Limited Edition ' Walk the Streets ? '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes Season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_7)&oldid=807362069 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 41 . 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where was the walking dead season 7 filmed

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Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)

Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) - wikipedia Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Far from the Madding Crowd Official British poster Directed by Thomas Vinterberg Produced by Andrew Macdonald Allon Reich Written by David Nicholls Based on Far from the Madding Crowd by Thomas Hardy Starring Carey Mulligan Matthias Schoenaerts Michael Sheen Tom Sturridge Juno Temple Music by Craig Armstrong Cinematography Charlotte Bruus Christensen Edited by Claire Simpson Production company BBC Films DNA Films Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date 17 April 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 17 ) ( Istanbul Film Festival ) 1 May 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 01 ) ( United Kingdom , United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Budget £ 12 million Box office $30.2 million Far from the Madding Crowd is a 2015 British romantic drama film directed by Thomas Vinterberg and starring Carey Mulligan , Matthias Schoenaerts , Michael Sheen , Tom Sturridge and Juno Temple . It is an adaptation of the 1874 novel of the same name by Thomas Hardy , the fourth time this novel has been filmed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1870 Victorian England , Bathsheba Everdene ( Carey Mulligan ) is working on her aunt 's farm in Dorset . Gabriel Oak ( Matthias Schoenaerts ) , a new neighbour , sees Bathsheba riding her horse and falls in love with her . He proposes , but the headstrong Bathsheba declines , saying she is too independent and he would grow to despise her . One night a new sheepdog chases Gabriel 's entire flock off a cliff . He settles his debts and is left penniless . He leaves in search of work . In contrast , Bathsheba inherits a farm from her uncle and leaves to take charge of it . While Gabriel is at a fair trying to find employment , local soldiers attempt to recruit him and other townsmen . A young girl , Fanny Robin , notices him and points out one of the soldiers , Sergeant Frank Troy , her sweetheart . She suggests Gabriel seek employment at a farm in Weatherbury . Gabriel arrives to find several buildings on fire and saves the barn from destruction . At dawn the next day he is introduced to the farm 's new mistress : Bathsheba . She hires him as a shepherd . In the meantime , Fanny goes to the wrong church for her wedding and Troy , apparently jilted , is devastated . In town , Bathsheba proves to be a shrewd trader when selling her seed . She immediately is drawn to her neighbour William Boldwood ( Michael Sheen ) , a prosperous and mature bachelor . Bathsheba sends Boldwood a Valentine as a joke , and he , both offended and intrigued , soon proposes marriage . Bathsheba says she does share his feelings but delays giving him a final answer . Gabriel admonishes Bathsheba for being foolish and unkind by playing with Boldwood 's affections . She is stung by his criticism , and fires him , but the next day , given a crisis with the sheep that only he can manage , she sends after him and then pursues him to ask him to return . After her personal appeal , he comes back , saves some of the sheep , and stays on the farm . One night while walking around her land , Bathsheba meets Troy , who is mesmerized by her beauty . Uncomfortable , she tells him he should not be there , but the next day he returns to help with the harvest . Bathsheba learns he is of a noble family , but tells him to leave . He flirts with her and flatters her , and arranges a secret meeting . At their rendezvous in the woods , he shows off his swordplay , telling her not to flinch as he swings his sword around her head and body . He finally embraces her in a passionate kiss and Bathsheba is left in a daze . Gabriel warns her that Frank is dangerous and dishonourable , but she nevertheless elopes with him , and they share their wedding night together . Returning to the farm , the newly married couple celebrate with all the workers . Gabriel warns of an approaching storm , but the belligerent and drunk Frank interrupts him and insists that the party will not allow it to rain . Gabriel attempts by himself to cover the harvest with tarpaulins and Bathsheba , ashamed of Frank 's drunken behavior with the other men , comes out into the wind and rain to help . Chastened , she tells Gabriel that she was a fool to fall prey to Frank 's flattery . One day in town , Frank sees Fanny begging . She tells him she had gone to the wrong church , and that she is pregnant with his baby . He promises her he will find a home for them , and that she should stay in the workhouse in the meantime . Frank , a degenerate gambler , asks Bathsheba for £ 20 and she refuses , saying the money is for farm expenses . Fanny and her baby die in childbirth ; their coffin is delivered to Bathsheba 's farm , which was her last known address . Bathsheba recognizes the name as one of her uncle 's loyal servants and says the coffin should be brought inside for mourning . The words `` Fanny Robin and child '' are written on the coffin , but Gabriel surreptitiously erases `` and child '' from the slate while bringing it in . Bathsheba reads the erasure , opens the coffin , and discovers the mother and baby within . Frank , upon seeing Fanny and his dead baby , bends over the coffin and kisses Fanny 's lips . Bathsheba protests that she is still his wife , but he coldly responds that even in death Fanny means more to him than Bathsheba ever had meant or ever could mean . In grief Frank goes to the beach , where he strips off his uniform and swims far into the ocean . The next day the constable arrives to inform Bathsheba that Frank has apparently drowned . Left with Frank 's gambling debts , Bathsheba worries she may lose the farm . Boldwood offers to buy it and merge it with his property , offering Gabriel a position as bailiff , and again proposes marriage . Bathsheba agrees to consider his offer . On the eve of the Christmas party he plans to throw , Boldwood shares with Gabriel that he knows of the affection he feels for Bathsheba , but adds he appreciates that he has been such a gentleman in the entire matter , and shows Gabriel the engagement ring he plans to offer her . At the party , Boldwood graciously invites Gabriel and Bathsheba to share at least one dance . As they dance , she again asks Gabriel what she should do , and he answers simply to `` Do what is right '' . She breaks off the dance and leaves , only to discover Frank , alive and well , slumbering up the pathway , outside . He was rescued from drowning but has faked his death for some weeks , preferring the idea of being ' dead . ' Regretting his decision , he has returned and demands money from Bathsheba , claiming it was unfair that he gave up his profession for her and now lives off nothing while she has money and a house . When she insists she has no money , Frank demands that she sell the farm and grabs her roughly , screaming that she is still his wife and must obey him . Enraged , Boldwood emerges from the house and kills Frank with a single blast from his rifle , for which he is promptly imprisoned . As Gabriel witnesses all the finery , many dresses and jewellery , that Boldwood had already laid out upstairs in anticipation of Bathsheba 's ' yes ' answer , Bathsheba is remorseful and guiltridden . Gabriel tells her that if it 's any consolation Boldwood is bound to be spared his life , for acting in a ' crime of passion ' . Some time later , Gabriel announces that since the farm is now secure , he 'll be emigrating to America in four days time . As he leaves on foot early in the morning , Bathsheba stays at the farm battling her feelings and stubbornness . Finally , she chases after him on horseback and begs him not to leave , thanking him for all he 's done for her , and always believing in her . Gabriel tells her , if only she would accept his love , then asks her if she would agree were he to propose again . Bathsheba smiles and tells him he needs ask once more . Gabriel kisses her passionately in response , and they walk back hand in hand . Cast ( edit ) Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene Matthias Schoenaerts as Gabriel Oak Michael Sheen as William Boldwood Tom Sturridge as Sergeant Frank Troy Juno Temple as Fanny Robin Jessica Barden as Liddy Sam Phillips as Sergeant Doggett Tilly Vosburgh as Mrs. Hurst Rowan Hedley as Maryann Money Chris Gallarus as Billy Smallbury Connor Webb as Merchant Penny - Jane Swift as Mrs. Coggan Rosie Masson as Soberness Miller Alex Channon as Temperance Miller Shaun Ward as Farmer Roderick Swift as Everdene farmer Don J. Whistance as Constable Jamie Lee - Hill as Laban Tall Production ( edit ) David Nicholls became attached to the film in 2008 . In April 2013 , it was reported that Matthias Schoenaerts had been offered the role of Gabriel Oak alongside Carey Mulligan as Bathsheba Everdene . Their casting was official in May 2013 with the participation of director Thomas Vinterberg . Principal photography started on 16 September 2013 . The film was shot in Dorset ( Sherborne , Mapperton , and Beaminster ) , Oxfordshire , Buckinghamshire and London . Mulligan claimed , in an appearance on The Graham Norton Show , that she hand - picked Schoenaerts to play Gabriel Oak after she saw him in the French film Rust and Bone . Thomas Vinterberg invented the scene in which Sergeant Troy clutches Bathsheba 's crotch after the sword tricks because he wanted it to get more drastically sexual . The British crew called it ' the Danish handshake ' . Vinterberg suggested that he would have gone much further if it had been a Danish film . Release ( edit ) The film was released on 1 May 2015 . The first teaser trailer debuted on 23 November 2014 . It features the song `` Let No Man Steal Your Thyme '' performed by Carey Mulligan and Michael Sheen . A teaser poster was also revealed to mark the 140th anniversary of the novel of the same name . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd grossed $12.2 million in North America and $17.9 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $30.2 million . Critical response ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 86 % , based on 166 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reading , `` Far from the Madding Crowd invites tough comparisons to Thomas Hardy 's classic novel -- and its previous adaptation -- but stands on its own thanks to strong direction and a talented cast . '' Metacritic gave the film a score of 71 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Carey Mulligan 's performance was critically praised and some considered it better than the 1967 adaptation starring Julie Christie . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers , in his three out of four star review , said `` Vinterberg may rush the final act , but he brings out the wild side in Mulligan , who can hold a close - up like nobody 's business . She 's a live wire in a movie that knows how to stir up a classic for the here and now . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 3 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The UK Box Office in 2015 '' ( PDF ) . British Film Institute : BFI Research and Statistics Unit . 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Bruus Christensen / Far from the Madding Crowd '' . British Cinematographer. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo ( Amazon.com ) . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( 2 April 2015 ) . `` Film Review : ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( 18 May 2008 ) . `` BBC Films has diverse slate '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 11 April 2013 ) . `` BAZ BAMIGBOYE : Carey Mulligan 's the new face in the Madding Crowd '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Carey Mulligan , Matthias Schoenaerts Set For Searchlight 's ' Far From The Madding Crowd ' '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 18 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Searchlight Rounds Out ' Madding ' Cast With Michael Sheen , Juno Temple '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd looking for bearded men '' . BBC News . 25 October 2013 . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bolado , Catherine ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` First glimpse of new Far From the Madding Crowd movie filmed in Beaminster and west Dorset '' . Bridport News . Retrieved 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carey Mulligan handpicked Matthias Schoenaerts for ' Far from the Madding Crowd ' '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Mekado ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' ( With Movie Trailer ) : Thomas Vinterberg Narrates a Scene '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Vinterberg explains the ' Danish Handshake ' in Far from the Madding Crowd '' . YouTube . 2 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd director Thomas Vinterberg : ' It 's always been me - me - me - me -- until now ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Anne . `` Far from the Madding Crowd ' To Open from Fox Searchlight Next May '' . Thompson on Hollywood . Jump up ^ Miller , Lucasta ( 25 April 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd , Does the film live up to Hardy 's Novel '' . Guardian Review Section . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd : watch the teaser trailer '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Far From the Madding Crowd '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 28 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Best ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Far From the Madding Crowd Film Review -- Magnificent Mulligan dominates ravishing costume drama '' . Movie Talk . Archived from the original on 5 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Christy Lemire ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Far from the Madding Crowd Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` ' Far From the Madding Crowd ' Movie Review '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . External links ( edit ) Far from the Madding Crowd on IMDb Far from the Madding Crowd at Rotten Tomatoes Thomas Hardy 's Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) Adaptations 1915 film ( lost ) 1967 film 1998 TV miniseries 2015 film Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Tamara Drewe ( comic strip ) Tamara Drewe ( film ) Wikisource texts Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Feature films The Biggest Heroes ( 1996 ) Festen ( 1998 ) It 's All About Love ( 2003 ) Dear Wendy ( 2004 ) A Man Comes Home ( 2007 ) Submarino ( 2010 ) The Hunt ( 2012 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 2015 ) The Commune ( 2016 ) Kursk ( 2018 ) Music video Metallica : The Day That Never Comes ( 2008 ) Related Dogme 95 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(2015_film)&oldid=800149986 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s historical films 2010s romantic drama films British films British historical films British romantic drama films Films based on works by Thomas Hardy Romantic period films Films set in England Films shot in Dorset Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in London Films shot in Oxfordshire Films set in the 1870s Films directed by Thomas Vinterberg Screenplays by David Nicholls Film scores by Craig Armstrong ( composer ) DNA Films films Fox Searchlight Pictures films Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 19 : 48 . 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who plays male lead in far from the madding crowd

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The Handmaid's Tale (TV series)

The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Handmaid 's Tale Genre Drama Dystopian fiction Created by Bruce Miller Based on The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood Starring Elisabeth Moss Joseph Fiennes Yvonne Strahovski Alexis Bledel Madeline Brewer Ann Dowd O.T. Fagbenle Max Minghella Samira Wiley Composer ( s ) Adam Taylor Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Bruce Miller Warren Littlefield Reed Morano Daniel Wilson Fran Sears Ilene Chaiken Producer ( s ) Margaret Atwood Elisabeth Moss Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario Hamilton , Ontario Cambridge , Ontario Running time 47 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Daniel Wilson Productions , Inc . The Littlefield Company White Oak Pictures MGM Television Hulu Originals Release Original network Hulu Original release April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) -- present External links Website www.hulu.com/the-handmaids-tale The Handmaid 's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood . It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight - to - series order of 10 episodes , with the production beginning in late 2016 . The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday . In May 2017 , it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . The series received critical acclaim and won eight Primetime Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations , including Outstanding Drama Series . It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an Emmy for Outstanding Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 Reception 6.1 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In the near future , human fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution . With this chaos in place , the totalitarian , Christian theonomic government of `` Gilead '' establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war . Society is organized by power - hungry leaders along a new , militarized , hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes , in which women are brutally subjugated , and by law are not allowed to work , own property , handle money , or read . Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead , called `` Handmaids '' , according to an extremist interpretation of a Biblical account . They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite , where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives . Alongside the red - clad Handmaids , much of society is now grouped into classes that dictate their freedoms and duties . Wives are expected to run their households and wear blue , Marthas are housekeepers and cooks , Aunts train and oversee the Handmaids , Eyes watch over the general populace for signs of rebellion , Hunters track down people attempting to flee the country , and Jezebels are prostitutes . June Osborne , renamed Offred ( Elisabeth Moss ) , is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford ( Joseph Fiennes ) and his wife Serena Joy ( Yvonne Strahovski ) . She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny ; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to brutal punishment . Offred , who is named after her male master like all Handmaids , can remember the `` time before '' , when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity , but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter . The Waterfords , key players in the rise of Gilead , have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as June Osborne / Offred , a woman who was captured attempting to flee the country with her husband Luke and daughter Hannah . Due to her fertility she becomes a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford and his wife , Serena Joy , and is named `` Offred '' . Joseph Fiennes as Commander Fred Waterford , a high - ranking government official and June 's master . Both he and his wife played an instrumental role in Gilead 's founding . He wishes to connect with June outside of what Gilead dictates is lawful between a handmaid and her master , and starts inviting her to nightly games of Scrabble . Yvonne Strahovski as Serena Joy Waterford , Fred 's wife and a former conservative cultural activist who appears to have accepted her new limited role in a society she helped create . She is poised and deeply religious , but capable of great cruelty and is often callous in her treatment of June . She is desperate to become a mother . Alexis Bledel as Emily / Ofglen , June 's shopping partner . Although June is initially wary of her , it is revealed she is not as pious as she seems and the two become friends . She had a wife and son , and was a university lecturer in cellular biology . Being homosexual is punishable by death under Gilead and most university professors are sent to labor camps , but she was spared due to her fertility . She is later captured and punished for her relationship with a Martha , and is sent to another household where she becomes `` Ofsteven '' . She is involved with a resistance movement called `` Mayday '' . Madeline Brewer as Janine / Ofwarren , a handmaid who entered the Red Center for training at the same time as June , and considers June a friend due to her kind treatment . Initially non-compliant , her right eye is removed as a punishment . She becomes mentally unstable due to her treatment , and often behaves in temperamental or childlike ways . She gives birth to a child for Warren and Naomi Putnam ; they name her `` Angela '' but Janine insists that her name is `` Charlotte '' . She is later reassigned and becomes `` Ofdaniel '' . Ann Dowd as Aunt Lydia , a woman in charge of overseeing the handmaids in their education and duty . She is brutal and subjects insubordinate handmaids to harsh physical punishment , but also cares for the handmaids and believes deeply in their mission and the Gilead doctrine . She appears to have a soft spot for Janine , even going so far as to address her by her given name on occasion . O.T. Fagbenle as Luke Bankole , June 's husband from before Gilead . As June is his second wife , their union is considered invalid in the new society and Hannah is considered illegitimate . Initially June believes him to have been killed , but it is later revealed that he managed to escape to Canada . Max Minghella as Nick Blaine , Commander Waterford 's driver and a former drifter from Michigan who has feelings for June . June and Nick develop an intimate relationship , and she eventually discovers that he is an Eye , a spy for Gilead . Samira Wiley as Moira , June 's best friend since college . She is already at the Red Center when June enters handmaid training ; but is able to escape before being assigned to a home . She is recaptured and becomes `` Ruby '' , a Jezebel . She seems to have given up hope of ever being free , but upon meeting June again regains the conviction to attempt another escape . Amanda Brugel as Rita , a Martha at the Waterford home . She once had a son who died fighting in the civil war when he was nineteen years old . Recurring ( edit ) Ever Carradine as Naomi Putnam , Commander Warren Putnam 's wife . She views her baby merely as a status symbol and has no sympathy for the handmaids . Kristen Gutoskie as Beth , a Martha at Jezebel 's . She has an arrangement with Nick where she trades illegal alcohol and other contraband for drugs , which the Jezebels use . She has a casual sexual relationship with him and is aware that he is an Eye . Tattiawna Jones as Ofglen # 2 , who replaces Emily in the position after she 's captured by the Eyes . She follows the rules and does not wish to upset the status quo , but this is because she believes her life as a handmaid to be better than the difficult , impoverished life she led prior to Gilead , rather than out of religious piety . Nina Kiri as Alma , another handmaid who trained at the Red Center with June , Moira and Janine . She is frank and chatty , often trading gossip and news with June . She is also involved with Mayday and becomes June 's first contact with the resistance group . Jenessa Grant as Ofsamuel , a local handmaid with a friendly and talkative nature . Jordana Blake as Hannah Osborne , June 's daughter . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Teleplay by Original release date `` Offred '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) A woman flees from a group of men with guns , but she is captured and separated from her young daughter ; her husband has vanished . She is known as Offred , a handmaid to Commander Fred Waterford . Offred goes grocery shopping with her companion , Ofglen . On the way home , they pass by a wall of men who have been hanged for crimes such as being gay , working in an abortion clinic , being Jewish , and being Catholic . In a flashback , various women are indoctrinated into the handmaid roles by Aunt Lydia , who tells them about declining birth rates and that they are `` special '' , serving a Biblical purpose . Offred enters the room and notices Moira , a woman she knew at college . One woman in the class , Janine , answers Lydia back and is shocked with a cattle prod before having her right eye removed as punishment . In the present , Commander Waterford tries to impregnate Offred as she lies in the lap of his wife , Serena Joy . The next day , the handmaids gather in an open field where Lydia announces a man has raped a pregnant handmaid . As punishment , the handmaids are allowed to beat him to death . Janine tells Offred that Moira is dead . On the way home , Ofglen tells Offred that she had a wife and son and warns her there is an Eye ( a secret spy ) in her house . Through voiceover , Offred reveals her true name , June , and that she intends to survive to find her daughter . `` Birth Day '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) Offred and Ofglen go shopping and they reveal more personal information about themselves to each other . While they are walking , Offred and Ofglen see St. Paul Catholic Church , the local church they belonged to , being destroyed by the new régime . Ofglen tells Offred that the régime also bulldozed St. Patrick 's Cathedral in Manhattan to try to `` erase '' the fact that it ever existed ; Offred asks how Ofglen knows this information and she reveals that she is part of a resistance against the government . Ofglen asks her to join , but Offred declines . Nick , Commander Waterford 's driver , tells Offred that the Commander wants to see her alone later that night , which is forbidden . Nick also warns her `` Do n't get too close to ( Ofglen ) . It 's dangerous . '' Offred and other handmaids go to a home to witness the birth of Ofwarren 's ( formerly Janine 's ) child , named `` Angela '' by the Puttnams , but `` Charlotte '' by Ofwarren . In flashbacks , June remembers the birth of her own daughter , Hannah . At that time healthy births were already rare , and a woman tried to kidnap Hannah but was arrested . Offred goes to the Commander 's office , unsure of what will happen , but he just wants to play Scrabble . She laughs with relief when she returns to her room . The next day , Offred prepares to tell Ofglen what happened that night , but when she goes outside , it 's a different woman who introduces herself as Ofglen . `` Late '' Reed Morano Bruce Miller April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) In flashbacks , the rise of Gilead is detailed . June and all the other women at her office are fired because `` it 's the law now '' . June and Moira also learn that the government has frozen all women 's bank accounts and that they can no longer own property . In the present , Serena takes Offred to see Ofwarren and the baby . Offred fears Ofwarren is delusional and comments on her behaviour to Serena . Nick drives Offred home and there is a black van waiting . Offred is interrogated by an Eye and Aunt Lydia about her knowledge of Ofglen . Offred eventually reveals she knew Ofglen was gay and quotes one of the Beatitudes from the Bible ; for this , Lydia shocks Offred with a cattle prod . Before she can leave the room , Offred responds by quoting the Bible back : `` Blessed are those who suffer for the cause of righteousness , for theirs is the kingdom of Heaven . '' That would have earned her a much more serious beating but Serena intervenes , yelling at them to stop as she believes that Offred is pregnant . Nick visits Offred in her room to check on her and they share an intimate moment . Offred later tells Serena that she 's not pregnant so Serena angrily drags her to her room and loudly orders her not to come out . In a flashback , June and Moira attend a protest against the new laws that is suppressed by automatic gunfire and explosives . In the present , Ofglen and the Martha she 's in a relationship with are charged with `` gender treachery '' , with Ofglen receiving a lesser sentence because she can still bear children . The Martha is executed by hanging as Ofglen watches , sobbing and horrified . Later , Ofglen ( now referred to by her `` old '' name , Emily ) wakes up in a clinic , having undergone female genital mutilation surgery as explained by Aunt Lydia . She then screams out of grief and anger . `` Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum '' Mike Barker Leila Gerstein May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) Offred , who is banished to her room , goes into the closet where she finds the Latin phrase Nolite Te Bastardes Carborundorum scratched into the wall . Rita , the Commander 's housekeeper , finds Offred lying in the closet but Offred tells her that she fainted . Believing she is ill , Serena has Offred sent to the hospital for a check - up . While examining Offred , the physician remarks that the Commander is sterile , because `` most of those guys are '' . He offers to impregnate her but she declines . In flashbacks , Aunt Lydia teaches the handmaids ( including June and Moira ) about the `` Ceremony '' : when the Commander rapes a handmaid . Later , June lures Aunt Elizabeth into the bathroom saying a toilet has overflowed , and Moira threatens the Aunt with a shiv . June and Moira take her to the basement where Moira takes the Aunt 's outfit and they tie her up . June and Moira begin their escape , hoping to leave via train to Boston , which has safehouses . When Moira is asking one of the guards for directions , June is approached by another guard who is suspicious of her being alone . Moira gets on the train , leaving June behind , but June smiles at her to let her know it 's okay . June is later punished by having her feet whipped . In the present , Commander Waterford has an unsuccessful Ceremony night with Offred . Later that night , the Commander and Offred have another game of Scrabble where she asks him about the Latin phrase ; he tells her it means `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . She also inquires about the previous Offred , in which he tells her that she committed suicide because life was unbearable . He makes it known that he does n't want that to happen again and releases Offred from her solitary confinement . 5 `` Faithful '' Mike Barker Dorothy Fortenberry May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) Serena suggests to Offred that she have sex with Nick in case Commander Waterford is sterile . Later that day , Serena leads Offred up to Nick 's room where she waits by the door while they have detached , Ceremony - like sex . Flashbacks detail Luke and June 's first meeting and courtship . At the grocery store , Offred talks to the original Ofglen , now called Ofsteven , but she is not as responsive as she used to be . During a Ceremony night , The Commander touches Offred 's thigh , which she later tells him never to do again . In their ensuing conversation , the Commander admits that while they thought they were building a better world , they knew that `` better never means better for everyone . '' Nick reveals to Offred that he is indeed an Eye . At an open - air market , Offred questions Ofsteven about the resistance group called `` Mayday '' ( from the French , m'aidez meaning ' help me ' ) . Ofsteven steals one of the guards ' cars and proceeds to drive away ; in the process , she kills a guard by running him over but she is caught and put into a van . Offred returns to Nick 's place alone later that night and they share an intimate night . 6 `` A Woman 's Place '' Floria Sigismondi Wendy Straker Hauser May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) Mexican delegates visit the Commander 's home in an effort to create partnerships in trade and see the effects of the Gilead cultural movement . The head of the Mexican delegation is a woman who questions Offred about her experience in Gilead . With great self - control , Offred tells them , `` I have found happiness '' . After the meeting , Offred visits the Commander 's office for their usual discussions where some tensions flare up between them . He asks her to kiss him `` like you mean it '' . She kisses the Commander and leaves , ferociously brushing her teeth afterwards . The handmaids are then taken to a party to honour Gilead and show the foreign delegates their success , including presenting the children of Gilead . Offred 's friend remarks that the delegates are interested in fertile women as a commodity to be traded between the two nations . The next day , as the delegates are leaving , Offred tells them the brutal truth about Gilead . She pleads for their help , but the Mexican ambassador claims that she can not help Offred and explains her own country 's dire situation . When Offred is left alone with the ambassador 's assistant , he claims her husband is alive and that he can send a message to him . Flashbacks detail Serena and Fred 's life before and during the beginnings of the Gilead movement . Serena is revealed to have been a conservative cultural activist during the `` life before '' , with a passion and intelligence equal to that of her husband 's ( as well as a special fondness for movie popcorn ) . She even wrote a book about her beliefs , titled A Woman 's Place , which contained the famous line `` do not mistake a woman 's meekness for weakness '' . However , after the takeover , she is shown to be completely shut out of the new government planning ( to Fred 's dismay ) . Rather symbolically , as she prepares to accept her new limited role in the society she helped create , a copy of her book is seen being thrown out in the trash . 7 `` The Other Side '' Floria Sigismondi Lynn Renee Maxcy May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) The episode chronicles the story of Luke after he is separated from his wife and daughter . Luke is shot by Gileadan guards and taken in an ambulance to be interrogated . He escapes when the ambulance gets into an accident and he takes some supplies with him . Evidence of the country 's violent takeover is everywhere . After passing out from his wounds , he is awoken by a resistance group ( viewed as `` undesirables '' by Gilead ) who are traveling to Canada ; these survivors included a Roman Catholic nun , an escaped handmaid , a homosexual man and a daughter of a US army soldier . Initially reluctant , Luke joins them after one of the survivors , Zoe , shows him that Gileadan authorities hanged local townspeople from the rafters of their church for resisting . As they are boarding a boat , they are shot at by Gileadan guards , who kill several members of the group . Luke and one of the members , a mute blonde woman who was being trained as a handmaid , survive and flee . Flashbacks prior to Luke , June and their daughter Hannah being separated are detailed . June and Luke get help from Mr. Whitford , a man who knew June 's mother . He drives them safely out of town and drops them off at a secluded cabin in the woods . Luke and June wait as Mr. Whitford gets documentation for them to escape to Canada . They are confronted by a hunter , who tells them Whitford has been caught and hanged . But the man says he can help them get over the border . Three years later , Luke and the mute blonde woman are living safely in `` Little America '' , based in Toronto , Ontario . Missing person flyers are posted everywhere in the main administrative office . Luke receives the letter from June , which reads `` I love you so much . Save Hannah . '' 8 `` Jezebels '' Kate Dennis Kira Snyder May 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) Commander Waterford gifts Offred with makeup and a dress as he is taking her out for the night . Nick drives them to Boston to an underground brothel where prostitutes known as `` Jezebels '' work . Offred spots Moira working in the club and they briefly reunite . Nick trades drugs and pregnancy tests for alcohol with one of the brothel 's Marthas . Offred goes to see Moira again , where she explains to Offred about how Quakers tried to help her escape , but were caught . Moira had the choice of either being sent to the colonies or one of the brothels . Moira tells Offred , `` Forget about escaping . This is Gilead . No one gets out . '' Offred reveals to Moira that she knows Luke is alive . Flashbacks detail how Nick got involved with the Gilead movement and how he became an Eye after reporting a Commander for breaking protocol with his handmaids . There are other flashbacks to the suicide of the previous Offred , with Serena pointedly saying to her husband , `` What did you think was going to happen ? '' In the present , after Nick drives Waterford and Offred home , he ends his relationship with Offred , which upsets and angers her . Offred receives a gift from Serena , a music box . The episode closes with Offred etching `` You are not alone '' into the closet wall . 9 `` The Bridge '' Kate Dennis Eric Tuchman June 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 07 ) Ofwarren 's daughter is presented to Commander Putnam and his wife . Offred is worried about Ofwarren 's mental state but Aunt Lydia informs her that `` she 's tougher than you think '' . Ofwarren , now known as Ofdaniel , is taken to her new home . During her first Ceremony night with her new Commander , Ofdaniel forcefully stops it and sobs . At the market , Alma pulls Offred aside and lets her know that she knows about the resistance group `` Mayday '' . Alma tells her to retrieve a package from Jezebel 's . Offred convinces Waterford to take her to Jezebel 's again that very night . After Offred and Waterford have sex in their room , he presents Moira as he believes a sexual attraction between the two was the reason Offred wanted to come back . Offred talks to Moira about having her retrieve the package from the bar , but she refuses , which angers Offred . Moira seems to have completely given up . Back at the house , Offred is awoken by Serena , who takes her to a bridge where Ofdaniel is standing on the edge with Charlotte . Various Gileadan guards , the Putnams , Waterfords , and Aunt Lydia are also present . Ofdaniel loudly accuses Commander Putnam of lying to her and accuses him of having promised to leave his wife for her . Offred is able to convince Ofdaniel to give her the child but Ofdaniel jumps , attempting suicide . She is pulled out by the guards and lies comatose in hospital with Aunt Lydia by her side , who calls her `` stupid '' . Commander Putnam is later seen being led into a black van by guards due to the accusations made by Ofdaniel . Serena Joy tries to offer comfort to Mrs. Putnam and offers help with the baby , which she curtly refuses . Mrs. Putnam then reminds Serena of the first Offred , saying that `` men do n't change '' . Serena is seen going into Fred 's office . At the market , Offred is given a package by the butcher , sent by Moira from Jezebels . At the brothel , Moira kills a client and takes his clothes , jubilantly driving off in his car . 10 `` Night '' Kari Skogland Bruce Miller June 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 14 ) This episode begins with a flashback to when June was first captured and sent to the red center , receiving her first indoctrination lesson from Aunt Lydia . Serena discovers the trips to Jezebel 's and strikes Offred in anger before forcing her to take a pregnancy test , which is positive . Serena then directs her anger at her husband , telling him about the pregnancy and that the child is not his . She also says he is weak and that God would never allow him to pass on that weakness . On learning the news , Nick shares a brief , tender moment with Offred . Serena and Offred visit the house that Offred 's daughter , Hannah , now lives ; Offred can see her daughter through a gate . While Serena does not allow Offred to reveal herself to Hannah , she assures her that she is doing fine . Serena also warns Offred that as long as nothing bad happens to her child , nothing bad will happen to Hannah . Offred furiously curses Serena in a breathless rant , only to be told to be quiet ; yelling is not good for the baby . Fred participates in Commander Putnam 's trial : he himself is all for leniency but is told there have been too many occurrences of this kind of sin recently and an example has to be made . Mrs. Putnam herself has asked that her husband receive the harshest punishment possible , as she fears for his immortal soul . Ultimately , Putnam 's left hand is amputated . In the evening , Offred pleads with Fred to protect her daughter . He asks if he is the father of her child and she says `` of course '' , to which he replies `` you do that so well . '' Later , Fred is seen being quite gentle and conciliatory towards Serena . The package from Jezebel 's is revealed to contain letters from women who have lost family members and been enslaved in the Gilead takeover . Later , a somewhat emotional Aunt Lydia gathers the handmaids for an execution : they are to stone someone who has endangered a child . The convict turns out to be Janine / Ofdaniel . The handmaids hesitate and Ofglen # 2 is brutally beaten when she breaks rank and voices her angry refusal . The other women , beginning with Offred , drop their stones , each saying `` I 'm sorry , Aunt Lydia '' ( a phrase they were taught early in their indoctrination ) . The guards are ready to kill them all , but Aunt Lydia frantically tells them that the handmaids are her responsibility . She tells the women to go home , assuring them that there will be consequences . Not long after , a black van comes for Offred , much to Fred and Serena 's surprise and indignation . Nick quietly urges her to trust him and go with them . As she is being led out , Offred whispers to Rita where to find the hidden letters . In a side story , Moira makes it to Canada and is reunited with Luke . Production ( edit ) A straight - to - series order by Hulu of The Handmaid 's Tale was announced in April 2016 , with Elisabeth Moss set to star . Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood , the series was created by Bruce Miller , who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson , Fran Sears , and Warren Littlefield . Atwood serves as consulting producer , giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book . She also co-wrote every episode and also had a small cameo role in the first episode . Moss is also a producer . In June 2016 , Reed Morano was announced as director of the series . Samira Wiley , Max Minghella , and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016 . Joseph Fiennes , Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016 , followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016 . In October 2016 , Ever Carradine joined the cast , and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017 . Filming on the series took place in Toronto , Mississauga , Hamilton , and Cambridge , Ontario , from September 2016 to February 2017 . The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23 , 2017 . The series premiered on April 26 , 2017 . On May 3 , 2017 , The Handmaid 's Tale was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018 . Moss told the news media that the subsequent episodes will cover further developments in the story , filling in some of the unanswered questions and continuing the narrative already `` finished '' in the book . The second season will consist of 13 episodes and will begin filming in fall 2017 . Alexis Bledel will return as a series regular . Showrunner Bruce Miller stated that he envisioned ten seasons of the show , stating `` Well , you know , honestly , when I started , I tried to game out in my head what would ten seasons be like ? If you hit a home run , you want energy to go around the bases , you want enough story to keep going , if you can hook the audience to care about these people enough that they 're actually crying at the finale . '' Broadcast ( edit ) The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26 , 2017 , with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis . In Canada , the series is broadcast by Bravo , beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30 . In Scandinavia , the series is available on HBO Nordic . In the UK and Ireland , the series premiered on May 28 , 2017 , and airs every Sunday on Channel 4 . In New Zealand , the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8 , 2017 . In Australia , the series premiered on the TV channel SBS 's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics . On Metacritic , it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The season has a 96 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.63 out of 10 based on 92 reviews . The site 's critical consensus is , `` Haunting and vivid , The Handmaid 's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood 's dystopian novel that 's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it `` probably the spring 's best new show and certainly its most important '' . Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review , and wrote that it is `` A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood 's totalitarian , sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood '' and that `` this series is meticulously paced , brutal , visually stunning , and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale '' . There was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , the book it is based on ) and American society following Donald Trump 's and Mike Pence 's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States , respectively . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Recipients Result 2017 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Elisabeth Moss Won Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Ann Dowd Won Samira Wiley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Reed Morano for `` Offred '' Won Kate Dennis for `` The Bridge '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Bruce Miller for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Alexis Bledel Won Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Russell Scott , Sharon Bialy , Sherry Thomas Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Colin Watkinson for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Period / Fantasy Costumes for a Series , Limited Series , or Movie Ane Crabtree , Sheena Wichary for `` Offred '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Julie Berghoff , Evan Webber , Sophie Neudorfer for `` Offred '' Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Brendan Taylor , Stephen Lebed , Leo Bovell , Martin O'Brien , Winston Lee , Kelly Knauff , Zach Dembinski , Mike Suta , Cameron Kerr for `` Birth Day '' Nominated TCA Awards Program of the Year The Handmaid 's Tale Won Outstanding Achievement in Drama Won Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Elisabeth Moss Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale Nominated Drama Actress Elisabeth Moss Won Drama Guest Actress Alexis Bledel Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ; N'Duka , Amanda ( September 17 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Win Marks First Best Series Emmy For A Streaming Service '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . The first situates the Gilead regime 's quest to control the means of reproduction in the context of an enormous fertility collapse , caused by the combination of environmental catastrophe and rampant S.T.D.s. Jump up ^ Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( June 22 , 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Promotes Amanda Brugel to Series Regular ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pacatte , Rose ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' presents striking oppression , silent sisterhood '' . National Catholic Reporter . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . They walk past a priest , doctor and gay man hanging dead from a wall in their Cambridge , Massachusetts neighbourhood along the river ; they see St. Paul 's Catholic Church where Offred was baptized , being torn down . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . In the screen version , Offred and her friend Ofglen ( Alexis Bledel ) surreptitiously lament the demolition of St. Paul 's , their local church . Jump up ^ Sabelhaus , Kate Jackson ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Ofglen and Jeanine 's Birth Stories '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . On their stroll , they walk past the remains of St. Paul 's , a historic cathedral in Boston . Burned and bombed , it resembles the churches of Europe during WWII . Offred pauses to remember her daughter 's baptism , which took place there years prior , and Ofglen notes that Gileadean thugs were also successful in taking down St. Patrick 's cathedral in New York City . `` They blew it up and dumped every stone in the Hudson River . They erased it . '' Upon hearing this bit of news , Offred asks , `` How do you know that ? And how do you know there 's an Eye in my house ? '' Jump up ^ Hudson , Laura ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Recap , Episode 7 : The Other Side '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Locke , Charley ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale : Make Sure You Escape The Dystopia Before It 's Too Late '' . Wired . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . The group has a plan to escape , but Luke wo n't go , refusing to leave his wife and daughter behind -- until Zoe ( Rosa Gilmore ) , one of the rebels , shows him a whole town that was hanged from the rafters of their church after trying to resist . Jump up ^ Blunt , Tom ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Episode 7 Recap : The Other Side '' . Signature Reads . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Finally , one of these guardian angels discreetly escorts him to a local church building , driving home the point of what 's at stake for those who attempt to survive and resist from within . This mass - hanging in the belly of a church is more than just the episode 's visual centerpiece : it 's a wake - up call , underscoring once and for all that Gilead is n't a religious movement or a political revolution , it 's not something you can reason with or withstand on your own . Jump up ^ Truong , Peggy ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale '' Glossary - A Guide to All the Handmaid 's Tale Terms Before You Watch the Show `` . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Following her great escape from Handmaid training , Moira is helped by a Quaker family . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Recap : Season 1 , Episode 8 -- ( Spoiler ) Returns in ' Jezebels ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Since we last saw the escapee , she made it to Boston , hooked up with some Quakers who had ties to the Femaleroad that helped smuggle handmaids out of the country . She did n't make it farther than an office park outside the city . `` They shot the guys who helped me , '' Moira sadly tells Offred , adding that because she was a `` corrupting influence , '' she was interrogated and then given a choice : the colonies or the jezebels . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss To Star in Drama Series The Handmaid 's Tale On Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dingfelder , Sadie ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` What Margaret Atwood thinks of the new Hulu adaptation of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N.E.G. ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The temptations and pitfalls of adapting your own novel for the screen '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood , Margaret ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What The Handmaid 's Tale Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Onstad , Katrina ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A Newly Resonant Dystopia Comes to TV '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Reed Morano in Talks To Direct The Handmaid 's Tale Starring Elisabeth Moss For Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black 's Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Samira Wiley Joins Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Max Minghella & Ann Dowd Join The Handmaid 's Tale Drama Series on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Joseph Fiennes to Star in The Handmaid 's Tale for Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu 's Handmaid 's Tale Adds Madeline Brewer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Yvonne Strahovski To Star in Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts O-T Fagbenle ; Sofia Wylie Joins Andi Mack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Casts Amanda Brugel ; Jemar Michael Joins Dear White People '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ever Carradine Books Role On Handmaid 's Tale ; Sibo Mlambo To Recur On Teen Wolf '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Alexis Bledel Joins New Hulu Series The Handmaid 's Tale As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Secrets From Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Set Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Katie ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale to shoot in Toronto '' . Playback . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Trailer ( Official ) '' . YouTube . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Spring Premiere Date on Hulu '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed For Season 2 By Hulu -- Upfront '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Stars , Director on Show 's Startling Relevance and Season 2 Plans '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' : Alexis Bledel Returning as Season 2 Series Regular '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Showrunner Bruce Miller on the Season 1 Finale '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale Gets Disturbing Full Trailer , Three - Episode Premiere '' . Screen Crush . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Debra ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale finally gets Canadian distributor '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ulrich , Lise ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' : Et overrumplende mesterværk har ramt HBO Nordic '' . SoundVenue ( in Danish ) . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Channel 4 Lands UK Rights To Hulu 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Casey , Alex ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Huge and true : The Handmaid 's Tale is coming exclusively to Lightbox '' . The Spinoff . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale is coming to Australia on SBS on Demand '' . SBS . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu 's The Handmaid 's Tale Is Your Must - Watch Show This Spring '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours `` . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The complete list of 2017 Emmy winners and nominees '' . Los Angeles Times . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` TCA Awards : The Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta , Big Little Lies , Carrie Coon Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ; Montgomery , Daniel ; Dixon , Marcus James ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . 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History of Las Vegas

