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23490077 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch%2022%20%28Tinchy%20Stryder%20album%29 | Catch 22 (Tinchy Stryder album) | Catch 22 is the second full-length solo studio album by recording artist Tinchy Stryder. After three successful singles leading up to the album. The album was then released on 17 August 2009. The album is produced and co-written by award-winning producer and songwriter Fraser T Smith, whose previous credits include James Morrison, Craig David and Kano.
The album was preceded by a collaborative album with grime producer Maniac and a two-part free downloadable extended plays (EP), Star in the Hood EP Vol. 1 & Star in the Hood EP Vol. 2. Tinchy Stryder toured his album, Catch 22, in October 2009, and again in February/March 2010.
Critical reception
The Mirror gave the album a positive review: "...keen learner with an eye on the crossover market, Stryder shows infectious energy and determination to cover his core market on this second album. Check the auto-tuned pop thrills of Take Me Back and Shake Me. Stryder cuts an impressive sway as the hardworking pupil of the Grime Crossover Contingent." The Telegraph gave the album 3/5 stars and said: "American rappers have their guns. Tinchy Stryder has his mum. The witty domesticity of Stryder’s raps are part of the charm of this decidedly British hip hop album. Coming from the grime world, but not in the least grimy, the hook laden, techno-pop tracks are so relentlessly catchy, his unpretentious, snotty-nosed lyricism is like aural icing on a sugary pop cake."The Times gave the album 3/5 stars and said: "With a second No 1 single under his belt, Kwasi Danquah III, 22, is being hailed by wishful thinkers as the second coming of grime. Catch 22 is an uneasy balancing act between these two Stryder sides; but it makes for compelling spectacle."The Independent however was much less favourable of the album giving it 2/5 stars: "Tinchy Stryder may be the second-biggest name in grime, but Catch 22 suggests he's more in the mould of Akon than Dizzee Rascal: there's little of Dizzee's bonkers charm about these tracks, and plenty of Akon's reliance on auto-tuned hooks and romantic themes. Indeed, when not reflecting on his success, Tinchy's time seems mostly taken up with oiling his way into girls' affections, trying to extricate himself from their clinging attentions, or apologising for mistreating them."
Commercial performance
At the beginning of the week commencing Monday 17 August 2009 Catch 22 was duelling with Calvin Harris's Ready for the Weekend for the top spot in the UK, with only 1,000 copies between them. By the last mid-week update there was only a few copies between them. Catch 22 reached No. 2 in the UK by the end of the week, with Harris outselling Stryder by 8000 copies. Tinchy Stryder used his official Twitter to convey his gratitude to his fans for the high charting of the album. In its second week the album fell to No. 5 in the UK and was certified Gold in the UK.
In Ireland, the album debuted and peaked at No. 9.
Singles
The first single "Stryderman", was released as a digital download on 20 July 2008 with the CD single released on 8 August 2008. The song was added to BBC Radio 1's C Playlist in July 2008 and debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 73; Stryder's first single to chart in the UK.
The second single "Take Me Back", which also featured fellow Universal Island Records-signed act Taio Cruz was released on 19 January 2009. The single received high amount of praise and received placement on Radio 1's A Playlist. The single eventually peaked at number 3 in the UK; marking Stryder's first Top 10 single in the UK.
The third single "Number 1" which featured UK trio N-Dubz became Stryder's second Top 10 single and first number-one single in the UK when it debuted at the top spot on the UK Singles Chart on 27 April 2009.
The fourth single "Never Leave You" featured vocals from Amelle Berrabah of the Sugababes and was released on 9 August 2009; where it peaked at number-one in the UK, Stryder's third consecutive Top 10 single on the UK Singles Chart.
The fifth and final single "You're Not Alone" was released on 26 October 2009, where it reached number 14 in the UK; marking the fourth UK Top 15 hit from Stryder.
Track listing
Notes
"Spotlight" samples elements of "Dooms Night" by Azzido Da Bass.
"You're Not Alone" contains an interpolation of "You're Not Alone" by Olive.
"Express Urself" contains an interpolation of "Express Yourself" by Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
Release history
References
External links
Star in the Hood EP, Volume 1 (free download)
Star in the Hood EP, Volume 2 (free download)
2009 albums
Tinchy Stryder albums
Albums produced by Tinchy Stryder
Albums produced by Fraser T. Smith
Takeover Entertainment albums
Albums produced by Labrinth
Albums produced by Chase & Status | [
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45323849 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Brent%20London%20Borough%20Council%20election | 2002 Brent London Borough Council election | The 2002 Brent London Borough Council election took place on 2 May 2002 to elect members of Brent London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in 1998 reducing the number of seats by 3. The Labour party stayed in overall control of the council.
Election result
Labour lost 8 seats, but remained in control of the council.
|}
The above totals include the delayed election in Northwick Park on 13 June 2002.
Ward results
Northwick Park delayed election
The election in Northwick Park was delayed until 13 June 2002 after the death of one of the Liberal Democrat candidates. All 3 seats were won by the Conservative party.
References
2002
2002 London Borough council elections | [
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22208443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars%20Above%20Us | Stars Above Us | "Stars Above Us" is a single from the band Saint Etienne. Taken from the album Tales from Turnpike House, It was released in the US only by record label Savoy Jazz. The single was released under the mis-leading title Dance Remixes Volume 1.
The remixes for the single were done by Eric Kupper and Jeff Barringer. The single also featured the album version, produced by the Xenomania production team, who also co-wrote the track with the band.
Track listing
Saint Etienne (band) songs
2006 singles
Song recordings produced by Xenomania
Songs written by Bob Stanley (musician)
Songs written by Pete Wiggs
Songs written by Sarah Cracknell
2006 songs
Songs written by Shawn Lee (musician)
Songs written by Tim Powell (producer) | [
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399439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobbs%20County%2C%20North%20Carolina | Dobbs County, North Carolina | Dobbs County is a former county located in the Province of North Carolina and later the state of North Carolina. It was formed in 1758 from Johnston County, though the legislative act that created it did not become effective until April 10, 1759. It was named for Arthur Dobbs, Governor of the Province of North Carolina from 1754 to 1765.
In 1779 the western part of Dobbs County became Wayne County, and the county seat was moved from its original location on Walnut Creek to the town of Kingston, which was renamed Kinston in 1784. Because the name Dobbs reminded the population of the colonial past, in 1791 Dobbs County was divided by the North Carolina legislature into Glasgow County (later renamed Greene County) and Lenoir County, and ceased to exist.
See also
List of former United States counties
List of North Carolina counties
Dobbs County Regiment of the North Carolina militia during the American Revolution
References
Greene County, North Carolina
Pre-statehood history of North Carolina
Lenoir County, North Carolina
Wayne County, North Carolina
Former counties of North Carolina
1758 establishments in North Carolina | [
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13147457 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102.1%20FM | 102.1 FM | The following radio stations broadcast on FM frequency 102.1 MHz:
Argentina
LRI315 in Santa Fe, Santa Fe
LRI854 Vorterix Rock in Rosario, Santa Fe
Radio María in San Pedro, Buenos Aires
Radio María in Paraná, Entre Ríos
Radio María in Salta
Radio María in Santa Fe
Australia
4ZZZ in Brisbane, Queensland
8CCC in Alice Springs and Tennant Creek, Northern Territory
ABC Classic FM in Longreach, Queensland
3MIL in Swan Hill, Victoria
CAAMA in Yulara, Northern Territory
3NNN in Wangaratta, Victoria
SBS Radio in Moree, New South Wales
Triple J in Broken Hill, New South Wales
Triple J in Newcastle, New South Wales
Brazil
ZYD 604 in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul
Canada (Channel 271)
CBGA-FM in Matane, Quebec
CBJ-FM-6 in La Baie, Quebec
CBOF-FM-7 in Brockville, Ontario
CBR-FM in Calgary, Alberta
CBUF-FM-1 in Chilliwack, British Columbia
CBUR-FM in Houston, British Columbia
CFCJ-FM in Cochrane, Ontario
CFEL-FM in Levis, Quebec
CFNY-FM in Brampton, Ontario
CFSI-FM-1 in Saltspring Island, British Columbia
CFWY-FM in Whitehorse, Yukon
CHPR-FM in Hawkesbury, Ontario
CISW-FM in Whistler, British Columbia
CJCY-FM in Medicine Hat, Alberta
CJDJ-FM in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
CJGO-FM in La Sarre, Quebec
CJRW-FM in Summerside, Prince Edward Island
CJTK-FM-2 in Little Current, Ontario
CKHL-FM in High Level, Alberta
CKXR-FM-1 in Sorrento, British Columbia
CKXR-FM-3 in Sicamous, British Columbia
VF2291 in Carol Lake Mining, Newfoundland and Labrador
VF2537 in Fruitvale, British Columbia
VOAR-5-FM in Deer Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador
India
FM Rainbow in Trichy, Tamil Nadu
Malaysia
Buletin FM in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan (Coming Soon)
Raaga in Taiping, Perak
Sinar in Kuching, Sarawak
Mexico
XHAG-FM in Córdoba, Veracruz
XHECPQ-FM in Felipe Carrillo Puerto, Quintana Roo
XHEPS-FM in Guaymas, Sonora
XHESL-FM in San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí
XHJK-FM in Ciudad Delicias, Chihuahua
XHOMA-FM in Comala, Colima
XHPECW-FM in Actopan, Hidalgo
XHPIC-FM in Pichucalco, Chiapas
XHSCCW-FM in San Antonio de la Cal, Oaxaca
XHSCDF-FM in 20 de Noviembre, Emiliano Zapata Municipality, Chiapas
XHQI-FM in Monterrey, Nuevo León
XHTOM-FM in Toluca, Estado de México
XHURM-FM in Uruapan, Michoacán
XHVC-FM in Puebla, Puebla
XHVFC-FM in Otumba, Estado de México
XHYO-FM in Huatabampo, Sonora
United Kingdom
Swansea Bay Radio in Swansea, Wales
United States (Channel 271)
in Prescott, Arizona
KBDY in Hanna, Wyoming
KBMC (FM) in Bozeman, Montana
in Raymondville, Texas
in Roseau, Minnesota
in Los Molinos, California
KCKC in Kansas City, Missouri
KDGE in Fort Worth-Dallas, Texas
in Blanchard, Louisiana
in Saint Paul, Minnesota
KEGB-LP in Bend, Oregon
in Tahlequah, Oklahoma
KFIM-LP in Carroll, Iowa
in Oro Valley, Arizona
KFZX in Gardendale, Texas
KGRE-FM in Estes Park, Colorado
KHBE in Big Wells, Texas
KHKC-FM in Atoka, Oklahoma
KILX in De Queen, Arkansas
KJAS-LP in Ames, Iowa
in Louisiana, Missouri
KLVJ in Encinitas, California
KMJQ in Houston, Texas
KODC-LP in Dodge City, Kansas
KOKY in Sherwood, Arkansas
in Wenatchee, Washington
KPRR in El Paso, Texas
KQMY in Paia, Hawaii
in Brookline, Missouri
KQUQ-LP in Albuquerque, New Mexico
KRBQ in San Francisco, California
KRKC-FM in King City, California
in Reno, Nevada
in Breckenridge, Colorado
KSSI in China Lake, California
KSTI in Port Angeles, Washington
KSWW in Ocean Shores, Washington
KTMB in Anchorage, Alaska
in Farmington, New Mexico
KTUI-FM in Sullivan, Missouri
KUDO-LP in Harrison, Arkansas
in Milford, Iowa
KWFO-FM in Driggs, Idaho
KXSU-LP in Seattle, Washington
KXWS-LP in Watsonville, California
in Basile, Louisiana
KYRN in Socorro, New Mexico
KYUN in Twin Falls, Idaho
KZLJ-LP in La Junta, Colorado
KZLU-LP in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
in McCook, Nebraska
KZSN in Hutchinson, Kansas
in Oglesby, Illinois
in Meridian, Mississippi
in Springfield, Massachusetts
in Waverly, New York
WCPP-LP in Ironwood, Michigan
WCRM-LP in Columbus, Ohio
in Jeffersonville, New York
in Danville, Illinois
WDOK in Cleveland, Ohio
in Decatur, Alabama
WFAH-LP in Flint, Michigan
WGAF-LP in Fayetteville, Georgia
in Crawford, Georgia
WHJU-LP in Conyers, Georgia
in Mount Vernon, Illinois
in Du Bois, Pennsylvania
in Lima, Ohio
WIOQ in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
WIQQ in Leland, Mississippi
WIVI in Cruz Bay, Virgin Islands
in Albion, New York
WJMH in Reidsville, North Carolina
WJST in Sylvester, Georgia
WKFF in Sardis, Mississippi
in Rock Harbor, Florida
WKOT-LP in Wimauma, Florida
WKVZ in Dexter, Maine
in Lawrenceburg, Kentucky
WKZV in Tybee Island, Georgia
WLCT in Lafayette, Tennessee
in Bad Axe, Michigan
in Beattyville, Kentucky
in Mayfield, Kentucky
in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
WMJS-LP in Prince Frederick, Maryland
WMUK in Kalamazoo, Michigan
in Pamplico, South Carolina
WNGK-LP in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
WOPC-LP in Bradenton, Florida
WPBW-LP in St. Petersburg, Florida
in Watertown, Florida
in Lena, Illinois
in Citronelle, Alabama
WRGR in Tupper Lake, New York
in Forestville, Wisconsin
in Monticello, Mississippi
in Marietta, Ohio
in Richmond, Virginia
in Hampton, New Hampshire
WVFC-LP in Stephenson, Michigan
WVXR in Randolph, Vermont
in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida
WWFH-LP in Land O' Lakes, Florida
in Sevierville, Tennessee
in Bolingbroke, Georgia
WXJR-LP in Talking Rock, Georgia
in Virginia Beach, Virginia
WZUN-FM in Phoenix, New York
References
Lists of radio stations by frequency | [
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37271516 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Already%20Famous | Already Famous | Already Famous (Chinese:一泡而红: Yi Pao Er Hong) is a 2011 Singaporean comedy film and the feature film directorial debut of Michelle Chong, who also starred in the film alongside Taiwanese idol Alien Huang. The movie was released on 1 December 2011 in Singapore and was selected as the Singaporean entry for the Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards 2013.
Already Famous was well received in Singapore, where it grossed S$1.04 million and viewer demand for the film grew so high that movie theaters had to double the number of screens showing the film.
Plot
Ah Kiao (Michelle Chong) is a young village woman from Yong Peng, Malaysia, who spends much of her time dreaming about becoming a famous actor like the ones she sees in her beloved soap operas, much to the chagrin of her family. Despite her family's disapproval, she travels to Singapore to chase her dream and ends up taking on a job as a salesgirl to make ends meet while auditioning. During her stay, Ah Kiao meets a handsome coffee shop worker (Alien Huang), which threatens to distract her from her dream.
Cast
Michelle Chong as Ah Kiao
Alien Huang as Christopher / Ah Seng
Chua En Lai as Vaness
David Gan as Celebrity hair stylist
Sherry Lim as Hair salon receptionist
Patricia Mok as Modeling agency booker
Ernest Seah as Earness
Wilson Ng as Ah Kiao Father
Meng Chue Lok as Kiao's Grandmother
Reception
The Hollywood Reporter gave Already Famous a mixed review, writing "This lightweight film drags on for two hours, when 90 minutes would have been just about right. Still, the likable cast and knowing touches keep us watching right up until the end credits, which feature the same kind of outrageous out-takes that end many American comedies." Variety was more positive in their review, where they called it "A cheery hoot that pokes fun at showbiz pomposity even as it affirms its protag's impervious optimism."
See also
List of submissions to the 85th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Singaporean submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
2011 films
2011 comedy films
Singaporean films
Chinese-language films
Singaporean comedy films | [
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] |
58654167 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novye%20Lapsary | Novye Lapsary | Novye Lapsary (, ) is an urban locality (urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Leninsky City District of the town of republican significance of Cheboksary, the Chuvash Republic, Russia. Population:
References
Notes
Sources
Urban-type settlements in Chuvashia | [
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] |
67976870 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onyema%20Ogbuagu | Onyema Ogbuagu | Onyema Eberechukwu Ogbuagu (born June 20, 1978) is an American-born infectious diseases physician, educator, researcher, and clinical trial investigator, who was raised and educated in Nigeria. He is an associate professor at Yale School of Medicine in New Haven, Conn. and is the director of the Yale AIDS Program clinical trials unit. His research contributions have focused on HIV/AIDS prevention and COVID-19 vaccination and treatment clinical trials. He switched his focus at the beginning of the 2019 COVID pandemic and participated as a principal investigator (PI) on the Pfizer-BioNtech Covid-19 vaccine trials and the Remdesivir SIMPLE trial in 2020 and 2021. In pursuit of his global health component of his career, Ogbuagu also supports postgraduate physician medical education programs in low and middle income countries in sub-Saharan Africa in Rwanda (2013–2018) and Liberia (2017 to date) as well as HIV treatment programs in Liberia (2018 to date).
In his role as public health educator, he has worked to increase public understanding of mRNA vaccines. Ogbuagu has also worked to decrease vaccine hesitancy. He has been a co-author on 43 scholarly articles, according to the National Library of Medicine. According to Google Scholar, one article he co-authored on Remdesivir and its use for Covid that appeared in JAMA was cited 504 times. Ogbuagu was selected as the commencement speaker for Yale School of Medicine's class of 2021.
Early life and education
Onyema Ogbuagu and an identical twin brother, Chibuzo Ogbuaug II, were born to Chibuzo and Stella Ogbuagu. They were Nigerian doctorate students attending Yale University and University of Pennsylvania, respectively, when their twins were born. The couple had graduated in the 1974 from the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, where Stella was valedictorian. The family returned to Nigeria when Onyema and Chibuzo were five years old.
Before their recent retirement, Onyema’s father was vice-chancellor of Abia State University, Nigeria, and his mother was a professor of sociology and a former deputy vice-chancellor of the same institution.
Onyema Ogbuagu attended Auntie Margaret International Primary School in Calabar, Nigeria, and obtained his secondary education at Federal Government College, Okigwe, Imo State, Nigeria (1988 to1994), graduating at 15. He graduated from the College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Nigeria in 2014. He completed his medical internship at the Ebonyi State University Teaching Hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. He then returned to the United States, where he interned at the Elmhurst campus of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. Ogbuagu completed his residency and chief residency at Mount Sinai in 2010.
Ogbuagu completed an infectious diseases fellowship at Yale School of Medicine in 2012 and assumed a faculty position as an assistant professor in the same year. Currently, he is an associate professor of medicine in the Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases.
Personal life
Ogbuagu is married to Grace Igiraneza Ogbuagu. She is a nephrologist and member of the International Nephrology Society.
Career
Ogbuagu is an HIV/AIDS physician and leads a clinical trials program at Yale that conducts research on infectious diseases. He has been the principal investigator on pharmacokinetic, phase 2 and 3 safety and efficacy trials of novel antiviral compounds for HIV in addition to his recent work on Covid-19 vaccinations and therapeutics.
He is a clinician at Yale Medicine, the medical practice of Yale School of Medicine, and sees patients at Yale New Haven Hospital’s Nathan Smith Clinic.
Ogbuagu trains physicians in Liberia and Rwanda. He has been a visiting professor to the National University of Rwanda since 2012, where he mentors medical residents and junior faculty and assists them in conducting clinical research projects that have local importance such as HIV/AIDS and antimicrobial resistance. In Liberia, he is program director of Yale’s Office of Global Health’s efforts to support Internal Medicine residency training. He trained the first infectious disease fellow in Liberia.
COVID-19 and HIV/AIDS research
At the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, Ogbuagu shifted his focus from AIDS/HIV research and patient care to lead vaccine trials for Covid-19 at the Yale Center for Clinical Investigation where he was a PI on the Pfizer-BioNtech Covid-19 mRNA vaccine trial arms at Yale in adults as well as the pediatric studies for12-15 year-olds and 6 month to 11 year olds. The adult Pfizer BioNtech vaccine received emergency use authorization in the United States from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2020 and full FDA approval in 2021. There were approximately 150 sites for the Pfizer BioNtech mRNA trial, each lead by a principal investigator.
Ogbuagu was also a PI for the second Phase 2b Sanofi-Glaxo Smith Klein novel Covid-19 vaccination candidate. He was also the Yale site PI for COVID treatment studies including the Remdesivir SIMPLE moderate and Severe trials.
Previous to this clinical trial work, he researched pharmacokinetic, phase 2 and 3 safety and efficacy trials of novel antiviral compounds (HIV), and conducted HIV prevention trials.
Awards
In 2015, Ogbuagu elected as a Fellow of the American College of Physicians. In 2017, He received the Steve Huot Faculty Award for Dedication and Excellence from Yale School of Medicine’s Internal Medicine Primary Care Program.
In 2014 and in 2019, he received the Gerald H. Friedland prize for outstanding international research presentation by the Connecticut Infectious Diseases Society. On February 18, 2020, he also received an award from the Rwanda College of Physicians for his contribution in the fight against infectious diseases.
Publications
Tuan J, Spichler-Moffarah A, Ogbuagu O. A new positive SARS-CoV-2 test months after severe COVID-19 illness: reinfection or intermittent viral shedding? BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Feb 4;14(2):e240531. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240531. PMID 33542020; PMCID: PMC8098910.
Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Pérez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Roychoudhury S, Koury K, Li P, Kalina WV, Cooper D, Frenck RW Jr, Hammitt LL, Türeci Ö, Nell H, Schaefer A, Ünal S, Tresnan DB, Mather S, Dormitzer PR, Şahin U, Jansen KU, Gruber WC; C4591001 Clinical Trial Group. Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 31;383(27):2603-2615. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577. Epub 2020 Dec 10. PMID 33301246; PMCID: PMC7745181.
Edelman EJ, Moore BA, Calabrese SK, Berkenblit G, Cunningham CO, Ogbuagu O, Patel VV, Phillips KA, Tetrault JM, Shah M, Blackstock O. Preferences for implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Results from a survey of primary care providers. Prev Med Rep. 2019 Oct 21;17:101012. doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101012. PMID 31890474; PMCID: PMC6926349.
Spinner CD, Gottlieb RL, Criner GJ, Arribas López JR, Cattelan AM, Soriano Viladomiu A, Ogbuagu O, Malhotra P, Mullane KM, Castagna A, Chai LYA, Roestenberg M, Tsang OTY, Bernasconi E, Le Turnier P, Chang SC, SenGupta D, Hyland RH, Osinusi AO, Cao H, Blair C, Wang H, Gaggar A, Brainard DM, McPhail MJ, Bhagani S, Ahn MY, Sanyal AJ, Huhn G, Marty FM; GS-US-540-5774 Investigators. Effect of Remdesivir vs Standard Care on Clinical Status at 11 Days in Patients With Moderate COVID-19: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020 Sep 15;324(11):1048-1057. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.16349. PMID 32821939; PMCID: PMC7442954.
Ogbuagu O, Marshall BDL, Tiberio P, Ogunbajo A, Barakat L, Montgomery M, Almonte A, Wray T, Williams EC, Edelman EJ, Chan PA. Prevalence and Correlates of Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Prescribed HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Real-World Clinical Settings. AIDS Behav. 2019 Jan;23(1):190-200. doi: 10.1007/s10461-018-2260-9. PMID 30145707; PMCID: PMC7020905.
Rutledge R, Madden L, Ogbuagu O, Meyer JP. HIV Risk perception and eligibility for pre-exposure prophylaxis in women involved in the criminal justice system. AIDS Care. 2018 Oct;30(10):1282-1289. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2018.1447079. Epub 2018 Mar 11. PMID 29527934; PMCID: PMC6085161.
Kambutse I, Igiraneza G, Ogbuagu O. Perceptions of HIV transmission and pre-exposure prophylaxis among health care workers and community members in Rwanda. PLoS One. 2018 Nov 26;13(11):e0207650. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207650. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2019 Feb 22;14(2):e0212933. PMID 30475841; PMCID: PMC6261021.
References
1978 births
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54416379 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Goupil | Bernard Goupil | Bernard Goupil (1925-2013) was a Général de division of the French Army and Commandant of the Foreign Legion.
Military career
On October 1, 1946, he was admitted to the selection entry of Saint-Cyr and subscribed an engagement at the title of the EMIA and joined the 152nd Infantry Battalion () at Mutzig in quality of an instructor candidate.
He was promoted to Caporal-chef (Senior Corporal) on February 6, 1947, date in which he joined the 31st Chasseur Battalion à Pied ().
He was promoted to the rank of Sergent (Sergeant) on May 1, and on the 8, he passed to the 4th Chasseur Battalion à Pied () where he followed the 9th course series of the ESMIA. On April 16, 1948, he passed to the 29th Chasseur Battalion à Pied () at Coulommiers, however, remained attached to the ESMIA.
He integrated the promotion of « Général Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque » (1946 - 1948) on June 1, the rejoined the EAI at Auvours, on October 1.
He was promoted to the rank of Sous-lieutenant before heading to Coetquidan on October 31.
He was detached to the 4th Infantry Regiment from January 5 to February 5, 1949.
After his leave in application, he was assigned to the 1st battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1e REI at Saida on June 18. Designated in reinforcement « Extrême-Orient », he disembarked at Saigon on April 19, 1950 to be assigned to the 14th company of the IV/2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment 2e REI.
He passed to the 16th company on May 1. He was promoted accordingly to the rank of Lieutenant on October 1.
On January 22, 1951, he was assigned to the 3rd company of the marching battalion of the 1st Foreign Infantry Regiment 1er REI. Thus unit became the 11th company of the III/1er REI on March 1.
During his séjour, he combat engaged at Ben Tam, April 4 and 5 1951; at Vu Nong, on October 27 where was wounded twice by bullets; at Phu Yen, on January 14, 1952.
He received 3 citations with attribution of the Croix de Guerre des Théâtres d’Opérations Extérieures, with one at the orders of the armed forces.
Towards the end of the deployment, he disembarked in Marseille and received an assignment at the regional administrative company for his tenure at the end of campaign deployment, in October 1952.
He served then at the 1st Foreign Regiment 1e RE in quality as a platoon chief of élève gradé, from February 16, 1953.
He was made chevalier of the Légion d’honneur on August 26, 1963, for exceptional war service in the Extrême-Orient ().
Again reassigned to the Extrême-Orient, he disembarked at Saigon, on July 18, 1954 and rejoined the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment 3e REI. Repatriated with his unit, he disembarked at Bône.
He assumed command of the 8th company of the II/3e REI stationed in the Aurès, on December 16. He was promoted to the rank of Captain in July 1956.
On January 1, 1957, he became the chief of the 2nd bureau of the 1er RE. Then in 1958, he integrated the general staff headquarters school () and conducted his qualification at Philippeville.
Returned to the 1e RE, he assumed the officer function of psychological action of urban sous-sector of Sidi bel Abbès, starting February 1, 1959.
He was cited twice with attribution of the Croix de la Valeur militaire. On July 1, he was a selected candidate at the 20th promotion of the general staff headquarters ().
On March 10, 1960, he was assigned to the command of the 2nd company of the 121st Infantry Regiment in Algeria. He was slightly wounded on October 14, 1960 in Grande Kabylie.
He was cited at the orders of the armed forces for his decisive action. On May 8, 1961, he was assigned to the inter-arm bureau of the 11th Light Infantry Division (). The 11e DLI rejoined the metropolis at Nancy. He was promoted to the rank of Chef de bataillon (Commandant - Major) on April 1, 1963.
The 11th Light Infantry Division became the 11th Division of December 1.
On April 6, 1965, he was assigned to the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP at Bou Sfer, ion quality of instructor chief of the operation bureau. On August 1, 1967, he commanded the Qualification Group of Sous-Officiers (NCO) at the Infantry Application School () at Montpellier. He was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-colonel on July 1, 1969.
Nominated as chief of the cabinet of the commandant général of the 1st Army Corps (), he was assigned for administration at the 101st squadron of QG at Nancy on October 1.
On February 15, 1972, he assumed the functions of Chief cabinet of the Military Governor of Metz and Commandant of the 6e RM.
On August 8, 1972, he received the regimental command of the 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP at Calvi. He was promoted to the rank of Colonel on October 1, 1973. Following this command tenure, he became the Inspector General of general staff headquarters of the French Army () on August 12, 1974.
He rejoined the 28th session at IHEDN and the 25th sessions of the CHEMM, on September 1, 1975, in quality of an auditor.
On August 1, 1976, he was assigned to the 1st Foreign Regiment 1e RE for administration and became the Commandant of the Foreign Legion Groupment on October 29.
He was nominated to the 1st section of officer generals on December 1, 1978. In October 1980, he rejoined the EMAT in quality of mission delegate near the Chief of Staff of the French Army CEMAT, then Chief of the Cabinet.
On October 1, 1982, he was elevated to the dignity of Général de division and received the functions of Governor of Marseille on January 16.
He was admitted to the second section of officer generals, by reaching the age limit, on January 17, 1985.
Général de division Bernard Goupil died on April 3, 2013.
Honours and decorations
National honours
Military decorations
See also
Major (France)
French Foreign Legion Music Band (MLE)
Jacques Lefort, regimental commander 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment 2e REP (1958)
Pierre Darmuzai, 2e REP (1960)
Saharan Méharistes Companies (méharistes sahariennes)
Paul Arnaud de Foïard, 2e REP (1965)
Jeannou Lacaze, 2e REP (1967)
Jean Brette, 2e REP (1974)
Philippe Erulin, 2e REP (1976)
Jean Louis Roué, 2e REP (1978)
Bernard Janvier, 2e REP (1982)
Bruno Dary, 2e REP (1994)
Benoît Puga, 2e REP (1996)
References
Sources
Répertoire des chefs de corps
Centre de documentation de la Légion étrangère
Répertoire des citations (BCAAM)
French generals
French military officers
1925 births
2013 deaths | [
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6882866 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20in%20South%20African%20sport | 2005 in South African sport | 'See also:''
2004 in South African sport,
2005 in South Africa,
2006 in South African sport and the
Timeline of South African sport.
Cricket
November
16 November - The Proteas beats India by 5 wickets at the Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal, Hyderabad, India in South Africa and India's 1st One Day International of the 2005/6 season.
19 November - The Proteas loses to the India by 6 wickets in the 2nd One Day International (day/night game) held in M.Chinnaswamy Stadium, Bangalore, India.
22 November - The 3rd One-Day International in Chennai between the Proteas and the Indian cricket team is abandoned
25 November - The Proteas beats India by 10 wickets in Kolkata their 4th One-Day International
December
30 December - The Proteas loses to Australia by 184 runs in the 2nd test held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
Football (Rugby Union)
April
30 April - The South African national women's rugby team (Springbok Women’s team) beat Wales 24 - 9 in Cardiff, Wales
May
30 April - The South African national women's rugby team (Springbok Women’s team) lose to England 0 - 101 in Twickenham, England
June
11 June - South Africa (Springboks) set a massive record-breaking victory against the Uruguay 134-3 in East London
18 June - The Springboks drew 30-30 with France (les Tricolores) in Durban
25 June - The Springboks clinches the series 2-0 by beating les Tricolores 27-13 in Port Elizabeth
July
9 July - The Springboks loses against Australia (Wallabies) 30-12 in the first match of the Mandela Challenge held in Sydney
23 July - The Springboks beat the Wallabies 33-20 to retain the Mandela Challenge Plate in the second leg test in Johannesburg
30 July - The Springboks beat the Wallabies 22-16 in the first Tri Nations Series match in Pretoria
August
6 August - The Springboks beat New Zealand (All Blacks) 22-16 in the Tri Nations Series match at Newlands Cape Town
20 August - The Springboks beat the Wallabies 22-19 in the Tri Nations Series match at Perth, Australia
27 August - The Springboks loses to the All Blacks 27-31 in the Tri Nations Series match at Carisbrook, Dunedin, New Zealand
November
5 November - The Springboks beat Argentina (los Pumas) 34-23 in Buenos Aires
19 November - The Springboks beat the Wales (The Dragons) 33-16 in Cardiff
Football (Soccer)
February
9 February - Bafana Bafana draws 1-1 to Australia in a friendly match
26 February - Bafana Bafana beats Seychelles 3-0 in the opening round of the COSAFA Cup in Mauritius
27 February - Bafana Bafana beats Mauritius 1-0 in the COSAFA Cup in Mauritius
March
26 March - Bafana Bafana beats Uganda 2-1 in the World Cup qualifiers
June
4 June - Bafana Bafana beats the Cape Verde Islands 2-1 in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers
18 June - Bafana Bafana loses 0-2 to Ghana in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg
July
7 July - Bafana Bafana beats Mexico 2-1 during the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup in the Carson, California
10 July - Bafana Bafana draws 3-3 with Jamaica during the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup in Los Angeles, California
13 July - Bafana Bafana draws 1-1 with Guatemala during the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup
17 July - Bafana Bafana drew 1-1 with Panama in Houston, Texas but loses due to 3-5 penalties and is out of the running in the 2005 CONCACAF Gold Cup
August
13 August - Bafana Bafana loses 8-9 in a shootout to Zambia kicking them out of the COSAFA Cup
17 August - Bafana Bafana loses 1-4 in a friendly match against Iceland
September
3 September - Bafana Bafana loses to Burkina Faso 3-1 in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers
7 September - Bafana Bafana loses to Germany 4-2 in a friendly match
October
8 October - Bafana Bafana draws with Democratic Republic of Congo (The Simbas) 2-2 in the 2006 World Cup qualifiers
November
12 November - Bafana Bafana loses 2-3 in the Nelson Mandela Challenge against Senegal held in Port Elizabeth
Golf
2 May - Ernie Els wins the Asian Open held in Shanghai
4–7 August - Retief Goosen wins The International (a PGA Tour golf tournament) held at the Castle Pines Golf Course, Castle Rock, Colorado
25–27 November - Vincent Tshabalala and Tim Clark wins the Nelson Mandela Invitational held at Arabella Country Estate near Hermanus
18 December - Retief Goosen wins the South African Airways Open
Motorsport
25 September - A1 Team South Africa finishes 24th (last) in the sprint race and 6th in the main race of the British A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Brands Hatch, placing them 8th at the start of the 2005–06 A1 Grand Prix season
9 October - A1 Team South Africa finishes 12th in the sprint race and 22nd in the main race of the German A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Euro Speedway, dropping them to 14th place
23 October - A1 Team South Africa finishes 10th in the sprint race and 22nd in the main race of the Portuguese A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Autódromo do Estoril, dropping them to share 16th place with A1 Team Japan
6 November - A1 Team South Africa finishes 21st in the sprint race and 24th in the main race of the Australian A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Eastern Creek Raceway, stay in 16th place with the A1 Team Japan
20 November - A1 Team South Africa finishes 21st in the sprint race and 12th in the main race of the Malaysian A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Sepang International Circuit, dropping them to share 17th place with the A1 Team Japan
11 December - A1 Team South Africa finishes 12th in the sprint race and 3rd in the main race of the United Arab Emirates A1 Grand Prix of Nations held at the Dubai Autodrome, climbing to 15th place overall in the 2005/6 season
Swimming
24 July - Roland Schoeman sets a new world record in the men's 50-metre butterfly during the semi-finals at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
25 July - Roland Schoeman wins gold and breaks his own world record in the men's 50-metre butterfly final at the World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada
30 July - Roland Schoeman wins his second gold in the men's 50-metre Freestyle swimming final at the World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Quebec, Canada | [
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11927285 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai%20International%20Film%20Festival | Shanghai International Film Festival | The Shanghai International Film Festival (, French: Festival international du film de Shanghai), abbreviated SIFF, is one of the largest film festivals in East Asia.
"China's biggest film festival" according to the Hollywood Reporter. Next to Tokyo International Film Festival, the SIFF is considered by many to be the second biggest film festival in Asia. The first festival was held from October 7 to 14, 1993. In 2003 there was no festival due to the SARS outbreak. Since its beginning in 1993, Shanghai International Film Festival has grown to become an A-category international film festival.
Every June, the 10-day film festival arrives as scheduled, and it has become an important sight in Shanghai's cultural life. The Shanghai Film Festival has screened more than 400 Chinese and foreign films.
SIFF organized by Shanghai Municipal Administration of Culture, Radio, Film & TV and Shanghai Media & Entertainment Group. It awards several "Golden Goblet" Awards () for best film, best director, best actor/actress, and other categories, as well as a "Special Jury Award." SIFF Mart consists of the Film Market, China Film Pitch and Catch (CFPC), and Co-production Film Pitch and Catch (Co-FPC). The SIFFORUM is a communication platform.
History
In 2011, SIFF started a "Film Restoration" program to repair and preserve prints of classic Chinese movies.
Notable jury members include Oliver Stone, Mark Rydell, István Szabó, Stanislav Rostotsky, Alan Parker, Lee Chang-Dong, Geoffrey Gilmore, François Girard, Olivier Assayas, Luc Besson, Lisa Lu, Donnie Yen, Chen Hao, Tran Anh Hung, Chen Kaige, He Ping, Wong Kar-Wai, Bille August, Danny Boyle, Andie Macdowell, John Woo, Barry Levinson, Paz Vega, Jean-Jacques Annaud, Heather Graham, Li Bingbing, Tom Hooper, Gong Li, Sally Potter, Emir Kusturica, Atom Egoyan, Xu Qing, Sabu, Ildikó Enyedi Nuri Bilge Ceylan, Zhao Tao, Paolo Genovese and Nicolas Celis.
Other notable attendees include Jesse Eisenberg, Smriti Irani, Kirill Razlogov, Peng Yuyan, Xu Qing, Zhou Yun, Yang Zishan, Thierry Fremaux, Xu Zheng and Amanda Seyfried.
Awards
Golden Goblet Awards
The most prestigious award given out at Shanghai is the Jin Jue ("Golden Goblet") for the Best Feature Film.
Best Feature Film
Jury Grand Prix
Best Actress
Best Actor
Best Director
Best Screenplay
Best Music
Best Cinematography
Outstanding Artistic Achievement
Asian New Talent Award
An award launched in 2004 aimed at gathering new forces in film creativity, excavating/tapping fresh young faces on screens, and boosting newly made productions by young film makers into worldwide perspective.
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Scriptwriter
Best Cinematographer
International Student Shorts Awards
International Student Shorts Award was introduced since the 9th SIFF in 2006, as a stage for the young people to communicate with renowned film masters and to display their works. It is one of the three grand awards of Shanghai International Film Festival, together with Golden Goblet Award and Asian New Talent Award, by which more and more students approach to the world film industry.
Best Film Award
Best Director Award
Best Animation Award
Best Creative Idea Award
Special Jury Award
China Movie Channel Media Awards
China Movie Channel Media Awards are presented at each Shanghai International Film Festival by China Movie Channel since 2007. Voted by the reporters in the entertainment industry, the awards are aimed at "promoting medium-and-small-budget homegrown movies and exposing talented young directors and actors".
Best Film
Best Director
Best Actor
Best Actress
Best Supporting Actor
Best Supporting Actress
Jackie Chan Action Movie Awards
Jackie Chan Action Movie Awards were presented during the Jackie Chan Action Movie Week during the SIFF between 2015 and 2018. Voted by the reporters in the entertainment industry, the awards are aimed at "celebrating international action movies and honoring those who have made outstanding contributions to the genre." In 2019, these awards became their own event held separately from the SIFF.
Best Action Movie
Best Action Movie Director
Best Action Choreographer
Best Action Movie Actor
Best Action Movie Actress
Best Action Movie New Performer
Best Special Effects
Best Fight
See also
Cinema of China
Film festivals
List of film festivals in China
References
External links
Shanghai International Film Festival official site
Official Facebook
IMDb entry
State of the Shanghai International Film Festival by Casey Hall, CNN International, 8 June 2011
13th Shanghai International Film Festival CRI
Film festivals established in 1993
Film festivals in China
Annual events in Shanghai
1993 establishments in China | [
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54866773 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry%20Ambrose | Thierry Ambrose | Thierry Winston Jordan Ambrose (born 28 March 1997) is a French professional footballer who plays as a forward for KV Oostende.
International career
Ambrose was born in France and is of Guadeloupean descent. He's been a youth international for France.
Career statistics
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Sens
Association football forwards
French footballers
French people of Guadeloupean descent
Eredivisie players
Ligue 1 players
Ligue 2 players
Manchester City F.C. players
NAC Breda players
RC Lens players
FC Metz players
France youth international footballers
French expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in England
Expatriate footballers in the Netherlands | [
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30863956 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1919%20Browning%20machine%20gun | M1919 Browning machine gun | The M1919 Browning is a .30 caliber medium machine gun that was widely used during the 20th century, especially during World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The M1919 saw service as a light infantry, coaxial, mounted, aircraft, and anti-aircraft machine gun by the U.S. and many other countries.
The M1919 was an air-cooled development of the standard US machine gun of World War I, the John M. Browning-designed water-cooled M1917. The emergence of general-purpose machine guns in the 1950s pushed the M1919 into secondary roles in many cases, especially after the arrival of the M60 in US Army service. The United States Navy also converted many to 7.62 mm NATO, and designated them Mk 21 Mod 0; they were commonly used on riverine craft in the 1960s and 1970s in Vietnam. Many NATO countries also converted their examples to 7.62 mm caliber, and these remained in service well into the 1990s, as well as up to the present day in some countries.
Operation
Loading
The M1919 originally fired the .30 cal M1906 (.30-06) ball cartridge, and later the .30 caliber M2 ball cartridge, contained in a woven cloth belt, feeding from left to right. A metal M1 link was later adopted, forming a "disintegrating" belt.
Loading was accomplished by inserting the pull tab on the ammunition belt from the left side of the gun - either metal links or metal tab on cloth belts - until the feeding pawl at the entrance of the feed way engaged the first round in the belt and held it in place. The cocking handle was then pulled back with the right hand, palm facing up (to protect the thumb from injury if the weapon fired unexpectedly, which could happen if the barrel was very hot), and then released. This advanced the first round of the belt in front of the bolt for the extractor/ejector on the bolt to grab the first cartridge. The cocking handle was then pulled and released a second time. This caused the extractor to remove the first cartridge from the belt and chamber it (load it into the barrel ready to fire). As the bolt slid forward into battery, the extractor engaged the next round on the now-advanced belt resting in the feedway, preparing to draw it from the belt in the next firing cycle. Every time the gun fired a shot, the gun performed the sequence of extracting the spent round from the chamber and extracting the following round from the belt as the bolt came rearward, the fresh round ejecting the spent one when the bolt was to the rear and the fresh round was cycled in front of the bolt, then on the forward stroke chambering the next round to be fired, advancing the belt, and engaging the next round in preparation for loading. Once the bolt closed, the firing pin dropped and the round was fired, and the sequence was repeated (at a rate of roughly ten cycles per second) until the trigger was released or the ammunition belt was exhausted.
The gun's original design was as a water-cooled machine gun (see the M1917 Browning machine gun). When it was decided to try to lighten the gun and make it air-cooled, its design as a closed bolt weapon created a potentially dangerous situation. If the gun was very hot from prolonged firing, the cartridge ready to be fired could be resting in a red-hot barrel, causing the propellant in the cartridge to heat up to the point that it would ignite and fire the cartridge on its own (a cook-off). With each further shot heating the barrel even more, the gun would continue to fire uncontrollably until the ammunition ran out, since depressing the trigger was not what was causing the gun to fire (although rarely as full rate automatic fire; it takes time for heat to soak into a cartridge, so usually it would manifest as a series of unexpected random discharges, the frequency increasing with the temperature of the barrel). Gunners were taught to cock the gun with the palm facing up, so that in the event of a cook-off, their thumb would not be dislocated by the charging handle, and to seize the ammunition belt and pull to prevent it from feeding, if the gun ever started an uncontrollable cycle of cooking off. Gunners were trained to manage the barrel heat by firing in controlled bursts of three to five rounds, to delay heating. Most other air cooled machine gun designs were fired in the same way, even those featuring quick-change barrels and which fired from an open bolt, two features that make air-cooled machine guns capable of somewhat more sustained fire, both features that the M1919 design lacked.
Firing
When the gun was ready to fire, a round would be in the chamber and the bolt and barrel group would be locked together, with the locking block at the rear of the bolt. When the rear of the trigger was pivoted upwards by the operator, the front of the trigger tipped downward, pulling the sear out of engagement with the spring-loaded firing pin, allowing it to move forward and strike the primer of the cartridge.
As the assembly of bolt, barrel and barrel extension recoiled to the rear of the gun upon firing, the locking block was drawn out of engagement by a cam in the bottom of the gun's receiver. The recoiling barrel extension struck the "accelerator" assembly, a half-moon shaped spring-loaded piece of metal pivoting from the receiver below the bolt and behind the barrel extension. The tips of the accelerator's two curving fingers engaged the bottom of the bolt and caused it to move rapidly to the rear. The extractor-ejector was a mechanism that pivoted over the front of the bolt, with a claw that gripped the base of the next round in the belt. A camming track in the left side of the receiver caused this to move down as the bolt moved back, lowering the next round down on top of the fired case, pushing it straight down out of the extraction grooves of the bolt face through the ejection port. A spring in the feed tray cover pushed the extractor-ejector down onto the next round, so if the feed tray cover was opened, the extractor-ejector would be pulled upwards if the belt needed to be removed.
The belt feed lever was connected to the belt feeding pawl at the front end, had a cam pin at the rear end which ran through a track in the top of the bolt, and a pin in the feed tray cover acted as the pivot between the two ends. The rearward movement of the bolt caused the rear end of the feed lever to pull to the right, causing the feeding pawl at the other end to move left over the belt. The pawl would pull the belt further to the right as the bolt came forward again, also sending the loose M1 link of the previous round to be taken out of the belt to fly out the right side of the receiver. A recoil buffer tube extended from the back of the receiver to make the cycle of the bolt smoother than previous designs, to absorb some of the recoil of the bolt, and formed a place for the pistol grip to be installed.
Except for the M1919A6, all other variants had to be mounted on a tripod or other type of mount to be used effectively. The tripod used by infantry allowed traverse and elevation. To aim the gun along its vertical axis, the adjustment screw needed to be operated. This allowed the point of aim to be moved upwards or downwards, with free traverse to either side, allowing the gunner to set an elevation and sweep a wide band of fire across it by simply moving the gun from side to side. There was no need to control barrel climb or keep careful track of the fall of shots to make sure the fire was falling at the proper range. The gun was aimed using iron sights, a small folding post at the front end of the receiver and a rear aperture sight on a sliding leaf with range graduations from 200 to 1,800 meters in 200 meter increments. When folded down, the aperture formed a notch that could be used to fire the gun immediately without flipping up the leaf. The rear sight also had windage adjustment with a dial on the right side.
Operational use
Infantry
As a company support weapon, the M1919 required a five-man crew: the squad leader; the gunner (who fired the gun and when advancing carried the tripod and box of ammunition); the assistant gunner (who helped feed the gun and carried it, and a box of spare parts and tools); two ammunition carriers. The original idea of the M1919 was to allow it to be more easily packed for transport, and featured a light barrel and bipod when first introduced as the M1919A1. Unfortunately, it quickly became clear that the gun was too heavy to be easily moved, while at the same time, too light for sustained fire. This led to the M1919A2, which included a heavier barrel and tripod, and could sustain fire for longer periods.
The M1919A4 weighed about , and was ordinarily mounted on a "lightweight" (14lb), low-slung tripod for infantry use (light and low compared to the previous M1917 tripod). Fixed vehicle mounts were also employed. It saw wide use in World War II mounted on jeeps, half-tracks, armored cars, tanks, amphibious vehicles, and landing craft. The M1919A4 played a key role in the firepower of the World War II U.S. Army. Each infantry company normally had a weapons platoon in addition to its other organic units. The presence of M1919A4 weapons in the weapons platoon gave company commanders additional automatic fire support at the company level, whether in the assault or on defense.
The M1919A5 was an adaptation of the M1919A4 with a forward mounting point to allow it to be mounted in tanks and armored cars. This, along with the M37 (another M1919 variant) and the Browning M2 machine gun, was the most common secondary armament during World War II for the Allies. The coaxial M37 variant had the ability to feed from either the left or the right of the weapon, and featured an extended charging handle similar to those on the M1919A4E1 and A5. A trial variant fitted with special sighting equipment was designated M37F.
Another version of the M1919A4, the M1919A6, was an attempt to make the weapon into a true light machine gun by attaching a bipod, buttstock, carrying handle, and lighter barrel (4 lb (1.8 kg) instead of 7 lb (3.2 kg)). The M1919A6, with a wooden buttstock, handle, pistol grip and bipod directly mounted to the body of the weapon was in fact one pound heavier than the M1919A4 without its tripod, at 32 lb (15 kg), though its bipod made for faster deployment and enabled the machine gun team to dispense with one man (the tripod bearer). The A6 version saw increasing service in the latter days of World War II and was used extensively in Korean War. While the modifications were intended to make the weapon more useful as a squad light machine gun, it was a stopgap solution. Even though it was reliable, it proved somewhat impractical for its intended role.
In the late 1950s, an M1919 designed for remote firing via a solenoid trigger was developed for use in the XM1/E1 armament subsystem was designated M37C. The US Navy later converted a number of M1919A4s to 7.62mm NATO chambering and designated them Mk 21 Mod 0; some of these weapons were employed in Vietnam War in riverine warfare patrols.
From the 1960s until the 1990s, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) used ground tripod and vehicle-mounted M1919A4 guns converted to 7.62 mm NATO on many of their armored vehicles and M3 personnel carriers. Israel developed a modified link for these guns due to feeding problems with the original US M1 link design. The improved Israeli link worked with .30 caliber, 7.62 mm NATO and 8×57 mm cartridges.
Aircraft
With assistance from firearms engineers at Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, Belgium, the Model 1919 was completely re-engineered into the .30 caliber M2/AN (Army-Navy) aircraft machine gun (not to be confused with the .50 caliber M2/AN or the 20mm AN/M2, the two other primary US aircraft weapons of WWII). The .30 in M2/AN Browning was widely adopted as both a fixed (offensive) and flexible (defensive) weapon on aircraft. Aircraft machine guns required light weight, firepower, and reliability, and achieving all three goals proved a difficult challenge, with the mandate for a closed bolt firing cycle to enable the gun to be safely and properly synchronized for fixed-mount, forward-aimed guns firing through a spinning propeller, a necessity on many single-engined fighter aircraft designs through to nearly the end of World War II. The receiver walls and operating components of the M2 were made thinner and lighter, and with air cooling provided by the speed of the aircraft, designers were able to reduce the barrel's weight and profile. As a result, the M2 weighed two-thirds that of the 1919A4, and the lightened mechanism gave it a rate of fire approaching 1,200 rpm (some variants could achieve 1,500 rpm), a necessity for engaging fast-moving aircraft. The M2's feed mechanism had to lift its own loaded belt out of the ammunition box and feed it into the gun, equivalent to a weight of 11 lb (5 kg). In Ordnance circles, the .30 M2/AN Browning had the reputation of being the most difficult-to-repair weapon in the entire US small arms inventory.
The M2 also appeared in a twin-mount version which paired two M2 guns with opposing feed chutes in one unit for operation by a single gunner, with a combined rate of fire of 2,400 rpm. All of the various .30 M2 models saw service in the early stages of World War II, but were phased out beginning in 1943, as hand-trained rifle-caliber defensive machine guns became obsolete for air warfare (the .50 in/12.7 mm M2/AN Browning and 20 mm AN/M2 automatic cannon had replaced the .30 in as offensive air armament as well). The .30 in M2 aircraft gun was widely distributed to other US allies during and after World War II, and in British and Commonwealth service saw limited use as a vehicle-mounted anti-aircraft or anti-personnel machine gun.
Other calibers
The same basic weapon (albeit modified to fire from an open bolt and therefore not compatible with synchronization) was also chambered for the British .303 round, and was used as the United Kingdom's primary offensive (fixed forward firing) aircraft gun in fighters such as the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane and as fixed armament in bombers like the Bristol Blenheim, the Fairey Battle, Handley Page Hampden and Martin Maryland, until the widespread introduction of the larger 20mm caliber Hispano-Suiza Mk.II cannon, and throughout the war and defensive turret weapons in bombers. British night fighter Mosquitoes used quartets of .303 Brownings in the nose and Beaufighters used six in the wings, supplementing the main armament of four 20mm Hispano cannon in ventral fuselage mounts. The British modification to open bolt firing meant that it was now impossible to synchronize the guns to fire through the propeller arc, but wing-mounted armament was the norm on British single-engine fighters.
Similar versions for a variety of European calibers were delivered by the Belgian gun maker Fabrique Nationale (FN), notably German-standard 7.92×57mm Mauser which was widely used in Eastern Europe; and by Swedish gun maker Carl Gustaf SGF in 6.5×55mm and 8×63mm calibers.
Argentina used Colt-manufactured guns chambered for the standard Argentine 7.65×53mm cartridge.
On Lend-Lease British aircraft provided to the Soviets
The .303 variant equipped the Hawker Hurricanes delivered to Soviet Air Forces, during World War II (in both eight and twelve-gun variants). Soviet airmen compared them to their own, rapid-firing (at up to 1,800 rounds/min) ShKAS machine gun in terms of reliability: "But they often failed due to dust," recalled pilot Nikolai G. Golodnikov. "We tackled the problem gluing percale on all the machine-gun holes, and when you opened fire, bullets went right through. The machine guns became reliable then. They were of low efficiency when fired from distances of 150–300 m."
Production
The M1919 was manufactured during World War II by three different companies in the United States; Buffalo Arms Corporation, Rock Island Arsenal, and the Saginaw Steering Gear division of General Motors. In the UK, production was chiefly by BSA. Originally unit priced at $667 each, mass production lowered the price to $141.44.
Variants and derivatives
M1919 variants
The original M1919 was designed for use with tanks. The water-cooled M1917 was inappropriate due to weight and the vulnerability of the water jacket. Browning modified the M1917 to be air-cooled by making changes that included dropping the water jacket and using a heavier barrel.
In total, there were six variants of the basic M1919 machine gun.
M1919A1The M1919A1 featured a lighter barrel and a bipod. It was distinguished from the "M1919" because it also had sights, which the M1919 did not.
M1919A2
The M1919A2 was another lightweight development specifically for mounted cavalry units, utilizing a shorter 18-inch barrel and a special tripod, though it could be fitted to either the M1917 or M2 tripods. This weapon was designed to allow greater mobility to cavalry units over the existing M1917 machine gun. The M1919A2 was introduced in 1922, and was used for a short period between World War I and World War II after the cavalry had converted from horses to wheeled and tracked vehicles.
M1919A3
The M1919E1, commonly known as the M1919A3, was introduced in 1931 as an improved version of the M1919A2 for the infantry.
M1919A4
The most common variant of the series was the M1919A4. Production blueprints of the new variant were complete in late 1936, and slow-scale production soon followed. The driving force behind the development of this variant was the lack of reliability in the previous 18-inch barrel versions, which did not produce enough recoil to cycle the action reliably. The gun was given a heavier "bull barrel", much thicker and was lengthened to like the M1917, for cooling purposes, and a recoil booster to enhance cycling performance, even with the heavier barrel. Various other small adjustments to the design were made, such as moving the front sight from the barrel jacket to the receiver, which made it easier to mount the gun on vehicles. The design of the barrel jacket was changed to include circular holes instead of long slits of earlier models. The recoil buffer assembly was also a new addition to the design between A3 and A4 development, designed to reduce the impact of the bolt hitting the backplate.
The M1919A4 was used in both fixed and flexible mounts, by infantry and on vehicles. It was also widely exported after World War II and continues to be used in small numbers around the world. Two variants were developed specifically for vehicular use, the M1919A5, with an extended charging handle, and the M1919A4E1, a sub-variant of the M1919A4 refitted with an extended charging handle developed in the 1950s.
M1919A6
During the war it became clear to the US military that the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, while portable, was not sufficient as a sustained fire weapon due to its fixed barrel and 20-round magazine. The M1919A4 was faster and cheaper to produce, but did not have the portability of a rifle. Realizing that producing an entirely new replacement machine gun would take time, the military decided that a stop-gap solution would be best and adapted an existing design. The M1919A6 was an attempt at such a solution, to parallel the designs of the German MG 34 and MG 42 machine guns, each of which were portable for a squad weapon and were very effective at sustained fire.
The M1919A6 first saw combat service in the fall of 1943. It had a metal buttstock assembly that clamped to the backplate of the gun, and a front barrel bearing that incorporated both a muzzle booster and a bipod similar to that used on the BAR. A lighter barrel than that of the M1919A4 was fitted, and a carrying handle was attached to the barrel jacket to make it easier to carry. Previous M1919 designs could change the barrel, but it required essentially field stripping the gun to pull the barrel out from the rear the pistol grip back plate, bolt group and the trigger group all had to be removed before the barrel could be replaced, and this put the gun out of action for minutes, and risked losing and damaging parts in the field. The M1919A6 muzzle device allowed the gun crew to replace the barrel from the front; an improvement, but still an awkward procedure compared to other machine guns of the day. The M1919A6 was a heavy () and awkward weapon in comparison with the MG34 () and MG42 () and was eventually replaced in US service by the M60 machine gun () in the 1960s.
T66
The M1919A6 was used by Springfield Armory in the late 1940s and early 1950s as a testbed for an interim general-purpose machine gun. It was rechambered for the experimental T65 series cartridges, culminating in 1951 with the T66 machine gun chambered for the T65E3 cartridge (one of the forerunners to the 7.62mm NATO cartridge). It had a new barrel with a flash-hider attachment, a shorter action, and modified M1 disintegrating belt links to feed the new cartridge. It was deemed still too heavy for field use and was not adopted.
.30 AN/M2
A specific aircraft version of the .30 caliber Model 1919A4 was manufactured by Browning as the .30 AN/M2. It had a thinner barrel and receiver walls to keep down weight. Compared to the M1919A4, the AN/M2 had a substantially higher rate of fire (1,200 to 1,500 rounds per minute). It was used on US aircraft early in World War II, but the lighter .30-caliber weapon was increasingly relegated to training duties as the war progressed. A derivative of this weapon was built by Colt as the civilian market MG40.
It was later replaced by the larger caliber – and is not to be confused with – the Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, Aircraft, with the smaller-calibre ordance bearing the official designation of "Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .30, M2, Aircraft." The .50 AN/M2 "light barrel" version, used in the majority of fixed and flexible/turreted mounts on U.S. World War II-era aircraft as the war progressed, lacked the massive "cooling collar" of the heavy barrel M2HB version, which is still in service with the ground forces of the U.S. military in the 21st century.
The AN/M2 was responsible for seriously wounding "one of the best Japanese fighter pilots of the war" flying ace Saburō Sakai when he attacked eight SBD Dauntlesses from behind mistaking them for F4F Wildcat fighters.
The "Stinger" was a field modification by marines in the Pacific Theater during World War II and used on the ground as a light machine gun. These were salvaged from crashed and disabled aircraft and fitted with a bipod (spade grips still attached). Later more extensive modifications led to six being fitted with a custom trigger, M1 Garand buttstock, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle bipod and rear sights to allow for use without a tripod or other mount. The resulting weapon was a belt-fed, long, gun and fired three times as fast as the M1919A6's of the day. The Stinger was recommended as a replacement for the BAR in squads however the war ended just six months later. Marine Corporal Tony Stein used a "Stinger" during the invasion of Iwo Jima. Stein would posthumously receive the Medal of Honor for his actions during the battle."
Flygplanskulspruta m/22
Flygplanskulspruta m/22, (fpl)ksp m/22 for short, was a Swedish variant of the .30 AN/M2 aircraft machine gun. The name literally translates to "airplane machine gun model 22". It was originally used by the Swedish army's aviation branch but moved over to the Swedish air force when it was formed in 1926. The first guns delivered were built by Colt but Sweden later got a license to produce the weapon domestically. The ksp m/22 stayed in active service all the way to 1957, although by then only in a gunpod for ground strafing. Originally the ksp m/22 was chambered in 6.5x55 mm but in 1932 almost all guns where re chambered to 8x63 mm.
Browning .303 Mark II
The Browning was adopted by the Royal Air Force as a replacement for the .303 Vickers machine gun and manufactured by Vickers Armstrong and BSA to fire the British .303 inch (7.7 mm) round and named "Browning .303 Mk II" in British Service. It was essentially the 1930 Pattern belt-fed Colt–Browning machine gun with a few modifications for British use, such as firing from an open bolt to avoid cooking off the cordite rounds, hence prohibiting the use of synchronization to fire them through a spinning propeller and a lighter bolt, increasing the rate of fire, much like the US .30 M2/AN aircraft variant. It was designed to fire hydraulically or pneumatically as a wing mounted machine gun but was also adopted as hand-fired mount for use in bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. It had a rate of fire of 1,150 rounds per minute. The licence was issued to BSA by July 1935.
The Browning .303 was used as the RAF and Fleet Air Arm (FAA) primary fixed forward firing aircraft armament before the war, both on pre-war biplane fighters (Gloster Gladiator, Hawker Fury) and on the UK's new 'eight-gun fighters' the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire and the naval Fairey Fulmar, and as secondary weapons in mid-war variants of the Spitfire, as well as being fitted in single, double or quadruple mounts as offensive weapons for the Bristol Blenheim, the Fairey Battle, Handley Page Hampden, Martin Maryland/Baltimore, Fairey Swordfish, Lockheed Hudson, Douglas Boston, Blackburn Skua and Bristol Beaufort. It was also used as a turret gun in various Boulton Paul or Nash & Thompson turrets on bombers, and flying boats. Even after the introduction of autocannon as primary fighter armament .303 Brownings were retained as supplementary weapons on many aircraft including later versions of the Spitfire, as well as fighter-bomber and night fighter versions of the de Havilland Mosquito, among others.
For hand-held moveable mount use the Vickers K machine gun was preferred.
There is pictorial evidence of the .303 Browning being placed on improvised bipods for ground use during the early campaigns in Burma and Malaysia.
M37
In the late 1940s and early 1950s the US military was looking for an upgrade to the M1919 that could feed from either side for use as an improved coaxial machine gun. Saco-Lowell developed a model that had the driving spring attached to the back plate (eliminating the need for a mainspring and driving rod protruding out the back of the bolt), a solenoid trigger for remote firing, a feed cover that could open from either side, a bolt with dual tracks that could feed from either side, and a reversible belt feed pawl, ejector, and feed chute. The experimental T151 had a flat backplate, the T152 had spade grips and a "butterfly" trigger like the M2HB, and the T153 had a pistol grip and back-up trigger like the M1919A4 and an extended charging handle similar to those on the M1919A5. The T153 was adopted as the M37 and was produced by SACO-Lowell and Rock Island Arsenal from 1955 to 1957. It was in regular service from 1955 until it was replaced by the M37E1 in the late 1960s and the M73A1 in the early 1970s.
The M37 was used mostly on the M47 and M48 Patton medium tanks. The M37F was a trial variant fitted with special sighting equipment. The M37C was a variant without a sight bracket designed for use in aircraft armament (like the skid-mounted XM1/E1 helicopter armament subsystem).
The M37E1 was a M37 machine gun converted by Rock Island Arsenal and Springfield Armory to chamber the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge and feed the M13 disintegrating belt. They were designed for interim use until the M73 machine gun could be fielded. The M37E1 was to be standardized as the M37A1 but development of the improved M73A1 precluded this.
Mk 21 Mod 0
The increasing American involvement in Vietnam created a demand for small arms, especially the new M60 machine gun. The Navy had surplus machine guns left over from World War 2 and Korea, but they were chambered for the earlier .30-06 Springfield cartridge rather than the new standard 7.62mm NATO cartridge. The Mk 21 Mod 0 was a US Navy conversion of the .30 M1919A4 to fire the 7.62mm NATO cartridge. This was accomplished by replacing the barrel, bolt, and feed cover and adding a chamber bushing, a link-stripper, and a second belt-holding pawl to allow it to feed and fire the new cartridge. Spacer blocks were added to the front and back of the feedway to guide the shorter round and block the use of the longer .30-06 Springfield ammunition. A six-inch flash hider was also added to the barrel to reduce the muzzle flash.
The conversions were performed from 1966 through 1967 at Naval Ordnance Station Louisville. Modified M1919A4s had the designation "Machine Gun, 7.62mm / Mk 21 Mod 0" stamped on the receiver sideplate in 1/4-inch lettering. The replacement barrels had "7.62mm NATO-G" stamped on them in 1/8-inch letters to differentiate them from M1919A4 or M60 barrels; the letter G indicated it used a grooved barrel bushing.
It used the standard 7.62mm NATO M13 link "strip-out" disintegrating link, in which the bolt pushes the round out of the bottom of the two-part link and then forwards into the breech. The old M1 link "pull-out" disintegrating links, which are pulled backwards out of the one-piece link by the extractor towards the bolt and then forwards into the breech, would not feed through the new mechanism. The M1 links, which were designed for the longer and thinner .30-06 Springfield, would also be too narrow to fit the shorter and thicker 7.62mm NATO round. The US Navy, because of their narrower inventory of 7.62mm NATO ammunition, used linked belts of either 7.62mm M80 Ball or a 4:1 ratio mix of 7.62mm M80 Ball and 7.62mm M62 Tracer.
The refurbished feed mechanism was left-hand feed only. It was different from the one in the M60 GPMG in that the open end of the belt had to be on top so it could be stripped out. To prepare the ammo, gunners had to take out both of the 100-round belts from an M19A1 ammo can, had to link them both together, and then loaded the resultant 200-round belt back into the M19A1 can upside-down so it would feed correctly.
International variants and derivatives
The M1919 pattern has been used in countries all over the world in a variety of forms and under a number of different designations.
The Browning Mk 1 and Mk 2 were older-style Commonwealth designations for the .303 caliber Browning machine guns used on the vast majority of British aircraft of World War II. The difference between the Mk 1 and Mk 2 versions is unknown, but the weapon visually is quite similar to the AN/M2 aircraft gun. The post-war designations for these weapons was L3, and they were used by the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia to designate the fixed (A1) and flexible (A2) versions of the M1919A4 in .30-06 caliber. L3A3 and L3A4 denoted sear hold-open conversion of previous L3A1s and L3A2s. The A3 is the modified version of the A1, and the A4 is the modified version of the A2. The Canadians later adopted a separate designation for 7.62×51mm rechambered M1919A4s for fixed (C1) and flexible (C1A1) applications. The C5 and C5A1 were product improvements of the previous C1 and C1A1 respectively.
The Rhodesian Air Force used twin Browning Mk 2 models, chambered in the British .303 cartridge, mounted on Alouette III G-Car helicopters as well as modified variants fitted with FN MAG bipods, pistol grips and stocks for ground use.
The Browning was produced by FN-Herstal in Belgium as well, being used in, among others, the Fokker D.XXI and IAR-80/81 fighters.
MG A4 is the Austrian designation for the M1919A4.
MG4 is a South African upgrade of the M1919 in current use with the South African National Defence Force. The MG4 upgrade was done by Lyttleton Engineering Works, Pretoria.
MG m/52-1 and MG m/52-11 were Danish designations for the M1919A4 and M1919A5 respectively.
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) used vehicle-mounted M1919A4 guns converted to 7.62mm NATO on many of their armored vehicles.
Ksp m/22 is the Swedish designation for license-built M1919s chambered for 8×63mm patron m/22 cartridges, for aircraft use.
Ksp m/39 is the Swedish designation for M1919A4 license-built by Carl Gustafs Stads Gevärsfaktori chambered in 6.5×55mm and 8×63mm patron m/32, and from about 1975 rebarreled in 7.62×51mm NATO. Intended for use in tanks and armoured vehicles, it's available with both left- and right hand feeding, the former is used in CV 90.
Ksp m/42 was the Swedish designation for license-built M1919A6 used for infantry support, normally chambered in 6.5×55mm but occasionally in 8×63mm patron m/32, and from about 1975, mostly fitted with barrels in 7.62×51mm NATO. The Ksp m/42B was a lighter version with bipod and shoulder stock (used in a similar way as the M1919A6), chambered in 6.5×55mm and later in 7.62×51mm. Even the ksp m/42B proved too heavy, and was replaced by the ksp m/58 (FN MAG). In the late 1980s, most remaining ksp m/42 was rebuilt into ksp m/39 to be installed into the CV 90s.
The Poles developed a copy of the Browning M1919 chambered for 7.92×57mm Mauser, designated Ckm wz.32, similar to the earlier Ckm wz.30.
Commercial variants and derivatives
Colt MG40
Colt produced a derivative of the M2 aircraft machine gun, the Colt MG40. It shipped in a variety of calibers, including the basic .30-06 Springfield and popular 7mm Spanish Mauser, and was available in left- or right-hand feed. The MG40-2 Light Aircraft Machine Gun could be used in flexible- (pintle-mounted), fixed- (wing-mounted), or synchronized- (through the propeller) models. The Flexible mount machine gun came with grips and a "butterfly" trigger plate like the standard ground model. The Fixed model had a backplate. It used a cable connected to an operating slide connected to a stud on the bolt to fire it; tension in the cable causes the trigger to activate and slack in the cable causes it to stop. The synchronized variant of the Fixed model had a trigger motor for through-propeller, gun synchronizing needs.
Civilian ownership in the US
The Browning M1919 remains popular with civilian enthusiasts in the United States, though changes in 1986 to the National Firearms Act of 1934 (the US Federal law regulating private ownership of machine guns) prohibited the registration of new machine guns for sales to civilians, thus freezing the number of "transferable" machine guns in private ownership. The inflation of prices that followed, and the availability of parts from surplussed and scrapped machine guns, led to the development of semi-automatic versions of the Browning M1919. Typically, these are built using a new right sideplate (the portion legally considered the "firearm" under US law), which has a raised "island" protruding into the interior of the receiver. This requires the use of a modified bolt, barrel extension and lock frame which have been designed to allow only semi-automatic firing. The "island" prevents the insertion of unmodified full-automatic parts. A number of small gun companies have produced these "semi-auto machine guns" for commercial sales. The fairly simple modifications necessary to convert M1919 parts to the semi-automatic version, and the relatively easy process of riveting used in the assembly of the Browning machine gun's receiver, have also made it a popular gun for hobbyists to build at home.
Similar "semi-auto machine guns" have been built using parts from other Browning pattern machine guns, to include the AN/M2 aircraft gun and FN30, and variations that never saw military use such as extremely short (8") barreled guns.
Current and former users
: 1,605 M1919A4s, known as MG-A4. Used into the 1970s.
: M1919A4 Browning were used by the X Force and M1919A6 Browning were later supplied by the OSS to American trained Chinese commandos in 1945.
Brigade 2506
: 7.62 MG M/52
Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
: Used by the Royal Hong Kong Regiment.
: used post-war
: Received M1919A4 and M1919A6 from US Government during Vietnam War and Laotian Civil War.
: Operated those fitted on Lend-Lease vehicles and planes
See also
Dieudonné Saive
List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation SNL A-6
M1917 Browning machine gun
M2 Browning machine gun
Edward Colquhoun Charlton (using an M1919 from his Sherman tank in 1945) was awarded the Victoria Cross
References
Further reading
Frank Iannamico, Hard Rain: History of the Browning Machine Guns
Dolf L. Goldsmith, The Browning Machine Gun, Vol I & II
Drabkin, Artem. The Red Air Force at War: Barbarossa & the retreat to Moscow – Recollections of Fighter Pilots on the Eastern Front. Barnsley (South Yorkshire), Pen & Sword Military, 2007.
External links
(1986) C-71-126-000 Parts Identification Lists - Machine Gun, 7.62mm, C5A1
Beltfedshooters.com For Beltfed Enthusiasts
The Light Machine Gun
Gothia Association for Weapon History on the Ksp m/42
How machine guns work
History of the Browning Machine Gun at browningmgs.com
TM 9-2012, a manual covering the M-37 Browning Machine Gun
M37: The Ultimate Improved Browning 1919 Forgotten Weapons
7.62×51mm NATO machine guns
.30-06 Springfield machine guns
Aircraft guns
Medium machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
World War II firearms of the United States
Light machine guns
World War II machine guns
Weapons of the Philippine Army | [
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] |
44516421 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never%20Been%20Better%20Tour | Never Been Better Tour | Never Been Better Tour was the concert tour of British recording artist Olly Murs. The tour supports his fourth studio album Never Been Better (2014) and was announced in November 2014. Originally, only a leg consisting of 14 shows in UK was planned, but due to high demand, the run was expanded with more dates, also in the rest of Europe.
Set list
This set list is representative of the two shows in Sheffield on 31 March 2015 and 1 April 2015. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour.