History of Las Vegas - wikipedia History of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley . Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 1829 -- 1905 : origins 3 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis 4 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover Dam and the first casinos 5 1941 -- 1945 war years 6 1946 -- 1955 : postwar boom 6.1 Atomic testing 7 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas 7.1 Howard Hughes 7.2 Hank Greenspun 7.3 Local government 7.4 Desegregation 8 1970 - 1988 : Explosive growth 9 Since 1989 : the megaresort era 9.1 Downturn and recovery 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources Prehistory ( edit ) The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation . The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground , and the marsh receded . The valley then evolved into a parched , arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants . At some point in the valley 's early geologic history , the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River . This created a luxurious plant life , forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape . Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993 , when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth . Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago . Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley , beginning over 10,000 years ago . Archaeologists have discovered baskets , petroglyphs , pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations , including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs . Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700 , migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley , near Big Springs . 1829 -- 1905 : origins ( edit ) A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles . Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party . By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley , described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California . The travelers named the area `` Las Vegas '' which is Spanish for `` The Meadows '' . John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3 , 1844 , while it was still part of Mexico . He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists , scouts , and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico . Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs , establishing a clandestine fort there . A war with Mexico did occur , resulting in the region becoming United States territory . The fort was used in later years by travellers , mountain men , hunters , and traders seeking shelter , but was never permanently inhabited . In 1855 , William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley . The missionaries built a 150 - square - foot ( 14 m ) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops , a process still used at the park . However , because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community , the summer heat and difficulty growing crops , the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857 , abandoning the fort . For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders . Then the U.S. Army , in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864 , falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker , briefly recalling the area to national attention . After the end of the war in 1865 , Octavius Gass , with a commission from the federal government , re-occupied the fort . The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States , ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment . Consequently , Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area ' Las Vegas Rancho . ' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail . In 1881 , because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate , Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property . In 1884 , Archibald 's wife , Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster . The property ( increased to 1,800 acres ( 730 ha ) ) , stayed with the family ( despite Archibald Stewart 's murder in July 1884 ) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro , Los Angeles , and Salt Lake Railroad , then being built across southern Nevada . The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark . Clark enlisted Utah 's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line 's completion through Utah to Las Vegas . The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) . Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas . Not until 1895 did the first large - scale migration of Mormons begin in the area , at long last fulfilling Brigham Young 's early dream . Through wells and arid irrigation , agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development , the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator . 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis ( edit ) St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910 . By the early 20th century , water from wells was piped into the town , providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth . The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop , first for wagon trains and later railroads , on the trail between Los Angeles , California , and points east such as Albuquerque , New Mexico . The San Pedro , Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905 , linking Salt Lake City to southern California . U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad , which was a corporation based in Utah . Among its original incorporators were Utah 's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith . Kearns , one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah , and Keith were the owners of Utah 's Silver King Coalition Mine , several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper . Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California . Curiously , for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas . The east - side of Las Vegas ( which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard ) was owned by Clark , and the west - side Las Vegas ( which encompassed the area north of modern - day Bonanza Road ) was owned by J.T. McWilliams , who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch . It was from their property that Las Vegas took form . Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad . With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there , the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing . On May 15 , 1905 , Las Vegas officially was founded as a city , when 110 acres ( 45 ha ) , in what would later become downtown , were auctioned to ready buyers . Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County , Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county . The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911 - 1913 . Shortly after the city 's incorporation , the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming . This occurred at midnight , October 1 , 1910 , when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada . It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink . Nonetheless , Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community , and therefore continued to grow until 1917 . In that year , a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy . Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad , a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state . 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3 , 1930 , President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam . The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration . Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000 , with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam . However , the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment . A combination of local Las Vegas business owners , and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers . Despite the influx of known crime figures , the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site . However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas . The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town , Boulder City , would be erected for the dam workers . Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business , the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931 . Las Vegas , with a small but already well - established illegal gambling industry , was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world . The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club , and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel . Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas and received the city 's first traffic light in 1931 . In reply , the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas . Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed . In 1934 , to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry , the city 's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam . This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas . A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days . Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn , the city was recharged -- both literally and figuratively -- when the dam was completed in 1935 . In 1937 , Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam , and Las Vegas was its first customer . Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam . Meanwhile , although the dam worker population disappeared , Hoover Dam and its reservoir , Lake Mead , turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear . In 1940 , U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas , giving the city two major access roads . Also in 1940 Las Vegas 's first permanent radio station , KENO , began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters . 1941 -- 1945 war years ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1940s On January 25 , 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas . Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development . The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base . The U.S Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice , putting Block 16 , the local red light district permanently out of business . On April 3 , 1941 , hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas . It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip . The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered . On October 30 , 1942 , R.E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair - O - Dice , that first opened in 1930 , and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier . A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street but the next hotel on the Strip publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas . Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels , the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard - bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back . This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel , with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky , poured money through Mormon - owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946 . 1946 -- 1955 : post-war boom ( edit ) Main articles : Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills , California in the summer of 1947 . Additionally , local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy - handed tactics toward mobsters who `` grew too big for their pants . '' However , many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas . From 1952 to 1957 , through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara , the Sands , the New Frontier , the Royal Nevada , the Showboat , The Riviera , The Fremont , Binion 's Horseshoe ( which was the Apache Hotel ) , and finally The Tropicana . Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle , such as Meyer Lansky , these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment . Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds , by 1954 , over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos . Gambling was no longer the only attraction ; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Andy Williams , Liberace , Bing Crosby , Carol Channing , and others performed in intimate settings . After coming to see these stars , the tourists would resume gambling , and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry . However , the confluence of various marginal and / or suspected groups such as Jews , Sicilians , and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two - year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950 -- 51 . The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country . This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control . Only through the power and influence of Nevada 's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee . Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City , these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston , Texas ; Hot Springs , Arkansas ; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation . Nevada 's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable . Atomic testing ( edit ) Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site While the Strip was booming , the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27 , 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site . These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground . The last test explosion was in 1992 . Despite the dangers and risks , greatly underestimated at the time , of radiation exposure from the fallout , Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds . The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon - controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos . But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos . In 1948 , McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic . In 1957 the University of Nevada , Las Vegas was first established , initially as a branch of the University of Nevada , Reno and becoming independent in 1969 . In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center , which would become a vital part of the area 's economy . A new utility company , Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954 . 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1950s Howard Hughes ( edit ) In 1966 , Howard Hughes , the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry , and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country , moved to Las Vegas . Initially staying in the Desert Inn , he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel . Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate , hotels and media outlets , spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels , especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas . He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city . Hank Greenspun ( edit ) The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties , activities , and government corruption in Las Vegas . His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones ' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state 's national committeeman for the Democratic Party . Before his death in 1989 , Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family 's assets , and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas , with media holdings in print , television and the Internet ; substantial real estate holdings ; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos . Local government ( edit ) One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this , the city lost tax revenue . There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas , but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise . Under Nevada Law , an incorporated town , Las Vegas , can not annex an unincorporated township . To this day , virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas . Desegregation ( edit ) Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States , entertainment venues were segregated between black - and white - owned businesses . With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites , Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused , regardless of their legitimacy or criminality , on entertaining a white - only clientele . As a result of property deeds , businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the `` west side '' of the tracks . This also was enforced in many of the work positions . Thus , African Americans ( except those who provided the labor for low - paying menial positions or entertainment ) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white - owned clubs . However , because of employment deals with black worker groups , many clubs favored black workers , and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s . Organized crime - owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and , despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities , made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share . An attempt was made at forming an all - integrated night - club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s , like those owned by German - Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz . On May 24 , 1955 , Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz , along with other investors , opened the Moulin Rouge . It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip , especially the non-white owned strips on the west side . By the end of the year , the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out , but the seeds for racial integration were sown . Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos . One famous story tells of Sinatra 's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room . The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues , forcing owners to amend their policies over time . However , it took political action , most often supported by Jewish crime groups , for racial desegregation to occur . In 1960 , the NAACP threatened a protest of the city 's casinos for their policies . A meeting between the NAACP , the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation , starting with the employees . Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions . Along with the rest of the country , Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights . Activists like James B. McMillan , Grant Sawyer , Bob Bailey , and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration . Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs , the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities ( Jewish and Italian ) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks . This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin . Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson . Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store , he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas , backed the NAACP in its actions , and promoted black workers for jobs . He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas . Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them . His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas . Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established . The only real violence came as a result of school integration , with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites . Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. that school was then later destroyed . 1970 - 1988 : explosive growth ( edit ) On a percentage basis , Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession . During that period , the population of the city more than doubled in most decades . The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate , but never dropped below 60 % ( 1980 -- 1990 ) , and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration . By 2000 , Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century , and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US , with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County . The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley . The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area . Also urban sprawl development of single - family homes continued across the valley , building the areas of Henderson , North Las Vegas , Centennial Hills , and Summerlin . The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession . During this period of time , American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city . On November 21 , 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , suffered a devastating fire . A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history . The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally 's Las Vegas , while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue . Since 1989 : the megaresort era ( edit ) The Strip resorts in late 2009 The `` Mafia / Rat Pack '' Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation , the decline of organized crime elements , and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city 's history , the so - called megaresort era . Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized , family - oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels , casinos , and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses . The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage . Built by developer Steve Wynn , it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street , selling $630 million in junk bonds . Its 3,044 rooms , each with gold tinted windows , set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves , leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip . Numerous landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever - larger and more opulent resorts including : 1990 : Rio and Excalibur 1993 : MGM Grand , Treasure Island , and Luxor , 1996 : Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo 1997 : New York - New York 1998 : Bellagio 1999 : Mandalay Bay , Venetian , and Paris 2000 : Planet Hollywood ( Formerly Aladdin ) 2001 : Palms 2005 : Wynn ( opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship , the constructed at a cost of US $2.7 billion . ) 2007 : Palazzo 2008 : Encore 2009 : CityCenter 2010 : The Cosmopolitan Helldorado Days was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas ' centennial celebration . Downturn and recovery ( edit ) Despite the success , the home mortgage crisis and the late 2000s recession affected the economic success . Soon after , new home construction was stalled , and construction projects were either canceled , postponed , or continued with financial troubles . Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter , Fontainebleau , Echelon , and The Plaza . The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue , causing many of the companies to report net loss . However starting in 2013 , the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction . The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza . Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed . Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016 . Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events , such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards , & the Consumer Electronics Show . Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering , with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013 . Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market , with many new custom homes being built . January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year . In addition , Las Vegas was named America 's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia . In June 2017 , a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded , with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit . During the late evening of October 1 , 2017 , Las Vegas became the scene of the deadliest mass shooting in the history of the United States , when a gunman opened fire on country - music festival goers , killing 59 and injuring more than 500 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Las Vegas Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken . Las Vegas : the great American playground . University of Nevada Press . 1997 . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 301 - 9 Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html Jump up ^ Moehring , Eugene P. ; & Green , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas : A Centennial History . University of Nevada Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 615 - 8 Jump up ^ Barbara Land , Myrick Land , `` A short history of Las Vegas '' , University of Nevada Press , 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H2O University -- 6 through 12 Jump up ^ Chung , Su Kim . Las Vegas Then and Now . Thunder Bay Press . San Diego , California : 2005 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe , TIME Magazine , June 1 , 1931 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street History '' . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ) . `` A history of change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall ( 2007 ) . Lone Star Lawmen . Oxford . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 9780198035169 . Waldron , Lamar ; Hartmann , Thom ( 2006 ) . Ultimate Sacrifice : John and Robert Kennedy , the Plan for a Coup in Cuba . Basic Books . p. 294 . ISBN 9780786718320 . John Dombrink ; William Norman Thompson ( 1990 ) . The last resort : success and failure in campaigns for casinos . University of Nevada Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr , `` Hollywood in a suitcase '' , William Morrow and company , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis Jr . '' . Nevada Humanities . Jump up ^ `` The Best Bet : Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas '' . Frank Sinatra Enterprises . Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada 's population - growth streak , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/ Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/10/02/police-shut-down-part-of-las-vegas-strip-due-to-shooting/ Sources ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography Las Vegas website Ainlay , Thomas , Jr. , & Gabaldon , Judy Dixon . Las Vegas : The Fabulous First Century , Arcadia Publishing , 2003 . Denton , Sally & Morris , Howard . The Money and the Power : The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America -- 1947 -- 2000 . Knopf , Borzoi Books , 2001 . Land , Barbara & Land , Myrick . A Short History of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press , Reno , 1999 Paher , Stanley W. Las Vegas : As It Began -- As It Grew , Nevada Publications , Las Vegas , NV , 1971 . Orleck , Annelise . `` Storming Caesar 's Palace '' , 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=803837266 '' Categories : History of Nevada History of Las Vegas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 23 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who owned the first casino in las vegas

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John Gourley

John Gourley - wikipedia John Gourley Jump to : navigation , search John Gourley John Gourley at 2010 Sasquatch ! Festival Background information Birth name John Baldwin Gourley Also known as The Fantastic The 1981 ( age 35 -- 36 ) Willow , Alaska , United States Origin Portland , Oregon , United States Genres Rock post-hardcore Occupation ( s ) Musician singer songwriter Instruments Vocal , Guitar Years active 2002 -- present Associated acts Anatomy of a Ghost Portugal . The Man John Baldwin Gourley ( born 1981 ) is an American musician , singer , and songwriter from Alaska . He is the lead singer and guitarist in the Portland , Oregon rock band Portugal . The Man . Gourley was previously the lead singer in screamo punk band , Anatomy of a Ghost . Gourley is also a visual artist , who often uses the alias The Fantastic The . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 References 3 Further reading 4 External links Early life ( edit ) Gourley was born in 1981 to John T. Gourley and Jennifer . He and his two siblings grew up in Alaska moving from town to town , wherever their father 's contracting business took the family . Gourley 's parents both competed in the Iditarod , and for a while the family lived in a remote `` off the grid '' cabin accessible only by dogsled . He grew up helping to take care of dozens of mushing dogs . He attended Wasilla High School , but dropped out at age 15 to study at home and work in construction with his father . Gourley joined four fellow Wasilla musicians : his best friend Zach Carothers and the three members of band Nice Guy Eddie ( Dewey Halpaus , Joe Simon , and Nick Simon ) , to form punk band Anatomy of a Ghost in 2002 . They toured across the country and released their album Evanesce in October 2003 on Fearless Records . The members wanted to pursue their own ideas , however , so the band split up in May 2004 . Gourley and bassist Carothers formed the nucleus of Portugal . The Man . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gette - King , Dylan ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Band with local roots stays grounded amid success '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.fearlessrecords.com/artist/54 Jump up ^ `` About '' . The Fantastic The . ^ Jump up to : Hopkins , Kyle ( 21 January 2012 ) . `` Portugal . The Man singer tends his Alaska roots '' . Alaska Dispatch News . ^ Jump up to : White , Caitlin ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` The Man Behind Portugal the Man '' . Pigeons and Planes . Jump up ^ Hakata , Josh ( 4 October 2008 ) . `` Back home , Palin lives model life in Last Frontier '' . MLive . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . ( John T . ) Gourley , who with his wife , Jennifer , raised three children in a generator - powered cabin near Wasila Jump up ^ Jacobs , Justin ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Portugal 's Gourley a man of many layers '' . The Pitt News . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Novak , Jessica ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Portugal . The Phoner '' . Syracuse New Times -- via HighBeam Research . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ( John Gourley ) dropped out of school when he was 15 to build houses with his father Jump up ^ Ressler , Casey ( 28 October 2002 ) . `` From humble Wasilla beginnings , the band is making it big '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Jump up ^ Apar , Corey . `` Anatomy of a Ghost - Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Elliott , Will ( 27 July 2007 ) . `` Valley rockers look forward to homecoming gigs '' . Mat - Su Valley Frontiersman . Woodburn , Peter ( 30 October 2009 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Band Interview '' . Redefine . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Talbott , Chris ( 5 August 2011 ) . `` Portugal . The Man : From Alaska to rock stardom '' . Daily Herald . Arlington Heights , IL . Associated Press . External links ( edit ) `` Portugal . The Man Unwind Back in Hometown '' . Rolling Stone . 22 August 2013 . VIAF : 186048151 GND : 1014057604 MusicBrainz : 9e6c375c - 8a04 - 436d - be28 - a7abac8159fc Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Gourley&oldid=808600970 '' Categories : Musicians from Alaska Living people People from Wasilla , Alaska 1981 births Musicians from Portland , Oregon Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Date of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 21 : 57 . About Wikipedia

who is the lead singer of portugal the man

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Jigsaw (Marvel Comics)

Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) - Wikipedia Jigsaw ( Marvel Comics ) Jump to : navigation , search Jigsaw Jigsaw on the cover of Punisher War Journal Vol. 2 , # 18 ( June 2008 ) Art by Ariel Olivetti Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Cameo appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 ( October 1976 ) Full appearance : The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) Created by Len Wein Ross Andru In - story information Full name William Russo Species Human Place of origin Earth - 616 Team affiliations Maggia Hood 's Crime Syndicate Partnerships Rev Stuart Clarke Notable aliases The Beaut , The Heavy Abilities Experienced street fighter Exceptional strategist and tactician Highly charismatic criminal organizer Wears a special exoskeleton Jigsaw ( William `` Billy '' Russo , also known as Billy `` The Beaut '' Russo before his disfigurement ) is a fictional character , gangster , and supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Len Wein and Ross Andru , the character made his first full appearance in The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 2099 4.2 Crossovers 4.3 Earth X 4.4 Marvel MAX 4.5 Marvel Noir 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.4 Toys 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Jigsaw debuted in The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 -- 162 , returning in The Amazing Spider - Man # 188 , and The Punisher # 1 and # 4 -- 5 . Jigsaw then allied with the Rev in The Punisher Vol. 2 , # 35 -- 40 , and Gregario in # 55 -- 56 . Following a cameo appearance in The Punisher War Journal # 61 , Jigsaw 's origin was detailed in Issues # 3 -- 4 of the prequel limited series The Punisher : Year One , and he furthered bedeviled the Punisher in Punisher Vol. 3 , # 2 -- 4 and # 9 -- 10 . Proceeding an encounter with the eponymous character in Daredevil Vol. 2 , # 61 -- 64 , Jigsaw appeared in The New Avengers # 1 -- 3 , # 35 , # 46 , # 50 , # 57 , and The New Avengers Annual # 2 ; concurrent to his appearances in that title , Jigsaw also starred in Punisher War Journal Vol. 2 , # 11 , # 18 -- 20 , and # 22 -- 23 . He was then featured in the five - issue miniseries Punisher : In the Blood , and made a subsequent cameo in the Thunderbolts Vol. 2 Annual . Jigsaw received profiles in The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe # 6 , The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Master Edition # 10 , Marvel Encyclopedia # 4 and # 5 , The New Avengers Most Wanted Files # 1 , and Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A -- Z # 6 . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Billy Russo was born to a poor Italian - American family , kicked out and abandoned as an orphan by his abusive father at the age of ten , and went on to become a hitman for New York 's Italian criminal underworld , where his good looks garnered him the nickname `` the Beaut '' . He also married a woman named Susan , and would beat both her and their son , Henry , once forcing Henry to drown his pet cat 's kittens by threatening to shoot Susan . After the botched gangland execution that inadvertently led to the Castle family being massacred , Russo is hired by Frank Costa to assassinate all those connected to the Castles . Russo kills all of his targets but Frank Castle , who survives the bomb that Russo had planted in Castle 's home . Hours later , the Punisher ( Frank Castle ) tracks Russo down to a Maggia nightclub . The Punisher guns down all of Russo 's associates , but leaves him alive to send a message to organized crime after knocking him through a glass pane , an act that reduces Russo 's face to a jigsaw puzzle - like mess of scars . Taking advantage of his hideous visage , the formerly handsome gangster adopts the identity of Jigsaw , and attempts to frame the Punisher for murder . However , the plan fails due to the intervention of Spider - Man and Nightcrawler ; Spider - Man witnesses one of Jigsaw 's murders , and one of his victims is an old friend of Nightcrawler . Jigsaw later battled Spider - Man again . It is revealed in the first Punisher miniseries that Jigsaw was behind a plan to drug the Punisher , causing his enemy to behave erratically and attack any criminals , even for things as minor as littering . Jigsaw also attempts to kill the Punisher in prison . The Punisher confronts and defeats him , and later stops Jigsaw from escaping in a prison riot . Later in the series , Jigsaw is brainwashed by the Trust into serving as a member of a Punisher - style assassination squad . He manages to remember who he is after encountering Castle once again , and attacks the Punisher . He is defeated once more . Jigsaw is broken out of Ryker 's Island by the Rev who has him supervise the importation of a sterility - inducing Venezuelan drug that the Rev intends to test in New York City . When the drug shipment is destroyed by the Punisher , Jigsaw sics a street gang on him , and flees to Venezuela with the Rev. After Jigsaw 's face is healed by the Rev 's powers , he is shot by the Punisher , but resurrected by the Rev , with the assistance of Belasco . Jigsaw 's restored face is destroyed , and he is left for dead in the jungle in a later battle with the Punisher . Jigsaw recovers , and subsequently attempts to illegally reenter the United States , but is arrested and returned to Ryker 's Island . When the Punisher is captured by the authorities and sent to same prison , Jigsaw disfigures and tries to kill him , but the Punisher survives , and escapes from Ryker 's . After the Punisher is arrested and sentenced to death , Jigsaw dons a stylized copy of his costume and embarks on a homicidal rampage , targeting all those connected to the execution . When the Punisher is revealed to still be alive , an overjoyed Jigsaw attempts to kill him , but the Punisher overpowers him with the assistance of Daredevil . Jigsaw later partners with various syndicates , and lays siege to the estate of the Geraci crime family , which the Punisher had become the reluctant underboss of . Jigsaw and his allies abduct the Geracis , but they are saved by the Punisher , who shoots Jigsaw in the head . Jigsaw next establishes a gunrunning operation , which is broken up by Daredevil and Black Widow . When his attempt at negotiating with Daredevil ( who had declared himself the new Kingpin ) fails , Jigsaw seeks revenge by breaking into Daredevil 's home , where he is subdued by Black Widow . Jigsaw is remanded to the Raft , an island supervillain prison , which he escapes from ( breaking Spider - Man 's arm in the process ) when the facility is attacked by Electro . Once free , Jigsaw tries to rob a bank , but is beaten by Tigra . This humiliation leads to his forming an alliance with the self - proclaimed `` super-villain Kingpin '' the Hood ; together , Jigsaw and the Hood film themselves threatening and torturing Tigra . Later , Jigsaw takes part in the Hood 's attack on the Sanctum Sanctorum , where he attempts to snipe Jessica Jones and Danielle Cage , only to be foiled by Spider - Man . Jigsaw has resumed his vendetta against the Punisher , in the pages of Punisher : War Journal . Now wearing a color - inverted mockup of the Punisher costume , Jigsaw arranges for the brainwashing of a young auxiliary police officer in the NYPD . Exploiting the naive cop 's pathological `` hero - worship '' complex , Jigsaw and his new psychiatrist girlfriend turn the young man into a new version of the Punisher . After a battle on the Brooklyn Bridge where the Punisher once again spares Jigsaw 's life , Jigsaw is taken into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . While imprisoned he is seemingly shot dead by the man that he and his girlfriend ( who was actually undercover S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Lynn Michaels ) had brainwashed . Jigsaw survived the attempt on his life , and was transferred to a `` reprogramming asylum '' by H.A.M.M.E.R. He returns to the Hood 's Gang in Secret Invasion to assist in fending off the invading Skrulls , and rejoins again in Dark Reign to help attack the New Avengers . Jigsaw then partners with the similarly disfigured Stuart Clarke . Together , the `` Jigsaw Brothers '' hire Lady Gorgon to impersonate Maria Castle while they manipulate Henry , the Punisher 's ally and Jigsaw 's son , into helping them capture and kill the Punisher . After betraying and murdering Clarke , Jigsaw battles the Punisher on top of his own burning headquarters , only to fall through the roof of the building and into the fire below . Jigsaw resurfaced when the pictures of he and Spider - Man were shown enjoying ice cream cones together while under the thrall of fairy king Oberoth 'M ' Gozz . A recovered Jigsaw afterward appears in the Civil War II storyline as one of the criminals that the Kingpin has assembled to help him rebuild his New York empire . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Jigsaw is an athletic man with no superhuman powers . During his time in prison , he was able to hone his physical strength to a level comparable to the Punisher . He has extensive experience with street - fighting techniques , and familiarity with a variety of weapons and criminal techniques . He carries various handguns as needed . He has been known to wear a special exo - skeleton in his outfits . Though lacking any formal , military training , Jigsaw is an exceptional strategist and tactician . His unorthodox pattern of operation makes him more difficult for the Punisher to anticipate than the majority of Punisher 's enemies . Before Jigsaw was disfigured , he was a highly - charismatic leader and criminal organizer , but after the accident , only the latter trait remained . Other versions ( edit ) 2099 ( edit ) Jigsaw 2099 , on the cover of The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ) . Art by Tod Morgan . A cyborg and the under - capo of a crime syndicate called Cyber-Nostra , Multi-Fractor is the one to inform the group 's leader , Fearmaster , of the existence of the new Punisher , who Multi-Fractor encounters for the first time while attempting to illegally demolish a decrepit neighborhood inhabited by `` Decreds '' . Multi-Fractor survives his initial run - in with the Punisher , who he encounters again while extorting protection money from a Grav - Ball Stadium . When the Punisher gains the upper hand in the ensuing fight , a trio of corrupt police officers come to Multi-Fractor's aid , providing him with a power - enhancing device , which kills him when the Punisher rams the machine into Multi-Fractor's chest . A mortician and a veterinarian resurrect Multi-Fractor as Jigsaw 2099 , a Frankenstein 's monster - like being made of machinery and body parts taken from animals . Jigsaw attempts to get revenge on the Punisher , but is temporarily flash frozen by the crime fighter , psychologically tortured for information , and then imprisoned in the Punisher 's `` Punishment Hotel '' . Jigsaw is located and freed by Fearmaster , and together the two try to execute the Punisher with his own Molecular Disintegrator . When the machine is turned on , its fail - safes activate , and blast Jigsaw . Jigsaw is later discovered , taken captive , and further augmented by a gang , which he massacres and escapes from before rejoining Fearmaster . Crossovers ( edit ) Jigsaw appears in both Batman / Punisher intercompany crossover books . In the first crossover , Jigsaw allies with the Joker and they both fight the Punisher and Batman ( Jean Paul Valley ) . In the sequel , Jigsaw 's face is repaired by one of the world 's foremost plastic surgeons , extorted by the Joker , whom Jigsaw allies with again to take over Gotham . At the end of this crossover , Jigsaw 's reconstructed face is destroyed by one of the Punisher 's fragmentation grenades , and he is knocked out and left for the police by Batman ( Bruce Wayne ) . Jigsaw and the Punisher 's activities in Gotham are later recounted by Azrael , and Nightwing . When the Amalgam Universe came into being as a result of the events of DC vs. Marvel , Jigsaw was merged with Wonder Woman foe Cheetah to form `` Pelt - Man '' ; cursed by an ancient ritual to resemble a big cat , Billy Minerva took his anger over his condition out on beautiful people , mutilating their faces until he was located and subdued by Trevor Castle and Diana Prince . Earth x ( edit ) At some point , Jigsaw died , and was sent to the Realm of the Dead . When Captain Marvel and Thanos destroyed Death and created Paradise , Jigsaw was among the many who came to realize that they were actually deceased . Jigsaw rejected Paradise and remained in the Realm of the Dead , where he and the Jackal took to tormenting the Punisher , who had committed suicide , and was living in blissful ignorance with his equally unaware family . Jigsaw and the Jackal 's actions cause the Punisher to remember his death , and drive a wedge between him and his disbelieving loved ones , who only come to accept that they are dead much later . Captain America , who had been sent by Paradise to bring others to it , punishes Jigsaw and the Jackal by banishing them to a desolate region of the Realm of the Dead . Marvel MAX ( edit ) Jigsaw , operating under the alias The Heavy , appears in the `` Girls in White Dresses '' storyline of The Punisher MAX . An American drug lord , Jigsaw expands his empire to Mexico , and has his affiliates within the country kidnap women from border towns for use as disposable slave labor in meth labs . When the families of the abducted and murdered women seek aid from the Punisher , Jigsaw drives the crime fighter to suicidal despair by tricking him into believing he had accidentally shot an innocent girl , though a last minute epiphany prompts the Punisher into exhuming and performing an amateur autopsy on the child , leading to the discovery that the bullet that ended her life was not one of his own . The Punisher proceeds to destroy Jigsaw 's Mexican operation and free his captives , and during a subsequent fight between the two archenemies the Punisher knocks Jigsaw out a window and onto the boxcar of a passing train , leaving his fate ambiguous . Bullseye later researches Jigsaw and other enemies of the Punisher , such as Barracuda , Finn Cooley , and General Nikolai Zakharov . Jigsaw 's role in `` Girls in White Dresses '' was regarded as generic and anticlimactic , and his inclusion in the MAX imprint criticized as obtrusive and gratuitous , by Jesse Schedeen of IGN , who felt that the character was `` planted in this story mainly to appeal to fans of the recent movie '' . Marvel Noir ( edit ) Jigsaw is Al Capone 's top assassin in Punisher Noir . He , Barracuda , and the Russian are hired to kill Frank Castelione , a grocer who had defied mob boss Dutch Schultz . Years later , Frank 's son , the Punisher , tries to ambush Jigsaw , but is shot unconscious , and has his skull - face mask removed . Jigsaw takes the Punisher to his lair , and tortures him by carving a skull into the Punisher 's chest . After Jigsaw mentions who helped him and Barracuda murder Frank , the Punisher escapes his bonds , and kills Jigsaw by garroting . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ben Barnes portrays Billy Russo in The Punisher . Russo is Castle 's former best friend who served alongside him in the Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance as a Scout Sniper , with 129 confirmed kills . After he left the Marines , Russo started Anvil , his own private military contracting firm . In his youth , his mother was a meth addict and he was put in a foster home . Russo was nearly molested as a child , but he managed to defend himself . He joined the Marine Corps and befriended Castle , who called him `` The Beaut '' due to his good looks . In reality , Russo and Castle are working for an illegal black ops program set up by William Rawlins . After a botched mission results in the deaths of several of their squadmates , Russo transfers out of the unit and suggests that Castle do the same . In the present day , Russo is still friends with Curtis Hoyle , though he is unaware that Frank is still alive . DHS agent Dinah Madani begins interviewing and questioning Russo about his association with Frank , a person of interest in a case she investigated in Afghanistan . Russo seduces Madani and enters a relationship with her , but is irked when he learns that she is investigating Frank and that he is still living . He reunites with Castle and tries to persuade him to start a new life , but Castle refuses . However , Russo is revealed to be in league with Rawlins . Russo and Rawlins plot to get rid of Castle and anyone who could link them to Kandahar . Russo kills Colonel Morty Bennett , who helped them smuggle heroin in the bodies of KIAs , after using him as bait for Castle . Russo and several Anvil contractors are then tricked by Dinah into following a false lead on Castle with the intent to execute him , resulting in a shootout . However , Russo escapes after stabbing Dinah 's partner Sam Stein to death . Dinah , having learned the contractors were all working for Anvil , realizes Russo 's complicity in Stein 's murder when Frank shows up at a hotel to thwart an assassination attempt on Karen Page and Senator Stan Ori , who Russo is providing armed protection for . Russo and Rawlins later capture Castle , but Russo double crosses Rawlins and leaves him at Frank 's mercy . He later has a showdown with Castle at the carousel where the latter 's family died . The fight ends with Castle repeatedly slamming Billy 's face into a carousel mirror , maiming him . Russo is last seen in a hospital bed with his head wrapped in bandages , with Castle being informed that Russo has suffered severe head trauma and blood loss , and may suffer serious memory loss if he ever wakes up . Film ( edit ) Jigsaw was present in early drafts of the 2004 Punisher film , and was going to be included in the unproduced sequel The Punisher 2 . Dominic West as Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone . Dominic West portrayed Jigsaw in the 2008 film Punisher : War Zone , which changed the character 's real name to Billy `` The Beaut '' Russoti . Russoti is introduced attending a mob dinner , which the Punisher attacks . Russoti escapes the ensuing massacre , but is pursued to his recycling plant , where he falls into a glass crusher , and is mangled when the Punisher turns the machine on . Billy survives , but his plastic surgeon is unable to restore his mutilated visage , stating that Russoti 's facial muscles , tendons , skin , and bone structure were damaged beyond repair . After killing the surgeon , Russotti rechristens himself `` Jigsaw '' . He then breaks his brother , James `` Loony Bin Jim '' Russoti , out of an asylum , to assist him in getting revenge on the Punisher . In the final battle at the Brad Street Hotel , Jigsaw is impaled and thrown into a fire by the Punisher . Video games ( edit ) Jigsaw is a boss in the 1990 Punisher game for the NES , and is the final opponent in the game 's 1991 Game Boy port The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! Jigsaw is a target in one of the missions in the 1990 DOS PC game The Punisher . Before the mission , Microchip informs Castle that Jigsaw and his accomplice , Mark Ruffknuckles , have escaped from Ryker 's Island prison and were last seen at a seedy bar . The Punisher interrogates the bartender , who says Jigsaw and Ruffknuckles are hiding at the Kingpin 's former apartment . Castle kills Jigsaw 's bodyguards at the apartment and confronts Jigsaw , who insults the Punisher : `` I have n't forgot what you did to my face , Punisher . Now you will suffer worse than I did . I 'm gon na carve you up so bad , I 'll look like Mel Gibson compared to you ! '' The Punisher guns down Jigsaw , then Ruffknuckles , who is hiding in the bathroom . The Trust pays Castle well for killing Jigsaw . In the 1993 Punisher video game , Jigsaw is a sub-boss in the game 's sixth and final stage , where he is fought inside of a moving elevator within the Kingpin 's hideout , and is armed with an M16 rifle . A character based on Jigsaw appears in the 2005 Punisher video game , voiced by Darryl Kurylo . Here , Jigsaw is John Saint , the son of Howard Saint ( the primary antagonist of the 2004 Punisher film and the man responsible for the death of Frank Castle 's family ) . The explosion at the end of the film did not kill him , but instead launched him through a window and disfigured his face . Under the name Jigsaw , he takes up his father 's old business , and vows revenge on the Punisher . He is also the lieutenant of a Yakuza - offshoot called the Eternal Sun , and is the final boss of the game , using stolen Stark Armor to attack the Punisher on Ryker 's Island . Upon being defeated , Jigsaw is thrown out of a helicopter by the Punisher . Jigsaw is a playable character in the PlayStation Network downloadable game The Punisher : No Mercy , released in 2009 . Toys ( edit ) In 2006 , Jigsaw was one of the figures in the second wave of the Marvel Legends `` Face - Off '' series . He was paired with the Punisher and came in two versions , one with a business suit and one with a Punisher costume . The two - pack was released in December 2006 . In 2008 , a minimates boxset was announced that is based on the Punisher : War Zone film . The boxset features civilian Frank Castle ( the Punisher ) , Jigsaw , and Loony Bin Jim , Jigsaw 's mental , cannibalistic killer brother . The toys also come with mini weapons . They are sculpted and designed by Art Asylum and feature 14 points of articulation as well as accessories from the film . In 2009 , Hasbro released a Jigsaw figure in its Mighty Muggs toy line , which came with a silver pistol . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Leinil Yu ( p ) , Leinil Yu ( i ) , Dave McCaig ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` The Trust , Part Three '' The New Avengers # 35 ( 10 October 2007 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Rick Remender ( w ) , Tan Eng Huat ( p ) , Tan Eng Huat ( i ) , Dan Brown ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Dead End '' The Punisher v8 , # 9 ( 16 September 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning ( w ) , Dan Eaglesham ( p ) , Scott Koblish ( i ) , Colin Jorgensen ( col ) , Bill Oakley ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Book Four '' The Punisher : Year One # 4 ( March 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning ( w ) , Dan Eaglesham ( p ) , Scott Koblish ( i ) , Justin Gabrie and Colin Jorgensen ( col ) , Jim Novak , Bill Oakley , and Susan Crespi ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Book Three '' The Punisher : Year One # 3 ( February 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Len Wein ( w ) , Ross Andru ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , Glynis Wein ( col ) , Irv Watanabe ( let ) , Len Wein ( ed ) . `` ... And the Nightcrawler Came Prowling , Prowling '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 161 ( October 1976 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Len Wein ( w ) , Ross Andru ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , Glynis Wein ( col ) , John Costanza ( let ) , Len Wein ( ed ) . `` Let the Punisher Fit the Crime ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 162 ( November 1976 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Marv Wolfman ( w ) , Keith Pollard ( p ) , Mike Esposito ( i ) , B. Sharen ( col ) , J. Novak ( let ) , Marv Wolfman ( ed ) . `` The Jigsaw is Up ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man # 188 ( January 1979 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Zeck ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Mike Zeck ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Circle of Blood '' The Punisher # 1 ( January 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Zeck ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Mike Zeck ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Final Solution , Part 1 '' The Punisher # 4 ( April 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Jo Duffy and Steven Grant ( w ) , Mike Vosburg ( p ) , John Beatty ( i ) , Bob Sharen ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Carl Potts ( ed ) . `` Final Solution , Part 2 '' The Punisher # 5 ( May 1986 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Brad Vancata ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw Puzzle '' The Punisher v2 , # 35 ( July 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Mark Texeira ( p ) , Mark Texeira ( i ) , Bob Budianski ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The Neighborhood Defense Fund '' The Punisher v2 , # 36 ( August 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Mark Texeira ( p ) , Mark Texeira ( i ) , Bob Budianski ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Perilous Passage '' The Punisher v2 , # 37 ( August 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Linda Lessman ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Basuco '' The Punisher v2 , # 38 ( September 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Jack Slamm ( p ) , James Sherman ( i ) , James Sherman ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` A Man of Wealth and Taste '' The Punisher v2 , # 39 ( September 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Bill Reinhold ( p ) , Mark Farmer ( i ) , Sloat and Wright ( col ) , Ken Lopez and Chris Eliopoulos ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The End of the Game '' The Punisher v2 , # 40 ( October 1990 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Hugh Haynes ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Marcus David ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Plea Bargain '' The Punisher v2 , # 55 ( November 1991 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Mike Baron ( w ) , Hugh Haynes ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Marcus David ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` The Jailhouse Rock '' The Punisher v2 , # 56 ( December 1991 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Chris Ivy ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Family '' Punisher v3 , # 2 ( December 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Chris Ivy ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Hatchet Job '' Punisher v3 , # 3 ( January 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Ivy and Nichols ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Clash '' Punisher v3 , # 4 ( February 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Robert Jones ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Jaye Gardner ( ed ) . `` Tumbling Down '' Punisher v3 , # 9 ( July 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Tom Lyle ( p ) , Robert Jones ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft Lettering ( let ) , Jaye Gardner ( ed ) . `` Last Shot Fired '' Punisher v3 , # 10 ( August 1996 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Alex Maleev ( p ) , Alex Maleev ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth , Dan Brown , and Dave Stewart ( col ) , Virtual Calligraphy 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Jennifer Lee ( ed ) . `` The Widow '' Daredevil v2 , # 61 -- 64 ( August 2004 -- November 2004 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , David Finch ( p ) , Danny Miki , Mark Morales , Allen Martinez , and Victor Olazaba ( i ) , Frank D'Armata ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` Breakout ! Parts One to Three '' The New Avengers # 1 -- 3 ( 1 December 2004 -- 2 February 2005 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Carlo Pagulayan ( p ) , Jeff Huet ( i ) , Justin Ponsor ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` The Trust , Conclusion '' The New Avengers Annual # 2 ( 30 January 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction ( w ) , Leandro Fernandez ( p ) , Francisco Paronzini ( i ) , Val Staples ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ) . `` Heroes and Villains '' Punisher War Journal v2 , # 11 ( 12 September 2007 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matt Fraction and Rick Remender ( w ) , Howard Chaykin ( p ) , Howard Chaykin ( i ) , Edgar Delgado and Jesus Aburto ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Aubrey Sitterson ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw '' Punisher War Journal v2 , # 18 -- 23 ( June 2008 -- November 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Rick Remender ( w ) , Roland Boschi ( p ) , Roland Boschi ( i ) , Dan Brown ( col ) , VC 's Joe Caramagna ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . Punisher : In the Blood # 1 -- 5 ( 3 November 2010 -- 30 March 2011 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Billy Tan ( p ) , Matt Banning ( i ) , Justin Ponsor ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . `` Secret Invasion , Part 7 '' The New Avengers # 46 ( December 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Billy Tan , Bryan Hitch , David Aja , Michael Gaydos , David Lopez , Alex Maleev , Steve McNiven , Leinil Yu , Steven Epting , and Greg Horn ( p ) , Matt Banning , Bryan Hitch , David Aja , Michael Gaydos , Alvaro Lopez , Alex Maleev , Dexter Vines , Mark Morales , Steven Epting , and Greg Horn ( i ) , Justin Ponsor , Rain Beredo , Dave Stewart , Alex Maleev , Morry Hollowell , Dave McCaig , and Greg Horn ( col ) , RS and Comicraft 's Albert Deschesne ( let ) , Tom Brevoort ( ed ) . The New Avengers # 50 ( April 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Ben Acker and Ben Blacker ( w ) , Matteo Lolli ( p ) , Matteo Lolli ( i ) , James Campbell ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Jordan D. White ( ed ) . Thunderbolts Annual v2 , # 1 ( 18 December 2013 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Matthew Rosenberg ( w ) , Ricardo Lopez Ortiz ( p ) , Ricardo Lopez Ortiz ( i ) , Matt Lopes ( col ) , Travis Lanham ( let ) , Wil Moss ( ed ) . `` Should n't Have Come Back '' Civil War II : Kingpin # 1 ( 6 July 2016 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim ( 12 May 2008 ) . `` Psych Ward : Jigsaw '' . marvel.com . Marvel Comics . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` The Mourning After '' The Punisher 2099 # 2 ( March 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Last Exit from the Bronx '' The Punisher 2099 # 3 ( April 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Heroes Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 4 ( May 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jim Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Punishment Hotel '' The Punisher 2099 # 5 ( June 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Techno Gladiators '' The Punisher 2099 # 6 ( July 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Jimmy Palmiotti ( i ) , Laughlin and Roussos ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Jigsaw 2099 '' The Punisher 2099 # 10 ( November 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Palmiotti and Florimonte ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Ken Lopez ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` The Gathering Storm '' The Punisher 2099 # 11 ( December 1993 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Tom Morgan ( p ) , Keith Williams ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Phil Felix ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Public Enemy File , Part One : Red Dog Day '' The Punisher 2099 # 15 ( April 1994 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Pat Mills and Tony Skinner ( w ) , Enrique Villagran ( p ) , Enrique Villagran ( i ) , Ian Laughlin ( col ) , Janice Chiang ( let ) , Joey Cavalieri ( ed ) . `` Playing God '' The Punisher 2099 # 29 ( June 1995 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Dennis O'Neil ( w ) , Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( p ) , Barry Kitson and James Pascoe ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Archie Goodwin ( ed ) . `` Lake of Fire '' Batman / Punisher # 1 ( June 1994 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ) , Klaus Janson and John Romita , Jr. ( p ) , Klaus Janson and John Romita , Jr . ( i ) , Christie Scheele ( col ) , Comicraft 's Richard Starkings ( let ) , Don Daley ( ed ) . `` Deadly Knights '' Punisher / Batman # 1 ( October 1994 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Doug Moench ( w ) , Mike Manley ( p ) , Dick Giordano ( i ) , Adrienne Roy ( col ) , Ken Bruzenak ( let ) , Dennis O'Neil and Jordan B. Gorfinkel ( ed ) . `` KnightsEnd , Part 1 : Spirit of the Bat '' Batman # 509 ( July 1994 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ Chuck Dixon ( w ) , Patrick Zircher ( p ) , José Marzan , Jr . ( i ) , Patricia Mulvihill ( col ) , John Costanza ( let ) , Bob Schreck and Joseph Illidge ( ed ) . `` The Stalkers '' Nightwing v2 , # 44 ( June 2000 ) , United States : DC Comics Jump up ^ John Ostrander ( w ) , Gary Frank ( p ) , Cam Smith ( i ) , John Kalisz ( col ) , Richard Starkings and Comicraft ( let ) , Chris Cooper ( ed ) . `` Final Thrust '' Bullets and Bracelets # 1 ( April 1996 ) , United States : Amalgam Comics Jump up ^ Amalgam Comics Trading Cards ( Base Set ) 50 - A : `` First Fight ! '' Jump up ^ Alex Ross and Jim Krueger ( w ) , Doug Braithwaite ( p ) , Bill Reinhold ( i ) , Peter Pantazis ( col ) , Todd Klein ( let ) , Mike Marts ( ed ) . Paradise X # 0 -- 4 ( April 2002 -- September 2002 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Gregg Hurwitz ( w ) , Laurence Campbell ( p ) , Laurence Campbell ( i ) , Lee Loughridge ( col ) , VC 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Girls in White Dresses '' The Punisher v7 , # 61 -- 65 ( 20 August 2008 -- 17 December 2008 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Jason Aaron ( w ) , Steve Dillon ( p ) , Steve Dillon ( i ) , Matt Hollingsworth ( col ) , VC 's Cory Petit ( let ) , Axel Alonso ( ed ) . `` Bullseye , Part Two '' Punisher MAX # 7 ( 12 May 2010 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 19 November 2008 ) . `` Punisher MAX # 64 Review '' . ca.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( 17 December 2008 ) . `` Punisher Vol. 6 # 65 Review '' . ca.ign.com . IGN . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ) , Paul Azaceta ( p ) , Paul Azaceta ( i ) , Nick Filardi ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . `` Punisher & Son '' Punisher Noir # 2 ( 16 September 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ Frank Tieri ( w ) , Paul Azaceta ( p ) , Paul Azaceta ( i ) , Nick Filardi ( col ) , VC 's Joe Sabino ( let ) , Sebastian Girner ( ed ) . `` Two Down ... '' Punisher Noir # 3 ( 21 October 2009 ) , United States : Marvel Comics Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Announces Three New Cast Members '' . Marvel.com . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael , Ausiello . `` Ben Barnes ' Punisher Role Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Campos , Antonio ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Cold Steel '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 8 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Goddard , Andy ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kandahar '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 3 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Shankland , Tom ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Two Dead Men '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 2 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Walsh , Dearbhla ( director ) ; Michael Jones - Morales ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gunner '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 5 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Webb , Jeremy ( director ) ; Christine Boylan ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Judas Goat '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 6 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Goddard , Andy ( director ) ; Bruce Marshall Romans ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Crosshairs '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Netflix . Jump up ^ O'Hanlon , Jim ( director ) ; Ken Kristensen ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Virtue of the Vicious '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 10 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jet ( director ) ; Dario Scardapane ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Home '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 12 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Surjik , Stephen ( director ) ; Steve Lightfoot ( writer ) ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Memento Mori '' . Marvel 's The Punisher . Season 1 . Episode 13 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Richards , Dave ( 23 March 2004 ) . `` Behind the Scenes with Punisher Writer Michael France '' . comicbookresources.com . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( 13 April 2004 ) . `` Rebecca is quiet at Punisher premiere '' . usatoday30.usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lexi Alexander ( Director ) ( 5 December 2008 ) . Punisher : War Zone ( Motion picture ) . United States : Lions Gate Entertainment . Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( November 1990 ) . The Punisher . Nintendo Entertainment System . LJN . Jump up ^ Krome Studios Melbourne ( 1991 ) . The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! . Game Boy . Acclaim Entertainment . Jump up ^ Paragon Software ( 1990 ) . The Punisher . MS - DOS , Amiga , and Atari ST . MicroProse . Jump up ^ Capcom ( 22 April 1993 ) . The Punisher . Arcade . Capcom . Level / area : 6 . Jump up ^ Volition ( 16 January 2005 ) . The Punisher . PlayStation 2 , Xbox , and Microsoft Windows . THQ . Jump up ^ Zen Studios ( 2 July 2009 ) . The Punisher : No Mercy . PlayStation 3 . Sony Computer Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Legends Face - Off : Punisher / Jigsaw Review '' . OAFE.net . External links ( edit ) Jigsaw at Comicvine Billy Russo at Marvel Wikia Jigsaw at the Comic Book DB Jigsaw at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe ( hide ) The Punisher Created by Gerry Conway , Ross Andru and John Romita Sr. in `` The Punisher Strikes Twice ! '' Characters Supporting G.W. Bridge Rachel Cole - Alves Rampage Lynn Michaels Mickey Fondozzi Microchip Martin Soap Nick Fury Enemies Barracuda Bullseye Bushwacker Damage Hitman Hood Jigsaw Kingpin Lady Gorgon Ma Gnucci Olivier Rapido Rev Russian Saracen Sniper Thorn Comics Main 1986 series 1987 series 1995 series 1998 series 2000 series 2001 series 2004 series 2009 series 2011 series 2014 series Spin - offs War Journal 1988 series 2006 series War Zone 1992 series 2008 series 2012 series 2099 Punisher Max Other Punisher P.O.V. Archie Meets the Punisher Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe The Platoon The End In the Blood 5 Ronin In other media Films The Punisher ( 1989 ) score The Punisher ( 2004 ) score album Punisher : War Zone score soundtrack Dirty Laundry Do Not Fall In New York City Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher Video games The Punisher ( console ) The Punisher ( computer ) The Punisher : The Ultimate Payback ! The Punisher ( 1993 ) The Punisher ( 2005 ) The Punisher : No Mercy Television Daredevil ( season 2 ) The Punisher ( TV series ) Related articles Alternative versions Garth Ennis The ' Nam Palm Beach Punishers Shadowmasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jigsaw_(Marvel_Comics)&oldid=817859024 '' Categories : Characters created by Len Wein Characters created by Ross Andru Comics characters introduced in 1976 Crime film characters Fictional American people of Italian descent Fictional assassins Fictional characters with disfigurements Fictional crime bosses Fictional mobsters Fictional murderers Marvel Comics television characters Punisher characters Hidden categories : Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский Tagalog ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 December 2017 , at 00 : 06 . 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Chick-fil-A