"Did You Miss Me"
"Right Place Right Time"
"Why Do I Love You"
"Hey You Beautiful"
"Hand on Heart"
"Never Been Better"
"Seasons"
Medley: "Thinking of Me" / "Busy" / "Please Don't Let Me Go"
"Oh My Goodness"
"Hope You Got What You Came For"
"Heart Skips a Beat"
"Up" (with Ella Eyre)
"Dance with Me Tonight"
"Let Me In"
"Dear Darlin'"
"Uptown Funk" (Mark Ronson cover)
"Beautiful To Me"
"Troublemaker"
Encore:
"Nothing Without You"
"Wrapped Up"
Shows
Notes
References
2015 concert tours | [
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54446230 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattiline%20Render | Mattiline Render | Mattiline Render (born February 17, 1947) is an American sprinter. In 1971 she won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the Pan American Games and set a world record in the 4×110 yard relay. The year after, she competed in the 100 m and 4 × 100 m events at the 1972 Summer Olympics and placed fourth in the relay. During her career Render ran for Tennessee State University, Temple University and New York Police Athletic League.
References
1947 births
Living people
Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Athletes (track and field) at the 1971 Pan American Games
American female sprinters
Olympic track and field athletes of the United States
Pan American Games gold medalists for the United States
Pan American Games medalists in athletics (track and field)
People from Coweta County, Georgia
Sportspeople from the Atlanta metropolitan area
Track and field athletes from Georgia (U.S. state)
Tennessee State Lady Tigers track and field athletes
Medalists at the 1971 Pan American Games | [
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36511073 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicity%20Jones%20%28naturist%29 | Felicity Jones (naturist) | Felicity Jones (her pen name, born 1988) is an American naturist blogging pseudonymously for Young Naturists America. From Newton, New Jersey, Jones is known for her activism in the nudism and feminism movements. Jones is a feminist who promotes female self-acceptance and feminist thinking, and opposes fat shaming. She encourages acceptance of sexuality and social nudism in daily life. Felicity has been a contributor for magazines such as Failure Magazine and Internaturally.
Jones is one of the co-founders of Young Naturists America. Her blog, created in November 2010, is part of the Young Naturists America site. It contains a variety of topics such as nudism, social nude activities, feminism, and art projects. Since the creation of her blog, she has been interviewed by a number of news publications seeking information about nudism and specifically the Young Nudist Movement.
Over the time that she has been publishing, she has been steadily shifting focus. When she first started, Jones' blog posts were mostly about the nudist movement and her own personal experiences growing up as a third-generation nudist in America. In early 2011, Jones began writing about a broader range of topics. She believes the United States has many core social issues that could be greatly diminished by incorporating more social nudity into people's lives. Some of the broader social issues she now talks about on her blog include feminism, sexuality, body image, fat shaming, cyber bullying and topfreedom.
Jones takes part in social activism. With the aim of promoting body acceptance, she has participated in public art projects by artists such as Zefrey Throwell and body painter Andy Golub. While the art projects themselves are varied, they have all had a single common connecting factor, which is the incorporation of public nudity. As of May 2017, Felicity Jones is married to her Young Naturists America co-founder, whose pen-name is Jordan Blum.
2011
In August 2011, Jones participated in a nude art project called Ocularpation: Wall Street by Zefrey Throwell. During this art performance she was arrested by the NYPD for disrupting the peace and for blocking traffic; the charges were dropped a few months later.
She has also been working to promote top-free rights for women and had her first Top Free Day In Central Park in the summer of 2011. During this event, she forced men to wear bras while the women were topless.
Later in 2011, Jones also participated in an additional performance, this time a week-long game of strip poker in the window of an art gallery titled "I'll Raise You One" by the same artist which was covered by the NY Post and The Village Voice.
2012
An art performance involving body painting took place in July 2012 and was the brainchild of artist Andy Golub. Jones and a few other members of Young Naturists America got completely naked in Times Square and had their bodies painted by Golub. The performance attracted hundreds of spectators who clamored to get pictures of the naked models. This event was covered by Vice Magazine, which published an article titled: "Waiting for the panties to drop in Times Square." This prompted her response blog post, "Naked Body Painting in the Heart of New York City."
She was interviewed on October 19, 2012 by Hollywood Today for a piece about censorship titled "Censorship and Social Networks – violence is in. Nipples are out!"
2013
On January 18, 2013, Jones was interviewed by the Wall Street Journal about an off Broadway naked comedy show that she co-produced.
On January 22, 2013, Jones was interviewed by the Chicago Tribune about the impending San Francisco anti nudity legislation as well as her thoughts about the current lack of younger people who are involved with naturism.
In February 2013, the Fire Island National Seashore authorities decided to close Fire Island's nude beach. Jones was interviewed with regards to this issue by both the New York Times as well as News Day. She was also cited in the Huffington Post and the Long Island News website.
On May 2, 2013, Jones was interviewed by Nancy Redd for Huffington Post Live. The segment was called "Let's Get Naked".
On August 3, 2013, Jones was interviewed by journalist Bill Briggs for a featured article on NBC News about the lack of young nudists in America. Jones was then quoted in a Digital Journal follow-up news article.
On August 4, 2013 as featured in the local news site The Citizen / AuburnPub.com, Jones attended the annual Northeast Naturist Festival in upstate New York. This festival is where naturists congregate and talk about issues facing the movement.
On November 7, 2013, reporter Hilary Cadigan wrote an article for Chiang Mai News titled "Naked Brunch." While the article mostly dealt with Thailand’s first clothing-optional resort, The Oriental Village, the reporter cited Felicity's article, "Why Women Should See Other Women’s Naked Bodies," as it dealt with body acceptance through social nudity.
2015
On June 26, 2015, Felicity explained why naturism is a positive impact on body image - a central topic in her writings.
In July 2015, JOnes was in a New York Observer article about nudism in New York.
She was also featured in New York Magazine in an article about meeting people on nude beaches.
2016
In May 2016, Jones was interviewed in Self article "This Is What It's Like To Live Most Of Your Life Naked". And in VICE article "We Asked a Young Nudist Why Young People Aren't Nudists Anymore".
Articles and blog
She has written for publications such as Failure Magazine, Internaturally, and the Bulletin.
Jones contributed a recommendation to the New York Magazine article "How to Swim All By Yourself."
In her blog, Jones addresses issues of public nudity, home nudity, nudist events, challenges getting nudist clubs to adapt changing expectations, sex positivity and body acceptance. For example, she has written "How To Be A Sex Positive Person", "Home Nudist Etiquette With Visitors", and "It’s Time for Nudist Clubs to Change Their Policies on Genital Jewelry".
See also
Body painting
References
External links
Twitter account
1988 births
Living people
People from Newton, New Jersey
American bloggers
American naturists
Social nudity advocates | [
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27722238 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Late%20Matthias%20Pascal | The Late Matthias Pascal | The Late Matthias Pascal may refer to:
Il fu Mattia Pascal, a novel by Luigi Pirandello.
Feu Mathias Pascal, a 1925 French film adaptation by Marcel L'Herbier. | [
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23295357 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Will%20Always%20Love%20You%20%28disambiguation%29 | I Will Always Love You (disambiguation) | "I Will Always Love You" is a song written by Dolly Parton and covered by Whitney Houston.
I Will Always Love You may also refer to:
Music
I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits, an album by Dolly Parton
I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston, an album by Whitney Houston
"I Will Always Love You" (Troop song), 1990
"I Will Always Love You", a song by Kenny Rogers from Eyes That See in the Dark
Other media
I Will Always Love You (film), a Filipino movie starring Richard Gutierrez and Angel Locsin
I Will Always Love You, a Gossip Girl novel by Cecily von Ziegesar
See also
I'll Always Love You (disambiguation)
Inday Will Always Love You, a 2018 Philippine television drama | [
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] |
18507209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enden%20Station | Enden Station | is a railway station in the town of Mori, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, operated by the third sector Tenryū Hamanako Railroad.
Lines
Enden Station is served by the Tenryū Hamanako Line, and is located 14.7 kilometers from the starting point of the line at Kakegawa Station.
Station layout
The station has one side platform serving a single track with a small wooden shelter built onto the platform The station is unattended.
Adjacent stations
|-
!colspan=5|Tenryū Hamanako Railroad
Station History
Enden Station was established on March 13, 1988 as a commuter station.
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2016, the station was used by an average of 40 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).
Surrounding area
The station is located in a residential area.
See also
List of Railway Stations in Japan
External links
Tenryū Hamanako Railroad Station information
Railway stations in Shizuoka Prefecture
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1988
Stations of Tenryū Hamanako Railroad
Mori, Shizuoka | [
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] |
63475022 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond%20Tachie | Richmond Tachie | Richmond Tachie (born 21 April 1999) is a German footballer who plays for Borussia Dortmund II.
References
Living people
1999 births
Association football forwards
German footballers
Tennis Borussia Berlin players
VfL Wolfsburg players
VfL Wolfsburg II players
FC Viktoria Köln players
Borussia Dortmund II players
3. Liga players
Regionalliga players | [
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26810424 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Lockwood%20%28rugby%29 | Richard Lockwood (rugby) | Richard "Dickie"/"Dicky" Evison Lockwood (11 November 1867 – 10 November 1915) was a rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1880s, 1890s and 1900s. He played representative level rugby union (RU) for England from 1887 to 1894, and was captain in January and February 1894, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Dewsbury and Heckmondwike, as a Three-quarter, and club level rugby league (RL) for Wakefield Trinity (Heritage No. 33), as a Forward, e.g. front row, back row, or lock. Prior to 3 September 1898, Dewsbury was a rugby union club, and prior to the 1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season, Heckmondwike was also a rugby union club.
Background
Dicky Lockwood was born in Crigglestone, Wakefield, West Riding of Yorkshire, England, and he died aged 47 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.
Biography
Dicky Lockwood was born on 11 November 1867 in Crigglestone. Dicky Lockwood's marriage was registered during first ¼ 1889 in Dewsbury district. Dicky Lockwood was the landlord of The Queen Hotel, Westgate, Heckmondwike.
Rugby union
Lockwood made his international début on Saturday 8 January 1887 in Llanelli against Wales in the 1887 Home Nations Championship. The match was to have been held at Stradey Park, which would have been that ground's first international rugby union match. The game was arranged for 8 January and a temporary stand was erected to allow a seating area so the club could charge higher ticket prices; but on the day the English team refused to play on the ground as the pitch was frozen. The adjacent cricket ground was in better condition, so the match was moved there along with the entire crowd, many members of which were extremely unhappy as they lost their seating area. Of the 14 matches he played for his national side he was on the winning side on 8 occasions.
He played his last match for England on Saturday 3 February 1894 at Rectory Field, Blackheath in the England vs Ireland match.
Rugby league
When Heckmondwike converted from the rugby union code to the rugby league code for the 1896–97 Northern Rugby Football Union season, Dicky Lockwood had already transferred from Heckmondwike to Wakefield Trinity the previous season, consequently, he only ever played rugby union for Heckmondwike, he played rugby league for Wakefield Trinity at centre from October 1895 finishing in the 1900–01 season, having scored 31-tries, and 60-goals, scoring 222-points for Wakefield Trinity.
Drop-goals (field-goals)
Lockwood appears to have scored no drop-goals (or field-goals as they are currently known in Australasia), but prior to the 1974–75 season all goals, whether; conversions, penalties, or drop-goals, scored 2-points, consequently prior to this date drop-goals were often not explicitly documented, therefore '0' drop-goals may indicate drop-goals not recorded, rather than no drop-goals scored. In addition, prior to the 1949–50 season, the archaic field-goal was also still a valid means of scoring points.
References
External links
Biography of Arthur Budd with an England team photograph including Richard Lockwood
Search for "Lockwood" at rugbyleagueproject.org
(archived by web.archive.org) Legends: Richard 'Dicky' Lockwood
1867 births
1915 deaths
19th-century British businesspeople
British rugby league administrators
Dewsbury Rams players
England international rugby union players
English rugby league players
English rugby union players
Heckmondwike RFC players
People from Crigglestone
Publicans
Rugby league hookers
Rugby league locks
Rugby league players from Wakefield
Rugby league props
Rugby league second-rows
Rugby union players from Wakefield
Rugby union three-quarters
Wakefield Trinity players
Yorkshire County RFU players | [
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27014527 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gachoka | Gachoka | Gachoka is a settlement in Kenya's Eastern Province.
References
Populated places in Eastern Province (Kenya) | [
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35489577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Sarafian | Daniel Sarafian | {{Infobox martial artist
| name = Daniel Sarafian
| other_names =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Daniel Sarafian Gantman
| birth_date =
| birth_place = São Paulo, Brazil
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = Brazilian
| ethnicity = Armenian
| height =
| weight =
| weight_footnote =
| weight_class = Light HeavyweightMiddleweightWelterweight
| reach =
| style =
| stance = Orthodox
| fighting_out_of = São Paulo, Brazil
| team = Power MMA And Fitness
| rank = Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
| years_active = 2006–present| mma_kowin = 1
| mma_subwin = 7
| mma_decwin = 3
| mma_koloss = 2
| mma_subloss = 1
| mma_decloss = 3
| mma_draw =
| mma_nc =
| url =
| sherdog = 17665
| footnotes =
| updated =
}}
Daniel Sarafian Gantman (born 21 August 1982 in São Paulo) is an Armenian-Brazilian mixed martial artist who last competed in 2018. A professional since 2006, Sarafian has formerly competed for the UFC, Bellator, Absolute Championship Berkut, and was a competitor on Globo's The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil.
Background
Sarafian started training in the martial arts at the age of five years under his grandfather who was a black belt in judo. Sarafian took solely judo classes until he was ten years old when he began training karate. At sixteen he began taking lessons in Brazilian jiu-jitsu. After entering high school and getting constantly picked on for being overweight, Sarafian began working out and training MMA. Only a couple classes into MMA, Sarafian "fell in love with fighting".
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Sarafian made his professional debut at Predator FC 2 against Jorge Luis Bezerra, winning the fight via submission in round three. In his next bout, he agreed to fight UFC and Strikeforce veteran Mike Whitehead. Sarafian lost the fight via unanimous decision. After his bout with Whitehead Sarafian was asked to take a fight for District Combat Promotions, a small promotion based in the United States. Sarafian took the fight and won via submission (armbar) in the third round.
Sarafian stayed in the United States and fought on the Texas' promotion, Xtreme Fight Championship. He fought Cedric Marks and won the fight via submission in the first round. Sarafian then signed a one-fight deal with Bellator Fighting Championships to compete on their first fight card of their inaugural season. Sarafian fought Gary Padilla, losing in the second round via referee stoppage. Sarafian racked up four straight wins before signing on to take part on The Ultimate Fighter.
The Ultimate Fighter
In March 2012, it was revealed that Sarafian was selected to be a participant on The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. Sarafian defeated Richardson Moreira via decision to move into the Ultimate Fighter house, and become an official cast member.
Sarafian was selected as the third pick (sixth overall) by Vitor Belfort to be a part of Team Belfort. In the first Middleweight fight of the season, Sarafian was selected to fight Renee Forte. Sarafian dominated the fight and won via rear naked choke in the second round.
In the semi-finals Sarafian was selected to fight Sérgio Moraes. Sarafian won the fight in the first round via KO after hitting Moraes with a flying knee as he dropped for a take down. The win moved Sarafian into the finals of the middleweight tournament, set to take place at the UFC 147.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Sarafian was scheduled to officially make his UFC debut at UFC 147 on 23 June 2012, to determine the middleweight winner of The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil. However, due to an injury, Sarafian was replaced by Sérgio Moraes and did not compete at the event.
In his debut, Sarafian faced C.B. Dollaway on 19 January 2013, at UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Bisping. He lost the back-and-forth fight via split decision. Despite the loss, it was awarded the Fight of the Night honors.
Sarafian faced promotional newcomer Eddie Mendez on 8 June 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 10. He won the fight via arm triangle submission in the first round.
In what was originally set to be The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil middleweight final, Sarafian faced Cezar Ferreira on 9 November 2013 at UFC Fight Night 32. He lost the fight via split decision.
Sarafian faced Kiichi Kunimoto in a welterweight bout on 14 June 2014, at UFC 174. He lost the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the first round.
Sarafian was expected to return to middleweight and face Dan Miller on 20 December 2014, at UFC Fight Night 58. However, Miller pulled out of the bout on 11 December and was replaced by promotional newcomer Antônio dos Santos. Sarafian won the fight via second round TKO as dos Santos dislocated a finger and was unable to continue.
Sarafian was expected to face Ricardo Abreu on 6 June 2015, at UFC Fight Night 68. However on 4 May, Sarafian was forced to withdraw from the event due to injury and was replaced by Jake Collier.
Sarafian was expected to face Sam Alvey on 21 February 2016, at UFC Fight Night 83. However, Alvey pulled out of the bout in late December after sustaining a broken jaw and was replaced by Oluwale Bamgbose Sarafian lost the fight via knockout in the first round. After his loss to Bamgbose, Sarafian was subsequently released from the promotion
Championships and accomplishments
Mixed martial arts
Ultimate Fighting Championship
*The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil Middleweight Tournament Finalist (replaced due to injury by Sérgio Moraes)
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–6
|Carlos Eduardo
|Decision (unanimous)
|ACB 82: Silva vs. Kolobegov
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–6
|James Austen Heidlage
|Decision (unanimous)
|LFA: Sioux Falls Fight Night 1
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States
|Return to Light Heavyweight.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|9–6
|Oluwale Bamgbose
|KO (head kick and punches)
|UFC Fight Night: Cowboy vs. Cowboy
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:00
|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–5
|Antônio dos Santos
|TKO (finger injury)
|UFC Fight Night: Machida vs. Dollaway
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|1:01
|Barueri, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|8–5
|Kiichi Kunimoto
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|UFC 174
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:52
|Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|8–4
|Cezar Ferreira
|Decision (split)
|UFC Fight Night: Belfort vs. Henderson
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Goiânia, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–3
|Eddie Mendez
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|UFC on Fuel TV: Nogueira vs. Werdum
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:20
|Fortaleza, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|7–3
|C.B. Dollaway
|Decision (split)
|UFC on FX: Belfort vs. Bisping
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–2
|Ricardo Silva
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|Pretorian 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:01
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–2
|Gilklei Antonio Silva
|Submission (punches)
|Blaze FC 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:44
|Curitiba, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–2
|Mauricio Alonso
|Decision (unanimous)
|First Class Fight 5
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–2
|Yuri Villas Boas
|Submission (arm-triangle choke)
|Hero Kombat 1
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:14
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|3–2
|Gary Padilla
|TKO (punches)
|Bellator 1
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|3:04
|Hollywood, Florida, United States
|Middleweight debut.
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–1
|Cedric Marks
|Submission (triangle choke)
|Xtreme Fight Championship
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:06
|Austin, Texas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–1
|Lamont Lister
|Submission (armbar)
|District Combat Promotions 1
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:32
|Washington, D.C., United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|1–1
|Mike Whitehead
|Decision (unanimous)
|Platinum Fighting Productions 1
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Quezon City, Philippines
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Jorge Luis Bezerra
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Predador FC 2
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|0:43
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
Mixed martial arts exhibition record
|-
|Win
|align=center|3-0
|Sérgio Moraes
|KO (flying knee)
|The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil| (airdate)
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:07
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2-0
|Renee Forte
|Submission (rear-naked choke)
|The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil| (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|0:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1-0
|Richardson Moreira
|Decision (unanimous)
|The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil''
| (airdate)
|align=center|2
|align=center|5:00
|São Paulo, Brazil
|
|-
See also
List of current UFC fighters
List of male mixed martial artists
References
External links
1982 births
Living people
Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian jiu-jitsu
People awarded a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Brazilian male judoka
Brazilian male karateka
Ultimate Fighting Championship male fighters
Mixed martial artists utilizing karate
Mixed martial artists utilizing judo
Mixed martial artists utilizing Brazilian jiu-jitsu
Bellator male fighters
Brazilian people of Armenian descent
Sportspeople from São Paulo | [
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] |
39194740 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20significant%20families%20in%20British%20horse%20racing | List of significant families in British horse racing | This is a list of male line families (i.e. those families that share a surname) of which at least three members have gained some notability in horse racing in Great Britain.
Arnull
Sam Arnull, jockey; younger brother of
John Arnull, jockey; father of
Bill Arnull, jockey
Balding
Gerald Barnard Balding, Sr., father of
Toby Balding
Ian Balding, father of
Clare Balding
Andrew Balding
Cannon
Tom Cannon, Sr., father of
Kempton Cannon
Mornington Cannon
Tom Cannon, Jr.
Charles Cannon
Carson
Willie Carson, and descendants
Chifney
Samuel Chifney, Sr. (1753-1807), jockey; father of
William Chifney, trainer,
Samuel Chifney, Jr. (b. 1786), jockey
Day
John Day, trainer, father of
John Barham Day (1793-1860), jockey and trainer, father of
Sam Day, Jr. (1818-1838), jockey
John Day, Jr. (1819-1883), jockey and trainer, grandfather of Mornington, Kempton, Tom Jr. and Charles Cannon; great-grandfather of Keith Piggott
William Day (1823-1908), trainer, father of
Alfred Day, founder of Fontwell Racecourse
Alfred Day (1830-1868), jockey
Sam Day (1801-1866), jockey
Goodisson
Dick Goodisson (c. 1750-1817), Oaks-winning jockey; father of
Tom Goodisson (1782-1840), multiple Classic-winning jockey
Charles Goodisson (c. 1786-1813), jockey
Hannon
Harry Hannon, trainer; father of
Richard Hannon Sr. (born 1945), four times British flat racing Champion Trainer; father of
Richard Hannon Jr. (born 1975), trainer
Hastings
Aubrey Hastings, trainer; father of
Peter Hastings-Bass (1920-1964), trainer; grandfather of Andrew Balding and Clare Balding; father of
William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon (born 1948), trainer
Hills
Barry Hills, trainer; father of
Michael Hills, jockey
Richard Hills, jockey
Charlie Hills, trainer
John Hills, trainer
Moore
George Moore, trainer; father of
Gary Moore, trainer; father of
Ryan Moore, jockey
Jamie Moore, jockey
Joshua Moore, jockey
Piggott
Ernest Piggott, father of
Keith Piggott, father of
Lester Piggott
Scudamore
Michael Scudamore, father of
Peter Scudamore, eight time British jump racing Champion Jockey; partner of Lucinda Russell, and father of
Michael Scudamore, Jr., trainer
Tom Scudamore, jockey
Singleton
John Singleton the Elder, (1715-c.1795), first rider to Lord Rockingham between 1760 and 1780; uncle of
John Singleton the Younger, also rider to Lord Rockingham and winner of the first running of the St. Leger Stakes in 1776; father of
John Singleton, Jr., who rode the winner of the 1797 Derby
Templeman
Sim Templeman (1805-1884), winner of seven Classics; uncle of
William Templeman (1858-1914), jockey, father of
Clark Templeman (1885-1953), jockey
Arthur Templeman (1886-1938), jockey, winner of the 1905 Cambridgeshire Handicap
Fred Templeman (1892-1973), jockey, winner of the 1919 Derby
Tinkler
Colin Tinkler Sr (1927-2016), trainer, father of
Colin Tinkler Jr (b 1954), jockey and trainer, father of
Andrew Tinkler (b 1985), jockey
Nicky Tinkler, amateur jockey
Nigel Tinkler (b 1958), jockey and trainer
Wragg
Harry Wragg (1902-1985), Classic winner as jockey and trainer, brother of
Sam Wragg (1909-1983), Classic winning jockey, brother of
Arthur Wragg (1912-1954)
Horse racing in Great Britain
Horse racing-related lists
United Kingdom sport-related lists | [
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53198878 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrik%20Brandner | Patrik Brandner | Patrik Brandner (born 4 January 1994) is a professional Czech football player who currently plays for SK Dynamo České Budějovice.
Career
He joined Dukla from 1. FK Příbram in January 2017, signing a contract until the end of the 2018–19 season.
On 15 February 2019, he joined SK Dynamo České Budějovice.
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
People from Beroun District
Czech footballers
Association football forwards
Czech First League players
Czech National Football League players
1. FK Příbram players
FK Dukla Prague players
SK Dynamo České Budějovice players | [
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] |
49519534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Bentley | Jon Bentley | Jon Bentley may refer to:
Jon Bentley (computer scientist) (born 1953), American computer scientist
Jon Bentley (TV presenter) (born 1961), English television presenter
See also
John Bentley (disambiguation) | [
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49643139 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B8kjebreen | Krøkjebreen | Krøkjebreen ("The Bent Glacier") is a glacier in Torell Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of nine kilometers. Krøkjebreen is part of the Liestølbreen glacier complex, situated between the mountains of Arrheniusfjellet and Wijkberget.
References
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62345234 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saad%20Sayel | Saad Sayel | Saad Sayel () was a Palestinian commander and former Jordanian army officer who served as head of the Fatah security apparatus. and founder of the Yarmouk Brigade. He played a prominent role in rebuilding the PLO's military apparatus and training troops alongside Yasser Arafat, Khalil al-Wazir, Mohammed Yousef Al-Najjar and others.
Life and career
Sayel was born in the Kafr Ghalil village located in the eastern foot of Mount Gerizim, "Jabal et Tur" one of the mountains of Nablus. He spent his elementary and secondary education there. He traveled to Jordan as a teenager and joined the army there. In 1951, Saad Sayel went to the Jordanian Military College to receive specialized military training and after military training, he was assigned to the command of the Husain ibn Ali infantry brigade with Colonel rank.
He spent the military engineering course (Bridge Design and Classification Engineering) in England in 1954. Also he spent the bridge design course in Iraq in 1958 and the military engineering course in England again in 1959. In 1960, after passing advanced military engineering in the United States, he underwent further training at the United States Army Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth. In 1965, he spent the air defense course in Egypt. Also, he went through special courses in the Soviet Union.
Sayel served as a soldier in the Jordanian army, but in the 1970 Jordan-PLO conflict between the monarchy and the fedayeen, he opted to join and support Fatah. Because of his military experience, he established the Yarmouk Brigade, which played an active role in Lebanon and Palestine later. It was an attempt to professionalize the Palestinian military.
When Sayel joined the Palestinian National Liberation Movement Fatah, he was assigned to important military positions. For example, he appointed as director of the Central Operations Authority of the Palestinian Revolutionary Forces, a member of the General Command of the storm forces and a member of the leadership of the Occupied territory after being promoted to the rank of brigadier. In 1978, he led the Fatah forces against the Israeli invasion in Lebanon.
Also, he was a selected member of the Palestinian National Council and elected to the Central Committee of the Fatah Movement in its conference held in Damascus in 1980. Abu al Waleed participated in the management of the military operations of the Palestinian revolutionary forces in their confrontation with the Israeli forces in Lebanon and get the title of Marshal of the Beirut because of his braveries.
In 1980, he became a member of the Central Committee of Fatah movement and led the Central Operations and Command Room of the Lebanese Joint Forces Palestine. In June 1982, after the Israeli forces besieged Beirut, Saad Sayel was the leading Fatah commander along with Yasser Arafat and Khalil Wazir. That is why it became known as the "Marshal of the Revolution" among the resistance forces.
In spite of a grim and quiet personality, Sayel was widely respected as a tough and influential commander.
Memorials
A military garrison at east of Khan Yunis in the Gaza Strip, is named Saad Sayel after his death.
Raymonda Tawil, the famous Palestinian author, has mentioned the role of Saad Sayel in his book, "A bunch of roses to them".
Death
He was assassinated by Abu Nidal group in Lebanon, near Syria border on 29 September 1982.
He had gone to Beqaa Valley to visit the Popular Front and the Lebanese Joint Forces. Then he went to the hospital there for visiting someone and continued his way to Baalbek. After passing through the city Riyaq, near the Syria border, Between Talia and Safri villages, about 500 meters to the Syrian army checkpoint, a number of armed forces who had already lurked in the area fired on three Benz and Jeep escorts carrying Saad Sayel. The driver was killed on the spot and Saad Sayel was injured by a bullet.
An hour later, he was taken by ambulance to the Mowasat hospital in Damascus, where he died at 11pm from severe bleeding and cardiac arrest.
At the next day, his body was carried on the shoulder of his comrades in Damascus and buried in the al-Shohada tomb of the Yarmouk Palestinian Refugee camp.
Some sources reported that Israeli intelligence agency Mossad intended to assassinate Palestinian commanders remaining in Lebanon. Saad Sayel (Abu al-Waleed) was at the top of these assassinations list.
Demolition of the Saad Sayel's grave by ISIL
In 2015, ISIL terrorists captured the Yarmouk camp and destroyed the al-Shohada tomb in the first act. They destroyed the graves of the Palestinian revolution martyrs who had been buried there for 65 years, including Fathi Shaqaqi, Saad Sayel, Khalil al-Wazir and Zuheir Mohsen, in pretext of confronting the manifestations of disbelief.
While condemning these ugly acts contrary to the religious principles and customs, the Saad Sayel's family called on all Syrian freedom fighters to take revenge for this heinous crime against the ISIS terrorist group.
The Sayel's family also called on the Palestinian authorities to do its utmost to move the bodies of the martyrs from the Yarmouk camp to Palestine, as this is one of the rights of martyrs' families.
Also, Ezzat al-Rashq one of the Hamas leaders, in response to this event announced: We strongly condemn the demolition of al-Shehda's tomb and the grave of two Palestinian martyrs "Khalil al-Wazir" and "Saad Sayel".
See also
Fatah, Palestinian National Liberation Movement
Yasser Arafat
Khalil al-Wazir
List of Fatah members
Israeli–Palestinian conflict
List of political parties in the Palestinian National Authority
Palestinian political violence
List of Palestinians
Zuheir Mohsen
Fathi Shaqaqi
References
External links
PASSIA - SAYEL, SA’AD (Abu Walid)
Fatah official Website
Fatah's Constitution
Sayigh, Yezid (1997). Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993 (Clarendon Press, 1997).
1932 births
1982 deaths
Fatah members
Fatah military commanders
Palestinian Arab nationalists
Palestinian Muslims
Palestinian nationalists
Palestinian revolutionaries
People from Kafr Qallil
Assassinated Palestinian politicians
Palestine Liberation Organization members
People killed in Mossad operations
Assassinated people
Assassinated military personnel
Assassinated Palestinian people
Palestinian people murdered abroad
Palestinian refugees
Palestinian militants
Central Committee of Fatah members | [
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62506534 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20Burgos | Albertina Martínez Burgos | Albertina Martínez Burgos (March 14, 1981 - November 21, 2019) was a Chilean photojournalist.
Biography
Albertina Mariana Martínez Burgos was born March 14, 1981. She moved to Santiago from southern Chile in 2009 to pursue a career in photography. She worked at Chile's main daily, El Mercurio and later as a lighting assistant for the Chilean television channel Mega, and was also a freelance photojournalist. Martínez actively participated in demonstrating against the repression and abuses of the Carabineros de Chile towards the demonstrators as a result of the protests against the government of Sebastián Piñera in November 2019. She also covered "violence against women during protests". Her private Instagram showed photos of masked protestors in the week before her death. She was found dead in her apartment in Santiago on November 21, 2019, as a result of being stabbed and beaten. Her photography equipment was missing from her home. Her body was discovered by her boyfriend's mother after he was unable to contact her; with the help of a locksmith the mother was able to enter the apartment and found Burgos dead. The timing of her death and her missing equipment prompted suspicion that she was targeted because of her protest coverage. After her death, the photojournalist group Frente Fotograficó shared her pictures from the protests on social media with the hashtag #JUSTICIAPARAALBERTINA.
References
1981 births
2019 deaths
Photojournalists
People from Santiago
Assassinated Chilean journalists
Journalists killed in Chile | [
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50228375 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abai%20Ikwechegh | Abai Ikwechegh | Justice Abai Ikwechegh (OFR) (7 September 1923 – 12 October 2020) was a Nigerian jurist.
Biography
Ikwechegh was born on 7 September 1923 in Igbere, in the Eastern part of Nigeria, to Chief Ogbonnaya Ikwechegh, a slave merchant and trader and Oyiri Ikwechegh. He began early schooling in Igbere and then later attended the Hope Waddell Training Institute in Calabar. He taught briefly at Abiriba and Ututu in Eastern Nigeria and then at Owo in Western Nigeria, Western Boys High School in Benin City and Enitona College in Port Harcourt. In 1951, he embarked on a journey to England to study law.
In 1955, he qualified as a lawyer and was called to the English Bar in the same year. He was of the Lincolns Inn barrister at Law. From 1956, he practiced briefly in Aba in Eastern Nigeria and in 1957 set up practice in Jos in Northern Nigeria. He was appointed a Magistrate in 1960. He was notable as a Magistrate for policing roads and arresting reckless taxi drivers and trying them himself. This pitched him against authorities and left many wondering if this was not an abuse of judicial powers. In 1972, he was appointed a Judge of the East Central State of Nigeria, He later became Judge of the Imo State judiciary and acted severally as the Chief Judge of the State. In 1982, he was appointed a Justice of the Court of Appeal. He declined this appointment but later buckled under pressure. He thereafter served and retired voluntarily from the Court of Appeal, in 1988.
During his career as a judge, he headed many panels, tribunals, and commissions of inquiry. In January 1976, the government of East Central State appointed Ikwechegh to chair the Administrative Tribunal to investigate the circumstances which led to the execution of Contracts for Data Processing Equipment. Also in 1977, he was appointed by the Federal Military Government to the Land Acquisition Control Tribunal. He also headed the Imo State Chieftaincy Panel in 1978, known as the Ikwechegh Panel which had laid down guidelines for government recognition of Traditional Rulers. He also served as the first chairman of the Governing Council of the Federal Polytechnic, Nekede from January 1977 to June 1980. He also served as the chairman of the governing council of the Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri, from January 1991 to November 1992. He was succeeded by Professor M.O. Ijere. He was a devout Christian and an elder of the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria. He served also as chairman of the Board of Church Life of the Presbyterian Church with Phyllis Van Garpen as secretary. Ikwechegh would unabashedly declare both in open court as a judge and informal gathering of his conviction in the supremacy and healing power of God and as the only hope of redemption for mankind. He held the national honor of Officer of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
He was married to Chief(Mrs) Mercy Ikwechegh and both had six children.
Ikwechegh died on 12 October 2020, aged 97.
References
1923 births
2020 deaths
Nigerian jurists
People from Abia State
Nigerian expatriates in the United Kingdom | [
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] |
12860469 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogulonicigenium | Ketogulonicigenium | In taxonomy, "Ketogulonicigenium" is a genus of the Rhodobacteraceae.
References
Further reading
Scientific journals
Scientific books
Scientific databases
External links
Rhodobacteraceae
Bacteria genera | [
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] |
40424212 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314%20GMHL%20season | 2013–14 GMHL season | The 2013–14 GMHL season was the eighth season of the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League (GMHL). The twenty teams of the GMHL played 42-game schedules.
Starting in February 2014, the top teams of the league played down for the Russell Cup, emblematic of the grand championship of the GMHL. Since the GMHL is independent from Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League, this is where the GMHL's season ended.
In the end, second year team Bradford Bulls defeated the defending champion Bradford Rattlers in the "Sidewalk Series" 4-games-to-1 to win their first ever Russell Cup as GMHL playoff champions.
Changes
Toronto Canada Moose are renamed Toronto Blue Ice Jets
Expansion granted to Halton Ravens of Burlington, Ontario
Expansion granted to Knights of Meaford of Meaford, Ontario
Expansion granted to Toronto Predators of Toronto
Expansion granted to Seguin Huskies of Humphrey, Ontario
Expansion granted to Alliston Coyotes of Alliston, Ontario
Final standings
Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GF = Goals For; GA = Goals Against; PTS = Points; x = clinched playoff berth; y = clinched division title; z = clinched conference title
Teams listed on the official league website.
Standings listed on official league website.
2013-14 Russell Cup Playoffs
Playoff results are listed on the official league website.
Qualifier
Single game elimination for eighth seeds of North and South Divisions.
North
South
Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty Minutes
Leading goaltenders
Note: GP = Games Played; Mins = Minutes Played; W = Wins; L = Losses: OTL = Overtime Losses; SL = Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Allowed; SO = Shutouts; GAA = Goals Against Average
Awards
Top Scorer: Don Danroth (South Muskoka)
Most Valuable Player: Tomi Taavitsainen (Bradford Bulls)
Rookie of the Year: Sergey Bolshakov (Bradford Bulls)
Top Forward: Tomi Taavitsainen (Bradford Bulls)
Top Defenceman: Derek Van Ness (Alliston)
Top Goaltender: Sergey Bolshakov (Bradford Bulls)
Top Defensive Forward: Brandon Luksa (South Muskoka)
Most Sportsmanlike Player: Joel Ahlin (Temiscaming)
Most Heart: Michel Dumont (Sturgeon Falls)
Top Coach: Gary Astalos (Seguin)
See also
2013 in ice hockey
2014 in ice hockey
References
External links
Official website of the Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League
GMHL
Greater Metro Junior A Hockey League seasons | [
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] |
42698470 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich%20Hart | Rich Hart | Richard Edward Hart also known as Dick Hart (born October 5, 1952) is an American former professional ice hockey defenseman.
During the 1976–77 season, Hart played four games in the World Hockey Association with the Birmingham Bulls.
References
External links
1952 births
Living people
American men's ice hockey defensemen
Beauce Jaros players
Birmingham Bulls players
Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey players
Charlotte Checkers (SHL) players
Columbus Owls players
Dayton Gems players
Providence Reds players
Rochester Americans players
San Diego Mariners players
Winston-Salem Polar Twins (SHL) players
Ice hockey players from Boston | [
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59006692 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajectory%20inference | Trajectory inference | Trajectory inference or pseudotemporal ordering is a computational technique used in single-cell transcriptomics to determine the pattern of a dynamic process experienced by cells and then arrange cells based on their progression through the process. Single-cell protocols have much higher levels of noise than bulk RNA-seq, so a common step in a single-cell transcriptomics workflow is the clustering of cells into subgroups. Clustering can contend with this inherent variation by combining the signal from many cells, while allowing for the identification of cell types. However, some differences in gene expression between cells are the result of dynamic processes such as the cell cycle, cell differentiation, or response to an external stimuli. Trajectory inference seeks to characterize such differences by placing cells along a continuous path that represents the evolution of the process rather than dividing cells into discrete clusters. In some methods this is done by projecting cells onto an axis called pseudotime which represents the progression through the process.
Methods
Since 2015, more than 50 algorithms for trajectory inference have been created. Although the approaches taken are diverse there are some commonalities to the methods. Typically, the steps in the algorithm consist of dimensionality reduction to reduce the complexity of the data, trajectory building to determine the structure of the dynamic process, and projection of the data onto the trajectory so that cells are positioned by their evolution through the process and cells with similar expression profiles are situated near each other. Trajectory inference algorithms differ in the specific procedure used for dimensionality reduction, the kinds of structures that can be used to represent the dynamic process, and the prior information that is required or can be provided.
Dimensionality Reduction
The data produced by single-cell RNA-seq can consist of thousands of cells each with expression levels recorded across thousands of genes. In order to efficiently process data with such high dimensionality many trajectory inference algorithms employ a dimensionality reduction procedure such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), or t-SNE as their first step. The purpose of this step is to combine many features of the data into a more informative measure of the data. For example, a coordinate resulting from dimensionality reduction could combine expression levels from many genes that are associated with the cell cycle into one value that represents a cell's position in the cell cycle. Such a transformation corresponds to dimensionality reduction in the feature space, but dimensionality reduction can also be applied to the sample space by clustering together groups of similar cells.
Trajectory Building
Many methods represent the structure of the dynamic process via a graph-based approach. In such an approach the vertices of the graph correspond to states in the dynamic process, such as cell types in cell differentiation, and the edges between the nodes correspond to transitions between the states. The creation of the trajectory graph can be accomplished using k-nearest neighbors or minimum spanning tree algorithms. The topology of the trajectory refers to the structure of the graph and different algorithms are limited to creation of graph topologies of a particular type such as linear, branching, or cyclic.
Use of prior information
Some methods require or allow for the input of prior information which is used to guide the creation of the trajectory. The use of prior information can lead to more accurate trajectory determination, but poor priors can lead the algorithm astray or bias results towards expectations. Examples of prior information that can be used in trajectory inference are the selection of start cells that are at the beginning of the trajectory, the number of branches in the trajectory, and the number of end states for the trajectory.
Software
MARGARET
MARGARET employs a deep unsupervised metric learning approach for inferring the cellular latent space and cell clusters. The trajectory is modeled using a cluster-connectivity graph to capture complex trajectory topologies. MARGARET utilizes the inferred trajectory for determining terminal states and inferring cell-fate plasticity using a scalable Absorbing Markov chain model.
Monocle
Monocle first employs a differential expression test to reduce the number of genes then applies independent component analysis for additional dimensionality reduction. To build the trajectory Monocle computes a minimum spanning tree, then finds the longest connected path in that tree. Cells are projected onto the nearest point to them along that path.
p-Creode
p-Creode finds the most likely path through a density-adjusted k-nearest neighbor graph. Graphs from an ensemble are scored with a graph similarity metric to select the most representative topology. p-Creode has been tested on a range of single-cell platforms, including mass cytometry, multiplex immunofluorescence, and single-cell RNA-seq. No prior information is required.
Slingshot
Slingshot takes cluster labels as input and then orders these clusters into lineages by the construction of a minimum spanning tree. Paths through the tree are smoothed by fitting simultaneous principal curves and a cell's pseudotime value is determined by its projection onto one or more of these curves. Prior information, such as initial and terminal clusters, is optional.
TSCAN
TSCAN performs dimensionality reduction using principal component analysis and clusters cells using a mixture model. A minimum spanning tree is calculated using the centers of the clusters and the trajectory is determined as the longest connected path of that tree. TSCAN is an unsupervised algorithm that requires no prior information.
Wanderlust/Wishbone
Wanderlust was developed for analysis of mass cytometry data, but has been adapted for single-cell transcriptomics applications. A k-nearest neighbors algorithm is used to construct a graph which connects every cell to the cell closest to it with respect to a metric such as Euclidean distance or cosine distance. Wanderlust requires the input of a starting cell as prior information.
Wishbone is built on Wanderlust and allows for a bifurcation in the graph topology, whereas Wanderlust creates a linear graph. Wishbone combines principal component analysis and diffusion maps to achieve dimensionality reduction then also creates a KNN graph.
Waterfall
Waterfall performs dimensionality reduction via principal component analysis and uses a k-means algorithm to find cell clusters. A minimal spanning tree is built between the centers of the clusters. Waterfall is entirely unsupervised, requiring no prior information, and produces linear trajectories.
References
External links
A collection of 50+ trajectory inference methods within a common interface
A table of tools for the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data
Single-cell RNA-seq pseudotime estimation algorithms
DNA sequencing
Molecular biology techniques
Biotechnology | [
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286721 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Olympics | 1988 Olympics | 1988 Olympics refers to both:
The 1988 Winter Olympics, which were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
The 1988 Summer Olympics, which were held in Seoul, South Korea | [
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] |
65296492 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaap%20van%20de%20Griend | Jaap van de Griend | Jaap van de Griend (24 January 1904 – 27 November 1970) was a Dutch footballer. He played in five matches for the Netherlands national football team in 1928 and 1929.
References
External links
1904 births
1970 deaths
Dutch footballers
Netherlands international footballers
People from Vlaardingen
Footballers from South Holland
Hermes DVS players
Association football forwards | [
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7325162 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%2C%20Duke%20of%20Vend%C3%B4me | Louis, Duke of Vendôme | Louis de Bourbon (October 1612 – 6 August 1669), was Duke of Mercœur and later the second Duke of Vendôme, and the grandson of Henry IV of France and Gabrielle d'Estrées. He became Duke of Vendôme in 1665, after the death of his father.
Biography
Louis was the son of César de Bourbon, Légitimé de France, Duke of Vendôme and Françoise de Lorraine (1592–1669), daughter of Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur (d. 1602). Louis had a military career and became governor of Provence in 1640 and after the death of his wife in 1657, he entered the church and became a cardinal and legate of France. As a cardinal, he was styled as the cardinal de Vendôme.
Marriage and issue
Louis married Laura Mancini, niece of Cardinal Mazarin, on 4 February 1651. Their children:
Louis Joseph de Bourbon (1654–1712), Duke of Vendôme and Marshal of France; married Marie Anne de Bourbon no issue;
Philippe de Bourbon (1655–1727), called le prieur de Vendôme, last Duke of Vendôme; never married; no issue.
Jules César de Bourbon (1657–1660) died in infancy.
Ancestry
See also
Pavillon Vendôme
References
Sources
1612 births
1669 deaths
House of Bourbon-Vendôme
Dukes of Vendôme
House of Bourbon
Clergy from Paris
17th-century French cardinals
Dukes of Étampes
Dukes of Beaufort (France)
Governors of Provence
Date of birth unknown | [
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28172021 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Church%20of%20St%20Nicholas%2C%20Uphill | Old Church of St Nicholas, Uphill | The Old Church of St Nicholas at Uphill, Somerset, England, is described as 'Norman' but was remodelled in later Middle Ages. Regular services ceased in 1846.
The church is partially ruined but still consists of a tower, chancel and a roofless nave. It is designated Grade II* listed building and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust, although the roofed portion is still used for services occasionally.
Location
The church overlooks Weston Bay, Brean Down and the mouth of the River Axe. The nearby masonry structure on the hill is the remains of a tower which in the late 18th-century was used as a windmill but had fallen out of use by 1829.
It sits on a cliff top which. with the quarry at its western end. form the Uphill Cliff Site of Special Scientific Interest. This is notable for its species-rich calcareous grassland. It consists of grassland and rock-face situated on Carboniferous Limestone. Steeper banks and knolls in the grassland have a flora which includes orchids, Somerset Hair Grass (Koeleria vallesiana), and Honewort, (Trinia glauca) and the Goldilocks Aster (Galatella linosyris) along with several species of butterfly and Weevil (Curculionoidea).
History
The church used to be the responsibility of the abbot of the monastery dedicated to St Michael, which was on Steep Holm island in the Bristol Channel.
The building was remodelled in the late Middle Ages but by 1840 was in a poor state of repair so a new church was built near Uphill Manor in 1844. Both churches were used for services until 5 April 1846 after which they were all transferred to the new church. The roof of the old church's nave was removed in 1879 as it had become dangerous. The porch was rebuilt in 1904.
In 1983 it was listed Grade II* listed building in the National Heritage List for England.
It is now in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. Occasional services are held in the still-roofed chancel of the church.
Architecture
The Norman stone building has a central three-stage tower, chancel and nave. The nave no longer has a roof. There are three carved sundials, one on the east side of a plain tympanum set over a blocked door in the south wall and one to the west of the tympanum. The third sundial, on the window head on the south face of the tower, predates the Norman Conquest and may be Saxo-Norman.
See also
List of churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust in South West England
Uphill Cliff
References
11th-century church buildings in England
Church of England church buildings in North Somerset
Grade II* listed churches in Somerset
Grade II* listed buildings in North Somerset
Churches preserved by the Churches Conservation Trust
Buildings and structures in Weston-super-Mare
Church ruins in England
Former churches in Somerset
Grade II* listed ruins | [
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2193791 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbrook%20School%2C%20Kent | Cranbrook School, Kent | Cranbrook School (formerly Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School) is a co-educational state funded boarding and day grammar school in the market town of Cranbrook, Kent, England.
Selection is made of pupils at age 11 and 13 although plans are being made to only accept pupils from the age of 11 in the future.
History
The school was founded after the death of John Blubery, a yeoman of the King's Armoury. In his will he decreed that if the child of his daughter be a girl, then his mansion house be turned into a free school for the poor children of Cranbrook. Queen Elizabeth I granted the school charter in 1574, which is now housed in the library.
Recent history
In 2003 alumnus Piers Sellers, a NASA astronaut, took a copy of the school charter into space with him. A photo is exhibited in the school cafeteria. In 2005 Sellers opened the school's observatory, which is named after him. This observatory houses the 22.5-inch Alan Young telescope operated by the Cranbrook and District Science and Astronomy Society (CADSAS). In May 2010 Sellers took into outer space aboard the Space Shuttle an original watercolour portrait of Cranbrook School painted by Brenda Barratt. The painting was later returned to the school with official NASA verification that it has travelled into space. In 2018, a new day house specifically for the 120 students in Years 7 and 8 was named after Sellers.
In December 2019, current headteacher John Weeds announced he is leaving at the end of the academic year.
Campus
Barham House
Barham House is the school's main office. It contains the reception room, the offices of both the headmaster and the deputy head, and meeting rooms. The school medical centre is also in Barham House, but has its own reception and entrance. The building was originally the local vicarage.
The Library
Central to the school, there is a large library which is one of the oldest parts of the school. It was once the school hall, but it was converted to the library after the number of pupils became too big to fit in the hall. School assemblies are currently held in the local church, St Dunstan's, or the Queen's Hall Theatre. The library also plays host to the original royal charter provided to the school by Queen Elizabeth I in 1588.
Queen's Hall Theatre
The school is home to the local theatre, the Queen's Hall. It is used for a number of both internal (performed and organised by students) and external productions, as well as some school assemblies. Many external productions are performed by Cranbrook Operatic and Dramatic Society (CODS). The school has its own technical team who help with most internal productions.
Houses
Since September 2019, the school has five day houses and six boarding houses. Formerly the day houses Allan, Horsley and Webster were split along gendered lines with the total number of houses (both day and boarding arriving at: seven for boys and five for girls. The reasons for the recent merger were not provided but rumours circulated among the student body that it was due to the increasing visibility of transgender students. Each house works in conjunction with the main school to provide pastoral care and academic support.
Boys' boarding houses
Cornwallis
Crowden
Rammell
School Lodge (only for Year Nine boys)
Girls' boarding houses
Blubery
Scott
Day houses
Allan House, formerly split:
Allan Boys
Allan Girls
Horsley House, formerly split:
Horsley Boys
Horsley Girls
Webster House, formerly split:
Webster Boys
Webster Girls
Lynx
Sellers (Junior School)
Notable Old Cranbrookians
General Sir John Akehurst KCB CBE, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander, Europe from 1987–90, and President from 1991-9 of the United Kingdom Reserve Forces Association
Sir Anthony Barnes Atkinson, Professor of Economics at the University of Oxford
Air Chief Marshal Sir John Barraclough CB CBE, Station Commander of RAF Biggin Hill from 1954–56
Emma Biggs, mosaic artist
Hugo Burnham, drummer for the English rock group Gang of Four and Associate Professor at the New England Institute of Art
Jon Cleary, Grammy award-winning musician
Canon John Collins, radical clergyman and political campaigner
Michael Croucher TV film producer
Barry Davies, sports commentator
Louise Dean, novelist
Phil Edmonds, cricketer
Dr Henry Ford (professor) Professor of Arabic and Principal of Magdalen Hall, Oxford
Karin Giannone, journalist and news presenter at BBC News
Henri Gillet, Professor of Mathematics at the University of Illinois at Chicago
Harry Hill (Dr. Matthew Hall), comedian
Sir Victor Horsley, pioneering neurosurgeon
Wing Commander Sir Norman Hulbert, Conservative MP from 1935–50 for Stockport from 1935–50, and for Stockport North from 1950–64
Arthur Surridge Hunt, papyrologist
Prof Richard L. Hunter, Regius Professor of Greek at the University of Cambridge since 2001
Hammond Innes, novelist
Wing Commander Hugh Kennard, World War II pilot and later civilian aviator
Kevin Lygo, television executive and Director of Television and Content since 2007 of Channel 4
Ruaridh McConnochie, Silver Medal-winning member of the Great Britain national rugby sevens team at the 2016 Olympics and England Rugby Union player
Richard Middleton, poet and short-story writer
Brian Moore, football commentator
Sir David Muirhead CMG CVO, Ambassador to Belgium from 1974–8, to Portugal from 1970–4, and to Peru from 1967–70
Tony Nicklinson, Right-to-die campaigner with Locked-In Syndrome
Stuart Organ, actor
Colonel Mike Osborn DSO OBE MC, British military officer and former commander of the 22nd Special Air Service Regiment
Richard Pilbrow, theatre producer
William Rootes, co-founder, along with his brother, of the Rootes Group car manufacturers
Piers Sellers, astronaut
Professor Sir Nicholas Shackleton, FRS, distinguished earth scientist, Professor of Quaternary Palaeoclimatology from 1991–2004 at the University of Cambridge
Edwin Shirley, Rock and Roll tour organiser
Sir Tim Smit, co-founder of the Eden Project
Henri Tebbitt (1854–1927) an English-Australian painter
Air Vice-Marshal Sir John Weston CB OBE, Station Commander of RAF Halton from 1952-3
Peter West, television presenter
Sir Charles Wheeler CMG, BBC journalist
Jacqueline Winspear, author
Wallace Duffield Wright, VC recipient
See also
Cranbrook Schools, a private school in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, named after the town of Cranbrook, Kent. It has an exchange program with Cranbrook School, Kent.
Cranbrook School, Sydney, an independent, day and boarding school for boys in Sydney, New South Wales, originated in 'Cranbrook House', the family home of the Tooth brewing family of Cranbrook, Kent, and Sydney
References
Duncan H. Robinson, Cranbrook School - A Brief history, 1972
Nigel Nicolson, Cranbrook School - An Illustrated History 1518-1974, 1974
External links
School website
EduBase
News items
Telegraph July 2008
Grammar schools in Kent
1518 establishments in England
Educational institutions established in the 1510s
Boarding schools in Kent
Schools with a Royal Charter
State funded boarding schools in England
Academies in Kent
Cranbrook, Kent | [
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51583772 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starina%2C%20Snina%20District | Starina, Snina District | Starina is a former Ruthenian village in eastern Slovakia, within Snina District. The first mention of the village was in 1557. The village originally belonged to the noble families of Humenné. The inhabitants of the village were evacuated in 1980, along with six other villages, in order to make way for the Starina reservoir. Only one building and the cemetery remain. The village is now under the water level of the dam. Below the Magura mountain is a mineral water source. Now the territory is in the Poloniny National Park. On the territory, there is also the Gazdoráň Nature Reserve, which was declared for the protection of rare plants.
References
Former villages in Slovakia
Stakčín | [
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] |
8740311 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paid%20on%20Both%20Sides | Paid on Both Sides | Paid on Both Sides: A Charade was the first dramatic work written by W. H. Auden. It was written in 1928 and published in 1930. It was performed in New York in 1931 and then at the Cambridge Festival Theatre on 12 February 1934 (seven months after Terence Gray departed) in a programme of "experiments conducted by Joseph Gordon Macleod" which also included Deirdre by W.B.Yeats and An Animation of a Lay of Horatius Cocles by Thomas Babington, Lord Macaulay.
For the Auden "charade" the actors in Cambridge were seated on chairs on both sides of the stage. The "actors" were Flavia du Pre, David Raven, Noel Iliff, Sanchia Robertson, Peter Hoar, Robert MacDermot, Don Gemmell, Else Bley, John Hamilton, David Marsh, John Izon, Clephan Bell, Garrett Jones, Diana Morgan, Cicely Nicks and Macleod as the "Chorus". The theatre programme described the content: "Two families (or classes or industries or nations) are at feud. The Lintzgarth side marries into the Nattrass side; but at the wedding the Nattrass mother, in revenge for the death of her elder son, incites her younger son to shoot the Lintzgarth bridegroom; and the peace and mutual toleration that had been promised are ruined by personal animosity." Lintzgarth and Nattrass are real places which Auden found in his exploration of the North Pennines and Alston Moor. The former is a house at Rookhope, the latter at Alston. The latter is also a family surname in the area.
Paid on Both Sides is a brief dramatic work that combines elements of Icelandic sagas, modern psychoanalysis, and English public-school culture. Auden wrote it in two versions, a brief first version written in mid-1928 that was published after his death, and a longer version, written later in the year, that was first published in The Criterion in 1930 (Auden's first publication outside of school and university magazines) and again in his 1930 volume of Poems.
The play is dedicated to Cecil Day-Lewis.
References
Plays by W. H. Auden
1930 plays
Works originally published in The Criterion | [
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62821986 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party%20lists%20for%20the%202020%20Israeli%20legislative%20election | Party lists for the 2020 Israeli legislative election | The 2020 Israeli legislative election was held using closed list proportional representation. Each party presented a list of candidates to the Central Elections Committee prior to the election. If a list contains more than 40 people, only the first 40 are shown.
Blue and White
The Blue and White list was headed by Benny Gantz.
Benny Gantz (Resilience)
Yair Lapid (Yesh Atid)
Moshe Ya'alon (Telem)
Gabi Ashkenazi (Independent)
Avi Nissenkorn (Resilience)
Meir Cohen (Yesh Atid)
Miki Haimovich (Resilience)
Ofer Shelah (Yesh Atid)
Yoaz Hendel (Telem)
Orna Barbivai (Yesh Atid)
Michael Biton (Resilience)
Hili Tropper (Resilience)
Yael German (Yesh Atid)
Zvi Hauser (Telem)
Orit Farkash-Hacohen (Resilience)
Karin Elharar (Yesh Atid)
Meirav Cohen (Resilience)
Yoel Razvozov (Yesh Atid)
Asaf Zamir (Resilience)
Yizhar Shai (Resilience)
Elazar Stern (Yesh Atid)
Mickey Levy (Yesh Atid)
Omer Yankelevich (Resilience)
Pnina Tamano-Shata (Yesh Atid)
Gadeer Mreeh (Resilience)
Ram Ben-Barak (Yesh Atid)
Alon Schuster (Resilience)
Yoav Segalovich (Yesh Atid)
Ram Shefa (Resilience)
Boaz Toporovsky (Yesh Atid)
Orly Fruman (Telem)
Eitan Ginzburg (Resilience)
Andrey Kozhinov (Telem)
Idan Roll (Yesh Atid)
Yorai Lahav-Hertzano (Yesh Atid)
Michal Cotler-Wunsh (Telem)
Einav Kabla (Resilience)
Tehila Friedman (Yesh Atid)
Hila Vazan (Resilience)
Yael Ron Ben-Moshe (Resilience)
Vladimir Beliak (Yesh Atid)
Moshe Tur-Paz (Yesh Atid)
Ruth Wasserman Lande (Resilience)
Anat Knafo (Yesh Atid)
Joint List
The Joint List list is headed by Ayman Odeh.
Ayman Odeh (Hadash)
Mtanes Shehadeh (Balad)
Ahmad Tibi (Ta'al)
Mansour Abbas (Ra'am)
Aida Touma-Suleiman (Hadash)
Walid Taha (Ra'am)
Ofer Cassif (Hadash)
Heba Yazbak (Balad)
Osama Saadi (Ta'al)
Yousef Jabareen (Hadash)
Said al-Harumi (Ra'am)
Jabar Asakla (Hadash)
Sami Abu Shehadeh (Balad)
Sondos Saleh (Ta'al)
Iman Khatib-Yasin (Ra'am)
Youssef Atauna (Hadash)
Labor-Gesher-Meretz
The Labor-Gesher-Meretz list is headed by Amir Peretz.
Amir Peretz (Labor)
Orly Levy (Gesher)
Nitzan Horowitz (Meretz)
Tamar Zandberg (Meretz)
Itzik Shmuli (Labor)
Merav Michaeli (Labor)
Yair Golan (Meretz)
Ilan Gilon (Meretz)
Omer Bar-Lev (Labor)
Revital Swid (Labor)
Issawi Frej (Meretz)
Haggai Reznik (Gesher)
Eran Hermoni (Labor)
Mossi Raz (Meretz)
Emilie Moatti (Labor)
Likud
The Likud list is headed by Benjamin Netanyahu.
Benjamin Netanyahu
Yuli Edelstein
Israel Katz
Gilad Erdan
Gideon Sa'ar
Miri Regev
Yariv Levin
Yoav Galant
Nir Barkat
Gila Gamliel
Avi Dichter
Ze'ev Elkin
Haim Katz
Eli Cohen
Tzachi Hanegbi
Ofir Akunis
Yuval Steinitz
Tzipi Hotovely
Dudi Amsalem
Gadi Yevarkan
Amir Ohana
Ofir Katz
Eti Atiya
Yoav Kisch
David Bitan
Keren Barak
Shlomo Karhi
Miki Zohar
Yifat Shasha-Biton
Sharren Haskel
Michal Shir
Keti Shitrit
Fateen Mulla
May Golan
Tali Ploskov
Uzi Dayan
Ariel Kallner
Osnat Mark
Amit Halevi
Nissim Vaturi
Shevah Stern
Ayoob Kara
Matti Yogev
Yehuda Glick
Nurit Koren
Shas
The Shas list is headed by Aryeh Deri.
Aryeh Deri
Yitzhak Cohen
Meshulam Nahari
Ya'akov Margi
Yoav Ben-Tzur
Michael Malchieli
Moshe Arbel
Yinon Azulai
Moshe Abutbul
Uriel Buso
United Torah Judaism
The United Torah Judaism list is headed by Yaakov Litzman.
Yaakov Litzman (Agudat Yisrael)
Moshe Gafni (Degel HaTorah)
Meir Porush (Agudat Yisrael)
Uri Maklev (Degel HaTorah)
Ya'akov Tessler (Agudat Yisrael)
Ya'akov Asher (Degel HaTorah)
Yisrael Eichler (Agudat Yisrael)
Yitzhak Pindros (Degel HaTorah)
Eliyahu Hasid (Agudat Yisrael)
Eliyahu Baruchi (Degel HaTorah)
Yamina
The Yamina list is headed by Naftali Bennett.
Naftali Bennett (New Right)
Rafi Peretz (The Jewish Home)
Ayelet Shaked (New Right)
Bezalel Smotrich (National Union)
Matan Kahana (New Right)
Ofir Sofer (National Union)
Idit Silman (New Right)
Sara Beck (Ahi)
Shirley Pinto (New Right)
Orit Strook (National Union)
Moti Yogev (The Jewish Home)
Shuli Mualem (New Right)
Yossi Cohen (The Jewish Home)
Shai Maimon (New Right)
Eli Ben-Dahan (The Jewish Home)
Ronnie Sassover (New Right)
Yomtob Kalfon (New Right)
Yisrael Beiteinu
The Yisrael Beiteinu list is headed by Avigdor Lieberman.
Avigdor Lieberman
Oded Forer
Evgeny Sova
Eli Avidar
Yulia Malinovsky
Hamad Amar
Alex Kushnir
Mark Ifraimov
Limor Magen Telem
Elina Bardach-Yalov
Shadi Halul
Alex Fridman
David Davidyan
Shahar Alon
Olivier Rafowicz
Minor parties
Minor parties in the order in which they registered with the Central Elections Committee.
HaHazon (The Vision) (צדק בראשות אבי ילאו)
Ani VeAta (Me and You) (כבוד ושוויון)
Otzma Liberalit Kalkalit (Liberal Economic Power) (עוצמה ליברלית כלכלית)
Da'am: Green Economy – One State (דעם - כלכלה ירוקה מדינה אחת)
Bible Bloc Party (Gush HaTanachi) (מפלגת הגוש התנ"כי)
Zekhuyoteinu BeKoleinu ("Our Rights Are in Our Vote/Voice") (זכויותנו בקולנו - לחיים בכבוד)
HaLev HaYehudi (The Jewish Heart) (הלוי היהודי)
Mishpat Tzedek (Fair Trial) (משפט צדק)
Social Leadership (מנהיגות חברתית)
Mitkademet (Leader) (מתקדמת)
Kol HaNashim (Voice the Women) (קול הנשים)
Seder Hadash (סדר חדש - לשינוי שיטת הבחירות)
Peula LeYisrael (Action for Israel) (פעולה למען ישראל)
Pirate Party (Piratim) (הפיראטים - כי כולנו באותה סירה והכל אותו שייט)
Uncorrupted Red White (אדום לבן - לגליזציה לקנביס, שוויון לאתיופים, ערבים ומקופחים)
Kama – Advancing the Status of the Individual (קמ"ה - קידום מעמד הפרט)
HaBrit HaMeshutefet (The United Covenant)(מאוחד ברית)
Kavod HaAdam (Respect for People) (כבוד האדם)
Shema (Listen) (להקשיב)
Tzomet (צומת - התיישבות וחקלאות)
Koah Lehashpi'a (The Power to Influence) (כוחו של השפעה)
Otzma Yehudit (Jewish Strength) (עוצמה יהודית)
References
2020 | [
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53230138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981%20in%20French%20television | 1981 in French television | This is a list of French television related events from 1981.
Events
8 March - Jean Gabilou is selected to represent France at the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest with his song "Humanahum". He is selected to be the twenty-fifth French Eurovision entry during a national final.
Debuts
Television shows
1940s
Le Jour du Seigneur (1949–present)
1960s
Les Dossiers de l'écran (1967-1991)
Les Animaux du monde (1969-1990)
Alain Decaux raconte (1969-1987)
1970s
Aujourd'hui Madame (1970-1982)
30 millions d'amis (1976-2016)
Les Jeux de 20 Heures (1976-1987)
1, rue Sésame (1978-1982)
1980s
Julien Fontanes, magistrat (1980-1989)
Ending this year
Births
10 February - Natasha St-Pier, Canadian-born singer & TV personality
16 March - Vincent Cerutti, TV & radio presenter
22 April - Virginie de Clausade, actress & TV & radio presenter
Deaths
See also
1981 in France
List of French films of 1981 | [
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] |
36919757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20historic%20places%20in%20the%20East%20Kootenay%20Regional%20District | List of historic places in the East Kootenay Regional District | The following list includes all of the Canadian Register of Historic Places listings in East Kootenay Regional District, British Columbia.
References
''(references appear in the table above as external links)
East Kootenay Regional District | [
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370615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%20Canadian%20federal%20election | 1988 Canadian federal election | The 1988 Canadian federal election was held on November 21, 1988, to elect members to the House of Commons of Canada of the 34th Parliament of Canada. It was an election largely fought on a single issue: the Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA); the Progressive Conservative Party campaigned in favour of it whereas the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party (NDP) campaigned against it.
The incumbent prime minister, Brian Mulroney, went on to carry his Progressive Conservative Party to a second majority government. Mulroney became the party's first leader since John A. Macdonald to win a second majority. The Liberal Party doubled their seat count and experienced a moderate recovery after the 1984 wipeout. The New Democratic Party won the highest number of seats at the time until they would beat that record in 2011.
The election was the last won by the Progressive Conservatives, the last until 2011 in which a right-of-centre party formed a majority government, and the last where a right-of-centre party won the most seats in Quebec. It was also the last election in Canadian history in which only three parties would be elected to Parliament.
Background
Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservative Party to a landslide majority government victory in the 1984 federal election. Despite this achievement, scandals including patronage damaged his polling numbers. However, in his fourth year in office in 1988, his popularity began to recover; a poll a few days before the election call showed the Progressive Conservatives ahead of the Liberal Party and New Democratic Party.
The Liberal Party led by John Turner suffered a heavy defeat in the 1984 election. Despite this, Turner stayed on as leader and was preparing to campaign for the second election. However, the Liberal Party was in financial and political disarray; by 1986 the party was heavily in debt and the expenses of the national organization continued to rise. Turner's office experienced significant staff turnover, and leaving members were willing to recount stories of the office's disfunction to the press, resulting in the Turner's leadership being nicknamed a "reign of error". Some pundits believed the Liberals would permanently drop to third place.
In 1988, Mulroney reached an agreement on free trade with the United States. Turner's Liberal Party and Ed Broadbent's New Democratic Party opposed the agreement; Turner believed that the agreement would "Americanize" Canada. Mulroney used his large majority to pass the bill through the House of Commons, however, the Liberal-dominated Senate demanded an election before they would pass it.
Campaign
Support swung back and forth between the Progressive Conservatives and Liberals over free trade. With mid-campaign polls suggesting a Liberal government, this prompted the Conservatives to stop the relatively calm campaign they had been running, and go with Allan Gregg's suggestion of "bombing the bridge" that joined anti-FTA voters and the Liberals: Turner's credibility.
The Liberals had some early struggles, notably during one day in Montreal where three different costs were given for the proposed Liberal daycare program. The campaign was also hampered by a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) report that stated there was a movement in the backroom to replace Turner with Jean Chrétien, even though Turner had passed a leadership review in 1986 with 76.3 percent of delegates rejecting a leadership convention.
National results
The Progressive Conservatives won a reduced but strong majority government with 169 seats, and the free trade agreement would go into effect on January 1, 1989. Despite the Liberals' improved standing, the results were considered a disappointment for Turner, after polls in mid-campaign predicted a Liberal government. In an ironic reversal of most prior federal elections, the Liberals were kept out of power by their inability to make any headway into the overwhelming Tory majority in Quebec. Indeed, the Liberals actually lost five seats in Quebec, many of which they had only retained in 1984 due to vote-splitting between the Tories and the since-defunct Parti nationaliste du Québec.
The Liberals reaped most of the benefits of opposing the FTA and doubled their representation to 83 seats. This second election loss sealed Turner's fate; he would eventually resign in 1990, and was succeeded by Jean Chrétien, who proved to be a more effective leader. The NDP enjoyed their best result at the time, winning 43 seats.
Had the Progressive Conservatives won a minority government, there would have been a strong possibility of the Liberals forming government with the New Democratic Party holding the balance of power, as these two left-of-centre parties would have made up the majority of seats in the House of Commons.
Note:
"% change" refers to change from previous election
Vote and seat summaries
A number of unregistered parties also contested the election. The Western Canada Concept party, led by Doug Christie, fielded three candidates in British Columbia. The Western Independence Party ran one candidate in British Columbia, seven in Alberta, and three in Manitoba (although one of the Manitoba candidates appears to have withdrawn before election day).
The Liberal candidate in Etobicoke-Lakeshore, Emmanuel Feuerwerker, withdrew from the race after suffering a heart attack, resulting in the Liberals not running a candidate in all 295 ridings during this election.
The Marxist–Leninist Party fielded candidates in several ridings.
Blair T. Longley campaigned in British Columbia as a representative of the "Student Party". Newspaper reports indicate that this was simply a tax-avoidance scheme.
The moribund Social Credit Party fielded nine candidates, far short of the 50 required for official recognition. However, the Chief Electoral Officer allowed the party's name to appear on the ballot by virtue of its half-century history as a recognized party. It would be the last time that the party, which had been the third-largest or fourth-largest party in Canada at its height, would fight an election under its own name. The party was deregistered before the 1993 election after it failed to nominate enough candidates to keep its registration.
Results by province
xx - less than 0.05% of the popular vote.
Note: Parties that captured less than 1% of the vote in a province are not recorded.
Election milestones
Until the 2011 federal election, the 1988 election was the most successful in the New Democratic Party's history. The party dominated in British Columbia and Saskatchewan, won significant support in Ontario and elected its first (and, until the 2008 election, only) member from Alberta.
This was the second election contested by the Green Party, and it saw a more than 50 percent increase in its vote, but it remained a minor party.
The election was the last for Canada's Social Credit Party. The party won no seats, and had an insignificant portion of the popular vote.
This was the first election for the newly founded Reform Party which for this vote only contested seats in Western Canada. The party at this stage was filled to a large extent with former Socreds along with some former PC supporters disaffected at the perceived lack of support from the Mulroney government for western interests. It was led by Preston Manning, who was himself a one time Socred candidate and the son of longtime Alberta Social Credit premier Ernest Manning.
Reform won no seats and was not yet considered a major party at the national level. However, Deborah Grey would win the first seat for Reform, Beaver River in Alberta, in a by-election held four months later. Grey, who had finished a distant fourth running in the same riding in the general election, succeeded rookie Progressive Conservative MP John Dahmer. Dahmer was in office for only five days before dying of pancreatic cancer.
For the Progressive Conservatives, this was the last federal election they would ever win.