Chick - fil - A - wikipedia Chick - fil - A Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2017 ) Chick - fil - A , Inc . Type Privately held company Industry Restaurants Founded May 23 , 1946 ; 71 years ago ( 1946 - 05 - 23 ) ( as Dwarf House ) 1967 ; 50 years ago ( 1967 ) ( as Chick - fil - A ) Hapeville , Georgia , U.S. Founder S. Truett Cathy Headquarters Atlanta , Georgia , United States Number of locations Over 2,200 Area served United States Canada Key people Dan T. Cathy ( CEO ) Products Sandwiches , chicken dishes Revenue US $ 8 billion ( 2016 ) Website chick-fil-a.com A Chick - fil - A in the food court of The Galleria in Uptown Houston , Texas A series of Chick - fil - A trucks at the Airport West Distribution Center Chick - fil - A at Holcombe and Buffalo Speedway , Houston , Texas Chick - fil - A headquarters in College Park , Georgia Chick - fil - A ( / tʃ ɪkfɪˈleɪ / chik - fil - AY , a play on the American English pronunciation of `` fillet '' ) is an American fast food restaurant chain headquartered in the Atlanta district of College Park , Georgia , specializing in chicken sandwiches . Founded in May 1946 , it operates more than 2,200 restaurants , primarily in the United States . The restaurant serves breakfast before transitioning to its lunch and dinner menu . Chick - fil - A also offers customers catered selections from its menu for special events . Many of the company 's values are influenced by its founder 's Southern Baptist beliefs ; all Chick - fil - A restaurants are closed for business on Sundays as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Business model 3 Advertising 4 Sponsored events 5 Related restaurants 5.1 The Hapeville Dwarf House 5.2 Dwarf House 5.3 Truett 's Grill 6 Corporate culture 6.1 Same - sex marriage controversy 6.1. 1 Response 6.1. 2 Report of policy change 7 Recipe changes 8 Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) The chain 's origin can be traced to the Dwarf Grill ( now the Dwarf House ) , a restaurant opened by S. Truett Cathy , the chain 's former chairman and CEO , in 1946 . The restaurant is located in Hapeville , Georgia , a suburb of Atlanta , and is near the location of the now - demolished Ford Motor Company Atlanta Assembly Plant , for many years a source of many of the restaurant 's patrons . In 1961 , after 15 years in the fast food business , Cathy found a pressure - fryer that could cook the chicken sandwich in the same amount of time it took to cook a fast - food hamburger . Following this discovery , he registered the name Chick - fil - A , Inc . The company 's trademarked slogan , `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken , Just the Chicken Sandwich , '' refers to their flagship menu item , the Chick - fil - A chicken sandwich . The first Chick - fil - A opened in 1967 , in the food court of the Greenbriar Mall , in a suburb of Atlanta . During the 1970s and early 1980s , the chain expanded by opening new franchises in suburban malls ' food courts . The first freestanding franchise was opened April 16 , 1986 , on North Druid Hills Road in Atlanta , Georgia , and the company began to focus more on this type of franchise than on the food court type . Although it has expanded outward from its original geographic base , most new restaurants are located in Southern suburban areas . In October 2015 , the company opened a three - story 5,000 - square - foot restaurant in Manhattan that became the largest free - standing Chick - fil - A in the country at that time . As of 2016 , the chain has approximately 1,950 locations . It also has 31 drive - through - only locations . Chick - fil - A also can be found at universities , hospitals , and airports through licensing agreements . Since 1997 , the Atlanta - based company has been the title sponsor of the Peach Bowl , an annual college football bowl game played in Atlanta on New Year 's Eve . Chick - fil - A also is a key sponsor of the SEC and the ACC of college athletics . The company expanded for the first time outside of the United States by opening an outlet at the Calgary International Airport in Calgary , Alberta , Canada in May 2014 . This restaurant is located near the departure area for flights bound for the United States . However , per tradition , it is closed Sundays and Christmas Day . Business model ( edit ) Chick - fil - A retains ownership of each restaurant . Chick - fil - A selects the restaurant location and builds it . Chick - fil - A franchisees need only a $10,000 initial investment to become an operator . Each operator is handpicked and goes through a rigorous training program ; the interviews plus training can take months and is not an easy process . Chick - fil - A states on their site : `` This is not the right opportunity for you if you : - Are seeking a passive investment in a business . - Want to sell property to Chick - fil - A , Inc . - Are requesting that Chick - fil - A , Inc. build at a specified location . - Are seeking multi-unit franchise opportunities . '' This goes to show how vastly different it is to be a Chick - fil - A store operator rather than being part of a regular franchise opportunity . Since 2010 , Chick - fil - A has led the fast food industry in average sales per restaurant , despite being open only six days a week , earning an average $4.8 million per restaurant in 2016 ( Whataburger was second with $2.7 million per restaurant ) . Advertising ( edit ) `` Eat Mor Chikin '' is the chain 's most prominent advertising slogan , created by The Richards Group in 1995 . The slogan is often seen in advertisements , featuring Holstein dairy cows that are often seen wearing ( or holding ) signs that ( usually ) read : `` Eat Mor Chikin '' in all capital letters . The ad campaign was temporarily halted during a mad cow disease scare on January 1 , 2004 , so as not to make the chain seem insensitive or appear to be taking advantage of the scare to increase its sales . Two months later , the cows were put up again . The cows replaced the chain 's old mascot , Doodles , an anthropomorphized chicken who still appears as the C on the logo . Chick - fil - A vigorously protects its intellectual property , sending cease and desist letters to those they think have infringed on their trademarks . The corporation has successfully protested at least 30 instances of the use of an `` eat more '' phrase , saying that the use would cause confusion of the public , dilute the distinctiveness of their intellectual property , and diminish its value . A 2011 letter to Vermont artist Bo Muller - Moore who screen prints T - shirts reading : `` Eat More Kale '' demanded that he cease printing the shirts and turn over his website . The incident drew criticism from Vermont governor Peter Shumlin , and created backlash against what he termed Chick - fil - A 's `` corporate bullying . '' On December 11 , 2014 , Bo Muller - Moore announced that the U.S. Patent Office granted his application to trademark his `` Eat More Kale '' phrase . A formal announcement of his victory took place on December 12 , 2014 , with Shumlin and other supporters on the Statehouse steps . His public fight drew regional and national attention , the support of Shumlin , and a team of pro-bono law students from the University of New Hampshire legal clinic . After 22 years with The Richards Group , Chick - fil - A switched to McCann New York in 2016 . Along with the cows , ads included famous people in history in a campaign called `` Chicken for Breakfast . It 's not as crazy as you think . '' Sponsored events ( edit ) Chick - fil - A Classic The Chick - fil - A Classic is a high school basketball tournament held in Columbia , South Carolina . The tournament is in its eighth year of operation and features nationally ranked players , and teams . The tournament is co-sponsored by the Greater Columbia Educational Advancement Foundation ( GCEAF ) , which provides scholarships to high school seniors in the greater Columbia area . Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl The Chick - fil - A Peach Bowl is a college football bowl game played each year in Atlanta , Georgia . Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game The Chick - fil - A Kickoff Game is an annual early - season college football game played at the Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia ; before 2017 , it was played at the Georgia Dome . It features two highly ranked teams , one of which has always been from the Southeastern Conference . In the 2012 season and again in the 2014 season , the event was expanded to two games . It will also be two games in 2017 . Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America The Chick - fil - A Kyle Petty Charity Ride Across America is an annual charity motorcycle tour to raise money for , among other charities , Victory Junction , a camp for terminally ill children . Related restaurants ( edit ) The Hapeville Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett Cathy opened his first restaurant , The Dwarf Grill -- later renamed the Dwarf House -- in Hapeville , Georgia , in 1946 , and developed the pressure - cooked chicken breast sandwich there . At the original Chick - fil - A Dwarf Grill , in addition to the full - size entrances , there is also an extra small - sized front door . The original Dwarf House in Hapeville , Georgia is open 24 hours a day , six days a week , except on Sundays , Thanksgiving , and Christmas . The store closes at 10 : 00 p.m. on Saturday nights , and the day before Thanksgiving and Christmas and reopens at 6 a.m. on Monday mornings and day after Thanksgiving and Christmas . It has a larger dine - in menu than the other Dwarf House locations as well as an animated seven dwarfs display in the back of the restaurant . It was across the street from the former Ford Motor Company factory called Atlanta Assembly . Dwarf House in Griffin , Georgia Dwarf House ( edit ) Truett 's original , full - service restaurants offer a substantial menu and provide customers a choice of table service , walk - up counter service or a drive - thru window . As of 2012 , 13 Chick - fil - A Dwarf House restaurants were operating in the metro Atlanta area . Truett 's Grill in Griffin , Georgia Truett 's Grill ( edit ) In 1996 , the first Truett 's Grill was opened in Morrow , Georgia . The second location opened in 2003 in McDonough , Georgia , and a third location opened in 2006 in Griffin , Georgia . Similar to the Chick - fil - A Dwarf Houses , these independently owned restaurants offer traditional , sit - down dining and expanded menu selections in a diner - themed dinner . In 2017 , Chick - fil - A demolished several Dwarf House locations to replace them with Truett 's Grill locations . Corporate culture ( edit ) S. Truett Cathy was a devout Southern Baptist ; his religious beliefs had a major impact on the company . The company 's official statement of corporate purpose says that the business exists `` To glorify God by being a faithful steward of all that is entrusted to us . To have a positive influence on all who come in contact with Chick - fil - A . '' Cathy 's beliefs are also responsible for one of the chain 's distinctive features : all Chick - fil - A locations ( corporate owned and franchised ) are closed on Sundays , as well as on Thanksgiving and Christmas . Cathy states as the final step in his Five - Step recipe for Business Success `` I was not so committed to financial success that I was willing to abandon my principles and priorities . One of the most visible examples of this is our decision to close on Sunday . Our decision to close on Sunday was our way of honoring God and of directing our attention to things that mattered more than our business . '' In an interview with ABC News 's Nightline , Truett 's son Dan T. Cathy told reporter Vicki Mabrey that the company is also closed on Sundays because `` by the time Sunday came , he was just worn out . And Sunday was not a big trading day , anyway , at the time . So he was closed that first Sunday and we 've been closed ever since . He figured if he did n't like working on Sundays , that other people did n't either . '' The younger Cathy also quoted his father as saying , `` I do n't want to ask people to do that what I am not willing to do myself . '' Their website states , `` The Chick - fil - A culture and service tradition in our Restaurants is to treat every person with honor , dignity and respect -- regardless of their belief , race , creed , sexual orientation or gender . '' Chick - fil - A 's reputation on being closed on Sundays extends to non-traditional locations . In addition to countless shopping malls and airports , a Chick - fil - A location at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta will be closed on Sundays despite its main tenant , the Atlanta Falcons , playing most of their home games on Sundays . The location will be open when the Falcons have a Monday night or Thursday night home game , as well as non-Sunday home games of Atlanta United FC and other events at the stadium . On Sundays , the digital signs will be flipped and concessionaire Levy Restaurants will sell nonbranded food and drinks at the location . Same - sex marriage controversy ( edit ) Main article : Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy The Chick - fil - A in Port Charlotte , Florida , on August 1 , 2012 `` Chick - Fil - A Appreciation Day '' Protestors at Memphis , Tennessee , Chick - fil - A store on Same Sex Kiss Day In January 2011 , the media reported that Chick - fil - A was co-sponsoring a marriage conference with the Pennsylvania Family Institute ( PFI ) , an organization that has opposed same - sex marriage legislation . Chick - fil - A clarified that `` one of our independent Restaurant Operators in Pennsylvania was asked to provide sandwiches to two Art of Marriage video seminars '' . The WinShape Foundation , a charitable organization founded by Truett and his wife , also stated that it would not allow same - sex couples to participate in its marriage retreats . Chick - fil - A has donated over $5 million , via WinShape , to groups that oppose same - sex marriage . Of this , more than $3 million was donated primarily to Christian organizations whose agendas included positions that oppose same - sex marriage , with the money donated between 2003 and 2009 . A total of $1.9 million was donated in 2010 to groups such as the Marriage & Family Foundation , Exodus International , and the Family Research Council ( FRC ) . That year , the FRC , which received $1,000 was listed as an anti-gay hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center . WinShape has also contributed to Christian groups including the Fellowship of Christian Athletes and Exodus International , the latter is noted for supporting ex-gay conversion therapy . In response , students at several colleges and universities worked to ban or remove the company 's restaurants from their campuses . On January 28 , 2013 , Shane L. Windmeyer , the leader of Campus Pride , suspended their campaign . In June and July 2012 , Chick - fil - A 's chief operating officer Dan T. Cathy made several public statements about same - sex marriage , saying that those who `` have the audacity to define what marriage is about '' were `` inviting God 's judgment on our nation '' . Several prominent politicians expressed disapproval . Boston Mayor Thomas Menino and Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno said they hoped to block franchise expansion into their areas . The proposed bans drew criticism from liberal pundits , legal experts , and the American Civil Liberties Union . The Jim Henson Company , which had a Pajanimals kids ' meal toy licensing arrangement with Chick - fil - A , said it would cease its business relationship , and donate the payment to the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation . Chick - fil - A stopped distributing the toys , claiming that unrelated safety concerns that had arisen prior to the controversy . Chick - fil - A released a statement on July 31 , 2012 , saying , `` We are a restaurant company focused on food , service , and hospitality ; our intent is to leave the policy debate over same - sex marriage to the government and political arena . '' Response ( edit ) In response to the controversy , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee initiated a Chick - fil - A Appreciation Day movement to counter a boycott of Chick - fil - A launched by same - sex marriage activists . More than 600,000 people RSVPed on Facebook for Huckabee 's appreciation event . On August 1 , Chick - fil - A restaurants experienced a large show of public support across the nation with the company reporting record - breaking sales . A consulting firm estimated that the average Chick - fil - A restaurant had 29.9 percent more sales and 367 more customers than it did on a typical Wednesday . Report of policy change ( edit ) In September 2012 , The Civil Rights Agenda ( TCRA ) announced that Chick - fil - A had `` ceased donating to organizations that promote discrimination , specifically against LGBT civil rights . '' Chick - fil - A officials did state in an internal document that they `` will treat every person equally , regardless of sexual orientation . '' In a letter from Chick - fil - A 's Senior Director of Real Estate , the company states , `` The WinShape Foundation is now taking a much closer look at the organizations it considers helping , and in that process will remain true to its stated philosophy of not supporting organizations with political agendas . '' According to Chicago Alderman Proco `` Joe '' Moreno , Chick - fil - A has a statement of respect for all people regardless of sexual orientation in an internal document called Chick - fil - A : Who We Are . A document released by Chick - fil - A on September 20 , 2012 , does not mention any organizations opposed to same - sex marriage as being part of Chick - fil - A 's donation base . WinShape Marriage will continue to be supported financially , with a stated focus on couple retreats to strengthen marriages . Chick - fil - A in Hillsboro , Oregon According to Focus on the Family 's website , CitizenLink.com , `` Chick - fil - A and its charitable - giving arm , the WinShape Foundation , did not agree to stop making donations to groups that support the Biblical definition of marriage in exchange for being allowed to open a franchise in Chicago . '' Mike Huckabee stated that he `` talked earlier today personally with Dan Cathy , CEO of Chick Fil - A about the new reports that Chick Fil - A had capitulated to demands of the supporters of same sex marriage . This is not true . The company continues to focus on the fair treatment of all of its customers and employees , but to end confusion gave me this statement . '' The statement provided by Chick - fil - A was posted on Huckabee 's website . Recipe changes ( edit ) Though Chick - fil - A has always used trans - fat free processes in its chicken sandwiches , anticipating the dietary concerns of consumers , in 2008 , it became the first fast - food restaurant to become completely trans - fat free . In 2011 , food blogger and activist Vani Hari wrote a post titled `` Chick - fil - A or Chemical Fil - A ? '' on her website , FoodBabe.com . She noted that Chick - fil - A sandwiches contained nearly 100 ingredients , including peanut oil with TBHQ . In October 2012 , Chick - fil - A invited Hari to meet with company executives at its Atlanta , GA headquarters . In December 2013 , Chick - fil - A notified Hari that it had eliminated the dye Yellow No. 5 and had reduced the sodium content in its chicken soup . The company also said that it is testing a peanut oil that does not contain TBHQ and that it would start testing sauces and dressings made without high - fructose corn syrup in 2014 . Plan to raise its chickens without antibiotics ( edit ) According to the Food and Drug Administration , antibiotics used in livestock , many of which are also used to treat humans , have contributed to the rise of dangerous bacteria . In December 2012 , the FDA announced plans to phase out certain antibiotics in the food production industry . In February 2014 , Chick - fil - A announced plans to serve chicken raised without antibiotics in its restaurants nationwide within five years . Chick - fil - A is the first quick service restaurant to set forth a plan and commit to serving only poultry raised without antibiotics . See also ( edit ) List of fast - food chicken restaurants Atlanta portal Business and economics portal Companies portal Food portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A . Jump up ^ `` Press Room '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved October 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Headquarters Chick - fil - A , Inc. 5200 Buffington Road Atlanta , GA 30349 - 2998 Jump up ^ City Maps City of College Park ( Map ) . City of College Park . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.cfarestaurant.com/springhurst/menu ^ Jump up to : `` About Chick - fil - A '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nickerson , Michelle & Dochuk , Darren ( 2011 ) . Sunbelt Rising : The Politics of Place , Space , and Region . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 295 . ISBN 0812243099 . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Did n't Invent the Chicken , Just the Chicken Sandwich : Detailed trademark information from the official US federal trademark database ( USPTO ) '' . Markify . Retrieved November 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Grem , Darren ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` The World of Chick - Fil - A and the Business of Sunbelt Evangelicalism '' . Southern Spaces . Emory University . Jump up ^ `` North Druid Hills FSU '' . Chick - fil - A . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` The Country 's Largest Chick - fil - A Will Open in New York City in October '' . Entrepreneur . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A opening its largest outpost in New York City '' . CBS News . October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Odesser - Torpey , Marilyn . `` Reaching Out to NASCAR Nation '' . QSR . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A , Dr Pepper Give Fans a Million Reasons to ' Eat Mor Chikin ' '' . SEC Sports News . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Dylan ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. fast - food chain Chick - fil - A opens Canadian franchise , talks down gay marriage controversy '' . Calgary Herald . Jump up ^ `` YYC > Traveller Info > Shopping , Dining & Services > Dining '' . www.yyc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Company Fact Sheet '' . Chick - fil - A . ^ Jump up to : Norman , Jan ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Franchises weather Chick - fil - A 's controversy '' . The Orange County Register . p. Business 2 . Jump up ^ Chick - fil - A https://www.chick-fil-a.com/Franchising/Franchise . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Chick - Fil - A Generates Most Revenue Per Restaurant In US '' . August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 QSR 50 '' . Jump up ^ `` Why does Chick - fil - A use dairy cows on its advertising ? '' . Chick - fil - A. Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier , Joe Guy ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Dress - as - a-cow day reflects Chick - fil - A 's ' have fun ' culture '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Pedicini , Sandra ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Chick - fil - A cries fowl over Eat More Produce '' . Orlando Sentinel . Jump up ^ Ring , Wilson ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Eat more kale : A David vs. Goliath fight with Chick - fil - A ? '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carapezza , Kirk ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` In Vermont , Fighting for the Rights To ' Eat More ' '' . Vermont Public Radio . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bidgood , Jess ( December 4 , 2011 ) . `` Chicken Chain Says Stop , but T - Shirt Maker Balks '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Ring , Wilson ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Man celebrates his new ' eat more kale ' trademark '' . WHDH . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wohl , Jessica ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` No Sacred Cows : Why Chick - fil - A parted ways with The Richards Group after 22 years '' . Advertising Age . 87 ( 15 ) : 18 -- 20 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 8th Annual Chick - Fil - A Classic.com '' . Chick-fil-aclassic.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GCEAF '' . Chick - Fil - A Classic . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bovino , Arthur ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sandwich of the Week : Dwarf House Chick - fil - A , The Dwarf House in Atlanta -- the original Chick - fil - A '' . The Daily Meal . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Truett 's Grill '' . Truettsgrill.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Griffin '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- McDonough '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A : Truett 's Grill -- Morrow '' . Cfarestaurant.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Sarah Ray ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Chick - fil - A explains changes '' . The Newnan Times - Herald . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reports , Staff ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Dwarf House to be Demolished , Popeyes Set to be Burger King '' . Coosa Valley News . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Billionaires , No. 655 S. Truett Cathy '' . Forbes . March 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Biographies : Dan T. Cathy , President and Chief Operating Officer '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A 's Closed - on - Sunday Policy '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Chick - fil - A. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on June 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` About Truett '' . truettcathy.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mabrey , Vicki & Marsh , Mary ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Nightline ( ABC - TV ) presents : Chik - fil - A Wins Customers ... by closing '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` FAQs : Current News '' . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner - McGough , Sean ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Falcons ' billion - dollar stadium will have a Chick - fil - A that 's almost never open '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A defends its values '' . Atlanta Business Chronicle . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Metro Weekly '' . Metro Weekly . January 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Family Institute Mission Statement '' . Pennsylvania Family Institute . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ocamb , Karen ( September 26 , 2010 ) . `` Evaluating the amicus brief avalanche of anti-gay opposition to the Prop 8 trial decision '' . Prop 8 Trial Tracker . Courage Campaign Institute . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scolforo , Mark ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` Without state law , Pa. towns tackle anti-gay bias '' . Delaware County Daily Times . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A Facebook Page '' . Facebook . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McWhirter , Cameron ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Alex ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . The company , founded in 1946 by Cathy 's father , S. Truett Cathy , has also come under fire for donating more than $3 million between 2003 and 2009 to Christian organisations with a well - known anti-gay agenda , among them the Marriage & Family Foundation and the Family Research Council . ^ Jump up to : McWhirter , Cameron ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's Long Christian Heritage '' . Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : `` Form 990 - PF : Return of Private Foundation '' ( PDF ) . WinShape Foundation . Guidestar. 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Devaney , Tim & Stein , Tom ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Increases Donations to Anti-Gay Groups '' . AllBusiness.com . ^ Jump up to : Winters , Rosemary ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Sugar House protesters say Chick - fil - A is anti-gay '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . ^ Jump up to : Michelson , Noah ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Fast Food Chain Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2009 '' . The Huffington Post . ^ Jump up to : Ward , Alex ( July 23 , 2012 ) . `` The Muppets cut ties with Chick - Fil - A restaurant after president 's anti-gay marriage comments '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chick - Fil - A Donated Nearly $2 Million To Anti-Gay Groups in 2010 '' . Equality Matters . July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Boucly , Chris ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Gay youths plan protest against Chick - fil - A '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . $3.84 million was contributed primarily to Christian organizations such as the Marriage and Family Foundation , which received $1.18 million , and the Family Research Council , which received $1,000 . The Family Research Council `` believes that homosexual conduct is harmful to the persons who engage in it and to society at large , '' according to its Web site . The Marriage and Family Foundation , whose chairman is Chick - fil - A senior vice president Donald Cathy , gave grants totaling $639,000 to six organizations that support strong traditional marriages and families . ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Clare ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Meet The Cathys : Your Guide To The Billionaires Behind Chick - fil - A '' . The billionaire beat : wealth , entrepreneurs and money in politics . Forbes . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . WinShape is the vehicle through which Chick - fil - A , and by extension the Cathys , have made about $5 million of donations to anti-gay marriage groups since 2003 , with $1.9 million of that donated in 2010 to outfits including the Family Research Council and Marriage & Family Foundation . They 've written checks to Exodus International , which is famous for `` ex-gay '' conversion therapy , and the Fellowship of Christian Athletes , whose website includes a testimonial from a coach `` delivered '' from homosexuality . Jump up ^ `` Hate Map - Southern Poverty Law Center '' . Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Lila ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Kiss - Ins Divide LGBT Movement '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lengell , Sean ( November 24 , 2010 ) . `` Family Research Council labeled a ' hate group ' '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dutton , Nick ( August 18 , 2012 ) . `` Shooting sparks controversy over ' hate ' designation for conservative group '' . WTVR - TV . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . The SPLC says the conservative Washington policy group is listed as a hate group because `` it has knowingly spread false and denigrating propaganda '' about lesbians , gays , bisexuals and transgender people . Jump up ^ Windmeyer , Shane L. ( January 28 , 2013 ) . `` Dan and Me : My Coming Out as a Friend of Dan Cathy and Chick - fil - A '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Zoë ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` NYU Decided To Keep `` Homophobic '' Chick - fil - A Long Before Petition Launched `` . NYU Local . Jump up ^ Rocheleau , Matt ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Northeastern cancels Chick - fil - A plans after student group denounces chain '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starnes , Todd ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Rahm : `` Chick - fil - A Values Are Not Chicago Values '' `` . Fox News Radio . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Collier , Myles ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A President Says ' God 's Judgment ' Coming Because of Same - Sex Marriage '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . I think we are inviting God 's judgment on our nation when we shake our fist at Him and say , ' We know better than you as to what constitutes a marriage ' . I pray God 's mercy on our generation that has such a prideful , arrogant attitude to think that we have the audacity to define what marriage is about . Jump up ^ `` What Dan Cathy said '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blume , K. Allan ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Guilty as charged , ' Dan Cathy says of Chick - fil - A 's stand on faith '' . Biblical Recorder . Cary , NC . North Carolina Baptist State Convention . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . as an organization we can operate on biblical principles . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Is Chick - fil - A anti-gay marriage ? ' Guilty as charged , ' leader says '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Ricardo ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` San Francisco is the third city to tell Chick - fil - A : Keep out '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Turner , Greg ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mayor Menino on Chick - fil - A : Stuff it '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Chick - fil - A does n't belong in Boston . You ca n't have a business in the city of Boston that discriminates against a population . We 're an open city , we 're a city that 's at the forefront of inclusion ... That 's the Freedom Trail . That 's where it all started right here . And we 're not going to have a company , Chick - fil - A or whatever the hell the name is , on our Freedom Trail . Jump up ^ Menino , Thomas M. ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Mayor 's letter to Chick - fil - A '' . The Boston Herald . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Alderman to Chick - fil - A : No deal '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Drum , Kevin ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Rahm Emanuel Needs to Back Off on Chick - fil - A '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Edward , McClelland ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Conservatives and Liberals Defend Chick - fil - A '' . WMAQ - TV . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Joshua Rhett ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Legal eagles cry fowl over politicians ' plans to block Chick - fil - A '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rose , Annie ( July 25 , 2012 ) . Chick - fil - A Backlash : Politicians , Muppets Respond . ABC News . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lendon , Brad ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Henson , Huckabee take sides in Chick - fil - A same - sex marriage controversy '' . CNN . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hsu , Tiffany ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A 's PR chief dies suddenly amid gay - marriage imbroglio '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartkewicz , Anthony ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Coincidence ? Chick - Fil - A pulls Jim Henson toys '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Steve ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Response to Recent Controversy '' . Chick - fil - A ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2012 . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bingham , Amy ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Supporters Gather for Appreciation Day '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hsu , Tiffany ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A fans and critics take to the streets '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Holpuch , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A appreciation day brings huge crowds to fast - food chain Life and style `` . The Guardian . London . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wong , Curtis ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Agrees To Cease Funding To Anti-Gay Organizations , Chicago LGBT Group Claims '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Voorhees , Josh ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Is Done Fighting Gay Marriage . Kind Of , Maybe '' . The Slatest . Slate . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dardick , Hal ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Moreno relents , will allow Chick - fil - A '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , IL . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hannah , Amanda ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A : Who We Are '' ( PDF ) . Chick - fil - A. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dial , Karla ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chick - fil - A Sets the Record Straight '' . CitizenLink . Focus on the Family . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinger , Mackenzie ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Mike Huckabee : Chick - fil - A has n't changed '' . Politico . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Huckabee , Mike ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Chick fil - A Statement '' . Mike Huckabee News ( blog ) . Mike Huckabee . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` No Trans Fats on Chick - fil - A Menu '' . Quick Serve Restaurant. 24 ( 10 ) . October 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Choi , Candice ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` Chick - Fil - A Removing Artificial Dye , High Fructose Corn Syrup '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Stephanie ( December 31 , 2013 ) . `` Social Media as a Megaphone to Pressure the Food Industry '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Landau , Elizabeth ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Chick - fil - A to serve antibiotic - free chicken '' . CNN . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chick - fil - A to Serve Antibiotic - Free Chicken '' . Restaurant News . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Fast food in North America . ( hide ) Find more aboutChick - fil - Aat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Chicken - based restaurant chains Global Chester 's Chicken Cottage Church 's / Texas Chicken Dixy Chicken Kenny Rogers Roasters KFC Nando 's Pollo Campero Popeyes Southern Fried Chicken Wienerwald Regional Africa Chicken Licken ( ZA ) Chicken Republic ( NG ) Tastee Fried Chicken ( NG ) Asia Al Baik ( SA ) Al Tazaj ( SA ) Bacolod Chicken Inasal ( PH ) Bonchon Chicken ( KR ) California Fried Chicken ( ID ) The Chicken Rice Shop ( MY ) Dicos ( CN ) Home Original Chicken ( CN ) Jollibee ( PH ) KLG ( TW ) Kyochon ( KR ) Marrybrown ( MY ) Max 's of Manila ( PH ) Mang Inasal ( PH ) Pelicana Chicken ( KR ) SCR ( MY ) TKK Fried Chicken ( TW ) Europe Chicken Cottage ( UK ) Dixy Chicken ( UK ) Morley 's ( UK ) Sam 's Chicken ( UK ) Southern Fried Chicken ( UK ) North America Boston Market Bojangles ' ( US ) Brown 's Chicken & Pasta ( US ) Buffalo Wild Wings Buffalo Wings & Rings Bush 's Chicken ( US ) Chefette ( BB ) Chick - fil - A ( US ) Chicken Express ( US ) Chicken Salad Chick ( US ) Cluck - U ( US ) Dixie Lee ( CA ) El Pollo Loco ( US ) Foosackly 's ( US ) Golden Chick ( US ) Golden Skillet ( US ) Guthrie 's Harold 's Chicken Shack Juan Pollo ( US ) Kyochon Lee 's Famous Louisiana Famous Fried Chicken Mary Brown 's ( CA ) Mrs. Winner 's Pioneer Chicken Pollo Palenque Pollo Tropical ( US ) Quaker Steak & Lube Raising Cane 's ( US ) Ranch One Roscoe 's Royal Castle ( TT ) Roy Rogers ( US ) Scores St - Hubert ( CA ) Smithfield 's ( US ) Swiss Chalet ( CA ) Tip - Top Wild Wing Wingstop WingStreet PDQ ( US ) Wing Zone ( US ) Zankou Chicken ( US ) Zaxby 's ( US ) Oceania Chicken Treat ( AU ) Chooks Fresh & Tasty ( AU ) Oporto ( AU ) Red Rooster ( AU ) South and Central America Pollos Frisby ( CO ) Rostipollos ( CR ) List of chicken restaurants Fast food and fast casual restaurant chains in the United States Chicken chains Coffeehouse chains Pizza chains Hamburgers A&W Arctic Circle Back Yard Big Boy BurgerFi Burger King Carl 's Jr . Checkers / Rally 's Cook Out Cheeburger Cheeburger Dairy Queen Fatburger Five Guys Freddy 's Fuddruckers The Habit Hardee 's Hwy 55 In - N - Out Jack in the Box Johnny Rockets Krystal McDonald 's Red Robin Roy Rogers Shake Shack Smashburger Sonic Steak ' n Shake Wayback Wendy 's Whataburger White Castle Asian L&L Hawaiian Barbecue Manchu Wok Panda Express Pei Wei Asian Diner P.F. Chang 's China Bistro Pick Up Stix Baked goods Au Bon Pain Auntie Anne 's Bruegger 's Cheesecake Factory Cinnabon Corner Bakery Cafe Dunkin ' Donuts Einstein Bros . Great American Cookies Honey Dew Donuts Krispy Kreme Mrs. Fields Nestlé Toll House Panera Bread Pretzelmaker / Pretzel Time Shipley Do - Nuts Tim Hortons T.J. Cinnamons Wetzel 's Winchell 's Beverages Argo Tea Biggby Coffee Caribou Coffee Bean & Tea Leaf Coffee Beanery Dunn Bros Gloria Jean 's Jamba Juice Juice It Up ! Orange Julius Peet 's Planet Smoothie Robeks Seattle 's Best Coffee Smoothie King Starbucks Teavana Tropical Smoothie Cafe Tully 's Frozen desserts Baskin - Robbins Ben & Jerry 's Braum 's Bruster 's Carvel Cold Stone Culver 's Dairy Queen Dippin ' Dots Fosters Freeze Friendly 's Golden Spoon Graeter 's Häagen - Dazs Handel 's Kiwi Yogurt MaggieMoo 's Marble Slab Menchie 's Pinkberry Red Mango Rita 's Sweet Frog Tastee - Freez TCBY Tropical Sno Tutti Frutti Yogen Früz Yogurtland Hot dogs Hot Dog on a Stick Nathan 's Famous Portillo 's Wienerschnitzel Mexican - style / Tex - Mex Baja Fresh Cafe Rio Chipotle Del Taco El Pollo Loco Freebirds Green / Red Burrito La Salsa Moe 's Pancheros Qdoba Rubio 's Taco Bell Taco Bueno Taco Cabana Taco del Mar Taco John 's Taco Mayo Taco Time Tijuana Flats Wahoo 's Fish Taco Noodles Fazoli 's Noodles & Company Skyline Chili Sandwiches Arby 's Atlanta Bread Blimpie Capriotti 's Charley 's Così Cousins D'Angelo Daphne 's Erbert & Gerbert 's Firehouse Subs Great Wraps Jason 's Jerry 's Subs Jersey Mike 's Jimmy John 's Lee 's Sandwiches Lenny 's Sub McAlister 's Deli Miami Subs Newk 's Eatery Penn Station Port of Subs Potbelly Quiznos Rax Sandella 's Schlotzsky 's Steak Escape Subway Togo 's Tubby 's Tudor 's Biscuit World Which Wich ? Seafood Arthur Treacher 's Captain D 's H. Salt Esquire Ivar 's Long John Silver 's Skippers Seafood & Chowder House Defunct Bresler 's Brigham 's Burger Chef Carrols D'Lites Druther 's Henry 's Hamburgers Hot ' n Now Hot Sam Pretzels Naugles Red Barn Sandy 's White Tower Zantigo Atlanta companies Aaron 's , Inc . AGCO ( Duluth ) American Megatrends ( Gwinnett County ) Arby 's ( Sandy Springs ) AT&T Mobility Atlanta Bread Company ( Smyrna ) Atlanta Gas Light BellSouth Chick - fil - A ( College Park ) Church 's Chicken ( Sandy Springs ) Coca - Cola Cox Enterprises Delta Air Lines EarthLink Equifax ExpressJet ( College Park ) Georgia Natural Gas Georgia - Pacific Georgia Power Holiday Inn Holiday Inn Express The Home Depot ( Cobb County ) Hooters Intercontinental Exchange Krystal Kool Smiles ( Marietta ) Merial ( Duluth ) NCR Corporation ( Gwinnett County ) Popeyes ( Sandy Springs ) RaceTrac Rheem Scientific Atlanta ( Lawrenceville ) Simmons Bedding Company Southern Company SunTrust Banks Turner Broadcasting System United Parcel Service ( Sandy Springs ) Waffle House ( Gwinnett County ) The Weather Channel ( Cobb County ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chick-fil-A&oldid=816010988 '' Categories : Chick - fil - A Companies based in Fulton County , Georgia Fast - food chains of the United States Fast - food poultry restaurants Hapeville , Georgia Opposition to same - sex marriage Economy of the Southeastern United States Privately held companies based in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Restaurants established in 1946 1946 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia አማርኛ Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 17 : 42 . 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Asbestos