Notes
Number of parties: 11
First appearance: Christian Heritage Party, Reform Party
Final appearance: Confederation of Regions Party, Social Credit Party
Final appearance before hiatus: Communist Party (returned in 2000), Rhinoceros Party (returned in 2006)
10 closest ridings
London-Middlesex, ON: Terry Clifford (PC) def. Garnet Bloomfield (Lib) by 8 votes
Northumberland, ON: Christine Stewart (Lib) def. Reg Jewell (PC) by 28 votes
Hamilton Mountain, ON: Beth Phinney (Lib) def. Marion Dewar (NDP) by 73 votes
York North, ON: Maurizio Bevilacqua (Lib) def. Micheal O'Brien (PC) by 77 votes
Rosedale, ON: David MacDonald (PC) def. Bill Graham (Lib) by 80 votes
London East, ON: Joe Fontana (Lib) def. Jim Jepson (PC) by 102 votes
Haldimand-Norfolk, ON: Bob Speller (Lib) def. Bud Bradley (PC) by 209 votes
Hillsborough, PE: George Proud (Lib) def. Thomas McMillan (PC) by 259 votes
Cariboo—Chilcotin, BC: Dave Worthy (PC) def. Jack Langford (NDP) by 269 votes
Vancouver Centre, BC: future Prime Minister Kim Campbell (PC) def. Johanna Den Hertog (NDP) by 269 votes
See also
1911 Canadian federal election, an election similarly contested over free trade with the United States.
List of Canadian federal general elections
List of political parties in Canada
Articles on parties' candidates in this election:
Independents
Confederation of Regions
Commonwealth
Communist
Green
Libertarian
Liberal
New Democrats
Progressive Conservative
Rhinoceros
References
Notes
Party platforms
Further reading
External links
Riding map
Election 1988, by Stephen Azzi
Debate '88 | [
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29810035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20Robert%20Molinari | S. Robert Molinari | Sigmund Robert Molinari (born Sigismondo Berengairo Nicola Molinari; February 22, 1898–May 31 1957) was an American politician from New York. Molinari, who served one term in the New York State Assembly, was "the first Italian immigrant to serve in the New York state Assembly."
Life
He was born in Italy the town of Amantea to parents Gaetano Molinari and Mariantonia Perciavalle, and graduated from New York University. Before entering politics, he was a real estate broker on Staten Island. He worked as an appraiser and property manager for the New York City Bureau of Real Estate from 1941 until his election.
He was a member of the New York State Assembly (Richmond Co., 2nd D.) in 1943 and 1944, elected on the Republican ticket. In 1944, he ran for re-election on the Democratic ticket, Molinari but was defeated by Republican Edmund P. Radigan. In 1948, he lost a race for the Republican nomination for the New York State Senate. He ran unsuccessfully for the party's nomination for Staten Island borough president in 1953.
S. Robert Molinari died May 31, 1957 at the age of 59.
He was the father of Guy Molinari (1928-2018), who served in the United States House of Representatives and as borough president of Staten Island; and grandfather of U.S. Representative Susan Molinari (born 1958). He lived in New Dorp, Staten Island.
References
External links
"S. Robert Molinari" at the Political Graveyard
1897 births
1957 deaths
Members of the New York State Assembly
New York (state) Republicans
Italian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American politicians
Politicians from Staten Island
People from New Dorp, Staten Island
American politicians of Italian descent | [
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15528443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%20Gallagher | Ann Gallagher | Ann Gallagher (born 2 March 1967) is a former Labour Party politician from County Leitrim in Ireland. She was a senator from 1993 to 1997. She obtained an honours law degree from Trinity College Dublin and is a solicitor by profession.
In August 2021, it was announced that she would become the interim general secretary of the Social Democrats.
Gallagher stood as a Labour candidate for Dáil Éireann in the Cavan–Monaghan constituency at the 1992 general election and nearly won a seat, coming 6th in a five-seater constituency. In the subsequent elections to the 20th Seanad Éireann, she topped the poll and was elected on the Industrial and Commercial Panel. She served as a Senator in the Irish Parliament from 1993 to 1997. She was a member of the Northern Ireland Forum for Peace and Reconciliation. She was a member of the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Women's Rights and the Joint Oireachtas Committee on Foreign Affairs. She was also appointed to the Oireachtas Committee to Review the Constitution. She was the party's Spokesperson for Justice, Equality and Law Reform.
At the 1994 European Parliament election she stood unsuccessfully in the Connacht–Ulster constituency but achieved the highest percentage vote for any Labour Party candidate to date, and after a further defeat in the 1997 general election, she did not stand in the 1997 elections to the 21st Seanad. She continued her career as a solicitor but also qualified as a barrister.
References
1967 births
Living people
Labour Party (Ireland) senators
Members of the 20th Seanad
20th-century women members of Seanad Éireann
Politicians from County Monaghan | [
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24641686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BK%20Whopper%20Bar | BK Whopper Bar | The BK Whopper Bar is a limited service concept created by fast-food restaurant Burger King in 2009.
Format
The Whopper Bar is a high end concept designed to compete with fast casual and casual dining restaurants. The locations feature an open kitchen with a semi-circular metal counter top. The exposed kitchen allows customers to view the preparation of their foods. Decoration of the new locations is limited to plasma televisions playing looped videos of open flames. The concept is similar to the McCafé concept from rival McDonald's, and like the McCafé locations they are designed for malls, airports, casinos and other areas with limited space.
Menu
Whopper Bars are kiosk-type stores with a menu limited to the company's Whopper, TenderCrisp and Angus sandwiches; drinks; and desserts. The menu features higher-end ingredients and variants not sold in the normal Burger King locations.
While international locations sold beer at the Whopper Bar locations, the company originally stated that it did not intend to do so at its North American locations. The company changed its mind with the opening of its second Whopper Bar location in the South Beach section of the company's home town of Miami; Burger King reported that it would be the only current American, national fast food chain selling beer in its home territory.
In markets where alcohol can be sold at fast food restaurants, the company will be selling products from SABMiller and Anheuser-Busch including Budweiser, Bud Light and Miller Lite in aluminum bottles designed to maintain temperature. The move, designed to target the important 30-and-under demographic, has been called risky by industry analysts because the company is known as a fast food purveyor and not as an alcoholic beverages seller. Other industry consultants have disagreed with the assessment, believing that the move is a practical one because the company is growing with its aging customer base.
References
Burger King
Products introduced in 2009 | [
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] |
4136784 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthaug | Uthaug | Uthaug is a village in the municipality of Ørland in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located on the south shore of the Bjugnfjorden about west of the village of Opphaug, about north of the town of Brekstad, and about east of the Kjeungskjær Lighthouse. Ørland Airport lies just south of the village.
The village has a population (2018) of 394 and a population density of .
Uthaug is home to fish processing and concrete manufacturing industries. It also has a good harbor with a breakwater. The Uthaugsgården museum is an old preserved trading post that is located in the village.
References
Villages in Trøndelag
Ørland | [
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29460979 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirleaf%20Market%20Women%27s%20Fund | Sirleaf Market Women's Fund | The Sirleaf Market Women's Fund (SMWF) is
Background
During 14 years of savage civil war, Liberia’s market women kept food and supplies flowing against terrible odds. As the conflict worsened, they gathered together praying for peace, then protesting and finally politicking in the international arena. After peace took hold, in 2005 they turned their hard-won organizational skills to get out the vote for Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, Africa’s first woman to be elected president—the granddaughter of a market woman.
The idea of the market women’s fund emerged from discussions between President Sirleaf and a group of women outside of Liberia who, in 2004, had written Liberian Women Peace Makers: Fighting for the Right to be Seen, Heard and Counted. In December 2005, ten days after the Liberian election, the group decided to create the Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Market Women’s Fund ( SMWF).
Formally established at the end of 2006, the fund has partnered with the Government of Liberia, international organizations, including the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the African Women’s Development Fund (AWDF), and non-governmental organizations, to improve the lives of tens of thousands of market women and their families—and to advance women’s human rights.
Current Activities
SMWF employs several means to ensure the health, self-sufficiency and dignity of the market women. It assists Liberia’s efforts to transform existing markets into safe and clean environments. It supports micro-credit for entrepreneurial women to establish or expand their small businesses. It offers training in literacy and small business management, enabling traders to provide a wider array of goods and earn profits sufficient to sustain them and their families. It provides daycare facilities for children where safety and pre-primary education will be ensured.
Organization
SMWF/Liberia is registered in Monrovia, Liberia, as a non-profit organization with its own Board of Directors and staff. Representatives of the Liberian Marketing Association and other local agencies are on the Board of Directors to provide political and technical knowhow. SMWF/Liberia cooperates closely with its primary fundraisers, SMWF/US, sharing progress reports twice annually and annual audits of its finances.
SMWF/US, the international board headquartered in New York, is a volunteer fundraising arm. With the exception of minimal overhead, all contributions go to Liberia for the market program. SMWF receives contributions from many individual donors as well as soliciting larger grants. Board members of SMWF/US work closely with their Liberian counterparts and visit Liberia several times annually to observe progress toward shared goals. SMWF/US, with headquarters in New York, is a not-for-profit organization with 501(c)(3) status so that contributions may be tax-exempt in accordance with US federal law.
Markets
In 2007, 83 markets and the women working in them were surveyed by a Liberian consulting firm through a partnership with SMWF, the Ministry for Gender and Development, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, UNDP and UNIFEM. The survey found approximately 204,000 market women in Liberia. More than 50 percent of them were heads of household—sole breadwinners—yet had no formal education. Their families often include six to eight children, some orphans of war or of AIDS. Of the markets surveyed, two-thirds had been badly damaged. Only about a third had sanitary facilities or garbage disposal, and hardly any had storage on site, making security a major problem.
The design of the SMWF market structure includes a concrete shelter with built-in tables, water and sanitation, storage facilities, literacy and business training, basic health services, especially in rural areas, and space for children to play or be occupied in a nursery school. A special part of the market houses a banking window. To date, SMWF has built or renovated 13 markets and is working on more for a total of 50. As of 2010 funding for an additional 9 markets has been identified.
The following markets were restored or completed as of 2009:
Barnersville Market
Bopolu Market
Duala Market
ELWA Market
Nancy Doe Market
Paynesville Market
Rally Time Market
Redemption Day Market
Saclepea Market
Totota Market
Zgolemain Market
Zorzor Market
Zwedru Market
Credits
SMWF markets have three different levels of credit. Special banking windows in the market have been established in partnership with Ecobank Liberia. Ecobank also has set up a program of training in small business management.
The SMWF Microcredit Program is made up entirely of marketers. A rural group contains six persons who can borrow $50 each. An urban group has six members who can borrow $100 each. Every group has a representative who is the “eye” of the group and a secretary who must be literate. A vetting committee (including the market superintendent) decides who is credit-worthy. The group pays a percentage of the amount borrowed but gets a rebate if they pay back on time. Savings receive a small interest rate. As of May 1, 2010, the micro-credit program had provided loans to 328 women in both rural and urban areas. An overwhelming number of marketers and communities have requested micro-credit capability through SMWF.
The following markets currently benefit from the SMWF micro-credit program:
Nancy B. Doe Market
Barnersville Market
Paynesville Central Market
Zorzor Market
Totota Market
Many marketers also have their own traditional joint Susu (savings) groups. Members put in a certain amount, and every month one of them receives the combined input of the other members.
Literacy training
UNIFEM has provided funding for literacy training. Following an October 2009 survey by Alfaden, a joint effort of the non-profit organizations Alfalit and DEN/L, adult literacy training was offered in 11 markets in the following areas:
Bong (Totota)
Gbarpolu (Popolu area)
Lofa
Montserrado (Monrovia area)
Nimba/Grand Gedeh
27 literacy facilitators were trained in both the Paulo Freire and Laubach methods. By May 1, 2010, some 500 market women were learning to read and write.
Awards
Partnerships, within Liberia and outside of it, led to recognition by the UN Office for Technical Cooperation Among Developing Countries (TCDC). At the end of 2008 it honored SMWF with its Special Award for South-South Cooperation.
In July 2010, UN Fund for Gender Equality announced it was awarding SMWF US$3 million over four years to improve the lives of Liberia’s market women, their families and the national economy. This program will be a high-profile prototype with potential for replication throughout the Africa region.
Following up on their pledge at SMWF’s 2008 fundraiser to “Adopt a Market,” on July 11, 2010 the Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) sorority gave President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf $500,000 for a market in the Paynesville Red-Light Community outside of Monrovia. When completed, it will be the biggest so far and will provide a learning environment for pre-school children as well as adult literacy, health facilities, cold storage, a bank, a police depot, and ample parking.
SMWF receives contributions from many individual donors as well as larger grants.
About Liberia
History
Liberia was founded in 1816 as a place of resettlement for freed North American slaves and became an independent republic in 1847. Between 1847 and 1980 its politics and economics were dominated to a large extent by those settlers and their descendants. Issues of inequitable access and opportunity and outright discrimination became a focus of resentment that came to a head in the 1980 coup d’etat led by Sergeant Samuel Doe. His bloody coup was the precursor of a political reign characterized by corruption, violence and economic decline.
The First Liberian Civil War of 1989-1997 and the fighting that renewed soon after (Second Liberian Civil War), lasting until the peace agreement of 2003, affected every area of Liberia, every village and town, and every family. It was a terrifying experience.
After 46 tries (political mediation meetings, ceasefire agreements and a dozen failed peace agreements), finally, on August 18, 2003, a Comprehensive Peace Agreement was signed among the warring parties in Ghana under UN auspices, and an interim President installed. In January 2006, after a hard-fought campaign against a Liberian football star, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf took office as Liberia’s – and Africa’s – first democratically elected female Head of State.
History of the Market Women
Liberian Women Peacemakers tells the story of Liberian women’s continuing struggle for peace and gender justice through 2003, profiling16 women who started with treating the wounded and moving food through the country, then took to the streets and finally into peace conferences to protest the killings and demand an end to war. Pray the Devil Back to Hell, a 2008 documentary directed by Gini Reticker and produced by Abigail Disney, told the story of the Liberian market women who were able to triumphantly bring an end to the Liberian civil war.
References
External links
Liberian Markets and Marketers Survey
Official Liberia Page
African Women's Development Fund
Pray the Devil Back to Hell
Africa World Press - Liberian Women Peace Makers
United Nations Development Program
United Nations Development Fund for Women
UN Fund for Gender Equality
All Africa - African News
Liberian Women Peacemakers
Alfalit
DEN/L
UN Office for Technical Cooperation
Economy of Liberia
Women in Liberia | [
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9378889 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great%20Rapprochement | Great Rapprochement | The Great Rapprochement is a historical term referring to the convergence of diplomatic, political, military, and economic objectives of the United States and the British Empire from 1895 to 1915, the two decades before American entry into World War I.
The convergence was noted by statesmen and scholars of the time, but the term "Great Rapprochement" to refer to a distinct historical phenomenon may have been coined by the American historian of Anglo-American relations Bradford Perkins in his 1968 study of the period, The Great Rapprochement: England and the United States 1895–1914. Perkins attributes the convergence to growing imperial ambitions in the United States, British withdrawal from the Western Hemisphere to focus on its African colonies and naval threat from the German Empire, and American industrialization and integration into the global financial economy.
Background
American Anglophobia
American sentiment towards England and the British Empire was harshly negative for much of the 19th century. Enmity between the two nations, largely driven from the American side, had peaked amid the American Civil War and the Trent affair. After 1872 and the settlement of the Alabama claims, direct hostilities declined. However, other incidents, such as the Murchison letter and disputes over borders and fishing rights between America and British Canada, stoked continued American popular resentment toward the British. Americans considered Britain their "natural enemy" and "prime villain," though acknowledged closer cultural and political affinity than with mainland European nations.
American industrialization
The fundamental socioeconomic distinctions between the agrarian and isolationist United States and the industrialized British Empire rapidly diminished after 1865. The United States emerged from the Civil War as a major industrial power with a renewed commitment to a stronger federal government as opposed to one ruled by individual states, permitting engagement in imperial expansion and economic globalization. The post-war Reconstruction era therefore generated or expanded Anglo-American geopolitical and commercial networks.
1895 Venezuelan boundary dispute
In 1895, former United States ambassador to Venezuela William Lindsay Scruggs, working as a lobbyist for the Venezuelan government, published British Aggressions in Venezuela: The Monroe Doctrine on Trial, claiming that Britain sought to expand their territorial claim in British Guiana to incorporate the Orinoco River watershed. The Republican Congress, led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, called for a vigorous American enforcement of the Monroe doctrine. President Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney acquiesced, adopting the Olney interpretation of the doctrine and asserting American authority to arbitrate all boundary disputes in the Western Hemisphere. Cleveland's acquiescence may also have been influenced by his party's reliance on Irish-American voters.
Guided by Secretary of State for the Colonies Joseph Chamberlain, the British cabinet of Lord Salisbury rejected both the applicability and legal validity of the Monroe doctrine and asserted that Britain remained an imperial power in the Americas. Cleveland responded in kind, establishing an investigatory commission to determine the true boundary and publicly stating that his administration would use "every means in its power" to prevent British expansion into Venezuelan territory.
Partly due to the influence of business interests, who feared war between the powers, tensions were defused. The British cabinet agreed to approach the Americans diplomatically, and Great Britain and Venezuela signed an arbitration agreement in 1896. In 1899, the arbitration committee ultimately awarded Britain ninety percent of the disputed territory. The resolution of the crisis through arbitration (rather than war) and its establishment of the United States' free hand in the Americas served to ease British-American tensions.
The gold standard and the election of 1896
The British acquiescence to negotiation and arbitration in the Venezuelan crisis may have been influenced by a desire to avoid negotiation with William Jennings Bryan, a leading candidate for President of the United States in 1896.
American currency policy was a dominant domestic issue throughout the 19th century with an international tinge. Generally speaking, banking interests, which were then heavily centered in London, favored a deflationary gold standard while agrarian and mining interests favored an inflationary bimetallist or outright free silver policy to reduce or erase nominal debts. The soundness of the American dollar also had implications for access to international trade, which was dominated by the gold-backed British pound sterling and German mark. Many American manufacturing interests therefore called for "sound currency," meaning either acceptance of the international gold standard or bimetallism contingent upon international agreement.
Populist William Jennings Bryan won the 1896 Democratic Party nomination for President on a platform explicitly opposed to the sound currency argument. Near the conclusion of his famous Cross of Gold speech, Bryan directly accused England of interference in American economic sovereignty and framed outright bimetallism without international approval as a nationalist alternative:
Other Byranite populists including John Peter Altgeld, William Hope Harvey, and Mary Elizabeth Lease echoed this theme in their speeches, alarming British opinion. In his 1894 tract Coin's Financial School, Harvey went so far as to argue that the total extermination of the English name from the face of the planet would be popular and just.
However, Bryan lost the election to William McKinley, paving the way for fourteen years of unanimous Republican government. Soon after, the Klondike Gold Rush, a final failed international conference, and the legal adoption of a pure American gold standard in 1900 effectively ended the currency issue, thereby securing British loans in the United States and putting the two countries on the same terms of trade. The resolution of the currency issue thus also served to realign Republican Party opinion in favor of the British at the turn of the century, paving the way for rapprochement under successive Republican presidents.
Presidents and Prime Ministers during the period
While the period was dominated by the Republican Party in the United States, British government was split between the Conservative Party (1895–1905) and the Liberal Party (1905–16). The Republican Party became noticeably warmer toward Britain during the period, while the shift from Conservative to Liberal government favored the United States in London.
Other key diplomats
British Foreign Secretaries
Earl of Kimberly (1895)
Marquess of Salisbury (1895–1900)
Marquess of Lansdowne (1900–05)
Sir Edward Grey (1905–16)
British ambassadors to the United States
Julian Pauncefote (1895–1902)
Michael Henry Herbert (1902–03)
Mortimer Durand (1903–06)
James Bryce (1907–13)
Cecil Spring Rice (1913–18)
United States Secretaries of State
Richard Olney (1895–97)
John Sherman (1897–98)
William R. Day (1898)
John Hay (1898–1905)
Elihu Root (1905–09)
Robert Bacon (1909)
Philander C. Knox (1909–13)
William Jennings Bryan (1913–15)
Robert Lansing (1915–20)
United States ambassadors to the Court of St. James
Thomas F. Bayard (1895–97)
John Hay (1897–98)
Joseph Hodges Choate (1899–1905)
Whitelaw Reid (1905–12)
Walter Hines Page (1912–19)
Rapprochement
Olney-Pauncefote Treaty
Shortly after the arbitration agreement in the Venezuela crisis, Secretary Olney and Ambassador Pauncefote reached an agreement to settle all further disputes between the United States and Great Britain via arbitration. The treaty was approved by President Cleveland during his lame duck session and submitted to Congress with support from many academics and peace advocates, but was rejected resoundingly by the United States Senate.
Spanish-American War
In the early stages of the Spanish-American War of 1898, the common belief in the United States, fueled by Ambassador John Hay and Liberal pressmen like W. T. Stead, was that the British public took the side of the Cuban revolutionaries against Spanish colonial rule. Attitudes within the Salisbury ministry, however, were cooler. Conservative disposition opposed anti-colonial revolution as a rule and Britain had previously favored Spanish control over Cuba to protect stable trade in the Caribbean. The exception among the cabinet was Chamberlain (a Liberal Unionist rather than Conservative), who now gave speeches in support of American intervention and privately suggested an outright alliance to Hay.
However, publication of the De Lôme Letter (wherein the Spanish Ambassador suggested that Great Britain desired war with the United States, outraging the Salisbury government) and the sinking of the USS Maine, Ambassador Julian Pauncefote rushed to express British sympathies to the Americans. Most European powers remained aloof from the conflict, fearing American retaliation, but publicly urged peace. The Salisbury ministry, by contrast, secretly sought McKinley's personal approval before urging peace and went so far as to expedite the sale of two cruisers to the United States as part of its mobilization effort. At Hay's suggestion, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge introduced a reciprocal conciliatory measure to pay Britain a long-withheld arbitration award. Over Ambassador Pauncefote's objection and with Chamberlain's support, Arthur Balfour (acting as Foreign Secretary in his uncle's absence) instructed a policy of strict non-interference. This ardent permissiveness toward American action set Britain apart from other European powers and was particularly decisive in the easy American victory, in light of British naval supremacy.
At times, formal permissiveness crossed into material or moral support. During the 90-day war, Britain sold coal to the United States Navy and allowed the United States military to use Britain's submarine communications cables. When Commodore George Dewey's fleet sailed out of Hong Kong harbor for Manila at the onset of war, the British soldiers and sailors in the harbor openly cheered for them.
Observing the war in the final months before his death, Otto von Bismarck remarked that the most significant event of the 20th century would be "the fact that the North Americans speak English."
The United States emerged from the war as an imperial power with possessions around the globe, and a special interest in the approaches to what in 1914 became the Panama Canal. At the same time, the British Empire was coming under increasing pressure from the growth of the German Empire's economy and navy, and it was cutting back on potential conflicts on its periphery to focus on the rising threat across the North Sea.
Second Boer War
Washington refused to give support to the Boers during the Second Boer War.
Calls for union
By 1901, many influential Britons advocated for a closer relationship between the two countries. W. T. Stead even proposed that year in The Americanization of the World for both to merge to unify the English-speaking world, as doing so would help Britain "continue for all time to be an integral part of the greatest of all World-Powers, supreme on sea and unassailable on land, permanently delivered from all fear of hostile attack, and capable of wielding irresistible influence in all parts of this planet." The Scottish-born American Andrew Carnegie shared the goal by telling Stead, "We are heading straight to the Re-United States." As American Anglophobia declined, London realized the value of a long-term ally that would prevent an upset in Britain's balance of power, which Germany and Russia appeared to threaten. The US seemed to understand and to some extent agree with British imperial aspirations, if not always with the methods used in their pursuit.
Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03
As part of the process of imperial retrenchment, Britain resolved a border conflict between Canada and Alaska, withdrew its objections to an American-controlled canal in the Hay–Pauncefote Treaty of 1901, and agreed in 1902 to arbitrate a debt collection dispute with Venezuela.
After a final British flirtation with Germany's anti-American designs during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03, Britain and the United States embraced unreservedly during the Theodore Roosevelt administration (1901-1909).
Trade
In addition to geopolitical alignment brought about by the American turn toward empire, the United States and Great Britain resolved long-held trade disputes during the period.
Open Door policy
Britain's adoption of John Hay's Open Door Policy toward China garnered much goodwill on the western side of the Atlantic and further accelerated the pace of rapprochement after 1900.
Reciprocity in Canada
The Atlantic Maritimes played an important role in furthering reconciliation on the eve of the Great Rapprochement. The 1890 appointment of Massachusetts Republican and fishing magnate Isaac C. Hall, a key figure in developing conceptions of "provincial reciprocity," as U.S. Consul to Prince Edward Island spurred Conservative calls for "Dominion reciprocity." The revived idea of "provincial reciprocity," distinguished from "Dominion reciprocity" by Harrison Administration construction of Article 33 in the 1871 Treaty of Washington, contributed to debates in the 31st General Assembly of Prince Edward Island. These conflicts began with U.S. Senate Republicans' 1885 abrogation of fishery articles in the Treaty of Washington, U.S. Senate Republicans' rejection of the 1888 Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty (after passage of the Retaliation Act), and the 1888 U.S. presidential election. Neil McLeod, Leader of the Opposition, held that any proposal for "provincial reciprocity" would pressure the "Dominion Government to go on their marrow bones to the American Republic and ask them for better trade relations...it would show the Americans that we were in some dire distress, and without some assistance from them in the shape of trade relations, we were at their mercy. I think that when an important case, such as the question of trade relations with the United States is pending, the local Legislature should remain quiet, and let the Dominion Government carry the burden." McLeod also presaged his own proposed amendments to Liberal "reciprocity" trade resolutions--"we hope the negotiations will result in establishing the freest trade relations between the countries, consistent with the exigencies of the Dominion and our relations with Great Britain"—with his interpretations of lulls in "amalgamation" deliberations: "formerly our Liberal friends advocated doing away with the Legislative Council, but they do not advocate that now in this House. It would not be pleasing to some of their friends in the other branch of the Legislature." Alterations to Liberal "reciprocity" resolutions proved more divisive within Conservative ranks than narratives of the origins of "amalgamation." Although nine Conservative delegates (in addition to McLeod) voted for his amendments, three joined the Liberal bloc in defeating the proposed revisions.
In Prince Edward Island, Conservative challenges against "provincial reciprocity" did not preclude Conservative advocacy for U.S. trade treaties by "Dominion reciprocity" with "provincial" support. For example, when a Liberal delegate accused Conservatives of attempting to "press upon the Dominion Government to get a treaty with the United States," Neil McLeod countered that "when the Dominion Government want[s] to undertake some great measure, such as a treaty with the United States, he [the Liberal delegate] knows that instead of being weakened by the assistance of Local Parliaments, they will be strengthened by that assistance. I do not mean to say that we ought to raise any factious difficulties or anything of that kind, but we should in any and every way show the Dominion Government that when they have a really bona-fide measure to propose, we are in unison with them." Conservative appraisals of "provincial reciprocity" as a question of legislative sovereignty, rather than solely international commerce and political economy, became crucial for fictional and nonfictional narratives of Anglo-American reunion as well as burgeoning New England tourism in the Atlantic Maritimes.
In popular culture
In The Moon Maid, American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs envisioned a future in which the US and Britain would form a close military alliance and in a decades-long war defeat and subdue all other nations, uniting the world under their joint rule - with Washington D.C. and London serving as joint planetary capitals and the US President and British Monarch being the joint Heads of State of this World State.
See also
United Kingdom–United States relations
Special Relationship
Samoan crisis
New Imperialism
Alaska Boundary Dispute
Notes
References
Bibliography
United Kingdom–United States relations | [
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21750354 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bridge%20of%20Sighs%20%28poem%29 | The Bridge of Sighs (poem) | "The Bridge of Sighs" is an 1844 poem by Thomas Hood concerning the suicide of a homeless young woman who threw herself from Waterloo Bridge in London.
Background
Although Thomas Hood (1799–1845) is usually regarded as a humorous poet, towards the end of his life, when he was on his sick bed, he wrote a number of poems commenting on contemporary poverty. These included "The Song of the Shirt", "The Bridge of Sighs" and "The Song of the Labourer". "The Bridge of Sighs" is particularly well-known because of its novel meter, complex three syllable rhymes, varied rhyming scheme and pathetic subject matter.
The poem describes the woman as having been immersed in the grimy water, but having been washed so that whatever sins she may have committed are obliterated by the pathos of her death. She seems to have committed suicide by jumping off a bridge, after she was thrown out of her home.
Make no deep scrutinyInto her mutinyRash and undutiful:Past all dishonour,Death has left on herOnly the beautiful.
Several clues in the poem, which harps upon beauty, sins and scorn, hint that the woman was pregnant and had been thrown out of her home.
Sisterly, brotherly, Fatherly, motherly Feelings had changed: Love, by harsh evidence, Thrown from its eminence; Even God's providence Seeming estranged.
Illustrations
The poem was widely anthologised and frequently illustrated in books of Victorian poetry, including an etching by Sir John Everett Millais in 1858. It was also set to music by Reinhold Ludwig Herman (1849–1919). Along with Hood's other notable serious poem, The Song of the Shirt, it influenced several Victorian artists. Paintings inspired by the poem included Augustus Egg's Past and Present (1858; Tate, London), Abraham Solomon's untraced Drowned! Drowned! and G.F. Watts's Found Drowned (Watts Gallery, Compton, Surrey). The poem was also illustrated in a bas-relief on Hood's tomb.
Former Procul Harum guitarist Robin Trower released a certified Gold album of the same name with the title track song Bridge of Sighs in 1974.
References
External links
The Bridge of Sighs, text of the poem.
L. J. Nicoletti, Downward Mobility: Victorian Women, Suicide, and London's "Bridge of Sighs"
The Bridge of Sighs audio, from Archive.org.
Victorian poetry
1844 poems | [
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43832757 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos%20GT | Marcos GT | The Marcos GT is the name used by the British firm of Marcos Engineering Ltd for all of their cars until the introduction of the Mantis in 1970. Most commonly, the name is used to describe the very low coupé designed by brothers Dennis and Peter Adams.
The car was first introduced as the Marcos 1800 in 1964, with a wooden chassis and a Volvo P1800 engine. Later models had a steel chassis and commonly Ford engines although others were also available. The majority of these sports cars were sold in kit form.
The car was out of production from 1972 until 1981, when small scale kit production recommenced. The original GT continued to be built until 1989 or 1990, being developed into its altered Mantula form. This was further developed into more powerful and aggressively-styled designs, culminating in the 1994 LM600 (which competed in the 1995 Le Mans 24-hour race).
As was the intent with most Marcos products, the GT series saw much competition use. The original 1800 and other 1960s and 1970s Marcos are still competitive in both FIA and HSCC (UK) historic racing series.
Marcos 1800 GT
In 1964 the glassfibre-bodied Marcos 1800 GT was introduced, using the cast-iron four-cylinder Volvo 1778 cc B18 unit with overdrive gearbox and De Dion rear axle. It was a sensation when first shown at the 1964 Racing Car Show. This was to be the design that would become familiar to sports car enthusiasts for more than 30 years, even though the original plywood chassis would later be replaced by a steel chassis and the futuristic scalloped dashboard also vanished after a few years. The plywood chassis was glued together from 386 separate pieces and was not only light and strong, but also required a minimum up front investment to construct. The extremely low Marcos required a nearly supine driving position and fixed seats, mounted lower than the floor of the car. In return, the entire pedal set could be moved fore and aft with a knob on the dashboard. If this proved not to be enough Marcos also offered optional booster pillows. This setup, with the fixed seats, remained until the end of Marcos production in late 2007. The original Marcos 1800 had a two-spoke steering wheel and a novel dash with a prominent centre console, a rather expensive design which did not survive onto the Ford-engined cars. The entire nose portion, of a long and tapered design, was hinged at the front and was held down by latches behind the front wheel wells.
The Volvo engine has , enough for a top speed and a 0-60 mph time of 8.2 seconds. Some sources claim SAE. Successful in competition, the rather expensive 1800 sold very slowly, and after the first 33 cars the de Dion rear suspension was replaced by a live Ford axle. The price was dropped from £1500 to £1340, but it was not enough to make the car profitable. Cars were stockpiling in 1966, and after 106 (or 99) had been built, the 1800 was replaced by the Ford-engined 1500.
Normally fitted with a four-speed manual transmission, a five-speed was also available and allowed for a higher top speed. According to some sources, some of the last cars built had a 2 litre Volvo B20 engine, as did some of the racing versions. The 1800 is the only Marcos that is eligible for historic racing and as such is currently much more valuable than later models.
Ford four-cylinder models
In 1966 the GT was changed to a pushrod inline-four Ford Kent engine of 1500 cc, in order to lower costs as the 1800 had been rather too expensive to market. The complex dash was also replaced with a flat polished wood unit, which was soon downgraded further to a mass-produced "wood-effect" one. Power and performance were both down on the 1800, but sales increased considerably. To hide the fact that a common Ford engine was used, Marsh replaced the rocker covers with Marcos ones and switched from Weber to Stromberg carburettors.
An overbored Lawrencetune 1650 cc version was made available in 1967 (32 built) to ameliorate the power shortage, for the Marcos 1650 GT. The 1650 also had bigger disc brakes and a standard Webasto sunroof, but proved somewhat less than reliable. It and the 1500 were both replaced by Ford's new Crossflow four not much later, in late 1967. The 1600 proved to be the most popular model yet, with 192 cars built until early 1969. Weight was and disc brakes up front were standard, although power assist was an optional extra. Production ended in October 1969 as the new steel chassis was not well suited for the crossflow engine. A new model, the 2 litre, appeared at the January 1969 London Show with the engine changed to the Ford Essex V4 engine (3006E) from the Ford Corsair - while a V6 engine had already appeared at the top of the line-up in 1968. Also in 1969 (June), the plywood chassis was gradually replaced by a square section steel one, which shortened production time and saved on cost. These steel framed cars required a lower sill panel and have reshaped rear bumpers, as well as some subtle interior differences. The wooden chassis had also begun to meet a certain amount of resistance from buyers. There seem to have been no V4-engined wooden cars made, although there is a few months overlap between the introduction dates.
The V4 received most of the same standard and optional equipment (except the overdrive) and the same central bonnet bulge as did the V6 models; very few of the Marcos 2 litres still have their V4 engines, as a V6 swap is a rather quick job and makes for a much faster car than the original's . Some period sources mention DIN and SAE. Not exactly a success story, 78 2 litres were most likely built, although numbers as low as 40 have also been mentioned.
Power for the 1500 is also , with the fragile Lawrencetune model having . The 1600 Crossflow produces about , thanks to a number of official Ford Performance Center parts. As a side note, six steel-chassied Marcos 1600 (with the Mark 2 "A711M" Crossflow engines) were built in late 1971 and early 1972. Built to provide a low-priced entry level version, these were rather spartan, with stripped down interiors, no bumpers, steel wheels, and no headlight covers.
Six-cylinder models
New at the October 1968 London Show was the more powerful Marcos 3 litre. Fitted with the single-carb Ford Essex V6 engine (3012E) and transmission from the Ford Zodiac, production beginning in January 1969. Max power is and aside from the badging, this car is most easily recognized by the large, central bonnet bulge necessary to clear the larger engine. The 3 litre has a four-speed manual with a Laycock-de-Normanville Overdrive for the third and fourth gears fitted. In December 1969 a twin-carburetted 3-litre Volvo B30 straight-six became available (initially only for the US), and in 1971 eleven or twelve cars were fitted with the Triumph 2.5-litre straight-six (engines intended for the ill-fated Mantis). These were called the Marcos 2½ litre. As the bonnet was a close fit over the various larger engines, this resulted in a corresponding variation in the bonnet design as regards changes designed to clear engine air intakes, often the only external sign of the type of engine fitted. All inline-sixes required a rather angular bulge right of center on the bonnet to clear the carburettors. Around this time, some V6 cars begun sporting single rectangular headlights (not on US-market cars), borrowed from the Vauxhall Viva HB.
Later in 1969 the six-cylinder cars, as with their four-cylinder counterparts, received the new steel chassis. Either 100 or 119 of the wood-chassied V6 cars were built. The Ford V6 version achieved over on test and the Volvo-engined model was not far behind it, but the heavy cast-iron engines increased nose-heaviness in comparison to the four-cylinder variants. With US sales going strong, Marcos production was up to three per week and they had to invest in a bigger space in 1969.
Cars for the North Americas market had Volvo's inline-six cylinder, 3 litre engines with a standard Borg-Warner Type 35 automatic transmissions. They sit on tubular steel space frames, have a higher ride height, and no headlight covers - all of this was in order to get US road certification. Air conditioning was also listed as an option by New York-based importers Marcos International Inc. Delays and problems with the federalized cars were beginning to mount. In 1970, 27 exported cars were impounded by US Customs for supposedly not meeting federal law, causing Marcos to withdraw entirely from the US market. Together with the development costs of the Mantis and the introduction of VAT on kit cars on the horizon, Marcos had to close its doors (for the first time).
About sixty US market cars were built, some of which were brought back after the US market dried up in 1970 and converted to RHD for sale in the home market. Production of the Volvo 3 litre continued for the rest of the world, with these cars fitted with a four-speed manual transmission. Either 80 or 172 of the Volvo I6-engined Marcos were built until early 1972, with the final one destined to become the last Marcos built for the next ten years. After Marcos had run out of money the company was sold to Hebron & Medlock Bath Engineering in mid-1971. They themselves had to call in the receivers only six months later. The Rob Walker Garage Group bought the factory only to sell off everything, including some finished cars such as all six Mark 2 1600s built. Jem Marsh bought up spares and other parts at the liquidation sale and proceeded to run a company servicing existing Marcos, until he resumed production of Marcos kits in 1981.
Chassis
The Marcos GT was designed around Jem Marsh, who was 6 feet 4 inches () tall, so while the car is extremely low and sometimes awkward to enter, it can still accommodate surprisingly tall drivers. Earlier cars have a Triumph Herald front suspension; later on a Ford MacPherson setup was used. Although with a wooden chassis, the front suspension was mounted in a steel subframe. The first 33 Marcos (some say the first 52) have a de Dion rear suspension; later cars use a more conventional and cheaper live axle of Ford provenance. An independent rear suspension returned for the Marcos Mantula in 1986.
Return of the GT
Jem Marsh resurrected the Marcos brand in 1981 (having bought the moulds in 1976), offering the previous GT cars as kits only. The focus on racing cars had gone by now, not returning for another thirteen years with the LM series. The kit was offered in four different stages of completion.
Engine options again included Ford's 3.0 Essex V6, 2.0 litre V4, and 1600 Crossflow. New were the 2.3 or 2.8 litre Cologne V6 and the 2.0 litre Pinto inline-four. Taking advantage of the existing design of the rare 2½ litre model, Triumph's 2.0 and 2.5 litre straight-sixes were also possible options.
In 1983 a Rover V8-engined version was introduced, called the Mantula. This lighter and more powerful model was also available fully built up. In 1984 the Marcos GT saw a minor change, when a front spoiler was added to minimize high speed lift. About 130 Marcos Coupé kits were sold up to 1990, when Marcos decided to focus on the fully assembled Mantula and succeeding models. The Mantula Spyder's bodywork was never available as part of the GT kit range.
References
Notes
Works cited
GT
Sports cars
Kit cars
Cars introduced in 1964 | [
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] |
30797679 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Rusanov | Nikolay Rusanov | Nikolay Sergeyevich Rusanov (; September 16 (28), 1859 in Oryol – July 28, 1939 in Berne), also known under the pseudonyms of K. Tarasov and N. Kudrin, was a Russian revolutionary who connected the revolutionary populist movement of the 1870s with the revolutionary parties of the early twentieth century, particularly the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR).
Rusanov studied medicine at the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he became involved in radical student politics. He supported the populist (narodnik) movement and in 1877 joined the group 'Land and Liberty' (Zemlya i Volya). When the group split in 1879, Rusanov sided with 'The People's Will' (Nardodnaya Volya). This group emphasised urban organisation over rural agitation among the peasants and also endorsed political terrorism as a tactic. The group assassinated Tsar Aleksandr II in 1881. Although Rusanov was not directly involved in the plot, the repression which followed caused him to flee into exile in 1882. He remained in Western Europe, mostly in France and Germany, until 1905.
Rusanov was one of the earliest Russian revolutionaries to be strongly influenced by Marxism, after reading Marx' Das Kapital, The Communist Manifesto and The Civil War in France. He contributed articles to some early Marxist journals and deployed Marx' thesis that the economic 'basis' determines the political 'superstructure' to argue against the Jacobin voluntarism and élitism of Lev Tikhomirov, the leading ideologue of 'The People's Will' in exile. Rusanov also rejected the popular view among narodniki that capitalism had not yet taken firm root in Russia and could still be avoided. These views put him closer to G.V. Plekhanov, the founder of Russian Social-Democracy, than to populism. Nevertheless, he was attracted to 'The People's Will' and later the PSR for its revolutionary élan. He found in Nikolai Danielson a welcome interpretation of Marxism that did not seem to require a long period of capitalist development.
In the early 1890s, Rusanov helped found the Group of Old Members of the People's Will, together with the venerable revolutionary veteran P.L. Lavrov, I. A. Rubanovich and others. From 1893 to 1896, Lavrov and Rusanov co-edited the seven issues of Materials for the History of the Russian Social Revolutionary Movement. During these years Rusanov also met Friedrich Engels, whom he impressed by reciting Pushkin from memory. In 1901, Rusanov, Rubanovich and M.R. Gots co-founded the journal Herald of the Russian Revolution (Vestnik russkoi revoliutsii), which became the theoretical organ of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party (PSR). Rusanov also contributed to legal Russian journals under the pseudonym 'N. Kudrin'.
The PSR emerged at the end of the 1890s and held its first congress in 1901. It united revolutionary socialists who, for various reasons, objected to the "orthodox" Marxism of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers Party (RSDRP), and who looked back to the indigenous Russian revolutionary tradition of Alexander Herzen, Peter Lavrov, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, Nikolai Danielson, and others. Ideologically and tactically the PSR was quite diverse, comprising anti-Marxists as well as professed Marxists, advocates and opponents of political terror, those who favoured organisation among urban workers and those who emphasised rousing the peasantry. Rusanov joined the PSR in 1901, together with such venerable veteran revolutionaries as Vera Figner. While remaining in exile he and Rubanovich were instrumental in establishing the PSR's contacts with Western socialist parties and with the Second International, which the PSR eventually joined.
The abortive Russian Revolution of 1905 brought Rusanov back to Russia, where he participated in the creation of workers' councils (soviets) - a tactic Lenin then still opposed. In 1914, the PSR, like most European socialist parties, split into 'Defencists' who supported Russia's war effort and 'Internationalists' who opposed it. Rusanov tried to steer a centrist course, like V.M. Chernov. In 1917 he was selected by the PSR as a delegate to the international socialist peace conference in Stockholm. After the February Revolution of 1917, Rusanov supported the Provisional Government and A.F. Kerensky. He opposed the Bolshevik October Revolution and in 1918 emigrated to Western Europe. At first he settled in Berlin, but eventually he moved to Bern, Switzerland, where he died in 1939. He wrote his memoirs in two parts, published under the titles In Emigration (1929) and In the Homeland (1931).
References
Wortman, Richard, The Crisis of Russian Populism. Cambridge University Press, 2009.
Rusanov, N.S., Iz moikh vospominaniĭ. Berlin, 1923.
The Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Moscow, 1979.
Anikin A.V., "N.S.Rusanov as the participant and the historian raznochinskogo a stage of Russian revolutionary movement" (dissertation).
1859 births
1939 deaths
People from Oryol
People from Oryol Governorate
Narodniks
Narodnaya Volya
Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
People of the Russian Revolution
Russian revolutionaries | [
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26946235 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsboro%20Hotel | Barnsboro Hotel | Barnsboro Hotel is located in Mantua Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey, United States. The hotel was built in 1720 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 25, 1973.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, New Jersey
References
Hotel buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Hotel buildings completed in 1720
Buildings and structures in Gloucester County, New Jersey
National Register of Historic Places in Gloucester County, New Jersey
New Jersey Register of Historic Places
1720 establishments in New Jersey
Mantua Township, New Jersey | [
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1845896 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20data | Personal data | Personal data, also known as personal information or personally identifiable information (PII), is any information related to an identifiable person.
The abbreviation PII is widely accepted in the United States, but the phrase it abbreviates has four common variants based on personal or personally, and identifiable or identifying. Not all are equivalent, and for legal purposes the effective definitions vary depending on the jurisdiction and the purposes for which the term is being used. Under European and other data protection regimes, which centre primarily on the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the term "personal data" is significantly broader, and determines the scope of the regulatory regime.
National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-122 defines personally identifiable information as "any information about an individual maintained by an agency, including (1) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace an individual's identity, such as name, social security number, date and place of birth, mother's maiden name, or biometric records; and (2) any other information that is linked or linkable to an individual, such as medical, educational, financial, and employment information." So, for example, a user's IP address is not classed as PII on its own, but is classified as a linked PII. However, in the European Union, the IP address of an Internet subscriber may be classed as personal data.
Personal data is defined under the GDPR as "any information which [is] related to an identified or identifiable natural person".
The concept of PII has become prevalent as information technology and the Internet have made it easier to collect PII leading to a profitable market in collecting and reselling PII. PII can also be exploited by criminals to stalk or steal the identity of a person, or to aid in the planning of criminal acts. As a response to these threats, many website privacy policies specifically address the gathering of PII, and lawmakers such as the European Parliament have enacted a series of legislation such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to limit the distribution and accessibility of PII.
Important confusion arises around whether PII means information which is identifiable (that is, can be associated with a person) or identifying (that is, associated uniquely with a person, such that the PII identifies them). In prescriptive data privacy regimes such as HIPAA, PII items have been specifically defined. In broader data protection regimes such as the GDPR, personal data is defined in a non-prescriptive principles-based way. Information that might not count as PII under HIPAA can be personal data for the purposes of GDPR. For this reason, "PII" is typically deprecated internationally.
Definitions
The U.S. government used the term "personally identifiable" in 2007 in a memorandum from the Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and that usage now appears in US standards such as the NIST Guide to Protecting the Confidentiality of Personally Identifiable Information (SP 800-122). The OMB memorandum defines PII as follows:
A term similar to PII, "personal data" is defined in EU directive 95/46/EC, for the purposes of the directive:
However, in the EU rules, there has been a clearer notion that the data subject can potentially be identified through additional processing of other attributes—quasi- or pseudo-identifiers. In the GDPR Personal Data is defined as:
A simple example of this distinction: the colour name "red" by itself is not personal data, but that same value stored as part of a person's record as their "favourite colour" is personal data; it's the connection to the person that makes it personal data, not (as in PII) the value itself.
Another term similar to PII, "personal information" is defined in a section of the California data breach notification law, SB1386:
The concept of information combination given in the SB1386 definition is key to correctly distinguishing PII, as defined by OMB, from "personal information", as defined by SB1386. Information, such as a name, that lacks context cannot be said to be SB1386 "personal information", but it must be said to be PII as defined by OMB. For example, the name John Smith has no meaning in the current context and is therefore not SB1386 "personal information", but it is PII. A Social Security Number (SSN) without a name or some other associated identity or context information is not SB1386 "personal information", but it is PII. For example, the SSN 078-05-1120 by itself is PII, but it is not SB1386 "personal information". However the combination of a valid name with the correct SSN is SB1386 "personal information".
The combination of a name with a context may also be considered PII; for example, if a person's name is on a list of patients for an HIV clinic. However, it is not necessary for the name to be combined with a context in order for it to be PII. The reason for this distinction is that bits of information such as names, although they may not be sufficient by themselves to make an identification, may later be combined with other information to identify persons and expose them to harm.
According to the OMB, it is not always the case that PII is "sensitive", and context may be taken into account in deciding whether certain PII is or is not sensitive.
When a person wishes to remain anonymous, descriptions of them will often employ several of the above, such as "a 34-year-old white male who works at Target". Note that information can still be private, in the sense that a person may not wish for it to become publicly known, without being personally identifiable. Moreover, sometimes multiple pieces of information, none sufficient by itself to uniquely identify an individual, may uniquely identify a person when combined; this is one reason that multiple pieces of evidence are usually presented at criminal trials. It has been shown that, in 1990, 87% of the population of the United States could be uniquely identified by gender, ZIP code, and full date of birth.
In hacker and Internet slang, the practice of finding and releasing such information is called "doxing". It is sometimes used to deter collaboration with law enforcement. On occasion, the doxing can trigger an arrest, particularly if law enforcement agencies suspect that the "doxed" individual may panic and disappear.
Laws and standards
Australia
In Australia, the Privacy Act 1988 deals with the protection of individual privacy, using the OECD Privacy Principles from the 1980s to set up a broad, principles-based regulatory model (unlike in the US, where coverage is generally not based on broad principles but on specific technologies, business practices or data items). Section 6 has the relevant definition. The critical detail is that the definition of 'personal information' also applies to where the individual can be indirectly identified:
This raises the question of reasonableness: assume it is theoretically possible to identify a person from information which does not include a name or address, but does contain clues which could be pursued to find out who it relates to. How much extra effort does it take to make it unreasonable that such information could be identified? For instance, if the information involves an IP address, and the relevant ISP stores logs which could easily be inspected (if there exists sufficient legal justification) to re-link the IP address to the account holder, can their identity be "reasonably ascertained"? If such linking used to be expensive, slow and difficult, but becomes easier, does this change the answer at some point?
It appears that this definition is significantly broader than the Californian example given above, and thus that Australian privacy law, while in some respects weakly enforced, may cover a broader category of data and information than in some US law.
In particular, online behavioral advertising businesses based in the US but surreptitiously collecting information from people in other countries in the form of cookies, bugs, trackers and the like may find that their preference to avoid the implications of wanting to build a psychographic profile of a particular person using the rubric of 'we don't collect personal information' may find that this does not make sense under a broader definition like that in the Australian Privacy Act.
The term "PII" is not used in Australian privacy law.
Canada
Privacy Act governs the Federal Government agencies
Ontario Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act and similar Provincial legislation governs Provincial Government agencies
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act governs private corporations, unless there is equivalent Provincial legislation
Ontario Personal Health Information Protection Act and other similar Provincial legislation governs health information
European Union
European data protection law does not utilize the concept of personally identifiable information, and its scope is instead determined by non-synonymous, wider concept of "personal data".
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The General Data Protection Regulation adopted in April 2016. Effective 25 May 2018
supersedes the Data Protection Directive – 95/46/EC
Directive 2002/58/EC (the E-Privacy Directive)
Directive 2006/24/EC Article 5 (The Data Retention Directive)
Further examples can be found on the EU privacy website.
United Kingdom
The UK (Data Protection Act 2018)
The UK Data Protection Act 1998 – superseded by the UK Data Protection Act 2018
General Data Protection Regulation (Europe, 2016)
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
The UK Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
Employers' Data Protection Code of Practice
Model Contracts for Data Exports
The Privacy and Electronic Communications (EC Directive) Regulations 2003
The UK Interception of Communications (Lawful Business Practice) Regulations 2000
The UK Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
New Zealand
The twelve Information Privacy Principles of the Privacy Act 1993 apply.
Switzerland
The Federal Act on Data Protection of 19 June 1992 (in force since 1993) has set up a protection of privacy by prohibiting virtually any processing of personal data which is not expressly authorized by the data subjects. The protection is subject to the authority of the Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner.
Additionally, any person may ask in writing a company (managing data files) the correction or deletion of any personal data. The company must respond within thirty days.
United States
The Privacy Act of 1974 (Pub.L. 93–579, 88 Stat. 1896, enacted 31 December 1974, 5 U.S.C. § 552a), a United States federal law, establishes a Code of Fair Information Practice that governs the collection, maintenance, use, and dissemination of personally identifiable information about individuals that is maintained in systems of records by federal agencies.
One of the primary focuses of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), is to protect a patient's Protected Health Information (PHI), which is similar to PII. The U.S. Senate proposed the Privacy Act of 2005, which attempted to strictly limit the display, purchase, or sale of PII without the person's consent. Similarly, the (proposed) Anti-Phishing Act of 2005 attempted to prevent the acquiring of PII through phishing.
U.S. lawmakers have paid special attention to the social security number because it can be easily used to commit identity theft. The (proposed) Social Security Number Protection Act of 2005 and (proposed) Identity Theft Prevention Act of 2005 each sought to limit the distribution of an individual's social security number.
Additional U.S. specific personally identifiable information includes, but is not limited to, I-94 Records, Medicaid ID Numbers, Internal Revenue Services (I.R.S.) documentation. Exclusivity of personally identifiable information affiliated with the U.S. highlights national data security concerns and the influence of personally identifiable information in U.S. federal data management systems.
State laws and significant court rulings
California
The California state constitution declares privacy an inalienable right in Article 1, Section 1.
California Online Privacy Protection Act (OPPA) of 2003
SB 1386 requires organizations to notify individuals when PII (in combination with one or more additional, specific data elements) is known or believed to be acquired by an unauthorized person.
In 2011, the California State Supreme Court ruled that a person's ZIP code is PII.
Nevada
Nevada Revised Statutes 603A-Security of Personal Information
Massachusetts
201 CMR 17.00: Standards for The Protection of Personal Information of Residents of the Commonwealth
In 2013, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that ZIP codes are PII.
Federal law
Title 18 of the United States Code, section 1028d(7)
The Privacy Act of 1974, codified at 5 U.S.C. § 552a et seq.
US "Privacy Shield" Rules (EU Harmonisation)
NIST definition
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a physical sciences laboratory, and a non-regulatory agency of the United States Department of Commerce. Its mission is to promote innovation and industrial competitiveness.
The following data, often used for the express purpose of distinguishing individual identity, clearly classify as personally identifiable information under the definition used by the NIST (described in detail below):
National identification number (e.g., Social Security number in the U.S.)
Bank account numbers
Passport number
Driver's license number
Debit/Credit card numbers
The following are less often used to distinguish individual identity, because they are traits shared by many people. However, they are potentially PII, because they may be combined with other personal information to identify an individual.
Full Name
Home Address
City
State
Postcode
Country
Telephone
Age, Date of Birth, especially if non-specific
Gender or race
Web cookie
Forensics
In forensics, particularly the identification and prosecution of criminals, personally identifiable information is critical in establishing evidence in criminal procedure. Criminals may go to great trouble to avoid leaving any PII, such as by:
Wearing masks, sunglasses, or clothing to obscure or completely hide distinguishing features, such as eye, skin, and hair colour, facial features, and personal marks such as tattoos, birthmarks, moles and scars.
Wearing gloves to conceal fingerprints, which themselves are PII. However, gloves can also leave prints that are just as unique as human fingerprints. After collecting glove prints, law enforcement can then match them to gloves that they have collected as evidence. In many jurisdictions the act of wearing gloves itself while committing a crime can be prosecuted as an inchoate offense.
Avoiding writing anything in their own handwriting.
Masking their internet presence with methods such as using a proxy server to appear to be connecting from an IP address unassociated with oneself.
Personal safety
Personal data is a key component of online identity and can be exploited by individuals. For instance, data can be altered and used to create fake documents, hijack mail boxes and phone calls or harass people, such as in the data breach from the EE Limited company.
Another key case can be referred to as Financial Identity Theft, which usually entails bank account and credit card information being stolen, and then being used or sold.
Personal data can also be used to create fake online identity, including fake accounts and profiles (that can be referred as Identity Cloning or Identity Fraud) for celebrities to gather data from other users more easily. Even individuals can be concerned, especially for personal purpose (this is more widely known as sockpuppetry).
The most critical information, such as one's password, date of birth, ID documents or Social Insurance Number, can be used to log in to different websites (See Password reuse and Account verification) to gather more information and access more content.
Also, several agencies ask for discretion on subject related to their work, for the safety of their employees. For this reason, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) has strict policies controlling release of personally identifiable information of DoD personnel. Many intelligence agencies have similar policies, sometimes to the point where employees do not disclose to their friends that they work for the agency.
Similar identity protection concerns exist for witness protection programs, women's shelters, and victims of domestic violence and other threats.
Trade of personal data
During the second half of the 20th century, the digital revolution introduced "privacy economics", or the trade of personal data. The value of data can change over time and over different contexts. Disclosing data can reverse information asymmetry, though the costs of doing so can be unclear. In relation to companies, consumers often have "imperfect information regarding when their data is collected, with what purposes, and with what consequences."
Writing in 2015, Alessandro Acquisti, Curtis Taylor and Liad Wagman identified three "waves" in the trade of personal data:
In the 1970s, the Chicago Boys school claimed that protection of privacy could have a negative impact on the market because it could lead to incorrect and non-optimal decisions. Other researchers like Andrew F. Daughety and Jennifer F. Reinganum suggested that the opposite was true, and that absence of privacy would also lead to this.
In the mid 1990s, Varian retook the Chicago Boys approach and added a new externality, stating that the consumer would not always have perfect information on how their own data would be used. Kenneth C. Laudon developed a model in which individuals own their data and have the ability to sell it as a product. He believed that such a system should not be regulated, to create a free market.
In the 2000s, researchers worked on price discrimination (Taylor, 2004), two-sided markets (Cornière, 2011) and marketing strategies (Anderson and de Palma, 2012). The theories became complex, and showed that the impact of privacy on the economy highly depended on the context.
See also
Anonymity
Bundesdatenschutzgesetz
De-identification
General Data Protection Regulation
Non-personal Data
Personal identifier
Personal identity
Personal Information Agent
Protected health information
Privacy
Privacy law
Privacy laws of the United States
Pseudonymity
Obfuscation
Self-sovereign identity
Surveillance
Notes
References
External links
Six things you need to know about the new EU privacy framework A legal analysis of the new European regulatory framework about data privacy
Personal and professional information management
Power to the People! Giving Citizens their Personal Data Rights Back – J Cromack
Rethinking Personal Data New Lens Report – World Economic Forum
Why Consent is Different to Marketing Preferences – K Dewar
Identity documents
Privacy
Personal life
Data security
Data laws
Anonymity | [
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44737814 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Easter%20television%20episodes | List of Easter television episodes | This article is a list of Easter-themed television episodes and specials.
Children/Family shows
American Dragon: Jake Long: The Egg (2005)
Arthur: "Brain's Brain"/ "Brain Sees Stars" (2016)
As Told by Ginger: The Easter Ham (2004)
Baby Looney Tunes: Eggs-traordinary Adventure (2003)
Bluey: Easter (2021)
Brandy & Mr. Whiskers: Believe in the Bunny (2005)
Bunnicula: The Chocolate Vampire Bunny (2018)
Capitol Critters: Opie's Choice (1992)
Codename: Kids Next Door: Operation: R.A.B.B.I.T.
Curious George: "Flower Monkey / George and the Golden Egg Hunt" (2019)
Dora the Explorer:
Egg Hunt (2003)
Dora's Easter Adventure (2012)
Fat Albert: The Fat Albert Easter Special (1982)
Gabby's Dollhouse: "The Easter Kitty Bunny" (2022)
Johnny Test: "It's Easter, Johnny Test!" (2014)
Kate & Mim-Mim: Mim-Mim's Eggscellent Easter (2016)
Katie and Orbie: How Orbie Helped the Easter Bunny (1995)
The Life and Times of Juniper Lee: June's Egg-cellent Adventure: Juniper Lee Meets the Easter Bunny (2006)
Little Charmers: Sparkle Bunny (2015)
Looney Tunes
Easter Yeggs (1947)
Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977)
Maisy: Eggs (1999)
Max & Ruby: Max's Chocolate Chicken (2002) Ruby's Easter Bonnet / Max's Easter Parade / Max & The Easter Bunny (2007) Ruby's Egg Hunt (2019)
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
Mickey's Great Clubhouse Hunt (2007)
Mickey's Springtime Surprise (2010)
My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Flowers for Eeyore / Easter Rabbit (2009)
New Looney Tunes: Easter Bunny Imposter / Easter Tweets (2018)
Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures: Easter Egg Island (2015)
PAW Patrol
Pups Save the Easter Egg Hunt (2014)
Pups Save a Sweet Mayor / Pups Save a Magic Trick (2021)
Peppa Pig: Spring (2010)/ Easter Bunny (2017)
The Pink Panther: The Easter Panther (1993)
Postcards from Buster: A Capital Egg Hunt (2007)
Rolie Polie Olie: A Polie Egg-Stravaganza (2000)
Rugrats: Bow Wow Wedding Vows (2002)
Sid the Science Kid: Rock N Roll Easter (2012)
The Smurfs Springtime Special (1982)
Special Agent Oso: Dye Another Egg (2012)
SpongeBob SquarePants: Bunny Hunt (2018)
Team Umizoomi: Umi Egg Hunt (2011)
Teen Titans Go!
The Teen Titans Go Easter Holiday Classic (2016)
Easter Creeps (2017)
Booty Egg (2019)
Egg Hunt (2020)
Feed Me (2021)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987): The Turtles and the Hare(1991)
Teletubbies: Painting Easter Eggs/Finding Chocolate Eggs (1998)
Uncle Grandpa: "Uncle Easter" (2016)
Total DramaRama: There Are No Hoppy Endings (2019)
VeggieTales
An Easter Carol (2003)
'Twas the Night Before Easter (2011)
Wallykazam!: Hopgoblin (2015)
Winnie the Pooh: Springtime with Roo (2004)
Wild Kratts: In Search of the Easter Bunny (2020)
Wordgirl:
Invasion of The Bunny Lovers (2014)
Ears to You (2014)
The Wonder Pets: Help The Easter Bunny (2010)
Comedy
The Righteous Gemstones: "And Yet One of You Is a Devil" (2019)
Drama
Beverly Hills 90210: "The Easter Bunny" (2000)
Bonanza: "Caution, Easter Bunny Crossing" (1970)
The Waltons: "An Easter Story" (1973)
The Waltons: "A Walton Easter" Reunion Special (1997)
Sitcoms
Alice: "Here Comes Alice Cottontail" (1980)
Baby Blues: "The Bad Family" (2002)
Baskets: "Easter in Bakersfield" (2016)
Beef House: "Army Buddy Brad" (2020)
Better Things: "Easter" (2019)
Black-ish: "North Star" (2018)
Bless the Harts: "Easter's 11" (2021)
Brooklyn Nine-Nine: "Valloweaster" (2020)
Bob's Burgers: "Eggs for Days" (2017)
Difficult People: "Passover Bump" (2017)
The Drew Carey Show: "The Easter Show" (2001)
Everybody Hates Chris: "Everybody Hates Easter" (2008)
Everybody Loves Raymond: "The Canister" (2001)
Family Guy: "Family Goy" (2009)
Happy Days: "Three on a Porch" (1975)
The Jack Benny Program: "Easter Show" (1960)
The Jackie Gleason Show: "Easter Hats" (1953)
Letterkenny: "Super Hard Easter" (2016)
Life With Elizabeth: "Easter Eggs" (1952)
M*A*S*H: "Private Charles Lamb" (1974)
McHale's Navy: "Chuckie Cottontail" (1965)
NewsRadio: "Office Feud" (1997)
The Real O'Neals: "The Real Lent" (2017)
The Simpsons:
"The Last of the Red Hat Mamas" (2005)
"Dark Knight Court" (2013)
South Park
"Fantastic Easter Special" (2007)
"Jewpacabra" (2012)
Stuck in the Middle: "Stuck in the Diaz Easter" (2017)
Superstore
"Easter" (2019)
"California (Part 1)" (2020)
Vicar of Dibley: "The Easter Bunny" (1996)
Specials
A Claymation Easter (1992)
A Chucklewood Easter (1987)
A Family Circus Easter (1982)
An Easter Story (Showtime) (1983)
Andy Williams and the NBC Kids: Easter in Rome (1987)
Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977)
Daffy Duck's Easter Show (1980)
Easter Egg Mornin' (1991)
Easter Is (1974)
Easter Land (2019)
Easterland 2 (2020)
Here Comes Peter Cottontail (1971)
Hodge Saves Easter (2020)
Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade (2016)
It's the Easter Beagle, Charlie Brown (1974)
The Last Hangover aka Especial de Natal: Se Beber, Não Ceie (2018)
Peter and the Magic Egg (1983)
Perry Como's Easter by the Sea (1978)
Perry Como's Easter in Guadalajara (1982)
The Berenstain Bears' Easter Surprise (1981)
The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town (1977)
The Easter Chipmunk (1995)
The Easter Egg (1987)
The First Easter Rabbit (1976)
Yogi the Easter Bear (1994)
Easter Fever (1980)
See also
List of films set around Easter
List of United States Christmas television episodes
List of Christmas television specials
List of Halloween television specials
List of St. Patrick's Day television specials
List of Thanksgiving television specials
List of Valentine's Day television specials
List of New Year's Day television specials
References
Holiday lists
Lists of television episodes by holiday
Lists of television specials | [
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48410747 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows%20Falls%20Co-operative%20Creamery%20Complex | Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery Complex | The Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery Complex is a historic industrial property in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Developed over a period of about 40 years beginning c. 1906, the complex, with two surviving buildings, it represents one of Vermont's largest commercial enterprises of the period. The property, located on the eastern side of Bellows Falls Island, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
Description and history
The former Bellows Falls Creamery is located on the eastern part of the island formed by the Connecticut River and Bellows Falls Canal. It is located just south of the rail yard on the northern part of the island, and north of the Adams Gristmill Warehouse. It consists of one large multi-component building, three stories at its tallest, and an adjacent heating plant. The main building has openings to the rail yard to the north, and a drive accesses the complex from Bridge Street to the south at a higher elevation. Its main sections, three stories in height, are built of concrete with brick and other exterior finishes. Added sections give the building a U shape, with the opening to the south. Immediately southeast of the southeastern leg of the U stands the two-story brick heating plant.
The first creamery established in Bellows Falls was a two-story wood-frame structure built by the Boston Dairy Company about 1906. The main building of the surviving creamery complex was built about 1918 by the Liberty Paper Company, and both buildings were acquired by the Bellows Falls Co-operative Creamery in 1921. This business, which processed milk from more than 200 member farmers, shipped milk products to market in Boston, Massachusetts by rail. In 1932 the plant was expanded, replacing the 1906 building with a larger modern structure, now part of the main building. The company remained successful, growing its plant over the following decades. In 1964, however, it lost its contract with Finast, a major regional grocery chain, and ceased operations in 1965. The buildings were used as storage and stood vacant for many years thereafter, suffering from neglect, vandalism, and fires that destroyed one wing and part of the main building. Despite that, the buildings represent a major reminder of an important element of Vermont's economy in the early 20th century.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Vermont
References
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Vermont
Commercial buildings completed in 1918
Buildings and structures in Bellows Falls, Vermont
National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Vermont | [
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9286873 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilberforce%20Colony | Wilberforce Colony | Wilberforce Colony was a colony established in the year 1829 by free African American citizens, north of present-day London, Ontario, Canada. It was an effort by American Blacks to create a place where they could live in political freedom.
When American Black communities favoured emigration (and many did not), they preferred going to a country where free Blacks could hold full political control over their destiny. The establishment of what became the Wilberforce Colony in Canada was one such movement. It was planned by Black Americans from Cincinnati, Ohio who emigrated following passage of discriminatory laws in the year 1828 and a destructive riot against them by White Americans in 1829.
The frontier colony grew quickly upon its founding. Refugee slaves, who had escaped to freedom in Canada, also joined the colony. Internal disputes, lack of funding, and the draw of urban jobs led to its decline by 1850. In the 1840s, many Irish immigrants settled in this area after fleeing famine in their homeland. Altogether, the Wilberforce Colony survived as an independent community fewer than 20 years.
Background
The increase in Cincinnati's Black population in the decade starting in 1820 was rapid and pronounced. Although Ohio was a free state, the southern portion was influenced by settlers from the south and racial tensions grew. In 1820, some 433 African Americans comprised less than 4% of the city's population, but over the next decade the city's Black population swelled by more than 400%. This change alarmed some White residents. In response to a citizens' petition in 1828, the Cincinnati City Council appointed a committee, "to take measures to prevent the increase of [African] population within the city." In March of that year, the Ohio Supreme Court decided that the 1807 state Black Laws, which placed restrictions on Black people in many areas of life and employment, were constitutional. The Cincinnati City Council enforced this restrictive legislation.
Purchase of land in Canada
Near the end of June 1828, the Black population of Cincinnati elected Israel Lewis and Thomas Crissup to survey a site in Canada to which they could emigrate. Lewis and Crissup met with John Colbourne, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, to discuss prospects of settling in the area. They entered into a contract with the Canada Company for the purchase of land in Biddulph in the Huron Tract in Ontario, lots 2, 3, and 5 north of the Proof Line Road and lot 11 south of the road, for the amount of $1.50 per acre. The land was on the Ausable River, some twenty miles (32 km) from Lake Huron, and about thirty-five miles from the northern shore of Lake Erie. The initial arrangement between Israel Lewis and Thomas Crissup envisaged the purchase of for $6,000, to be paid by November 1830.
Emigration from Cincinnati
The Cincinnati riots of 1829 broke out at the start of July and continued to the end of August, as a result of white people attacking Black people. There was an exodus of around 1,000 Black individuals from Cincinnati.
Those who left the city that summer comprised two groups. Those who were primarily forced out of Cincinnati by violence, fear, and inability to work generally settled in nearby towns or villages. The second group organized as an exodus, with many emigrating the full distance of nearly 400 miles to the Canadian site. Since settling in the still-unnamed Wilberforce Colony required purchase of land, however, those without financial resources simply stopped in the United States, settling in towns on the southern shore of Lake Erie where they could find work. They never made it to Canada.
Those who did make it to Canada had to travel some thirty-five miles northward from Lake Erie through untracked forest. At the site, they had to clear land for crops and to build dwellings. Although exact figures are not known, evidence suggests that of the initial exodus, only five or six families made it to the Ontario colony in the first year.
Settlement and naming the colony
The initial arrangement between the Canada Company and Lewis and Crissup called for a $6,000 payment by November 1830. But the number of colonists expected to support that purchase could not be immediately achieved, and the financial resources of the initial colonists could not support that arrangement. Financial stability for the colony was precarious for that first year.
They appealed to other sources for additional support, with efforts to raise monies in Cincinnati and pleas to the Ohio state legislature made in vain. But an appeal to the Quakers (mostly based in Oberlin, Ohio) was successful. On September 20, 1830, James Brown, former US Minister of France and US Senator from Louisiana, and Stephen Duncan, an extremely wealthy planter and slaveholder from Pennsylvania and Mississippi, purchased for the settlement.
With the land secured, the colonists turned to clearing land and building structures. In 1831, the settlement was named, "Wilberforce," in honour of William Wilberforce, the prominent British abolitionist. Leading the fight against the British slave trade, he helped gain passage of the 1807 Act that abolished the slave trade throughout the British Empire. (The institution of slavery itself would not be abolished in the British empire until August 1833, effective in 1834.)
Growth of the colony
The initial group of emigrants tended to be Black individuals from the more educated class of Cincinnati. The education for their children was of great importance. They were building on a tradition formed in Cincinnati, where the community placed great importance on education. The first institution established in Wilberforce was a school. American social reformer William Lloyd Garrison visited the colony in 1831 and noted that 20-30 children attended schools. By 1832, they had established three schools, and their quality attracted students from the surrounding White population. Aspirations for education extended beyond elementary and secondary schools.
The desire of the Wilberforce colonists was for more than mere literacy. Also by 1832, the settlement had crops in the ground and log homes. Settlers built three sawmills: one powered by water, a gristmill, and several general stores. The proximity of the settlement to the Ausable River gave transportation access to goods, and provided a way to export products, both agricultural and forest-related.
The riots in Cincinnati, and the establishment of Wilberforce Colony, helped raise a national Black consciousness. Interest grew in emigration from other northern cities. The Mother Bethel Church in Philadelphia assembled Black leaders from across the north to search for solutions to empower all African Americans. In an 1830 national convention, the assembly organized itself as the American Society of Free Persons of Color (ASFPC), the beginning of the Black convention movement. Impetus began at the first annual convention of the ASFPC, with the proposal to establish a manual labor college for young men in New Haven, Connecticut. When this seemed impossible, the convention turned to Wilberforce. A national subscription campaign in the United States and Great Britain, under the direction of Nathaniel Paul, was attempted. The subscription drive failed, but the importance of higher education to the Wilberforce colonists was clearly demonstrated.
Within the first 18 months, as Wilberforce grew from the initial few families, other Black American emigrants joined them from Boston, Rochester, Albany, New York, Baltimore, and other cities. Subsequent recruiting efforts drew Black people and their families from other northern cities, and by 1832 there were 32 families in the area. By 1835, the community had 166 inhabitants. Eventually about 150-200 families settled there.
With this infusion of African Americans from several cities, political growth began. A board of managers was created, primarily to oversee financial matters. Austin Steward, an abolitionist recently arrived from Rochester, New York, was named president. He and other newcomers replaced the old Cincinnati leaders, in 1831 relegating Israel Lewis, original colony organizer and land agent, to U.S. fundraising agent. He was one of two fundraising agents appointed, the other being Nathaniel Paul in England.