Asbestos - wikipedia Asbestos Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Asbestosis . For other uses , see Asbestos ( disambiguation ) . Asbestos Fibrous tremolite asbestos on muscovite General Category Silicate minerals Strunz classification 09. ED. 15 Dana classification 71.01. 02d. 03 Crystal system Orthorhombic Identification Formula mass 277.11 g Color Green , red , yellow , white , blue Crystal habit Amorphous , granular , massive Fracture Fibrous Mohs scale hardness 2.5 -- 3 Luster Silky Streak White Optical properties Biaxial Birefringence 0.008 2V angle 20 ° to 60 ° Dispersion relatively weak Ultraviolet fluorescence Non-fluorescent Asbestos is a set of six naturally occurring silicate minerals , which all have in common their eponymous asbestiform habit : i.e. long ( roughly 1 : 20 aspect ratio ) , thin fibrous crystals , with each visible fiber composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes . They are commonly known by their colors , as blue asbestos , brown asbestos , white asbestos , and green asbestos . Asbestos mining existed more than 4,000 years ago , but large - scale mining began at the end of the 19th century , when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its desirable physical properties . Some of those properties are sound absorption , average tensile strength , affordability , and resistance to fire , heat , and electricity . It was used in such applications as electrical insulation for hotplate wiring and in building insulation . When asbestos is used for its resistance to fire or heat , the fibers are often mixed with cement or woven into fabric or mats . These desirable properties made asbestos very widely used . Asbestos use continued to grow through most of the 20th century until public knowledge ( acting through courts and legislatures ) of the health hazards of asbestos dust outlawed asbestos in mainstream construction and fireproofing in most countries . Inhalation of asbestos fibers can cause serious and fatal illnesses including lung cancer , mesothelioma , and asbestosis ( a type of pneumoconiosis ) . Concern of asbestos - related illness in modern times began with the 20th century and escalated during the 1920s and 1930s . By the 1980s and 1990s , asbestos trade and use were heavily restricted , phased out , or banned outright in an increasing number of countries . Despite the severity of asbestos - related diseases , the material has extremely widespread use in many areas . Continuing long - term use of asbestos after harmful health effects were known or suspected , and the slow emergence of symptoms decades after exposure ceased , made asbestos litigation the longest , most expensive mass tort in U.S. history and a much lesser legal issue in most other countries involved . Asbestos - related liability also remains an ongoing concern for many manufacturers , insurers and reinsurers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Types and associated fibers 2.1 Serpentine 2.1. 1 Chrysotile 2.2 Amphibole 2.2. 1 Amosite 2.2. 2 Crocidolite 2.2. 3 Other materials 3 Production 4 History of use 4.1 Early uses 4.2 Industrial era 4.3 Discovery of toxicity 4.4 Usage by industry and product type 4.4. 1 Serpentine group 4.4. 2 Amphibole group 4.5 Construction 4.5. 1 Developed countries 4.5. 2 Outside Europe and North America 4.5. 3 11 September 2001 attacks 4.6 Asbestos contaminants in other products 4.6. 1 Vermiculite 4.6. 2 Talc 5 Health impact 6 Substitutes for asbestos in construction 7 Recycling and disposal 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Asbestos derives from the ancient Greek ἄσβεστος , meaning unquenchable or inextinguishable . The word is pronounced / æsˈbɛstəs / , / æzˈbɛstəs / or / æzˈbɛstɒs / . Types and associated fibers ( edit ) Six mineral types are defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) as `` asbestos '' including those belonging to the serpentine class and those belonging to the amphibole class . All six asbestos mineral types are known to be human carcinogens . The visible fibers are themselves each composed of millions of microscopic `` fibrils '' that can be released by abrasion and other processes . Chrysotile asbestos Asbestos fibers Asbestos Asbestos Blue asbestos ( crocidolite ) . The ruler is 1 cm . Blue asbestos , teased to show the fibrous nature of the mineral Serpentine ( edit ) Serpentine class fibers are curly . Chrysotile is the only member of the serpentine class . Chrysotile ( edit ) Chrysotile , CAS No. 12001 - 29 - 5 , is obtained from serpentinite rocks which are common throughout the world . Its idealized chemical formula is Mg ( Si O ) ( OH ) . Chrysotile appears under the microscope as a white fiber . Chrysotile has been used more than any other type and accounts for about 95 % of the asbestos found in buildings in America . Chrysotile is more flexible than amphibole types of asbestos , and can be spun and woven into fabric . The most common use was corrugated asbestos cement roofing primarily for outbuildings , warehouses and garages . It may also be found in sheets or panels used for ceilings and sometimes for walls and floors . Chrysotile has been a component in joint compound and some plasters . Numerous other items have been made containing chrysotile including brake linings , fire barriers in fuseboxes , pipe insulation , floor tiles , residential shingles , and gaskets for high temperature equipment . Amphibole ( edit ) Amphibole class fibers are needle - like . Amosite , crocidolite , tremolite , anthophyllite and actinolite are members of the amphibole class . Amosite ( edit ) Amosite , CAS No. 12172 - 73 - 5 , often referred to as brown asbestos , is a trade name for the amphiboles belonging to the cummingtonite - grunerite solid solution series , commonly from South Africa , named as a partial acronym for `` Asbestos Mines of South Africa '' . One formula given for amosite is Fe Si O ( OH ) . Amosite is seen under a microscope as a grey - white vitreous fiber . It is found most frequently as a fire retardant in thermal insulation products , asbestos insulating board and ceiling tiles . Crocidolite ( edit ) Crocidolite , CAS No. 12001 - 28 - 4 , is the fibrous form of the amphibole riebeckite , found primarily in southern Africa , but also in Australia and Bolivia . One formula given for crocidolite is Na Fe Fe Si O ( OH ) . Crocidolite is seen under a microscope as a blue fiber . Crocidolite commonly occurs as soft friable fibers . Asbestiform amphibole may also occur as soft friable fibers but some varieties such as amosite are commonly straighter . All forms of asbestos are fibrillar in that they are composed of fibers with breadths less than 1 micrometer in bundles of very great widths . Asbestos with particularly fine fibers is also referred to as `` amianthus '' . Other materials ( edit ) Other regulated asbestos minerals , such as tremolite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 68 - 6 , Ca Mg Si O ( OH ) ; actinolite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 66 - 4 , Ca ( Mg , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) ; and anthophyllite asbestos , CAS No. 77536 - 67 - 5 , ( Mg , Fe ) Si O ( OH ) ; are less commonly used industrially but can still be found in a variety of construction materials and insulation materials and have been used in a few consumer products . Size of asbestos fibers compared to other particles ( USEPA , March 1978 ) Other natural asbestiform minerals , such as richterite , Na ( CaNa ) ( Mg , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) , and winchite , ( CaNa ) Mg ( Al , Fe ) ( Si O ) ( OH ) , though not regulated , are said by some to be no less harmful than tremolite , amosite , or crocidolite . They are termed `` asbestiform '' rather than asbestos . Although the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has not included them in the asbestos standard , NIOSH and the American Thoracic Society have recommended them for inclusion as regulated materials because they may also be hazardous to health . Production ( edit ) In 2009 , about 9 % of world 's asbestos production was mined in Canada . In late 2011 , Canada 's remaining two asbestos mines , both located in the Province of Quebec , halted operations . In September 2012 , the government in the Province of Quebec halted asbestos mining . In 2015 , 2 million tonnes of asbestos were mined worldwide . The Russian Federation was the largest producer with about 55 % world share followed by China ( 20 % ) , Brazil ( 15.6 % ) , and Kazakhstan ( 10.8 % ) . History of use ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early uses ( edit ) Asbestos use dates back at least 4,500 years , when the inhabitants of the Lake Juojärvi region in East Finland strengthened earthenware pots and cooking utensils with the asbestos mineral anthophyllite ( see Asbestos - ceramic ) . One of the first descriptions of a material that may have been asbestos is in Theophrastus , On Stones , from around 300 BC , although this identification has been questioned . In both modern and ancient Greek , the usual name for the material known in English as `` asbestos '' is amiantos ( `` undefiled '' , `` pure '' ) , which was adapted into the French amiante and Portuguese amianto . In modern Greek , the word ἀσβεστος or ασβέστης stands consistently and solely for lime . The term asbestos is traceable to Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder 's manuscript Natural History , and his use of the term asbestinon , meaning `` unquenchable '' . While Pliny or his nephew Pliny the Younger is popularly credited with recognising the detrimental effects of asbestos on human beings , examination of the primary sources reveals no support for either claim . Wealthy Persians amazed guests by cleaning a cloth by exposing it to fire . For example , according to Tabari , one of the curious items belonging to Khosrow II Parviz , the great Sassanian king ( r . 531 -- 579 ) , was a napkin ( Persian : منديل ‎ ) that he cleaned simply by throwing it into fire . Such cloth is believed to have been made of asbestos imported over the Hindu Kush . According to Biruni in his book , Gems , any cloths made of asbestos ( Persian : آذرشست ‎ , āzarshost ) were called shostakeh ( Persian : شستكه ‎ ) . Some Persians believed the fiber was the fur of an animal , called the samandar ( Persian : سمندر ‎ ) , which lived in fire and died when exposed to water , which was where the former belief that the salamander could tolerate fire originated . Charlemagne , the first Holy Roman Emperor ( 800 -- 814 ) , is said to have had a tablecloth made of asbestos . Marco Polo recounts having been shown , in a place he calls Ghinghin talas , `` a good vein from which the cloth which we call of salamander , which can not be burnt if it is thrown into the fire , is made ... '' Some archaeologists believe that ancients made shrouds of asbestos , wherein they burned the bodies of their kings , in order to preserve only their ashes , and prevent them being mixed with those of wood or other combustible materials commonly used in funeral pyres . Others assert that the ancients used asbestos to make perpetual wicks for sepulchral or other lamps . A famous example is the golden lamp asbestos lychnis , which the sculptor Callimachus made for the Erechtheion . In more recent centuries , asbestos was indeed used for this purpose . Although asbestos causes skin to itch upon contact , ancient literature indicates that it was prescribed for diseases of the skin , and particularly for the itch . It is possible that they used the term asbestos for soapstone , because the two terms have often been confused throughout history . Industrial E.R.A. ( edit ) Industrial scale asbestos mining began in 1878 in Thetford township , Quebec . By 1895 , mining was increasingly mechanized . The large scale asbestos industry began in the mid-19th century . Early attempts at producing asbestos paper and cloth in Italy began in the 1850s , but were unsuccessful in creating a market for such products . Canadian samples of asbestos were displayed in London in 1862 , and the first companies were formed in England and Scotland to exploit this resource . Asbestos was first used in the manufacture of yarn , and German industrialist Louis Wertheim adopted this process in his factories in Germany . In 1871 , the Patent Asbestos Manufacturing Company was established in Glasgow , and within the following decades , the Clydebank area became a centre for the nascent industry . Canada 's biggest power shovel loading an ore train with asbestos at the Jeffrey Mine , Johns - Manville Co. , Asbestos , Quebec , June 1944 . Industrial scale mining began in the Thetford hills , Quebec from the 1870s . Sir William Edmond Logan was the first to notice the large deposits of chrysotile in the hills in his capacity as head of Geological Survey of Canada . Samples of the minerals from here were displayed in London , and excited much interest . With the opening up of the Quebec Central Railway in 1876 , mining entrepreneurs , such as Andrew Stuart Johnson established the asbestos industry in the province . The 50 ton output of the mines in 1878 rose to over 10,000 tons in the 1890s with the adoption of machine technologies and expanded production . For a long time , the world 's largest asbestos mine was the Jeffrey mine in the town of Asbestos , Quebec . The applications of asbestos multiplied at the end of the 19th century . This is an advertisement for an asbestos - lined clothes iron from 1906 . Asbestos production began in the Urals of the Russian Empire in the 1880s , and in the Alpine regions of Northern Italy with the formation in Turin of the Italo - English Pure Asbestos Company in 1876 , although this was soon swamped by the greater production levels from the Canadian mines . Mining also took off in South Africa from 1893 under the aegis of the British businessman Francis Oates , the Director of the De Beers company . It was in South Africa that the production of amosite began in 1910 . The U.S. asbestos industry had an early start in 1858 , when fibrous anthophyllite was mined for use as asbestos insulation by the Johns Company , a predecessor to the current Johns Manville , at a quarry at Ward 's Hill on Staten Island , New York . US production began in earnest in 1899 , with the discovery of large deposits in the Belvidere Mountain . The use of asbestos became increasingly widespread towards the end of the 19th century , when its diverse applications included fire retardant coatings , concrete , bricks , pipes and fireplace cement , heat , fire , and acid resistant gaskets , pipe insulation , ceiling insulation , fireproof drywall , flooring , roofing , lawn furniture , and drywall joint compound . In 2011 it was reported that over 50 % of UK houses still contained asbestos , despite a ban on asbestos products some years earlier . In Japan , particularly after World War II , asbestos was used in the manufacture of ammonium sulfate for purposes of rice production , sprayed upon the ceilings , iron skeletons , and walls of railroad cars and buildings ( during the 1960s ) , and used for energy efficiency reasons as well . Production of asbestos in Japan peaked in 1974 and went through ups and downs until about 1990 , when production began to drop dramatically . Discovery of toxicity ( edit ) For additional chronological citations , see List of asbestos disease medical articles . In 1899 , Montague Murray noted the negative health effects of asbestos . The first documented death related to asbestos was in 1906 . In the early 1900s researchers began to notice a large number of early deaths and lung problems in asbestos - mining towns . The first such study was conducted by H. Montague Murray at the Charing Cross Hospital , London , in 1900 , in which a postmortem investigation of a young man who had died from pulmonary fibrosis after having worked for 14 years in an asbestos textile factory , discovered asbestos traces in the victim 's lungs . Adelaide Anderson , the Inspector of Factories in Britain , included asbestos in a list of harmful industrial substances in 1902 . Similar investigations were conducted in France and Italy , in 1906 and 1908 , respectively . Asbestos fabric The first diagnosis of asbestosis was made in the UK in 1924 . Nellie Kershaw was employed at Turner Brothers Asbestos in Manchester , England from 1917 , spinning raw asbestos fibre into yarn . Her death in 1924 led to a formal inquest . Pathologist William Edmund Cooke testified that his examination of the lungs indicated old scarring indicative of a previous , healed , tuberculosis infection , and extensive fibrosis , in which were visible `` particles of mineral matter ... of various shapes , but the large majority have sharp angles . '' Having compared these particles with samples of asbestos dust provided by S.A. Henry , His Majesty 's Medical Inspector of Factories , Cooke concluded that they `` originated from asbestos and were , beyond a reasonable doubt , the primary cause of the fibrosis of the lungs and therefore of death '' . As a result of Cooke 's paper , parliament commissioned an inquiry into the effects of asbestos dust by E.R.A. Merewether , Medical Inspector of Factories , and C.W. Price , a factory inspector and pioneer of dust monitoring and control . Their subsequent report , Occurrence of Pulmonary Fibrosis & Other Pulmonary Affections in Asbestos Workers , was presented to parliament on 24 March 1930 . It concluded that the development of asbestosis was irrefutably linked to the prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust , and included the first health study of asbestos workers , which found that 66 % of those employed for 20 years or more suffered from asbestosis . The report led to the publication of the first Asbestos Industry Regulations in 1931 , which came into effect on 1 March 1932 . These regulated ventilation and made asbestosis an excusable work - related disease . The term mesothelioma was first used in medical literature in 1931 ; its association with asbestos was first noted sometime in the 1940s . Similar legislation followed in the U.S. about ten years later . Approximately 100,000 people in the United States have died , or are terminally ill , from asbestos exposure related to ship building . In the Hampton Roads area , a shipbuilding center , mesothelioma occurrence is seven times the national rate . Thousands of tons of asbestos were used in World War II ships to insulate piping , boilers , steam engines , and steam turbines . There were approximately 4.3 million shipyard workers in the United States during WWII ; for every 1,000 workers about 14 died of mesothelioma and an unknown number died from asbestosis . The United States government and asbestos industry have been criticized for not acting quickly enough to inform the public of dangers , and to reduce public exposure . In the late 1970s , court documents proved that asbestos industry officials knew of asbestos dangers since the 1930s and had concealed them from the public . In Australia , asbestos was widely used in construction and other industries between 1946 and 1980 . From the 1970s there was increasing concern about the dangers of asbestos , and its use was phased out . Mining ceased in 1983 . The use of asbestos was phased out in 1989 and banned entirely in December 2003 . The dangers of asbestos are now well known in Australia and there is help and support for sufferers from asbestosis or mesothelioma . Usage by industry and product type ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Serpentine Group ( edit ) Serpentine minerals have a sheet or layered structure . Chrysotile is the only asbestos mineral in the serpentine group . In the United States , chrysotile has been the most commonly used type of asbestos . According to the U.S. EPA Asbestos Building Inspectors Manual , chrysotile accounts for approximately 95 % of asbestos found in buildings in the United States . Chrysotile is often present in a wide variety of products and materials , including : Chlor Alkali diaphragm membranes used to make chlorine ( currently in the USA ) Drywall and joint compound ( including texture coats ) Plaster Gas mask filters pre-1960s and gas mask filters from the USSR Vinyl floor tiles , sheeting , adhesives Roofing tars , felts , siding , and shingles `` Transite '' panels , siding , countertops , and pipes Popcorn ceilings , also known as acoustic ceilings Fireproofing An asbestos glove Caulk Industrial and marine gaskets Brake pads and shoes Stage curtains Fire blankets Interior fire doors Fireproof clothing for firefighters Thermal pipe insulation Filters for removing fine particulates from chemicals , liquids and wine Dental cast linings HVAC flexible duct connectors Drilling fluid additives A household heat spreader for cooking on gas stoves , made of asbestos ( probably 1950s ; `` Amiante pur '' is French for `` Pure Asbestos '' ) In the European Union and Australia it has been banned as a potential health hazard and is not used at all . Japan is moving in the same direction , but at a slower pace . Amphibole Group ( edit ) Amphiboles including amosite ( brown asbestos ) and crocidolite ( blue asbestos ) were formerly used in many products until the early 1980s . Tremolite asbestos constituted a contaminant of many if not all naturally occurring chrysotile deposits . The use of all types of asbestos in the amphibole group was banned in much of the Western world by the mid-1980s , and in Japan by 1995 . Some products that included amphibole types of asbestos included the following : Low density insulating board ( often referred to as AIB or asbestos insulating board ) and ceiling tiles ; Asbestos - cement pipe ( made until the early 1990s by at least one manufacturer ) ; Asbestos - cement sheets and pipes for construction , casing for water and electrical / telecommunication services ; Thermal and chemical insulation ( e.g. , fire rated doors , limpet spray , lagging and gaskets ) . Cigarette manufacturer Lorillard ( Kent 's filtered cigarette ) used crocidolite asbestos in its `` Micronite '' filter from 1952 to 1956 . While mostly chrysotile asbestos fibers were once used in automobile brake pads , shoes , and clutch discs , contaminants of amphiboles were present . Since approximately the mid-1990s , brake pads , new or replacement , have been manufactured instead with linings made of ceramic , carbon , metallic and aramid fiber ( Twaron or Kevlar -- the same material used in bulletproof vests ) . Artificial Christmas snow , known as flocking , was previously made with asbestos . It was used as an effect in films including The Wizard of Oz and department store window displays and it was marketed for use in private homes under brand names that included `` Pure White '' , `` Snow Drift '' and `` White Magic '' . Construction ( edit ) Developed countries ( edit ) Older decorative ceilings , similar to this one , may contain small amounts of white asbestos . 1929 newspaper advertisement from Perth , Western Australia , for asbestos sheeting for residential building construction . The use of asbestos in new construction projects has been banned for health and safety reasons in many developed countries or regions , including the European Union , Australia , Hong Kong , Japan , and New Zealand . A notable exception is the United States , where asbestos continues to be used in construction such as cement asbestos pipes . The 5th Circuit Court prevented the EPA from banning asbestos in 1991 because EPA research showed the ban would cost between $450 and 800 million while only saving around 200 lives in a 13 - year timeframe , and that the EPA did not provide adequate evidence for the safety of alternative products . Until the mid-1980s , small amounts of white asbestos were used in the manufacture of Artex , a decorative stipple finish , however , some of the lesser - known suppliers of Artex were still adding white asbestos until 1999 . Prior to the ban , asbestos was widely used in the construction industry in thousands of materials . Some are judged to be more dangerous than others due to the amount of asbestos and the material 's friable nature . Sprayed coatings , pipe insulation and Asbestos Insulating Board ( AIB ) are thought to be the most dangerous due to their high content of asbestos and friable nature . Many older buildings built before the late 1990s contain asbestos . In the United States , there is a minimum standard for asbestos surveys as described by ASTM Standard E 2356 -- 04 . In the UK the Health and Safety Executive have issued guidance called HSG264 describing how surveys should be completed although other methods can be used if they can demonstrate they have met the regulations by other means . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency includes some but not all asbestos - contaminated facilities on the Superfund National Priorities list ( NPL ) . Renovation and demolition of asbestos - contaminated buildings is subject to EPA NESHAP and OSHA Regulations . Asbestos is not a material covered under CERCLA 's innocent purchaser defense . In the UK , the removal and disposal of asbestos and of substances containing it are covered by the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 . U.S. asbestos consumption hit a peak of 804,000 tons in 1973 ; world asbestos demand peaked around 1977 , with 25 countries producing nearly 4.8 million metric tons annually . In older buildings ( e.g. those built prior to 1999 in the UK , before white asbestos was banned ) , asbestos may still be present in some areas . Being aware of asbestos locations reduces the risk of disturbing asbestos . Removal of asbestos building components can also remove the fire protection they provide , therefore fire protection substitutes are required for proper fire protection that the asbestos originally provided . Outside Europe and North America ( edit ) Some countries , such as India , Indonesia , China , Russia and Brazil , have continued widespread use of asbestos . The most common is corrugated asbestos - cement sheets or `` A / C sheets '' for roofing and for side walls . Millions of homes , factories , schools or sheds and shelters continue to use asbestos . Cutting these sheets to size and drilling holes to receive ' J ' bolts to help secure the sheets to roof framing is done on - site . There has been no significant change in production and use of A / C sheets in developing countries following the widespread restrictions in developed nations . `` The largest exporter of asbestos is Russia , which exported 100 million metric tonnes of asbestos. This asbestos is shipped to the nations that still use this cheap and effective building material . China is the number one importer of asbestos , using over five - hundred seventy metric tonnes of the dangerous substance in 2013 alone . China is not the only country that uses asbestos , Russia , Canada , Brazil and India all use asbestos . '' 11 September 2001 attacks ( edit ) See also : Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks As New York City 's World Trade Center collapsed following the September 11 attacks , Lower Manhattan was blanketed in a mixture of building debris and combustible materials . This complex mixture gave rise to the concern that thousands of residents and workers in the area would be exposed to known hazards in the air and in the dust , such as asbestos , lead , glass fibers , and pulverized concrete . More than 1,000 tons of asbestos are thought to have been released into the air following the buildings ' destruction . Inhalation of a mixture of asbestos and other toxicants is thought to be linked to the unusually high death rate from cancer of emergency service workers since the disaster . Thousands more are now thought to be at risk of developing cancer due to this exposure with those who have died so far being only the `` tip of the iceberg '' . Some commentators have criticised authorities for using asbestos in the buildings ' construction . In May 2002 , after numerous cleanup , dust collection , and air monitoring activities were conducted outdoors by EPA , other federal agencies , New York City , and the state of New York , New York City formally requested federal assistance to clean and test residences in the vicinity of the World Trade Center site for airborne asbestos . Asbestos contaminants in other products ( edit ) Vermiculite ( edit ) Vermiculite is a hydrated laminar magnesium - aluminum - iron silicate which resembles mica . It can be used for many industrial applications and has been used as insulation . Some deposits of vermiculite have been found to be contaminated with small amounts of asbestos . One vermiculite mine operated by W.R. Grace and Company in Libby , Montana exposed workers and community residents to danger by mining vermiculite contaminated with asbestos , typically richterite , winchite , actinolite or tremolite . Vermiculite contaminated with asbestos from the Libby mine was used as insulation in residential and commercial buildings through Canada and the United States . W.R. Grace and Company 's loose - fill vermiculite was marketed as Zonolite but was also used in sprayed - on products such as Monokote . In 1999 the EPA began cleanup efforts in Libby and now the area is a Superfund cleanup area . The EPA has determined that harmful asbestos is released from the mine as well as through other activities that disturb soil in the area . Talc ( edit ) A laboratory heat spreader made of asbestos , on tripod over a Teclu burner . Talc can sometimes be contaminated with asbestos due to the proximity of asbestos ore ( usually tremolite ) in underground talc deposits . By 1973 , US federal law required all talc products to be asbestos - free , and today there is strict quality control in the production of talc products , separating cosmetic - grade talc ( e.g. talcum powder ) from industrial - grade talc ( often used in friction products ) has largely eliminated this issue for consumers . In 2000 , tests in a certified asbestos - testing laboratory found the tremolite form of amphibole asbestos used to be found in three out of eight popular brands of children 's crayons that were made partly from talc : Crayola , Prang , and RoseArt . In Crayola crayons , the tests found asbestos levels around 0.05 % in Carnation Pink and 2.86 % in Orchid ; in Prang crayons , the range was from 0.3 % in Periwinkle to 0.54 % in Yellow ; in Rose Art crayons , it was from 0.03 % in Brown to 1.20 % in Orange . Overall , 32 different types of crayons from these brands used to contain more than trace amounts of asbestos , and eight others contained trace amounts . The Art and Creative Materials Institute , a trade association which tested the safety of crayons on behalf of the makers , initially insisted the test results must have been incorrect , although they later said they do not test for asbestos . In May 2000 , Crayola said tests by Richard Lee , a materials analyst whose testimony on behalf of the asbestos industry has been accepted in lawsuits over 250 times , found its crayons tested negative for asbestos . In spite of that , in June 2000 Binney & Smith , the maker of Crayola , and the other makers agreed to stop using talc in their products , and changed their product formulations in the United States . The mining company , RT Vanderbilt Co of Gouverneur , New York , which supplied the talc to the crayon makers , states that `` to the best of our knowledge and belief '' there is no asbestos in its talc . However media reports claim that the United States Mine Safety and Health Administration ( MSHA ) had found asbestos in four talc samples tested in 2000 . The Assistant Secretary for Mine Safety and Health subsequently wrote to the news reporter , stating that `` In fact , the abbreviation ND ( non detect ) in the laboratory report -- indicates no asbestos fibers actually were found in the samples '' , and multiple studies by both mineral studies laboratories and biological cell studies do not report asbestos . These findings have been rejected by other health reports and studies which advocate a `` same as '' asbestos risk . Health Impact ( edit ) Main article : Health impact of asbestos Asbestos warning label . Left - sided mesothelioma ( seen on the right of the picture ) : chest CT All types of asbestos fibers are known to cause serious health hazards in humans . Amosite and crocidolite are considered the most hazardous asbestos fiber types ; however , chrysotile asbestos has also produced tumors in animals and is a recognized cause of asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma in humans , and mesothelioma has been observed in people who were occupationally exposed to chrysotile , family members of the occupationally exposed , and residents who lived close to asbestos factories and mines . During the 1980s and again in the 1990s it was suggested at times that the process of making asbestos cement could `` neutralize '' the asbestos , either via chemical processes or by causing cement to attach to the fibers and changing their physical size ; subsequent studies showed that this was untrue , and that decades - old asbestos cement , when broken , releases asbestos fibers identical to those found in nature , with no detectable alteration . Exposure to asbestos in the form of fibers is always considered dangerous . Working with , or exposure to , material that is friable , or materials or works that could cause release of loose asbestos fibers , is considered high risk . In general , people who become ill from inhaling asbestos have been regularly exposed in a job where they worked directly with the material . The most common diseases associated with chronic exposure to asbestos are asbestosis and mesothelioma . Substitutes for asbestos in construction ( edit ) Fiberglass insulation was invented in 1938 and is now the most commonly used type of insulation material . The safety of this material has also been called into question due to similarities in material structure . However , the International Agency for Research on Cancer removed fiberglass from its list of possible human carcinogens in 2001 and a scientific review article from 2011 claimed epidemiology data was inconsistent and concluded that the IARC 's decision to downgrade the carcinogenic potential of fiberglass was valid ( however , this study was funded by sponsored research contract from the North American Insulation Manufacturer 's Association ) . In 1978 , a highly texturized fiberglass fabric was invented by Bal Dixit , called Zetex . This fabric is lighter than asbestos , but offers the same bulk , thickness , hand , feel , and abrasion resistance as asbestos . The fiberglass was texturized to eliminate some of the problems that arise with fiberglass , such as poor abrasion resistance and poor seam strength . In Europe , mineral wool and glass wool are the main insulators in houses . Many companies that produced asbestos - cement products that were reinforced with asbestos fibers have developed products incorporating organic fibers . One such product was known as `` Eternit '' and another `` Everite '' now use `` Nutec '' fibers which consist of organic fibers , portland cement and silica . Cement - bonded wood fiber is another substitute . Stone fibers are used in gaskets and friction materials . Another potential fiber is polybenzimidazole or PBI fiber . Polybenzimidazole fiber is a synthetic fiber with a high melting point of 760 ° C ( 1,400 ° F ) that also does not ignite . Because of its exceptional thermal and chemical stability , it is often used by fire departments and space agencies . Recycling and disposal ( edit ) Old Wailuku Post Office sealed off for asbestos removal Asbestos alternatives for industrial use include sleeves , rope , tape , fabric , textiles and insulation batt materials made from fiberglass and silica . In most developed countries , asbestos is typically disposed of as hazardous waste in landfill sites . The demolition of buildings containing large amounts of asbestos based materials pose particular problems for builders and property developers -- such buildings often have to be deconstructed piece by piece , or the asbestos has to be painstakingly removed before the structure can be razed by mechanical or explosive means . One such example is the Red Road Flats in Glasgow , Scotland which used huge amounts of asbestos cement board for wall panelling -- here British health and safety regulations stipulate that asbestos material has to be removed to a landfill site via an approved route at certain times of the day in specially adapted vehicles . Asbestos can be recycled by transforming it into harmless silicate glass . A process of thermal decomposition at 1000 -- 1250 ° C produces a mixture of non-hazardous silicate phases , and at temperatures above 1250 ° C it produces silicate glass . Microwave thermal treatment can be used in an industrial manufacturing process to transform asbestos and asbestos - containing waste into porcelain stoneware tiles , porous single - fired wall tiles , and ceramic bricks . The combination of oxalic acid with ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibers . See also ( edit ) Asbestine List of minerals Asbestos abatement Asbestos and the law Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization Asbestos - ceramic Asbestos cement Medical geology Red List building materials References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Alleman , James E. ; Mossman , Brooke T ( July 1997 ) . `` Asbestos Revisited '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . 277 : 54 -- 57 . Bibcode : 1997SciAm. 277a ... 70A . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0797 - 70 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gee , David ; Greenberg , Morris ( 9 January 2002 ) . `` Asbestos : from ' magic ' to malevolent mineral '' ( PDF ) . Late lessons from early warnings : the precautionary principle 1896 -- 2000 . Copenhagen : EEA ( 22 ) : 52 -- 63 . ISBN 92 - 9167 - 323 - 4 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is asbestos ? '' . Cancer Society . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Position Statement on Asbestos from the Joint Policy Committee of the Societies of Epidemiology ( JPC - SE ) , approved June 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ BrancheArbejdsmiljøRådet for Bygge & Anlæg ( February 2009 ) . Når du støder på asbest . Branchevejledning ( in Danish ) . Copenhagen . pp. 6 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7952 - 118 - 6 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Of Asbestos Bans '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Best , Richard . `` Liability for Asbestos Related Disease in England and Germany '' ( PDF ) . germanlawjournal.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bostock , John ( 1856 ) . `` Asbestinon '' . The Natural History of Pliny . Vol. IV . Translated by Riley , H.T. London : Henry G. Bohn . p. 137 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 5th ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Asbestos , CAS No. 1332 - 21 - 4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Berman , D Wayne ; Crump , Kenny S ( 2003 ) . Final draft : technical support document for a protocol to assess asbestos - related risk . Washington DC : U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . p. 474 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is asbestos ? '' . American Cancer Society . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos -- History and Uses '' . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . 31 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Occupational Exposure to Asbestos , Tremolite , Anthophyllite and Actinolite . U.S. Department of Labor . 1992 Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program . January 2010 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Asbestos mining stops for first time in 130 years . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 24 November 2011 Jump up ^ Dougherty , Kevin ( 20 November 2012 ) Quebec Budget : Finance Minister Nicolas Marceau tightens spending , levies new taxes . Ottawa Citizen Jump up ^ `` Asbestos '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Resources Program . January 2016 . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Malcolm & Nolan , Robert P ( 2003 ) . `` History of asbestos discovery and use and asbestos - related disease in context with the occurrence of asbestos within the ophiolite complexes '' . In Dilek , Yildirim & Newcomb , Sally . Ophiolite Concept and the Evolution of Geological Thought . Special Paper 373 . Boulder , Colorado : Geological Society of America . ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2373 - 6 . Jump up ^ Caley , Earl R. ; Richards , John F.C. ( 1956 ) . `` Commentary '' . Theophrastus on Stones : Introduction , Greek Text , English Translation , and Commentary . Graduate School Monographs : Contributions in Physical Science , No. 1 . Columbus , OH : The Ohio State University . pp. 87 -- 88 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . Moore thought that Theophrastus was really referring to asbestos . The color of the stone makes this unlikely , though its structure makes it less improbable , since some forms of decayed wood do have a fibrous structure like asbestos ... It is , however , unlikely that Theophrastus is alluding to asbestos , since the mineral does not occur in the locality mentioned ... It is much more probable that Theophrastus is referring to the well - known brown fibrous lignite . Jump up ^ Barbalace , Roberta C. ( 22 October 1995 ) . `` History of Asbestos '' . Environmentalchemistry.com . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Maines , Rachel ( 2005 ) . Asbestos and Fire : Technological Trade - offs and the Body at Risk . Rutgers University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3575 - 1 . Jump up ^ New Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2003 ) , vol. 6 , p. 843 Jump up ^ Dehkhoda Persian Dictionary ^ Jump up to : `` University of Calgary '' . Iras.ucalgary.ca. 30 September 2001 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Asbestos Use and Associated Health Risks EnvironmentalChemistry.com website Jump up ^ `` Fantastically Wrong : The Legend of the Homicidal Fire - Proof Salamander '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Asbestos '' . Time . 29 November 1926 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2011 . Retrieved 11 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Polo , Marco ; A C. Moule ; Paul Pelliot ( 1938 ) . Marco Polo : the Description of the World : A.C. Moule & Paul Pelliot . G. Routledge & Sons . pp. 156 -- 57 . Retrieved 31 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Ephraim ( 1728 ) . Cyclopædia . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Pliny the Elder . Ch. 4. -- LINEN MADE OF ASBESTOS . In The Natural History Jump up ^ Eleftheratou , S. ( 2016 ) . Acropolis museum guide . Acropolis Museum Editions . p. 258 . ^ Jump up to : Selikoff , Irving J. ( 1978 ) . Asbestos and Disease . Elsevier . pp. 8 -- 20 . ISBN 9780323140072 . Jump up ^ `` Asbestos & Clydebank '' . Clydebank Asbestos Group . Archived from the original on 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ The storied province of Quebec : past and present . Volume V ( 1931 ) Wood , WCH ; Atherton , WH ; Conklin , EP pp. 814 -- 5 Jump up ^ Udd , John ( 1998 ) `` A Chronology of Minerals Development in Canada '' Archived 9 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . National Resources Canada Jump up ^ Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration ( U.S. ) ( 2006 ) . Industrial minerals & rocks : commodities , markets , and uses . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` OATS , FRANCIS of GOLANT '' . South African Who 's Who 1916 . November 2006 . Jump up ^ Betts , John ( May -- June 2009 ) . `` The Minerals of New York City '' . Rocks & Mineral Magazine . 84 ( 3 ) : 204 -- 252 . doi : 10.3200 / RMIN. 84.3. 204 - 223 . Retrieved 21 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Don , Andrew ( 1 May 2011 ) Asbestos : the hidden health hazard in millions of homes . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Morinaga , Kenji . `` Asbestos in Japan '' ( PDF ) . European Conference 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Luus , K ( 2007 ) . `` Asbestos : Mining exposure , health effects and policy implications '' . McGill journal of medicine : MJM : an international forum for the advancement of medical sciences by students . 10 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 6 . PMC 2323486 . PMID 18523609 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Asbestos in the UK -- The story so far ... Asbestos uses and regulations timeline '' ( PDF ) . silverdell.plc.uk. 30 April 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Selikoff , Irving J. ( 1978 ) . Asbestos and Disease . Elsevier . pp. 20 -- 32 . ISBN 9780323140072 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , W.E. ( 26 July 1924 ) . `` FIBROSIS OF THE LUNGS DUE TO THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST '' . Br Med J. London : BMA. 2 ( 3317 ) : 140 -- 2 , 147 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 2.3317. 147 . ISSN 0959 - 8138 . PMC 2304688 . PMID 20771679 . ^ Jump up to : Selikoff , Irving J. ; Greenberg , Morris ( 20 February 1991 ) . `` A Landmark Case in Asbestosis '' ( PDF ) . JAMA . Chicago , Illinois : AMA. 265 ( 7 ) : 898 -- 901 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 265.7. 898 . ISSN 0098 - 7484 . PMID 1825122 . Retrieved 20 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bartrip , P.W.J. ( 2001 ) . The Way from Dusty Death : Turner and Newall and the Regulation of the British Asbestos Industry 1890s -- 1970 . London : The Athlone Press . p. 12 . ISBN 0 - 485 - 11573 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bartrip , Peter ( 1998 ) . `` Too little , too late ? The home office and the asbestos industry regulations , 1931 '' . Med . Hist . London : The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL. 42 ( 4 ) : 421 -- 438 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300064334 . ISSN 0025 - 7273 . PMC 1044071 . PMID 10505397 . Jump up ^ Published as Report on the effects of asbestos dust on the lungs and dust suppression in the asbestos industry . Part I. Occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis and other pulmonary affections in asbestos workers . Part II . Processes giving rise to dust and methods for its suppression . London : HMSO , 1930 . Jump up ^ `` Classic papers in Public Health : Annual Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories for the Year 1947 by E.R.A. Merewether -- The Pump Handle '' . scienceblogs.com. 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke , Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipbuilding 's Deadly Legacy : Introduction : Horrible Toll Could Have Been Avoided '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk , Virginia ( newspaper ) ; from Internet Archive ^ Jump up to : Burke , Bill ( 6 May 2001 ) `` Shipyards , a Crucible for Tragedy : Part 1 : How the war created a monster '' Virginian - Pilot Norfolk , Virginia ( newspaper ) Jump up ^ Lavelle , Peter ( 29 April 2004 ) Australian Broadcasting Corporation Fact File : Asbestos . Australian Broadcasting Corporation Jump up ^ Caustic Soda Production . Olin Corporation Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( July 1935 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . pp. 62 -- . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NOHSC declares prohibition on use of chrysotile asbestos '' . Ascc.gov.au. 17 October 2001 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cigarette Filter Danger . Snopes.com . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Otway , Helen ( 2005 ) . `` Unbelievable Random Facts '' . 1001 unbelievable Facts . Capella . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84193 - 783 - 0 . Jump up ^ Asbestos in Fake Snow Wizard of Oz . Retrieved 19 December 2014 Jump up ^ 947 F. 2d 1201 -- Corrosion Proof Fittings v. Environmental Protection Agency . Openjurist.org . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Where can asbestos be found , Asbestos Surveying Ltd , Birmingham , UK , 2 08 2008 . Retrieved 29 Dec 2008 . Jump up ^ Artex website , Click the `` Asbestos in Artex '' button . Jump up ^ http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/hsg264.htm Jump up ^ Control of Asbestos Regulations 2006 , Health and Safety Executive , London , UK , Undated . Retrieved 29 Dec 2008 . Jump up ^ History of Asbestos , Asbestos.com , retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 ^ Jump up to : `` Asbestos in the home booklet . Wrekin housing trust '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Asbestos Removal . Laws.sandwell.gov.uk ( 1 April 2005 ) . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.asbestos.com/mesothelioma/worldwide.php ^ Jump up to : Stephenson , John B. ( 20 Jun 2007 ) . World Trade Center : preliminary observations on EPA 's second program to address indoor contamination ( GAO - 07 - 806T ) : testimony before the Subcommittee on Superfund and Environmental Health , U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Accountability Office . ^ Jump up to : Pilkington , Ed ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` 9 / 11 's delayed legacy : cancer for many of the rescue workers '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 12 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` EPA Asbestos Contamination In Vermiculite '' . Epa.gov. 28 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Meeker , G.P ( 2003 ) . `` The Composition and Morphology of Amphiboles from the Rainy Creek Complex , Near Libby , Montana '' . American Mineralogist. 88 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 1955 -- 1969 . Bibcode : 2003AmMin ... 88.1955 M . doi : 10.2138 / am - 2003 - 11 - 1239 . Jump up ^ `` Libby Asbestos -- US EPA Region 8 '' . Epa.gov . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Risk Assessment -- US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Gosen , Bradley S. , Lowers , Heather A. , Sutley , Stephen J. ( 2004 ) . `` A USGS Study of Talc Deposits and Associated Amphibole Asbestos Within Mined Deposits of the Southern Death Valley Region , California '' . Pubs.usgs.gov . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Dillner , Luisa ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) . `` Is it safe to use talcum powder ? '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Straight Dope : Is talcum powder asbestos ? '' . www.straightdope.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major brands of kids ' crayons contain asbestos , tests show '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 23 May 2000 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Andrew ; Smith , Carol ( 13 June 2000 ) . `` Crayon firms agree to stop using talc '' ( PDF ) . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Jump up ^ `` Old dispute rekindled over content of mine 's talc '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 30 May 2000 . Jump up ^ McAteer , J. Davitt Assist . Secretary for Mine Safety and Health correspondence to Andrew Schneider of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer dated 14 June 2000 -- copy obtainable through records archives MSHA . Jump up ^ Van Orden , D. , R.J. Lee : Weight Percent Compositional Analysis of Seven RTV Talc Samples . Analytical Report to R.T. Vanderbilt Company , Inc. 22 November 2000 . Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 4 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Nord , G. L , S.W. Axen , R.P. Nolan : Mineralogy and Experimental Animal Studies of Tremolitic Talc . Environmental Sciences Laboratory , Brooklyn College , The City University of New York . Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 1 December 2000 . Jump up ^ Kelse , J.W. ; Thompson , C. Sheldon ( 1989 ) . `` The Regulatory and Mineralogical Definitions of Asbestos and Their Impact on Amphibole Dust Analysis '' . AIHA Journal . 50 ( 11 ) : 613 -- 622 . doi : 10.1080 / 15298668991375245 . Jump up ^ Wylie , A.G. ( 2 June 2000 ) Report of Investigation . Analytical Report on RTV talc submitted to R.T. Vanderbilt Company , Inc. 13 February 1987 ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . Jump up ^ Crane , D. ( 26 November 1986 ) Letter to Greg Piacitelli ( NIOSH ) describing the analytical findings of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regarding R.T. Vanderbilt Talc ( In OSHA Docket H - 33 - d and In Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations -- 2 June 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Crane , D. ( 12 June 2000 ) Background Information Regarding the Analysis of Industrial Talcs . Letter to the Consumer Product Safety Commission from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration . ( Appended to CPSC Staff Report on `` Asbestos in Children 's Crayons '' Aug. 2000 ) . Jump up ^ McCrone Associates -- Atlanta Lab. : Report on the Analysis of Paint CLS - 5067 - 1 and Mineral Filler CLS - N - 439 - 1 . To Unspecified Paint Company 23 September 1992 . ( Submitted to Public Comments Record -- C.W. Jameson , National Toxicology Program , 10th ROC Nominations `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . 2 June 2000 . Jump up ^ Langer , A.M. , Nolan , R.P. ( November 2000 ) `` Mineralogical Characterization of Vanderbilt Talc Specimens & Comparison of the 1976 Rohl Talc Report to NIOSH and Analysis Performed in 1988 '' . In Public Comments -- Nat'l Toxicology Program 10th ROC review . W. Jameson NIEHS MED EC - 14 , 79 Alexander Drive Research Triangle Park , NC `` Talc ( containing asbestiform fibers ) '' . Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior : Selected Silicate Minerals and Their Asbestiform Varieties by W.J. Campbell , et al. ( Bureau of Mines Information Circular , I.C. 8751 ) . Washington , D.C. : Dept. of the Interior , Bureau of Mines . ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Stille , WT ; Tabershaw , IR ( 1982 ) . `` The mortality experience of upstate New York talc workers '' . Journal of Occupational Medicine . 24 ( 6 ) : 480 -- 4 . PMID 7097380 . Jump up ^ Lamm , SH ; Levine , MS ; Starr , JA ; Tirey , SL ( 1988 ) . `` Analysis of excess lung cancer risk in short - term employees '' . American Journal of Epidemiology. 127 ( 6 ) : 1202 -- 9 . PMID 3369419 . Jump up ^ Gamble , JF ( 1993 ) . `` A nested case control study of lung cancer among New York talc workers '' . International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health . 64 ( 6 ) : 449 -- 56 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00517952 . PMID 8458662 . Jump up ^ Dement , JM ; Brown , DP ( 1982 ) . `` Occupational exposure to talc containing asbestos '' . American Industrial Hygiene Association journal . 43 ( 6 ) : A24 -- 5 . PMID 7113917 . Jump up ^ Hull , M.J. ; Abraham , J.L. ; Case , B.W. ( 2002 ) . `` Mesothelioma among Workers in Asbestiform Fiber - Bearing Talc Mines in New York State '' . Annals of Occupational Hygiene. 46 : 132 -- 135 . doi : 10.1093 / annhyg / 46. suppl_1. 132 . Jump up ^ Asbestos : elimination of asbestos - related diseases . World Health Organization . July 2014 Jump up ^ Straif , K ; Benbrahim - Tallaa , L ; Baan , R ; Grosse , Y ; Secretan , B ; El Ghissassi , F ; Bouvard , V ; Guha , N ; Freeman , C ; Galichet , L ; Cogliano , V ; WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph Working Group ( 2009 ) . `` A review of human carcinogens -- Part C : Metals , arsenic , dusts , and fibres '' ( PDF ) . The Lancet . Oncology. 10 ( 5 ) : 453 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S1470 - 2045 ( 09 ) 70134 - 2 . PMID 19418618 . Jump up ^ Collegium Razmzzini 2010 Statement on Asbestos . collegiumramazzini.org Jump up ^ Kanarek , M.S. ( 2011 ) . `` Mesothelioma from Chrysotile Asbestos : Update '' . Annals of Epidemiology. 21 ( 9 ) : 688 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / j. annepidem. 2011.05. 010 . PMID 21820631 . Jump up ^ Marbbn , C.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Asbestos Risk Assessment '' . The Journal of Undergraduate Biological Studies : 12 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Investigation of the chrysotile fibres in an asbestos cement sample ( 2006 ) - HSL / 2007 / 11 , p. 26 onward ) Jump up ^ ATSDR -- Asbestos -- Health Effects . ( 1 April 2008 ) . ATSDR Home . Retrieved 24 January 2011 Jump up ^ `` Fiber Glass : A Carcinogen That 's Everywhere '' . Rachel 's News . Environmental Research Foundation . 31 May 1995 . Jump up ^ Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs , Volumes 1 -- 111 . iarc.fr Jump up ^ Marsh , G.M. ; Buchanich , J.M. ; Youk , A.O. ( 2011 ) . `` Fiber glass exposure and human respiratory system cancer risk : Lack of evidence persists since 2001 IARC re-evaluation '' . Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology . 60 ( 1 ) : 84 -- 92 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yrtph. 2011.02. 009 . PMID 21345360 . Jump up ^ Dixit , B. , `` Performance of Protective Clothing : Development and Testing of Asbestos Substitutes , '' Performance of Protective Clothing , ASTM STP 900 , R.L. Barker and G.C. Coletta , Eds. , American Society for Testing and Materials , Philadelphia , 1986 , pp. 446 -- 460 ISBN 0 - 8031 - 0461 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gualtieri , A.F. ; Tartaglia , A. ( 2000 ) . `` Thermal decomposition of asbestos and recycling in traditional ceramics '' . Journal of the European Ceramic Society . 20 ( 9 ) : 1409 -- 1418 . doi : 10.1016 / S0955 - 2219 ( 99 ) 00290 - 3 . Jump up ^ Leonelli , C. ; Veronesi , P. ; Boccaccini , D. ; Rivasi , M. ; Barbieri , L. ; Andreola , F. ; Lancellotti , I. ; Rabitti , D. ; Pellacani , G. ( 2006 ) . `` Microwave thermal inertisation of asbestos containing waste and its recycling in traditional ceramics '' . Journal of Hazardous Materials. 135 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 149 -- 55 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhazmat. 2005.11. 035 . PMID 16406335 . Jump up ^ Francesco Turci ; Maura Tomatis ; Stefano Mantegna ; Giancarlo Cravotto ; Bice Fubini ( 2007 ) . `` The combination of oxalic acid with power ultrasound fully degrades chrysotile asbestos fibres '' . Journal of Environmental Monitoring ( 10 ) : 1064 -- 1066 . Bibliography ( edit ) Castleman , Barry I. ( 1996 ) . Asbestos : Medical and Legal Aspects . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5260 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) George B. Guthrie and Brooke T. Mossman , editors , Health Effects of Mineral Dusts , Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy v. 28 , 584 pages ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 939950 - 33 - 2 . Deaths and major morbidity from asbestos - related diseases in Asia likely to surge in next 20 years Asbestos : an introduction by JW Cherrie Tweedale , Geoffrey ( 2000 ) . Magic Mineral to Killer Dust Turner & Newall and the Asbestos Hazard . Oxford Univ . Press . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 829690 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAsbestosat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Asbestos Disease Awareness Organization The Asbestos Information Centre Independent site with information about asbestos and its use in buildings U.S. EPA Asbestos Home Page ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine : Asbestos Toxicity U.S. Department of Health and Human Services British Government Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health : Asbestos World Health Organization -- Asbestos page Asbestos general article and chrysotile specifically : comprehensive coverage of all aspects of chemistry , biological interactions , destruction , and social / clinical scientific knowledge related to Asbestos , on the Toxicology Data Network , with full library of cites on many aspects and sub-topics ) . 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Flight recorder