Decline and dissolution
The schism between the original Cincinnati families and new settlers eventually led to the decline of the colony. The Cincinnati leaders came from city life and did not adapt well to the harsh farming environment. Within that first decade, many of the leaders of the emigration movement who had located in Wilberforce, left the community. In addition, both fundraising agents failed to live up to expectations. By 1839, suspicions of wrongdoing, particularly by Lewis, exacerbated the problems of Wilberforce. According to a historian of the area:
By the late 1840s, the Irish began moving into the area as part of a wave of immigration resulting from widespread famine in Ireland. The Black population declined greatly, with many of the original colonists moving on to larger, growing urban centres such as Detroit, Cleveland, or Toronto to obtain wage-based employment. Eventually, the Irish community supplanted Wilberforce altogether, and the town of Lucan was incorporated. Wilberforce as a free Black colony faded into history.
A small number of Black families stayed on to work the land through subsequent generations. But, by the end of the 20th century, only the family of settler Peter Butler still had descendants in the area of the Wilberforce Colony village.
Chronology
1828
June — Cincinnati Black population elects Israel Lewis and Thomas Crissup to survey a site in Canada to which they can emigrate.
July — Lewis and Crissup met with John Colbourne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, to discuss prospects of settling in the area. They enter into a contract with the Canada Company for the purchase of land in Biddulph in the Huron Tract in Ontario, lots 2, 3, and 5 north of the Proof Line Road and lot 11 south of the road.
1829
July–August — Cincinnati riots of 1829 force more than 1,000 African-Americans to leave the city. A group of these set out for the settlement.
September — First wave of settlers, probably only five or six families, arrive in the area.
1830
September 20 — James Brown and Stephen Duncan purchased for the establishment of the colony.
1831
Settlement named "Wilberforce" in honour of William Wilberforce.
Emigrants from Boston, Rochester, Albany, New York, Baltimore, and other cities join the settlement.
William Lloyd Garrison visits the colony, noting that 20-30 children attend schools.
Board of managers created, with Austin Steward named president.
Original colony organizer Israel Lewis is appointed as the local fundraising agent; Nathaniel Paul named fundraising agent for Great Britain.
1832
Wilberforce has 32 families, with crops in the ground and log homes. The colony has three sawmills, a gristmill, and several general stores.
Three schools established, drawing students from the surrounding white population.
1835
Wilberforce population hits 166 inhabitants.
1836
Lewis accused of mismanaging fundraising accounts.
1840
Most of the original Cincinnati settlers have left.
1850
Black population in the area declines in the face of Irish immigration; the colony effectively dissolves.
References
Black Canadian culture in Ontario
History of racial segregation in the United States
History of Cincinnati
Black Canadian settlements
Populated places established by African Americans
History of African-American civil rights
Settlement schemes | [
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53976861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Hong%20Kong%20legislative%20election%20in%20New%20Territories%20West | 2008 Hong Kong legislative election in New Territories West | These are the New Territories West results of the 2008 Hong Kong legislative election. The election was held on 7 September 2008 and all 8 seats in New Territories West, which consists of Tsuen Wan District, Tuen Mun District, Yuen Long District, Kwai Tsing District and Islands District, were contested. All the incumbents were elected except for Selina Chow of the Liberal Party, which was succeeded by Wong Kwok-hing of the Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions who contested in the constituency for the first time.
Overall results
Before election:
Change in composition:
Candidates list
See also
Legislative Council of Hong Kong
Hong Kong legislative elections
2008 Hong Kong legislative election
References
Elections in Hong Kong
2008 Hong Kong legislative election | [
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12104746 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Move%20to%20This | Move to This | Move to This is the debut album by British dance artist Cathy Dennis. It was released in 1990, and later re-issued and re-released as slightly different versions around the world.
Singles
Move to This spawned five singles which were spread out over a period of two years. The first single, "C'mon and Get My Love", which also appeared on the D Mob album A Little Bit of This, a Little Bit of That and was credited to either D Mob or "D Mob introducing Cathy Dennis", was released in 1989. It charted in the UK, where it peaked at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart, Australia, where it peaked at number 35, and the US, where it hit number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart, and also number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100.
"Just Another Dream" was the next single to be released from the album, in 1989. The initial release managed just number 93 on the UK Singles Chart. It was re-released twice, first in 1990, and again in 1991. The first reissue only made it to number 95 on the UK chart, but managed number 9 on the US Hot 100. The second reissue performed much better, hitting number 13 in the UK, number 2 on the US Hot Dance chart, and Dennis' best chart performance to date in Australia, at number 14.
The next single, after the first release of "Just Another Dream", was "All Night Long (Touch Me)" - a lyrical reworking of a 1984 track by Wish featuring Fonda Rae - which was released in 1991, and remains Dennis' highest-charting single to date. On music charts this song was listed as "Touch Me (All Night Long)". It was her third and final single to hit number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in the US, where it also peaked at number 2 on the Hot 100. In the UK, it reached number 5 on the Singles Chart, and in Australia it topped out at number 16.
"Too Many Walls" was the next single from the album, which was released in 1991. It peaked at number 1 on the US Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, where it also managed number 8 on the Hot 100. In the UK, the song made number 17 on the Singles Chart, and in Australia, it managed number 57.
"Everybody Move" was the final single from Move to This, which was released in 1991. It hit number 25 on the UK Singles Chart, and number 41 on the US Dance chart. It barely sneaked onto the US Hot 100, at number 90.
Track listing
2014 Remastered Expanded Edition
Personnel
Cathy Dennis – lead and harmony vocals, backing vocals (5)
Garry Hughes – programming (1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 10)
Marius de Vries – programming (1, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10)
Alan Schwartz – additional programming (1)
Eric Cody – keyboards, keyboard programming (8)
Paul Taylor – programming (4)
Paul Ellis – programming (5)
Richard Hilton – keyboards (6, 8), drum programming (6), keyboard programming (8)
Tony Plater – guitars (2)
Nile Rodgers – guitars (5, 8)
Bernard Edwards – bass (5)
Ivan Hampden Jr. – drums (5)
Anne Dudley – string arrangements (3, 4)
Mike Stevens – brass (4)
Dancin' Danny D. – backing vocals (1)
Juliet Roberts – backing vocals (2)
D Mob – backing vocals (3)
Curtis King – backing vocals (5)
Fonzi Thornton – backing vocals (5)
Michelle Cobbs – backing vocals (6)
Lamya – backing vocals (6)
Production
Bruce Carbone – executive producer
Dancin' Danny D. – producer (1, 3)
Shep Pettibone – co-producer (1), mixing (1, 2)
Phil Bodger – producer (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), engineer, mixing (8)
Cathy Dennis – producer (2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10), mixing (8)
Nile Rodgers – producer (6, 8)
Alan Gregorie – remix engineer (1)
Dave Burnham – assistant engineer (4)
Tom Duarte – mixing (6)
Budd Tunick – production manager
Michael Nash Associates – album design
Zanna – photography
Simon Fuller – management (UK)
Arma Andon – management (USA)
Charts and certifications
Move to This entered the US Billboard 200 on the week of 15 December 1990 at number 173. It spent 40 weeks on the chart, where it peaked at number 67 on the week of 11 May 1991. It was certified Gold in Canada and the United Kingdom.
Weekly charts
Certifications
References
1990 debut albums
Cathy Dennis albums
Albums produced by Nile Rodgers
Polydor Records albums | [
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14768211 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Folgo%C3%ABt | Le Folgoët | Le Folgoët () is a commune in the Finistère department and administrative region of Brittany in north-western France.
Population
In French the inhabitants of Le Folgoët are known as Folgoëtiens.
See also
Communes of the Finistère department
List of the works of Bastien and Henry Prigent
List of works of the two Folgoët ateliers
List of the works of the Maître de Plougastel
References
External links
Official website
Mayors of Finistère Association
Communes of Finistère | [
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28916389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20Rangers%20Samurai | Power Rangers Samurai | Power Rangers Samurai is the eighteenth season of the American children's television series Power Rangers, which is based on the Japanese Super Sentai Series. The season was the first to be produced by SCG Power Rangers, after Saban Brands (a successor to the original production company, Saban Entertainment) acquired the franchise, and it was the first to use the "Saban" name since the first half of Power Rangers: Wild Force. The season marks the franchise's debut on Nickelodeon, premiering on the main network and Nicktoons on February 7, 2011.
Samurai uses props, footage and characteristics from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger and, according to press material, had a "brighter tone and an infusion of fun and comedy that wasn't present in seasons 16 and 17." Samurai is also the first season to be shot and broadcast in HD. Though 2006's Boukenger (which was adapted into Operation Overdrive) was the first Super Sentai series to be shot in HD, preceding Power Rangers seasons were not. Samurai also returns the series to a multi-seasonal format; the second season, titled Power Rangers Super Samurai, began on February 18, 2012 and is officially considered the nineteenth season overall.
Plot
The Samurai Power Rangers–Red Ranger Jayden Shiba, the stoic leader; Blue Ranger Kevin Douglas, the devoted second-in-command; Pink Ranger Mia Watanabe, the big sister; Green Ranger Mike Fernandez, the creative rebel; Yellow Ranger Emily Stewart, the youngest and most innocent; and Gold Ranger Antonio Garcia, the expressive fisherman/tech wiz– fight the evil Master Xandred and his army of Nighloks, who want to flood the planet with the waters of the Sanzu River to bring about the end of civilization.
Promotion
Saban announced they would be enacting an "aggressive" multimedia focus, with planned apps, games, streaming content, and social media content in addition to live shows and a feature film. The run-up to the new series was promoted by 145 Days of Power Rangers, a daily airing of every Mighty Morphin episode in order. An official Power Rangers Facebook page was also created.
On November 24, 2010, the Power Rangers website placed a trailer for the show online, hosted on Yahoo! Kids. The new Samurai Rangers also appeared at the 2010 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
Paul Schrier has a recurring role in the season, reprising his role as Bulk originating from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers. Jason Narvy subsequently reprised his role as Skull in the final episode.
For the second batch of episodes airing in 2012, Saban began promoting the season with the title of "Super Samurai" to reflect the upgrades to the Rangers powers (glimpsed already in "Clash of the Red Rangers The Movie"). Actor Hector David, Jr., released an official teaser poster for "Super Samurai" on his Facebook profile.
Cast and characters
Rangers
Alex Heartman as Jayden Shiba, the first Red Samurai Ranger.
Erika Fong as Mia Watanabe, the Pink Samurai Ranger.
Hector David Jr. as Mike Fernandez, the Green Samurai Ranger.
Najee De-Tiege as Kevin Douglas, the Blue Samurai Ranger.
Brittany Anne Pirtle as Emily Stewart, the Yellow Samurai Ranger.
Steven Skyler as Antonio Garcia, the Gold Samurai Ranger.
Kimberley Crossman as Lauren Shiba, the second Red Samurai Ranger.
Allies
Rene Naufahu as Mentor Ji
Felix Ryan as Spike Skullovitch
Paul Schrier as Farkas "Bulk" Bulkmeier
Eka Darville as Scott Truman/Ranger Operator Series Red
Jason Narvy as Eugene "Skull" Skullovitch
Villains
Rick Medina as Deker
Jeff Szusterman as the voices of Master Xandred and Octoroo
Kate Elliott as the voice of Dayu
Derek Judge as the voice of Serrator
Cameron Rhodes as the voice of Professor Cog
Geoff Dolan as the voice of Sergeant Tread
John Dybvig as the voice of General Gut
Episodes
Power Rangers Samurai (Season 18, 2011)
Power Rangers Super Samurai (Season 19, 2012)
Reception
By 2012, Power Rangers had an average of 2 million viewers. The highest rated episode was the May 15, 2011 broadcast of "The Blue and the Gold", with 3.7 million viewers.
Comic book
Papercutz produced two issues of a comic book based on Power Rangers Super Samurai.
The Samurai Rangers also played a role in the 2018 comic Book Event "Shattered Grid", celebrating 25 years of the Power Rangers franchise.
Awards and nominations
Home media
The complete season of Super Samurai was released on Blu-ray on December 4, 2012 and DVD on January 7, 2014 by Lionsgate Home Entertainment.
References
External links
Official Power Rangers Website
Power Rangers Samurai at Power Rangers Official Website
Power Rangers Super Samurai at Power Rangers Official Website
Power Rangers Samurai at Nickelodeon
Samurai
2011 American television series debuts
2012 American television series endings
2010s American science fiction television series
2010s Nickelodeon original programming
Japanese mythology in popular culture
Fiction about size change
American children's action television series
American children's adventure television series
American children's fantasy television series
Martial arts television series
Television series created by Haim Saban | [
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1122180 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958%20Portuguese%20Grand%20Prix | 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix | The 1958 Portuguese Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuito da Boavista, Oporto on 24 August 1958. It was race 9 of 11 in the 1958 World Championship of Drivers and race 8 of 10 in the 1958 International Cup for Formula One Manufacturers.
Mike Hawthorn was initially disqualified for restarting his car against the direction of the circuit, losing seven points. However, Championship rival Stirling Moss had seen the incident which caused the disqualification and went to the judges to revert the decision since he felt Hawthorn had done nothing wrong. Eventually, Hawthorn was classified and retained his seven points.
Classification
Qualifying
Race
Notes
– Includes 1 point for fastest lap
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Constructors' Championship standings
Notes: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 6 results counted towards each Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points; numbers in parentheses are total points scored.
References
Portuguese Grand Prix
Portuguese Grand Prix
Portuguese Grand Prix
Sports competitions in Porto | [
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14110936 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malice%20in%20Wonderland%20%28band%29 | Malice in Wonderland (band) | Malice in Wonderland is a Norwegian rock band.
Biography
Malice in Wonderland was founded in the late 1990s.
Their self-titled debut album was released in Norway on Karisma Records/Dark Essence Records in 2005 and abroad the following year. The lead single "Lucifer's Town" became an internet hit and had more than 1 million plays on Myspace. Malice In Wonderland released several singles, amongst them City Angel, mixed by Tim Palmer (U2, Ozzy Osbourne) which was listed on Finnish radio.
They have toured in Europe and Asia, played with renowned artists like Def Leppard and appeared on several TV-shows and productions.
December 20, 2013 Malice In Wonderland released their last album "The Royal Brigade". The album is mixed by John Fryer (Depeche Mode, Nine Inch Nails).
August 15 2015 the band announced that they are breaking up and in the following months they did several farewell shows in Norway and abroad.
Chris Wicked later announced that he will work under his own name, singing in Norwegian. March 2018 he released a single called "Bare Deg og Meg og Natten".
Discography
Albums
Singles
Unofficial works
Live covers
The Rolling Stones – Gimme Shelter
Midnight Oil – Beds Are Burning
Guns N' Roses – My Michelle
Lenny Kravitz – Are You Gonna Go My Way
Jace Everett – Bad things
VNV Nation – Illusion
Depeche Mode – Enjoy The Silence
Studio covers
London After Midnight – Sacrifice (Demo Home-studio)
The Cult – Rain (Demo Rough Mix)
Stage Dolls – Love Cries (Wings of Steel – a Norwegian Tribute to Stage Dolls)
Rauli Badding Somerjoki – Tähdet Tähdet [Stars]
Chris Wicked's collaborations
The Pleasures – Boy Next Door (Greatest Hits 2006) Backing Vocals
Pyro All Stars – Talk Dirty to Me (Poison) (Live at Club Hulen, Bergen, 22/09/2006) [Radio Show Pyro (NRK P3)] Lead Singer
Mama Trash All Stars Band – Lil' Devil (The Cult) (2012/Oct/06, Gloria, Helsinki, Trash Fest) Lead Singer & Tracy on lead guitars
Faith Circus – Strutter (Kiss) (2012/Nov/10) Lead Vocals
Mama Trash All Stars Band – Personal Jesus (Depeche Mode) (2013/Oct/05, Gloria, Helsinki, Trash Fest) Lead Singer
Mama Trash All Stars Band – White Wedding (Billy Idol) (2013/Oct/05, Gloria, Helsinki, Trash Fest)
Latexxx Teens – Warriors – (2013/Oct/05, Gloria, Helsinki, Trash Fest) Guest vocals feat. Chris Harms
Members
Current members
Former members
Session members
References
External links
Official site
MALICE IN WONDERLAND at archaic-magazine.com
Glam rock groups
Norwegian musical groups | [
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22658935 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD%20%28music%20act%29 | LCD (music act) | LCD were a computer generated dance act, active in the late 1990s. Signed to Virgin Records, their only hit single was a Europop version of the Greek song "Zorba's Dance". The music video to the song, made in computerised animation, featured a band of overweight men playing the song.
The single was a club hit in the UK, charting twice in the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, within 18 months of its original release, and was one of the first of its kind which was enabled to be played on a computer for its music video. The song was a big club hit in Australia due to its large Greek community supporting the song. The CD single proclaimed LCD "The world's first digital supergroup". The man behind the act was David K, a London-based record producer.
A second single, "Follow the Leader (Leader)", did not chart in the UK and in 2000, LCD was discontinued. The video for "Follow the Leader (Leader)" shows the act's name LCD stands for "Large Cool Dudes". The video also shows the four leading men were called Zed, Ed, Ned and Ted.
Discography
References
External links
Discogs.com
British dance musicians
Animated musical groups
Fictional musical groups | [
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] |
44536494 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyneta%20flax | Agyneta flax | Agyneta flax is a species of sheet weaver found in the United States. It was described by Dupérré in 2013.
References
flax
Spiders described in 2013
Spiders of the United States | [
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36639992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mientje%20Kling | Mientje Kling | Mientje Kling (27 July 1894 – 26 February 1966) was a Dutch theatre and film actress and radio personality.
Born Wilhelmina Francisca Kling in Amsterdam, Kling debuted on stage at the Koninklijke Vereeniging Het Nederlandsch Tooneel theatre and performed from 1913 in silent films for Filmfabriek Hollandia film studios. In the 1920s and 1930s, she worked alongside many popular actors in several plays for the Central Tooneel theatre. After her marriage to actor Constant van Kerckhoven, she performed mainly in radio dramas. She died at the age of 71 in Amsterdam.
Selected filmography
Nederland en Oranje (1913)
Krates (1913)
Liefde waakt (1914)
Zijn viool (1914)
De bloemen, die de ziel vertroosten (1914)
Heilig recht (1914)
The Devil in Amsterdam (1919)
Amsterdam bij nacht (1924)
De Speeldoos (1926)
References
External links
Mientje Kling at een leven lang theater
1894 births
1966 deaths
Dutch stage actresses
Dutch film actresses
Dutch silent film actresses
Actresses from Amsterdam
20th-century Dutch actresses | [
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] |
21722083 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome%20Company%2C%20Inc. | Rome Company, Inc. | Rome Company, Inc. was a furniture business in Rome, New York which became bankrupt in September 1935, during the Great Depression. It had branches in many sections of the United States. The corporation's fate illustrates the bleak economic climate in the United States during the 1930s. The retailer's failure is significant in the history of Rome. It was one of several of the town's establishments which closed in 1935, a consequence of the ongoing deflation.
To avoid bankruptcy Rome Brewery, Inc., filed a petition of reorganization under Section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898, in May 1935.
Insolvency details
A court in Malone, New York rejected a plan for reorganization offered by Rome Company, Inc., under Section 77B of the Bankruptcy Act of 1898. The furniture dealer had net assets of $793,000 at this time.
A court date was set for October 3, 1935 for the Rome Products Association to purchase assets for $725,000, not including cash, receivables, securities, and real estate.
Sale of the assets of Rome Company Inc., to the Rome Products Association for $725,000, was completed on October 4, 1935. Rome and Boston Real Estate was not included in the purchase. Rome Company Inc., had book assets of $2,500,000 and liabilities of $1,991,705.
References
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Rome, New York
Utica–Rome metropolitan area
Companies based in New York (state)
Retail companies disestablished in 1935 | [
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] |
43302658 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nealcidion%20laetulum | Nealcidion laetulum | Nealcidion laetulum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1880.
References
Nealcidion
Beetles described in 1880 | [
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48032574 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Ivanovich%20Akimov | Vladimir Ivanovich Akimov | Vladimir Ivanovich Akimov (, 20 July 1953 - 5 October 1987), was a Soviet water polo player who was the part of the Water polo team which won the gold medal in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.
See also
Soviet Union men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics
List of Olympic champions in men's water polo
List of Olympic medalists in water polo (men)
List of world champions in men's water polo
List of World Aquatics Championships medalists in water polo
References
External links
Olympic water polo players of the Soviet Union
Water polo players at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Olympic medalists in water polo
1953 births
Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Russian male water polo players
Soviet male water polo players
1987 deaths | [
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4593467 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICE%202 | ICE 2 | The ICE 2 is the second series of German high-speed trains and one of six in the Intercity-Express family since 1995.
The ICE 2 (half-) trains are even closer to a conventional push–pull train than the ICE 1, because each train consists of only one locomotive (Class 402, called powerhead), six passenger cars (Classes 805 to 807) and a cab car (Class 808).
Differences to ICE 1
Except for the automatic Scharfenberg coupling, ICE 2 powerheads are very similar to those of the ICE 1 and can actually be used in ICE 1 trains if the necessity arises.
Half-trains
Usually two ICE 2 half-trains are coupled to form a block train of similar dimensions to the original ICE 1 for serving the main routes, and separated again to operate on routes with less traffic or to provide the passengers two different destinations.
Until the class 808 cab cars have been tested and cleared for passenger service, two ICE 2 half-trains had been solidly coupled to form a permanent block train.
Cars
The passenger cars are very different from the ICE 1 cars, despite their similar exterior: The weight has been significantly reduced and the passenger compartments have been removed in favor of a seating arrangement similar to an airliner (due to reduced seat pitch). Also, the train has been equipped with air suspension to circumvent the wheel noise problems of the ICE 1, which led to the installation of rubber-buffered wheel rims on the ICE 1 units and therefore the Eschede train disaster.
ICE 2 trains have no service car as the class 803 on ICE 1 trains, on the other hand the class 808 cab car is unique to the ICE 2.
Service
ICE 2 trains usually run on the main east–west line, starting in Berlin with two unit block train. In Hamm the train is separated into two half-trains.
One half-train goes through the Ruhr area to Cologne/Bonn Airport station, while the other half-train continues through Wuppertal and Cologne to Bonn. In the opposite direction, both half-trains are coupled again at Hamm.
Some trains also serve the Munich—Hanover line with halves continuing to Hamburg and Bremen respectively.
Eurotrain
Eurotrain was a joint venture formed by Siemens and GEC-Alsthom (today Alstom) in 1996 to market high-speed rail technology in Asia. In 1997, it was one of two competitors to supply the core system of Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR), and was awarded the status of preferred bidder by concessionaire THSRC.
In early 1998, the two companies created a demonstration train by combining cars of three existing French and German high-speed trains: ICE 2 powerheads 402 042 and 402 046, were joined at both ends to the articulated double-deck intermediate cars of TGV Duplex trainset #224. On 4 May 1998, the Eurotrain demonstration train made a presentation run on the Hanover–Würzburg high-speed railway in Germany, achieving a maximum speed of 316 km/h.
In December 2000, THSRC decided to award the contract to the rival Taiwan Shinkansen Consortium, leading to a legal battle ending in damage payments for Eurotrain in 2004.
Upgrading of Electrical Traction Equipment
On September 25, 2014, Mitsubishi Electric Corp. of Japan announced that it had received a contract from DB to supply new IGBT (Insulated-gate bipolar transistor) power modules to replace the old GTO (Gate turn-off thyristor) power modules in the drives of 46 ICE 2 trainsets. Mitsubishi said that the modern smaller and lighter IGBT power modules will reduce power consumption and extend the life of the ICE 2 trains. The contract for $22 million is expected to be completed by 2019.
Future
DB will replace the ICE 2 trains with the future ICE 4 trains.
See also
List of high-speed trains
References
External links
ICE 2 Siemens Page
Railway coaches of Germany
Electric multiple units of Germany
Deutsche Bahn locomotives
Intercity Express
Train-related introductions in 1995 | [
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] |
27056172 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granigyra%20arenosa | Granigyra arenosa | Granigyra arenosa is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, unassigned in the superfamily Seguenzioidea.
Description
The shell grows to a height of 2 mm.
Distribution
This species is found in European waters off the Faroe Islands to Southwest Portugal.
References
Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
External links
arenosa
Gastropods described in 1993 | [
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37428669 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oltre%20%28EP%29 | Oltre (EP) | Oltre is the solo debut EP by Italian singer Emma Marrone released by Universal Music on March 16, 2010. The album topped the charts in Italy, and was the second-best-selling album in Italy in 2010. It was subsequently certified double platinum. The lead single on the album, "Calore", was also certified platinum. The album ranked number 85 on the Swiss charts.
The EP was named and designed after a tattoo that Emma has on the back of her neck. The same design is visible on the disc and in the digital booklet.
Track listing
Charts
Ahi ce sta passu Tour
Beginning June 25, 2010, Marrone embarked on the Ahi ce sta passu Tour, stopping in the following cities.
Date
June 25: Cremona (CR) - Arena Giardino
July 10: Viareggio (LU) - Cittadella del Carnevale
July 18: Villafranca di Verona (VR) - Castello Scaligero
July 20: Alessandria (AL) - La cittadella
July 24: Udine (UD) - Castello
July 28: Giffoni Valle Piana (SA) - Arena Alberto Sordi - La cittadella del Cinema dei Giffoni Film Festival
July 30: Piazzola sul Brenta (PD) - Anfiteatro Camerini
August 9: Grosseto (GR) - Parco di Pietra
August 10: Cattolica (RN) - Arena della Regina
August 15: Bagnara Calabra (RC) - Piazza Municipio
August 17: Lecce (LE) - Piazza Libertini
August 21: Pescara (PE) - Teatro d'Annunzio
August 27: Ostuni (BR) - Piazza Libertà
September 6: Viterbo (VT) - Arena Valle Faul
September 10: Milano (MI) - Palasharp
September 18: Roma (RM) - Atlantico (ex Palacisalfa)
Set list
"Davvero"
"Quello che" (cover 99 Posse)
"Sembra strano"
"E la luna bussò" (cover Loredana Bertè)
"Oro Nero" (cover Otto Ohm)
"Meravigliosa"
"Ma che freddo fà" (cover Nada)
"Folle Paradiso"
"Valerie" (cover Amy Winehouse)
"America" (cover Gianna Nannini)
"If I Ain't Got You" (cover Alicia Keys)
"L'esigenza di te"
"E penso a te" (cover Lucio Battisti)
"Grande grande grande" (cover Mina)
"Un sogno a costo zero"
"Walk on the Wild Side" (cover Lou Reed)
"Personal Jesus" (cover Depeche Mode)
"Calore"
Personnel
Flavio Pasquetto – Electric guitars and acoustic guitars
Simone De Filippis – Electric guitars and acoustic guitars
Luca Cirillo – Keyboard
Daniele Formica – Drums
Pietro Casadei – Electric bass
References
2010 debut EPs
Emma Marrone albums | [
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40507388 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better%20Call%20Saul%20%28Breaking%20Bad%29 | Better Call Saul (Breaking Bad) | "Better Call Saul" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. It was written by Peter Gould and directed by Terry McDonough.
This episode marks Bob Odenkirk's first appearance as the fast-talking criminal lawyer Saul Goodman in the series. He was promoted to series regular in Season 3, stayed with the series until its end, and then reprised the role in the prequel series Better Call Saul.
Plot summary
After Badger is arrested in a sting operation by the Albuquerque Police, Walt and Jesse look into hiring a shady, flamboyant lawyer named Saul Goodman. Saul has already offered to be Badger's legal counsel and has found out that the DEA is hoping that Badger will lead them to "Heisenberg." Walt poses as Badger's uncle and goes to Saul's office, where he learns that Saul will advise Badger to flip to avoid prison. Walt offers Saul a bribe to keep Badger from confessing, but Saul refuses.
Walt and Jesse resort to kidnapping Saul, threatening to kill him if he does not keep Badger from informing on them. However, Saul sees through their scare tactics and instead asks for payment so he can legally represent them, and keep their talks confidential. Saul tells the duo about a man, Jimmy "In-'N-Out" Kilkelly, who makes a living being paid by other criminals to go to jail, and offers to have him stand in for Heisenberg. The DEA busts Kilkelly when Badger gives them a fake deal, but Hank is not completely convinced. Later, Saul visits Walt at his school, telling him that he is too easy to find. Saul offers to be Walt's full-time legal counsel and adviser in covering his tracks.
Skyler goes to work on a Saturday, and Walt notices that she is dressing especially well for her job with Ted. Seeing that Hank has holed himself in his house, Walt gives him a motivational speech, talking about how he has not had any fear in his life since he was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. This helps Hank leave the house, but he still has panic attacks. Meanwhile, Jesse has slept with Jane and learns she is in recovery from addiction. Later, after Jesse orders a mattress for his apartment, he and Jane have sex once again.
Production
The episode was written by Peter Gould, and directed by Terry McDonough. It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on April 26, 2009.
The episode marks the first appearance of Saul Goodman. Saul's dialog and interactions in "Better Call Saul" became essential elements in setting up characters and plotlines for the spinoff prequel series of the same name. When Walter and Jesse wear masks and try to coerce Saul at gunpoint to accept their case, Saul, having mistaken the two for cartel enforcers, tries to lay blame on a man known as "Ignacio" and asks if "Lalo" sent them. Within Better Call Saul, this was revealed to be Nacho Varga, a member of the Salamanca cartel, and Lalo Salamanca, nephew of Hector Salamanca. Saul further begs to know if they are "friends of the cartel", a phrase that is shown to be something he learned from Lalo while being forced to work to defend him in court.
Critical reception
The episode was very well received. Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A, and praised Jesse and Walt's evolving role in the drug world.
In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Better Call Saul" as the 12th best out of the 62 total Breaking Bad episodes.
References
External links
"Better Call Saul" at the official Breaking Bad site
2009 American television episodes
Breaking Bad (season 2) episodes
Television episodes written by Peter Gould
Better Call Saul | [
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2351600 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adversary%20proceeding%20in%20bankruptcy%20%28United%20States%29 | Adversary proceeding in bankruptcy (United States) | An adversary proceeding in bankruptcy is a type of lawsuit in the American legal system. It is distinguished from other suits by being filed a United States bankruptcy court in connection with a larger bankruptcy proceeding.
Procedure
Adversary proceedings are governed by certain court rules found in Part VII of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure and, in part, by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. A bankruptcy case may contain one or more adversary proceedings or (most commonly) none at all.
Other than their connection to a bankruptcy proceeding, adversary proceedings are largely similar to a standard lawsuit in federal district court. The suit is opened by a complaint filed with the Bankruptcy Court, and proceeds through the same stages of litigation, including discovery and trial (including jury trial in appropriate cases). The adversary proceeding may address claims to do with federal or state law, or in rare cases other law, as well. The only limitation is that the suit must have some bearing on the liabilities or assets of the bankrupt debtor or the debtor's discharge.
Adversary proceedings may be filed by the bankruptcy trustee or by other parties. For example, a creditor may file an adversary proceeding to object to the debtor's discharge. Or, a debtor may commence an adversary proceeding against a creditor as a response to a violation of the automatic stay. Very commonly, the debtor-in-possession in a Chapter 11 reorganization of a business debtor will initiate adversary proceedings against a party with whom the debtor had an executory contract, against whom it had a claim in tort, or to whom it made a preferential transfer prior to filing for bankruptcy, intending to collect funds to maximize working assets.
An adversary proceeding is more formal than a contested matter. A contested matter in bankruptcy is governed by Rule 9014 of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure.
A debtor can attempt to discharge student loans through bankruptcy by use of the adversary proceeding.
See also
Bankruptcy in the United States
References
External links
Mobile-friendly edition of the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure (www.federalrulesofbankruptcyprocedure.org)
United States bankruptcy law
Lawsuits | [
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] |
61639147 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral%20results%20for%20the%20district%20of%20Eastwood | Electoral results for the district of Eastwood | Eastwood, an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales had two incarnations, from 1927 to 1930, and from 1950 to 1999.
Election results
Elections in the 1990s
1995
1991
Elections in the 1980s
1988
1984
1981
Elections in the 1970s
1978
1976
1973
1971
Elections in the 1960s
1968
1965
1962
Elections in the 1950s
1959
1956
1953
1950
1930 - 1950
Elections in the 1920s
1927
References
New South Wales state electoral results by district | [
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] |
57030222 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%20YSCC%20Yokohama%20season | 2015 YSCC Yokohama season | 2015 YSCC Yokohama season.
J3 League
References
External links
J.League official site
YSCC Yokohama
YSCC Yokohama seasons | [
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35759513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossa%20Corbulonis | Fossa Corbulonis | The Fossa Corbulonis (Dutch: Kanaal van Corbulo) was a Roman canal that was dug around 50 AD under the direction of Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo. The project was mentioned by the historians Tacitus and Cassius Dio, who reported its length as 23 Roman miles and accounted for its purpose as "in order to keep the soldiers busy and to avoid the dangers of the Ocean".
The canal connected the mouths of the rivers Meuse and Rhine in the currently Dutch delta area. Parts of the canal remained in use up to about 275 AD when the area became depopulated due to Frankish attacks.
See also
List of Roman canals
Notes
External links
Livius.org: Canal of Corbulo
Roman canals
Netherlands in the Roman era | [
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38700025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20and%20Isaac%20%28Stravinsky%29 | Abraham and Isaac (Stravinsky) | Abraham and Isaac is a sacred ballad for baritone and orchestra composed in 1962–63 by Igor Stravinsky.
History
When the Israel Festival Committee asked Stravinsky for a new work, he decided to set the story of Abraham and Isaac to a text in Hebrew, a language with which he was not familiar. The philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, who was a friend of the composer, helped Stravinsky to understand the sounds and structure of the text. Work was begun in 1962 and the score, which is dedicated to the people of the State of Israel, was completed on 3 March 1963. The work was premiered on 23 August 1964 in Binyanei Ha'Ooma, Jerusalem, by Ephraim Biran, baritone, and the Israel Festival Orchestra, conducted by Robert Craft.
Scoring
Abraham and Isaac is set for baritone solo and a chamber orchestra consisting of two flutes, alto flute, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, horn, two trumpets, tenor trombone, bass trombone, tuba, and string quintet.
Analysis
Although Stravinsky described the work as falling into five parts, played continuously but marked by changes of tempo, double bars divide the score into seven sections:
Bars 1–72, = 132
Bars 73–90, = 132 (Stesso tempo)
Bars 91–104, = 120
Bars 105–162, = 92–96 (Meno mosso)
Bars 163–181, = 76 (Meno mosso)
Bars 182–239, = 72 (Meno mosso)
Bars 240–254, = 60 (Andante)
The work is based on a twelve-tone row, elaborated into hexachordal rotational arrays. Stravinsky often employs the columns from these arrays, which he called "verticals", to form canonic chordal successions. The basic form of the row is and is therefore interval class palindromic, with interval classes 1–2–2–1–4–2–4–1–2–2–1.
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
Commissioned music
Compositions by Igor Stravinsky
1963 compositions
Music dedicated to causes or groups | [
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635218 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Sydney%20Adams | Walter Sydney Adams | Walter Sydney Adams (December 20, 1876 – May 11, 1956) was an American astronomer.
Life and work
Adams was born in Antioch, Turkey to Lucien Harper Adams and Nancy Dorrance Francis Adams, missionary parents, and was brought to the U.S. in 1885 He graduated from Dartmouth College in 1898, then continued his education in Chicago and in Germany. After returning to the U.S., he began a career in Astronomy that culminated when he became director of the Mount Wilson Observatory.
His primary interest was the study of stellar spectra. He worked on solar spectroscopy and co-discovered a relationship between the relative intensities of certain spectral lines and the absolute magnitude of a star. He was able to demonstrate that spectra could be used to determine whether a star was a giant or a dwarf. In 1915 he began a study of the companion of Sirius and found that despite a size only slightly larger than the Earth, the surface of the star was brighter per unit area than the Sun and it was about as massive. Such a star later came to be known as a white dwarf. In 1925, he observed gravitational redshift caused by Sirius B; this was significant confirmation of Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity. Along with Theodore Dunham, he discovered the strong presence of carbon dioxide in the infrared spectrum of Venus.
Adams died at the age of 79 in Pasadena, California.