Flight recorder - wikipedia Flight recorder This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) at 23 : 31 , 26 August 2017 ( move external link to its new home using AWB ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 23 : 31 , 26 August 2017 by Dawnseeker2000 ( talk contribs ) ( move external link to its new home using AWB ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search An example of a flight data recorder ; the underwater locator beacon is the small cylinder on the far right . ( Translation of warning message in French : FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN ) The warning appears in English on the other side . A flight recorder , commonly known as a black box , although it is now orange - coloured , is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents . The flight data recorder ( FDR ) is a device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second . The cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit , including the conversation of the pilots . The two recorders give an accurate testimony , narrating the aircraft 's flight history , to assist in any later investigation . The FDR and CVR may be combined in a single unit . The two recorders are required by international regulation , overseen by the International Civil Aviation Organization , to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident . For this reason , they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000 ° C ( 1,830 ° F ) as required by EUROCAE ED - 112 . They have been required in commercial aircraft in the US since 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early designs 1.2 Australia 1.3 United States 2 Terminology 3 Components 3.1 Flight data recorder 3.2 Cockpit voice recorder 3.3 Combined units 3.4 Additional equipment 4 Specifications 5 Regulation 5.1 Proposed requirements 5.1. 1 Deployable recorders 5.1. 2 Image recorders 5.2 After Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 5.3 After Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 6 Cultural references 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Play media 1985 ABC news report interviewing David Warren about his invention Cockpit voice recorder ( on display in the Deutsches Museum ) . This is a magnetic tape unit built to an old standard TSO C84 as shown on the nameplate . The text on the side in French says `` flight recorder do not open '' Early designs ( edit ) One of the earliest and proven attempts was made by François Hussenot and Paul Beaudouin in 1939 at the Marignane flight test center , France , with their `` type HB '' flight recorder ; they were essentially photograph - based flight recorders , because the record was made on a scrolling eight meters long by 88 milimeters wide photographic film . The latent image was made by a thin ray of light deviated by a mirror tilted according to the magnitude of the data to record ( altitude , speed , etc . ) . A pre-production run of 25 `` HB '' recorders was ordered in 1941 and HB recorders remained in use in French test centers well into the seventies . In 1947 , Hussenot founded the Société Française des Instruments de Mesure with Beaudouin and another associate , so as to market his invention , which was also known as the `` hussenograph '' . This company went on to become a major supplier of data recorders , used not only aboard aircraft but also trains and other vehicles . SFIM is today part of the Safran group and is still present on the flight recorder market . The advantage of the film technology was that it could be easily developed afterwards and provides a durable , visual feedback of the flight parameters without needing any playback device . On the other hand , unlike magnetic bands or later flash memory - based technology , a photographic film can not be erased and recycled , and so it must be changed periodically . As such , this technology was reserved for one - shot uses , mostly during planned test flights ; and it was not mounted aboard civilian aircraft during routine commercial flights . Also , the cockpit conversation was not recorded . Another form of flight data recorder was developed in the UK during World War II . Len Harrison and Vic Husband developed a unit that could withstand a crash and fire to keep the flight data intact . This unit used copper foil as the recording medium with various styli indicating various instruments / aircraft controls which indented the copper foil . The copper foil was periodically advanced at set periods of time therefore giving a history of the instruments / control settings of the aircraft . This unit was developed at Farnborough for the Ministry of Aircraft Production . At the war 's end the Ministry got Harrison and Husband to sign over their invention to them and the Ministry patented it under British patent 19330 / 45 . This unit was the forerunner of today 's black boxes being able to withstand conditions that aircrew could not . The first modern flight recorder , called `` Mata Hari '' , was created in 1942 by Finnish aviation engineer Veijo Hietala . This black high - tech mechanical box was able to record all important aviation details during test flights of World War II fighter aircraft that the Finnish army repaired or built in their main aviation factory in Tampere , Finland . The `` Mata Hari '' black box is displayed in the Vapriikki Museum ( fi ) in Tampere , Finland . Australia ( edit ) In 1953 , Australian engineer David Warren conceived a device that would record not only the instruments reading , but also the cockpit voices , when working with the Australian Research Laboratories . He built the first prototype in 1958 . Warren , when working with the Defence Science and Technology Organisations ' Aeronautical Research Laboratory ( Melbourne , Australia ) , published a 1954 report entitled `` A Device for Assisting Investigation into Aircraft Accidents '' and built a prototype FDR called `` The ARL Flight Memory Unit '' in 1957 . The first coupled FDR / CVR prototype designed with civilian aircraft in mind , for explicit post-crash examination purposes , was produced in 1958 . However , aviation authorities from around the world were largely uninterested . This changed in 1958 when Sir Robert Hardingham , the Secretary of the British Air Registration Board , visited the ARL and was introduced to Warren . The Aeronautical Research Laboratory allocated Warren an engineering team to develop the prototype to airborne stage . The team , consisting of electronics engineers Lane Sear , Wally Boswell and Ken Fraser developed a working design incorporating a fire and shockproof case , a reliable system for encoding and recording aircraft instrument readings and voice on one wire , and a ground - based decoding device . The ARL system became the `` Red Egg '' , made by the British firm of S. Davall & Sons , Ltd. , of Greenford , Middlesex . The `` Red Egg '' got its name from its shape and bright red color . In 1965 the units were redesigned and moved to the rear of airplanes to improve the probability of successful data retrieval after a crash . United States ( edit ) The `` Flight Recorder '' was invented and patented in the United States by Professor James J. `` Crash '' Ryan , a professor of mechanical engineering at the University of Minnesota from 1931 to 1963 . Ryan 's `` Flight Recorder '' patent was filed in August 1953 and approved on November 8 , 1960 ; see US Patent 2,959,459 . A second patent by Ryan for a `` Coding Apparatus For Flight Recorders and the Like '' is US Patent 3,075,192 dated January 22 , 1963 . An early prototype of the Ryan Flight Data Recorder is described in the January 2013 Aviation History Magazine article `` Father of the Black Box '' by Scott M. Fisher . Ryan , also the inventor of the retractable safety seat belt now required in automobiles , began working on the idea of a flight recorder in 1946 , and invented the device in response to the 1948 request from the Civil Aeronautics Board for development of a flight recorder as a means of accumulating data that could be used to get information useful in arriving at operating procedures designed to reduce air mishaps . The original device was known as the `` General Mills Flight Recorder '' . The benefits of the flight recorder and the coding apparatus for flight recorders were outlined by Ryan in his study entitled `` Economies in Airline Operation with Flight Recorders '' which was entered into the Congressional Record in 1956 . Ryan 's Flight Recorder maintained a continuing recording of aircraft flight data such as engine exhaust , temperature , fuel flow , aircraft velocity , altitude , control surfaces positions , and rate of descent . A `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( CSR ) was independently invented and patented by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. , an aeronautical engineer at Lockheed Aircraft Corporation . He originally filed with the US Patent Office on February 2 , 1961 , as an `` Aircraft Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . The 1961 invention was viewed by some as an `` invasion of privacy '' . Subsequently Boniface filed again on February 4 , 1963 for a `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( US Patent 3,327,067 ) with the addition of a spring - loaded switch which allowed the pilot to erase the audio / sound tape recording at the conclusion of a safe flight and landing . Boniface 's participation in aircraft crash investigations in the 1940s and in the accident investigations of the loss of one of the wings at cruise altitude on each of two Lockheed Electra turboprop powered aircraft ( Flight # 542 operated by Braniff Airlines in 1959 and Flight # 710 operated by Northwest Orient Airlines in 1961 ) led to his wondering what the pilots may have said just prior to the wing loss and during the descent as well as the type and nature of any sounds or explosions that may have preceded or occurred during the wing loss . His patent was for a device for recording audio of pilot remarks and engine or other sounds to be `` contained with the in - flight recorder within a sealed container that is shock mounted , fireproofed and made watertight '' and `` sealed in such a manner as to be capable of withstanding extreme temperatures during a crash fire '' . The CSR was an analog device which provided a progressive erasing / recording loop ( lasting 30 or more minutes ) of all sounds ( explosion , voice , and the noise of any aircraft structural components undergoing serious fracture and breakage ) which could be overheard in the cockpit . Terminology ( edit ) GEE airborne equipment , with the R1355 receiver on the left and the Indicator Unit Type 62A ' black box ' on the right . The origin of the term `` black box '' is uncertain . In a systems engineering context ( since the 1960s when the term was spreading ) , the meaning is that the aircraft is modeled as a black box , and its behaviour can be understood from its recorded inputs , such as pilot instructions , and outputs , such as flight level data . The term `` black box '' is almost never used within the flight safety industry or aviation , which prefers the term `` flight recorder '' . The recorders are not permitted to be black in color , and must be bright orange , as they are intended to be spotted and recovered after incidents . The term `` black box '' has been popularised by the media in general . One explanation for popularization of the term `` black box '' comes from the early film - based design of flight data recorders , which required the inside of the recorder to be perfectly dark to prevent light leaks from corrupting the record , as in a photographer 's darkroom . Another explanation of the `` black box '' term popularization came from a meeting about Warren 's `` Red Egg '' , when afterwards a journalist told Warren : `` This is a wonderful black box . '' The unit itself was based on an EMI Minifon wire recorder ( originally a 1950s espionage gadget from the West - German manufacturer Protona Monske ) fitted into a perspex box firmly screwed together . Another possible origin of the term is World War II RAF jargon . Prior to the end of the war in 1945 , new electronic innovations , such as Oboe , GEE and H2S , were added to bombers on a regular basis . The prototypes were roughly covered in hand - made metal boxes , painted black to prevent reflections . After a time any piece of `` new '' electronics was referred to as the `` box - of - tricks '' ( as illusionist box ) or the `` black box '' . The first recorded use of the term `` black box '' in reference to flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders was by Mr E. Newton of the AAIB at a meeting of the Aeronautical Research Council in August 1958 . Components ( edit ) Flight data recorder ( edit ) A typical flight recorder Cockpit voice recorder and flight data recorder , each with an underwater locator beacon on the front An underwater locator beacon , with a ballpoint pen to provide scale A Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) , with its attached ULB visible on the left side of the unit A flight data recorder and a cockpit voice recorder installed on their mounting trays in the rear fuselage of an aircraft A flight data recorder ( FDR ) ( also ADR , for accident data recorder ) is an electronic device employed to record instructions sent to any electronic systems on an aircraft . Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) , which records conversation in the cockpit , radio communications between the cockpit crew and others ( including communication with air traffic control personnel ) , as well as ambient sounds . The data recorded by the FDR are used for accident and incident investigation . Due to their importance in investigating accidents , these ICAO - regulated devices are carefully engineered and constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire . Contrary to the popular term `` black box '' , the exterior of the FDR is coated with heat - resistant bright orange paint for high visibility in wreckage , and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft 's tail section , where it is more likely to survive a severe crash . Following an accident , the recovery of the FDR is usually a high priority for the investigating body , as analysis of the recorded parameters can often detect and identify causes or contributing factors . Modern day FDRs receive inputs via specific data frames from the Flight Data Acquisition Units ( FDAU ) . They record significant flight parameters , including the control and actuator positions , engine information and time of day . There are 88 parameters required as a minimum under current US federal regulations ( only 29 were required until 2002 ) , but some systems monitor many more variables . Generally each parameter is recorded a few times per second , though some units store `` bursts '' of data at a much higher frequency if the data begin to change quickly . Most FDRs record approximately 17 -- 25 hours of data in a continuous loop . It is required by regulations that an FDR verification check ( readout ) is performed annually in order to verify that all mandatory parameters are recorded . Modern FDRs are typically double wrapped in strong corrosion - resistant stainless steel or titanium , with high - temperature insulation inside . Modern FDRs are accompanied by an underwater locator beacon that emits an ultrasonic `` ping '' to aid in detection when submerged . These beacons operate for up to 30 days and are able to operate while immersed to a depth of up to 6,000 meters ( 20,000 ft ) . Cockpit voice recorder ( edit ) Both side views of a cockpit voice recorder , one type of flight recorder A cockpit voice recorder ( CVR ) is a flight recorder used to record the audio environment in the flight deck of an aircraft for the purpose of investigation of accidents and incidents . This is typically achieved by recording the signals of the microphones and earphones of the pilots ' headsets and of an area microphone in the roof of the cockpit . The current applicable FAA TSO is C123b titled Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment . Where an aircraft is required to carry a CVR and uses digital communications the CVR is required to record such communications with air traffic control unless this is recorded elsewhere . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the recording duration is a minimum of two hours . A standard CVR is capable of recording 4 channels of audio data for a period of 2 hours . The original requirement was for a CVR to record for 30 minutes , but this has been found to be insufficient in many cases , significant parts of the audio data needed for a subsequent investigation having occurred more than 30 minutes before the end of the recording . The earliest CVRs used analog wire recording , later replaced by analog magnetic tape . Some of the tape units used two reels , with the tape automatically reversing at each end . The original was the ARL Flight Memory Unit produced in 1957 by Australian David Warren and an instrument maker named Tych Mirfield . Other units used a single reel , with the tape spliced into a continuous loop , much as in an 8 - track cartridge . The tape would circulate and old audio information would be overwritten every 30 minutes . Recovery of sound from magnetic tape often proves difficult if the recorder is recovered from water and its housing has been breached . Thus , the latest designs employ solid - state memory and use digital recording techniques , making them much more resistant to shock , vibration and moisture . With the reduced power requirements of solid - state recorders , it is now practical to incorporate a battery in the units , so that recording can continue until flight termination , even if the aircraft electrical system fails . Like the FDR , the CVR is typically mounted in the rear of the airplane fuselage to maximize the likelihood of its survival in a crash . Combined units ( edit ) With the advent of digital recorders , the FDR and CVR can be manufactured in one fireproof , shock proof , and waterproof container as a combined digital Cockpit Voice and Data Recorder ( CVDR ) . Currently a CVDR is manufactured by L - 3 Communications as well as other manufacturers . Solid state recorders became commercially practical in 1990 , having the advantage of not requiring scheduled maintenance and making the data easier to retrieve . This was extended to the two - hour voice recording in 1995 . Additional equipment ( edit ) Since the 1970s , most large civil jet transports have been additionally equipped with a `` quick access recorder '' ( QAR ) . This records data on a removable storage medium . Access to the FDR and CVR is necessarily difficult because of the requirement that they survive an accident . They also require specialized equipment to read the recording . The QAR recording medium is readily removable and is designed to be read by equipment attached to a standard desktop computer . In many airlines , the quick access recordings are scanned for ' events ' , an event being a significant deviation from normal operational parameters . This allows operational problems to be detected and eliminated before an accident or incident results . Many modern aircraft systems are digital or digitally controlled . Very often , the digital system will include Built - In Test Equipment which records information about the operation of the system . This information may also be accessed to assist with the investigation of an accident or incident . Specifications ( edit ) Cockpit voice recorder memory module of PR - GTD , a Gol Transportes Aéreos Boeing 737 - 8EH SFP , found in the Amazon in Mato Grosso , Brazil . After the crash of Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 , Brazilian Air Force personnel show the recovered flight data recorder The design of today 's FDR is governed by the internationally recognized standards and recommended practices relating to flight recorders which are contained in ICAO Annex 6 which makes reference to industry crashworthiness and fire protection specifications such as those to be found in the European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment documents EUROCAE ED55 , ED56 fiken A and ED112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) . In the United States , the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) regulates all aspects of US aviation , and cites design requirements in their Technical Standard Order , based on the EUROCAE documents ( as do the aviation authorities of many other countries ) . Currently , EUROCAE specifies that a recorder must be able to withstand an acceleration of 3400 g ( 33 km / s2 ) for 6.5 milliseconds . This is roughly equivalent to an impact velocity of 270 knots ( 310 mph ; 500 km / h ) and a deceleration or crushing distance of 45 cm . Additionally , there are requirements for penetration resistance , static crush , high and low temperature fires , deep sea pressure , sea water immersion , and fluid immersion . EUROCAE ED - 112 ( Minimum Operational Performance Specification for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems ) defines the minimum specification to be met for all aircraft requiring flight recorders for recording of flight data , cockpit audio , images and CNS / ATM digital messages and used for investigations of accidents or incidents . When issued in March 2003 ED - 112 superseded previous ED - 55 and ED - 56A that were separate specifications for FDR and CVR . FAA TSOs for FDR and CVR reference ED - 112 for characteristics common to both types . In order to facilitate recovery of the recorder from an aircraft accident site they are required to be coloured bright yellow or orange with reflective surfaces . All are lettered `` FLIGHT RECORDER DO NOT OPEN '' on one side in English and the same in French on the other side . To assist recovery from submerged sites they must be equipped with an underwater locator beacon which is automatically activated in the event of an accident . Regulation ( edit ) In the investigation of the 1960 crash of Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 at Mackay ( Queensland ) , the inquiry judge strongly recommended that flight recorders be installed in all ( Australian ) airliners . Australia became the first country in the world to make cockpit - voice recording compulsory . The Digital Flight Data Recorder from West Air Sweden Flight 294 . All data was collected , even though the rest of the aircraft was heavily fragmented The United States ' first CVR rules were passed in 1964 , requiring all turbine and piston aircraft with four or more engines to have CVRs by March 1 , 1967 . As of 2008 it is an FAA requirement that the CVR recording duration is a minimum of two hours , following the NTSB recommendation that it should be increased from its previously - mandated 30 - minute duration . As of 2014 , the United States requires flight data recorders and cockpit voice recorders on aircraft that have 20 or more passenger seats , or those that have six or more passenger seats , are turbine - powered , and require two pilots . For US air carriers and manufacturers , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) is responsible for investigating accidents and safety - related incidents . The NTSB also serves in an advisory role for many international investigations not under its formal jurisdiction . The NTSB does not have regulatory authority , but must depend on legislation and other government agencies to act on its safety recommendations . In addition , 49 USC Section 1114 ( c ) prohibits the NTSB from making the audio recordings public except by written transcript . The ARINC Standards are prepared by the Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee ( AEEC ) . The 700 Series of standards describe the form , fit , and function of avionics equipment installed predominately on transport category aircraft . The FDR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 747 . The CVR is defined by ARINC Characteristic 757 . Proposed requirements ( edit ) Deployable recorders ( edit ) The NTSB recommended in 1999 that operators be required to install two sets of CVDR systems , with the second CVDR set being `` deployable or ejectable '' . The `` deployable '' recorder combines the cockpit voice / flight data recorders and an emergency locator transmitter ( ELT ) in a single unit . The `` deployable '' unit would depart the aircraft before impact , activated by sensors . The unit is designed to `` eject '' and `` fly '' away from the crash site , to survive the terminal velocity of fall , to float on water indefinitely , and would be equipped with satellite technology for immediate location of crash impact site . The `` deployable '' CVDR technology has been used by the US Navy since 1993 . The recommendations would involve a massive retrofit program . However , government funding would negate cost objections from manufacturers and airlines . Operators would get both sets of recorders for free : they would not have to pay for the one set they are currently required by law to carry . The cost of the second `` deployable / ejectable CVDR '' ( or `` Black Box '' ) was estimated at US $30 million for installation in 500 new aircraft ( about $60,000 per new commercial plane ) . In the United States , the proposed SAFE Act calls for implementing the NTSB 1999 recommendations . However , so far the SAFE ACT legislation has failed to pass Congress , having been introduced in 2003 ( H.R. 2632 ) , in 2005 ( H.R. 3336 ) , and in 2007 ( H.R. 4336 ) . Originally the `` Safe Aviation Flight Enhancement ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 '' was introduced on June 26 , 2003 by Congressman David Price ( NC ) and Congressman John Duncan ( Tennessee ) in a bipartisan effort to ensure investigators have access to information immediately following commercial accidents . On July 19 , 2005 , a revised SAFE Act was introduced and referred to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the US House of Representatives . The bill was referred to the House Subcommittee on Aviation during the 108th , 109th , and 110th Congresses . Image recorders ( edit ) The NTSB has asked for the installation of cockpit image recorders in large transport aircraft to provide information that would supplement existing CVR and FDR data in accident investigations . They have recommended that image recorders be placed into smaller aircraft that are not required to have a CVR or FDR . The rationale is that what is seen on an instrument by the pilots of an aircraft is not necessarily the same as the data sent to the display device . This is particularly true of aircraft equipped with electronic displays ( CRT or LCD ) . A mechanical instrument is likely to preserve its last indication , but this is not the case with an electronic display . Such systems , estimated to cost less than $8,000 installed , typically consist of a camera and microphone located in the cockpit to continuously record cockpit instrumentation , the outside viewing area , engine sounds , radio communications , and ambient cockpit sounds . As with conventional CVRs and FDRs , data from such a system is stored in a crash - protected unit to ensure survivability . Since the recorders can sometimes be crushed into unreadable pieces , or even located in deep water , some modern units are self - ejecting ( taking advantage of kinetic energy at impact to separate themselves from the aircraft ) and also equipped with radio emergency locator transmitters and sonar underwater locator beacons to aid in their location . After Malaysia Airlines flight 370 ( edit ) On March 12 , 2014 , in response to the missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 , David Price re-introduced the SAFE Act in the US House of Representatives . The disappearance of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 demonstrated the limits of the contemporary flight recorder technology , namely how physical possession of the flight recorder device is necessary to help investigate the cause of an aircraft incident . Considering the advances of modern communication , technology commentators called for flight recorders to be supplemented or replaced by a system that provides `` live streaming '' of data from the aircraft to the ground . Furthermore , commentators called for the underwater locator beacon 's range and battery life to be extended , as well as the outfitting of civil aircraft with the deployable flight recorders typically used in military aircraft . Previous to MH370 , the investigators of the 2009 Air France Flight 447 urged to extend the battery life as `` rapidly as possible '' after the crash 's flight recorders went unrecovered for over a year . After Indonesia AirAsia flight 8501 ( edit ) On December 28 , 2014 , Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 , en route from Surabaya , Indonesia , to Singapore , crashed in bad weather , killing all 155 passengers and seven crew on board . On January 12 and 13 , 2015 , following the recovery of the flight recorders , an anonymous ICAO representative said : `` The time has come that deployable recorders are going to get a serious look . '' Unlike military recorders , which jettison away from an aircraft , signaling their location to search and rescue bodies , recorders on commercial aircraft remain inside the fuselage . A second ICAO official said that public attention had `` galvanized momentum in favour of ejectable recorders on commercial aircraft '' . Cultural references ( edit ) The artwork for the band Rammstein 's album Reise , Reise is made to look like a CVR ; it also includes a recording from a crash . The recording is from the last 1 -- 2 minutes of the CVR of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , which crashed on August 12 , 1985 , killing 520 people ; JAL 123 is the deadliest single - aircraft disaster in history . Members of the performing arts collective Collective : Unconscious made a theatrical presentation of a play called Charlie Victor Romeo with a script based on transcripts from CVR voice recordings of nine aircraft emergencies . The play features the famous United Airlines Flight 232 that landed in a cornfield near Sioux City , Iowa after suffering a catastrophic failure of one engine and most flight controls . Survivor , a novel by Chuck Palahniuk , is about a cult member who dictates his life story to a flight recorder before the plane runs out of fuel and crashes . See also ( edit ) Aviation portal Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics Black box theory Data logger Distress radiobeacon Event data recorder Flight operations quality assurance Korean Air Lines Flight 007 List of unrecovered flight recorders Quick access recorder Train event recorder Voyage data recorder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jean - Claude Fayer , Vols d'essais : Le Centre d'Essais en Vol de 1945 à 1960 , published by E.T.A.I. ( Paris ) , 2001 , 384 pages , ISBN 2 - 7268 - 8534 - 9 Jump up ^ page 207 of Denis Beaudouin , Chloé Beaudouin , Charles Beaudouin : une histoire d'instruments scientifiques , published by EDP Sciences Editions , 2005 , 285 pages ISBN 2 - 86883 - 807 - 3 Jump up ^ Page 206 and 209 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ Australian Research Laboratories Jump up ^ A Brief History of Black Boxes , Time Magazine , July 20 , 2009 , p. 22 Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren -- Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Research Laboratories '' . Apc-online.com . February 9 , 2000 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Black Boxes '' . Time Magazine . No . July 20 . 2009 . p. 22 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( US Patent 2,959,459 for Flight Recorder by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=02959459 ) Jump up ^ ( US Patent 3,075,192 for Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders by James J. Ryan ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03075192 ) Jump up ^ `` Aviation History - Books , Facts , News , Photos / Art Gallery '' . aviationhistory.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Cockpit Sound Recorder '' . Google Patents . Google Inc . Retrieved 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Airplane ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder Technology , How it Works '' . Slyck News , March 13 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Why Are Cockpit Voice Recorders Painted Orange and Called a Black Box ? '' . Guardian Liberty Voice , By Jerry Nelson on March 8 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( American Aviation Historical Society Fall - Winter 2014 Journal http://www.aahs-online.org/journals/journal_template.php?vol_no=v59n34 ) Jump up ^ `` The Flight Data Recorder '' . Aviation Digest , May 11 , 2015 , page 58 . Jump up ^ US Patent 3,327,067 for Cockpit Sound Recorder by Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. ; http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&docid=03327067 Jump up ^ `` France to resume ' black box ' hunt '' . BBC News . December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ page 210 of Beaudouin & Beaudouin Jump up ^ `` Beyond the Black Box '' . IEEE Spectrum . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved April 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` radar -- 1946 -- 0844 -- Flight Archive '' . flightglobal.com . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder Systems '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . April 10 , 2007 . Section 3 Point B. Retrieved April 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Flight Data Recorder OSA '' . Jump up ^ `` SSFDR Solid State Flight Data Recorder , ARINC 747 - TSO C 124 - ED 55 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cockpit Voice Recorder Equipment '' ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . June 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 121.359 ( h ) ( i ) ( 2 ) , amendment 338 and greater -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Aviation Regulation Sec . 23.1457 -- Cockpit voice recorders '' . Risingup.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` L - 3 Aviation Recorders '' . l-3ar.com . Jump up ^ `` History of Flight Recorders '' . L3 Flight Recorders . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Luftfahrt . `` European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment '' . Eurocae.net . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TSO - C124a FAA Regs '' . Airweb.faa.gov . May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Black box flight recorders '' . ATSB. April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived August 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dave Warren - Inventor of the black box flight recorder '' . Defence Science and Technology Organisation . March 29 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil . `` The Evolution of Flight Data Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Proc. Australian Society of Air Safety Investigators conference , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nick Komos ( August 1989 ) . Air Progress : 76 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2011 Most Wanted List Page . Recorders . '' NTSB Archived August 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ > U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` 14 CFR 91.609 '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell Law School . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ > `` History of the NTSB '' . NTSB Official Site . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/process/Documents/CVR_Handbook.pdf Jump up ^ `` ARINC Store , 700 series '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Aviation Today '' . aviationtoday.com . Jump up ^ `` Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act of 2005 ( 2005 ; 109th Congress H.R. 3336 ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Safe Aviation and Flight Enhancement Act - ( ( SAFE ) Act of 2003 ) '' . Retrieved August 2 , 2015 -- via govtrack.us . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 108th Congress ( 2003 - 2004 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 109th Congress ( 2005 - 2006 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Text - 110th Congress ( 2007 - 2008 ) - THOMAS ( Library of Congress ) '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NTSB -- Most Wanted '' . Ntsb.gov . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Bart . `` Lawmaker urges ' black boxes ' that eject from planes '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines flight MH370 makes it clear : we need to rethink black boxes Stephen Trimble Comment is free '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Airlines MH370 : Why airlines do n't live - stream black box data '' . Technology & Science . CBC News . August 4 , 2005 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yu , Yijun . `` If we 'd used the cloud , we might know where MH370 is now '' , The Conversation ( website ) , London , March 18 , 2014 . Retrieved on August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH370 : Expert demands better black box technology '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia QZ8501 : More bad weather hits AirAsia search '' . BBC News . January 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AirAsia crash makes case for ejectable black boxes '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Collective : Unconscious '' . Charlievictorromeo.com . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) American Aviation Historical Society , Volume 59 , Fall - Winter 2014 , `` Edmund A. Boniface , Jr. : Inventing the Cockpit Sound Recorder '' ( Extraordinary ) , `` Extraordinary Inventor '' , U of A Engineer Magazine , Winter 2005 ( Survivors ) , `` Saving Survivors by Finding Fallen Aircrafts ( sic ) '' , NRC , 2008 - 03 - 05 Jeremy Sear , `` The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder '' , University of Melbourne , October 2001 Siegel , Greg ( 2014 ) . `` Chapter 3 . Black Boxes '' . Forensic Media : Reconstructing Accidents in Accelerated Modernity . Duke University Press . pp. 89 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 7623 - 1 . Wyatt , David ; Mike Tooley ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 18 . Flight data and cockpit voice recorders '' . Aircraft Electrical and Electronic Systems . Routledge . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 44435 - 7 . Ben Hargreaves ( Apr 13 , 2017 ) . `` Flight Data Recorder Evolution : Where Next ? '' . MRO - network . Aviation Week . Could flight data recorders evolve to be useful in preventative maintenance as well ? . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cockpit voice recorders . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flight data recorders . ' The ARL ' Black Box ' Flight Recorder ' : Melbourne University history honours thesis on the development of the first cockpit voice recorder by David Warren Finnish Mata - Hari Flight Recorder in Museums of Tampere City `` Beyond the Black Box : Instead of storing flight data on board , aircraft could easily send the information in real time to the ground , '' by Krishna M. Kavi , IEEE Spectrum , August 2010 `` A crash course in transportation safety '' . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . David Warren interview transcript 2002 , ABC TV ( Australia ) David Warren interview transcript 2003 , ABC TV ( Australia ) etep , Flight Recorder designer Heavy Vehicle EDR information site for black box technology How Black Boxes Work at HowStuffWorks IRIG 106 Chapter 10 : Flight data recorder digital recorder standard Public domain photos of recorders Popular Mechanics , March 19 , 2008 `` His Crashes Helped Make Ours Less Dangerous '' US 3075192 James J. Ryan : `` Coding Apparatus for Flight Recorders and the Like '' First modern flight recorder `` Mata Hari '' at display in Tampere museum Vapriikki . ( show ) Aircraft components and systems Airframe structure Aft pressure bulkhead Cabane strut Canopy Cruciform tail Dope Empennage Fabric covering Fairing Flying wires Former Fuselage Hardpoint Interplane strut Jury strut Leading edge Lift strut Longeron Nacelle Rib Ring tail Spar Stabilizer Stressed skin Strut T - tail Tailplane Trailing edge Triple tail Twin tail Vertical stabilizer V - tail Y - tail Wing root Wing tip Wingbox Flight controls Aileron Airbrake Artificial feel Autopilot Canard Centre stick Deceleron Dive brake Electro - hydraulic actuator Elevator Elevon Flaperon Flight control modes Fly - by - wire Gust lock Rudder Servo tab Side - stick Spoiler Spoileron Stabilator Stick pusher Stick shaker Trim tab Wing warping Yaw damper Yoke Aerodynamic and high - lift devices Active Aeroelastic Wing Adaptive compliant wing Blown flap Channel wing Dog - tooth Droop Flap Gouge flap Gurney flap Krueger flap Leading edge cuff LEX Slats Slot Stall strips Strake Variable - sweep wing Vortex generator Vortilon Wing fence Winglet Avionic and flight instrument systems ACAS Air data computer Airspeed indicator Altimeter Annunciator panel Attitude indicator Compass Course deviation indicator EFIS EICAS Flight data recorder Flight management system Glass cockpit GPS Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator INS Pitot - static system Radar altimeter TCAS Transponder Turn and slip indicator Vertical Speed Indicator Yaw string Propulsion controls , devices and fuel systems Autothrottle Drop tank FADEC Fuel tank Gascolator Inlet cone Intake ramp NACA cowling Self - sealing fuel tank Splitter plate Throttle Thrust lever Thrust reversal Townend ring Wet wing Landing and arresting gear Arrestor hook Autobrake Conventional landing gear Drogue parachute Landing gear Landing gear extender Oleo strut Tricycle landing gear Tundra tire Escape systems Ejection seat Escape crew capsule Other systems Aircraft lavatory Auxiliary power unit Bleed air system Deicing boot Emergency oxygen system Entertainment system Environmental control system Hydraulic system Ice protection system Landing lights Navigation light Passenger service unit Ram air turbine Weeping wing ( show ) Jet engines and Aircraft gas turbines Gas turbines and jet propulsion Types Propfan Turbofan Turbojet Turboprop Turboshaft Ramjet Rocket Mechanical components Accessory drive Air intake Afterburner ( reheat ) Axial compressor Centrifugal compressor Combustor Constant speed drive Propelling nozzle Turbine blade Principles thrust bleed air Brayton cycle jet engine performance overall pressure ratio propulsive efficiency thrust specific fuel consumption specific impulse thrust lapse thrust to weight ratio variable cycle engine Aircraft engine starting Bypass ratio Compressor stall Engine pressure ratio ( EPR ) Flameout Windmill restart Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Principles Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Proprotor Scimitar Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel Electronic centralised aircraft monitor ( ECAM ) Electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) Engine - indicating and crew - alerting system ( EICAS ) Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Engine controls Autothrottle Full Authority Digital Engine / Electronics ( FADEC ) Thrust lever Thrust reversal Fuel and induction systems Jet fuel Other systems Air - start system Auxiliary power unit ( APU ) Bleed air system Hydraulic system Ice protection system ( show ) Commercial air travel Airlines Airline codes Airline holding companies Charter airlines Low - cost airlines Passenger airlines Regional airlines Alliances Oneworld SkyTeam Star Alliance Value Alliance Vanilla Alliance U-FLY Alliance Trade groups International ( ACO ATAG IATA IATAN ISTAT ) United States ( A4A RAA ) Europe ( AEA EBAA ELFAA ERA ) Other regions ( AACO AAPA AFRAA RAAA ) Aircrew Captain First Officer Second Officer Third Officer Flight attendant Flight engineer Loadmaster Pilot Purser Deadheading Airliner Travel class First class ( aviation ) First class travel Business Premium economy Economy Aircraft cabin Aircraft lavatory Aircraft seat map Airline meal Airline seat Buy on board Crew rest compartment In - flight entertainment Inflight smoking Galley Sickness bag Airport Aerodrome Airline hub Airport check - in Airport lounge Airport rail link Airport terminal Airstair Boarding Domestic airport Gate International airport Jet bridge Low cost carrier terminal Runway Transit hotel Customs / Immigration Arrival card ( Landing card ) Border control Departure card Passport Timatic Travel document Visa Environmental impact Hypermobility Impact on environment Law Air transport agreement Bermuda Agreement ( UK - US , 1946 - 78 ) Bermuda II Agreement ( UK - US , 1978 - 2008 ) China - US Cross-Strait charter ( China - Taiwan ) Beijing Convention Cape Town Treaty Chicago Convention Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives Flight permit Freedoms of the air Hague Hijacking Convention Hague Protocol ICAO Montreal Convention Open skies ( EU -- US Open Skies Agreement ) Paris Convention of 1919 Rome Convention Sabotage Convention Tokyo Convention Warsaw Convention Luggage Bag tag Baggage allowance Baggage carousel Baggage cart Baggage reclaim Baggage handler Baggage handling system Checked baggage Hand luggage Lost luggage Luggage lock Safety Air Navigation and Transport Act Air rage Air traffic control ( ATC ) Aircraft safety card Airport authority Airport crash tender Airport police Airport security Brace position Evacuation slide Flight recorder National aviation authority Overwing exits Pre-flight safety demonstration Sky marshal Unruly aircraft passenger Ticketing Airline booking ploys Airline reservations system Airline ticket Airline timetable Bereavement flight Boarding pass Codeshare agreement Continent pass Electronic ticket Fare basis code Flight cancellation and delay Frequent - flyer program Government contract flight One - way travel Open - jaw ticket Passenger name record Red - eye flight Round - the - world ticket Standby Tracking Travel agency Travel website Groundcrew Aircraft maintenance technician Aircraft ground handler Baggage handler Flight dispatcher Miscellaneous Mile high club This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Transportation Safety Board . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_recorder&oldid=797421077 '' Categories : Aircraft recorders Australian inventions Aviation safety Avionics Defence Science and Technology Organisation Vehicle design Aircraft emergency systems Beacons Rescue equipment Aircraft components Recording devices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Articles containing video clips Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 23 : 31 . 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1998 Milwaukee Brewers season

1998 Milwaukee Brewers season - wikipedia 1998 Milwaukee Brewers season Jump to : navigation , search 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Major League affiliations National League ( since 1998 ) Central Division ( since 1998 ) Location Milwaukee County Stadium ( since 1970 ) Milwaukee , Wisconsin ( since 1970 ) Other information Owner ( s ) Bud Selig General manager ( s ) Sal Bando Manager ( s ) Phil Garner Local television WCGV - TV Wisconsin Sports Net ( Matt Vasgersian , Bill Schroeder ) Local radio WTMJ ( AM ) ( Bob Uecker , Jim Powell ) < Previous season Next season > The Milwaukee Brewers ' 1998 season was the first season for the franchise as a member of the National League . The Brewers finished in fifth in the NL Central , 28 games behind the Houston Astros , with a record of 74 wins and 88 losses . Before the 1998 regular season began , two new teams -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays -- were added by Major League Baseball . This resulted in the American League and National League having fifteen teams . However , in order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play , both leagues would need to carry a number of teams that was divisible by two , so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central . This realignment was widely considered to have great financial benefit to the club moving . However , to avoid the appearance of a conflict of interest , Commissioner ( then club owner ) Bud Selig decided another team should have the first chance to switch leagues . The choice was offered to the Kansas City Royals , who ultimately decided to stay in the American League . The choice then fell to the Brewers , who , on November 6 , 1997 , elected to move to the National League . Had the Brewers elected not to move to the National League , the Minnesota Twins would have been offered the opportunity to switch leagues . Also , Milwaukee was not totally unfamiliar with the National League , having been the home of the NL Braves for 13 seasons ( 1953 -- 1965 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Offseason 2 Regular season 2.1 Season standings 2.2 Record vs. opponents 2.3 Notable transactions 2.4 Roster 3 Player stats 3.1 Batting 3.1. 1 Starters by position 3.1. 2 Other batters 3.2 Pitching 3.2. 1 Starting pitchers 3.2. 2 Other pitchers 3.2. 3 Relief pitchers 4 Farm system 5 References Offseason ( edit ) December 1 , 1997 : Jack Voigt was released by the Brewers . December 8 , 1997 : Mike Fetters , Ben McDonald , and Ron Villone were traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Marquis Grissom and Jeff Juden . January 14 , 1998 : Bob Hamelin was signed as a free agent by the Brewers . March 11 , 1998 : Mark Watson was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Ben McDonald . Regular season ( edit ) Season standings ( edit ) NL Central Pct . GB Home Road Houston Astros 102 60 0.630 -- 55 -- 26 47 -- 34 Chicago Cubs 90 73 0.552 121⁄2 51 -- 31 39 -- 42 St. Louis Cardinals 83 79 0.512 19 48 -- 34 35 -- 45 Cincinnati Reds 77 85 0.475 25 39 -- 42 38 -- 43 Milwaukee Brewers 74 88 0.457 28 38 -- 43 36 -- 45 Pittsburgh Pirates 69 93 0.426 33 40 -- 40 29 -- 53 Record vs. opponents ( edit ) 1998 National League Records Sources : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ( 10 ) ( 11 ) ( 12 ) ( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) ( 16 ) Team ARI ATL CHC CIN COL FLA HOU LAD MIL MON NYM PHI PIT SD SF STL AL Arizona -- 1 -- 8 5 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 6 -- 2 4 -- 5 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 2 -- 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 9 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 5 -- 8 Atlanta 8 -- 1 -- 3 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 8 -- 1 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 9 -- 3 8 -- 4 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Chicago 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 -- 6 -- 5 7 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 7 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 7 -- 2 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 7 -- 3 4 -- 7 5 -- 8 Cincinnati 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 5 -- 6 -- 4 -- 5 9 -- 0 3 -- 8 5 -- 4 6 -- 5 8 -- 1 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 5 -- 7 1 -- 11 2 -- 7 8 -- 3 7 - 6 Colorado 6 -- 6 3 -- 5 2 -- 7 5 -- 4 -- 6 -- 3 6 -- 5 6 -- 6 4 -- 7 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 5 -- 7 7 -- 5 3 -- 6 4 -- 8 Florida 2 -- 6 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 0 -- 9 3 -- 6 -- 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 3 -- 6 4 -- 5 0 -- 9 4 -- 5 8 -- 8 Houston 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 7 -- 4 8 -- 3 5 -- 6 6 - 3 -- 3 -- 6 9 -- 2 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 7 -- 2 9 -- 2 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 5 -- 7 10 -- 4 Los Angeles 8 -- 4 1 -- 8 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 -- 5 -- 4 5 -- 4 3 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 7 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 8 -- 5 Milwaukee 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 6 -- 6 5 -- 6 7 -- 4 9 -- 0 2 -- 9 4 -- 5 -- 6 -- 3 1 -- 8 4 -- 5 6 -- 5 3 -- 6 5 -- 4 3 -- 8 8 -- 6 Montreal 7 -- 2 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 1 -- 8 2 -- 7 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 3 -- 6 -- 8 -- 4 5 -- 7 2 -- 7 4 -- 4 3 -- 6 3 -- 6 6 -- 10 New York 5 -- 4 3 -- 9 5 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 3 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 5 -- 3 8 -- 1 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 4 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 9 -- 7 Philadelphia 7 - 2 4 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 6 -- 6 2 -- 7 4 -- 5 5 -- 4 7 -- 5 4 -- 8 -- 8 -- 1 1 -- 8 2 -- 6 3 -- 6 7 -- 9 Pittsburgh 3 -- 6 2 -- 7 3 -- 8 7 -- 5 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 2 -- 9 5 -- 7 5 -- 6 7 -- 2 5 -- 4 1 -- 8 -- 5 -- 4 2 -- 7 6 -- 5 6 -- 7 San Diego 9 -- 3 4 -- 5 4 -- 5 11 -- 1 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 4 -- 5 7 -- 5 6 -- 3 4 -- 4 5 -- 4 8 -- 1 4 -- 5 -- 8 -- 4 6 -- 3 6 -- 7 San Francisco 7 -- 5 2 -- 7 3 -- 7 7 -- 2 5 -- 7 9 -- 0 3 -- 6 6 -- 6 4 -- 5 6 -- 3 5 -- 4 6 -- 2 7 -- 2 4 -- 8 -- 7 -- 5 8 -- 5 St. Louis 7 -- 2 3 -- 6 7 -- 4 3 -- 8 6 -- 3 5 - 4 7 -- 5 5 -- 4 8 -- 3 6 -- 3 3 -- 6 6 -- 3 5 -- 6 3 -- 6 5 -- 7 -- 4 -- 9 Notable transactions ( edit ) June 2 , 1998 : J.J. Putz was drafted by the Brewers in the 17th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft , but did not sign . June 24 , 1998 : Dave Weathers was selected off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers from the Cincinnati Reds . July 23 , 1998 : Doug Jones was traded by the Brewers to the Cleveland Indians for Eric Plunk . July 31 , 1998 : Mike Kinkade was traded by the Brewers to the New York Mets for Bill Pulsipher . August 7 , 1998 : Jeff Juden was selected off waivers from the Brewers by the Anaheim Angels . Roster ( edit ) 1998 Milwaukee Brewers Roster Pitchers 52 Bobby Chouinard 58 Valerio de los Santos 21 Cal Eldred 40 Chad Fox 53 Rod Henderson 43 Joe Hudson 43 Doug Jones 14 Jeff Juden 42 Scott Karl 41 José Mercedes 57 Greg Mullins 28 Mike Myers 31 Bronswell Patrick 39 Eric Plunk 46 Bill Pulsipher 47 Al Reyes 52 Rafael Roque 89 Travis Smith 46 Paul Wagner 49 David Weathers 27 Bob Wickman 48 Brad Woodall 37 Steve Woodard Catchers 25 Brian Banks 33 Bobby Hughes 23 Marcus Jensen 16 Jesse Levis 22 Mike Matheny Infielders 11 Ronnie Belliard 26 Jeff Cirillo 30 Bob Hamelin 32 John Jaha 8 Mark Loretta 7 Dave Nilsson 2 José Valentín 1 Fernando Viña Outfielders 20 Jeromy Burnitz 9 Marquis Grissom 24 Darrin Jackson 5 Geoff Jenkins 50 Greg Martinez 10 Marc Newfield 39 Eric Owens Manager 3 Phil Garner Coaches 12 Chris Bando ( Bench ) 35 Bill Castro ( Bullpen ) 23 Lamar Johnson ( Hitting ) 29 Jim Lefebvre ( Hitting ) 38 Doug Mansolino ( First Base ) , ( Third Base ) 45 Don Rowe ( Pitching ) 36 Joel Youngblood ( First Base ) , ( Third Base ) Player stats ( edit ) = Indicates team leader Batting ( edit ) Starters by position ( edit ) Note : Pos = position ; G = Games played ; AB = At Bats ; R = Runs ; H = Hits ; Avg . = Batting Average ; HR = Home Runs ; RBI = Runs Batted In ; SB = Stolen Bases Pos Player AB Avg . HR RBI SB Mike Matheny 108 320 24 76 . 238 6 27 1B John Jaha 73 216 29 45 . 208 7 38 2B Fernando Viña 3B Jeff Cirillo SS José Valentín LF Geoff Jenkins 84 262 33 60 . 229 9 28 CF Marquis Grissom RF Jeromy Burnitz Other batters ( edit ) Player AB HR RBI Avg . SB Dave Nilsson 102 309 39 83 12 56 . 269 Pitching ( edit ) Starting pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Other pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Relief pitchers ( edit ) Player IP ERA SO Farm system ( edit ) See also : Minor League Baseball Level Team League Manager AAA Louisville RiverBats International League Gary Allenson AA El Paso Diablos Texas League Ed Romero Stockton Ports California League Bernie Moncallo Beloit Snappers Midwest League Don Money Rookie Helena Brewers Pioneer League Tom Houk Rookie Ogden Raptors Pioneer League Ed Sedar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Pappas , Doug , `` News Briefs : Fall 1997 '' Archived July 27 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Outside the Lines , Fall 1997 . Jump up ^ Jack Voigt at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Marquis Grissom at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bob Hamelin at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Ben McDonald at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ J.J. Putz at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/weathda01.shtml Jump up ^ Eric Plunk at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Bill Pulsipher at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ Jeff Juden at Baseball - Reference Jump up ^ http://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/MIL/1998.shtml Jump up ^ Johnson , Lloyd , and Wolff , Miles , ed. , The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball , 3rd edition . Durham , North Carolina : Baseball America , 2007 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team at Baseball - Reference 1998 Milwaukee Brewers team page at www.baseball-almanac.com 1998 MLB season by team AL East Baltimore Boston New York Tampa Bay Toronto AL Central Chicago Cleveland Detroit Kansas City Minnesota AL West Anaheim Oakland Seattle Texas NL East Atlanta Florida Montréal New York Philadelphia NL Central Chicago Cincinnati Houston Milwaukee Pittsburgh St. Louis NL West Arizona Colorado Los Angeles San Diego San Francisco 1998 All - Star Game 1998 World Series Milwaukee Brewers Formerly the Seattle Pilots Based in Milwaukee , Wisconsin Franchise History ( Seattle Milwaukee ) Expansion and draft Seasons Records No - hitters Hall of Fame Walk of Fame Awards and All - Stars Players Management Opening Day starting pitchers First - round picks Broadcasters All articles Ballparks Sick 's Stadium Milwaukee County Stadium Miller Park Spring training : Tempe Diablo Stadium Sun City Stadium Compadre Stadium Maryvale Baseball Park Culture and lore Ball Four ( Jim Bouton book ) Bernie Brewer Sausage Race Beer Barrel Man Secret Stadium Sauce Fight Song Roll Out The Barrel Mr. 3000 Hank T. Dog Bob Uecker Key personnel Owner : Mark Attanasio General Manager : David Stearns Manager : Craig Counsell Minor league affiliates Player overview AAA : Colorado Springs Sky Sox AA : Biloxi Shuckers A Adv. : Carolina Mudcats A : Wisconsin Timber Rattlers Rookie Adv. : Helena Brewers Rookie : AZL Brewers DSL Brewers Rivalries Chicago Cubs League pennants American League : 1982 National League : none Division titles AL East : 1981 ( second half ) 1982 NL Central : 2011 Wild Card berths National League : 2008 Seasons ( 50 ) 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1990s 2000s 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_Milwaukee_Brewers_season&oldid=815172691 '' Categories : Milwaukee Brewers seasons 1998 Major League Baseball season 1998 in sports in Wisconsin Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 05 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the brewers go to national league