Awards and honors
Awards and honors
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1917)
Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences (1918)
Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1922)
Valz Prize from the French Academy of Sciences (1923)
Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society (1926)
Bruce Medal (1928)
Janssen Medal from the French Academy of Sciences (1934)
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) (1950)
Henry Norris Russell Lectureship (1947)
Named after him
The asteroid 3145 Walter Adams.
The crater Adams, a crater on Mars.
The crater Adams on the Moon is jointly named after him, John Couch Adams and Charles Hitchcock Adams.
References
Further reading
Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, Isaac Asimov, Doubleday & Co., Inc., 1972, .
1876 births
1956 deaths
American astronomers
Dartmouth College alumni
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
People from Antioch
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences | [
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3691590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiable | Amiable | Amiable (1891–1915) was a British Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1894 Epsom Oaks and 1,000 Guineas Stakes despite having severe stringhalt in both hind limbs. Amiable raced until she was three years old, retiring in 1895 to the Duke of Portland's Welbeck Stud. Plagued with fertility problems, Amiable was a failure as a broodmare and produced only one foal that survived to adulthood. She was pensioned for the last 11 years of her life and was euthanized at the age of 24 in November 1915.
Background
Amiable was foaled in 1891 at the Welbeck Stud near Welbeck Abbey in North Nottinghamshire, the estate of her breeder the Duke of Portland. Amiable's sire, St. Simon, won the 1884 Ascot Gold Cup and was the leading sire in Great Britain and Ireland for much of the 1890s and first decade of the 20th century. Her dam, Tact, was a full-sister to the mare Gravity, the dam of 1901 Ascot Gold Cup winner William the Third, and Florence. Tact was bought by Lord Lurgan as a potential racing prospect, but when the mare did not succeed on the turf was given to the Duke of Portland for use as a broodmare at the Welbeck Stud. As a stipulation of the transfer, any produce of Tact were to be jointly owned by Lord Lurgan and the Duke of Portland. In addition to Amiable, Tact produced the good racehorses Charm and Manners.
Amiable had severe stringhalt in both her hind limbs, causing her to greatly flex her hocks and pick her feet high off the ground with every step. The condition was more evident when Amiable walked than when she galloped and grew more pronounced toward the end of her racing career. "Our Van", writing for Baily's Magazine, described her appearance in the paddock before the 1894 St. Leger Stakes as a "half comic element" because the filly "kept picking up her legs as if she were walking on hot bricks."
Racing career
Amiable was trained by George Dawson, who had also trained the Epsom Derby winners Donovan and Ayrshire for the Duke of Portland. Amiable was jointly owned by the Duke of Portland and Lord Lurgan during her racing career.
1893: two-year-old-season
In the spring at Newmarket, Amiable was second by a length to the Duke of Westminister's Grey Leg in the Two-year-old Plate. Amiable finished second to her stablemate Schoolbook in the Royal two-year-old Plate run in May at Kempton Park. In July, Amiable ran second to Sanderling in the Lavant Stakes. In August at York, Amiable won the 1,000 sovereign Princess of Wales's Plate, beating Wherwell by a couple of lengths. In November at Liverpool, Amiable finished third in the Knowsley Nursery Handicap to Jacob and Xury. She finished the season with two wins in nine starts.
1894: three-year-old-season
On 11 May at the Newmarket spring meeting, Amiable won the 1,000 Guineas Stakes in a 13 horse field. Mecca was the front runner from the start followed closely by Throstle and Jocasta. Mecca held on to the lead until the halfway mark, being passed at the hill by Lady Minting. Ridden by Bradford, Amiable overtook Lady Minting in front of the grandstand to win by a margin of three lengths over Lady Minting and Mecca.
Attendance at the 1894 running of The Oaks held on 8 June was rated by the London Times as average, likely owing to the threat of rainstorms. Rumours had circulated before the race that Amiable had gone lame on one leg, leading her to initially be placed at long odds in the betting. Starting against 10 other horses at 2 to 1 odds, Amiable hung at the back of the field for the early part of the race, far behind the front runner Sarana. Amiable was not a contender until nearing the straight, edging out Sweet Duchess and Sarana to win by three quarters of a length.
A few weeks later, Amiable dead heated with the filly Jocasta for third place in the Coronation Stakes, won by Throstle. In September, Amaible was fourth in the St. Leger Stakes at Doncaster, losing to Throstle, Ladas and Matchbox. A few days later, Amiable won the Park Hill Stakes, beating Sarana and Lady Normanton.
In the last start of her career, Amiable was unplaced in the Cesarewitch Stakes. Amiable injured her leg at the Liverpool meeting in November and was scratched from all of her engagements. She was retired from racing at the end of the season and became a broodmare at the Welbeck Stud in 1895.
Breeding career
Amiable was not successful as a broodmare, producing only one foal that survived to adulthood. Amiable produced twins to Morion during her first season at stud in 1896, the foals dying at birth. A colt sired by Carbine, named Amnesty, was born in 1897. Amnesty was later gelded and made no impact in the stud. Amiable's 1898 filly sired by Carbine died young and she delivered a stillborn foal sired by Crowberry in 1901. Amiable was infertile in 1898 and from 1902 to 1904 and aborted a foal in 1900. She was not bred from 1904 until she was euthanised in November 1915. Amiable is buried on the grounds of the Welbeck Stud.
Pedigree
References
1891 racehorse births
1915 racehorse deaths
Racehorses trained in the United Kingdom
Thoroughbred family 2-e
1000 Guineas winners
Epsom Oaks winners | [
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53983406 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969%20in%20motorsport | 1969 in motorsport | The following is an overview of the events of 1969 in motorsport including the major racing events, motorsport venues that were opened and closed during a year, championships and non-championship events that were established and disestablished in a year, and births and deaths of racing drivers and other motorsport people.
Annual events
The calendar includes only annual major non-championship events or annual events that had significance separate from the championship. For the dates of the championship events see related season articles.
Births
Deaths
See also
List of 1969 motorsport champions
References
External links
Motorsport by year | [
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] |
42593715 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution%20bench%20%28India%29 | Constitution bench (India) | Constitution bench is the name given to the benches of the Supreme Court of India which consist of at least five judges of the court which sit to decide any case “involving a substantial question of law as to the interpretation” of the Constitution of India or "for the purpose of hearing any reference" made by the President of India under Article 143. This provision has been mandated by Article 145 (3) of the Constitution of India. The Chief Justice of India has the power to constitute a Constitution Bench and refer cases to it.
Constitution benches have decided many of India's best-known and most important Supreme Court cases, such as A. K. Gopalan v. State of Madras, Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (basic structure doctrine) and Ashoka Kumar Thakur v. Union of India (OBC reservations) etc.
References
External links
Official website of the Supreme Court of India
Supreme Court of India
Constitution of India
India | [
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42642248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Knox%20%281758%E2%80%931800%29 | John Knox (1758–1800) | John Knox (1758–1800) was a British Army officer. He was the son of Thomas Knox, 1st Viscount Northland and Anne Vesey, daughter of John Vesey, 1st Baron Knapton.
He served as Member of the Parliament of Ireland for Killybegs from 1777 to 1783 and for Dungannon from 1790 to 1794.
He commanded the Dungannon District in 1797 and 1798 and raised a unit of Yeomanry there.
He was commissioned lieutenant colonel of the 36th Regiment of Foot on 1 August 1795 and received the army rank of full colonel on the 21st of that month. On 6 September 1795 he received the local rank of brigadier general (West Indies). He was made major general on 18 June 1798. On 7 November 1799, he was made colonel commandant of the 9th Regiment of Foot.
In 1799 he took part in the Duke of York's expedition to the Netherlands. He served as commander of the Advance Guard, an elite brigade composed of grenadiers and light infantry. He negotiated and signed, as British representative, the Convention of Alkmaar that ended that campaign.
He was then appointed Governor of Jamaica, but drowned while travelling to the island in 1800. He was a passenger on , which disappeared in the Caribbean after having been last seen on 24 October 1800 at Martinique.
References
1758 births
1800 deaths
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Donegal constituencies
Members of the Parliament of Ireland (pre-1801) for County Tyrone constituencies
Irish MPs 1776–1783
Irish MPs 1790–1797
36th Regiment of Foot officers | [
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52147520 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed%20buildings%20in%20Martindale%2C%20Cumbria | Listed buildings in Martindale, Cumbria | Martindale is a civil parish in the Eden District, Cumbria, England. It contains eleven listed buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England. Of these, one is listed at Grade II*, the middle of the three grades, and the others are at Grade II, the lowest grade. The parish is in the Lake District National Park, and is sparsely populated, the only centres of habitation being the hamlets of Howtown and Sandwick; most of the parish consists of countryside, moorland and fells. The listed buildings comprise houses and associated structures, farmhouses, farm buildings, two churches and a monument in a churchyard, and two bridges.
Key
Buildings
References
Citations
Sources
Lists of listed buildings in Cumbria | [
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29082671 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20of%20Heroic%20Exemplar | Order of Heroic Exemplar | The Order of the Heroic Exemplar () was the second highest military decoration, during 2011 and 2018, awarded by the Government of the People's Republic of China, only lower than the Order of August First, and was named Heroic Exemplar Medal () before 2011. The person who gained the award is called Heroic Exemplar ().
According to the 2018 amendment of PLA Disciplinary Order, the First Class Order of Heroic Exemplar is renamed back to Heroic Exemplar Medal (), and the Second Class Order is abandoned.
History
The Heroic Exemplar Medal, along with the Meritorious Service Medal, was first created in April 1951 by the Chinese People's Volunteer Army political director Du Ping in an effort to promote the unity of the Chinese armed forces during the Korean War. The medal was conceived so that the common soldiers would follow the examples set by a few selected role models. When the medal was first created, it was composed of three categories — second, first and special class. The special class was later eliminated when the Chinese People's Liberation Army's (PLA) medal system was formalized in 1988. In 2011, the name of the award changed into Order of Heroic Exemplar.
Criteria and selection process
According to the initial award criteria published in 1951, the medal was awarded to those "who have owned two medals of third or second class or one of the first grade [Meritorious Service] award, who are most outstanding at an army or army corps level, and whose remarkable contribution are also recognized by friendly units."
A candidate for the order would normally be nominated by the deputy political officer of a company, while all squads within the company were required to meet once a month to list each soldier's accomplishments for the selection process. Once nominated, the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission or the candidate's theater region political department would be responsible for approving the nomination to the order. Before 2018 the nomination process for a prospective inductee included what class of the order he or she will be appointed to.
Reward and regulation
Once the nomination is approved, the recipient would be treated with a grand formal ceremony of investiture that is intended to educate the entire PLA or the recipient's military theater command, wherein he or she is formally invested with the medal of the Order. Besides the medal, the recipient also receives a ribbon bar and a certificate from the Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission, in which the class of the order in which he or she has been named to is stated. According to the 1988 regulation, the medal of the Order must be worn on the upper left side of the recipient's uniform. The regulation also decreed that the medal itself can only be worn during special meetings and celebrations, while the ribbon bars are allowed in daily functions.
Recipient
First Class Order of Heroic Exemplar
From the renaming of the award in 2011, to the end of December 2016, a total of 14 people have received the First Class Medal of the Order of Heroic Exemplar, including 2 general officers, 7 field and junior grade officers, and 1 private. Of the 14 recipients, 4 of them are posthumously awarded.
Second Class Order of Heroic Exemplar
Not all individuals who received the Second Class Order of Heroic Exemplar were reported in the public media.
Notes
References
Citations
Sources
Awards established in 1951
Military awards and decorations of China
Military awards and decorations of the People's Liberation Army
People's Volunteer Army
1951 establishments in China
Hero (title) | [
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43442068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish%20National%20Board%20of%20Institutional%20Care | Swedish National Board of Institutional Care | The Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (, abbreviated SiS) is a Swedish government agency organized under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs. The agency arrange compulsory care for young people with psychosocial problems and for adults suffering from substance abuse problems. SiS offers a number of different treatment plans and mandatory care, when voluntary intervention have failed, and the right to forcibly detain and isolate individuals has become necessary. Decisions regarding compulsory care is made by the administrative court, on the application of social services.
SiS runs residential homes for young people with psychosocial problems, suffering from substance abuse problems, or having committed crimes, under the terms of the Care of Young Persons Special Provisions Act (abbreviated LVU) and the Secure Youth Care Act (LSU). SiS also operates homes for adults with alcohol abuse problems, substance abuse problems, or a combination of these under the Care of Substance Abusers Special Provisions Act (LVM).
Residential homes for young people
About 1,300 children and young people each year are placed at one of SiS's residential homes for young people, under the terms of LVU. The average time spent in these homes are around five months, and just over half are discharged within three months. Everyone is given a treatment plan based on their individual needs and circumstances, and treatment is planned together with the patient, family and social services. The most common therapeutic approach is cognitive behavioural therapy. Methods of treatment include: Aggression Replacement Training, Relapse Prevention, Motivational Interviewing and individual psychotherapy.
Secure youth care
Young people between the ages of 15 and 17, who commit serious criminal offences such as robbery, aggravated assault, rape, manslaughter or murder can be sentenced to a high-security youth care unit, managed by the SiS. As treatment progresses the person is moved to more open units, and aftercare is the responsibility of social services.
Homes for adults with substance misuse
Approximately one thousand adults with serious substance abuse problems are taken into care each year, and admitted to one of SiS homes for people with substance misuse problems, under the terms of LVM. Compulsory care is limited to a maximum of six months. During that time, the client is detoxified, receives care and medical treatment. The methods of treatment vary from patient to patient. Motivational Interviewing, Relapse Prevention, the Community Reinforcement Approach and 12-Step programmes are the most common methods.
See also
Crime in Sweden
Swedish Prison and Probation Service
Notes
SFS 1990:52 and SFS 1998:641
1988:870
References
External links
Swedish National Board of Institutional Care (In English)
Crime in Sweden
Government agencies of Sweden
Medical and health organizations based in Sweden
Prison and correctional agencies
Penal system in Sweden
National law enforcement agencies of Sweden
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14420443 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage%20to%20Earth | Pilgrimage to Earth | Pilgrimage to Earth is a collection of science fiction short stories by Robert Sheckley. It was first published in 1957 by Bantam Books (catalogue number 1672). It includes the following stories (magazines in which the stories originally appeared given in parentheses):
"Pilgrimage to Earth" (Playboy 1956/9; also known as "Love, Incorporated")
"All the Things You Are" (Galaxy 1956/7)
"Trap" (Galaxy 1956/2)
"The Body" (Galaxy 1956/1)
"Early Model" (Galaxy 1956/8)
"Disposal Service" (Bluebook 1955/1)
"Human Man's Burden" (Galaxy 1956/9)
"Fear in the Night" (Today's Woman 1952)
"Bad Medicine" (Galaxy 1956/7)
"Protection" (Galaxy 1956/4)
"Earth, Air, Fire and Water" (Astounding 1955/7)
"Deadhead" (Galaxy 1955/7)
"The Academy" (If 1954/8)
"Milk Run" (Galaxy 1954/9)
"The Lifeboat Mutiny" (Galaxy 1955/4)
External links
1957 short story collections
Short story collections by Robert Sheckley
American short story collections
Bantam Books books | [
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866811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna%20De%20Lory | Donna De Lory | Donna De Lory is an American singer, dancer and songwriter. Part of a musical family, De Lory has been performing since a young age. Her voice can be heard on albums by Carly Simon, Ray Parker Jr., Kim Carnes, Santana, Martika, Laura Branigan, Belinda Carlisle, Selena, Bette Midler, Barry Manilow, Mylène Farmer, Alisha and Madonna. De Lory accompanied Madonna as backing vocalist and dancer on every concert from the Who's That Girl Tour in 1987, up to the Confessions Tour in 2006. Her performance with Madonna at the Live Earth 2007 concert in London was their final professional collaboration to date.
Early life
Donna De Lory was born in Calabasas, California to record producer/musician Al De Lory and Mary Helyn Soncini.
De Lory has been surrounded by music ever since she was born. The De Lory family is very musical and is well known in the music industry. Her father played piano, electronic organ, and harpsichord on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds album. He was a producer at Capitol Records and was responsible, among other things, for producing Glen Campbell's '"golden era". In addition, he co-wrote the 1960 Billboard Hot 100 #1 novelty hit for Larry Verne, Mr. Custer. Her grandfather played upright bass and cello for the Warner Bros. Studios Orchestra, recording the scores of classic movies such as Casablanca and Gone with the Wind. Her mother was a singer and dancer. Donna's older brother Alan, known as A.D. DeLory, is also a singer and songwriter. De Lory's late older sister Jolene sang background vocals on the 1973 Carpenters single "Sing".
De Lory made her professional singing debut at age eight singing a Recipe dog food commercial. She sang on children's albums for Walt Disney and was heard on the tune "It's a Small World", featured on a ride at Disneyland and Disney World. She also sang on commercials for McDonald's, Mattel, and Eastman Kodak. In addition, she contributed vocals to projects by Kim Carnes, Barry Manilow, Santana and the Rocky II soundtrack.
She moved to Nashville with her father and brother at the age of 16 following the death of her mother from breast cancer in 1980. Her father found a professional home in Nashville's Music Row area as a producer for Capitol Records. She started working at a vegetarian restaurant and from there, became a vegetarian. De Lory made friends with a few songwriters and became inspired by seeing how much effort they put into their work. She started spending a lot of her time on writing songs and recording demos before going back to California after finishing Hillsboro High School to study dancing, singing and acting.
Career
Madonna
De Lory first came to the public's attention as Madonna's backup singer. In 1985, Gardner Cole, then De Lory's boyfriend, wrote the song "Open Your Heart" which Madonna would later record. At the time Madonna's management was looking for material for her True Blue album, and Cole submitted three songs, including "Open Your Heart". Madonna's manager heard the song and thought it would be a hit for Madonna, so he asked Cole to re-record the song with a female voice. De Lory recorded the song, and Cole then submitted the recording to Madonna's producer Patrick Leonard. Madonna listened to the recording and decided to record the song. Leonard liked De Lory's voice and hired her to sing backup on future projects he produced. When Madonna was looking for backup singers for her 1987 Who's That Girl Tour, De Lory asked Leonard to take her to the auditions. De Lory got the job and toured with Madonna on all her world tours until 2007. De Lory also sang backup on many of Madonna's songs.
Solo career
In 1990, she recorded the song "Always Thinking of You" for the film Three Men and a Little Lady. Her self-titled debut album was released on MCA Records in late 1992. The first single off the album, "Praying For Love", was released 20 October 1992 and went to #1 on the charts in Japan. The second single, "Just A Dream", was released 9 March 1993 and was a top 10 hit on the Hot Dance Club Play chart. It peaked at #71 in the UK Singles Chart in July 1993. "Just A Dream" was written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard and was originally recorded by Madonna for her 1989 Like a Prayer album. De Lory's version incorporated backing vocals by Madonna. The third and final single off the album, "Think It Over", was released 27 July 1993.
She recorded a second album titled Songs '95 and had plans to release it in 1995, but it remained unreleased until 2002. She left the MCA label in late 1994 because her growing interest in world music was starting to show in her own music, much to the dismay of her label who wanted her to keep making pop music. At around this time she was introduced to the Harmonium, an instrument she has been using ever since. She was given the instrument at a party and she learned to play it by herself. She toured France as a backup singer and dancer for Mylène Farmer in 1996 and appears on the live CD/DVD Live à Bercy.
She formed the band Bliss together with cellist Cameron Stone in 1997, whom she was introduced to at the recommendation of her drummer, and released the album Love Never Dies. However, they decided to rename the album to Bliss and bill it to De Lory's name because there already were too many other bands with Bliss in their name and De Lory already had name recognition from her first album and her work with Madonna. The second version of the album billed to Donna's name included new album artwork and the song "Where I've Never Been" which was not on the first version. The name Bliss came from the saying "follow your bliss" which is from one of Donna's favorite authors, Joseph Campbell. De Lory and Stone built a fully equipped 24-track digital studio in her garage, then packed it up and took it in a U-Haul to a cabin in Taos, New Mexico, where most of the material for the album was created. They spent most of 1997 working on the album and finished it by the end of the year. The album was released in early 1998. Cameron Stone also worked on all of her subsequent albums, such as the 2003 album In The Glow. De Lory's 2004 album, The Lover & The Beloved, was a Sanskrit and English CD released on the Ajna Music label.
De Lory performed Elise's theme, "My Destiny", in the 2006 game Sonic the Hedgehog. Her reinterpretation of Joseph Arthur's, In the Sun was featured at the end of episode 5 of NBC's drama Life. Her version of Madonna's song "Papa Don't Preach" appeared in the 2010 film, The Switch.
In 2010, De Lory contributed the song "Bathe in These Waters" to the Yoga Revolution compilation album, a benefit release supporting yoga and fitness programs for underserved schools.
In 2013, De Lory announced via her Twitter account that she would be releasing a new album titled The Unchanging. It was released worldwide on iTunes on 27 August 2013 and made #2 on the World Music Album chart. De Lory combines her melodic vocals and world music influences, but predominantly sings in English. Her former singing partner Niki Haris also features on the track "Kinder" along with Tina Malia. The album also includes a reinterpretation of her single "Praying for Love" and her take on "Amazing Grace". In 2016, De Lory teamed up with Haris to record a cover version of Madonna's 1993 single "Rain", to which they originally had sung backing vocals.
Discography
Donna DeLory (1992)
Bliss (2000)
Songs 95 (2002)
In the Glow (2003)
The Lover & the Beloved (2004)
Sky Is Open (2006)
Sanctuary (2009)
The Unchanging (2013)
Elixir: Songs of the Radiance Sutras (2015)
Here in Heaven (2018)
Filmography
Madonna: Truth or Dare (1991)
Women of the Night (2001)
I'm Going to Tell You a Secret (2005)
References
External links
Donna De Lory's official website
Donna De Lory's Facebook page
Living people
People from Calabasas, California
20th-century American singers
21st-century American singers
20th-century American women singers
21st-century American women singers
Year of birth missing (living people) | [
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58615033 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehdi%20Bennouna | Mehdi Bennouna | Mehdi Bennouna was a Moroccan nationalist, writer and journalist. He was the founder of the Maghreb Arab Press Agency in 1959.
Early life
He was born in Tetouan (Morocco) and died in Rabat. Bennouna left Morocco for Nablus in Palestine at age eleven, without his parents, and began high school in 1929 at the Najah School.
After a year in Morocco in 1936, he traveled in 1937 to Cairo, first to begin medical studies that he did not pursue, then to obtain a degree in journalism in 1941.
Career
He worked at the newspaper Al Ahram until he could return to Morocco at the end of the Second World War in 1944. In 1937, he participated in the constitution of the Almagreb Al Aqsa Defense Committee.
In 1944, he became a teacher at the Free Institute of Tetouan. He participated in the founding of the Workers' Union affiliated to the Party of National Reform (PRN). He was elected to its Central Committee.
In Tetouan in 1953, he directed the newspaper Al Oumma, organ of the PRN. Upon independence in 1956 he joined the Press Service of the Royal Cabinet of Mohammed V, including the preparation of the President's trip to New York in 1957. He launched Maghreb Arab Press (MAP) in 1959, a private agency that continued until 1975. It was nationalized in 1973. Between 1958 and 1962, he assisted in the creation of Tunisian (TAP), Libyan (JANA), Senegalese (APS), Malian (APA) and Algerian (APS) press agencies, and supervised the launch of the French news agency. (AIIC) of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 1973-74.
Publications
He authored books, the first of which was Our Morocco, The story of a just cause, was clandestinely published in Morocco in 1951 and the last was Morocco ... the critical years was published in 1989.
Personal life
He married Khadija Slaoui on the 29th. They had four children.
He died in Rabat on March 23, 2010 and was buried in his hometown of Tetouan.
See also
Maghreb Arabe Presse
References
Moroccan male journalists
Moroccan nationalists
Year of birth missing
2010 deaths | [
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12868371 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum%20Creek%20%28Cottonwood%20River%20tributary%29 | Plum Creek (Cottonwood River tributary) | Plum Creek is a stream near the city of Walnut Grove, Minnesota. It passes to the northwest of the town, flowing northeasterly to the Cottonwood River, with its waters then flowing to the Minnesota River and eventually the Mississippi River. Plum Creek lends its name to a regional library network.
History
Plum Creek was so named on account of the wild plum (Prunus americana) trees along its course. It was known to the native Sioux as Kaŋ-ta-'o-ta ("plenty of plums").
It is known for being close to the homestead of the Ingalls family of Little House on the Prairie fame, and features in the book On the Banks of Plum Creek. It is also mentioned in the sixth Little House on the Prairie book.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
List of longest streams of Minnesota
References
External links
Frontier Girl Trail - Plum Creek
Rivers of Minnesota
Rivers of Murray County, Minnesota
Rivers of Redwood County, Minnesota
Tributaries of the Mississippi River | [
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52515396 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreto%20Convent%20Msongari | Loreto Convent Msongari | Loreto Convent Msongari is an all-girls school in Nairobi’s Lavington area. It was founded by the Sisters of Loreto with Catholic traditions in 1921.
The school teaches two curriculums: the Kenyan 8-4-4 (in primary and high school) and the British IGCSE (high school only) curriculums. The high school has boarding and day facilities while the primary school has day schooling only.
References
External links
Official School website link
Catholic secondary schools in Kenya
Schools in Nairobi
Msongari
Catholic primary schools in Kenya
1921 establishments in Kenya
Educational institutions established in 1921 | [
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49610734 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agapito%20Robleda%20Castro | Agapito Robleda Castro | Agapito Robleda Castro (d. January 5, 2016) was a Honduran politician. His nom de guerre during his underground years was 'Renato Pereira'.
Robleda Castro was born a peasant family in El Progreso, Yoro on March 30, 1932. At the age of 16 he began to work at the Tela Railroad Company. He became a member of the Honduran Democratic Revolutionary Party (PDRH). He joined a Marxist study group in La Ceiba, together with other PDRH members, in 1952.
Robleda Castro was one of the co-founders of the Communist Party of Honduras in 1954. He was a member of the politburo of PCH. An active labour organizer, he took part in the banana workers struggle the same year. He served as editor of the communist newspaper Tribuna Revolucionaria ('Revolutionary Tribune').
Between the 1960s and 1980s he was active in the Sitraterco (Sindicato de Trabajadores de la Tela Rail Road Company) union.
The third plenum of the PCH Central Committee, held in Mexico in 1965, decided that returnees from political education abroad like Robleda Castro would be charged with organizing the party inside Honduras. Inside the PCH Central Committee Robleda Castro had argued in favour of organizing guerrilla struggle.
In 1967 Robeleda Castro broke with PCH and founded the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Honduras (PCMLH) in San Pedro Sula.
He died in San Pedro Sula on January 5, 2016.
References
2016 deaths
1932 births
Honduran politicians
Honduran communists
People from Yoro Department | [
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11928818 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Querenhorst | Querenhorst | Querenhorst is a municipality in the district of Helmstedt, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
References
Helmstedt (district) | [
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] |
41494800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak%20Vigilant%20camera | Kodak Vigilant camera | The Kodak Vigilant and Monitor cameras were popular folding bellows cameras made from 1939 to 1949. They featured an optical viewfinder without a rangefinder, adjustable focus lenses, and various models of shutters with speed up to 1/200 sec. Lenses available were a F/4.5 105mm, F/6.3 105mm and a F/8.8 100mm. They take 620 film, and produce a 2 1/4" x 3 1/4" inch medium format negative. The cameras can produce very sharp photos if used on a tripod and the manual distance setting on the lens is correct.
References
Discovering Cameras 1945-1965, Robert White, Osprey Publishing, 1995
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20071114170655/http://www.kodak.com/global/en/consumer/products/techInfo/aa13/aa13pg2.shtml
Kodak cameras | [
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21069310 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-ship%20ballistic%20missile | Anti-ship ballistic missile | An anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM) is a military ballistic missile system designed to hit a warship at sea.
Due to the often hypersonic flight speed of ballistic missiles, the ASBM's kinetic energy alone may be sufficient to cripple or outright destroy a supercarrier with a single conventional warhead impact. However, unlike a nuclear warhead, this will require a direct hit to be effective, thus unlike a typical ballistic missile, which follows a ballistic flight path after the relatively brief initial phase of powered flight, an ASBM would require a precise and high-performance terminal guidance system, with advanced sensors and in-flight calibrations in order to successfully hit a moving target.
Soviet Union
The 4K18 was a Soviet Union intermediate-range ballistic anti-ship missile (also known as R-27K, where "K" stands for Korabelnaya which means "ship-related") NATO SS-NX-13. Initial submarine testing began on 9 December 1972 on board the K-102, a project 605 class submarine. Test firings were carried out between 11 September and 4 December 1973. Following the initial trials, the K-102 continued making trial launches with both the R-27 and the R-27K, until it was accepted for service on 15 August 1975.
Using external targeting data, the R-27K/SS-NX-13 would have been launched underwater to a range of between 350-400 nm (650–740 km), covering a "footprint" of 27 nm (50 km). The Maneuvering Re-Entry vehicle (MaRV) would then home in on the target with a CEP of 400 yards (370 m). Warhead yield was between 0.5-1 Mt.
The R-27K / SS-NX-13 was the world's first Anti Ship Ballistic Missile. However it never became operational, since every launch tube used for the R-27K counted as a strategic missile in the SALT agreement, and they were considered more important.
Russia
China
China has inducted the world's first operational anti-ship ballistic missile, a "carrier killer" capable of carrying both conventional and nuclear warheads, known as the DF-21D. In 2010, it was reported that China had entered the DF-21D into its early operational stage for deployment.
The DF-26, first revealed on the 2015 Victory Day Parade, is also able to carry anti-ship warheads, possibly hypersonic glide vehicles like the DF-ZF, to attack medium and large naval vessels out to ranges of .
China is apparently working on a second-generation ASBM using hypersonic maneuverable reentry vehicle technology tested on the DF-ZF. This would allow the warhead to search for the current location of the carrier, instead of just dropping towards the predicted spot it was initially aiming at. The high speed maneuvers would also make the missile much harder to intercept.
India
Indian navy currently has ship launched Dhanush ballistic missile in use for anti-ship roles. It is has a range of capable of anti-ship operations. Another missile Agni-P, a technology spin off variant of Agni-IV and Agni-V has been speculated to be capable of undertaking ASBM roles or predecessor of a carrier-killer missile currently under development.
Iran
In February 2011, Iran demonstrated a short-range anti-ship ballistic missile named Persian Gulf or Khalij Fars, a missile based on the Fateh-110 which successfully hit a stationary target vessel. It has been reported as a short ranged ballistic missile with a range of 250–300 km.
Countermeasures
The United States Navy fields what some experts think to be the best, on paper; midcourse anti-ballistic defense in the world, and is developing high powered lasers for terminal-defense against anti-ship ballistic missiles.
The U.S. arsenal has a variety of potential countermeasures.
According to a senior political scientist at the RAND Corporation, Roger Cliff, an anti-ship ballistic missile is not useful without additional complex ship detection, data processing and communication systems, all of which, including the missile itself, could be jammed or spoofed, though the USN has never demonstrated such an ability.
See also
Anti-ship missile
Cruise missile
Surface-to-surface missile
Anti-ballistic missile
Anti-ballistic missile treaty
Atmospheric reentry
Prompt Global Strike
References
External links
Executive overview: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, July 2008
An introduction to ballistic missiles
Aviation Week
China’s Evolving Conventional Strategic Strike Capability: The Anti-Ship Ballistic Missile Challenge to U.S. Maritime Operations in the Western Pacific and Beyond, Project 2049 Institute, September 2009
Using The Land To Control The Sea?: Chinese Analysts Consider the Anti-ship Ballistic Missile, Naval War College, September 2009
Missile types
Naval warfare | [
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47526832 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Birgersson%2C%20Archbishop%20of%20Nidaros | Jon Birgersson, Archbishop of Nidaros | Jon Birgersson (died 24 February 1157) was a Norwegian clergyman, bishop, and the first archbishop of the archdiocese of Nidaros. His father's name was Birger, but his year of birth is unknown. He served as bishop of the diocese of Stavanger from 1135. From 1152 or 1153 he was appointed archbishop of Nidaros. He died in Trondheim in 1157.
References
1157 deaths
12th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Norway | [
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28140533 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet%20Hargate | Fleet Hargate |
Fleet Hargate is a village in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated east from Holbeach, and just south from the A17 road. It falls within the wider civil parish of Fleet, which stretches from Gedney to Holbeach with a total estimated population in 2011 of 2,136.
Community
The village of Fleet Hargate has been designated a conservation area by South Holland District Council, one of 13 within the district.
Village amenities are a post office at The Chestnuts tea room, a public house - the Rose and Crown, a caravan park, a day nursery, and a farm shop that includes a garden centre and tea room.
History
The village now sits just south of the A17, although previously the main road ran through the village. The Old Main Road as it is now named was part of the Boston to Lynn road, managed in part by the original Holbeach Turnpike trust.
The now closed Fleet railway station, formerly of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway, is on Eastgate. It was served by the Fleet Light Railway, a potato railway built around 1910 to connect the Worth family farms to the mainline railway.
The Bull, originally a pub and lodging house is (@2017) being turned into a private dwelling.
A Terrier of Fleet Lincolnshire is a 1920 publication based on the 11th-century manuscript Fleet Terrier – a 'terrier' is a legal document detailing land, similar to a Glebe terrier.
Alternate Spellings
Fleet Hard Gate
References
External links
Fleet Parish Council
Villages in Lincolnshire
South Holland, Lincolnshire | [
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47353587 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Wilimovsky | Jordan Wilimovsky | Jordan Wilimovsky (born April 22, 1994) is an American competitive swimmer who specializes in open water swimming. At the 2015 World Championships in Kazan, Russia, Wilimovsky won the gold medal in the 10 km open water event. Wilimovsky won by a margin of 12.1 seconds over the second place finisher Ferry Weertman of the Netherlands. At the 2016 Summer Olympics, Wilimovsky competed in both pool swimming and open water swimming events, becoming the first American to swim in both types of events at one Olympic Games.
Early life and education
Wilimovsky was born April 22, 1994 in Malibu, California. At age 9, Wilimovsky failed a swim test required for attendance in a lifeguard camp, which inspired him to become a professional swimmer.
He attended Malibu High School for high school, graduating in 2012.
Wilimovsky attended Northwestern University, where he swam for the Northwestern Wildcats swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Big Ten Conference competition. His coach at Team Santa Monica is Dave Kelsheimer.
Career
2016 Summer Olympics
In swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics, Wilimovsky finished 4th in the men's 1500 m freestyle and 5th in the men's 10 km open water. His swims made him the first American swimmer to qualify, and compete, in both pool and open water swimming events in one Olympic Games.
2019 World Aquatics Championships
At the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea Wilimovsky placed fifth in the 10 kilometer open water swim with a time of 1:48:01.0. This swim qualified Wilimovsky to compete in the 2020 Summer Olympics in the marathon 10 kilometer swim, and he became the first man to qualify for the US Olympic Team for the 2020 Olympic Games.
In the 5 kilometer mixed team relay event, Wilimovsky won the bronze medal, finished in third place, with fellow United States relay teammates Haley Anderson, Ashley Twichell, and Michael Brinegar in a total relay time of 53:59.0.
2021
2020 US Olympic Trials
Wilimovsky competed in two individual events at the 2020 USA Swimming Olympic Trials postponed to June 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 800 meter freestyle and the 1500 meter freestyle. In the 800 meter freestyle he placed fourth in the final with a time of 7:53.07 and did not qualify for the US Olympic Team in the event. During the prelims of the 1500 meter freestyle, Wilimovsky swam a 15:14.67, finishing third overall and advancing to the final. At the final Wilimovsky finished third with a time of 15:05.29 and did not qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics in the event.
2020 Summer Olympics
Wilimovsky was the only male American swimmer to qualify to swim the 10 kilometer marathon open water swim at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. It was the only event, men's or women's, in swimming at the 2020 Olympics that the United States did not qualify a second swimmer in.
On August 5, Wilimovsky swam the 10 kilometer marathon swim in a time of 1:51:40.2, which placed him 10th overall.
Awards
SwimSwam Top 100 (Men's): 2021 (#86)
See also
List of Northwestern University alumni
References
External links
1994 births
Living people
American male freestyle swimmers
Male long-distance swimmers
Northwestern Wildcats men's swimmers
World Aquatics Championships medalists in open water swimming
Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Olympic swimmers of the United States
People from Malibu, California
Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California | [
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