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The Greatest Showman

The Greatest Showman - wikipedia The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Gracey Produced by Laurence Mark Peter Chernin Jenno Topping Screenplay by Jenny Bicks Bill Condon Story by Jenny Bicks Starring Hugh Jackman Zac Efron Michelle Williams Rebecca Ferguson Zendaya Music by John Debney Joseph Trapanese Cinematography Seamus McGarvey Edited by Tom Cross Robert Duffy Joe Hutshing Michael McCusker Jon Poll Spencer Susser Production company Laurence Mark Productions Chernin Entertainment TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) ( RMS Queen Mary 2 ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $84 million Box office $434.6 million The Greatest Showman is a 2017 American musical film directed by Michael Gracey in his directorial debut , written by Jenny Bicks and Bill Condon and starring Hugh Jackman , Zac Efron , Michelle Williams , Rebecca Ferguson , and Zendaya . The film is inspired by the story of P.T. Barnum 's creation of the Barnum & Bailey Circus and the lives of its star attractions . Principal photography began in New York City in November 2016 . The film premiered on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 . It was released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , by 20th Century Fox and grossed over $434 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest grossing live - action musical of all time . The Greatest Showman received mixed reviews , with praise for the performances , music , and production values , but criticism for its artistic license , with some reviewers calling it `` faux - inspiring and shallow '' . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , the film received nominations for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Actor -- Musical or Comedy for Jackman . For the song `` This Is Me '' , the film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and was nominated for Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 3.2 Post-production 4 Music 4.1 Musical numbers 4.2 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Historical accuracy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In the late 19th century , P.T. Barnum and his troupe perform a show at the circus ( `` The Greatest Show '' ) . In a flashback to Barnum 's childhood where he and his father Philo , a tailor , work for the Hallett family , he becomes infatuated with their daughter , Charity . Though Charity is being sent to finishing school , Barnum reassures her they will not be separated . The two keep in touch through letters until they meet again in adulthood ( `` A Million Dreams '' ) , eventually marrying and raising two daughters , Caroline and Helen , in New York City ( `` A Million Dreams '' reprise ) . They live a humble life ; though Charity is happy , Barnum dreams of more . Barnum loses his job as a clerk at a shipping company after the company goes bankrupt . Taking a risky bet , he takes out a large loan from a bank , deceiving the bank into accepting his former employer 's lost ships as collateral . He uses this loan to buy Barnum 's American Museum in downtown Manhattan , an attraction showcasing various wax models . Initially , sales are slow ; on the suggestion of his children to showcase something `` alive '' , Barnum searches for `` freaks '' to serve as performers for his museum ( `` Come Alive '' ) . This attracts a large audience despite protests and poor reviews , prompting Barnum to rename his venture `` Barnum 's Circus . '' Searching for ways to further his reputation amongst the upper class , Barnum meets playwright Phillip Carlyle and convinces him to join his venture ( `` The Other Side '' ) . Carlyle is enchanted with Anne Wheeler , an African - American trapeze artist , but he hides his feelings . During a trip , Carlyle arranges for Barnum and his troupe to meet Queen Victoria . Afterwards , Barnum meets Jenny Lind , a famed Swedish singer , whom he convinces to perform in America , with him serving as her manager . Lind 's first American performance is a rousing success ( `` Never Enough '' ) . While Barnum gains favor with the aristocratic patrons , he begins to distance himself from his original troupe , refusing to socialize with them . Dejected , they decide to stand against their local harassers ( `` This Is Me '' ) . Carlyle and Wheeler attend the theater together one night , only to run into Carlyle 's parents , who are blatantly racist toward Wheeler , causing her to leave . Carlyle chases her and tries to convince her that they can be together , but she rejects him despite her feelings towards him ( `` Rewrite the Stars '' ) . As Barnum takes Lind on a US tour , Charity feels isolated from her husband as she stays home with their daughters ( `` Tightrope '' ) . While on tour , Lind begins falling in love with Barnum , but when he refuses her advances , she calls off the tour and kisses him at the end of her last show , which is photographed by the press ( `` Never Enough '' reprise ) . Barnum returns home to find his circus on fire , caused by a fight between the protesters and the troupe . Carlyle , who had tried to save Anne not knowing she had already escaped , is rescued by Barnum amid the chaos but suffers severe burns . Most of the sets and props are destroyed . Word of Lind 's cancellation and Barnum 's public intimacy also reaches New York , resulting in his mansion being foreclosed upon and Charity taking Caroline and Helen to her parents ' home . Depressed , Barnum retreats to a local bar , where his troupe find him there and explain that despite their disappointments , they still consider themselves a family that needs him . An inspired Barnum resolves to start anew and not let ambition overtake his loved ones anymore . Meanwhile , the injured Carlyle wakes in a hospital with Anne by his side and they share a kiss ( `` From Now On '' ) . Barnum leaves and finds his estranged wife , and they decide to mend their relationship . Faced with the financial difficulty of rebuilding the circus , the recovering Carlyle steps in , offering to use his earnings from his share of the circus 's profits to rebuild it under the condition of becoming partners , which Barnum happily accepts . As rebuilding the circus in its original location would be too expensive , Barnum rebuilds it as an open - air tent circus by the docks . The revamped circus is a huge success , and Barnum gives full control of the show to Carlyle so he can focus on his family ( `` The Greatest Show '' reprise ) . Cast ( edit ) Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , an ambitious showman and entrepreneur . Ellis Rubin as Young P.T. Barnum Ziv Zaifman provides Young P.T. Barnum 's singing voice . Zac Efron as Phillip Carlyle , a playwright who becomes Barnum 's partner . His character is partly based on James Anthony Bailey . Michelle Williams as Charity Hallett - Barnum , the wife of P.T. Barnum . Skylar Dunn as Young Charity Rebecca Ferguson as Jenny Lind , a famous Swedish singer known as the `` Swedish Nightingale '' . Loren Allred provides Lind 's singing voice . Zendaya as Anne Wheeler , an acrobat , trapeze artist , W.D. 's younger sister and Phillip Carlyle 's love interest . Her character is partly based on Ruth Louisa McCaddon . Keala Settle as Lettie Lutz , a bearded lady . She is a composite character partly based on Josephine Clofullia and Annie Jones . Yahya Abdul - Mateen II as W.D. Wheeler , an acrobat and Anne 's brother . Natasha Liu Bordizzo as Deng Yan , a Chinese acrobat and blade - specialist . Paul Sparks as James Gordon Bennett , the founder , editor and publisher of the New York Herald . Sam Humphrey as Charles Stratton , a dwarf performer who is also known by his stage name , General Tom Thumb . James Babson provides Stratton 's speaking and singing voice . Austyn Johnson as Caroline Barnum , Barnum 's older daughter . Cameron Seely as Helen Barnum , Barnum 's younger daughter . Eric Anderson as Mr. O'Malley , a former thief whom Barnum employs at his circus to handle different tasks like staffing the front of the house , selling tickets , reading the reviews , fending off the protestors , producing the posters and promotional materials , and distributing the circus posters on everything . Daniel Everidge as The Lord of Leeds , a heavyweight man who is based on Teodulo Valenzuela . Timothy Hughes as the Strongman , a man with enhanced strength who is based on Angus MacAskill . Shannon Holtzapffel as Prince Constantine , the Tattooed Man who is based off George Costentenus . Luciano Acuna Jr. as Walter , the Dog Boy who is based on Fedor Jeftichew . Danial Son and Yusaku Komori as Chang and Eng Bunker , the `` Siamese Twins . '' Jonathan Redavid as Frank Lentini , the Three - Legged Man . Nick Jantz as Jeff Harris , the Juggler . Kenneth Chan as the Human Cannonball Martha Nichols as Woman in Gold , a woman in gold clothing with gold spots on her . Jeremy Hudson as The Elephant - Skinned Man , a man who is based on Ralph Krooner . He was credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 3 . '' Taylor James as Blockhead , a man with facial piercing that is based on Melvin Burkhart . He is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 4 . '' Chelsea Caso as Tattoo Lady , a woman covered in tattoos who is based on Nora Hildebrant . She is credited as `` Dancing Oddity # 5 . '' Caoife Coleman and Mishay Petronelli as the Albino Twins . They were credited as `` Dancer Oddity # 6 '' and `` Dancer Oddity # 7 . '' Khasan Brasilford as Albino Man , a white - haired man in white clothes . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 1 . '' Alex Wong as Oriental Man , a man dressed in an oriental outfit . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Julius Rubio as Golden Boy , a man in gold clothing with gold spots on him . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 2 . '' Vincent - Oliver Noiseux as Devil Boy , a performer with horns . He was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 4 . '' Dean Walters and Jessica Castro as the Voodoo Twins . They are credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 5 '' and `` Ensemble Dancer '' # 6 . Najla Gilam as Snake Dancer , a snake charmer who is based on Nala Damajanti . She was credited as `` Ensemble Dancer # 7 . '' Damian Young as Mr. Winthrop Tina Benko as Mrs. Winthrop Gayle Rankin as Queen Victoria . Will Swenson as Philo Barnum , a tailor and the father of P.T. Barnum . Fredric Lehne as Benjamin Hallett , father of Charity and abusive father - in - law of Barnum . Kathryn Meisle as Hannah Hallett , mother of Charity and mother - in - law of Barnum . Production ( edit ) The project was first announced in 2009 , with Jackman already set for the title role . In August 2011 , Michael Gracey was chosen to direct . In 2013 , Fox hired lyricists Pasek and Paul to write the songs . On June 15 , 2016 , Zac Efron began negotiations to star in the film , and in July 2016 , Michelle Williams was cast . The film was choreographed by Ashley Wallen . Filming ( edit ) Rehearsals on the film began in October 2016 in New York City , and principal photography began on November 22 , 2016 . Post-production ( edit ) In December 2017 , it was reported that James Mangold , who had worked with Jackman on several projects ( including 2017 's Logan ) , had been brought in to serve as an executive producer during the film 's post-production . In an interview , director Michael Gracey noted , `` There were eight producers on this film , and it was amazing having one of them be a filmmaker . '' Music ( edit ) Musical numbers ( edit ) Benj Pasek and Justin Paul wrote all the songs appearing in the film . `` The Greatest Show '' -- Hugh Jackman , Keala Settle , Zac Efron , Zendaya `` A Million Dreams '' -- Ziv Zaifman , Jackman , Michelle Williams `` A Million Dreams '' ( Reprise ) -- Austyn Johnson , Cameron Seely , Jackman `` Come Alive '' -- Jackman , Settle , Daniel Everidge , Zendaya `` The Other Side '' -- Jackman & Efron `` Never Enough '' -- Loren Allred `` This Is Me '' -- Settle `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Efron & Zendaya `` Tightrope '' -- Williams `` Never Enough '' ( Reprise ) -- Allred `` From Now On '' -- Jackman Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Greatest Showman : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack The soundtrack album is produced by Greg Wells , Justin Paul , and Benj Pasek , featuring the eleven tracks performed by the cast . In the United Kingdom it became only the second album in 30 years to achieve 11 consecutive weeks at number 1 . The Greatest Showman now draws level with Adele 's 21 for the longest unbroken run at the UK summit in the last 30 years . The cast album is now at 910,000 combined units , according to the Official Charts Company , made up of 420,000 physical copies , 186,000 downloads and 186,000 streaming . Release ( edit ) The Greatest Showman held its premiere on December 8 , 2017 , aboard the RMS Queen Mary 2 , while it was docked in New York City . The film was then released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 . Like Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast , a sing - along version of the film was released in the United Kingdom on February 23 , 2018 . The film had a limited IMAX release on February 2 . Marketing ( edit ) On June 28 , 2017 , 20th Century Fox released the first international trailer to promote the film . On November 13 , 2017 , the second trailer was released . On December 17 , 2017 , Fox televised a live performance of `` Come Alive '' from Warner Bros. Studios during its live musical special A Christmas Story Live ! ( which was based on fellow Pasek and Paul work A Christmas Story : The Musical ) . The number featured the film 's stars and a cast of 150 dancers . Home media ( edit ) In the United States , the film was released via digital download on March 20 , 2018 , and was released on Blu - ray , DVD and 4K Ultra HD on April 10 , 2018 . In the United Kingdom , the film was released first on digital download on April 27 , 2018 , while Blu - ray , 4K Ultra HD and DVD copies went on sale on May 14 . These versions include the sing - along version , two hours of behind - the - scenes footage and music machine jukebox features . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Greatest Showman grossed $174.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $260.2 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $434.5 million , against a production budget of $84 million . It is the third highest grossing musical ever in North America and globally , respectively , and Deadline Hollywood estimated the film would turn a profit between $50 -- 100 million . In the United States and Canada , The Greatest Showman was released alongside Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , and was projected to gross around $21 million from 3,006 theaters over its first six days . It took in $2 million on its first day and $2 million on its second . Over the three day weekend , it grossed $9 million ( for a six - day total of $19 million ) , finishing fourth at the box office , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and Pitch Perfect 3 . In its second weekend , the film grossed $15.5 million , again finishing 4th at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 76.3 % marked the largest ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters , and the fourth biggest ever . In its third week , the film dropped 11 % to $14 million . The film made $13 million in its fourth weekend and $11 million in its fifth , finishing 4th and 5th at the box office , respectively . The film continued to hold well in its sixth week of release , grossing $9.5 million and returning to 4th place , and again finished fourth in its seventh week , this time grossing $7.8 million ( a drop of just 18 % ) . It is the 13th highest - grossing film that never reached first place at the American box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 56 % based on 208 reviews , and an average rating of 6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Greatest Showman tries hard to dazzle the audience with a Barnum - style sense of wonder -- but at the expense of its complex subject 's far more intriguing real - life story . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 43 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while it earned a 70 % `` definite recommend '' from comScore . Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review , writing , `` The Greatest Showman is a concoction , the kind of film where all the pieces click into place , yet at an hour and 45 minutes it flies by , and the link it draws between P.T. Barnum and the spirit of today is more than hype . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 3 / 4 stars , saying , `` With all that corn and cheese and old - timey sentiment , The Greatest Showman ends up scoring some very timely social arguments . P.T. Barnum himself would have approved the dramatic sleight of hand . '' Steve Persall of Tampa Bay Times gave the film an ' A ' , and said , `` The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs , '' while William Bibbiani of IGN gave The Greatest Showman a score of 7.9 / 10 , and called the film , `` wildly entertaining . '' Britton Peele of The Dallas Morning News said , `` The story is interesting and the beats are well - acted , but it 's the musical numbers that make The Greatest Showman . '' Jackie K Cooper of HuffPost gave the film a score of 10 / 10 and wrote , `` You will be overwhelmed by the music and magic that explode on the screen . The film has a message that should resonate with today 's world concerning acceptance and courage . '' Hugh Armitage of Digital Spy said , `` The Greatest Showman is a broad and solid crowd - pleaser . An undemanding spectacle for all the family . '' Alan Jones of Radio Times called it `` A joyously uplifting potpourii of visual resplendence , stylish choreography and solid gold magic , one engineered to approximate the lavish spectacle the movie musical once offered . '' Sheila O'Malley of RogerEbert.com gave it 3.5 / 4 , stating `` The Greatest Showman is an unabashed piece of pure entertainment punctuated by memorable songs . '' Douglas Davidson of CLTure called the film , `` An undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack , a movie that dazzles and delights . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film a 3 / 4 score , and said , `` The film has show - stopping well - choreographed numbers with catchy tunes , '' and Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the film `` highly enjoyable . '' Carl Kozlowski of Pasadena Weekly gave the film an ' A ' , calling it `` Groundbreaking & grandly innovative . '' Sean P. Means of The Salt Lake Tribune gave The Greatest Showman 3.5 / 4 stars , stating , `` A strong cast give emotional power to this romanticized , tune - filled biography . '' Manuela Lazic of Little White Lies gave it 4 / 5 , saying , `` The Greatest Showman deserves to become a Christmas classic . The film 's severe romanticism and ridiculous but affecting enthusiasm make it irresistibly life - affirming . '' Pete Hammond of Deadline Hollywood gave the film 4 out of 5 stars and called it , `` A fantasia of song and dance , a joyous exercise in pure entertainment that is made for the holiday crowd . '' Conversely , Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a negative review , criticizing the songs and characters and saying `` There 's idiotic , and there 's magnificent , but The Greatest Showman is that special thing that happens sometimes . It 's magnificently idiotic . It 's an awful mess , but it 's flashy . The temptation is to cover your face and watch it through your fingers , because it 's so earnest and embarrassing and misguided -- and yet it 's well - made . '' In a negative review for The Hollywood Reporter , David Rooney wrote `` This ersatz portrait of American big - top tent impresario P.T. Barnum is all smoke and mirrors , no substance . It hammers pedestrian themes of family , friendship and inclusivity while neglecting the fundaments of character and story . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 1.5 out of 4 stars , saying , `` How do you cast a virtuoso Hugh Jackman as P.T. Barnum , spare no expense in production values , add a score by Oscar and Tony winners Benj Pasek and Justin Paul and still end up with the shrill blast of nothing that is The Greatest Showman ? Ask first - time director Michael Gracey , who cut his teeth on commercials and music videos without ever mastering the crucial knack of building snippets of musical comedy and drama into a satisfying whole . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film 's failures `` are rooted in something deeper : a dispiriting lack of faith in the audience 's intelligence , and a dawning awareness of its own aesthetic hypocrisy . You 've rarely seen a more straight - laced musical about the joys of letting your freak flag fly . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Nominee ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards February 5 , 2018 Best Grownup Love Story The Greatest Showman Won Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Bernard Telsey , Tiffany Little Canfield , Rori Bergman and Patrick Goodwin Won Costume Designers Guild February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Period Film Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Dorian Awards February 24 , 2018 Campy Flick of the Year The Greatest Showman Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Costume Design The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Make - up And Hairstyling The Greatest Showman Nominated Georgia Film Critics Association January 12 , 2018 Best Original Song `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Golden Globe Awards January 7 , 2018 Best Actor in a Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Hugh Jackman Nominated Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy The Greatest Showman Nominated Best Original Song -- Motion Picture `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Won Golden Reel Awards February 18 , 2018 Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing -- Musical Jen Monnar , Jim Harrison , Jeff Carson , Peter Myles and Sheri Ozeki Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Best Song / Recording Created for a Film `` This Is Me '' -- Benj Pasek and Justin Paul Nominated Heartland Film Festival December 31 , 2017 Truly Moving Picture Award Michael Gracey Won Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie The Greatest Showman Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Zendaya Won Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Makeup Nicki Ledermann , Tania Ribalow and Sunday Englis Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Action or Adventure Film The Greatest Showman Won Best Costume Design Ellen Mirojnick Nominated Best Music John Debney and Joseph Trapanese Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 12 , 2018 Choice Breakout Movie Star Keala Settle Nominated Choice Collaboration `` Rewrite the Stars '' -- Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Drama Movie The Greatest Showman Won Choice Drama Movie Actor Zac Efron Won Hugh Jackman Nominated Choice Drama Movie Actress Zendaya Won Choice Liplock Zac Efron and Zendaya Nominated Choice Movie Ship Zac Efron and Zendaya Won Choice Pop Song `` This Is Me '' -- Keala Settle Nominated Historical accuracy ( edit ) Detailing the differences between the biography of Barnum , and the character portrayed in the film , Smithsonian magazine called the film `` pretty humbug . '' The magazine noted that one of the legacies ascribed to the real Barnum was his profiting from marketing racism to the masses , even though later in life he came to express some regrets . See also ( edit ) The Greatest Show on Earth Barnum ( musical ) Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman on The Greatest Showman , Saying Goodbye to Wolverine and Turning Down Bond '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jeff ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review round - up : A `` crowd - pleaser '' with a `` sinister '' side `` . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nourrie , Doug ( December 25 , 2017 ) . `` This Rotten Week : Predicting All The Money In The World Reviews '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Heather ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Discover Utah 's Loren Allred , the voice behind the hit song ' Never Enough ' from The Greatest Showman soundtrack '' . Deseret News . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Allred , Loren ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ( post ) '' . Instagram . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : No More Living in the Shadows at Tumbler Jump up ^ Jagernauth , Kevin ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey To Direct Hugh Jackman Musical The Greatest Showman On Earth '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Kit , Borys ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Gracey to Direct The Greatest Showman on Earth '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Songwriters Benj Pasek & Justin Paul On The Revitalization Of The Original Hollywood Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Zac Efron in Talks to Join Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams in Talks for Hugh Jackman 's Greatest Showman on Earth '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Michelle Williams and Zac Efron sought for PT Barnum biopic '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Director On The Epic Musical Numbers And If It Could Head To Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Me ' From The Greatest Showman Is an Anthem for Outcasts '' . Variety . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman soundtrack equals Adele 's massive UK chart record '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Paul ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Showman Matches Adele 's Record Atop U.K. Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cunard Line ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Cunard to Broadcast Live Red Carpet from The Greatest Showman World Premiere on Flagship Queen Mary 2 '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Trailer : Hugh Jackman 's Singing & Dancing Ringmaster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Sing - Along ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Joshua ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Fun Again in The Greatest Showman Trailer '' . GQ . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Live Movie Trailer Electrifies During A Christmas Story Live '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Natividad , Angela ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's Live Ad Last Night for The Greatest Showman Was Quite the Circus '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Movie Plus Sing - Along '' . Amazon . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` The Greatest Showman home release dates REVEALED for Blu - ray , DVD and Digital Download '' . Daily Express . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is $400 M+ : The Greatest Showman Hits WW Milestone On Feel - Good Legs '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Jumanji , Greatest Showman , Pitch Perfect to Challenge the Star Wars Box Office Force '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' & ' Jumanji ' Duel For No. 1 Over New Year 's Weekend As 2017 Box Office Closes With $11.1 B -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop : 1982 - Present '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's The Greatest Showman Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As Jumanji Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics 12 Strong & Den Of Thieves In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By Maze Runner & Oscar Holdovers ; Hostiles Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jumanji Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 , the Top 5 or Top 10 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : The Greatest Showman '' . Variety . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy songs steal the show in The Greatest Showman '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Persall , Steve ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Why The Greatest Showman is the feel - good movie the holiday season needs '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review '' . IGN . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peele , Britton ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Catchy musical The Greatest Showman , like its central character , reshapes truth for entertainment '' . The Dallas Morning News -- GuideLive . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Jackie K ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Is Movie Magic '' . HuffPost . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review -- An undemanding spectacle for all the family '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman review : `` pure musical entertainment of a sumptuous vintage '' `` . Radio Times . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Malley , Sheila ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Douglas ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman is an undeniable spectacle with a infectious soundtrack '' . CLTure . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman film review '' . ReelViews . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Calvin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman shines in The Greatest Showman '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kozlowski , Carl ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman provide an eclectic feast for the senses '' . Pasadena Weekly . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Means , Sean P. ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman and some Utah - grown talent deliver Barnum 's bravado in musical The Greatest Showman '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lazic , Manuela ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review '' . Little White Lies . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman Review : Hugh Jackman Sings And Dances His Way Into Holiday Hearts In Lively Family Musical '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Greatest Showman starring Hugh Jackman as Barnum magnificently idiotic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Showman : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Review : The Greatest Showman Is ' a Shrill Blast of Nothing ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Greatest Showman turns Hugh Jackman 's P.T. Barnum into a hero , and cons the audience in the process '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards : ' The Post ' Leads Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Appelo , Tim ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Complete List of Winners at the 2018 Movies for Grownups Awards '' . Movies for Grownups . AARP . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars : ' Shape of Water ' Leads With 13 Noms '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( March 4 , 2018 ) . `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Brockington , Ariana ; Caranicas , Peter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Black Mirror ' Among Winners at Casting Society Artios Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stone , Sasha ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Announces Nominees '' . Awards Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards : ' The Shape of Water ' Leads With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Call Me by Your Name ' Leads Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Dorian Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name ' Hailed as Film of the Year '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards '' . Georgia Film Critics Association . January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe nominations 2018 : The list '' . CNN . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` MPSE Golden Reel Awards : Baby Driver , Dunkirk Among Sound Editors ' Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Variety staff ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Sufjan Stevens , Greatest Showman , Girls Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Truly Moving Picture Award '' . Heartland Film . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 Winners -- The Complete List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Tops Saturn Awards with Five Wins ; ' The Last Jedi ' Takes Best Screenplay '' . Collider . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Esme . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : See the full list of winners '' . EW . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mansky , Jackie ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` P.T. Barnum Is n't the Hero the `` Greatest Showman '' Wants You to Think `` . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Greatest Showman The Greatest Showman on IMDb The Greatest Showman at AllMovie The Greatest Showman at Box Office Mojo The Greatest Showman at Metacritic The Greatest Showman at Rotten Tomatoes The Greatest Showman at History vs. Hollywood P.T. Barnum Acts and exhibits Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus Anna Haining Bates Eli Bowen Chang and Eng Bunker Cardiff Giant Circassian beauties Henry Alexander Cooper Captain George Costentenus Nala Damajanti John Diamond ( dancer ) Admiral Dot Colonel Routh Goshen Fiji mermaid Joice Heth Fedor Jeftichew Annie Jones ( bearded woman ) Jumbo William S. Hutchings Nellie Keeler Jenny Lind Count Primo Magri Master Juba Maximo and Bartola Millie and Christine McKoy Edmund Newell Commodore Nutt Isaac W. Sprague General Tom Thumb Charles B. Tripp Lavinia Warren Minnie Warren Wild Men of Borneo Zip the Pinhead Fictional portrayals Barnum ( musical ) The Mighty Barnum The Greatest Showman The Greatest Show on Earth Related articles James `` Grizzly '' Adams Barnum 's American Museum Barnum 's Aquarial Gardens Barnum Museum Bridgeport half dollar William C. 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who are the songwriters for the greatest showman

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Now You See Me (film)

Now You See Me ( film ) - wikipedia Now You See Me ( film ) Now You See Me Theatrical release poster Directed by Louis Leterrier Produced by Bobby Cohen Alex Kurtzman Roberto Orci Screenplay by Ed Solomon Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Story by Boaz Yakin Edward Ricourt Starring Jesse Eisenberg Mark Ruffalo Woody Harrelson Isla Fisher Dave Franco Mélanie Laurent Michael Caine Morgan Freeman Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Mitchell Amundsen Larry Fong Edited by Robert Leighton Vincent Tabaillon Production company K / O Paper Products Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date May 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) ( New York City ) May 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 31 ) ( United States ) Running time 115 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $75 million Box office $351.7 million Now You See Me is a 2013 American heist thriller film directed by Louis Leterrier and written by Ed Solomon , Boaz Yakin , and Edward Ricourt . The film features an ensemble cast of Jesse Eisenberg , Mark Ruffalo , Woody Harrelson , Isla Fisher , Dave Franco , Mélanie Laurent , Michael Caine , and Morgan Freeman . The plot follows an FBI agent and an Interpol detective who track a team of illusionists who pull off bank heists during their performances and reward their audiences with the money , attempting to bring them to justice . This is the first installment of a series . The film premiered in New York City on May 21 , 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31 , 2013 by Summit Entertainment . The film received mixed reviews from critics but became a box office success , grossing $351.7 million worldwide against a budget of $75 million . The film won the Favorite Thriller Movie at the People 's Choice Awards in 2014 and also received nominations for the Empire Award for Best Thriller and the Saturn Award for Best Thriller Film and Best Music . A sequel was released on June 10 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Four stage magicians , J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas ( Jesse Eisenberg ) , Merritt McKinney ( Woody Harrelson ) , Henley Reeves ( Isla Fisher ) , and Jack Wilder ( Dave Franco ) , are each given a tarot card that leads them to the same empty New York City apartment where they find information from an unknown benefactor . A year later , the four have their first major performance as the Four Horsemen in an elaborate Las Vegas show funded by insurance magnate Arthur Tressler ( Michael Caine ) . Their final trick appears to transport one of the audience members to the vault of his bank , the Crédit Républicain in Paris , where stacks of new euro bills are stored . At the magicians ' command , the fans in the vault activate , drawing the bills into the vents and then showering the Las Vegas crowd with them . The euros are shown to be real , and the vault in Paris is found to be empty of its recent shipment of euros . FBI agent Dylan Rhodes ( Mark Ruffalo ) , and Interpol agent Alma Dray ( Mélanie Laurent ) , are then partnered to investigate the Horsemen . The two question the magicians but have no evidence to hold them . Dylan and Alma turn to Thaddeus Bradley ( Morgan Freeman ) , a former magician who now makes money by explaining the tricks behind magic acts . Thaddeus demonstrates how the Horsemen used a mock vault under the Las Vegas stage and says that the group must have stolen the money in Paris before it arrived at the bank , replacing it with flash paper that left no evidence . Dylan , Alma , and Thaddeus follow the Horsemen to their next show in New Orleans , where their final trick appears to transfer millions of dollars from Tressler 's private accounts to those in the audience , made up of people that were denied insurance claims by Tressler 's company in the wake of Hurricane Katrina . Dylan and Alma attempt to apprehend the four , but the magicians elude arrest . Tressler hires Thaddeus to expose the Horsemen in revenge for the loss of his money . Alma investigates the Horsemen and determines they are connected to a group called the Eye , a small group of magicians that claim to have access to real magic . She finds out one of the Eye 's members , Lionel Shrike , had previously been exposed by Thaddeus but died in a locked - safe escape trick he was performing in an attempt to regain his standing . Alma suspects a fifth person is aiding the Horsemen . Alma 's research leads the FBI to the New York City apartment . When they raid it , three of the Horsemen escape while Jack recovers numerous documents and then leads the authorities on a high - speed car chase . Jack loses control of his car , causing it to flip and catch fire . Dylan is unable to save Jack , but manages to recover the papers , pointing to the Horsemen 's next planned crime , stealing millions of dollars in cash out of a large safe of the Elkhorn company . Dylan , Alma , and Thaddeus find the safe has already been stolen , and when they track it down , its contents have been replaced with balloon animals . The Horsemen broadcast they will perform their final show that night at 5 Pointz , inviting the public to attend . The FBI and police converge on the scene and amid the chaos search for the Horsemen . The remaining Horsemen appear to the crowd , giving their fans a farewell and a message about an ulterior purpose , and then run to jump off a roof ; Dylan attempts to shoot them but Alma holds him back . The three jump , turning into a shower of money over the crowd . The money is counterfeit , but the audience 's race to collect it prevents the authorities from tracking the real Horsemen . After the show , Thaddeus walks to his car , only to find it full of the money stolen from the Elkhorn safe . Assumed to be the fifth Horseman , he is arrested . Dylan speaks to Thaddeus in jail , where Thaddeus slowly comes to realize that Alma 's theory was correct , and Dylan was the fifth Horseman . Dylan quietly walks away , leaving Thaddeus shouting `` Why ? '' . Elsewhere , the Horsemen ( including Jack , who had faked his death using a duplicate car and an already - dead body ) meet at the carousel in Central Park , and use their tarot cards to turn it on . Dylan arrives and welcomes the four to the Eye . Later , at the Pont des Arts , Dylan meets with Alma and reveals he is Shrike 's son . He brought the Horsemen together to get retribution for his father 's death : the Elkhorn Safe Company for providing a faulty safe that led to the accident ; Thaddeus for humiliating and impoverishing his father and forcing him to try the new trick to regain his standing ; and the Crédit Républicain and Tressler 's insurance companies for failing to pay out life insurance on Shrike afterwards . Alma , who has come into a romantic relationship with Dylan , decides not to turn him in . She takes a lock and a key that Dylan produces , attaching the lock among the other love locks on the railing and throwing the key into the Seine . Cast ( edit ) Jesse Eisenberg as J. Daniel `` Danny '' Atlas / The Lover : An arrogant illusionist and street magician , and the ostensible leader of the Four Horsemen . Mark Ruffalo as Dylan Rhodes - Shrike , an FBI agent struggling to capture and bring the Four Horsemen to justice for their unique heist agenda . In the outcome , he is revealed to be an illusionist , a member of the Eye himself , Lionel Shrike 's son and the plotter of the entire heist mission . Mélanie Laurent as Alma Dray , a French Interpol agent who is partnered up with Dylan Rhodes to investigate the Four Horsemen . Woody Harrelson as Merritt McKinney / The Hermit : A hypnotist , mentalist , and a self - proclaimed psychic . Originally more famous in his youth , his manager brother absconded with all his money , leaving McKinney with a long hard trek back to his former glory . Middle - aged , McKinney is the oldest of the Four Horsemen . Isla Fisher as Henley Reeves / The High Priestess : An escapist and stage magician . She is also J. Daniel Atlas ' former assistant and ex-lover . Morgan Freeman as Thaddeus Bradley , an ex-magician who , for thirty years , has profited by revealing the secrets behind other magicians ' tricks . Dave Franco as Jack Wilder / Death : A sleight of hand illusionist , street magician , and a talented impressionist of other people 's voices . Additionally , he is a pickpocket , and is able to pick locks . In his early twenties , Wilder is the youngest of the Four Horsemen . Michael Caine as Arthur Tressler , an insurance magnate and the Four Horsemen 's sponsor . David Warshofsky as FBI Agent Cowan . Michael Kelly as Agent Fuller , an FBI agent who serves as Rhodes ' sidekick . Common as Agent Evans , Rhodes 's supervisor at the FBI . José Garcia as Étienne Forcier , the account holder at the Crédit Républicain de Paris . Caitriona Balfe as Jasmine Tressler , Arthur Tressler 's young wife . Elias Koteas as Lionel Shrike , a magician who drowned while performing an escape trick thirty years earlier . Dylan is revealed to be his son at the end of the movie . Conan O'Brien as himself Production ( edit ) On October 25 , 2011 , Summit Entertainment announced the release date for Now You See Me for July 18 , 2013 . On November 3 , 2011 , the company revealed the film 's first synopsis and teaser poster . Filming ( edit ) On January 16 , 2012 , shooting began in New Orleans , Louisiana , which lasted until March 26 , 2012 . Additional filming took place in New York City on February 13 and in Las Vegas from April 9 , 2012 to the following day . During filming of the scene where Henley Reeves tries to escape from a tank of water and piranhas , Isla Fisher came close to drowning . Fisher had become stuck and tried to alert the crew by banging on the window she was facing , but the cast and crew did not think anything of it because that was what the character was supposed to be doing . She was able to untangle the chain and get out of the tank safely . Music ( edit ) Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Brian Tyler Released May 28 , 2013 Recorded 2013 Genre Soundtrack Length 51 : 21 Label Glassnote Records Producer Brian Tyler Brian Tyler soundtrack chronology Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Iron Man 3 2013 Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Standing Up ( 2013 ) Standing Up 2013 Singles from Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) `` Entertainment '' Released : 19 February 2013 The official soundtrack , titled Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) , for the film was composed by Brian Tyler and was released by Glassnote Records on May 28 , 2013 for physical purchase and digital download . The film 's soundtrack song `` Entertainment '' , performed by French rock band Phoenix , was featured in the film 's end credits . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Brian Tyler , except where noted . No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Now You See Me '' Brian Tyler 5 : 26 2 . `` The Four Horsemen '' Brian Tyler 3 : 34 3 . `` Now You See Me ( Reprise ) '' Brian Tyler 1 : 49 4 . `` Sun '' ( Jesse Marco Remix ) Two Door Cinema Club 4 : 45 5 . `` Now You Do n't '' Brian Tyler 4 : 21 6 . `` Entertainment '' Phoenix 3 : 38 7 . `` Sleight of the Mind '' Brian Tyler 4 : 45 8 . `` Now You See Me '' ( Robert DeLong Remix ) Brian Tyler 3 : 40 9 . `` Welcome to the Eye '' Brian Tyler 5 : 49 10 . `` Codec '' Zedd 6 : 01 11 . `` Cineramascope '' ( featuring Trombone Shorty and Corey Henry ) Galactic 3 : 14 12 . `` Now You See Me '' ( Spellbound Remix ) Brian Tyler 4 : 19 Total length : 51 : 21 Release ( edit ) The film premiered in New York City on May 21 , 2013 before its official release in the United States on May 31 , 2013 by Summit Entertainment . Home media ( edit ) Now You See Me was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 3 , 2013 through Lionsgate Home Entertainment . The Blu - ray release contains an extended version of the film featuring ten additional minutes . It also contains two featurettes : a behind - the - scenes and a `` History of Magic '' , plus 30 minutes of deleted scenes . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) By the end of its box office run , Now You See Me had grossed $117.7 million in the U.S. and Canada and $234 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $351.7 million , against a budget of $75 million . The film had a successful box office run , placing second behind Fast & Furious 6 and taking $29,350,389 on its opening weekend from 2,925 theaters . By the end of June , it had grossed double its production budget . The film stayed in the top 10 of the North American box office for six weeks after release . The biggest markets in other territories were France , China , Russia , South Korea , United Kingdom and Australia where the film grossed $25.7 million , $22.9 million , $21.2 million $17.1 million $16.8 million and $16.1 million , respectively . Critical response ( edit ) Now You See Me received mixed reviews from critics . The most common criticism is that various plot points were insufficiently resolved at the film 's conclusion , leaving some questions unanswered or answered unclearly ( although some suggested that this was intentional , leaving room for a sequel ) . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 49 % , based on 152 reviews , with an average rating of 5.7 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Now You See Me 's thinly sketched characters and scattered plot rely on sleight of hand from the director to distract audiences . '' Metacritic assigned the film a score of 50 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audience polls conducted by CinemaScore give the film a grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale . Peter Hammond from Movieline wrote , `` Pure summer movie magic -- literally . More fun than Ocean 's 11 , 12 , and 13 combined . You wo n't believe your eyes -- and that 's the point . '' Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipient Result Ref ( s ) People 's Choice Awards January 8 , 2014 Favorite Thriller Movie Now You See Me Won Empire Awards 30 March 2014 Best Thriller Now You See Me Nominated Saturn Awards June 26 , 2014 Best Thriller Film Now You See Me Nominated Best Music Brian Tyler Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main article : Now You See Me 2 On July 3 , 2013 , after the box office success of the film , Lionsgate 's CEO Jon Feltheimer confirmed that there would be a sequel to the film with production beginning in 2014 for an unspecified release date . Louis Leterrier stated that he would return to direct the sequel ; however , in September 2014 , it was confirmed that Jon M. Chu would replace Leterrier as director . Eisenberg , Ruffalo , Harrelson , Franco , Caine and Freeman were set to reprise their roles for the sequel . Fisher was unable to participate because of her third pregnancy and was replaced by Lizzy Caplan . The film was released on June 10 , 2016 , titled Now You See Me : The Second Act . On October 2 , 2014 , Michael Caine said in an interview that Daniel Radcliffe would be playing his son in the film . Filming began in late November . On May 22 , 2015 , Lionsgate revealed the details about the development of the sequel , when CEO Jon Feltheimer announced that they had `` already begun early planning for Now You See Me 3 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NOW YOU SEE ME ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy . `` ' Fast & Furious 6 ' to speed past ' After Earth ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . `` Now You See Me '' cost roughly $75 million ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Full Cast & Crew '' . imdb.com . IMDb . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` ' Ender 's Game ' Has A Release Date , So Does ' Red 2 , ' ' Now You See Me ' And Others '' . Slashfilm . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` First Synopsis and Promo Poster for NOW YOU SEE ME Starring Jesse Eisenberg and Woody Harrelson '' . Collider . Jump up ^ `` Be on the lookout for Tom Cruise , Leonardo DiCaprio , Chris Evans , Tom Hanks , Jesse Eisenberg & more celebs filming in Louisianadate = December 21 , 2011 '' . On Location Vacations . Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ' filming in NYC tomorrow '' . On Location Vacations . February 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Now You See Me ' , starring Jesse Eisenberg & Woody Harrelson , is filming in Las Vegas next week '' . On Location Vacations. April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Graham , Caroline ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` ' '' I feared that I was about to drown `` : Isla Fisher reveals moment daring underwater stunt went terrifyingly wrong '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Various Artists - Now You See Me ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Allmusic . allmusic.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me Arrives on Blu - ray and DVD September 3 '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Judge -- International Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Now You See Me ' Starring Jesse Eisenberg , Woody Harrelson , Isla Fisher & Mark Ruffalo The Playlist '' . Blogs.indiewire.com . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' Pulls $28 Mil - Plus Rabbit , Beating ' After Earth ' With $27 Mil '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me - Movie Review '' . Youtube.com/user/MovielineNetwork . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Now You See Me ( I ) ( 2013 ) Awards '' . imdb.com . IMDb . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Now You See Me ' to get sequel '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( August 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' Exclusive : Louis Leterrier Back for Now You See Me Sequel '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Sets Dates for Now You See Me 2 and Dirty Grandpa '' . ComingSoon.net . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe to Play Michael Caine 's Son in NOW YOU SEE ME 2 '' . GeekTyrant.com . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mark Ruffalo . `` And so it begins ... Now You See Me ... again '' . Mark Ruffalo Facebook . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Now You See Me 3 ′ in the Works at Lionsgate '' . variety.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Now You See Me ( film ) Official website Now You See Me on IMDb Now You See Me at AllMovie Now You See Me at Box Office Mojo Now You See Me at Rotten Tomatoes Now You See Me at Metacritic hide Films directed by Louis Leterrier The Transporter ( 2002 ) Unleashed ( 2005 ) Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) Clash of the Titans ( 2010 ) Now You See Me ( 2013 ) Grimsby ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_You_See_Me_(film)&oldid=845303747 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s crime thriller films American films American crime thriller films American heist films Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Fiction with unreliable narrators Films scored by Brian Tyler Films about con artists Films about magic and magicians Films about revenge Films directed by Louis Leterrier Films produced by Roberto Orci Films set in 2012 Films set in 2013 Films set in the Las Vegas Valley Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New Orleans Films set in New York City Films set in Queens , New York Films set in Paris Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley Films shot in Paris Lions Gate Entertainment films Summit Entertainment films Universal Pictures films 2010s heist films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 22 : 01 . 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who plays dylan in now you see me

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Philistine captivity of the Ark

Philistine captivity of the ark - wikipedia Philistine captivity of the ark Jump to : navigation , search Fresco of the Philistine captivity of the ark , in the Dura - Europos synagogue . The Philistine captivity of the Ark was an episode described in the biblical history of the Israelites , in which the Ark of the covenant was in the possession of the Philistines , who had captured it after defeating the Israelites in a battle at a location between Eben - ezer , where the Israelites encamped , and Aphek ( probably Antipatris ) , where the Philistines encamped . The ark narrative does not include any mention of Samuel ; Bill Arnold suggests that it is `` in order to celebrate the power of Yahweh 's ark . '' Many scholars put 1 Samuel 4 - 6 together with 2 Samuel 6 and believe that it reflects an old source that was eventually incorporated into the History of David 's Rise or into the later Deuteronomistic History . According to 1 Samuel 4 , prior to the battle the Ark had been residing at the ancient sanctuary of Shiloh , but was brought out by the Israelites in hope of victory in the war . The Israelites suffered a significant defeat ; Hophni and Phinehas , sons of the High Priest Eli , were killed and the ark was captured . The news of the ark 's capture was such a shock to Eli that he fell off his chair and died , while Phinehas ' wife died in childbirth as she heard the news , giving birth to Ichabod , whose name means `` Where is the glory ? '' Robert Alter argues that 1 Samuel 4 : 22 should be translated as `` Glory is exiled from Israel , '' and that the story of the Philistine captivity of the ark is one of exile . Peter Leithart suggests that Israel deserved to go into exile , but the ark did so instead : `` Yahweh went into exile , taking on the curse of the covenant for His people , and while in exile He fought for them and defeated the gods of Philistia . '' Nicolas Poussin , The Plague of Ashdod . 1 Samuel 5 and 6 describe the Philistines as having to move the Ark to several parts of their territory , as tumours or hemorrhoids ( `` emerods '' ) afflicted the people in each town to which it was taken : Ashdod , then Gath , then Ekron . The Septuagint adds that `` mice sprang up in the midst of their country '' . Stirrup points out that the `` severity of the punishments increases through the passage '' : tumours in Ashdod ( vv. 6 - 8 ) , extensive tumours and panic in Gath , which had volunteered to take on the Ark ( vv. 9 , 10a ) , and tumours on those who did not die and deathly panic in Ekron , which was ' volunteered ' to take the Ark ( vv . 10b - 12 ) . The text explicitly ascribes the plague to `` Yahweh 's hand '' ( 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ) . In Ashdod , when the Ark was placed in the temple of Dagon , the statue of Dagon was found prostrate in front of the Ark the next morning ; after the statue of Dagon was restored to its place , it was again found prostrate the next morning , and this time its head and hands had also been broken off . Leithart provides a number of parallels between the Philistine captivity of the Ark and the Plagues of Egypt in the Book of Exodus . The ark brings about plagues , humbles the gods of the Philistines and returns full of treasure . In fact , the Philistine diviners refer to the events of the Exodus in 1 Samuel 6 : 6 . On the advice of these diviners about how to end the plagues , the Philistines made a guilt offering of five golden tumors and five gold mice ( representing the five Philistine rulers ) . They then placed the gold along with the ark on a cart drawn by two milch cows , who head straight for Israel and do not waver . The ark stops at Beth Shemesh before finding a more permanent home at Kiriath - Jearim . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bill T. Arnold , `` Samuel , Books of '' in Bill T. Arnold and Hugh G.M. Williamson ( eds . ) , Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press , 2005 ) , 867 . Jump up ^ K.L. Sparks , `` Ark of the Covenant '' in Bill T. Arnold and H.G.M. Williamson ( eds . ) , Dictionary of the Old Testament : Historical Books ( InterVarsity Press , 2005 ) , 91 . Jump up ^ Robert Alter , The David Story ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2000 ) , 26 . Jump up ^ Peter Leithart , A Son to Me : An Exposition of 1 & 2 Samuel ( Moscow , Idaho : Canon Press , 2003 ) , 56 . Jump up ^ 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ( Brenton Septuagint Translation ) Jump up ^ A. Stirrup , `` ' Why has Yahweh defeated us today before the Philistines ? ' The question of the ark narrative , '' Tyndale Bulletin , 51 ( 2000 ) , 94 . Jump up ^ Peter Leithart , A Son to Me , 57 . Ark of the Covenant topics People Moses Kohanim High Priest of Israel Israelites Levites Bezalel Tribe of Judah Oholiab Kehath Tribe of Levi Jeremiah Joshua Samuel Solomon Menelik I Contents Tablets of Stone Ten Commandments Manna Aaron 's rod Cherub Locations Mount Sinai Jericho Jordan River Holy of Holies Tabernacle Ai Shiloh Gibeah Gilgal Eben - Ezer Philistia Beth Shemesh Kiriath - Jearim Temple Mount Dome of the Rock Well of Souls Cathedral of Chartres Tana Qirqos Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion Related The Sign and the Seal ( 1992 book ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark&oldid=777095355 '' Categories : Hebrew Bible events Books of Samuel Philistines Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2017 , at 05 : 32 . About Wikipedia

where was the ark of the covenant taken

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List of highest points in London

List of highest points in London - wikipedia List of highest points in London 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Twenty of the twenty - one summits are clustered on six ridges . The exception , a large knoll ranking 13th , is Harrow on the Hill . The lowest two of the six ridges , with one peak over one hundred metres each , are Shooters Hill on the relatively small Blackheath ridge , and Orange Tree Hill in the heart of the old village of Havering - atte - Bower , between Brentwood and Chigwell , one of several in the North Weald Ridges and Valleys landscape . On opposite sides of London are the North Downs and the Grim 's Ditch ( Harrow ) ridge , which together have twelve sub-summits . This is a list of the highest natural points in Greater London , England . These are the 21 peaks at least 100 metres high . One is an isolated hill , a knoll , Harrow on the Hill , the rest are among the summits of modest hill ridges ( escarpments ) . London 's highest building , the Shard London Bridge , stands at 309 metres ( 1,014 ft ) tall a few metres above sea level . It exceeds the height of any natural rises in London and adjoining counties , the highest being Walbury Hill . Contents 1 List 2 Settlements 3 See also 4 References List ( edit ) Rank Name London borough OS grid reference Height Westerham Heights Bromley TQ436564 ( 51 ° 17 ′ 17 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 36 '' E  /  51.288 ° N 0.060 ° E  / 51.288 ; 0.060 ) 245 metres ( 804 ft ) Sanderstead Plantation Croydon TQ343618 ( 51 ° 20 ′ 20 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.339 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.339 ; - 0.072 ) 175 metres ( 574 ft ) Stanmore Hill Harrow TQ164934 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 37 '' N 0 ° 19 ′ 05 '' W  /  51.627 ° N 0.318 ° W  / 51.627 ; - 0.318 ) 152 metres ( 499 ft ) Big Wood peak north of Manor Hill / Corrigan Avenue Rec . Ground Sutton TQ282598 ( 51 ° 19 ′ 19 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 36 '' W  /  51.322 ° N 0.160 ° W  / 51.322 ; - 0.160 ) 150 metres ( 492 ft ) 5 Arkley Barnet TQ219956 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 42 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 17 '' W  /  51.645 ° N 0.238 ° W  / 51.645 ; - 0.238 ) 147 metres ( 482 ft ) 6 Highwood Hill / Moat Mount , Totteridge Fields Barnet TQ218941 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.632 ° N 0.240 ° W  / 51.632 ; - 0.240 ) 145 metres ( 476 ft ) 7 Harrow Weald Common Harrow TQ149931 ( 51 ° 37 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 24 '' W  /  51.624 ° N 0.340 ° W  / 51.624 ; - 0.340 ) 145 metres ( 475 ft ) 8 Hampstead Heath : West of Spaniards Road ‡ Camden TQ264869 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 01 '' N 0 ° 10 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.567 ° N 0.177 ° W  / 51.567 ; - 0.177 ) 137 metres ( 449 ft ) 9 Shooter 's Hill Greenwich TQ438765 ( 51 ° 28 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 16 '' E  /  51.469 ° N 0.071 ° E  / 51.469 ; 0.071 ) 132 metres ( 433 ft ) 10 Hillcrest , North Hill , Highgate Haringey TQ282878 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 26 '' N 0 ° 09 ′ 00 '' W  /  51.574 ° N 0.150 ° W  / 51.574 ; - 0.150 ) 129 metres ( 423 ft ) 11 Pinner Hill Harrow / Hillingdon TQ107916 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 24 ′ 04 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.401 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.401 ) 126 metres ( 413 ft ) 12 London part of Woodcock Hill north of Scratchwood Barnet TQ201953 ( 51 ° 38 ′ 35 '' N 0 ° 15 ′ 50 '' W  /  51.643 ° N 0.264 ° W  / 51.643 ; - 0.264 ) 125 metres ( 410 ft ) 13 Harrow on the Hill ( occ . Harrow Hill ) Harrow TQ153874 ( 51 ° 34 ′ 23 '' N 0 ° 20 ′ 10 '' W  /  51.573 ° N 0.336 ° W  / 51.573 ; - 0.336 ) 124 metres ( 408 ft ) 14 Bournwell Hill Barnet / Enfield TQ256976 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' W  /  51.663 ° N 0.184 ° W  / 51.663 ; - 0.184 ) 115 metres ( 377 ft ) 15 Sydenham Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Lewisham / Southwark TQ340721 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 55 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 19 '' W  /  51.432 ° N 0.072 ° W  / 51.432 ; - 0.072 ) 112 metres ( 367 ft ) 16 Westow Hill ( Crystal Palace ) Bromley / Croydon / Lambeth TQ337707 ( 51 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 0 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W  /  51.419 ° N 0.077 ° W  / 51.419 ; - 0.077 ) 110 metres ( 361 ft ) 17 Forest Hill Lewisham TQ350735 ( 51 ° 26 ′ 46 '' N 0 ° 03 ′ 47 '' W  /  51.446 ° N 0.063 ° W  / 51.446 ; - 0.063 ) 106 metres ( 348 ft ) 18 Orange Tree Hill , Havering - atte - Bower Havering TQ512930 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 11 ′ 02 '' E  /  51.615 ° N 0.184 ° E  / 51.615 ; 0.184 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 19 Muswell Hill Haringey TQ283896 ( 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 53 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.148 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.148 ) 105 metres ( 344 ft ) 20 Woodcock Hill , Harefield Hillingdon TQ067915 ( 51 ° 36 ′ 43 '' N 0 ° 27 ′ 32 '' W  /  51.612 ° N 0.459 ° W  / 51.612 ; - 0.459 ) 103 metres ( 338 ft ) 21 Ferny Hill ( Enfield Chase ) Enfield TQ280979 ( 51 ° 39 ′ 54 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 56 '' W  /  51.665 ° N 0.149 ° W  / 51.665 ; - 0.149 ) 102 metres ( 334 ft ) ‡ was the highest point of the County of London and highest point in Inner London . Settlements ( edit ) Grouped by London Borough , South Street , a hamlet in Bromley , is the highest at 220 metres ( 722 ft ) above sea level . It is at the edge of the Surrey Hills AONB which covers the Surrey part of the North Downs and Greensand Ridge . The six next highest are all near - neighbours : Horns Green ( 216 metres ( 709 ft ) ) , Berry 's Green and Biggin Hill ( both reaching 190 metres ( 623 ft ) ) , Aperfield and Single Street ( both 180 metres ( 591 ft ) ) , and Luxted at 177 metres ( 581 ft ) . Outside Bromley the highest settlements are Sanderstead and Selsdon ( reaching 170 metres ( 558 ft ) and five metres below that , respectively ) in Croydon . Arkley in Barnet is built up to 147 metres ( 482 ft ) . Lower neighbours are Monken Hadley and Chipping Barnet , both 131 metres ( 430 ft ) , and Barnet Gate 129 metres ( 423 ft ) . The Vale of Health is a micro-locality in Hampstead Heath in Camden at ( 130 metres ( 427 ft ) . Harrow on the Hill in Harrow ( 124 metres ( 407 ft ) ) and Shooters Hill in Greenwich ( 120 metres ( 394 ft ) ) also have high positions . Some have peaks or crests ( in the table above ) in their definitively built - up area ( e.g. Sanderstead , Harrow on the Hill and Shooters Hill ) . Blackheath , London is a minor ridge after a short dip reaching a peak at Shooter 's Hill in the east ; here the towers of central Lewisham and Croydon beyond to the south - west ( right ) . The backdrop is the long crest of the North Downs in the far south of Bromley and adjoining Surrey See also ( edit ) List of highest points in the United Kingdom List of tallest buildings and structures in London References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Mountains of England and Wales -- London Borough Tops ^ Jump up to : `` The Physique of Middlesex '' . A History of the country of Middlesex . British History Online . 1969 . Retrieved 17 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Search '' . Jump up ^ 1 : 10,560 Sheet TQ28NE , Ordnance Survey , 1968 : Spot height 340 ft , top of Fortis Green Jump up ^ Explorer Sheet 173 London North , Ordnance Survey : 105 metres ( 344 ft ) contour around grid reference TQ286896 ( ( / / tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php ? pagename = List_of_highest_points_in_London¶ms = 51.59 _N_0. 143_W_source : enwiki - osgb36 ( TQ286896 ) 51 ° 35 ′ 24 '' N 0 ° 08 ′ 35 '' W  /  51.590 ° N 0.143 ° W  / 51.590 ; - 0.143 ) ) but no spot height Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_highest_points_in_London&oldid=848641507 '' Categories : Hills of London Geography of London Lists of highest points in the United Kingdom London - related lists Hidden categories : Articles with OS grid coordinates EngvarB from June 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 08 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

harrow on the hill height above sea level

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The Man in the High Castle (TV series)

The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternate history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions . The series is based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began . '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for , and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan . Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it . Upon learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular . The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she is an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco Brennan Brown as Robert Childan ( season 2 ; recurring season 1 ) , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell ( season 2 ) , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer ( season 2 ) , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who crosses paths with Joe Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States who is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building Bernhard Forcher as Hugo Reiss , the Nazi ambassador to the Japanese Pacific States Aaron Blakely as Erich Raeder , an SS - Sturmbannführer working with John Smith Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann ( season 2 ) , Joe Blake 's estranged father and a high - ranking member of the Reich Cara Mitsuko as Sarah ( season 2 ) , a Japanese American Resistance member , Frank 's confidante and a survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp Tate Donovan as George Dixon ( season 2 ) , a mysterious friend of the Crains Michael Hogan as Hagan ( season 2 ) , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance Tzi Ma as Rikugun - Taishō Hidehisa Onoda ( season 2 ) , a leading member of the Japanese military John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke 's wife Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi ( season 2 ) , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son Historical characters ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich Keone Young as Gensui Shunroku Hata Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason . The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . While Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City , the Kempeitai , who want to know her destination , arrest Frank in San Francisco . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children , but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed 's name , Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end his son Thomas 's life , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother . He crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas . While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information . While at Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two . Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz . '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building , '' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo . See also ( edit ) Fatherland , 1994 TV film SS - GB , 2017 TV series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . 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Dick ( works ) Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) The Exegesis of Philip K. Dick ( 2011 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` The Impossible Planet '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Hanging Stranger '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` The Hood Maker '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare ( later `` The Zap Gun '' ) '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Related Philip K. Dick Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=834421755 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Parallel universes in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing German - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 17 : 05 . 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List of places on land with elevations below sea level

List of places on land with elevations below sea level - wikipedia List of places on land with elevations below sea level This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This is a list of places below mean sea level that are on land . Places in tunnels , mines , basements , dug holes ( also with open sky ) , under water , under ice , or existing temporarily as a result of ebbing of sea tide etc. are not included . Places where seawater and rainwater is pumped away are included . Fully natural places below sea level require a dry climate ; otherwise , rain would exceed evaporation and fill the area . All figures are in meters below sea level , arranged by depth , lowest first : This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Contents 1 Africa 2 Antarctica 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 North America 6 Oceania 7 South America 8 Historic and ice - covered areas 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Africa ( edit ) Afar Depression Lake Assal , Djibouti , ( − 153 m ( − 502 ft ) ) lowest land in Africa Danakil Depression , Ethiopia , ( − 125 m ( − 410 ft ) ) Qattara Depression , Egypt , ( − 133 m ( − 436 ft ) ) Sebkha Tah , Western Sahara , in the Laâyoune - Boujdour - Sakia El Hamra region ( − 55 m ( − 180 ft ) ) Sabkhat Ghuzayyil , Libya ( − 47 m ( − 154 ft ) ) Chott Melrhir , Algeria , ( − 40 m ( − 131 ft ) ) Shatt al Gharsah , Tunisia , ( − 17 m ( − 56 ft ) ) Sebkhet Te - n - Dghamcha , Mauritania , ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Antarctica ( edit ) Deep Lake , Vestfold Hills , ( − 50 m ( − 164 ft ) ) Asia ( edit ) Jordan valley , Israel -- West Bank -- Jordan Neot HaKikar , Israel ( − 345 m ( − 1,132 ft ) ) , Israeli settlement just south of Dead Sea . 30 ° 55 ′ 59.15 '' N 35 ° 22 ′ 36.11 '' E  /  30.9330972 ° N 35.3766972 ° E  / 30.9330972 ; 35.3766972 Dead Sea , Jordan -- West Bank -- Israel ( − 430 m ( − 1,411 ft ) ) , lowest land in Asia and the world 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E  / 31.500 ; 35.500 Jericho , West Bank ( − 258 m ( − 846 ft ) ) , lowest city in the world 31 ° 51 ′ N 35 ° 28 ′ E  /  31.85 ° N 35.46 ° E  / 31.85 ; 35.46 Bet She'an , Israel ( between Tiberias and Jericho ) ( − 122 m ( − 400 ft ) ) 32 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E  /  32.50 ° N 35.50 ° E  / 32.50 ; 35.50 Sea of Galilee , Israel ( − 214 m ( − 702 ft ) ) 32 ° 48 ′ N 35 ° 36 ′ E  /  32.80 ° N 35.60 ° E  / 32.80 ; 35.60 Tiberias , Israel ( − 207 m ( − 679 ft ) ) 32 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 35 ° 32 ′ 09 '' E  /  32.7966 ° N 35.535717 ° E  / 32.7966 ; 35.535717 Turfan Depression , China ( − 154 m ( − 505 ft ) ) Caspian Basin Caspian Depression , Karagiye , Kazakhstan ( − 138 m ( − 453 ft ) ) Caspian Sea and its shores , Russia -- Kazakhstan -- Azerbaijan -- Iran -- Turkmenistan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Kuttanad , India ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Hachirogata , Japan ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Europe ( edit ) Areas of the Netherlands located below sea level ( right ) compared to dry land ( left ) . Caspian Depression Caspian Sea and its shores , Azerbaijan , Russia , and Kazakhstan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) Baku , Azerbaijan ( − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) ) , lowest lying national capital in the world Atyrau Airport , Kazakhstan ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) -- lowest international airport Netherlands , coastal provinces ( ( − 1 to − 7 m ) ( − 3 to − 23 ft ) ) Zuidplaspolder ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) Haarlemmermeer ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Amsterdam Schiphol Airport ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Wieringermeer ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Flevoland ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Amsterdam ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Belgium , parts of West Flanders ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Lammefjord , Denmark ( − 7 m ( − 23 ft ) ) The Fens , United Kingdom ( − 2.75 m ( − 9 ft ) ) Neuendorf - Sachsenbande , Germany ( − 4 m ( − 13 ft ) ) Le Contane , Jolanda di Savoia , Italy ( − 3.44 m ( − 11.3 ft ) ) North Slob , County Wexford , Ireland ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) Camargue , France ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Kristianstad , Sweden ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Żuławy Wiślane , Poland , Baltic delta of the Vistula River ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) North America ( edit ) Sea level sign ( 2 / 3 of the way up the cliff face ) above Badwater Basin , Death Valley National Park , USA Death Valley Badwater Basin , California , United States ( − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) ) lowest point in North America Salton Sink , United States ( − 66 m ( − 217 ft ) ) Bombay Beach , California , United States ( − 69 m ( − 226 ft ) ) Salton Sea Beach , California , United States ( − 67 m ( − 220 ft ) ) Desert Shores , California , United States ( − 61 m ( − 200 ft ) ) Calipatria , California , United States ( − 56 m ( − 184 ft ) ) Westmorland , California , United States ( − 48 m ( − 157 ft ) ) Niland , California , United States ( − 43 m ( − 141 ft ) ) Salton City , California , United States ( − 38 m ( − 125 ft ) ) Brawley , California , United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Thermal , California , United States ( − 37 m ( − 121 ft ) ) Coachella , California , United States ( − 22 m ( − 72 ft ) ) Imperial , California , United States ( − 18 m ( − 59 ft ) ) Seeley , California , United States ( − 13 m ( − 43 ft ) ) El Centro , California , United States ( − 12 m ( − 39 ft ) ) Indio , California , United States ( − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) ) Heber , California , United States ( − 5 m ( − 16 ft ) ) Holtville , California , United States ( − 3 m ( − 10 ft ) ) New Orleans , Louisiana , United States ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) Laguna Salada , Baja California , Mexico ( − 10 m ( − 33 ft ) ) Lake Enriquillo , Dominican Republic ( − 46 m ( − 151 ft ) ) , lowest place on an island country . Oceania ( edit ) Lake Eyre , Australia , − 16 m ( − 52 ft ) , lowest land in Australia Lake Frome , Australia , − 6 m ( − 20 ft ) Taieri Plain , New Zealand , − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) South America ( edit ) Laguna del Carbón , Argentina ( − 105 m ( − 344 ft ) ) lowest land in the Americas Bajo del Gualicho , Río Negro province , Argentina ( − 72 m ( − 236 ft ) ) Salina Grande and Salina Chica , Valdés Peninsula , Chubut Province , Argentina ( − 42 m ( − 138 ft ) ) Sechura Depression , Sechura Desert , Piura Region , Peru ( − 34 m ( − 112 ft ) ) Georgetown , Guyana ( − 2 m ( − 7 ft ) ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Historic and ice - covered areas ( edit ) Deeper and larger than any of the trenches in the list above is the Bentley Subglacial Trench in Antarctica , at a depth of 2,540 m ( 8,330 ft ) . It is subglacial , meaning that it is permanently covered by the largest ice cap in the world . Therefore , it is not included in any list on the page . If the ice melted it would be covered by sea . The biggest dry land area below sea level that has been known to exist in the geological past , as measured by continuous volume of atmospheric air below sea level , was the dry bed of the Mediterranean Sea in the late Miocene period during the Messinian salinity crisis . See also ( edit ) Extreme points of Earth List of countries by lowest point List of submarine topographical features References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Scheffel , Richard L. ; Wernet , Susan J. , eds. ( 1980 ) . Natural Wonders of the World . United States of America : Reader 's Digest Association , Inc. p. 378 . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 087 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Earth portal `` Adjustable Sealevel Map '' . flood.firetree.net . `` Land Below Sea Level '' . geology.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_places_on_land_with_elevations_below_sea_level&oldid=865982979 '' Categories : Lists of places Geography - related lists Geology - related lists Physical geography Depressions ( geology ) Lowest points Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from May 2009 All articles lacking sources Incomplete lists from August 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 13 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

lowest city below sea level in the world

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Rise of the Guardians

Rise of the Guardians - Wikipedia Rise of the Guardians This article is about the film . For the video game , see Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game . Rise of the Guardians Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Ramsey Produced by Christina Steinberg Nancy Bernstein Screenplay by David Lindsay - Abaire Based on The Guardians of Childhood by William Joyce Starring Chris Pine Alec Baldwin Hugh Jackman Isla Fisher Jude Law Music by Alexandre Desplat Edited by Joyce Arrastia Production company DreamWorks Animation Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) ( Mill Valley Film Festival ) November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $145 million Box office $306.9 million Rise of the Guardians is a 2012 American 3D computer - animated fantasy film based on William Joyce 's The Guardians of Childhood book series and The Man in the Moon short film by Joyce and Reel FX Creative Studios . Peter Ramsey directed the film , while Joyce and Guillermo del Toro were executive producers with voice acting by Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher , and Jude Law . Produced by DreamWorks Animation and distributed by Paramount Pictures , it was released on November 21 , 2012 . Set about 300 years after the book series , the film tells a story about Guardians Santa Claus , the Tooth Fairy , the Easter Bunny , and the Sandman , who enlist Jack Frost to stop Pitch Black from engulfing the world in darkness . The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film . This was the last DreamWorks Animation film to be distributed by Paramount Pictures . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 6.3 Accolades 7 Video game 8 Possible sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Jack Frost awakens from a frozen pond with amnesia . Upon realizing no one can see or hear him , he disappears . Three hundred years later , Jack , as the young Spirit of Winter , enjoys delivering snow days to school kids , but resents that they do not believe in him . At the North Pole , the Man in the Moon warns Nicholas St. North that Pitch Black is threatening the children of the world with his nightmares . He calls E. Aster Bunnymund , Sandy , and Tooth , to arms . They are then told that Jack Frost has been chosen to be a new Guardian . Visiting Tooth 's world , Jack learns that each and every baby tooth contains childhood memories of the children who lost it , Jack 's teeth included . However , Pitch raids Tooth 's home , kidnapping all of her subordinate tooth fairies except Baby Tooth and stealing all the teeth , thus preventing Tooth from sharing Jack 's memories and weakening children 's belief in Tooth . In order to thwart Pitch 's plan , the group decides to collect children 's teeth . During their journey , a quarrel between North and Bunnymund awakens a boy , Jamie . Since he still believes , he can see everybody except for Jack . Pitch 's nightmares then attack , provoking Sandy as the Guardian of Dreams . Jack tries to intervene , but Sandy is overwhelmed and killed by Pitch . As Easter approaches , the dejected Guardians gather in Bunnymund 's home . With the unexpected aid of Jamie 's little sister , Sophie , they begin the process of painting eggs for Easter . After Jack takes Sophie home , he is lured to Pitch 's lair by a voice . Pitch taunts him with his memories and fear of non-belief , distracting him long enough for Pitch to destroy the eggs , causing children to stop believing in Easter and Bunnymund . Losing his trust in the Guardians , Jack isolates himself in Antarctica , where Pitch tries to convince him to join his side . When Jack refuses , Pitch threatens to kill Baby Tooth unless Jack gives him his staff , the source of his magic . He agrees , but Pitch breaks Jack 's staff and throws him down a chasm . Unlocking his memories , he learns that he was a mortal teenager who fell into ice while saving his younger sister . Inspired , Jack repairs his staff and returns to the lair to rescue the kidnapped baby fairies . In New York Due to Pitch , every child in the world except Jamie disbelieves , drastically weakening the Guardians . Finding Jamie 's belief wavering , Jack makes it snow in his room , renewing Jamie 's belief and letting him see Jack . Jack and Jamie gather the boy 's friends , whose renewed belief bolsters their fight against Pitch . Pitch threatens them , but their dreams prove stronger than his nightmares , resulting in Sandy 's resurrection . Defeated and disbelieved in , Pitch tries to retreat , but his nightmares , sensing his own fears , turn on him and trap him in his lair . Afterward , Jamie and his friends bid goodbye to the Guardians as Jack accepts his place as the Guardian of Fun . Cast ( edit ) Chris Pine as Jack Frost , the spirit of winter . Jack Frost is a teenage hellion who enjoys creating mischief and has no interest in being bound by rules or obligations ; he just wants to use his staff to spread his winter magic for the sake of fun , but also wants to be believed in . At the end of the film , Jack became the Guardian of Fun . While he can not fly , per se , he can be carried on currents of wind , allowing him to span great distances . Alec Baldwin as Nicholas St. North ( Santa Claus ) , the leader of the guardians , and the Guardian of Wonder . He lives at the North Pole in the Ice Castle and is served by loyal North Pole natives , the Yetis ( who built the castle and workshop ) and the Christmas Elves . He carries a Russian accent / culture persona . Hugh Jackman as E. Aster Bunnymund ( Easter Bunny ) , the fabled keeper and bringer of Easter eggs and the Guardian of Hope . He has an Australian accent . Isla Fisher as Tooth ( Tooth Fairy ) , the mythical tooth collector and the Guardian of Memories . Tooth is part human and part hummingbird . Assisted by mini fairies that are split - off extensions of herself , she collects the children 's teeth , which hold their most precious memories . Tooth stores them in her palace and returns memories when they are needed the most . She seems to have a crush on Jack , ( or more acurately , his pure white teeth ) . Jude Law as Pitch Black ( The Boogeyman ) , the essence of fear and the Nightmare King . Dakota Goyo as Jamie Bennett , a child who has not given up on believing in the Guardians . Sandy ( The Sandman ) , the Guardian of Dreams is the oldest of the Guardians and the first Guardian chosen by Man in the Moon . He does not speak , but communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head . Georgie Grieve as Sophie Bennett , Jamie 's little sister Dominique Grund as Cupcake Olivia Mattingly as Pippa Production ( edit ) In 2005 , William Joyce and Reel FX launched a joint venture , Aimesworth Amusements , to produce CG - animated feature films , one of which was set to be The Guardians of Childhood , based on Joyce 's idea . The film was not realized , but they did create a short animated film , The Man in the Moon , directed by Joyce , which introduced the Guardians idea , and served as an inspiration for the film . Early in 2008 , Joyce sold the film rights to DreamWorks Animation , after the studio assured him it would respect his vision for the characters and that he would be involved with the creative process . In November 2009 , it was revealed that DreamWorks had hired Peter Ramsey to make his feature debut as director of what was then titled The Guardians , and playwright David Lindsay - Abaire to script . Joyce acted as a co-director for the first few years , but left this position after the death of his daughter Mary Katherine , who died of a brain tumor . Joyce continued to assist as an executive producer , while Ramsey took over full directing , making him the first African American to direct a big - budget CG animated film . As with some previous DreamWorks films , Guillermo del Toro came on board as an executive producer . Present almost from the beginning , he was able to help shape the story , character design , theme and structure of the film . He said he was proud that the filmmakers were making parts of the film `` dark and moody and poetic , '' and expressed hope this might `` set a different tone for family movies , for entertainment movies . '' The final title , Rise of the Guardians was announced in early 2011 , along with the first cast . Roger Deakins , the cinematographer who had already worked on the previous DreamWorks ' film , How to Train Your Dragon , advised on the lighting to achieve its real look . He selected photographic references for color keys , and during the production gave notes on contrast , saturation , depth of field and light intensity . The film contains a lot of special effects , particularly the volumetric particles for depicting Sandman and Pitch . For this , DreamWorks Animation developed OpenVDB , a more efficient tool and format for manipulating and storing volume data , like smoke and other amorphous materials . OpenVDB had been already used on Puss in Boots and Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted , and was released in August 2012 for free as an open - source project with a hope to become an industry standard . Although the film is based on the Joyce 's book series , it contains differences from the books . The book series , begun in 2011 , explains the origins of the characters , while the film takes place about 300 years after the books , and shows how the characters function in present time . Joyce explained , `` Because I do n't want people to read the book and then go see the movie and go , ' Oh , I like the book better , ' and I also did n't want them to know what happens in the movie . And I also knew that during the progress of film production , a lot of things can change . So I wanted to have a sort of distance , so we were able to invoke the books and use them to help us figure out the world of the movie , but I did n't want them to be openly competitive to each other . '' The idea for the Guardians came from Joyce 's daughter , who asked him `` if he thought Santa Claus had ever met the Easter Bunny . '' The film includes a dedication to her , as well a song , `` Still Dream , '' sung over the end credits . Originally , the film was set to be released on November 2 , 2012 , but DreamWorks Animation pushed the film to November 21 , 2012 to avoid competition with Pixar 's upcoming film Monsters University , which in turn had been pushed to November 2 , 2012 to avoid competition with The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 . Monsters University was then pushed to June 21 , 2013 , with Disney 's Wreck - It Ralph taking its place . Soundtrack ( edit ) French composer Alexandre Desplat composed the original music for the film , which was released on November 13 , 2012 by Varèse Sarabande . The score was recorded in London at Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios , and performed by the London Symphony Orchestra , with a choral contribution by London Voices . David Lindsay - Abaire wrote the lyrics for the end - credit song , `` Still Dream , '' which was performed by soprano Renée Fleming . Stravinsky 's Firebird Suite can also be heard during the scene where North first appears . This film marks the first time that a DreamWorks Animation film has not been composed by Hans Zimmer or a member of his Remote Control Productions family of composers ( mainly John Powell , Henry Jackman , Harry Gregson - Williams or his brother Rupert Gregson - Williams ) . Rise of the Guardians Film score by Alexandre Desplat Released November 13 , 2012 Recorded 2012 Genre Score Length 67 : 47 Label Varèse Sarabande Producer Alexandre Desplat Alexandre Desplat film scores chronology Argo ( 2012 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) Track listing : No . Title Length 1 . `` Still Dream '' ( performed by Renée Fleming ) 3 : 12 2 . `` Calling the Guardians '' 2 : 06 3 . `` Alone in the World '' 2 : 04 4 . `` Fanfare of the Elves '' 0 : 53 5 . `` Wind Take Me Home ! '' 1 : 28 6 . `` Dreamsand '' 2 : 03 7 . `` Pitch on the Globe '' 0 : 57 8 . `` The Moon '' 1 : 32 9 . `` Snowballs '' 1 : 31 10 . `` Busy Workshop '' 1 : 33 11 . `` Sleigh Launch '' 1 : 45 12 . `` Nightmares Attack '' 7 : 17 13 . `` Tooth Collection '' 2 : 22 14 . `` Jamie 's Bedroom '' 2 : 31 15 . `` Jack & Sandman '' 4 : 18 16 . `` Memorial '' 1 : 21 17 . `` Guardians Regroup '' 0 : 58 18 . `` Easter '' 3 : 39 19 . `` Jack Betrays '' 3 : 20 20 . `` Kids Stop Believing '' 2 : 35 21 . `` Jack 's Memories '' 2 : 24 22 . `` Pitch at North Pole '' 2 : 00 23 . `` Jamie Believes '' 3 : 01 24 . `` Jack 's Center '' 4 : 52 25 . `` Sandman Returns '' 2 : 36 26 . `` Dreamsand Miracles '' 2 : 18 27 . `` Oath of the Guardians '' 3 : 11 Total length : 67 : 47 Release ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians premiere at the Mill Valley Film Festival : Christina Steinberg , producer ; Peter Ramsey , director ; Jeffrey Katzenberg , DreamWorks Animation 's CEO ; Nancy Bernstein , producer ; Bill Damaschke , DreamWorks Animation 's Chief Creative Officer Rise of the Guardians had its premiere on October 10 , 2012 , at The Mill Valley Film Festival in Mill Valley , California , followed by the international premiere at The International Rome Film Festival on November 13 , 2012 . Under distribution by Paramount Pictures , the film was released on November 21 , 2012 , in American theaters . Digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D , it was shown in limited international and domestic IMAX theaters . It was the second film released in the firm Barco 's Auro 11.1 3D audio format , after Red Tails . The film was also shown in Dolby Atmos , a surround sound technology introduced in 2012 . Rise of the Guardians was the last DreamWorks Animation film distributed by Paramount , as DreamWorks has signed a five - year distribution deal with 20th Century Fox , which started in 2013 with The Croods . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians was released on Blu - ray Disc ( 2D and 3D ) and DVD on March 12 , 2013 . That was the last DreamWorks Animation home media release to be distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment , since 20th Century Fox announced its distribution agreement with DreamWorks Animation a few months before the theatrical release . The film was more successful at home media sales than at the box office , having at the end of the second quarter of 2013 `` the highest box office to DVD conversion ratio among major releases . '' In the first quarter of 2013 , it sold 3.2 million home entertainment units worldwide , and in the second quarter 0.9 million units , for a total of 4.1 million units . As of August 2013 , 2 million DVDs were sold domestically . It was re-released on DVD on November 5 , 2013 and comes with a wind - up marching elf toy . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Based on 148 reviews , the film holds a rating of 74 % on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , with an average rating of 6.5 / 10 , based on 151 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` A sort of Avengers for the elementary school set , Rise of the Guardians is wonderfully animated and briskly paced , but it 's only so - so in the storytelling department . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics , calculated a score of 57 based on 34 reviews , or `` Mixed or average . '' The film earned an `` A '' from audiences polled by CinemaScore . Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and found the film 's characters to have `` a primal familiarity , as though they were developed by a tag team of Maurice Sendak and Walt Disney . '' Olly Richards of Empire wrote , `` It 's gorgeously designed , deftly written and frequently laugh - out - loud funny . For child or adult , this is a fantasy to get lost in . '' The Washington Post 's Michael O'Sullivan also gave the film a positive review and said , `` Thoughts become things . That 's the message of Rise of the Guardians , a charming if slightly dark and cobwebbed animated feature about how believing in something makes it real , or real enough . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and wrote in his review , `` There 's an audience for this film . It 's not me . I gather younger children will like the breakneck action , the magical ability to fly and the young hero who has tired of only being a name . '' Though he did say , `` Their parents and older siblings may find the 89 - minute running time quite long enough . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called the film `` a lively but derivative 3D storybook spree for some unlikely action heroes . '' Conversely , Justin Chang in Variety said , `` Even tots may emerge feeling slightly browbeaten by this colorful , strenuous and hyperactive fantasy , which has moments of charm and beauty but often resembles an exploding toy factory rather than a work of honest enchantment . '' Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal found that the film `` lacks a resonant center , '' and that the script , `` seems to have been written by committee , with members lobbying for each major character , and the action , set in vast environments all over the map , spreads itself so thin that a surfeit of motion vitiates emotion . '' Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Guardians grossed $103,412,758 in North America , and $203,528,912 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $306,941,670 . In North America , the film opened to $32.3 million over its extended five - day weekend , and with $23.8 million over the three - day weekend , it reached fourth place behind The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 , Skyfall , and Lincoln . The film 's opening was the lowest debut for a DreamWorks Animation film since Flushed Away . While the film did gross more than double of its $145 million budget , it still did not turn a profit for DreamWorks Animation due to its high production and marketing costs , forcing the studio to take an $83 million write - down . This marked the first time that the studio had lost money on an animated film since Sinbad : Legend of the Seven Seas . As a result of this combined with other factors , in February 2013 , the studio announced it was laying off 350 employees as part of a company - wide restructuring . Accolades ( edit ) The Rome Film Festival and Vanity Fair magazine awarded the new Vanity Fair International Award for Cinematic Excellence in November 2012 to Rise of the Guardians . The film also received the Hollywood Animation Award at the 16th Annual Hollywood Film Festival , held on October 22 , 2012 . List of awards and nominations Award Recipients Result African - American Film Critics Association Best Animation Won Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Isla Fisher ( Tooth ) Nominated American Cinema Editors Best Edited Animated Feature Film Joyce Arrastia Annie Awards Best Animated Feature Animated Effects in an Animated Production Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , David Lipton Won Character Animation in a Feature Production David Pate Nominated Phillppe LeBrun Pierre Perifel Music in an Animated Feature Production Alexandre Desplat Production Design in an Animated Feature Production Patrick Hanenberger , Max Boas , Jayee Borcar Woonyoung Jung , Perry Maple , Peter Maynez Stan Seo , Felix Yoon Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production Johanne Matte Won Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production Jude Law Nominated Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Joyce Arrastia Critics Choice Awards Best Animated Feature Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Animated Golden Globe Awards Best Animated Feature Film Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film Hollywood Film Festival Best Animated Feature Peter Ramsey Won International Film Music Critics Association Awards Film Composer of the Year Alexandre Desplat , also for Argo , Moonrise Kingdom , Rust and Bone , and Zero Dark Thirty Nominated Best Original Score for an Animated Feature Alexandre Desplat Won Mill Valley Film Festival Audience Favorite Children 's Film Peter Ramsey Producers Guild of America Outstanding Producer of An Animated Theatrical Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , Christina Steinberg Nominated Satellite Awards 2012 Best Animated or Mixed Media Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Nancy Bernstein , David Prescott , Peter Ramsey , Christina Steinberg Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Animated Feature Motion Picture The North Pole : Eric Bouffard , Sonja Burchard , Andy Harbeck , Peter Maynez Nominated Outstanding FX and Simulation Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture Last Stand : Andy Hayes , Carl Hooper , Andrew Wheeler , Stephen Wood Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Best Family Film Rise of the Guardians -- tied with Life of Pi Won Video game ( edit ) Main article : Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game A video game based on the film was released by D3 Publisher on November 20 , 2012 in North America , and released on November 23 , 2012 in Europe . It allows gamers to lead the Guardians in their battle against Pitch . The game is a 3D beat - em - up , where the player travels through each of the worlds : Burgess , North Pole , Bunnymund Valley , Tooth Palace , and Sandman 's Ship , to fight Pitch 's army of Nightmares . The player can switch between all five guardians at any time , and freely customize their powers , and they learn new special abilities as they level up . All the game versions support up to 4 - player gameplay . It is available on the Wii , Wii U , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Nintendo DS , and Nintendo 3DS . POSSIBLE sequel ( edit ) After the release of the film , the creators of Rise of the Guardians expressed hope that the strong A - Cinemascore average for the film and an enthusiastic word - of - mouth would gather support for the `` chance to make a sequel or two . '' Author and co-producer of the series , William Joyce , also mentioned in March 2013 that he was still in talks about a sequel with DreamWorks Animation : `` There is something that we are proposing that we hope they will want to do . '' Notes ( edit ) ^ In July 2014 , the film 's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation from Paramount Pictures and transferred to Universal Pictures . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Grady , Pam ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Mill Valley Film Fest : stars , new powers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` UPDATE : DreamWorks Animation Will Have Distribution Plan By Labor Day '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Globe , Golden ( 13 December 2012 ) . `` Golden Globes 2013 : full list of nominations '' . guardian.co.uk . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation To Fox For New 5 - Year Distribution Deal ; UPDATE : Paying Fees Of 8 % Theatrical And 6 % Digital '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` DreamWorks Animation Names All - Star Cast Featuring Chris Pine , Alec Baldwin , Hugh Jackman , Isla Fisher and Jude Law for Rise of the Guardians on November 21 , 2012 '' . DreamWorksAnimation.com ( Press release ) . January 27 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians -- Yetis '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Natives of the North Pole , Yetis are the blue - collar workers in North 's toy factory . Not only did they build the Ice Castle and workshop for North , the Yetis would also do anything for him and serve him loyally . Jump up ^ Tooth ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` You remembered to floss , right ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Up - and - coming child actor Dakota Goyo will voice a character in DWAnimation 's RiseOfTheGuardians ! '' . DreamWorks Animation verified Twitter page . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Did you know Sandman is the oldest of the Guardians ? '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandman ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sandman was the first Guardian chosen by the Man in the Moon '' . DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Although he does n't speak , he communicates through sand images that he conjures above his head ... '' DreamWorks Animation Rise of the Guardians official Facebook page . June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` AIMESWORTH AMUSEMENTS , LTD '' . Business Profiles . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Daly , Helen ( June 1 , 2005 ) . `` Hot House : Reel FX Creative Studios Ramps Up for Animated Fare '' . Studio Daily . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Connelly , Brendon ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Dreamworks Teaming Up With William Joyce For The Guardians of Childhood '' . / Film . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Jardine , William ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Interview : William Joyce , Moonbot Studios Co-Founder and Co-Director of Morris Lessmore '' . A113 Animation . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . I was ( co-director ) ... and then there was a tragic thing , my daughter became ill in post-production , and we lost her , so I had to bow out of directing at that point . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' Unveiled , Rises to Top Tier of Animated Contenders ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` DreamWorks sets scribe for ' Guardians ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tulich , Katherine ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' director a self - taught success '' . Glendale News - Press . Glendale , California . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( August 3 , 2012 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro Talks ' Rise of the Guardians ' and ' Pinocchio ' ; Hopes to Begin Voice Recording in Jan 2013 and Ron Perlman Will Play Stromboli '' . Collider.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro on his experience as executive producer of Rise of the Guardians '' . In The Works ( DreamWorks Animation official blog ) . October 10 , 2012 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` Director Peter Ramsey Talks RISE OF THE GUARDIANS , Roger Deakins , HOW TO TRAIN YOUR DRAGON 2 , Working with David Fincher on FIGHT CLUB , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Orden , Erica ( November 20 , 2012 ) . `` DreamWorks Releases Software Used in ' Guardians ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Releases Proprietary Volumetric Format OpenVDB to Open Source Community '' . DreamWorks Animation . August 3 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( November 5 , 2012 ) . `` AFI Fest : ' Rise Of The Guardians ' Tries To Stake Its Claim In Oscar Race And At Holiday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Shifts ' Monsters Inc. 2 , ' Drops Two Others '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Changes Dates For ' Monsters University ' , ' Reboot Ralph ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Famed Soprano Renee Fleming Performs Original Single `` Still Dream '' With Music By Alexandre Desplat and Lyrics By David Lindsay - Abaire for DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . October 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Varèse Sarabande . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : J. Lyman , Eric ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive New ' Vanity Fair ' Honor at Upcoming Rome Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 7 Festival Internazionale del Film di Roma - Guide e Programma '' ( PDF ) . Roma Cinema Fest . p. 5 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise Of The Guardians ' To Play IMAX Nov. 21 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barco Auro 11.1 3D sound technology will be featured in global release of DreamWorks Animation 's ' Rise of the Guardians ' '' ( Press release ) . Barco . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians , ' ' Gravity , ' ' Pacific Rim ' Will Be Mixed in Dolby Atmos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Blu - ray 3D Release Date , Details and Pre-Order '' . The HD Room . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation SKG Management Discusses Q2 2013 Results - Earnings Call Transcript '' . Seeking Alpha . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports First Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation. April 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks Animation Reports Second Quarter 2013 Financial Results '' . DreamWorks Animation . July 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians - DVD Sales '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Rise-Of-The-Guardians-Marching/dp/B00EDDUKGY/ref=sr_1_7?ie=UTF8&qid=1383683671&sr=8-7&keywords=rise+of+the+guardians Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Guardians Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( November 25 , 2012 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Twilight , ' Bond Dominate Fruitful Thanksgiving '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way ' Rise of the Guardians , ' protecting truth , justice and the childhood way Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Reviews Rise Of The Guardians Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians Scaring up Magic from Childhood Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Rise of the Guardians ( PG ) Retrieved February 17 , 2013 Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Variety . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A Visionary Director 's Sumptuous ' Pi ' Retrieved February 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Child , Ben ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation facing jobs cuts after Rise of the Guardians tanks '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaw , Lucas ( February 27 , 2013 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation to Lay Off 350 Employees '' . The Wrap . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . The Glendale , Calif. - based company posted a loss of $83 million in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2012 due to development costs and the poor performance of its latest film , Rise of the Guardians . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of the Guardians ' to Receive Animation Prize at 16th Hollywood Film Awards ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Award Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline . December 3 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Beck , Jerry ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` Annie Award Winners '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` ' Lincoln ' , ' Les Miserables ' , ' Silver Linings ' Top List Of Nominees For 18th Annual Critics Choice Movie Awards '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 70th Golden Globe Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . December 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Life Of Pi wins 35th Mill Valley Film Festival audience award '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Satellite Awards Nominates 10 Films for Best Motion Picture '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 11th Annual VES Awards '' . ComingSoon.net . January 7 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VES Awards : ' Life Of Pi ' Wins 4 Including Feature , ' Brave ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' Other Big Winners '' . Deadline . February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` ' Zero Dark Thirty ' fares well with Women Film Critics Circle '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Rise of the Guardians '' . Game Informer . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher reveals product details for ' Rise of the Guardians : The Video Game ' '' . Bandai Namco . July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` D3Publisher and DreamWorks Animation Announce Multi-Property Agreement for Next Three Animated Feature Films '' ( Press release ) . DreamWorks Animation . February 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2012 : Rise of the Guardians annoncé '' . JeuxVideo.com . June 6 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ' Les versions PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS et 3DS sont attendues pour cet automne , et la déclinaison Wii U est déjà confirmée . / The PS3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , DS and 3DS are expected this autumn and the ... Wii U is already confirmed . Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Rise of Guardians ' Filmmakers Hoping to Make Sword - Wielding - Santa Sequels '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philbrick , Jami ( March 11 , 2013 ) . `` IAR EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : AUTHOR / ILLUSTRATOR WILLIAM JOYCE TALKS ' RISE OF THE GUARDIANS ' BLU - RAY / DVD , AND A POSSIBLE SEQUEL '' . iamROGUE.COM . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chney , Alexandra ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` DreamWorks Animation Q2 Earnings Fall Short of Estimates , SEC Investigation Revealed '' . Variety . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rise of the Guardians . 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who voiced jack in rise of the guardians